batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A series of novel acid-base hybrid membranes (SPI/PEI-rGO) based on sulfonated polyimide (SPI) with polyethyleneimine-functionalized reduced graphene oxide (PEI-rGO) are prepared by a solution-casting method for vanadium redox flow battery (VRB). FT-IR and XPS results prove the successful fabrication of PEI-rGO and SPI/PEI-rGO hybrid membranes, which show a dense and homogeneous structure observed by SEM. The physicochemical properties such as water uptake, swelling ratio, ion exchange capacity, proton conductivity and vanadium ion permeability are well controlled by the incorporated PEI-rGO fillers. The interfacial-formed acid-base pairs between PEI-rGO and SPI matrix effectively reduce the swelling ratio and vanadium ion permeability, increasing the stability performance of the hybrid membranes. SPI/PEI-rGO-2 hybrid membrane exhibits a higher coulombic efficiency (CE, 95%) and energy efficiency (EE, 75.6%) at 40mAcm−2, as compared with Nafion 117 membrane (CE, 91% and EE, 66.8%). The self-discharge time of the VRB with SPI/PEI-rGO-2 hybrid membrane (80h) is longer than that of Nafion 117 membrane (26h), demonstrating the excellent blocking ability for vanadium ion. After 100 charge-discharge cycles, SPI/PEI-rGO-2 membrane exhibits the good stability under strong oxidizing and acid condition, proving that SPI/PEI-rGO acid-base hybrid membranes could be used as the promising candidates for VRB applications.
The fundamental concepts of morphophonemics (MP) are explained, particularly the types of process involved and the nature of underlying representations, and their place within linguistics more broadly. The history of the topic is presented chronologically from Structuralism to divergent approaches within the framework of Generative Phonology. The question of the psychological reality of the key concepts is raised, and the current lack of an agreed approach to or interpretation of the relevant facts is noted. The lack of interest in the domain of MP, as classically understood, in the light of current theoretical trends (2004) is explained.
The functional specificity of brain areas is diminished with age and accompanied by the recruitment of additional brain regions in healthy older adults. This process has repeatedly been demonstrated within distinct functional domains, in particular the visual system. However, it is yet unclear, whether this phenomenon in healthy aging, i.e., a reduced activation of task-associated areas and increased activation of additional regions, is also present across different functional systems. In the present functional imaging study, comprising 102 healthy subjects, we therefore assessed two distinct tasks engaging the sensory-motor system and the visual attention system, respectively. We found a significant interaction between age and task in the parietal operculum bilaterally. This area as a part of the sensory-motor system showed an age-related decrease in its BOLD-response to the motor task and an age-related increase of neural activity in response to the visual attention task. The opposite response pattern, i.e., reduced visual attention activation and increased response to the motor task, was observed for regions associated with the visual task: the superior parietal area 7A and the dorsal pre-motor cortex. Importantly, task performance was not correlated with age in either task. This age-by-task interaction indicates that a reduction of functional specificity in the aging brain may be counteracted by the increased recruitment of additional regions not only within, but also across functional domains. Our results thus emphasize the need for comparisons across different functional domains to gain a better understanding of age-related effects on the specificity of functional systems.
The Li7MnN4 structural response upon the first Li extraction–insertion cycle is highlighted using in operando XRD experiments. A 3-phases mechanism involving two biphasic regions for 0.1 ≲ x ≲ 0.8 and 0.8 ≲ x ≲ 1.2 in Li7−x MnN4 and a solid solution behaviour (1.2 ≲ x ≲ 1.5) explains its electrochemical fingerprint. These successive structural transitions do not change the cubic symmetry of the cell and induce a limited cell contraction (∼7%) associated to a reversible mechanical strain. This finding partly explains the excellent cycle life of this promising negative electrode for Li-ion batteries.
The treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations supplied by deep perforating arteries (PA) (P-BAVM) remains challenging. The aims of this study were to determine the outcomes after surgical treatment in patients with P-BAVMs and to identify the risk factors associated with postoperative neurological deficits. We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts and imaging records of 228 consecutive patients with BAVMs who underwent microsurgical resection of their BAVMs at Beijing Tiantan Hospital between September 2012 and March 2016. Patients were included if the BAVMs were totally or partially supplied by PA. All patients had undergone preoperative diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), MRI, 3D time-of-flight MRA (3D TOF-MRA) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) followed by resection. Both functional and angioarchitectural factors were analysed with respect to the postoperative neurological deficits, including motor deficits, visual field deficits and aphasia. Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical package SPSS (version 20.0.0, IBM Corp.). Fifty-nine patients with P-BAVMs were enrolled. Radical obliteration was achieved in all P-BAVMs according to postoperative DSA. Forty-five (76.3%) patients obtained neurological deficits 1 week after surgery. At a mean follow-up of 14.7 ± 9.4 (3–30) months after surgery, 34 patients (57.6%) had long-term neurological deficits. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that a shorter lesion-to-eloquent fibre tracts distance (LFD) was an independent risk factor for short- (P = 0.014) and long-term (P = 0.013) neurological deficits. The cut-off point of LFD for long-term neurological deficits was 5.20 mm. The predominant supply of the PA (P = 0.008) was an independent risk factor for long-term neurological deficits. This study identified a high risk of surgical morbidity for P-BAVMs. The predominant supply of the PA and a shorter LFD are crucial risk factors for postoperative neurological deficits in patients with P-BAVMs.
The Integrated Battery Recycling (BATINTREC) process is an innovative technology for the recycling of used batteries and electronic waste, which combines vacuum metallurgical reprocessing and a ferrite synthesis process. Vacuum metallurgical reprocessing can be used to reclaim the mercury (Hg) in the dry batteries and the cadmium (Cd) in the Ni–Cd batteries. The ferrite synthesis process reclaims the other heavy metals by synthesizing ferrite in a liquid phase. Mixtures of manganese oxide and carbon black are also produced in the ferrite synthesis process. The effluent from the process is recycled, thus significantly minimizing its discharge. The heavy metal contents of the effluent could meet the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard of China if the ratio of the crushed battery scrap and powder to FeSO4·7H2O is set at 1:6. This process could not only stabilize the heavy metals, but also recover useful resource from the waste.
Iron disulfide (FeS2) powders were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) had a great influence on the morphology, particle size, and electrochemical performance of the FeS2 powders. The as-synthesized FeS2 particles with CTAB had diameters of 2–4 μm and showed a sphere-like structure with sawtooth, while the counterpart prepared without CTAB exhibited irregular morphology with diameters in the range of 0.1–0.4 μm. As anode materials for Li-ion batteries, their electrochemical performances were investigated by galvanostatic charge–discharge test and electrochemical impedance spectrum. The FeS2 powder synthesized with CTAB can sustain 459 and 413 mAh g−1 at 89 and 445 mA g−1 after 35 cycles, respectively, much higher than those prepared without CTAB (411 and 316 mAh g−1). The enhanced rate capability and cycling stability were attributed to the less-hindered surface layer and better electrical contact from the sawtooth-like surface and micro-sized sphere morphology, which led to enhanced process kinetics.
Neck pain is related to impaired postural balance among patients and is highly prevalent among workers with high postural demands, for example, cleaners. We therefore hypothesised, that cleaners with neck pain suffer from postural dysfunction. This cross-sectional study tested if cleaners with neck pain have an impaired postural balance compared with cleaners without neck pain.
