batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Sustainability assessment can be used as a basic managerial analysis to evaluate the capability of water resources in supplying associated demands. Alteration of management policies in order to improve the systems’ performance and sustainability can lead to additional costs of system operation. In this study a novel framework is proposed for assessing economic life cycle costs of dams considering system’s performance from sustainability aspect. For convenience, the term Life Cycle Costs (LCC) is used instead of Economic LCC throughout this paper. First, a fuzzy model is proposed to discount and estimate the LCC of dams in different time intervals of their life span including: Construction, Operation and Maintenance (M&O), and Disposal periods. The model is capable of reflecting uncertainties caused by estimation and previsions of different costs because of fuzzy theory application. Then, sustainability of dam performance in operation period is evaluated through triple criteria of Reliability, Reversibility, and Vulnerability (R-R-V). To provide more realistic results, different system performance levels are defined based on the system’s capability to supply demands and the importance of each level is evaluated by weighting them. Furthermore, it is studied how changes in reservoirs operation strategies can reduce the LCC because of higher performance. The proposed methodology is applied to assess the LCC and performance of a dam located at North Eastern part of Iran. The results show that the system’s performance is remarkably enhanced when the operating rules are revised and this change will intangibly reduce the economic benefits.
Purpose Quality of life of patients with epilepsy depends largely upon unpredictability of seizure occurrence and would improve by predicting seizures or at least by detecting seizures (after their clinical onset) and react timely. Detection systems are available and researched, but little is known about the actual need and user preferences. The first indicates the market potential; the second allows us to incorporate user requirements into the engineering process. Methods We questioned 20 pediatric and young adult patients, 114 caregivers, and 21 involved medical doctors and described, analyzed, and compared their experiences with systems for seizure detection, their opinions on usefulness and purpose of seizure detection, and their requirements for such a device. Results Experience with detection systems is limited, but 65% of patients and caregivers and 85% of medical doctors express the usefulness, more so during night than day. The need is higher in patients with more severe intellectual disability. The higher the seizure frequency, the higher the need, opinions in the seizure-free group being more divided. Most patients and caregivers require 100% correct detection, and on average, one false alarm per seizure (one per week for those seizure-free) is accepted. Medical doctors allow 90% correct detections and between two false alarms per week and one per month depending on seizure frequency. Detection of seizures involving heavy movement and falls is judged most important by patients and caregivers and second to most by medical doctors. The latter judge heart rate monitoring most relevant, both towards seizure detection and SUDEP (sudden unexpected death in epilepsy) prevention. Conclusions The results, including a goal of 90% correct detections and one false alarm per seizure, should be considered in development of seizure detectors.
A one-pot strategy is employed for facile synthesis of mesoporous LixMnO2 (x = 0.19–0.41) by means of pulse electrodeposition technique. LixMnO2 materials with different chemical and physico-chemical properties are synthetized by modulating the pulse parameters. As results demonstrating, the functional properties of LixMnO2 are deeply influenced by varying both independent parameters namely, ton (time of current applying) and toff (time of current switching off) as well as dependent parameters: duty cycle (θ) and pulse frequency (ƒ). The mesoporous Li0.41MnO2 with a hierarchical morphology of nano-walls and a considerably high BET surface area of 137.49 m2 g−1 is achieved by applying the optimized pulse parameters (ton = 5 ms, toff = 45 ms, duty cycle = 10% and pulse frequency = 20 Hz). The Li0.41MnO2 shows superior performance as cathode material of Li-ion batteries, delivering the first discharge capacity of 284.45 mAh g−1, retaining 94.22% of first discharge capacity after 250 charge-discharge cycles and is still able to deliver 204 mAh g−1 after 110 successive charge-discharge cycles at different C-rates. This work proves that applying a lower duty cycles of pulse current, with optimized value of 10%, leads to the unique featured properties of LixMnO2 which giving rise to superior electrochemical performance.
This paper reports a graphene oxide (GO) confined strategy to synthesize reduced GO-coated lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12, LTO) microspheres using as-prepared TiO2 microspheres and GO as raw materials. The obtained samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and spectrophotometer. Results show that the spherical LTO is formed with approximate 1μm diameter after hydrothermal reactions, which is due to a confined effect of GO on the surface of TiO2 spheres. Electrochemical tests reveal that the presence of rGO can increase the capacity and cycling stability of LTO anodes, especially at higher C rate. The 3wt% rGO-coated LTO anodes present a higher reversible Li-ion storage with a specific discharge capacity of 131.6mAhg−1 at 5C and 97% retention even after 500 cycles, which are more excellent than those of pristine LTO. The GO-confined method is anticipated to synthesize other electrode materials with high electrochemical performances.
To develop novel multi-component molten salt systems more effectively, we developed a simulative technique using the CALPHAD (Calculation of Phase Diagram and Thermodynamics) method to estimate the ionic conductivity and the melting point. The validity of this new simulative technique was confirmed by comparing the simulated ionic conductivities and melting points of typical high-temperature molten salts, such as LiF–LiCl–LiBr, LiF–LiBr–KBr, LiCl–LiBr–KBr, and LiCl–LiBr–LiI, with those reported data in the literature or experimentally obtained. This simulative technique was used to develop new quaternary molten salt systems for use as electrolytes in high-temperature molten salt batteries (called thermal batteries). The targets of the ionic conductivity and the melting point were set at 2.0Scm−1 and higher at 500°C, and in the range of 350–430°C, respectively, to replace the LiCl–KCl system (1.85Scm−1 at 500°C) within the conventional design of the heat generation system for thermal batteries. Using the simulative method, six kinds of novel quaternary systems, LiF–LiCl–LiBr–MX (M=Na and K; X=F, Cl, and Br), which contain neither environmentally instable anions such as iodides nor expensive cations such as Rb+ and Cs+, were proposed. Experimental results showed that the LiF–LiCl–LiBr–0.10NaX (X=Cl and Br) and LiF–LiCl–LiBr–0.10KX (X=F, Cl, and Br) systems meet our targets of both the ionic conductivity and the melting point.
