batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Fault trees are used to organize potential causes of a problem to facilitate better judgments about potential problem solutions. However, fault trees can lead to biased judgments because decision makers tend to overestimate the likelihood of problem causes that are explicitly mentioned in the fault tree and underestimate the likelihood of problem causes that are not. In this research, we examined the impact of context information and need for cognitive closure on these estimates. In 2 experiments, participants with a low need for cognitive closure used the informational content of experimenter provided and self-generated context information as a basis for making likelihood estimates. In contrast, participants with a high need for closure did not use experimenter provided context information at all but used the ease of producing self-generated context information (rather than informational content) as a basis for their likelihood estimates.
Wet-chemical assembling process has been developed for the formation of the anode electrocatalyst layers of a micro tubular direct formic acid fuel cell. By using this method, a porous layer of Pd nano-catalyst was bonded onto the inner surface of a tubular polymer electrolyte membrane by chemical reduction of Pd complex impregnated in the membrane. The performance characteristics as a function of parameters such as catalyst loading amount of Pd or the cell temperature were evaluated by using a half-cell testing method. The micro tubular DFAFC with a 2.5mg-Pdcm−2 anode and 6mg-Ptcm−2 cathode fabricated by wholly wet-chemical assembling process exhibited a peak power density over 4mWcm−2 under passive and air breathing conditions at ambient temperature and pressure.
The spherical Li-rich materials 0.3Li2MnO3·0.7LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 are synthesized by a standard co-precipitation method followed by solid state sintering. The primary particle size and morphologies of the 0.3Li2MnO3·0.7LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 materials can be readily controlled by altering the heat-treatment temperature. With different primary size, the materials show different rate discharge capabilities. However, due to similar chemical composition, they show similar discharge capacity at high temperature and low current density. Subsequent galvanostatic intermittent titration tests indicate that the larger the particle size, the larger the chemical diffusion coefficient of the Li+. The relationship between the primary particle size and electrochemical kinetics is discussed. Of all the samples in this study, the material with a primary particle size of 200 nm, obtained at 900 °C, exhibits the best integrated electrochemical performance.
Lead oxide nanowires are an attractive alternative to conventional pasted electrodes, owing to their high surface area leading to high specific energy batteries. Here, we report the performance of template electrodeposited PbO2 nanowires used as positive electrodes. Nanostructured electrodes were tested at constant charge/discharge rate from 2 C to 10 C, with a cut-off potential of 1.2 V and discharge depth up to 90% of the gravimetric charge. These new type of electrodes are able to work at very high C-rate without fading, reaching an efficiency of about 90% with a very good cycling stability. In particular, after an initial stabilization, a specific capacity of about 200 mAh g−1, very close to the theoretical one of 224 mAh g−1, was drained for more than 1000 cycles at a C-rate higher than 1 C with an efficiency close to 90%. This behaviour significantly distinguishes PbO2 nanostructured electrodes from the conventional ones with pasted active material. In addition, discharge at a quasi-constant voltage of about 2.1 V, without reaching the cut-off potential also at high C-rate, occurs. This implies a quasi-constant energy supply during fast discharge. According to these findings, innovative applications as hybrid or electrical mobility or buffer in renewable energy plants can be envisaged.
