batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Challenges and requirements for the large-scale production of all-solid-state lithium-ion and lithium metal batteries are herein evaluated via workshops with experts from renowned research institutes, material suppliers, and automotive manufacturers. Aiming to bridge the gap between materials research and industrial mass production, possible solutions for the production chains of sulfide and oxide based all-solid-state batteries from electrode fabrication to cell assembly and quality control are presented. Based on these findings, a detailed comparison of the production processes for a sulfide based all-solid-state battery with conventional lithium-ion cell production is given, showing that processes for composite electrode fabrication can be adapted with some effort, while the fabrication of the solid electrolyte separator layer and the integration of a lithium metal anode will require completely new processes. This work identifies the major steps towards mass production of all-solid-state batteries, giving insight into promising manufacturing technologies and helping stakeholders, such as machine engineering, cell producers, and original equipment manufacturers, to plan the next steps towards safer batteries with increased storage capacity.
In studies of gait, continuous measurement of force exerted by the ground on a body, or ground reaction force (GRF), provides valuable insights into biomechanics, locomotion, and the possible presence of pathology. However, gold-standard measurement of GRF requires a costly in-lab observation obtained with sophisticated equipment and computer systems. Recently, in-shoe sensors have been pursued as a relatively inexpensive alternative to in-lab measurement. In this study, we explore the properties of continuous in-shoe sensor recordings using a functional data analysis approach. Our case study is based on measurements of three healthy subjects, with more than 300 stances (defined as the period between the foot striking and lifting from the ground) per subject. The sensor data show both phase and amplitude variabilities; we separate these sources via curve registration. We examine the correlation of phase shifts across sensors within a stance to evaluate the pattern of phase variability shared across sensors. Using the registered curves, we explore possible associations between in-shoe sensor recordings and GRF measurements to evaluate the in-shoe sensor recordings as a possible surrogate for in-lab GRF measurements.
As redox flow batteries are being commercialised and demonstrated in a range of energy storage applications, further cost reductions are needed to make these batteries economically viable. In reducing cost, one important aspect is to minimise concentration polarisation, which allows for an increase in the power density of the battery stack. To make significant advances in increasing the power density of flow batteries it is critical to overcome the conventional design approach and explore new design concepts that alleviate the constraints in existing flow battery systems. This study investigates flow-through electrodes with new geometries that increase the velocity from inlet to outlet within cells. This velocity increase can address mass transport limitations, improving the delivery of electrochemical species to reactive sites on the electrode/electrolyte interface under varying states of charge. Three dimensional hydraulic-electrochemical coupled models were used to simulate different stack geometries; a rectangular geometry, a trapezoidal geometry and a radial geometry. The trapezoidal and radial geometries can accelerate the electrolyte during each pass in the battery stack. A new geometric stack arrangement is also proposed, which can deliver a higher power output with radially displaced cells.
End-of-life electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) has recently received attention as a secondary source of metals. This study examined characteristics of end-of-life EEE as secondary metal resources to consider efficient collection and metal recovery systems according to the specific metals and types of EEE. We constructed an analogy between natural resource development and metal recovery from end-of-life EEE and found that metal content and total annual amount of metal contained in each type of end-of-life EEE should be considered in secondary resource development, as well as the collectability of the end-of-life products. We then categorized 21 EEE types into five groups and discussed their potential as secondary metal resources. Refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, and CRT TVs were evaluated as the most important sources of common metals, and personal computers, mobile phones, and video games were evaluated as the most important sources of precious metals. Several types of small digital equipment were also identified as important sources of precious metals; however, mid-size information and communication technology (ICT) equipment (e.g., printers and fax machines) and audio/video equipment were shown to be more important as a source of a variety of less common metals. The physical collectability of each type of EEE was roughly characterized by unit size and number of end-of-life products generated annually. Current collection systems in Japan were examined and potentially appropriate collection methods were suggested for equipment types that currently have no specific collection systems in Japan, particularly for video games, notebook computers, and mid-size ICT and audio/video equipment.
Several studies have pointed out that basal ganglia are involved in adaptive control of action at both motor and cognitive level. This study aimed to investigate how basal ganglia retrieve and manage script event knowledge required in planning behavior. Script event knowledge was investigated in patients with Parkinson's Disease using three kinds of activity that differed in familiarity. Unlike patients with prefrontal lesions, patients with Parkinson's Disease were able to order events in a typical sequence and obeyed the boundaries and hierarchies between events. In contrast, patients with Parkinson's Disease were impaired in evaluating how important each script event was within the context of goal-oriented planning activity. Our findings indicate that the prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia are differentially involved in planning. The role of the basal ganglia might consist in providing a feedback about the goodness of each action while building up meaningful sequences of events during learning.
