batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The decarbonization of the electricity supply in isolated and remote energy systems is an open challenge in the transition to a sustainable energy system. In this paper, the possibility to increase the penetration of renewable energy sources for electricity generation on the island of Terceira (Azores) is investigated through the installation of a utility-scale energy storage facility. The electric power dispatch on the island is simulated through a unit commitment model of the fossil and renewable power plants that has the objective of minimizing the cost of electricity generation. Battery energy storage is employed to partially decouple production and supply, and to provide spinning reserve in case of sudden generator outage. Two technological options, namely lithium-ion and vanadium flow batteries, are compared in terms of net present value and return on investment, with the aim of supporting the decision-making process of the local utility. The economic evaluation takes also into account the degradation of the battery performance along the years. The results, obtained in a future-price scenario, show that both the technologies entail a positive investment performance. However, vanadium flow batteries have the best results, given that they can produce a net present value that exceeds 430% of the initial capital invested after 20 years, with a return on investment higher than 35%. In this scenario, the renewable share can reach up to 46%, compared to the current 26%.
We present an overview of progress towards single-chip RFID solutions. To date heterogeneous integration has been appropriate for non-biological systems. However, for in-vivo sensors and even drug delivery systems, a small form factor is required. We discuss fundamental limits on the size of the form factor, the effect of the antenna, and propose a unified single-chip RFID solution appropriate for a broad range of biomedical in-vivo device applications, both current and future. Fundamental issues regarding the possibility of single cell RF radios to interface with biological function are discussed.
The α- and γ-phases of MnO2 prepared by electrolysis of MnSO4 and M x SO4 (where M=Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+ or Mg2+) in aqueous solutions at various pH and voltage E v values under ambient conditions have been systematically studied. The structures of powdery MnO2 produced are found to depend on the radius of the M z+ counter cation in addition to the pH and E v conditions. In order to achieve the α-phase for MnO2 formation under neutral pH condition, the radius of counter cation must be equal to or greater than 1.41Å, the size of the K+ cation. The relative concentration ratio of [MnO4 −]transient/[Mn2+], which is related to the pH–E v conditions, also affects the structure of MnO2 produced with counter ions smaller than K+. For samples prepared in acidified solution with the counter ions of Li+, Na+ or Mg2+ at 2.2V, the electrolysis products display the γ-MnO2 phase while those prepared at 2.8V electrolysis produce a mixture of γ-MnO2 and α-MnO2 phases. Single phase of α-MnO2 is identified in the 5V electrolysis products. Furthermore, the valence state of manganese was found to decrease as the applied voltage was reduced from 5.0 to 2.2V. This implies that the lower [MnO4 −]transient/[Mn2+] ratio or the less oxidative condition is responsible for the non-stoichiometric MnO2 structure with oxygen deficiency.
Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) based on plasticized sodium carboxymethyl cellulose/polyethylene oxide (CMC/PEO) were successfully prepared using solution casting method. The prepared SPEs were investigated using different spectroscopic techniques. Ultraviolet–Visible absorption spectra (UV–Vis) revealed that changing PEO content in the polymer matrix causes the optical band gap energy to change and decrease. These changes indicate that there is a transfer of charge carriers within the polymer matrix. The variations occurring in the major structural units within the prepared CMC/PEO SPEs are retraced using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). FTIR results revealed that the polymeric materials suffer changes in their chemical structures and that complexation occurred between the individual polymers due to blending. Correlation between UV–Vis optical band gap and FTIR outcomes is established. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to study the conduction mechanism for the prepared SPEs. Impedance results showed that the CMC/PEO sample with blending ratio of 80/20 wt% (sample named B2) possesses the highest ionic conductivity of 1.18E−06 S/cm and the lowest activation energy of approximately 0.67 eV at ambient temperature.
