batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This paper provides an industry leader's perspectives on the potential for transportation fuel cells, reviewing their development progress, describing their advantages and barriers, and identifying paths to successful commercial deployment. UTC Power has developed proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell technology for transportation since 1998, building upon applicable innovations from the company's space fuel cell and stationary fuel cell programs. PEM fuel cell durability improvements are discussed, highlighting achievements in the understanding of decay mechanisms and the design of effective mitigations. The potential for high-volume production to make automotive fuel cells cost competitive with internal combustion engines is explained. The paper underscores the important role that initial deployment of PEM technology for transit buses can play, although development of automotive fuel cells must continue in parallel as the hydrogen infrastructure develops. Suggestions are offered on how policies and regulations, communication and education, and improved codes and standards can all help to promote the widespread use of fuel cells in transportation.
To meet demands on lithium ion batteries for high power applications, the rate capability of cathode materials has to be greatly improved. In this study, a significant improvement of rate capability in LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4−x was obtained by the aid of elevated oxygen non-stoichiometries. Various oxygen non-stoichiometries were achieved through calcining LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 above the onset temperature of oxygen loss at 700°C. No obvious second phases were observed in XRD patterns of as-synthesized LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4−x powders. However, the crystallographic structure transformation of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4−x was observed in FTIR analysis as x increased from 0.015 to 0.025, accompanying the expansion in cell parameters. Mixed phases, composing of both cation-ordered phase (P4332) and cation-disordered phases (Fd-3m) at 700°C, transformed into the single phase (Fd-3m) at 730°C. Electrochemical test shows that LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4−x with lower oxygen non-stoichiometries displayed the deteriorated performance at elevated discharge rate. In contrast, LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4−x with higher oxygen non-stoichiometries demonstrated a significantly enhanced rate capability, attributing to the disordered structure (Fd-3m) and elevated Mn3+ contents. With respect to LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4−x (x =0.015), the discharge capacity of both LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4−x (x =0.025 and 0.033) cathodes greatly improved about 33% and 47% at 3C and 5C, respectively.
Silicon suboxide (SiOx) is a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), due to its high specific capacity, small volume variation and superior cycle performance. Herein, we demonstrated the determining roles of oxygen contents on the behavior of SiOx upon lithium by means of thin-film type electrodes. The SiOx thin-film anodes with different oxygen contents were prepared by sputtering with Cu foil as substrates. XRD and Raman investigations reveal that these SiOx films are amorphous. As anodes, it is found that increasing oxygen contents in SiOx endows an enhanced cycle stability, but does harm to their initial Coulombic efficiency and capacity. Among all the a-SiOx film anodes (x = 0.4, 0.7, 1.1 and 1.5), the SiO0.7 electrode with a thickness of 450 nm exhibits excellent cycle performance and rate capability, with a high initial discharge capacity of 463 μAh cm−2 μm−1 at the current density of 64 μA cm−2 and a high capacity retention of 90% after 300 cycles. This superior performance is ascribed to that the in-situ formed lithium oxide/silicates compounds during discharge effectively alleviates the large volume change of Si components, but also suppresses the electron leakage from the surface of active particles, shutting down the further decomposition of electrolytes and then the formation of thick solid interphase layer. These results will provide inspirations for designing high-performance Si based anodes for lithium ion batteries.
To explore the associations between type of milk feeding (the “nutrients”) and mode of breast milk feeding (the “nursing”) with child cognition.
The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is developing polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) systems that can be operated under isolated low-gravity and closed environments. In the present study, we combine the PEFC with an electrolyzer in order to realize a regenerative fuel cell. Ideally, if a single cell can be operated as a fuel cell and the cell can be made reversible through the electrolysis reaction, then compact, lightweight regenerative fuel cell systems can be realized. A unitized regenerative fuel cell was prepared, and its operability was demonstrated. During 100-W class operations, a stable fuel cell and electrolysis reaction was observed.