The aim of this study was to determine the influence of heavy metals on biological soil quality assessments in Vaccinium myrtillus L. rhizosphere soil as well as in non-rhizosphere soil from different polluted sites. The presented study was also conducted in order to determine any differences in the soil physicochemical and biological properties between the Vaccinium rhizosphere soil and the non-rhizosphere soil. The content of heavy metals and their potential bioavailability, content of macronutrients, physicochemical soil properties, activity of six soil enzymes and microarthropod communities were determined. Soil organic matter, the levels of C, N and all the studied macronutrients and almost all enzyme activity were significantly higher in the rhizosphere soil than in the non-rhizosphere soil. At the most contaminated site, the content of heavy metals was also higher in the rhizosphere soil, but their bioavailability was lower than in the non-rhizosphere soil. The β-glucosidase and urease activity in the soil correlated most negatively with the examined metals. The levels of two enzymes were also strongly impacted by the organic matter—the C and N levels and pH. The number of microarthropods as well as the QBS (soil biological quality index) and FEMI (abundance-based fauna index) were higher in the rhizosphere soil. The bilberry rhizosphere soil had stronger correlation coefficient values between the measured parameters than the non-rhizosphere soil, which suggests that rhizosphere soil is more sensitive and could be used in the monitoring and assessment of forest ecosystems. β-glucosidase and urease were the most sensitive indicators of the adverse impact of Cd, Zn and Pb. The FEMI index seems to be a better indicator than the QBS for identifying differences in soil quality.
ABSTRACT The performance of lithium ion battery based on electrospun nanofibrous membranes has gained a great deal of attention in the past decades, but the intrinsic low mechanical strength and large pore size of electrospun membranes limit their battery performance. To overcome this limitation, a powerful strategy for designing, fabricating and evaluating silica nanoparticles coated polyetherimide-polyurethane (SiO2/PEI-PU) nanofibrous composite membranes is easily developed via electrospinning followed by a dip-coating process. Benefiting from the high porosity, interpenetrating network structure and synergetic effect of PU, PEI and SiO2 nanoparticles, the as-prepared composite membranes exhibit high ionic conductivity (2.33mScm−1), robust tensile strength (15.65MPa) and improved safety (excellent thermal resistance and flame retardant property). Additionally, the as-prepared composite membranes possess relatively narrow pore size distribution with average pore size of 0.58μm after coating SiO2 nanoparticles, which plays an important role in hindering the micro-shorting and mitigating self-discharge. Significantly, the SiO2/PEI-PU membranes based Li/LiFePO4 cell exhibits more excellent cycling stability with capacity retention of 98.7% after 50 cycles at 0.2C rate and better rate capability compared with the Celgard membrane based cell. The results clearly demonstrate that this is a promising separator candidate for next-generation lithium ion batteries, which may represent a significant step toward separators with improved performance.
We demonstrate for the first time, the synthesis of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanoparticles and nanorods in the films using a high throughput solution plasma spray deposition approach. The scalable plasma spray method enables the direct deposition of large area nanostructured films of V2O5 with controllable particle size and morphology. In this approach, the solution precursors (vanadium oxychloride and ammonium metavanadate) were injected externally into the plasma jet, which atomizes and pyrolyzes the precursors in-flight, resulting in the desired films on the current collectors. The microstructure analysis of the as synthesized films revealed pure nanocrystalline phase for V2O5 with particles in the size range of 20–50nm. The V2O5 film based electrodes showed stable reversible discharge capacity in the range of 200–250mAhg−1 when cycled in the voltage window 2–4V. We further discuss the mechanism for controlling the particle growth and morphology, and also the optimization of reversible lithium storage capacity. The nanorods of V2O5 formed after the anneal treatment also show reversible storage capacity indicative of the potential use of such film based electrodes for energy storage.
The aim of this study was to examine the associations between the risk of cognitive impairment and the serum levels of folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine (Hcy).
The olivine polymorph LiCoPO4 was synthesized by solvothermal and a subsequent annealing process. Carbon free, ex-situ carbon coated and in-situ carbon coated materials were prepared. With the addition of citric acid in the solvothermal reaction, a carbon layer was coated via an in-situ approach. To systematically compare the different carbon coating routes, the structure and morphology of the LiCoPO4 materials were investigated by XRD, Raman, and SEM. HAADF-STEM combined with EDX was applied to analyze the homogeneity of the carbon layer and corresponding antisite defects. Electrochemical properties were analyzed by half-cells measuring cyclic-voltammograms, charge/discharge cycling behavior stability and rate-capability. It was found that the in-situ carbon coated LiCoPO4/C exhibited a superior electrochemical performance due to the relatively uniform and complete surface-layer formation. As a result, an appropriate carbon layer improves the electronic and ionic transport properties, ensures fast electron-transfer kinetics at the electrode particle surfaces and suppresses unwanted side reactions with the electrolyte.
