batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Renewable energy technologies׳ systems are major components of the strategy to reduce harmful emissions and deal with depleting energy resources. It is necessary to deploy renewable energy sources in the best possible way such that cost is minimized and generation is maximized. In this paper, we present a review of different optimization methods for deployment and operation of renewable energy sources based generating units. Unlike other existing reviews, we carry out a general review of this research area, without limiting ourselves to any particular issue or geographic location. We examine this area with respect to different types of renewable energy sources, different modes of operations, types of objective functions for optimization and different geographical areas from which research publication are emanating. We present a general resource allocation problem and specify different possibilities for input, output, objective function and constraints. In addition, we review different objectives used in defining the optimization problems. We also present different types of linear and non-linear optimization algorithms used in renewable energy sources. Finally, we review optimization techniques for applications with respect to different end users.
Previous research has shown that polymorphisms of the apolipoproteins E (APOE) and APOC1 represent genetic risk factors for dementia and for cognitive impairment in the elderly. The brain mechanisms by which these genetic variations affect behavior or clinical severity are poorly understood. We studied the effect of APOE and APOC1 genes on magnetic resonance imaging measures in a sample of 50 subjects with age-associated memory impairment. The APOE E4 allele was associated with reduced left hippocampal volumes and APOE*E3 status was associated with greater frontal lobe white matter volumes. However, no APOE effects were observed when analyses accounted for other potential confounding variables. The effects of APOC1 on hippocampal volumes appeared to be more robust than those of the APOE polymorphism. However, no modulatory effects on brain morphology outside the medial temporal lobe region were observed when demographic variables, clinical status, and other anatomical brain measurements were taken into consideration. Our results suggest that the role of the APOC1 polymorphism in brain morphology of the cognitively impaired elderly should be examined in further studies.
Time estimation was examined in 148 older good and poor sleepers in analogue and naturalistic sleep settings. On analogue tasks, both “empty” time and time listening to an audiobook were overestimated by both good and poor sleepers. There were no differences between groups. “Empty” time was experienced as “dragging.” In the sleep setting, most poor sleepers underestimated nocturnal sleep and overestimated awake times related to their own sleep problem: sleep onset vs. sleep maintenance insomnia. Good sleepers did the opposite. Severity of sleep problem and size of time estimation errors were unrelated. Greater night-to-night wake time variability was experienced by poor than by good sleepers. Psychological adjustment was unrelated to time estimations and to magnification or minimization of sleep problems. The results suggest that for poor sleepers who magnify their sleep problem, self-monitoring can be of benefit by demonstrating that the sleep problem is not as severe as believed.
Cell transplantation with embryonic stem (ES) cell progeny requires immunological compatibility with host tissue. 'Therapeutic cloning' is a strategy to overcome this limitation by generating nuclear transfer (nt)ES cells that are genetically matched to an individual. Here we establish the feasibility of treating individual mice via therapeutic cloning. Derivation of 187 ntES cell lines from 24 parkinsonian mice, dopaminergic differentiation, and transplantation into individually matched host mice showed therapeutic efficacy and lack of immunological response.
Antimony (Sb) is an attractive anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) with a high theoretical capacity of 660 mAh g−1. However, its practical application is greatly hindered by the rapid capacity fading which is largely due to the large volume expansion during sodiation. Tuning the morphology and structure at the nanoscale or using carbonaceous materials as the buffer layer is essential to address this issue. Here, a facile carbon-coating coupled with a thermal-reduction strategy has been developed to synthesize unique Sb@C coaxial nanotubes. With different annealing time, the hollow space and the amount of Sb inside the tube can be easily tuned by the partial evaporation of Sb. The as-obtained Sb@C nanotubes exhibit excellent sodium storage properties. The remarkable electrochemical performance results from the unique coaxial nanoarchitecture. Specifically, it delivers a high specific capacity of 407 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 after 240 cycles. Furthermore, a stable capacity of 240 mAh g−1 can be retained at 1.0 A g−1 even after 2000 cycles. Most importantly, high capacities of 350 mAh g−1 and 310 mAh g−1 can be achieved at large current densities of 10 and 20 A g−1, respectively, which represents the best rate performance among the reported Sb-based anode materials.