ZnO@Bi/C sphere with a distinctive core-shell construct is designed and fabricated by using solvothermal method, which is applied as a novel electrode material of ZnNi battery for the first time. The analytical results manifest that the core of the ZnO@Bi/C sphere coated with carbon layer consists of a large number of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), and in situ modified metal Bi is embedded in the amorphous carbon layer and ZnO NP core uniformly, thereby forming a unique core-shell construct. Unlike pure ZnO anode, the ZnO@Bi/C sphere shows more remarkable specific capacity and cycling stability: that is, after cycling 180 times at 1 C, the discharge specific capacity remains at 630.7 mAh g−1. The excellent electrochemical properties are attributed to the synergistic effect of carbon and metal Bi in the ZnO@Bi/C sphere, which is conducive to decreasing the voltage polarization and promoting the battery reversibility.
Increasing global demand for rechargeable lithium (Li) ion batteries has been driving the research on innovative processing techniques and material systems for cheaper production of battery electrodes. While cost reduction is important, obtaining desired microstructures in the active electrode material is also very critical for efficient performance of the batteries. Conventional processing of bulk scale Li-ion battery electrodes involves time consuming and multi-step processes starting from the production of active powder materials, blending with conductive additives and binders to develop the electrode material coating on a current collector. On the other hand, thin film battery technologies employ expensive vapor based or sputtering or laser ablation techniques to develop the electrodes. In this study, an innovative, rapid and a two step scalable manufacturing process has been developed. While capable of developing porous and ultrafine/nano structured oxide based LiCoO2 cathode material directly on a charge collector from metallic Cobalt (Co) coatings, the process does not require polymeric binders. Following this approach, LiCoO2 cathodes were synthesized directly on a stainless steel charge collector from plasma sprayed Co coatings via thermal treatments using aqueous LiNO3 solution. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies confirmed presence of LiCoO2 hexagonal phase. Microstructural and phase analysis showed porous active material with ultrafine/nano structural features along with imperfections (e.g., dislocations). Electrochemical characterization illustrated an average voltage around 3.9V with a specific discharge capacity around 70–85% of the nominal capacity (∼138mAh/g) against Li counter electrode. However, process optimization in terms of plasma spray coatings and thermal treatments, and addition of carbon may enhance the performance of LiCoO2 electrodes. Absence of polymeric binders makes these electrodes suitable for high temperature battery applications.
Conversion-reaction-based anode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) such as transition metal oxides have been considered as high-capacity alternatives to graphite. In the conversion reactions, interestingly, microparticles have been known to be superior to nanoparticles in terms of capacity retention along repeated cycles. In this work, a cross-linked two-component binder system of poly(acrylic acid) and carboxymethyl cellulose (PAA/CMC) was used for nanoparticular Co3O4. The binder was characterized by high modulus and strong bonding to the surface oxide of Co3O4. Even without carbon coating, the composite electrodes of nanoparticular Co3O4 in the presence of PAA/CMC showed significantly enhanced cycle retention with improved reversibility of the conversion reaction.
Accurate description of the mechanical behavior of crystalline Na alloys is essential in establishing their electrochemical performance as well as their viability as anodes in Na-ion batteries. Using first principles simulations, we have investigated the intrinsic elastic properties of crystalline Na–M (M = Sn, Pb, Si and Ge) phases observed during Na intercalation. We have obtained the complete set of concentration-dependent anisotropic elastic constants as well as the average macroscopic elastic moduli of polycrystalline structures. We find that sodiation of pure M phases leads to a remarkable elastic softening that results in up to 75% deterioration of the elastic moduli. Our analysis of the electronic charge distribution demonstrates that the elastic softening during sodiation originates from a transition to weaker ionic interatomic bonding. Our results highlight the significance of the concentration dependence of the elastic moduli for the analysis of deformation behavior of Na alloy anodes of Na-ion batteries during sodiation and desodiation.
Chemically integrated hybrid quantum dots ZnCo2O4/reduced graphene oxide (QDs ZCO/rGO) sheets nanocomposites are synthesized through polyol processes. rGO sheets grow and interweave to form basic skeletons. Ultrafine ZCO particles with a size of around 3.66nm grow and embed on both sides of the rGO sheets, and the rGO sheets restrain the reunion of ZCO nanoparticles. The existence of rGO sheets and ZCO nanoparticles can engender the mutual synergistic effects so that hybrid QDs ZCO/rGO electrodes exhibit the excellent electrochemical properties. Owing to this special nanoparticles-on-sheets structure, the hybrid QDs ZCO/rGO electrodes exhibit an excellent initial discharge capacity for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (1325.9mAhg−1 at the current density of 200mAg−1), high rate stability (532.3/566.1mAhg−1 at 4000mAg−1) and outstanding electrochemical cyclic stability (657.6/668.2mAhg−1 at 2000mAg−1 after 2000 cycles with a capacity retention of 68.6%). For full-cells, high initial reversible discharging capacity (646mAhg−1 at 200mAg−1) and good cyclic stability (514mAhg−1 at 200mAg−1 after 100 cycles) are obtained. The superior performance of the as-prepared electrodes is ascribed to the advantage of nano-sized particles. With the successful synthesis of hybrid QDs ZCO/rGO nanocomposites, the facile synthetic route and unique growth of nanostructuring method can be extended to high electrochemical performance electrodes for commercial lithium-ion batteries.
