batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This work presents a systematic evaluation of the effect of dissimilar charging / discharging temperatures on the long-term performance of lithium iron phosphate / graphite based cells by using multi-factor analysis of variance. Specifically, the degradation of prototype pouch cells is presented in a range of charging and discharging temperatures from -20°C to +30°C, counting a total of 10 temperature combinations. In this manner, not only the effect of charging and discharging temperatures was analyzed, but also the correlations between them. Fitting of the data showed a quadratic relationship of degradation rate with charging temperature, a linear relationship with discharging temperature and a correlation between charging and discharging temperature. Cycling at the charge/discharge temperatures (+30°C, -5°C) produced the highest degradation rate, whereas cycling in the range from -20°C to +15°C, in various charge/discharge temperature combinations, created almost no degradation. It was also found that when Tc≅15°C the degradation rate is independent of Td. When Tc < +15°C, the higher degradation occurs at higher Td and at Tc > +15°C lower degradation occurs at higher Td.
All the Li metal anode-based batteries suffer from a high propensity to form Li dendrites. To prevent the formation of dendritic lithium on the electrodes, amorphous carbon coatings are deposited onto the surface of metallic lithium foil by magnetron sputtering technique. The electrochemical performances of the amorphous carbon-coated lithium (Li/C) electrodes are investigated by galvanostatic charge/discharge tests, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The compact carbon coatings on the surface of lithium foil can suppress the growth of dendritic lithium during charge–discharge process. The thickness of amorphous carbon coating affects the electrode from two aspects; the thick coating can prevent the formation of dendritic lithium much efficiently, but lead to a large impedance of Li+ transfer.
The applications of carbon-based supercapacitors have been limited by their low energy storage density owing to their limited active storage sites. To overcome this limitation, amine-enriched porous carbon electrodes have been fabricated by the electrostatic fusion of amine-functionalized single-crystalline graphene quantum dots (GQDs) within conductive, vertically ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays as the collectors. The carbon films deliver ultrahigh specific capacitance (400–595Fg−1) even beyond the theoretical upper limit of single-layer graphene by inducing a high concentration of active amine moieties at edge. Symmetrical GQD supercapacitors in H2SO4 electrolyte offer energy density up to 21.8Whkg−1 and retain 90% of the initial capacitance after 10000 cyclic voltammetry tests. The results show that amine-enriched GQDs can function as a new kind of highly active, solution-processable, and low-cost pseudocapacitive materials applicable to high-performance supercapacitors.
The microstructural optimization of porous lithium ion battery electrodes has traditionally been driven by experimental trial and error efforts, based on anecdotal understanding and intuition, leading to the development of useful but qualitative rules of thumb to guide the design of porous energy storage technology. In this paper, an advanced data-driven framework is presented wherein the effect of experimentally accessible microstructural parameters such as active particle morphology and spacial arrangement, underlying porosity, cell thickness, etc., on the corresponding macroscopic power and energy density is systematically assessed. For the LixC6 | LMO chemistry, an analysis performed on 53356 battery architectures reported in the literature revealed that for commercial microstructures based on oblate-shaped particles, lightly textured samples deliver higher power and energy density responses as compared to highly textured samples, which suffer from large polarization losses. In contrast, high aspect ratio prolate-shaped particles deliver the highest energy and power density, particularly in the limit of wire-like morphologies. Polyhedra-based colloidal microstructures demonstrate high area densities, and low tortuosities, but provide no appreciable power and energy density benefit over currently manufactured particle morphologies. The developed framework enables to establish general microstructure design guidelines and propose optimal electrode microstructures based on the intended application, given an anode and cathode chemistry.
Biosorption is a potential tool for the extraction of metals from contaminated water and recovery of precious metals, which is a convenient alternative to conventional processes. In the present study, molybdenum recovery by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans strain ZT-94 was evaluated. Additionally, the effects of pH initial concentration of molybdenum, contact time, adsorbent concentration, and temperature on the biosorption were investigated. As revealed by the results, the greatest amount of molybdenum sorption was achieved at pH 5. By increasing the concentration of molybdenum from 2 to 45 mg/l, the molybdenum removal increases from 71.13 to 150 mg/g dry weight of biomass, but biosorption efficiency decreased. Also, increasing the dry weight of biomass from 0.008 to 0.06 g/l degreased the biosorption efficiency from 20.68 to 85.69%. The results of molybdenum biosorption were evaluated by Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The maximum biosorption capacity for molybdenum extraction was 150.497 mg/g and amount which is very suitable for a biosorbent. The biosorption was examined by scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Because of the elevated biosorption properties of molybdenum by this biosorbent, it can be concluded that Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans strain ZT-94 is a promising candidate for the removal and recovery of molybdenum from aqueous systems.