The electrochemical properties of polyaniline (PANI) can be altered by coupling the polymer with aryldiazonium ions. The ions are synthesized by diazotization of aromatic primary amines (1-aminoanthraquinone, sulphadiazine and 4-cyanoaniline) bearing functional groups which are then linked to the polyaniline backbone. All materials produced are electroactive, suggesting that the reaction involves coupling of the diazonium ion with the aromatic rings and not nucleophilic substitution by the aminic nitrogen of PANI on the aryl cations. The electrochemical properties of the modified polymers are different to those of PANI, likely due to electronic and steric effects of the attached groups. Reductive degradation of the azo linkages, using dithionite ion, removes the attached moieties leaving primary amino groups attached to the polyaniline backbone. In that way, the effect of the attached groups on the electrochemical properties of PANI is eliminated. FTIR spectroscopy measurement of the different polymers supports the proposed mechanism. Using the method a polymer containing redox (anthraquinone) groups, which could be used for charge storage, is obtained. Additionally a material containing sulphadiazine moieties, which can be released in vivo by bacterial activity, is also produced. The molecule is a well-known sulfa drug with bacteriostatic activity. The reaction sequence seems to be of general application to modify polyanilines, by attaching functional groups, and then to produce a PANI backbone bearing primary amino groups. Evidence is presented on the kinetic control of attached group removal.
This paper presents an analytical model of piezoelectric vibration energy harvester consists of shape memory alloy (SMA) plate which can tune the resonant frequency. As the energy harvester should be tuned to excitation frequency to drive the maximum power, the temperature of SMA is varied to tune the natural frequency of the composite beam. In addition to SMA, it also consists of the piezoelectric layer, substructure layer, and tip mass. Using Euler–Bernoulli beam assumption, equations for the frequency response of voltage, current, and power outputs with temperature are obtained. From the parametric study, it is observed that the tuning of natural frequency is 25–26%, for the first three modes of vibration in short- and open-circuit conditions.
A thorough characterisation of three different commercial positive active materials for nickel batteries was carried out both from the crystal chemical and the electrochemical point of view. All the samples had similar physical characteristics and consisted of mixtures of graphite and β-nickel hydroxide with diverse doping levels. Two different electrode technologies (pasted and pocket plate) were used in all cases. Surprisingly, the best capacity values in pocket plate technology (with no extra conducting additives) were supplied by sample A, that is, the one with the lowest doping level. These good performances were attributed to a higher degree of homogeneity in carbon distribution. This hypothesis was confirmed by milling treatments carried out on sample C that did indeed significantly improve its homogeneity and its electrochemical behaviour. In summary, this work shows that homogeneity is clearly an underestimated factor in industrial active materials. Indeed, instead of more expensive dopant addition, low cost milling processes can be used to obtain commercial active materials with improved capacities.
The implementation of the Government Accounting Standards Board’s Statement 45 mandates disclosure of “other post-employment benefits” (OPEB) in a standardized format. The mandate provides an opportunity to analyze noninformation impacts of mandatory disclosures, as key components of the information were already publicly available. We find that this mandate is associated with a significant 15 and 73 basis-point increase in yield spreads among tax-exempt and taxable bonds, respectively. This effect is particularly pronounced for riskier bonds—nonrated and longer maturity taxable bonds. However, states that do not follow the GASB 45 recommendation of prefunding the OPEB obligations face a greater increase in their yield spreads.
Li2CoPO4F cathode materials have been synthesized by a two-step method combining a sol-gel route and solid state reaction. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that the Li2CoPO4F was well-crystallized in orthorhombic crystal structure with Pnma space group. From the high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) image; the lattice fringes of {001} and {100} are well-resolved. HRTEM image and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern reveal the highly crystalline nature of Li2CoPO4F having an ordered orthorhombic crystal structure. The Co atoms chains of Li2CoPO4F have been observed using high angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM). The Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra indicate the symmetry and stability of the Li2CoPO4F structure. The Li2CoPO4F cathode materials delivered an initial discharge capacity of 91 mAhg−1 at C/10 rate with good cyclic performance. The discharge profile of Li2CoPO4F shows a plateau at 5.0V; revealing its importance as potentially high-voltage cathode.