Miniaturized fuel cells as compact power sources fabricated in Pyrex glass using standard polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) and electrode materials are presented. Photolithographic patterned and wet chemically etched serpentine flow channels of 1 mm in width and 250 μ m in depth transport the fuels to the cell of 1.44 cm2 active electrode area. Feeding H2/O2 a maximum power density of 149 mW cm−2 is attained at a very low Pt loading of 0.054 mg cm−2, ambient pressure, and room temperature. Operated with methanol and oxygen about 9 mW cm−2 are achieved at ambient pressure, 60 ° C , and 1 mg cm−2 PtRu/Pt (anode/cathode) loading. A planar two-cell stack to demonstrate and investigate the assembly of a fuel cell system on Pyrex wafers has successfully been fabricated.
This paper assesses the energy efficiency of a prototype of a dynamic photovoltaic (PV) greenhouse that has an asymmetric cross section and allows the rotation of the PV modules around their longitudinal axis throughout the day to select the degree of shading inside the structure. The goal of this research is to study the production of energy and the microclimate inside the structure with different tilt angles of the PV panels to improve the information available to support the farmers and to create a PV greenhouse capable of producing income from electrical and agricultural activity. The average values of the internal air temperature and relative humidity, measured during the hottest period and on days with clear skies, are within the optimal ranges for major vegetable species (17–27°C and 60–90%, respectively). The values of the solar radiation available for the plants were always sufficient for normal agricultural operations, except for the last two days of the experiment (values lower than 5MJm−2) in which the shading percentage analyzed was too high for normal production. When the shading percentage was highest (78%), the maximum value of PV power (102Wm−2) was recorded and when the shading percentage was equal to 0%, the minimum value of PV power (20Wm−2) was recorded. The results show that it is possible to balance the electricity production using photovoltaic panels and the agricultural production as a function of the type of crop grown, latitude, operating season, and characteristics of the greenhouse.
The biological bases of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia are poorly understood and may lie in insults in neurodevelopment, leading to alterations in critical structures. Synapses proteins are claimed to have etiopathogenic roles and more direct effects on core cognitive functions. Adducins family proteins seem of great interest, as they are fundamental constituents of synapses, involved in actin cytoskeleton assembly-disassembly, responsible of synaptic plasticity. ADD2 is more prominently expressed in brain tissues and influences memory and learning, commonly impaired in schizophrenia. In the present study we tested 342 patients with schizophrenia for three common adducins genetic variants, ADD1 rs4961, ADD2 rs4984 and ADD3 rs3731566, reported to have significant effects on circulatory system in humans. Neuropsychological measures were evaluated with the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS), a broad battery evaluating core cognitive domains. The analysis showed significant effects of ADD2 genotype on almost every cognitive domain. Moreover, significant interactions between ADD1 and ADD3 were also observed on some BACS subtests, namely Symbol Coding and Verbal Memory. Our findings suggest that adducins are involved in cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. This effect may result both from a direct mechanism affecting synaptic building and plasticity and indirectly as a consequence of vascular insults.
It is known that the supplies of fossil fuels are limited and their utilization as energy sources causes environmental degradation due to incomplete combustion when used as energy source, in addition to this as the world population increases the demand for energy sources increases, therefore the issue of a gradual replacement of fossil fuels with renewable energy sources is of major consideration for most countries: Iran Bing located in Asian Middle East enjoys a great potential for producing some 6500 MW of electricity with wind energy. The feasibility of manufacturing wind turbines is investigated in this article.
With the aim of obtaining nanodevices as batteries, sensors and fuel cells, we prepared V2O5 and V3O7·H2O nanobelts by a simple hydrothermal process using poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) as a template. The yielding percentage of the nanomaterial is less in polymer-free V2O5 nanobelts and material size is also big. It is apparent that PEO used V3O7·H2O form a continuous and relatively homogeneous matrix with a clearly 1–5μm long and 50–150nm diameter nanobelts morphology. The SEM micrographs suggest that there is no bulk deposition of polymer on the surface of the nano-crystallites. Strong interaction between the vanadyl group and the polymer during the formation process has been identified by the shifts of the vanadyl vibration peaks. The CV curve of the electrode made of the V3O7·H2O nanobelts have higher current densities than the CV curve of the electrode made of V2O5 nanobelts.
