batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Poly(o-aminophenol) has been synthesized potentiostatically at different electrode potentials in aqueous acidic solution. The cyclic voltammograms of the POAP films synthesized at relatively low electrode potentials (E SCE =0.70…0.80V) exhibit two redox processes with a mid point potential between the respective redox potentials E SCE =0.29V showing that the redox transition of the POAP from its reduced to completely oxidized state occurs via two consecutive reactions. The polymer has been studied with in situ UV–Vis and in situ Raman spectroelectrochemistry. The nature of a Raman band observed around 1645cm−1 with red Kr+ laser excitation (647.1nm) is discussed. The intensity of this band grows during a positive potential shift up to a maximum, located at about E SCE =0.30V, and then decreases with a further potential shift indicating the existence of intermediate species during the redox transformation of the polymer.
A Si–TiFeSi2 composite was synthesized in large-scale using arc melting followed by rapid quenching. The composite showed that active Si nanocrystallites of approximately 50nm were embedded in an inactive TiFeSi2 hard matrix. Crystalline Si reacted with Li to form the Li21Si8 phase and transformed into amorphous Si when Li was extracted, while the TiFeSi2 matrix remained inactive to Li and unchanged throughout the electrochemical cycling. The composite showed a reversible capacity of 1200mAhg−1 over 50cycles with a Coulombic efficiency of 89% for the first cycle. Nanosized cracks were observed only at the Si crystallites parts within the Si–TiFeSi2 particles, indicating that the TiFeSi2 matrix was hard enough to withstand the stress generated during lithiation which explained the excellent capacity retention.
Due to an increasing number of electric vehicles, battery pack endurance over the cell lifetime is an important issue of public interest, because it determines to a large degree the value of the vehicle. The exact state of health of a battery is still a major challenge for analysis, especially since the individual ageing factors are not well understood and depend on the cell chemistry and design. In this analysis, X-ray computer tomographic (CT) images of new and aged battery electrodes are compared to determine structural changes over lifetime. The X-ray CT images with sub-micrometer resolution show the internal pore structure of the electrodes and allow the identification of the morphology of the materials. Organic residues and depositions responsible for reduced porosity in aged anodes are quantified and visualized. Furthermore, particle cracking and current collector corrosion is detected on the cathode side. All these are ageing effects, which might influence the cell capacity and impedance. A quantitative analysis of the lithium distribution completes the interpretation of the ageing study confirming that the degradation can be attributed to the loss of cyclable lithium which is bound in the particle surface layer of the anode.
Hedgehog-like LiCoPO4 with hierarchical microstructures is first synthesized via a simple solvothermal process in water–benzyl alcohol mixed solvent at 200°C. Morphology and crystalline structure of the samples are characterized by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The hedgehog-like LiCoPO4 microstructures in the size of about 5–8μm are composed of large numbers of nanorods in diameter of ca. 40nm and length of ca. 1μm, which are coated with a carbon layer of ca. 8nm in thickness by in situ carbonization of glucose during the solvothermal reaction. As a 5V positive electrode material for rechargeable lithium battery, the hedgehog-like LiCoPO4 delivers an initial discharge capacity of 136mAhg−1 at 0.1C rate and retains its 91% after 50 cycles, showing much better electrochemical performances than sub-micrometer LiCoPO4 synthesized by conventional high-temperature solid-state reaction.
In this work, effects of drying temperature, pH of aqueous electrolyte and current density on capacitive performance of VOx·nH2O material were firstly investigated. VOx·nH2O powders were prepared by a melt quenching method. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The capacitive properties of VOx·nH2O samples were examined by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge test. VOx·nH2O sample which was obtained at the drying temperature of 80 °C, delivers a maximum specific capacitance of 227.3 F g−1 and exhibits excellent capacity retention in the potential range of −0.3 to 0.7 V at a current density of 200 mA g−1 in NaNO3 solution with pH 2.