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is used to measure the auditory evoked magnetic field (AEF), which reflects language-related performance. In young children, however, the simultaneous quantification of the bilateral auditory-evoked response during binaural hearing is difficult using conventional adult-sized MEG systems. Recently, a child-customised MEG device has facilitated the acquisition of bi-hemispheric recordings, even in young children. Using the child-customised MEG device, we previously reported that language-related performance was reflected in the strength of the early component (P50m) of the auditory evoked magnetic field (AEF) in typically developing (TD) young children (2 to 5 years old) [Eur J Neurosci 2012, 35:644–650]. The aim of this study was to investigate how this neurophysiological index in each hemisphere is correlated with language performance in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and TD children.
Mal-attitude and negative emotion specific to speech are known to correlate with severity among children who stutter. To determine if speech-associated mal-attitude and negative emotion also covary with each other, 143 grade-school children who stutter were administered Brutten's Communication Attitude Test (CAT). Then, independently, they also ranked their emotional reaction to those items of the CAT that had led them to report mal-attitude. The results revealed the existence of a statistically significant correlation of .89 between mal-attitude and negative emotion. Moreover, both speech-associated mal-attitude and negative emotion increased to a statistically significant extent with age and stuttering severity. These data highlight the importance of early detection and intervention as it relates to the cognitive and affective components of the stuttering syndrome. Educational Objectives: The reader will learn and be able to describe the relationship between school-age children's (1) stuttering and their mal-attitudes toward speech, (2) Their mal-attitudes and negative emotional reactions to speaking, and (3) the charges that occur in stuttering severity, mal-attitudes and negative emotional reactions between ages 7 and 13 years.
Hierarchical Co3O4 nanostructure is synthesized via a self-assembled process in molten hydroxides. The morphologies, crystal structures and the phase transformation processes are analyzed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. As an anode material for lithium ion batteries, the hierarchical Co3O4 exhibit an initial capacity of 1336mAhg−1 and a stable capacity of 680mAhg−1 over 50 cycles. More importantly, high rate capability is obtained at different current densities between 140 and 1120mAg−1. The improved electrochemical performance of Co3O4 could be attributed to the unique hierarchical nanostructure.
Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood is associated with marked cognitive impairment, research on metacognition in adult ADHD is scarce. Deficits in metacognition may have a negative impact on treatment adherence, functional outcomes, and everyday life. This study explores metacognition, specifically self-awareness of cognitive performance, in adults with ADHD by combining objective and subjective assessments. Forty-seven patients with ADHD and 47 control individuals completed a neuropsychological assessment battery including tests for attention, executive functions and memory (objective assessment), as well as questionnaires for cognitive functioning and symptom severity (subjective assessment; self- and informant-report). Participants evaluated their test performance of the objective assessment after test completion by selecting a percentile rank which was subtracted from their normed test result, yielding a discrepancy score. Compared to controls, adults with ADHD showed impairments in attention (medium effects) and memory (small and medium effects), but not in executive functions. The discrepancy scores between self-evaluation and cognitive performance revealed deficits in self-awareness of attentional functions (small effects), but not in executive functions and memory in patients with ADHD compared to controls. Discrepancy scores between self- and informant-reports of cognitive functioning revealed no significant differences. Adults with ADHD show impairments in metacognition in attentional functions, but may have intact metacognitive abilities in other domains. Patients with ADHD tend to overestimate their abilities, especially in attentional functions. Subjective and objective measures of metacognition may not correspond, highlighting the need for clinicians to not solely rely on patients’ self-report in their assessment.