For preparation of solid oxide fuel cell functional anode (Ni-YSZ) by electroless deposition technique, surface adsorption of metallic palladium (Pd0) on zirconia is the most important step during the sensitization process. For the sensitization process, the initial reaction kinetics are based on external mass transfer followed by intra-particle mass transfer phenomena. A kinetic model for the reversible sorption of Pd0 on zirconia is developed that incorporates an effectiveness factor (η) which estimates the extent of intra-particle mass transfer. Based on the proposed model, an expression for Pd0 uptake at equilibrium (p), an important property of YSZ, is developed. The theoretical kinetic model proposed is verified with experimental parameters like electrical properties of these functional anodes prepared under various sensitization conditions, e.g., agitation frequencies, equilibration time etc. Due to intra-particle mass transfer, the concentration gradient of Pd0 from the surface of YSZ to bulk is minimized which favours uniform deposition of Ni on YSZ. Consequently, during subsequent electroless deposition of metallic Ni, the concentration gradient of the same is reduced from the bulk to the YSZ surface and results in enhanced functionality in the cermet anode. The validation is correlated with the electrical properties and surface morphologies of these functional cermets.
The non-aqueous redox flow battery (NARFB) is a promising device for grid-scale energy storage. However, its electrochemical performance and long-term stability still need to be improved. This work shows that the electrochemical performance of NARFB can be remarkably enhanced by optimizing the supporting electrolyte and separator. The battery with 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BzNSN) as anolyte, 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1-methoxy-4-[2′-methoxyethoxy]benzene (DBMMB) as catholyte, tetraethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (TEATFSI) as supporting electrolyte, and porous Daramic 250 separator delivers an average discharge capacity of 1.7 Ah L−1, voltage efficiency of 87.8%, Coulombic efficiency of 89.1%, and energy efficiency of 78.3% over 100 cycles at the current density of 40 mA cm−2 with 0.1 M active materials. The reasons for the capacity decay over cycling in terms of electrolyte leakage, crossover, and chemical decomposition are discussed.
LiCoPO4 based cathodes have been investigated in matter of electrochemical performance and thermal stability. The two-step characteristic of the charging process of LiCoPO4 cathodes is clearly illustrated. Investigations on the thermal stability of the partially delithiated and the fully delithiated cathode were performed by using simultaneous DSC-TG-MS. While the partially delithiated cathode shows a high thermal stability, the fully charged cathode decomposes between 160 and 260 °C. Furthermore, the influence of electrolyte, carbon coating and conductive additives on the decomposition temperature is discussed as well as the influence of the crystallite size of LiCoPO4.
The vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) is one of the most promising electrochemical energy storage systems deemed suitable for a wide range of renewable energy applications that are emerging rapidly to reduce the carbon footprint of electricity generation. Though the Generation 1 Vanadium redox flow battery (G1 VRB) has been successfully implemented in a number of field trials and demonstration projects around the world, it suffers from low energy density that limits its use to stationary applications. Extensive research is thus being carried out to improve its energy density and enhance its performance to enable mobile applications while simultaneously trying to minimize the cost by employing cost effective stack materials and effectively controlling the current operating procedures. The vast bulk of this research was conducted at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) in Sydney during the period 1985–2005, with a large number of other research groups contributing to novel membrane and electrode material development since then. This paper presents a historical overview of materials research and development for the VRB at UNSW, highlighting some of the significant findings that have contributed to improving the battery's performance over the years. Relevant work in this field by other research groups in recent times has also been reviewed and discussed.
Ruthenium oxide particles were supported on graphene sheets (GS) by hydrothermal and low temperature annealing process. The GS was prepared from graphene oxide by an expansion process and different expanding temperatures were studied and polystyrene sulfonate sodium was used as dispersion agent of hydrophobic GS. Different Ru content of the RuO2/GS composites on the influence of the electrochemical properties was studied. Atomic force microscope analysis was applied to test the layers of GS. The morphology of GS and RuO2/GS composites were confirmed by field emission transmission electron microscopy analysis. X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and liquid-nitrogen cryosorption were used to characterize the structure and morphology of the GS and RuO2/GS. The RuO2/GS (Ru:40wt%) composites used as electrode materials of supercapacitors exhibited a specific capacitance of 551F/g at 1A/g in 1M H2SO4 electrolyte. Besides, both the rate capability and cycle performance of RuO2/GS composites had a great improvement compared with GS.
In this article the spectroscopic studies basing on 1H, 13C, 27Al NMR combined with FT-IR and Raman investigations are applied to the methylalumoxane (MAO)–oligoethhyleneglycol (PEG-ME) reaction leading to the formation of the inorganic–organic heterocomposite polymeric electrolyte. This process is analyzed in terms of the stoichiometry, chemical reaction observed and Al coordination properties changes. As the studied system is extremely complicated some model reaction systems basing on MAO and CH3OH, AlMe3 and PEG-ME, AlMe3 and CH3OH and finally Al(i-Pr)3 and PEG-ME were also tested for comparison. A coordination change is observed for all alkiloaluminum compounds upon reaction progress starting from n =4 to n =6. Contrary, the reaction basing on the alcoxyaluminum compound does not reveal this phenomenon as the initial coordination number for aluminum is equal to six. Additionally, the optimal MAO to PEG-ME ratio was proved to be equal to six.