Lead–calcium–tin alloys are extensively used as electrodes in acid batteries. They are synthesised by casting/hardening and subject to microstructural evolution during use. The change from an “aged” metallurgic structure to an “over-aged” structure is associated, in particular, with a deterioration of mechanical properties. The determination of the Pb–Ca–Sn ternary phase diagram, and in particular the evolution of the limits of solubility of calcium and tin in a lead matrix as a function of the temperature, is essential to appreciate the oversaturation degree after hardening and to optimise the necessary thermal treatment to obtain the stabilisation of the aged state. Some experimental measurements were carried out (radiocrystallography, differential thermal analyses, microprobe, …) for the x(Ca)≤0.25 composition domain. They have allowed putting in light the inconsistencies between experimental data provided by the literature. Phase boundaries information was used to model the Pb–Ca–Sn system with a CALPHAD approach. Related thermodynamic databank is presented in this paper.
A two-dimensional and steady-state model of the vanadium redox flow battery with an interdigitated channel and a thin active electrode was developed to visualize the flow velocity, concentrations of the reactants, and local current distribution in the through-plane direction of the electrode sheets. The concentration overpotential was increased in the low flow speed region. The low mass transport coefficient by a slow flow speed resulted in a higher concentration overpotential. The mass flux distributions at the state of charge of 20% were strongly dependent on the flow speeds due to low bulk concentration of the reactants. Based on the visualized data, not only the reactivity improvement of the electrode material but also the advanced design of the porous electrode structure for a high flow permeability of the electrolyte solution are essential to improve the cell voltage during discharge.
This study identified age differences in time-based prospective memory performance in school-aged children and explored possible cognitive correlates of age-related performance. A total of 56 7- to 12-year-olds performed a prospective memory task in which prospective memory accuracy, ongoing task performance, and time monitoring were assessed. Additional tests of time estimation, working memory, task switching, and planning were performed. Results showed a robust relationship between age and prospective memory performance even after controlling for ongoing task performance. Developmental differences in time monitoring were also observed, with older children generally adopting a more strategic monitoring strategy than younger children. The majority of age-related variance in prospective memory task performance could be explained by cognitive resources, in particular planning and task switching. In contrast, no further independent contribution of time estimation was observed. Findings are in line with the development of strategic behavior, as well as executive functioning, in school-aged children.
Preparation of indium doped tin antimony (SnSb) alloy is achieved with simple co-precipitation technique. Structural analysis from XRD and Raman spectra shows the phase purity, crystallinity of the synthesized alloys. From XRD data calculated crystallite sizes are 35nm for SnSb:In and 21nm for pristine. SEM-Morphological images show spherical nature of the synthesized particles. Electrical conductivity analyses carried out via AC impedance spectra for both the samples at the frequency range of 100kHz to 100mHz reveal the improved bulk conductivity of doped SnSb. Better electrochemical lithiation and de-lithiation behavior of SnSb:In than SnSb is observed from cyclic voltammogram in organic and aqueous electrolytes. From cyclic voltammetry analysis the reversible nature and the ability to provide stable capacitance over higher number of cycles are observed which is desirable for a potential anode material to be used in Li-ion batteries.
Frequency dynamics, occurring due to the high penetration of the renewable energy in the microgrid (MG) are of great concern to the system dynamic stability. The battery energy storage systems are reported to have a good frequency regulating ability in the off-grid microgrid systems. However, to compensate the power irregularities, the battery is needed to charge and discharge at a high frequency, which degrades its lifetime significantly. In addition, in the primary frequency control (PFC) the battery needs to deal with the abrupt power changes, which will also accelerate the battery degradation process. In this regard, this paper presents a new concept of primary frequency control by integrating the superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) with battery, thus achieving the ability of not only performing a good frequency regulating function but also extending the battery service time. A novel power sharing method using the dynamic droop factors to control charge/discharge prioritization between the SMES and the battery is proposed and has been proved to have a better operation than the preceding droop control. A microgrid system based on the case of Uligam Island of Maldives is developed in the PSCAD, verifying the performance of PFC with the hybrid energy storage system (HESS) using the dynamic droop control. The results show that the HESSs have a better frequency regulating ability and the proposed dynamic droop control is capable of exploiting the different characteristics of both SMES and battery, forming a kind of complementary hybrid energy storage system. Moreover, the battery in the new control scheme is better protected from the short-term frequent cycles and abrupt currents, hence has been proved to have a longer lifetime extension.
Sn-rich La–Co–Sn ternary alloys were obtained by arc-melting process and subsequent ball-milling. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to determine the structure and morphology of the obtained alloys. In addition, the galvanoststic discharge/charge test, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were carried out to characterize the electrochemical properties of these alloys as anode materials for Li-ion batteries. It is found that all the as-cast La–Co–Sn ternary alloys have the same main phase of La3Co4Sn13 and low electrochemical capacities. Among these alloys, the as-cast LaCoSn4 alloy exhibits the best electrochemical performance. The ball-milling process results in the reduced cystallinity, and the enhanced electrochemical capacities as compared to the as-cast alloy. In particular, the LaCoSn4 alloy, obtained after ball-milling for 16h, provides the higher reversible discharge capacity and the better cycle stability.