Graphene-encapsulated Li2MnTi3O8 nanoparticles were synthesized via a modified sol-gel process using graphene oxide as the template. The prepared Li2MnTi3O8 material has a complex spinel structure in the P4332 space group. The morphology of the graphene-encapsulated Li2MnTi3O8 composite indicates that the Li2MnTi3O8 particles can be uniformly scattered on a graphene substrate, and these particles have a size of 10–20nm. The electrochemical properties indicate that the graphene-encapsulated Li2MnTi3O8 material possesses a stable reversible discharge capacity of ∼220mAh g-1 after 50 cycles at 0.1C. In addition, the reversible capacity at 2C improved by 70% after graphene-encapsulation, which indicates the excellent high rate capability.
Abstracts The role of micro-nano AlSb precipitates in the electrochemical behaviors and discharge performance of Al-Sb alloys is discussed in detail. The micro-nanoscale AlSb precipitates significantly improve the discharge activity and inhibit the self-corrosion rate of Al-Sb anodes, resulting in higher cell voltage and anodic efficiency than pure Al. A continuous stream of micro-nanoscale AlSb precipitates can provide a good inhibiting effect on the localized consumption of grain boundary at large current density. Furthermore, the oxidation of AlSb precipitates provides a Sb-containing film, which covers the cathodic site and greatly decreases growing rate of passive film on the anode surface. The Al-0.06Sb alloy exhibits the peak anodic efficiency as high as 98.2% at 40 mA·cm−2. Meanwhile, it can still output a high energy density of 3781 Wh·kg−1 at 20 mA·cm−2. However, excess amount of micro-nano AlSb precipitates strongly aggravates the localized dissolution of anodes, which is detrimental to the anode performance. The microstructure refinement is also beneficial for the enhanced anode performance.
Rural electrification improves the quality of life of rural dwellers having limited or non-access to electricity through decentralized electricity coverage. Since the price of oil is unstable and fluctuating day by day and grid expansion is not also a cost effective solution, integrating renewable energy sources thus become an important alternative for rural electrification. The present study investigated the feasibility of different power generation configurations comprising solar array, wind turbine and diesel generator in different locations within the geo-political zones of Nigeria. Six rural communities were randomly chosen from each of the six geo-political zones in Nigeria with the intention that the results of the study could be replicated in other remote locations of the selected zones with similar terrains. HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable) simulation software was used to determine the economic feasibility of the systems. The simulations concentrated on the net present costs, cost of energy and renewable fraction of the given hybrid configurations for all the climatic zones. The analysis indicates that the PV/diesel/battery hybrid renewable system configuration is found as optimum architecture for both sensitivity cases of 1.1 and $1.3/l of diesel. It also displayed better performance in fuel consumption and CO2 reduction.
Lithium-ion batteries have been widely adopted in electric vehicles (EVs), and accurate state of charge (SOC) estimation is of paramount importance for the EV battery management system. Though a number of methods have been proposed, the SOC estimation for Lithium-ion batteries, such as LiFePo4 battery, however, faces two key challenges: the flat open circuit voltage (OCV) vs SOC relationship for some SOC ranges and the hysteresis effect. To address these problems, an integrated approach for real-time model-based SOC estimation of Lithium-ion batteries is proposed in this paper. Firstly, an auto-regression model is adopted to reproduce the battery terminal behaviour, combined with a non-linear complementary model to capture the hysteresis effect. The model parameters, including linear parameters and non-linear parameters, are optimized off-line using a hybrid optimization method that combines a meta-heuristic method (i.e., the teaching learning based optimization method) and the least square method. Secondly, using the trained model, two real-time model-based SOC estimation methods are presented, one based on the real-time battery OCV regression model achieved through weighted recursive least square method, and the other based on the state estimation using the extended Kalman filter method (EKF). To tackle the problem caused by the flat OCV-vs-SOC segments when the OCV-based SOC estimation method is adopted, a method combining the coulombic counting and the OCV-based method is proposed. Finally, modelling results and SOC estimation results are presented and analysed using the data collected from LiFePo4 battery cell. The results confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed approach, in particular the joint-EKF method.
