batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The development of a high autonomy purely electrical public mean of transportation is not currently viable because the required energy implies a very high battery weight. However, this weight would be significantly reduced if these batteries could be charged at the bus stops along the route, for instance using a contact-less power transfer system. An ICPT (Inductive Coupling Power Transfer) system with a large air gap has been developed and built for an electric vehicle battery charger. The practical sizing, the best compensation topology and the operational frequency have been studied in order to obtain maximum efficiency. The study has been focused on defining the prototype implementation process, validating the theoretical results and analyzing the influence of frequency deviation with respect to the resonant frequency and the effect of gap variation and misalignment in the behaviour of the system.
In this work structural and transport properties of layered LiNi1−y−z Co y Mn z O2 (y =0.25, 0.35, 0.5 and z =0.1) cathode materials are presented. In the considered group of oxides, LiNi1−y−z Co y Mn z O2, there is no clear correlation between electrical conductivity and the a parameter (M–M distance in the octahedra layers). A non-monotonic modification of electrical properties of Li x Ni0.65Co0.25Mn0.1O2 cathode materials is observed upon lithium deintercalation.
A novel graphite felt electrode modified with tungsten trioxide (WO3) was developed to improve the electrochemical performance of graphite felt toward the VO2 +/VO2+ redox pair. WO3 was prepared using a hydrothermal method, and the morphology of WO3 structures was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electrochemical property of WO3-modified graphite felt toward VO2 +/VO2+ was carefully characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The hydrogen-vanadium redox flow battery (H-VRFB) test indicates that single cells using 1.1 mg cm−2 WO3-modified graphite felt exhibited excellent performance at 70 mA cm−2, and the corresponding coulombic, voltage, and energy efficiencies were 99.1%, 88.66% and 87.86%, respectively.
Experiments were conducted to evaluate a silicon accelerometer as an implantable sound sensor for implantable hearing aids. The main motivation of this study is to find an alternative sound sensor that is implantable inside the body, yet does not suffer from the signal attenuation from the body. The merit of the accelerometer sensor as a sound sensor will be that it will utilize the natural mechanical conduction in the middle ear as a source of the vibration. With this kind of implantable sound sensor, a totally implantable hearing aid is feasible. A piezoresistive silicon accelerometer that is completely encapsulated with a thin silicon film and long flexible flex-circuit electrical cables were used for this study. The sensor is attached on the middle ear ossicles and measures the vibration transmitted from the tympanic membrane due to the sound in the ear canal. In this study, the sensor is fully characterized on a human cadaveric temporal bone preparation.
One step sol–gel route was developed for synthesizing Li2ZnTi3O8/C nanocomposite, in which a thin layer of carbon was coated on the surface of Li2ZnTi3O8 nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were high crystalline and their size was found to be ca. 20–30nm. The synthesized Li2ZnTi3O8/C nanocomposite was used as an anode for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries and exhibited a high reversible charge–discharge capacity, excellent cycling stability and high rate performance. A large capacity of 284mAhg−1 can be kept after 200 cycles at a current density of 0.2Ag−1. These results can be attributed to the intrinsic characteristics of Li2ZnTi3O8/C nanocomposite. A thin layer of carbon on the surface of Li2ZnTi3O8 nanoparticles could improve significantly the conductivity and the anode made of nanoparticles greatly decreased the diffusion distance for lithium ions and electrons in the solid state.