A new family of cathode materials for lithium cells with nominal stoichiometry Li3Fe2−x Cr x (PO4)3 (0≤ x ≤1), was successfully prepared by ion exchange reactions of Na3Fe2−x Cr x (PO4)3. The chemical exchange process leads to the structural transition from the monoclinic to a rhombohedral phase with an open framework which facilitates lithium diffusion. Chromium substitution was evidenced by a decrease in cell parameters in both sodium and lithium phases. 57Fe Mössbauer spectra revealed a decrease in the isomer shift on increasing Cr content. The partial substitution by low Cr contents improved the electrochemical performance of Li3Fe2−x Cr x (PO4)3. Thus, Li3Fe1.8Cr0.2(PO4) reversibly inserted 1.7 Li ions per formula unit, delivering a specific capacity of 105mAh/g after the first discharge. The low electrode impedance of Cr substituted compounds can be responsible for the improvement of the electrochemical behavior.
Although self-regulated learning (SRL) is seen as highly relevant for successful college learning, college students oftentimes show a lack in SRL abilities. Therefore, it seems necessary to foster SRL in this group of leaners. In order to evaluate such training and to foster SRL in an optimal way, a valid assessment of this competence and its development is necessary. As different methods for the assessment of SRL show benefits and points of criticism, the present study used a multimethod approach to investigate convergence between and across different measures as well as their predictive validity for achievement. SRL was conceptualized of cognitive, metacognitive, and motivational components. Seventy college students were assessed with two broad SRL-measures (questionnaire, strategy knowledge test) and two task-specific SRL measures (microanalyses, trace data) within a standardized laboratory setting. Moreover, GPA of college entrance diploma was gathered as an indicator of general achievement level. Results indicate moderate to high relations between the different components of SRL (cognition, metacognition, and motivation) within one assessment level and no relations between the different assessment methods within one component. With regard to achievement, we found that every component is predictive for achievement but only if measured with different assessment methods. The results are discussed with regard to their implications for future research and the use of different assessment methods for SRL.
3D cubic-ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs) are prepared by nanocasting approach using silica KIT-6 as the template, furfuryl alcohol as the carbon precursor and subsequently carbonized at the temperature of 500°C, 600°C and 700°C. The physicochemical and electrochemical properties of the as-prepared OMCs are investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm, Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cycle life measurement in 6molL−1 KOH electrolyte. The results demonstrate that the synthesized technology is a crucial factor impacting the characteristics of OMCs. With the change of carbonization temperature, the OMC-600 exhibits the honeycomb-like morphology with high specific surface area (1257.8m2 g−1), large pore volume (1.56cm3 g−1), and high capacitance of 221.8Fg−1 at the current density of 1Ag−1. In addition, the supercapacitor using OMC-600 as the active material shows high specific capacitance and excellent cycle stability, which exhibits a specific capacitance of 52.8Fg−1 at the charge/discharge current density of 0.5Ag−1. Moreover, the OMC-600 supercapacitor delivers high energy density of 6.53Whkg−1 at the power density of 5000Wkg−1, indicating a promising application for the high performance supercapacitors.
The structure design of SnO2-based anode material is crucial for the development of high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIB). Here, a solvent-evaporation induced codeposition of monodispersed polystyrene (PS) microspheres (241nm) and γ-radiation reduced graphene oxide (rGO) at the presence of the surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), has been firstly conducted to prepare a self-stand PS/rGO composite template film, which can transform into a porous SnO2/rGO composite material after being infiltrated with the precursor of SnO2 and further calcinated at 420°C. TGA, SEM, TEM, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms analyses indicate that the prepared SnO2/rGO composite material has 52.1wt% of rGO, and a hierarchical pore structure, i.e., mesopores (3.312nm) and macropores (∼200nm) coexist. The half-cell using the hierarchical porous structured SnO2/rGO composite as the electrode exhibits an excellent cycle performance (850mAhg−1 in 100 cycles at a current density of 0.3C) and rate property of 436mAhg−1 at a current density of 4.5C. This work indicates that the incorporation of graphene-based materials into hierarchical porous SnO2 matrix will be a potential way to obtain high-performance LIB anode material.