A polyaniline film coated on an electrode degrades and loses its thickness at potentials over than 0.7V versus SCE in acidic solutions, whereas it gains the thickness by polymerization in aniline-including solution at the same potential as in the degradation. A question arises as to whether the polymerization is accompanied with the degradation although the polymerization is obviously an opposite process to the degradation or the decomposition. In order to understand this contradiction, we made chronoamperometry, voltammetry and UV–vis spectrometry for polyaniline films at various concentrations of aniline. It was found that the decomposition occurred simultaneously with the polymerization. Competition between the polymerization and the decomposition varied mainly with concentrations of aniline and potentials, and its conditions were obtained.
Procrastination is a prevalent self-regulatory failure associated with stress and anxiety, decreased well-being, and poorer performance in school as well as work. One-fifth of the adult population and half of the student population describe themselves as chronic and severe procrastinators. However, despite the fact that it can become a debilitating condition, valid and reliable self-report measures for assessing the occurrence and severity of procrastination are lacking, particularly for use in a clinical context. The current study explored the usefulness of the Swedish version of three Internet-administered self-report measures for evaluating procrastination; the Pure Procrastination Scale, the Irrational Procrastination Scale, and the Susceptibility to Temptation Scale, all having good psychometric properties in English.
Screening and monitoring in pregnancy are strategies used by healthcare providers to identify high-risk pregnancies so that they can provide more targeted and appropriate treatment and follow-up care, and to monitor fetal well-being in both low- and high-risk pregnancies. The use of many of these techniques is controversial and their ability to detect fetal compromise often unknown. Theoretically, appropriate management of maternal and fetal risk factors and complications that are detected in pregnancy and labour could prevent a large proportion of the world's 3.2 million estimated annual stillbirths, as well as minimise maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality.
This study was the first attempt to carry out a validation of a temperament test (TT) for shelter dogs that addressed the topics of inter- and intra-raters agreements, test-retest reliability, and validity. The TT consisted of 22 subtests. Each dog was approached and handled by an unfamiliar person and made to interact with a same- and an opposite-gender conspecific. Dogs were tested twice in the shelter and once in their new homes 4 months after adoption to evaluate consistency in behavioral assessment. Playfulness, trainability, problem solving abilities, food possessiveness, and reactivity to sudden stimuli were also evaluated. Testers scored dogs’ responses in terms of confidence, fearfulness, and aggressiveness. Results highlighted strengths and limits of this TT that was devised to help shelter staff in matching dogs’ personality and owners’ expectations. Methodological constraints when working with sheltered dogs are unavoidable; however, the test proved to be overall feasible, reliable, and valid although further studies are needed to address the critical issues that emerged.
One major limitation in a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is the energy dissipation of the nodes and the lifetime of the node's battery. The traffic in a sensor network follows a many-to one pattern, where nodes nearer to the sink carry heavier traffic loads. Therefore, the nodes around the sink would deplete their energy faster, leading to what is known as an energy hole around the sink. The aim of this paper is to overcome the power constraints in WSN by wirelessly charging the nodes. We investigate both theoretically and through simulations whether the physical phenomenon of long-lifetime resonant electromagnetic states with localized slowly-evanescent field patterns can be used to transfer energy efficiently over multiple hops. We specify the hardware the modified sensor node needs in order to wirelessly transmit and receive energy and introduce a new layer called the charging layer into the sensor network protocol stack. Our results show that multi-hop wireless energy transfer can be done with an efficiency as high as 20% over 8 hops. The work in this paper is the first that addresses multi-hop wireless energy transfer in sensor networks and is the building block for our and other future research in this area.
This paper proposes a low-complexity online state of charge estimation method for LiFePO4 battery in electrical vehicles. The proposed method is able to achieve accurate state of charge with less computational efforts in comparison with the nonlinear Kalman filters, and also can provide state of health information for battery management system. According to the error analysis of equivalent circuit model with two resistance and capacitance, two proportional-integral filters are designed to compensate the errors from inaccurate state of charge and current measurements, respectively. An error dividing process is proposed to tune the contribution of each filter to the finial estimation results, which enhances the validation and accuracy of the proposed method. Recursive least squares filter can provide the state of health information and updates the parameters of battery model online to eliminate the errors caused by parameters uncertainty. The proposed method is compared with extend Kalman filter in regards to accuracy and execution time. The execution time of the proposed method is measured on Zynq board platform to validate its suitability for online implementation. In this paper, the proposed method is able to obtain less than 1% error for state of charge estimation.