The specific and unique amorphous nickel hydroxide nanostructures were synthesized via a simple and straightforward electrochemical way. By simply tuning the soft templates and applying a suitable current density, a specific and unique microstructure is obtained. The diameter of the Ni(OH)2 nano-sphere is greatly influenced by the current density, the sample obtained at 1 mA•cm−2 is about 200nm while the size of that assembled at 6 mA•cm−2 is less than 20nm. However, the Ni(OH)2 film prepared at the current density of 2 mA•cm−2 showed the best electrochemical performance for the highly porous surface morphology which contributed to the uniform morphology obtained at this current density. The maximum specific capacitance can be achieved as high as 1460F•g−1 in 2M NaOH at the scan rate of 2mV•s−1. Such impressive electrochemical properties can be ascribed to the highly porous microstructures and disorder of the amorphous phase which was considered for the better accommodation of repeated volume changes associated with doping-undoping process. The high specific capacitance and remarkable rate capability of amorphous transition metal oxides nanostructures show broad prospect for potential applications in energy conversion and storage devices.
This article presents results of studies, carried out on chemical and electrochemical processes, resulting in energy and capacity losses in vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). Two mechanisms, concerning losses, were evaluated: hydrogen evolution and imbalance of vanadium ions in electrolytes. Capacity losses of the battery were measured as the reduction of total electric charge, obtained from battery in discharging process, during charging/discharging cycle operation. Charge losses were verified using chronoamperometry measurements, where the electric current was measured and used to quantify the losses while keeping the battery at constant voltage. Methods for compensation of capacity losses and rebalancing of the battery were investigated and discussed. An electrolysis cell was developed to compensate the losses of charge in one half-cell only and, therefore, to rebalance the electrolytes.
Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) present with impaired functioning of the dorsal visual stream relative to the ventral visual stream. As such, little attention has been given to ventral stream functions in WS. We investigated colour processing, a predominantly ventral stream function, for the first time in nineteen individuals with Williams syndrome. Colour discrimination was assessed using the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test. Colour categorisation was assessed using a match-to-sample test and a colour naming task. A visual search task was also included as a measure of sensitivity to the size of perceptual colour difference. Results showed that individuals with WS have reduced colour discrimination relative to typically developing participants matched for chronological age; performance was commensurate with a typically developing group matched for non-verbal ability. In contrast, categorisation was typical in WS, although there was some evidence that sensitivity to the size of perceptual colour differences was reduced in this group.
Silicon suboxides (SiOx, 0 < x < 2) have been shown commercial prospect in lithium-ion batteries because of relative high capacity and mild volume expansion. However, few methods are available to prepare oxygen-tunable SiOx. Herein, we introduce a bottom up strategy to realize the consecutively regulation of oxygen content in SiOx via stepwise oxidizing silicane/siloxene precursor. Experimental results show that x value rapidly increases up to 1.5 and then rises extremely to 2.0 with minor slope. Furthermore, theory calculations indicate oxygen is preferentially inserted into Si–Si bonds to form buckled Si–O–Si limited to SiO1.5H with higher driving force than the following Si–OH formation which is well consistent with the experimental results. Virtually, nominal SiOx is substantially the mixture of Si, SiO0.5, SiO, SiO1.5 and SiO2 with SiO1.5 as the predominate component. Among the representative SiOx samples, SiO1.47 exhibits the optimal electrochemical performance with reversible capacity of around 700 mAh g−1 and almost 100% capacity retention at 0.5C (1C = 1500 mA g−1) after 300 cycles because of higher Li-ions diffusivity and less fracture. In addition, 95.4% capacity retention is achieved after 100 cycles at 0.2C in full-cell system.
We demonstrate the fabrication of flexible electrospun carbon nanofibers (CNFs) containing uniformly distributed carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and iron oxide (FeO x ) nanoparticles (NPs) as a composite material for lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes. The uniform incorporation of CNTs and FeO x NPs within the CNFs was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Embedding even a small amount of CNTs (0.1wt%) in the CNFs increased the LIB performance by a factor of two compared with pure CNFs. The specific capacity was also increased, by 25%, when an iron source (iron (III) acetylacetonate) was added at a concentration of 2wt%. The FeO x -CNT/CNF electrode maintained a capacity of 1008 mAh∙g−1 at a current density of 100 mA∙g−1 after 100 cycles. Further, the high-performance anode material was freestanding, flexible, and lightweight. This makes it suitable for next-generation LIBs, which must deliver high power over long periods while also being light and flexible.