In this study, we report an eco-friendly and cost-efficient cathode based on sucrose-derived active carbon (SDAC). Ni(NO3)2 is then co-impregnated into the cathode, which is designed to form a hierarchical pore architecture inside the SDAC that takes into account both the mass transport process of O2/Li+ and the accommodation of discharge product (Li2O2). Another feature of the cathode is binder-free that circumvents the aggregation of the cathodic active materials and the three-phase boundaries loss. This study is aimed to provide a feasible reference plan to give common cathode substrates an additional capability to catalyze electrochemical reactions without destroying its pristine structure and mission. A lithium–oxygen battery with the cathode delivers a high capacity of 24500 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1 in a 1 M LiTFSI/TEGDME electrolyte system. Moreover, the cathode exhibits a pretty good stability in a long-term round-trip test of 1000 cycles. These results suggest that the SDAC with a hierarchical pore structure has the potential to be used in next-generation lithium–oxygen batteries in a facile and cost-efficient manner, moreover, the proposed convenient method is worth applying and popularizing as it can transform even the most mundane into the spectacular.
Free-standing, membrane-embedded, Si microwire arrays have been used to affect the solar-driven, unassisted splitting of HI into H2 and I3−. The Si microwire arrays were grown by a chemical-vapor-deposition vapor–liquid–solid growth process using Cu growth catalysts, with a radial n+p junction then formed on each microwire. A Nafion proton-exchange membrane was introduced between the microwires and Pt electrocatalysts were then photoelectrochemically deposited on the microwires. The composite Si/Pt–Nafion membrane was mechanically removed from the growth substrate, and Pt electrocatalysts were then also deposited on the back side of the structure. The resulting membrane-bound Si microwire arrays spontaneously split concentrated HI into H2(g) and I3− under 1 Sun of simulated solar illumination. The reaction products (i.e. H2 and I3−) were confirmed by mass spectrometry and ultraviolet–visible electronic absorption spectroscopy.
Muscle strength measurements using hand-held dynamometry (HHD) can be affected by the inadequate strength of the tester and lack of stabilization of the participants and the device. A portable HHD anchoring system was designed that enabled the measurement of isometric knee extensor muscle strength in a supine position. This can be used with individuals who are unable to assume the sitting position required for the measurement of knee extensor strength in conventional isokinetic dynamometry (IKD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of knee extensor strength measurements using this device.
The impact of chemical additives [e.g., BaSO4, Sr(OH)2·8H2O, Ca(OH)2, and Bi2O3] on the cycling performance of rechargeable alkaline electrolytic manganese dioxide/Zn batteries has been studied. The additives were used in the cathode electrodes consisting of 5 wt% additive, γ-MnO2 (electrolytic manganese dioxide—EMD—80 wt%) and KS44 graphite (15 wt%) in prismatic-type electrode geometries. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis showed the formation of alkaline earth metal carbonates (BaCO3, SrCO3) when the electrodes come into contact with the highly alkaline (pH 15, 9 M KOH) electrolyte. The presence of dissolved carbonate in the electrolyte leads to a double replacement precipitation reaction leading to the formation of these carbonate species. These additives help with the cycle life of the electrolytic manganese dioxide cathode material. The overall energy efficiency of the cells is about 75%. Rate capability studies and equilibrium potential measurements by galvanostatic intermittent titration technique analysis indicate that ohmic polarization plays a significant role in the energy loss and should be improved for high power applications. Rechargeable alkaline batteries with electrolytic manganese dioxide/Zn chemistry provide a low-cost and an environmentally friendly solution for storage of energy. Improvement of this technology would be an important contribution in the area of energy storage applications.
Background Cognitive deficits compromise quality of life and productivity for individuals with schizophrenia and have no effective treatments. Preclinical data point to the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism as a potential target for pro-cognitive drug development. We have previously demonstrated association of a kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) gene variant with reduced KMO gene expression in postmortem schizophrenia cortex, and neurocognitive endophenotypic deficits in a clinical sample. KMO encodes kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), the rate-limiting microglial enzyme of cortical kynurenine metabolism. Aberration of the KMO gene might be the proximal cause of impaired cortical kynurenine metabolism observed in schizophrenia. However, the relationship between KMO variation and cognitive function in schizophrenia is unknown. This study examined the effects of the KMO rs2275163C>T C (risk) allele on cognitive function in schizophrenia. Methods We examined the association of KMO polymorphisms with general neuropsychological performance and P50 gating in a sample of 150 schizophrenia and 95 healthy controls. Results Consistent with our original report, the KMO rs2275163C>T C (risk) allele was associated with deficits in general neuropsychological performance, and this effect was more marked in schizophrenia compared with controls. Additionally, the C (Arg452 ) allele of the missense rs1053230C>T variant (KMO Arg452Cys) showed a trend effect on cognitive function. Neither variant affected P50 gating. Conclusions These data suggest that KMO variation influences a range of cognitive domains known to predict functional outcome. Extensive molecular characterization of this gene would elucidate its role in cognitive function with implications for vertical integration with basic discovery.