High-performance electrocatalysts play a vital role in various sustainable energy conversion and storage technologies. Although enormous carbon-based materials have been developed and exhibited efficient electrocatalytic ability comparable to precious metal catalysts, the obtained blurry structure seriously hampered the understanding of the nature of electrocatalysis. Pyrolysis-free polymers are a competitive type of materials owing to their high-density uniform building units, tailorable chemical structure and diverse topology structure, which demonstrate promising catalytic performances for multifarious important reactions. In particular, the absence of a pyrolysis process promises well-preserved active sites, laying a solid foundation for mechanism research. In this review, the recent developments of pyrolysis-free polymers including porous organic polymers, metal organic frameworks, and linear conjugated polymers for oxygen electrocatalysis are summarized. The engineering strategies and their influence on boosting the electrocatalytic performance are concluded, particularly the impact of electronic structure engineering and hybrid synergistic effect. Finally, we further discuss current challenges and future directions for maximizing the advantages of polymer-based electrocatalysts without pyrolysis. This review aims to highlight the importance of pyrolysis-free polymer-based electrocatalysts and their potential to become the guideline for preparing high practical value catalysts by virtue of their clear structure–activity relationship.
In the last years, there has been growing evidence linking elevated homocysteine levels with cognitive dysfunction in several neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential relationship between elevated homocysteine levels and cognitive deficits in first-episode psychosis patients. Plasma levels and cognitive performance of 139 patients and 99 healthy volunteers were compared. Patients were classified as elevated homocysteine (>90 percentile for controls) and normal and compared on 22 cognitive outcome measures grouped into cognitive domains known to be impaired in schizophrenia. Patients had a statistically significant increase in plasmatic homocysteine levels. In addition, they presented with significantly increased cognitive deficits. However, no relationship between homocysteine levels and cognitive impairment was detected. These results suggest the need for further studies to clarify the role of homocysteine in the etiology and prognosis of psychosis.
Local authorities need updated and reliable data on the quantity and the quality of the waste generated in their area, in order to establish an integrated solid waste management system capable of fulfilling regional and national waste management targets. This paper presents information about the quantity and the characteristics of the municipal solid waste generated in Thessaloniki, which is the second largest city in Greece. It is based on the results of three research programs investigating the evolution of municipal solid waste. The investigations were carried out over the last 20 years at the landfill of Thessaloniki by the same research group using statistically acceptable practices for sampling and hand sorting. The results show a great increase in the incoming quantities during the last years and a significant increase of the per capita generation. There is also a significant change in the composition, demonstrated mainly by a decrease in the organic fraction followed by an increase of packaging materials (paper and plastic).
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long term effect of abrasivity of toothpastes normally used over the surface and mechanical properties of dental casting alloys. Three dental casting alloys (Ni–Cr, Co–Cr, c.p. Ti) and one ceramic were chosen. Four specimens of each material were immersed in artificial saliva, brushed without or with one of four toothpastes of different Relative Dentine Abrasivity (RDA 50, 52, 80, and 114). An electric toothbrush with a load of 250 g was used for 420 min. Mass loss was determined by difference in weight, microhardness and surface roughness were also measured. Two-way ANOVA and non-parametric tests were used to detect significant differences. Titanium specimens (478 μg/cm2) exhibited the most mass loss, whereas ceramic (282 μg/cm2) and Co–Cr (262 μg/cm2) exhibited the least. However, ceramic demonstrated the most volume loss (0.239 mm3). The abrasivity effect of the toothpaste correlated with the RDA values. Slight variations in microhardness were observed after toothbrushing and depended on the material but not on the toothpaste used. Material surfaces were slightly smoothed by toothbrushing but no significant differences were detected. Dental casting alloys and ceramic are susceptible to abrasion by brushing with an electric toothbrush depending on the RDA value of the toothpaste. Variations in microhardness and surface roughness were not clinically relevant.