Nickel oxide on directly grown carbon nanofibers (CNF-NiO) electrodes were fabricated and used as cathodes for hydrogen production by water electrolysis and as electrode materials for supercapacitors. Tafel polarization from the CNF-NiO electrodes showed an improvement in the hydrogen evolution reaction. This was attributed to the increment of the electrochemically active surface area, conductivity, and the synergy effects between the nickel oxide, carbon nanofibers, and nickel foam substrate. When used for supercapacitor applications, these electrodes showed a specific capacitance of ca. 776.20 ± 26 mF cm−2 at a current density 3 mA cm−2. These electrodes prepared using a facile method also exhibited a capacitance retention of 89% even after 3000 cycles with a coulombic efficiency of 89% when cycled at 20 mA cm−2. Considering the simplistic approach of the electrode preparation, the stability, and the capacitance, this method opens an avenue to try various metal oxide deposit on the directly grown CNF template.
In the USA, gun deaths occur at a rate that is 25 times higher than that of other developed countries (Grinshteyn and Hemenway in Am J Med 129(3):266–273, 2016.
Hierarchical iron sulfide nanocubes consisting of multiple iron sulfide-carbon core-shell nanoparticles coated with few-layer graphene (Fe1-xS@C/rGO) were prepared by a two-step in-situ transformation strategy employing Prussian blue (PB) as a starting material. The hierarchical nanocubes delivered an outstanding rate capability of 323 mAh g−1 at the current density of 10 A g−1 when used as the anode of sodium ion half cells. An iron-based sodium-ion full cell composed of a hierarchical Fe1-xS@C/rGO anode and PB cathode had a capacity of 323 mAh g−1 for 150 cycles. We attributed the good sodium ion storage properties of the Fe1-xS@C/rGO nanocubes to the stable hierarchical building structures and the high graphitization degree of carbon obtained during the transformation process. The graphene-coated nanocube structures inhibited the agglomeration of iron sulfide-carbon core-shell nanoparticles and accommodated the huge volume expansion that occurred during cycling. The high graphitization degree of carbon endowed Fe1-xS@C/rGO nanocubes with high electronic conductivity, facilitated sodium ion accessibility, and increased mechanical durability.
A high penetration of rooftop solar photo-voltaic (PV) units can cause both slow and fast voltage fluctuations when connected to the low voltage (LV) distribution feeder due to the random variations in the solar PV power output versus load demand. These unacceptable fluctuations can be alleviated by using energy storage systems integrated with the solar PV units. In this paper, a novel heuristic control strategy is proposed to alleviate both the slow and fast voltage fluctuations in the connected LV distribution feeder; using a hybrid energy storage system. In the proposed method; the integrated battery storage will be dynamically charged to mitigate the voltage rise during mid-day, and discharged during the evening peak hours, and the integrated super capacitor storage will be simultaneously charged or discharged to control the fast fluctuations in the PV inverter to be within a specified magnitude. An energy sharing method between the battery storage and the super capacitor storage is proposed to provide undisrupted control for the fast fluctuations during passing cloud. The proposed control strategies have been verified on a distribution feeder system and the results have been reported.
X-ray powder diffraction (XPD) and neutron powder diffraction (NPD) measurements in combination with theoretical calculations were performed on discharged and charged positive material of the Ni hydroxide electrode. The Ni(OH)2 in the battery material is disordered to a large extent and show large contributions of amorphous phases. The results of this investigation indicate similar local structures for the discharged and the charged phases. During charging, the c-direction remains essentially unaffected, whereas the ab-plane shows a high degree of disorder resulting in the disappearance of the [100] peak. A NPD pattern was used for indexing and refining of unit cell parameters. A revised conventional unit cell for the charged β-structure is proposed; hexagonal crystal system with a=2.98(1) and c=4.69(7)Å. We propose a structural model of the charged phase as consisting of disordered separate domains in the ab-plane. The conventional γ-phase is proposed to constitute of a modification of the β-NiOOH structure and is usually supposed to contain vacancies/defects in the c-direction. We show in this paper that the γ-phase may also be interpreted as consisting of partial systematic defects in the ab-plane. This phase can be indexed with an orthorhombic cell: a=7.50(2), b=4.83(2) and c=3.97(1)Å, respectively.