With a worldwide trend towards the efficient use of renewable energies and the rapid expansion of the electric vehicle market, the importance of rechargeable battery technologies, particularly lithium-ion batteries, has steadily increased. In the past few years, a major breakthrough in electrolyte materials was achieved by simply increasing the salt concentration in suitable salt–solvent combinations, offering technical superiority in numerous figures of merit over alternative materials. This long-awaited, extremely simple yet effective strategy can overcome most of the remaining hurdles limiting the present lithium-ion batteries without sacrificing manufacturing efficiency, and hence its impact is now widely felt in the scientific community, with serious potential for industrial development. This Review aims to provide timely and objective information that will be valuable for designing better realistic batteries, including a multi-angle analysis of their advantages and disadvantages together with future perspectives. Emphasis is placed on the pathways to address the remaining technical and scientific issues rather than re-highlighting the many technical advantages.
The performance of Cell-Batt® Li-ion cells and Sony 18650 cells using non-stoichiometric spinel and LiCoO2, respectively, as positive electrode material has been studied under several modes of charging. During cycling, the cells were opened at intermittent cycles and extensive material and electrochemical characterization was done on the active material at both electrodes. Capacity fade of spinel-based Li-ion cells was attributed to structural degradation at the cathode and loss of active material at both electrodes due to electrolyte oxidation. For the Sony cells both primary (Li+) and secondary active material (LiCoO2)/C) are lost during cycling.
The leopard shark, Triakis semifasciata, is an abundant nearshore elasmobranch, ranging from Baja California, Mexico to Oregon, USA. Mature female leopard sharks have been observed aggregating in shallow embayments throughout California; however, it is unclear why only females aggregate in these shallow areas. The goal of this study was to determine if mature female leopard sharks selectively occupy the warmest areas of a shallow embayment, if free-ranging leopard sharks' body temperatures are significantly warmer during the day than at night, and to quantify temporal use of these shallow habitats. Visual observations of sharks' fine-scale movements within the shallows of Big Fisherman's Cove Marine Life Refuge (Santa Catalina Island) aggregation site indicated that sharks preferred the warmest areas of the embayment and moved to warmer locations over the course of the day (p <0.05). Active and passive acoustic tracking, along with archival transponder technology (Vemco: V13, V13-R256, VX32TP-CHAT tags respectively) of 16 sharks caught and tagged within this aggregation were used to monitor core body temperature, swimming depth, and movements. Sharks had significantly higher core body temperatures in the late afternoon (1700 h–2000 h) during the summer, showed increased fidelity to thermal refuges during the day and increased movement away from these refuges at night (χ 2, p <0.05). Seasonal variations in warm, shallow water usage were also observed. Elevated core body temperature of mature female leopard sharks using warm shallow embayments will likely augment metabolic and physiological functions such as digestion, somatic growth, and possibly reproduction.
Vanadium manganese oxides with Mn content up to 33 at% were synthesized by a low temperature hydrothermal route allowing for the preparation of both anodic and cathodic materials for Li-ion batteries. Low amounts of manganese (below 13 at%) lead to the formation of elongated particles of layered hydrated vanadium oxides with manganese and water intercalated between the V2O5 slabs, while for higher Mn content of 33 at%, monoclinic MnV2O6 is formed. Former materials are suitable for high energy cathodes while the latter one is an anodic compound. The material containing 10 at% Mn has the composition Mn0.2V2O5·0.9H2O and shows the best cathodic activity with 20% capacity improvement over V2O5·0.5H2O. Lithiated MnV2O6 with Li5MnV2O6 composition prepared electrochemically was evaluated for the first time as anode in a full-cell against Mn0.2V2O5·0.9H2O cathode. An initial capacity ca. 300 A h kg−1 was measured with this battery corresponding to more than 500 Wh kg−1. These results confirm the prospect of using Li5MnV2O6 anodes in lithium-ion batteries as well as high-capacity layered hydrated vanadium oxides cathodes such as V2O5·0.5H2O and Mn0.2V2O5·0.9H2O.