The dependence of the composition of aqueous electrolytes in the pore system of activated carbon on the potential has been determined by monitoring the amount of ions exchanged with the external electrolyte upon immersion and upon changing the electrode potential. From the investigation with KF solutions, a quantity δ/√ɛ =4×10−10 m is evaluated where δ is half the width of the micropores, and ɛ the (relative) permittivity. This is in accordance with δ ≈1nm and ɛ ≈7 applying to essentially immobilized water and fits into the results with the other electrolytes. Anions are adsorbed in the cases of sodium perchlorate and potassium hydroxide, while protons are adsorbed in the case of acids (HCl, H2SO4). The adsorption of ClO4 − seems to result from electrostatic interaction with the solid, while H+ and OH− are strongly chemisorbed, probably at surface groups like >CO. Ionic mobilities of ions in the micropores have been determined from conductance measurements concerning the pore electrolyte of a single spherical particle of activated carbon. Mobilities are more than one order of magnitude lower than those in bulk electrolyte, probably due to an increased viscosity of the liquid in the narrow pores and/or to the coulombic interaction with charged domains of the solid. The rate of charging of the capacitor (solid/micropore electrolyte) is assisted by macropores distributing ions throughout the carbon material.
Publisher Summary This chapter is an approach to get raw data into a state that is appropriate for mining purposes. Any miner uses these basic techniques for addressing almost any business problem. Miners need to note preparation techniques when mining data in other domains, such as biomedical data, industrial automation data, telemetry data, geophysical data, time domain data, and so on. Developing mined models requires a hard work. It involves working with data, including making changes and taking actions that depend on the needs of the business problem and the miner's data discovery. Mining data is not magic, and it is not something that computer software will do for any one. Basically, data mining is an organized way of working with data, digging out useful information, and application of that useful information in solving the business problems. Most of the tools that are currently in use were developed from three main areas including statistics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. Despite apparently different roots, these tools essentially do only one thing that is related to the discovery of a relationship, which more or less maps measurements in one part of a data set to measurements in another linked part of the data set.
Organic materials offer the advantages of cost-effective, environmental benignity, and molecular structural diversity as applications of electrode materials for lithium ion batteries. In fact, their lithium storage behaviors in terms of dynamics and kinetics intrinsically lie in ion migration in solids. Thus the solid forms including crystalline and amorphous states are crucial for the properties. In this study, a conventional carbonyl type organic material, namely zinc terephthalate (ZnC8H4O4), is obtained in both well-crystalline and amorphous forms and applied as anodes for lithium ion batteries. ZnC8H4O4 with amorphous structure shows higher lithium storage capacity and better capacity retention compared with that of crystalline one. It is ascribed that the amorphous phase provides a higher lithium ion diffusion coefficient than the crystalline one under the conditions of similar electronic conductivity.
Metal-ion batteries are promising for large-scale energy storage. Their potential commercialization not only depends on their superior electrochemical performance, but also on the large-scale synthesis cost of electrode materials. In the conventional industrial technology for producing non-oxides, argon protection is required to avoid oxidation, leading to additional costs and extra processing. We demonstrate, without protection gas, that ball milling in air with a small amount of Ti additive can be a cost-effective approach for preparing high-performance alloy anodes. Ti consumes the oxygen, forming TiO2 (< 10 nm) in situ with high ionic conductivity, while also preventing oxidation and sustaining the electrical conductivity of carbon. This strategy effectively promotes the rate capability (61% capacity retention from 60 to 3000 mA g−1) of SnSb/carbon-nanotube anode (over 204% better than without Ti additive).
Community Paramedics (CPs) require access to timely blood analysis in the field to guide treatment and transport decisions. Point of care testing (POCT), as opposed to laboratory analysis, may offer a solution, but limited research exists on CP POCT. The purpose of this study was to compare the validity of two devices (Abbott i-STAT® and Alere epoc®) by CPs in the community.