Soil heavy metals pollution caused by industrial activities poses a great threat to the environment and human health and has become an increasingly concern worldwide. In this study, heavy metals/metalloid (Pb, As, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Fe, Mn) in the topsoil around a factory, central China were investigated to identify their sources and to assess the potential ecological-health risks. A total of 106 soil samples were collected and analyzed in the study area. Statistical analysis and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model revealed that Pb, As, Zn and Cu were main contaminants in the topsoil of the study area, which mainly originated from three sources: industrial fume emitted by factory entering the soil through dry deposition (41.3%), natural sources (52.1%), and sewage leakage (6.6%). Self-Organizing Map (SOM) indicated that the sampling sites could be grouped into four clusters. Potential ecological and human health risks were evaluated for each cluster. It was found that the potential ecological risks and the non-carcinogenic risks were relatively high in the southeast of the factory due to the soil pollution associated with the main wind direction, and the carcinogenic risks were relatively high in the northeast of the factory affected by the discharge of As-containing wastewater. The high-risk areas identified in this study could provide a priority for future control and treatment of heavy metals pollution.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic factor, which also has neuroprotective activity. In view of these dual actions on vessels and neurons, we were interested whether VEGF promotes long distance axonal plasticity in the ischemic brain. Herein, we show that VEGF promotes neurological stroke recovery in mice when delivered in a delayed way starting 3 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Using anterograde tract-tracing experiments that we combined with histochemical and molecular biological studies, we demonstrate that although VEGF promoted angiogenesis predominantly in the ischemic hemisphere, pronounced axonal sprouting was induced by VEGF in the contralesional, but not the ipsilesional corticobulbar system. Corticobulbar plasticity was accompanied by the deactivation of the matrix metalloproteinase MMP9 in the lesioned hemisphere and the transient downregulation of the axonal growth inhibitors NG2 proteoglycan and brevican and the guidance molecules ephrin B1/2 in the contralesional hemisphere. The regulation of matrix proteinases, growth inhibitors, and guidance molecules offers insights how brain plasticity is controlled in the ischemic brain.
A new type of layered metal phosphide InP3 with porous structure is prepared via high temperature and high pressure synthesis. And then layered porous InP3 nanoflakes are obtained by liquid phase exfoliation, demonstrating broad application prospects in flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors (ASSP). The InP3-ASSP possess outstanding electrochemical performances including high specific volumetric capacitance of 27.2 F cm−3, high power density of 632 W cm−3, high energy density of 3.78 mW h cm−3. Moreover, the as-prepared InP3-ASSP device can operate in a relatively wide temperature range (−25–75 °C), and exhibit excellent stretchability, flexibility and cycling stability. The present work provides a new opportunity for the development of new layered metal phosphide in the field of energy storage.
Some evidence suggests that patients with bipolar disorder (BD) have better Theory of Mind (ToM) skills than patients with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder (SCH). However, this difference is not consistently reported across studies, so rather than being global, it may be restricted to specific aspects of ToM. Our primary objective was to compare higher order ToM performance between BD and SCH patients using the Hinting Task (HT). Ninety-four remitted patients were recruited (BD = 47, SCH = 47). Intelligence quotient (IQ), attention, memory, executive functions, and processing speed were also assessed. Patients with BD performed better on the HT than patients with SCH, even when the analysis was adjusted for IQ and neurocognition (p < 0.001,
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In this paper, we investigate the CO2 microbubble removal on carbon nanotube (CNT)-supported Pt catalysts in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). The experiments involve the incorporation of near-catalyst-layer bubble visualization and simultaneous electrochemical measurements in a DMFC anodic half cell system, in which CH3OH electro-oxidation generate carbon dioxide (CO2) microbubbles. We observe rapid removal of smaller CO2 bubble sizes and less bubble accumulation on a Pt-coated CNT/CC (Pt/CNT/CC, CC means carbon cloth) electrode. The improved half cell performances of the high CO2 microbubble removal efficiency on the CNT-modified electrode (Pt/CNT/CC) were 34% and 32% higher than on Pt/CC and Pt/CP electrodes, respectively.