Since the mid-seventies Saudi Arabia has been at the forefront of research and development into solar energy. For example, two major international joint research and development (R&D) programs were funded, in cooperation with the United States of America and the Federal Republic of Germany, aimed at developing renewable energy technology and demonstrating its applications by designing and installing several pilot projects. After more than 20 years of research and development it now becomes essential to evaluate these R&D activities in order to determine their benefits to the scientific community, the country, and society in general. This paper therefore presents an evaluation of a number of research projects in terms of their technical and economical performance and feasibility. The paper also discusses the various lessons that have been learned through the operation and maintenance of these projects, and considers the various reasons underlying either their success or failure.
Recently, copper sulfide (CuS) quite arouses researchers' interest due to its high theoretical capacity and excellent electroconductivity. However, poor cycling stability seriously limited the application in supercapacitors. In addition to the improvement of cycling performance, it is also a challenge to develop electrode materials with energy density. Herein, RGO/CuS composite is prepared successfully by solvothermal reaction methods. By the observation using FESEM and TEM, CuS microstructure displays regular and tiny nanoparticles, which are supported by RGO sheets. After the electrochemical measurements, RGO/CuS composite exhibits a maximum specific capacitance of 946 F g−1 at 10 mV s−1 and 906 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, respectively. The excellent cycling stability is also achieved and it maintains 89% retention after 5000 cycles at 5 A g−1. RGO/CuS composite also possesses high energy density of 105.6 W h kg−1 at the power density of 2.5 kW kg−1, which indicates that RGO/CuS composite has a bright future as electrode materials for supercapacitors.
Publisher Summary The primary sources of a successful business are its core competencies and its business model, which builds on its core competencies. Core competencies result from the collective learning in a firm, especially the ability to coordinate diverse skills and streams of technologies within the organization. The five dimensions of a business model (customer selection, value capture, differentiation and strategic control, scope, and channels) are linked as an integrated design. The best business model is the one that is designed for customer relevance and high profitability. The four categories for measuring environmental performance are materials use, energy consumption, waste output, and pollutant releases. A corporation provides value to its customers and needs new measures of customer value related to materials, energy, waste, and pollutant output. The value chain begins with the corporation's assets, core competencies, and organizational capital. A value chain is most efficient when there are fewer transactions between producers and their final customers. This chapter concludes with a discussion about the managing of the value chain.
Abstract When 26.8Ah (1Faraday) of electrcity pass through an electrochemical cell, 1g equivalent of mass is formed or dissolved at the electrodes through the electrochemical reaction. The electrochemical equivalent weights of the active materials in a lead–acid cell per Ah are 3.866g Pb Ah−1 (for the Pb/PbSO4 electrode) and 4.463g PbO2 Ah−1 (for the PbO2/PbSO4 electrode). The total weight of the positive or negative active material in a cell is equal to the sum of the weights of the energetic (Ge ) and skeleton (Gs ) structures. There are three parameters used for calculating the actual amount of active materials needed for producing a cell of a given capacity: active mass utilization coefficient (η); active mass weight coefficient per Ah (β); specific capacity of positive active mass (PAM) or negative active mass (NAM) per kg active mass (σ). The working concentration region of H2SO4 in the cell is between 1.5 and 5.0M (i.e., from 1.10 to 1.25 relative density). It can generate 72Ah of electricity. Examples for the following calculations are presented in the chapter: 1. active materials in a 50Ah SLI cell at 50% utilization of PAM and 45% NAM utilization; 2. paste composition; 3. amounts of H2O and H2SO4 in a lead–acid cell; 4. active materials for various types of lead–acid batteries; 5. volumes of H2O and H2SO4 solution needed for paste preparation; 6. quantity of electricity needed for formation of the cured plates; 7. potentials of Hg/HgSO4 and Ag/Ag2SO4 reference electrodes (used for measuring cell electrode potentials) at different H2SO4 concentrations and temperatures.