Hair, a high-nitrogen energetic material, is utilized as a precursor for nitrogen-doped porous carbon. The preparation procedures for obtaining carbon from hair are very simple, namely, reductant or deionized water activation process followed by hair carbonization under argon atmosphere at 800°C for 2h. The samples are characterized through scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption, and X-ray photoelectron microscopy. The carbon samples are tested as electrode materials in supercapacitors in a three-electrode system. The carbon (soaked in deionized water at 80°C) presents relatively low specific surface areas (441.34m2 g−1) and shows higher capacitance (154.5F g−1) compared with nitrogen-free commercial activated carbons (134.5Fg−1) at 5Ag−1. The capacitance remains at 130.5Fg−1 even when the current load is increased to 15Ag−1. The capacitance loss is only 5% in 6M KOH after 10,000 charge and discharge cycles at 5Ag−1. It is the unique microstructure after activation processing and electroactive nitrogen functionalities that enable the carbon obtained through a simple, ecological, and economical process to be utilized as a potential electrode material for electrical double-layer capacitors.
We report a new method for synthesizing reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-porous silicon composite for lithium-ion battery anodes. Rice husks were used as a as a raw material source for the synthesis of porous Si through magnesiothermic reduction process. The as-obtained composite exhibits good rate and cycling performance taking advantage of the porous structure of silicon inheriting from rice husks and the outstanding characteristic of graphene. A considerably high delithiation capacity of 907 mA h g−1 can be retained even at a rate of 16 A g−1. A discharge capacity of 830 mA h g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 was delivered after 200 cycles. This may contribute to the further advancement of Si-based composite anode design.
Li(Ni,Mn,Co)O2/carbon lithium-ion batteries designed to work at high temperature exhibit good performances for cycling at 85 °C but a strong impedance increase for cycling or storage at 120 °C. The effects of high temperature on the aging process of positive electrode's binder, electrodes/electrolyte interfaces and positive active material were investigated by bulk and surface analysis techniques: X-ray diffraction, 7Li and 19F Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. The main phenomenon observed at 120 °C is a migration of PVdF binder from the outer part of the positive electrode which thus shows a bad Li reintercalation. Binder migration results in the formation of a PVdF layer at the extreme surface of the positive electrode, and in its diffusion and deposition on the surface of the negative electrode. Several changes in the composition of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) were also evidenced between a cycle at 60 °C and cycling at 85 °C and 120 °C. Disappearance of carbonate species disappearance and increase of inorganic species, which both together may also affect battery's performance. Though, since the battery can undergo 25 cycles at 120 °C, Li(Ni,Mn,Co)O2 seems to be an appropriate material for high temperature cycling.
When charging a lithium-ion cell, the deposition of metallic lithium on the negative electrode surface, known as lithium plating, must be avoided. In this paper, the charging process of a commercial high energy lithium-ion pouch cell is investigated. Three-electrode test cells are assembled using electrode materials from the high energy lithium-ion pouch cell together with lithium metal as reference electrode to acquire the potential at the negative electrode-electrolyte interface. During charging, the cells’ current is controlled in a way that the negative electrode potential is maintained constantly slightly above 0 V vs. Li/Li+. The resulting current map depending on temperature and state of charge is used to control the charging process of the pouch cell. Following this new charging procedure, a state of charge of 80% is reached in 15 min at 25°C ambient temperature. Different cycle life tests are performed to examine iteratively an approach to how the charging current has to be reduced over the lifetime in order to avoid accelerated aging. To prove the practicability, the method is tested at the battery pack level.