Large-area manganese oxide nanorod arrays (MONRAs) and herringbones (MOHBs) were successfully synthesized on F-doped SnO2 coated glass (FTO) substrates by a simple electrochemical method. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements demonstrated that the MONRAs and MOHBs exhibited excellent specific capacitance and good cycling stability in 0.5 M Na2SO4 aqueous solution. For example, the specific capacitance of the MONRAs achieves as high as 660.7 F g−1 at a scan rate of 10 mV s−1 and 485.2 F g−1 at a current density of 3 A g−1, respectively. Furthermore, the presented method may be extended to allow similar MONRs with a specific capacitance of 583.6 F g−1 to grow on flexible Ti foil, which may have great potential application in fabricating flexible supercapacitors.
1-Amino-9,10-anthraquinone was electropolymerized in the presence of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on a glassy carbon (GC) electrode in an acetonitrile solution containing 0.1 M LiClO4. Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) recorded on the GC electrode were compared with those obtained with the MWCNTs. The poly(1-amino-9,10-anthraquinone)/multiwalled carbon nanotube (PAAQ/MWCNT) films showed greater anodic peak currents due to the presence of more active sites on the MWCNTs and their larger surface area. The CVs for the PAAQ/MWCNT films recorded at different scan rates revealed that the anodic peak currents increase with increase in the scan rate, and that the redox process is surface controlled. The polymer was characterized by the CV, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. The results obtained from the CVs and SEM revealed that the MWCNTs diffused within the polymer structure. Impedance spectroscopy results also confirmed the CV results.
Estimation of state-of-charge (SOC) is a key criterion to evaluate the battery management system (BMS). Due to the flat open-circuit voltage (OCV)–SOC curve of LiFePO4 batteries, it is a great challenge to estimate the SOC accurately. Here we present a dual-circuit state observer for SOC estimation of LiFePO4 batteries. It is a combination of an open loop based current integrator and a proportional-integral (PI) based state observer. We also employed an easy but practical drifting current corrector to restrain the influence of the drifting current. The experiment results show that error of the estimated SOC is less than 2.5% by the proposed method when the initial SOC is unknown. We proved that with no matrix operations, the proposed method is lighted-weighted and high efficient, which is suitable for embedded systems.
Organic redox-reactive polymers have garnered great attention as a promising alternative for conventional transition-metal compounds in sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) due to their low cost, structural flexibility and diverse structure. Among this class of materials, polyimides with high mechanical strength, excellent thermal stability and high density of electroactive functional groups have shown promise as low-cost electrode materials for NIBs. Herein, a simple hydrothermal method was used to synthesise pyromellitic dianhydride-based polyimides [C16H6O4N2]n. The polyimides consisting of interconnected nanosheets with a microflower-like morphology were tested as an NIB anode. The polyimide electrode exhibited a stable discharge capacity of 125 mAh g−1 at a current density of 25 mA g−1 at the 100th cycle. At a high current density of 2 A g−1, the electrode delivered a discharge capacity of 43 mAh g−1. The capacity contribution of this polyimide electrode mainly occurred below 1.5 V making it suitable as an organic NIB anode. The mechanism of sodiation and desodiation during discharge and charge was studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, in which this polyimide experienced two-step enolisation reaction with reversible insertion of two sodium ions during the redox electrochemical reaction.
Background Individuals with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) exhibit impaired cognitive functioning in a pattern similar to that found in schizophrenia; less clear is the extent to which these individuals also share schizophrenia patients' impairments in functional capacity and real-world functioning. Method We evaluated 46 SPD patients, as well as 38 individuals with avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) and 55 healthy controls (HC) on: cognitive functioning, real-world functioning (employment and residential status), and functional capacity (indexed by the UPSA, a performance-based skills assessment). Results We found that individuals with SPD exhibited worse performance on both the cognitive battery and the UPSA than the other groups; they were also less likely to be employed and to be living independently. Additionally, cognitive and UPSA performance in the SPD group was intercorrelated to a degree comparable to what has been found in schizophrenia, and this relationship was not present in the AvPD group. Finally, real-world functioning was related to UPSA performance for both patient groups. Conclusions SPD patients exhibit impaired real-world functioning suggesting that these deficits extend across the schizophrenia spectrum. In addition, there is supportive evidence for the validity and importance of performance-based measures such as the UPSA to predict everyday outcomes across the schizophrenia spectrum.