This chapter reviews research using psychometric (correlational) methods and combined experimental-psychometric methods in the study of individual differences in episodic memory. Early individual-differences research was largely atheoretical, conducted within a broader pursuit of the factor-analytic structure of intelligence, and suggested some distinctions among various memory tasks, processes, and abilities, but also some commonalities and general memory abilities. In discussing more recent, theoretically motivated research, we focus on conceptual and empirical distinctions between short-term and working memory as revealed – or not – by individual-differences analyses, including individual-by-treatment interactions that harness the strengths of both correlational and experimental methods.
Solar energy is one of the cleanest sources of alternative energy. Due to high energy demand in one hand and environmental negative impact of fossil fuels, on the other hand, many countries consider the alternative energy sources as a suitable and feasible option in industry and domestic usage. It was discovered that the different applications of solar energy in industries are being accepted more than ever. The present study is a state of art on the numerous new and feasible technologies of solar energy applications in the agricultural sectors. It discusses about the importance of solar energy as environmental clean technologies and the most reliable energy source. This study covers different types of solar energy systems like as solar photovoltaic and solar thermal for pumping water, drying crops, cooling the storages and producing heating/cooling greenhouses. It has been proven that photovoltaic systems and/or solar thermal system would be the suitable options in agricultural application and especially for the distant rural area.
Recent years have witnessed an explosion of research and development efforts in the area of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC), perceived as the next generation clean energy source for automotive, portable and stationary applications. Despite significant progress, a pivotal performance/durability limitation in PEFCs centers on two-phase transport and mass transport loss originating from suboptimal liquid water transport and flooding phenomena. Liquid water blocks the porous pathways in the gas diffusion layer (GDL) and the catalyst layer (CL), thus hindering oxygen transport from the flow field to the electrochemically actives sites in the catalyst layer. Different approaches have been examined to model the underlying transport mechanisms in the PEFC with different levels of complexities. Due to the macroscopic nature, these two-phase models fail to resolve the underlying structural influence on the transport and performance. Mesoscopic modeling at the pore-scale offers great promise in elucidating the underlying structure-transport-performance interlinks in the PEFC porous components. In this article, a systematic review of the recent progress and prospects of pore-scale modeling in the context of two-phase transport in the PEFC is presented. Specifically, the efficacy of lattice Boltzmann (LB), pore morphology (PM) and pore network (PN) models coupled with realistic delineation of microstructures in fostering enhanced insight into the underlying liquid water transport in the PEFC GDL and CL is highlighted.
Three-dimensional (3D) reduced graphene oxide (RGO) frameworks confined hollow spherical SnO2-Fe2O3@RGO nano-shells (3D h-SnO2-Fe2O3@RGO) are successfully obtained by hydrothermal reduction of h-SnO2-Fe2O3@GO in graphene oxide (GO) suspension. As anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the novel 3D h-SnO2-Fe2O3@RGO architectures demonstrate great improvement in cycling performance (∼830mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at 200mAg−1) and rate capability (∼550mAhg−1 at 1000mAg−1for 10 cycles) over that of hollow SnO2 spheres (h-SnO2), h-SnO2-Fe2O3, and 3D RGO frameworks wrapped hollow spherical SnO2@RGO nano-shells (3D h-SnO2@RGO). The 3D porous frameworks and coating graphene nano-shells serve as efficient electron and ion conductive networks as well as buffer for the large volume variation of hollow SnO2-Fe2O3 during cycling. Moreover, the hollow spherical metal oxide mesoporous nano-shells could enlarge the surface area, retard the volume change, prevent aggregation of nanosized active materials and graphene nanosheets.
There is a lack of practical research frameworks to guide the development of patient decision aids [PtDAs]. This paper described how a PtDA was developed using the International Patient Decision Aids (IPDAS) guideline and UK Medical Research Council (UKMRC) frameworks to support patients when making treatment decisions in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
This project involves the development of a prototype electrical generator for delivering and storing small amounts of electricity. Power is generated using the thermoelectric effect. A single thermoelectric generator (TEG) is utilised to convert a small portion of the heat flowing through it to electricity. The electricity produced is used to charge a single rechargeable 3.3V lithium–iron phosphate battery. This study investigates methods of delivering maximum power to the battery for a range of temperature gradients across the thermoelectric module. The paper explores load matching and maximum power point tracking techniques. It was found that, for the TEG tested, a SEPIC DC–DC converter was only beneficial for temperature gradients less than 100 °C across the TEG. At a temperature gradient of 150 °C, the effective resistance of the battery was close to the internal resistance of the TEG. For temperature gradients in excess of 100°C a DC–DC converter is not suggested and a simple charge protection circuit is sufficient.