Freshwater pinch analysis (FWaPA) as an extended pinch analysis technique has been proposed for retrofitting the off-grid batteryless photovoltaic-powered reverse osmosis system (PVS-RO) with a water storage tank to minimize the required outsourced freshwater. The freshwater composite curve (FWaCC) as the graphical tool, and freshwater storage cascade table (FWaSCT) as the numerical tool of the FWaPA are introduced to determine the optimal delivered electricity to the RO system, water storage tank capacity, and wasted electricity in each time-interval with minimized outsourced freshwater. A multi-objective optimization algorithm by combining FWaPA numerical tool and genetic algorithm (FWaPA-GA) minimizes three objective functions including required outsourced freshwater during first operation year, outsourced freshwater during normal operation year, and total annual cost of the system to obtain the optimal number of PV panels, membranes, and capacity of water storage tank. The FWaPA-GA was implemented to find optimal design of an off-grid PVS-RO-WT system for a case study in Kish island, Iran. The results clearly represented that the FWaPA-GA can be used to grassroots design of the desalination systems with renewable energy sources, where the designed PVS-RO-WT system for the case study needs 178.5 m3 freshwater to provide 10 m3/d freshwater-on-demand with the total annual cost of 13,652 $/year.
Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are promising scalable energy storage system; however, one of the challenges for its potential application is the huge volume variations during cycling due to the insertion/extraction of large size potassium ions. Here, we fabricated the S-doped carbon-coated rod-like FeS2/C@C, which not only effectively alleviate the volume variations upon cycling but also can improve electrical conductivity and maintain the structural integrity. As an anode material for PIBs, the rod-like FeS2/C@C electrodes delivered excellent rate performance (175 mA h g−1 at 0.5 A g−1) and stable cycle performance (262 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g−1). The superior excellent performance is associated with the unique structure of FeS2/C@C. The as-synthesized FeS2/C@C is demonstrated to be a potential anode for PIBs.
Nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheets (NGNS) are prepared by a novel mechanochemical method via all-solid-state ball-milling graphite with urea. The ball-milling process does not only successfully exfoliate the graphite into multi-layer (<10 layers) graphene nanosheets, but at the same time, enables the N element to be doped onto the graphene. Urea, acting as a new solid doping and assist-grinding agents, has the advantages of low cost and good water solubility that can simplify the fabrication process. The as-prepared NGNS are investigated in detail by XRD, SEM, HRTEM, TGA, XPS and Raman spectroscopy. The doping nitrogens are around 3.15% and dominated (>94%) by pyrindic-N and pyrrolic-N which facilitates the NGNS with enhanced electronic conductivity and Li-ion storage capability. For the first time, we demonstrate that the all-solid-state prepared NGNS exhibits, especially at high currents, enhanced cycling stability and rate capability as Lithium ion battery (LIB) anode active material when compared to pristine graphite and undoped graphene in half-cell configuration. The method presented in this article may provide a simple, clean, economical and scalable strategy for preparation of NGNS as a feasible and promising anode material for LIBs.
Purpose A previous study showed that assessment of language laterality could be improved by adding grammar tests to the recovery phase of the intracarotid amobarbital procedure (IAP) (Połczyńska et al. 2014). The aim of this study was to further investigate the extent to which grammar tests lateralize language function during the recovery phase of the IAP in a larger patient sample. Methods Forty patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (14 females, thirty-two right-handed, mean age 38.5years, SD=10.6) participated in this study. On EEG, 24 patients had seizures originating in the left hemisphere (LH), 13 in the right hemisphere (RH), and 4 demonstrated mixed seizure origin. Thirty participants (75%) had bilateral injections, and ten (25%) had unilateral injections (five RH and five LH). Based on results from the encoding phase, we segregated our study participants to a LH language dominant and a mixed dominance group. In the recovery phase of the IAP, the participants were administered a new grammar test (the CYCLE-N) and a standard language test. We analyzed the laterality index measure and effect sizes in the two tests. Key findings In the LH-dominant group, the CYCLE-N generated more profound language deficits in the recovery phase than the standard after injection to either hemisphere (p<0.001). At the same time, the laterality index for the grammar tasks was still higher than for the standard tests. Critically, the CYCLE-N administered in the recovery phase was nearly as effective as the standard tests given during the encoding phase. Significance The results may be significant for individuals with epilepsy undergoing IAP. The grammar tests may be a highly efficient measure for lateralizing language function in the recovery phase.
This paper presents a high efficiency non-isolated bidirectional converter which can be employed as an interface circuit between ultracapacitors or batteries and DC bus voltage. All semiconductor devices in the proposed converter are soft switched while the control circuit remains PWM. So, the energy conversion through the converter is highly efficient. The proposed converter acts as a zero-voltage transition (ZVT) buck to charge an ultracapacitor or battery and acts as a ZVT boost to discharge an ultracapacitor or battery. The performance of the proposed converter with respect to abrupt load and operating mode change is shown through computer simulation results. The results confirm the aforementioned advantages and features of the proposed converter.
Sulfide-based Na-ion conductors are promising candidates as solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) for fabrication of solid-state Na-ion batteries (NIBs) because of their high ionic conductivities and low grain boundary resistance. Currently, most of the sulfide-based Na-ion conductors with high conductivities are focused on Na3PS4 phases and its derivatives. It is desirable to develop Na-ion conductors with new composition and crystal structure to achieve superior ionic conductivities. Here we report a new quaternary Na-ion conductor, Na10.8Sn1.9PS11.8, exhibiting a high ionic conductivity of 0.67 mS cm−1 at 25 °C. This high ionic conductivity originates from the presence of a large number of intrinsic Na-vacancies and three-dimensional Na-ion conduction pathways, which has been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and first-principles calculations. The Na10.8Sn1.9PS11.8 phase is further evaluated as an electrolyte in a Na-Sn alloy/TiS2 battery, demonstrating its potential application in all-solid-state NIBs.
Hierarchical composites of sulfonated graphene-supported vertically aligned polyaniline nanorods (sGNS/PANI) are successfully synthesized via interfacial polymerization of aniline monomers in the presence of sulfonated graphene nanosheets (sGNS). The FE-SEM images indicate that the morphologies of sGNS/PANI composites can be controlled by adjusting the concentration of aniline monomers. FTIR and Raman spectra reveal that aligned PANI nanorod arrays for sGNS/PANI exhibit higher degree of conjugation compared with pristine PANI nanorods. The hierarchical composite based on the two-electrode cell possesses higher specific capacitance (497 F g−1 at 0.2 A g−1), better rate capability and cycling stability (5.7% capacitance loss after 2000 cycles) than those of pristine PANI nanorods.
Solar energy is a clean, green and renewable source of energy. It is available in abundance in nature. Solar cells by photovoltaic action are able to convert the solar energy into electric current. The output power of solar cell depends upon factors such as solar irradiation (insolation), temperature and other climatic conditions. Present commercial efficiency of solar cells is not greater than 15% and therefore the available efficiency is to be exploited to the maximum possible value and the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) with the aid of power electronics to solar array can make this possible. There are many algorithms proposed to realize maximum power point tracking. These algorithms have their own merits and limitations. In this paper, an attempt is made to understand the basic functionality of the two most popular algorithms viz. Perturb and Observe (P & O) algorithm and Incremental conductance algorithm. These algorithms are compared by simulating a 100 kW solar power generating station connected to grid. MATLAB M-files are generated to understand MPPT and its dependency on insolation and temperature. MATLAB Simulink software is used to simulate the MPPT systems. Simulation results are presented to verify these assumptions.
It has been well accepted that the performance of supercapacitor material highly depends on its morphology, thus the control on morphology is significant for acquiring advanced materials. Herein, a facile method for controllable synthesis of nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxide (Ni-Co LDH) with a unique hollow structure is presented. In which zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) nanocrystals are used as templates and etched in a nitrate solution. The morphology of Ni-Co LDH shows an interesting variation with a different dosage of Ni(NO3)2. The Ni-Co LDH with integrated hollow structure exhibits superior electrochemical property among the obtained materials. The electrochemical tests revealed that the electrode display a specific capacity of 790Cg−1 at 2Ag−1 and a favourable rate capability. The integrated polyhedral hollow structure and the interlaced nanosheets make the Ni-Co LDH a highly promising material for hybrid supercapacitors.