High proton selectivity is essential for the use of ion exchange membranes (IEMs) in vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) systems. Herein, a series of poly (oxyphenylene benzimidazole) (OPBI)/ionic liquid (IL) composite membranes was prepared by mixing OPBI with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIm]BF4) to obtain membranes with high proton selectivity. Because ILs formed hydrogen bonds with the polymer chains, ILs were able to remain within the membranes themselves. Proton conductivity and vanadium permeability of the membranes were examined for membrane characterization. Surprisingly, because of the Donnan exclusion effect between the cations of the ILs and the vanadium ions, the trade-off effect of traditional IEM modification methods was overcome. Therefore, as the IL content increased, the vanadium resistance and proton conductivity of the composite membranes increased. The proton selectivity of optimized OPBI/BF4-20 composite membrane was 1.41 × 106 S min cm−3, which was much higher than that of the unmodified OPBI membrane (6.06 × 105 S min cm−3) or a commercialized Nafion 115 membrane (1.61 × 104 S min cm−3). More importantly, the OPBI/BF4-20 composite membrane exhibited higher coulombic efficiency (CE, 99.24%), voltage efficiency (VE, 93.10%) and energy efficiency (EE, 92.39%) at 40 mA cm−2 than the unmodified OPBI (CE 98.06%, VE 90.67% and EE 88.86%) and Nafion 115 membranes (CE 95.44%, VE 91.75% and EE 87.57%). Furthermore, the cell employing the OPBI/BF4-20 membrane exhibited no significant decrease in battery efficiency after a 1000-time cycles test. In conclusion, the research and application of IL-embedded composite membranes in a VRFB system could potentially change the limitations of traditional modification methods.
A three-phase, electrochemical and thermal coupled model is developed for valve-regulated lead–acid (VRLA) batteries. Physical phenomena important to the VRLA battery overcharge process, such as gas generation, transport, and recombination, electrolyte displacement and capillary flow, and the venting event during discharge/rest/charge, are incorporated in the model. The effects of important parameters, including the electrolyte saturation level, interfacial mass transfer coefficient of oxygen, and electrode morphology factor (MF), are extensively studied. An overview of the simulation capabilities of the present comprehensive model is provided.
Metal sulfides are widely used in lithium-ion batteries (LIB) and sodium-ion batteries (SIB) due to their large specific capacity and superior electrochemical performance. In addition, metal gallium (Ga) is regarded as a promising self-healing anode material for LIBs and SIBs. In this paper, we combine the two side to efficiently synthesize the carbon-coated Ga2S3 by vacuum sealing heat treatment based on the novel metal-organic frameworks (Ga-MOF). The carbon skeleton inherited from the Ga-MOF precursor can limit the volume expansion of Ga2S3 during cycling. In addition, the modification of Ga-MOF, employing organic ligands (BTC) to replace solvent sites in MOF clusters, is not only carried out to enhance the mechanical properties of the carbon framework, but also to further improve the conductivity of the Ga2S3/C material. In particular, the post-synthetic modification MOF-derived Ga2S3/C (Ga2S3/C-PSM) material exhibits the excellent cyclability with a reversible capacity of 918 mAh g−1 for LIB and a reversible capacity of 385 mAh g−1 for SIB after 200 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1, respectively. We believe that this work indicates a novel and efficient way to improve the electrochemical stability for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries.