batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Purpose A pilot study was conducted to assess correspondence among measures of program characteristics (opportunities and intervention strategies) and youth experiences in a range of activity settings in a residential immersive life skills (RILS) program. Method Opportunities and intervention strategies were assessed in 18 activity settings in the 21-day program. On two occasions each, four youth completed a measure of experiences and took part in onsite interviews. Results There was good convergence between observed program opportunities and the use of socially-mediated, teaching/learning, and non-intrusive strategies. Youth experiences of social interaction, choice, and personal growth were further informed by interview information. There was substantial convergence between program characteristics and youth experiences, indicating the program was provided and experienced as intended. Conclusions This pilot study indicated the fidelity of the program and the feasibility of using the measures in a future study. The preliminary findings suggest that RILS programs may provide a favorable environment for developmental experiences concerning social interaction, autonomy, and personal growth.
The morphological optimization of Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) material has a great significance for improving the electrochemical performance since NVP suffers from intrinsic low electronic conductivity. For this purpose, a novel 3D NVP nanofiber network is controllably constructed via a facile self-sacrificed template method. Based on time-dependent experiments, an outside-in morphological evolution mechanism from microsphere to 3D nanofiber network is proposed. The as-synthesized material exhibits excellent cyclability (95.9% capacity retention over 1000 cycles at 10C) and enhanced high-rate performance (94mAhg−1 at 100C) for sodium half cell. Notably, when evaluated as full battery (NaTi2(PO4)3 as anode) cathode, it also shows outstanding cycling stability (96.9% capacity retention over 300 cycles at 5C) and superior rate capability (80mAhg−1 at 50C). Such remarkable performance is attributed to the 3D nanofiber network structure, which provides multi-channel ionic diffusion pathway, continuous electronic conduction, and improved structural integrity. This self-sacrificed template strategy presented here can inspire new thought in constructing novel nanofiber/nanowire structures and accelerate the development of high-power sodium–ion batteries.
Transition metal oxides have attracted considerable interest as promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high energy densities. It is necessary, however, to resolve the foremost issue for them in terms of practical applications, relating to the large volume changes during cell operation. Herein, we report a SnO2 anode with a hierarchical fibrous porous architecture which was fabricated by electrospinning the Sn-precursor with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and subsequent temperature-dependent pyrolysis processes, resulting in the distinctive morphology, featuring hierarchical fibrous porous structures on the microscale with numerous primary constituent nanoparticles. The porous fibres are composed of uniform polycrystalline nanoparticles (approximately 10–50nm in size) and abundant voids in close proximity to the constituent nanoparticles. By comparing with an anode containing commercial SnO2 nanopowder (with a size of <100nm), we found that the porous fibrous SnO2 anode featured superior rate capability, long-term cycling stability, and dimensional stability, which was attributed to the distinctive structural characteristics, which offered enhanced kinetics towards electrochemical reactions with lithium ions and space for alleviating the huge volume expansion during charging/discharging. These findings would pave the way for practical applications in LIBs with high capacity and long cycle life of transition metal oxide anodes that suffer from significant volume changes during cycling.
Glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES) was applied to quantification of Li in both positive and negative electrodes. Depth profiles of Li1.03Ni0.32Co0.33Mn0.32O2 (NCM) and hard carbon based electrodes in the range of state of charge (SOC) 0–100% were measured throughout from the surface to the current collector within a few hours. The flat crater shapes, although slightly concave at the edge for NCM, suggested a good depth resolution in the profiles. The sample surfaces sputtered during the GD-OES measurement were smooth in SEM observation, suggesting that remarkable preferential sputtering of the composite materials did not occur. The Li intensities obtained from GD-OES were correlated with the Li components determined using ICP-MS for both positive and negative electrode samples. The correlation coefficients of the linear relationship were improved by considering intensity ratio of Li to the matrix element, Li/Co and Li/C for NCM and hard carbon electrodes, respectively, to correct the sputtering rate variation of samples. These results confirm that GD-OES is a potential technique for quantitative analysis of Li in the electrodes.
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery is one of the most promising energy storage systems due to its large energy density of 2560Whkg−1. However, severe shuttle effect of polysulfide intermediates, poor conductivity of S and large volume change during cycling cause fast capacity fading and poor cycle performance. Herein, we demonstrate S nanodots impregnated microporous carbon encapsulated conductive mesoporous vanadium nitride nanowires (S/MVN@C NWs) as high-performance S cathode materials for Li-S batteries. The S nanodots with the size of 2–5nm are impregnated into the mesopores of MVN@C NWs and further encapsulated with microporous carbon. During cycling, the polysulfides intermediates are strongly chemical anchored by the conductive MVN NWs and further physically trapped by microporous carbon coating within the cathode. The freestanding and binder-free cathode comprising intertwining and interpenetrating S/MVN@C NWs demonstrates highly mechanical flexibility, which deliver a long cycle life of 636mAhg−1 after 200 cycles at 1C (1650mAg−1) and high rate performance with a capacity of 543mAhg−1 at 10C. Even at a high areal mass loading of 9.7mgcm−2, a large and stable capacity of 7.1mAhcm−2 is achieved. The strategy combining microporous carbon coating with high conducting mesoporous metal nitrides opens a feasible route to design large-capacity and high-stability S-based cathodes for Li-S batteries.
The energy-density improvement for cathode materials by using the method of occupying the Li site with the lowest formation enthalpy was first presented, and successfully applied to Li9V3(P2O7)3(PO4)2. Herein, the synthesis, structure and electrochemical properties (including both Li extraction and intercalation) of mixed alkali-ion phosphate Li8NaV3(P2O7)3(PO4)2 were comprehensively studied, and compared with its isologue Li9V3(P2O7)3(PO4)2. Both Li8NaV3(P2O7)3(PO4)2 and Li9V3(P2O7)3(PO4)2 were synthesized via an original two-step method for the first time. The sintering temperature of Li8NaV3(P2O7)3(PO4)2 (650 °C) was much lower than that of Li9V3(P2O7)3(PO4)2 (750 °C). The Rietveld structure refinement indicated that Na ions occupied the Li1(2b) site of Li9V3(P2O7)3(PO4)2 as expected, and Li8NaV3(P2O7)3(PO4)2 showed a single charge plateau at 4.4 V vs. Li in the 1st cycle. However, the Na ions migrated from Li1(2b) site after the initial cycle, and the charge plateau at 3.7 V vs. Li reappeared. On the other hand, both Li9V3(P2O7)3(PO4)2 and Li8NaV3(P2O7)3(PO4)2 can deliver a high reversible capacity (∼200 mAh g−1), and reveal excellent cycle and rate performance in 3.0–0.05 V vs. Li. The gentle structure changes along with abundant Li intercalation into the bulks suggested that Li9V3(P2O7)3(PO4)2 and Li8NaV3(P2O7)3(PO4)2 were also promising anode materials for Li-ion batteries.
The energy and environmental benefits of electric vehicles (EVs) are highly dependent on individual driving patterns. To characterize individual driving patterns in Beijing, a populated megacity in East Asian, GPS-based travel data from 459 private passenger vehicles were gathered covering nearly 17,000 sampling days in 2013–2015. The data were analyzed using a statistical model to produce 0.5h, 4h, 8h and daily individual trip chain distributions, which were used to evaluate customer acceptance for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) based on inconvenience thresholds and to assess the energy consumption for plug-in hybrids (PHEVs). The mean daily distances travelled on weekdays and weekends in Beijing were found to be 44.6km and 51.4km respectively. In Beijing the mean habitual travel distance (40.4km) is modest, the random component of travel distance is lower, and the fraction of habitual travel is higher than for cities in the U.S. and in Germany. These factors make EV deployment in Beijing more favorable than in the U.S. or Germany. We show that the estimated acceptance rate for BEVs is very sensitive to the predetermined inconvenience threshold level. The abundant public transportation alternatives and traffic management in Beijing are factors which reduce the inconvenience of BEVs and may make them acceptable without substantially increased cost for larger battery capacity. PHEVs with all-electric ranges of 50km (PHEV50) have an ensemble utility factor (UF) and equivalent gasoline consumption estimated to be 0.55 and 4.39L/100km. However, for 50% of vehicle owners PHEV50s would have a UF of 0.94 and equivalent gasoline consumption of 3.03L/100km. Our results show that attention to heterogeneity among individuals instead of analysis at the ensemble level is essential to understanding the real-world acceptance and benefits of EVs.
We summarize the foundational elements of a new area of research we call soundscape ecology. The study of sound in landscapes is based on an understanding of how sound, from various sources—biological, geophysical and anthropogenic—can be used to understand coupled natural-human dynamics across different spatial and temporal scales. Useful terms, such as soundscapes, biophony, geophony and anthrophony, are introduced and defined. The intellectual foundations of soundscape ecology are described—those of spatial ecology, bioacoustics, urban environmental acoustics and acoustic ecology. We argue that soundscape ecology differs from the humanities driven focus of acoustic ecology although soundscape ecology will likely need its rich vocabulary and conservation ethic. An integrative framework is presented that describes how climate, land transformations, biodiversity patterns, timing of life history events and human activities create the dynamic soundscape. We also summarize what is currently known about factors that control temporal soundscape dynamics and variability across spatial gradients. Several different phonic interactions (e.g., how anthrophony affects biophony) are also described. Soundscape ecology tools that will be needed are also discussed along with the several ways in which soundscapes need to be managed. This summary article helps frame the other more application-oriented papers that appear in this special issue.
More than 100 years after Edison's life changing discovery, 1.6–2 billion people around the globe still live without light, in dark and smoke filled homes. The remote and impoverished Himalayan villages of upper Humla, in north-west Nepal, belong to some of the 2.4 billion people who still depend on the use of traditional biomass for their daily energy services such as cooking, heating and light. These activities on open fireplaces have a direct chronic impact on the health and extremely low life expectancy of the women and children along with devastating deforestation. There is a strong relationship between prosperity and access to electricity. The more remote and isolated communities in Nepal generally live in great poverty. Eighty percent of Nepal's 28.5 million people live in rural areas, with around half of these so remote, that neither a road, nor the national grid is ever likely to reach them. While Nepal has no fossil fuel resources, it is a country that is rich in renewable energy resources such as hydropower and solar energy. These abundant and locally available renewable energy resources can be tapped into with appropriate locally developed technologies. Generating and storing electrical energy derived from these rich local energy resources can provide for appropriate and sustainable lighting, which brings potential health, education, social and economic benefits to the people who have previously lived in homes with excessive indoor air pollution. This paper describes the living conditions of some villages in upper Humla, and the possible benefits of a simple village electrification system that provides basic lighting for the homes and the consequent improvements in the living conditions of the villagers.
Design and construction of versatile nanostructured SnO2/C composites is still an efficient strategy for developing advanced SnO2-based lithium-ion battery anode materials. Generally, the composite way of carbon and SnO2 in SnO2/C is that the nanostructured SnO2 is coated by a smooth carbon coating. It is believed that if the SnO2 is coated by a characteristically non-smooth three-dimensional (3D) carbon coating rather than smooth carbon coating, the lithium storage properties of SnO2/C would be greatly improved owing to the sufficient free space and larger surface area of 3D structure. However, the SnO2/C composites with a 3D carbon coating are rarely reported because of the difficulty in preparation. In this work, an interestingly nanostructured SnO2/C composite (SnO2@C) with a uniquely non-smooth carbon coating has been prepared via a carefully devised strategy, which consists of uniquely 3D jagged carbon coating porous SnO2 quasi-nanocubes. Thus unique architecture offers SnO2@C enhanced electrochemical kinetics and superior structural stability when served as a lithium-ion battery anode material. Consequently, the SnO2@C displays extraordinaire cycle performance and outstanding rate capability, releasing capacity of 1089.5 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1 after even 400 cycles, as well as 479.2 mAh g−1 even at 3000 mA g−1.
Advanced heart failure treated with a left ventricular assist device is associated with a higher risk of right heart failure. Many advanced heart failures patients are treated with an ICD, a relative contraindication to MRI, prior to assist device placement. Given this limitation, left and right ventricular function for patients with an ICD is calculated using radionuclide angiography utilizing planar multigated acquisition (MUGA) and first pass radionuclide angiography (FPRNA), respectively. Given the availability of MRI protocols that can accommodate patients with ICDs, we have correlated the findings of ventricular functional analysis using radionuclide angiography to cardiac MRI, the reference standard for ventricle function calculation, to directly correlate calculated ejection fractions between these modalities, and to also assess agreement between available echocardiographic and hemodynamic parameters of right ventricular function.
A life model is developed for a lithium ion cell with a spinel-based cathode. It is assumed in the proposed model that the Mn(III) disproportionation reaction causes the degradation of the spinel cathode. The Mn(III) disproportionation reaction leads to the Mn(II) dissolving into the electrolyte and the formation of an inactive material layer which causes a resistance increase in the cathode. The proposed model is used to investigate the effects of ambient temperature and voltage range of cycling on the loss of the cell capacity and the changes in the volume fraction of the cathode active material, the radius of the cathode particle and the resistance of the cathode.
In the present study, a nanocrystalline GeO2/C core shell was synthesized by a cost-effective and simple citric-gel method for various parameters, and the effects of these parameters on the microstructural and electrochemical properties of the GeO2/C core shell were investigated. Thermo-gravimetric-analysis showed that the combustion of gel-complexes occurred in the temperature range from 178 to 247°C. Among the samples pre-heated at 150°C, the sample pre-heated for 4h had the highest surface area (11.12 m2 g−1; particle size ∼ 30nm). TEM analysis revealed that the citric-gel synthesized GeO2 was encapsulated with carbon. This carbon encapsulation acted as a critical buffer layer against capacity degradation in the fabricated electrodes. The optimized sample showed a specific capacity of 738mA h g−1 and maintained its reversibility after 50 cycles at a capacity of 697mA h g−1. The electrode containing the optimized sample showed a reversible capacity of 530mA h g−1 at 1C rate
Porous separator functions to electrically insulate the negative and positive electrodes yet communicate lithium ions between the two electrodes when infiltrated with a liquid electrolyte. The separator must fulfill numerous requirements (e.g. permeability, wettability, and thermal stability) in order to optimize the abuse tolerance and electrochemical performance of a battery. Non-woven mat separators have advantages such as high porosity and heat resistance. However, their applications in lithium ion batteries are very limited as their inadequate pore structures could cause accelerated battery performance degradation and even internal short. This work features the development of thermally stable non-woven composite separators using a low cost paper-making process. The composite separators offer significantly improved thermal dimensional stability and exhibit superior wettability by the liquid electrolyte compared to a conventional polypropylene separator. The open porous structures of the non-woven composite separators also resulted in high effective ionic conductivities. The electrochemical performance of the composite separators was tested in coin cells. Stable cycle performances and improved rate capabilities have been observed for the coin cells with these composite separators.
Gel Polymer Electrolytes (GPEs) composed by 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (EMIM TFSI), ZnTf2 salt, and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) are synthesized using n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as solvent. Structural and Thermal characterization of GPEs with different ZnTf2 concentrations are analyzed by ATR-FTIR, XRD, DSC and TG. Ionic conductivity versus temperature plots obeys the Vogel-Tammen-Fulcher (VTF) behavior and activation energy values are deduced from the slopes. Use of NMP solvent turns out to be a key factor for improving the Zn2+ transport inside the GPE due to the interaction between Zn2+ cations and carbonyl groups of the NMP. High values of ionic conductivity and low activation energy values, together with the high reversibility and high current density obtained in the voltammograms reveal these GPEs as good candidates to be used in Zn batteries. Furthermore, ionic liquids-based GPEs are probed in Zn/MnO2 batteries, resulting specific capacities of 125mAhg−1.
Porous silicon–carbon (Si–C) composite materials have attracted a great deal of attention as high-performance anode materials for Li-ion batteries (LIBs), but their use suffers from the complex and limited synthetic routes for their preparation. Herein we demonstrate a scalable and nontoxic method to synthesize porous Si–C composite materials by means of simultaneous chemical etching of Si and carbon phases using alkaline solution. The resulting porous Si–C composite material showed greatly improved cycle performance, good rate capability, and high dimensional stability during cycling. Porous Si–C electrode showed an expansion of the height by about 22% after the first lithiation and only 16% after the first cycle. The material synthesis concept and scalable simultaneous etching approach presented here represent a means of improving the electrochemical properties of Si-based porous anode materials for use in commercial LIBs.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of dental erosion among competitive swimmers of the local swimming club in Szczecin, Poland, who train in closely monitored gas-chlorinated swimming pool water.
Three different cation-vacant spinels aiming at composition “Li2Mn4O9” were prepared by (1) low-temperature solid state reaction, (2) chemical delithiation, (3) electrochemical delithiation. Products of routes (1) and (2) were studied by neutron diffraction. Rietveld refinements confirmed the double-vacancy scheme proposed by de Kock et al. [Mater. Res. Bull. 25 (1990) 657] in the former. The exact composition of both samples departed significantly from the expected stoichiometry. They also differed in their electrochemical behavior. Both can be cycled at 3V with much better stability than stoichiometric LiMn2O4, probably due to the increased initial manganese valence with respect to LiMn2O4. Spinel with tetrahedral-vacancies only gives an additional reversible redox step ca. 150mV above the main plateau. This feature is observed on both discharge (lithium insertion) and charge (extraction).
Na4MnV(PO4)3 is a sodium ion conducting material with a NASICON type crystal structure. This phase is not much known as an electrode material. The present work focuses on the sodium ion intercalation/de-intercalation mechanism and charge/discharge behavior of the material. The Na4MnV(PO4)3 is synthesized through a sol-gel process and characterized by XRD, SEM, and XPS. The structural analysis confirms the formation of a phase pure crystalline material with nanometric particle size which adopts a trigonal crystal structure. Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) measurements indicate that Na4MnV(PO4)3 is electrochemically active having slanting voltage plateaus. Ex-situ and In-situ XRD analysis, as a function of sodium concentration, indicate that the intercalation/de-intercalation of sodium is associated with a single-phase reaction rather than a biphasic reaction when cycled between 1.5 and 4.5 V. The electrochemical measurements on composite electrodes, Na4MnV(PO4)3/CNTS (1 & 3 wt.%), show promising charge/discharge capacity (∼140 mAh/g), good cyclability (100% capacity retention after 40 cycles) and reasonable rate capability. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analyses indicate that the main contributions towards the activity of Na4MnV(PO4)3 can be attributed to the active of Mn2+/Mn3+ and V3+/V4+ redox couple with partial activity of V4+/V5+. The obtained results suggest that Na4MnV(PO4)3 is a promising electrode material which can be achieved better rate performance with long cycling stability and battery performance through engineering of the particle morphology and microstructure.
Today, energy crises attracted many researchers’ attention to renewable energy technologies especially photovoltaic (PV) systems. The main challenge of PV systems is unpredictable nature of solar power generation. To overcome this challenge, a storage system is integrated which reduces demand reliance on electricity grid and uses excess energy that solar panels produce. As investment cost of the storage system is considerable, finding an optimal technology, size, and configuration are crucial. In this paper, the optimal battery system is excluded from existing PV plant installing in a commercial building located in Mashhad/Iran. Here, the sizing procedure is based on a financial evaluation which considers the damage costs due to outages that the commercial building is experiencing during the PV system life spam. To compare results, the battery size is also determined by stochastic methods, e.g. Monte-Carlo simulation method. The simulation results confirm the advantages of the proposed approach compare with classic ones.