The PEFC stack in a commercial power system was operated with room air and pure hydrogen. After the system reached a steady temperature, an ac impedance test was conducted on the fuel cell power system. The impedance data were real-time response generated by the ac sinusoidal excitation. Data for a single PEM stack and PEM stacks operating in parallel and series were collected with or without an embedded system controller board and electronic devices. The equivalent circuit model with three time constants and the non-linear least square fitting program (NLLS) were applied for fitting the stack impedance spectrum. The Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm utilized in the NLLS fitting process automatically adjusted the parameter values of the physical elements in the model to find the best fit result. From the preliminary results, data interpretation and the equivalent circuit model identified the physical elements, the related electrochemical processes, and the phenomenon inside the fuel cells or stacks. Losses from ohmic conduction, anode activation, cathode activation, and mass transfer were separated and analyzed. Further PSpice simulation curves using these equivalent circuit elements demonstrate good agreement with the pulse testing data measured from the PEFC power system.
Stable and safe functioning of a Li-ion battery is the demand of modern generation. Herein, we are demonstrating the application of an in-situ free radical polymerisation process (thermal curing) to fabricate a polymer electrolyte that possesses mechanical robustness, high thermal stability, improved interfacial and ion transport characteristics along with stable cycling at ambient conditions. The polymer electrolyte is obtained by direct polymerization over the electrode surface in one pot starting from a reactive mixture comprising an ethylene oxide-based dimethacrylic oligomer (BDM), dimethyl polyethylene glycol (DPG) and lithium salt. Furthermore, an engineered cathode is used, comprising a LiFePO4/PEDOT:PSS interface at the current collector that improves the material utilization at high rates and mitigates the corrosive effects of LiTFSI on aluminium current collector. The lithium cell resulting from the newly elaborated multiphase assembly of the composite cathode with the DPG-based carbonate-free polymer electrolyte film exhibits excellent reversibility upon prolonged cycling at ambient as well as elevated temperatures, which is found to be superior compared to previous reports on uncoated electrodes with polymer electrolytes.
Abstract Polyurethane (PU) composites have received increasing attention due to their enhanced properties and functions when compared with sole PU, and PU nanocomposites are superior to larger-sized ones to some extent. The suitable and successful combination of PU and other materials, such as polymer, carbon-based material, and bioceramic, will impart the composites with great potential to be applied in different biomedical fields, including wound dressing, tissue engineering, drug delivery and biosensor. This chapter reviews the current state of PU composite fabrication, the corresponding properties and functions. Particularly, the typical characteristics and preparation techniques are reviewed, and then several types of popular PU composites, as well as the corresponding applications in biomedical fields are summarized and discussed, such as PU–polymer type for wound dressing and PU–ceramic type for tissue engineering. The composites with unique functions or fabricated using functional PU, like shape memory polyurethane (SMPU), are highlighted and discussed, including their physicochemical, mechanical, thermal, and biological performance. Finally, the perspectives and challenges of PU composites are suggested, and the conception of potential possibilities to better apply such composites is also presented.
A flowerlike C/SnS@C nanocomposite assembled from SnS@C nanoflakes vertically anchored on carbon nanoparticles is constructed by one facile hydrothermal method combined with an annealing process. Electrochemical results indicates that the sample displays remarkable lithium/sodium storage properties owing to the synergetic effect of the existence of carbon matrix and the void space between the SnS nanoflakes, which improve the electro-conductivity and alleviate volume fluctuations during the cycling process. Furthermore, S, N co-doped carbon shells can provide more active sites, which can improve Li+/Na+ adsorption. As anode materials for lithium/sodium ion batteries (LIBs/SIBs), the sample demonstrates splendid capacities of 740 mA h g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 1000 cycles in LIBs and 485 mA h g−1 at 500 mA g−1 after 400 cycles in SIBs, respectively.