B-site doped, A-site deficient perovskite oxide titanates with formula La0.4Sr0.4Mn+xTi1−xO3−γ−δ (M = Fe3+ or Ni2+; x = 0.06; γ = (4 − n)x/2) were employed as solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) cathodes for hydrogen production via high temperature steam electrolysis at 900 °C. A-site deficiency provided additional driving force for the exsolution of a proportion of B-site dopants at the surface in the form of metallic nanoparticles under reducing SOEC cathode operating conditions. In the case of La0.4Sr0.4Fe0.06Ti0.94O2.97, this represents the first time that Fe0 has been exsolved from a perovskite in such a way. Exsolution was due in part to the inability of the host lattice to accommodate vacancies (introduced (δ) oxygen vacancies () and fixed A-site () and inherent (γ) oxygen vacancies) beyond a certain limit. The presence of electrocatalytically active Fe0 or Ni0 nanoparticles and higher  concentrations dramatically lowered the activation barrier to steam electrolysis compared to the parent material (x = 0). The use of defect chemistry to drive the exsolution of less reducible dopant cations could conceivably be extended to produce new catalytically active perovskites with unique properties.
For the first time, the role of isovalent Zr substitution in cerium oxide on the non-stoichiometry induced dilation (chemical expansion) was investigated. Chemical expansion was derived experimentally using HTXRD, dilatometry, and TGA measurements on Pr0.1Zr0.4Ce0.5O1.95−δ and computationally with DFT calculations on Zr0.5Ce0.5O2−δ. Though Zr was found to increase the reducibility and the corresponding chemical expansion of ceria in the studied range, the relationship between chemical expansion and non-stoichiometry (the chemical expansion coefficient) was significantly smaller (54% less) than that observed in ceria, and consistent with predictions from the authors' previous work. The origin of the reduced chemical expansion coefficient, associated with a larger contraction of the lattice around oxygen vacancies, is explained using DFT calculations and corroborated with prior investigations of enhanced reducibility of ceria–zirconia. Additionally, implications of this discovery for solid oxide fuel cells and heterogeneous catalyst systems are also discussed.
The large amount of renewable energy sources (RESs) recently integrated within the electric power systems across the world poses new challenges for their operation. Among several viable solutions, energy storage systems are the most promising to increase reliability and flexibility. This paper proposes a novel topological and probabilistic approach to find the optimal capacity and siting of energy storage devices, in order to increase the system reliability and the hosting capacity of renewables. Wind and solar productions, generators availability, and real-time demand are modeled with proper distribution functions, and the yearly expected energy not supplied is estimated using a sequential Monte Carlo technique. Four siting policies are applied and compared to place the optimal storage capacity on eight grids with different topological characteristics. Power flows are linearized and the optimization of resources is formulated as a linear programming problem. The results show that large-scale batteries operated by the Transmission System Operator can significantly improve system reliability and exploitation of RESs. The presence of energy-hubs and small-world properties strongly increase the transmission effectiveness of weakly- and well-meshed grids. A siting policy based on the Power Transfer Distribution Factors matrix of the grid turns out to be particularly successful.
Accurate estimation of the capacity of a battery pack is essential for the battery management system (BMS) in electric vehicles. The SOCs and capacities of individual cells are the prerequisites for accurately estimating the capacity of a battery pack. This paper proposes quantitative analysis on how the estimation errors of individual cells’ SOCs and capacities influence the estimation error of the battery pack capacity using an approach named Capacity–Quantity diagram (C–Q diagram). The analysis concludes that the estimation error of cell SOC has more influence on the estimation error of pack capacity than the estimation error of cell capacity does. The theoretical analysis is further validated by an experiment using six NCM batteries connected in series with different initial SOC variations. The results help to guide the determination of specifications, e.g., the estimation error of the SOC and that of the capacity, during the design process of a BMS.
Prostate cancer is a common malignancy in Western populations and a growing public health problem globally. Although the prevalence of prostate tumors becomes very high with age, only a small proportion of tumors are potentially lethal (aggressive) and their identification is an enduring challenge. Established risk factors include age, family history, and race, but, until the causes are better understood, prevention is impossible. In some populations, the widespread use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tests to increase early detection has inflated incidence, often by more than twofold, and shifted the disease spectrum toward less aggressive forms, that is, small tumors of low to moderate grade. Given the virtually ubiquitous presence of small low-grade tumors in the prostates of older men, the principal research question now is to identify factors that cause progression to advanced disease. Overdiagnosis and treatment has had ramifications for public health and has complicated efforts to identify causal factors for aggressive disease, since all prostate cancers are included as one entity in most epidemiological studies, irrespective of their potential to metastasize.