This study compared changes in quantitative EEG (QEEG) and CNV (contingent negative variation) of children suffering from ADHD treated by SCP (slow cortical potential) neurofeedback (NF) with the effects of group therapy (GT) to separate specific from non-specific neurophysiological effects of NF. Twenty-six children (age: 11.1 ± 1.15 years) diagnosed as having ADHD were assigned to NF (N = 14) or GT (N = 12) training groups. QEEG measures at rest, CNV and behavioral ratings were acquired before and after the trainings and statistically analyzed. For children with ADHD-combined type in the NF group, treatment effects indicated a tendency toward improvement of selected QEEG markers. We could not find the expected improvement of CNV, but CNV reduction was less pronounced in good NF performers. QEEG changes were associated with some behavioral scales. Analyses of subgroups suggested specific influences of SCP training on brain functions. To conclude, SCP neurofeedback improves only selected attentional brain functions as measurable with QEEG at rest or CNV mapping. Effects of neurofeedback including the advantage of NF over GT seem mediated by both specific and non-specific factors.
Internet of Things (IoT) is a buzzword in the area of information technology. The Internet of Things is an interconnected computer system with unique identifiers (UIDs) that are capable of transmitting information over a network. This review article highlights the potential applications of IoT in pharmaceutical manufacturing, warehousing, and supply chain management to enhance product quality, increase productivity, and reduction in errors during different stages of a pharmaceutical product. During the manufacturing of the pharmaceutical product, IoT may be useful in supervising and optimizing different unit operations for real-time monitoring and control to enhance production efficiency. In warehousing and supply chain management of pharmaceutical products, IoT is applicable in monitoring the real-time storage conditions of the drug product and improving visibility to enhance operational effectiveness.
Fabricating cost effective and high-performance electrodes is essential to the development of vanadium flow battery (VFB). Moreover, improving the stability of electrodes in acidic electrolyte remains key issues. In this work, we describe a simple method to prepare novel electrodes composed of N-doped carbon nanospheres (NCS) grown on graphite felt (GF) fibers. Dopamine monomers are used as both carbon and nitrogen source. Physical and electrochemical results reveal that the as-prepared NCS/GF electrode exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity as well as wettability for vanadium ion redox reactions. The single cell tests at current densities of 50–300mAcm−2 demonstrate superior battery performance in terms of energy efficiency and capacity retention. Exceptional durability of the NCS catalyst is confirmed by long-term cycles at a higher current density of 150mAcm−2. NCS/GF electrode also shows excellent temperature adaptability from −15°C to 50°C. The facile approach reported in this study can pave a new route to fabricate high-performance electrodes for VFB.
Benefiting from fluidity and surface tension, materials in a liquid form are one of the best candidates for self-healing applications. This feature is highly desirable for improving the life cycle of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because the volume expansion/contraction during the cycles of high-capacity anodes such as Si and Sn can result in mechanical fracture and lead to inferior cycle performance. Here, we report a novel room-temperature liquid metal (LM) as the anode to improve the cycle life of LIBs. The LM anode comprises an alloy of Sn and Ga, a liquid at room temperature with inherent self-healing properties, as confirmed by the in situ and ex situ analyses. Because both Ga and Sn have high theoretical capacities (769 and 990 mA h g−1, respectively), the resulting LM anode delivers a high capacity of 775, 690, and 613 mA h g−1 at the rate of 200, 500, and 1000 mA g−1, respectively. There was no obvious decay in more than 4000 cycles with a capacity of ∼400 mA h g−1 at 4000 mA g−1, realizing the best cycle performance among all metal anodes.