Dynamic windows based on the reversible electrodeposition of metals are the promising alternatives to those based on other technologies such as electrochromic materials. In this article, we use spectroelectrochemistry to study Cu and Pb electrodeposition and dissolution as related to dynamic window electrolytes. The presence of Cl− in the aqueous electrolyte accelerates the deposition and dissolution processes, and leads to the formation of Cu–Cl equilibria that evolve during electrode cycling. The electrolyte only supports reversible metal deposition after cycling, a process known as electrolytic conditioning. We demonstrate that the conditioning process increases the concentration of Cu–Cl complexes in the electrolyte, which facilitates reversible and kinetically facile electrodeposition. The conditioned electrolyte enables the construction of 25 cm2 dynamic windows harnessing reversible metal electrodeposition that exhibit uniform tinting, minute-order switching times, and high optical contrast.
Uniform carbonaceous spheres covered with MnO2 nanoparticles (CMnO2-1) or nanosheets (CMnO2-2) were successfully prepared via a facile in situ seed-assisted method which could accomplish the controlled fabrication of the composites with tunable morphology and mass loading of MnO2. When employed as active materials for supercapacitor electrodes, CMnO2-2 exhibited larger specific capacitance, higher rate capability and better cycling stability than CMnO2-1 due to the fast ion penetration and smaller charge-transfer resistance. It is believed that these results may provide an alternative way to improve the redox kinetics and reversibility of metal oxides-based pseudocapacitors.
The extensive changes to Internet over the last decade have transformed its fundamental characteristics. From a network of computers developed for military purposes, it has become a network of people keen to share their knowledge and user experience. Over the coming years, this situation will inevitably change further, as the Internet of Things (IoT) becomes firmly established and even everyday objects acquire “intelligence” and the capacity of sharing information about themselves with people and other objects. This will have a significant impact on people’s lives and on the decision-making process carried out within businesses. The purpose of this work is to outline the main traits of this evolution, illustrating the elements that compose the architecture of the Internet of Things, looking, in particular, at its reverberations in other fields of application and, finally, giving an indication of the impact that it will inevitably have on businesses and individuals, from a marketing prospective.
A commercial version of the magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) technique became available in 1996. At that time, ITC research team started to investigate the MRS technique with respect to its appropriateness to groundwater investigations. MRS is the only non-invasive surface geophysical technique with an inherent selectivity to free hydrogen and, therefore, to groundwater. The signal amplitude inversion allows quantifying free water content as a function of depth and signal decay rate inversion characterizes pore size with depth. The technique is limited in its depth investigation capability mainly by the size of its excitation/sensing loop, by the electric conductivity of the media, by the ambient noise level and by the Earth's magnetic field value. Two field cases illustrate MRS applications. A conglomeratic aquifer within metamorphic fractured rock sequence in Portugal shows the MRS response in a low porosity environment and unconsolidated porous aquifer system in the Netherlands, presents an opposite case of high porosity environment.
The techniques of transcatheter embolization of unwanted blood vessels in patients with congenital heart disease have evolved considerably during the past 25 years. There are many different anatomical lesions requiring different approaches and devices. The main types of devices used can be classified into particles, coils, and plugs. It is important for the operator to be familiar with a range of these devices. The results of transcatheter embolization are usually excellent, and technical problems and complications can usually be overcome by attention to detail and persistence. The types of devices in common use and their clinical applications are discussed.