Many factors affect the electrochemical properties of LiMn2O4. Among these factors the amount of Mn3+ is an important factor which largely influences the capacity and capacity fading. However, it is difficult to detect the amount of Mn3+ by chemical titration method. In this research we try to relate the amount of Mn3+ with the lattice parameter. Lattice parameter is easy to measure. Therefore, if the amount of Mn3+ can be deduced by the lattice parameter, it will be very helpful to control and design the electrochemical properties of LiMn2O4. The results show a good relationship among the lattice parameter, the amount of Mn3+ and the capacity. Thus, lattice parameter could be used to deduce the electrochemical properties of LiMn2O4, although many works are still needed to construct a firm relationship.
High energy-high power dendrite-free Lithium (Li) metal full batteries is successfully proposed. V3O7·H2O nanoribbons/graphene hybrids cathode is fabricated via a facile one-step hydrothermal synthetic strategy. Si3N4 submicron-wire membrane, fabricated by a modified catalyst-assisted pyrolysis of polyurea silazane method, is proposed to reduce the local flux of Li+ moving toward the anode and effectively extend the physical path of dendrite growth, so as to achieve the non-dendritic Li growth. The morphologies of the repeated Li deposition/stripping onto Li metal anode with Si3N4 membrane display a dendrite-free morphology. Our experimental and simulation results show the resulting V3O7·H2O/graphene‖Si3N4/Li cell delivers a high energy density of 810.8 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 86.2 W kg−1, and still retains 383.4 Wh kg−1 even at a high power density of 10648.9 W kg−1, which holds a great potential in new energy field, such as electric vehicles and even to megawatt-scale energy storage systems.
The effects of the presence of additives like lead and tungstate ions in flowing alkaline zincate solutions on suppressing spongy zinc electrogrowth are examined. The results show that the two additives with optimal concentrations in flowing electrolytes can suppress spongy zinc initiation and propagation. And, the two additives can bring about more uniform and compact deposits and, thereby, reduce spongy zinc growth. The influence of lead and tungstate ions on the zinc deposition/dissolution is evaluated by cyclic voltammetry. It also shows that the addition of the two additives is largely a blocking action, and the co-deposition of lead and zinc ions may occur. The performance of the zinc-air flow battery with zinc regeneration electrolysis is determined. It shows that by the addition of 0.6M Na2WO4 or 10−4 M to 10−3 M lead, compact or mixed compact–spongy zinc deposits are created and the favorable charge/discharge performance of the battery is achieved with an energy efficiency of approximately 60%.
Soft-shell clams, Mya arenaria, are sessile, suspension-feeding bivalves that are preyed upon by the exotic green crab, Carcinus maenas. Clams evade crab consumers by burrowing deeper into the sediment after perceiving a threat from a nearby predator. The purpose of this study was to determine the types of signals that M. arenaria use to detect predators and the types of behaviors clams use to avoid being eaten. In a field study, clams increased their burial depth in the presence of green crab predators consuming conspecifics that were caged nearby, and also increased burial depth after artificial tactile stimulation in the laboratory assay. These results indicate that clams can use chemical and mechanical cues to detect potential predatory threats. We performed a field study to examine the difference in survivability of clams that had burrowed deeper into the sediment in response to predators vs. control clams that were burrowed less deeply. Significantly higher survival rates were observed in clams that had initially burrowed more deeply, suggesting that increasing burial depth is a valid predator avoidance strategy. Some bivalves also alter their pumping rates in the presence of predators, making them less apparent and providing more structural defense by covering soft tissue, and we measured pumping time of soft-shell clams in the presence and absence of predators, when burrowing was not an option for escape. Soft-shell clams did not alter their pumping time in the presence of green crab predators, possibly because they employ a burrowing method called “hydraulic” or “jet-propelled” burrowing, where it is necessary for the clam to pump in order to burrow. Chemical signals and tactile cues instigated behavioral changes in M. arenaria, and this change in behavior (increasing burial depth) increased clam survival in the field.