A facile electrospinning route for one-step synthesis of Fe3O4/C nanotubes has been developed depending on the separation of mineral oil and polyacrylonitrile in N, N-dimethylformamide solvent followed by stabilization and carbonization. The obtained Fe3O4 nanoparticles with diameter 10 to 100nm were uniformly embedded into highly conductive carbon nanotube wall. The carbon combined conducting, buffering and confining effects during electrochemical cycling. In addition, the hollow tubular structure with more space can accommodate large volume changes of Fe3O4 associated with Li ions insertion/extraction, and increase the surface area accessible to the electrolyte, facilitating the Li ions diffusion at the interior and exterior of the nanotube. The half cells based on Fe3O4/C nanotubes exhibit an unexpected cycling stability with capacity of 600mAhg−1 after 100 cycles. These results are encouraging for the development of Fe3O4/C nanotubes as potential building blocks for high-performance anodes in LIBs.
Herein, we provide critical information via first-principles calculations to solve one of the major problems of Li−O2 batteries, namely, large overpotentials during the charge–discharge process. First, we found that PtCo exhibits remarkably low oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) overpotentials of 0.19 and 0.20V, respectively. These are considerably lower than those of pure Pt (1.02 and 1.62V, respectively) and of high-performance Pt3Co (1.02 and 1.13V, respectively). The composition optimization of bimetallic catalysts is therefore critical in developing an optimal Li−O2 battery catalyst with an overpotential of nearly zero. Second, our calculations demonstrate that replacing the late transition metal Co in Pt3Co with the early transition metal Ti significantly decreases overpotentials, yielding ORR and OER overpotentials of 0.34 and 0.82V, respectively. These results are opposite to those obtained for fuel cells. Notably, our results suggest that a bimetallic catalyst with poor catalytic activity in fuel cells might show excellent activity in Li−O2 cells. In particular, combinations of active Pt with early transition metals should be studied for development of bimetallic catalysts with high round-trip efficiency in Li−O2 batteries. Finally, we suggest that the adsorption energies of Li and LiO2 are critical descriptors of catalytic activity and that they should be used to screen new candidate materials. This is because low ORR and OER overpotentials are closely related to strong Li and weak LiO2 adsorptions, respectively, on the catalytic surface.
In this study, we present a novel anode architecture for high-performance lithium-ion batteries based on a Silicon/3-aminosilane-functionalized CNT/Carbon (Si/A-CNT/C) composite. A high-yield, low-cost approach has been developed to stabilize and support silicon as an active anode material. Silicon (Si) nanoparticles synthesized in a hot-wall reactor and aminosilane-functionalized carbon nanotubes (A-CNT) were dispersed in styrene and divinylbenzene (DVB) and subsequently polymerized forming a porous Si/A-CNT/C composite. Transmission electron microscopy showed that this method enables the interconnection and a uniform encapsulation of Si nanoparticles within a porous carbon matrix especially using aminosilane-functionalized CNT (A-CNT). Electrochemical characterization shows that this material can deliver a delithiation capacity of 2293 mAh g−1 with a capacity retention of more than 90 % after 200 cycles at lithiation and delithiation rate of 0.5 C. We conclude that the porous Si/A-CNT/C composite material can accommodate sufficient space for Si volume expansion and extraction and improve the electronic and ionic conduction. Excellent electrochemical performance during repeated cycling can thus be achieved.
Nitridated LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 was prepared by a solid-state reaction followed by nitridation to investigate the effect of nitrogen on the structural and electrochemical performance of LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. The structural and morphological features of the synthesized samples were characterized by various techniques. X-ray photoelectron spectrometer analysis revealed the existence of a trace amount of nitrogen on the surface and slight changes in Mn and Ni valence states. Electrochemical studies on the nitridated LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 was conducted using the galvanostatic charge–discharge process and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The nitridated LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 exhibited enhanced cyclability and rate capability compared with LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4, which originated from the improved electrical conductivity caused by increased proximity between active Ni redox centers as well as the increased number of Mn3+ hopping carriers.
Human activity generates an environmental impact increasingly important including in the field of transport and portable electronics. It is therefore essential to develop of new technologies capable of producing and storing electrical energy. In this context, organic material based battery can constitute an interesting alternative compared to inorganic ones. Less costly and toxic and allowing to involve other alkali cation (rather than Li+), since few years such materials are evoked in literature. However, their performance yet do not compete with that of involving inorganic cathodic material (i.e. Lithium iron phosphate). In this context, multi electron process can be the way to reach high performance organic compounds. This can be done using phenothiazine which, through an adapted chemical modification, can undergo a two electron oxidation in the potential window stability of classical electrolyte. This work is dedicated to the impact of N-methyl-phenothiazine chemical modification on its electrochemical behavior. The stability of oxidized forms of modified phenothiazine is investigated helping to select the best monomer to be involved as cathodic polymer material in battery.