Failures or forced shutdowns in power plants are often due to boilers, particularly failure of boiler tubes. Failure Investigation of Boiler Tubes: A Comprehensive Approach, by industry experts Paresh Haribhakti, P.B. Joshi, and Rajendra Kumar, addresses failure investigation of boiler tubes from basic fundamentals to practical applications. Topics covered include properties and selection of materials for boiler tubes, damage mechanisms responsible for failure of boiler tubes, and characterization techniques employed for investigating failures of boiler tubes in thermal power plants and the utility boilers of industrial/commercial/institutional boilers.From left, a schematic of a needle touching a graphene sheet, a micrograph showing topographic folding, and a schematic of concurrent imaging and manipulationLaurence Casey applying water to an aluminum composite panelA sapphire ball moving across the sample modifies the copper permanentlyFrom left, nanopillar fabricated for compression test and electron microscope image of dislocation avalancheNSLS-II scientist stands next to the Hard X-ray Nanoprobe beamline, where her research team developed a novel x-ray imaging techniqueThree-dimensional image of hydrogen-induced crack in nickel alloySchematic of in vitro material analysis technologySchematic of analytical method and structure determinedAn additive-manufactured part relative to the tip of a match
Vertigo remains a diagnostic challenge for primary care, emergency, and specialist physicians. Multidisciplinary clinics are increasingly being employed to diagnose and manage patients with dizziness. We describe, for the first time in Canada, the clinical characteristics of patients presenting with chronic and acute dizziness to both a multidisciplinary chronic dizziness clinic (MDC) and a rapid access dizziness (RAD) clinic at The Ottawa Hospital (TOH).
Stable and radiocarbon isotopic contents of dissolved organic C (DOC), dissolved inorganic C (DIC), particulate organic C (POC) and plants were used to examine the source and turnover rate of C in natural and constructed wetlands in the Florida Everglades. DOC concentrations decreased, with P concentrations, along a water quality gradient from the agriculturally impacted areas in the northern Everglades to the more pristine Everglades National Park. δ13C values of DOC in the area reflect contributions of both wetland vegetation and sugarcane from agriculture. Radiocarbon ages of DOC, POC and DIC in the Everglades ranged from 2.01ka BP to “>modern”. The old 14C ages of DOC and POC were found in impacted areas near the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) in the northern Everglades. In contrast, DOC and POC in pristine marsh areas had near modern or “>modern” 14C ages. These data indicate that a major source of POC and DOC in impacted areas is the degradation of historic peat deposits in the EAA. In the pristine areas of the marsh, DOC represents a mix of modern and historic C sources, whereas POC comes from modern primary production as indicated by positive Δ14C values, suggesting that DOC is transported farther away from its source than POC. High Δ14C values of DIC indicate that dissolution of limestone bedrock is not a significant source of DIC in the Everglades wetlands. As a restored wetland moves towards its “original” or “natural” state, the 14C signatures of DOC should approach that of modern atmosphere. In addition, measurements of concentration and C isotopic composition of DOC in two small constructed wetlands (i.e., test cells) indicate that these freshwater wetland systems contain a labile DOC pool with rapid turnover times of 26–39days and that the test cells are overall net sinks of DOC.
The electrochemical behavior and electrodeposition of cobalt was investigated in the choline chloride-urea deep eutectic solvent containing cobalt chloride. Cyclic voltammetry was used to study the effect of temperature and concentration on the electrochemical behavior of cobalt. Chronoamperometry results show that as the applied potential increases, the electrocrystallization of cobalt on the tungsten electrode gradually tends to three-dimensional instantaneous nucleation. SEM observation of the microstructure of the coating shows that the deposited films obtained in this experimental condition (−0.85 V ∼ −1.0 V; 343 K–373 K) are dense and uniform with fine crystals. As the deposition potential increases, the contours of the particles are become clear and the edges of the particles gradually join. As the temperature rises, the coating particles increase to become gradually uniform, the plush contour gradually disappears, and the particles are no longer connected with the other particles. EDS and XRD analyses show that pure cobalt coating was obtained.