In this work, reduced graphite oxide (rGO) with a long-range-ordered layered structure and an expanded interlayer spacing is synthesized and utilized as an anode for sodium ion storage. Unlike Na+-solvent co-intercalation in flake graphite, the interaction between Na-ions and graphene layers of the rGO shows a capacitive behavior. All the surface defects, pores, and functional groups generated on the surface of rGO can contribute to additional capacity of sodium storage. Thereby, a reversible capacity of 145.7 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 and a rate performance of 131.7 mAh g−1 at 1.8 A g−1 could be obtained. Capacity retention of 87.7 % after 900 cycles at 400 mA g−1 was also achieved. Further enhancement in cycling stability, with little capacity decay after 1500 cycles, was obtained after incorporating Ag onto the surface of the rGO. The rGO-Ag anode delivered higher energy density and power density as compared to rGO at the same current density. Even at a power density of 5493 W kg−1 (3A g−1, 24 C), the energy density was as high as 236.2 Wh kg−1. These results contribute to the development of a low-cost, high-performance sodium ion storage devices.
Based on the analysis of the existing State of charge (SOC) Estimation Algorithms of batteries, this paper proposes a hybrid estimation algorithm according to the UKF method, the Ah method and the open circuit method in SOC estimation of battery pack which consists of 320 batteries. The “buckets effect” exists between series batteries and the differences between each cell were also been taken into consideration during estimating the SOC of power batteries. Finally, the hybrid estimation algorithm was applied to estimate SOC of battery pack under ECE driving cycles. The result shows that the error of the hybrid estimation algorithm is less than 5%.
Thin film SnO2 electrode has been prepared for the first time by using a novel facile and low-cost ink-jet printing technique. Wet ball-milling was employed to stabilize SnO2 nano particles and conducting agent acetylene black (AB) using two kinds of polymeric hyperdispersants CH10B and CH12B, respectively, to prepare the stable colloid as “ink”. The morphology, structure, composition and electrochemical performance of SnO2 thin film electrodes were investigated in detail by SEM, TEM, XRD, EDX, cyclic voltammograms (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge measurements. SEM images show uniform distribution of as-printed SnO2 thin film electrodes. The thickness of monolayer thin film electrode was about 770–780nm by TEM observation. The thickness of SnO2 thin film could be increased by repeating the printing procedure on the Cu foil substrate. The average thickness of 10-layer SnO2 thin-film electrode after compression for electrochemical measurement was about 2.3μm. High initial discharge capacity about 812.7mAh/g was observed at a constant discharge current density of 33μA/cm2 in a potential range of 0.05–1.2V. It is expected that ink-jet printing is a very feasible, simple, convenient and inexpensive way to prepare thin film electrode for lithium ion batteries.
The goal of this study is to make a high-performance cathode in a simple way, so that it can better serve marine sediment microbial fuel cells. We design a cathode by combining graphene with carbon fiber through a binder, and apply it for the first time to these cells, to improve the electrochemical performance of these cells while increasing the specific surface area of the cathode. This cathode shows excellent performance in a laboratory simulated marine environment. The specific surface area of graphene modified polyacrylonitrile fiber cathode reaches 41.13 m2/g, 1.5 times larger than that of the blank cathode (26.98 m2/g). Its capacitance and exchange current density are 6.1 times and 16.4 times higher than that of theblank cathode, respectively. The anti-polarization ability of the modified cathode was significantly improved, and the maximum power density of the cell equipped with the G/P cathode (2.12 kW/kg) is 6.24 times that of the blank (0.34 kW/kg). In terms of stability, it is quite resistant to prolonged seawater immersion or scouring. This excellent mechanical stability can extend the cells’ life and reduce replacement costs.