Toward green sensor field, power consumption emerges to be an important issue in wireless sensor network (WSN), where sensors are likely to operate on limited battery power. Sensors nearer the sink have to take forwarding traffic load for sensors far away from the sink. Hence nodes of inner shells centered at the sink would deplete their energy budget faster, leading to what is called an energy hole problem (EHP) around the sink. The operational lifetime of sensor network is deteriorated because of such an uneven node power consumption patterns. To model the proposed approach for qualitative analysis, a Petri Net model was developed to configure all relevant system aspects in a concise fashion. On quantitative work, a comprehensive mathematical analysis on power profile has been made in detail. For approaching greener technique, the power consumption patterns are concentrated on the nodes located in the innermost shells of WSN, which dominated the EHP issue. Network simulation results validate that the proposed green scheme indeed provides a feasibly cost-effective approach for lifetime elongation of sensor networks.
When chlorine is used as a disinfectant for drinking water it may react with organic materials present in or released by the water pipes and thus form by-products that may represent a genotoxic hazard. The aim of this study was to assess the potential genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of extracts of chlorinated drinking water supplied by local aquifers of two Italian towns, Plants 1 and 2, located in the sub-Alpine area and on the Po plain, respectively. The raw water fell within the legal limits with regards to its chemical and physical properties. Water from Plant 2 contained higher levels of total organics (TOC) and nitrate than water from Plant 1. Water was sampled at different points along the distribution networks to evaluate the influence of the system on the amount and quality of the by-products. Cytotoxic and genotoxic damage was assessed in freshly isolated human white blood cells (WBC) and Hep-G2 cells by use of the micronucleus (MN) test and the Comet assay to measure primary DNA damage. While they did not show significant cytotoxicity, all Plant 1 water concentrates induced short-time genotoxic effects on leukocytes at concentrations ≥1Lequiv./mL. Plant 2 samples were able to induce cytotoxic effects in both Hep-G2 cells and leukocytes. Furthermore, although there was no significant increase in MN frequency, DNA migration was strongly increased both in human leukocytes (≥0.5Lequiv./mL, 1h treatment, water samples collected from all points) and in Hep-G2 cells (≥0.75Lequiv./mL, 24h treatment, tap water sampled at the nearest distribution point). The current use of these in vitro cytotoxicity/genotoxicity tests together with the normal chemical analyses could provide information to help water-works managers and health authorities evaluate drinking water quality and adopt strategies to reduce genotoxic compounds in tap water and prevent human exposure to these compounds.
To improve the cyclability of spinel LiMn2O4 in aqueous electrolyte, Al-doped LiAl x Mn2−x O4 (x =0.05, 0.1, 0.15) materials are prepared using a room-temperature solid-state grinding reaction followed by calcination at different temperatures for different durations, respectively. Their phase structures and morphologies are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Electrochemical performances of the materials are investigated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge methods. XRD results reveal that the crystallinity of the LiAl0.1Mn1.9O4 increases with increasing calcination temperature and calcination time. However, when the calcination temperature is increased to 800°C, a small amount of Mn3O4 impurity phase is detected in the product calcined for 12h, due to the decomposition of LiAl0.1Mn1.9O4, while the product calcined for a shorter time of 3 or 6h is found to be LiAl0.1Mn1.9O4 single phase. TEM results confirm that the grain size of the materials increases with increasing calcination temperature. Electrochemical experiments demonstrate that the charge/discharge cyclability of the LiAl0.1Mn1.9O4 increases with increase in calcination temperature and calcination time. Compared with the pristine LiMn2O4, the Al-doped LiAl x Mn1−x O4 show the obviously improved cyclability, especially for the LiAl0.1Mn1.9O4 calcined at an elevated temperature for 12h.
Silicon, as a promising electrode material for high energy density lithium ion batteries, experiences large strains and stresses during lithiation and delithation. The coupling effect between stress and lithium diffusion leads to a grand challenge to optimizing the design of Si electrodes with high capacity and high rate capability, particularly considering the amorphization of Si during initial cycles. In this study, we established a relationship between stress and the diffusion coefficients of Li in amorphous Si by ab initio molecular dynamics calculations (AIMD). The prediction from AIMD was validated by the potentiostatic intermittent titration measurements. Our results showed that two Li diffusion mechanisms can operate depending on the stress state. Specifically, the stress can increase Li diffusion either through increasing free volume under tension or by changing local structure under compression. However, within the range of stress generated during the lithiation and delithation process, diffusion coefficients are expected to vary by only one order of magnitude.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses evolution of software radio, receiver using digital processing at baseband. The narrowband and wideband IF-sampling digital receivers are explored. Increasing ADC dynamic range using dither is examined. There are two fundamental limitations to maximizing SFDR in a high-speed ADC. First, is the distortion produced by the front-end amplifier and the sample-and-hold circuit, and second, that the distortion produced by nonlinearity in the actual transfer function of the encoder portion of the ADC. The key to high SFDR is to minimize the nonlinearity of each. It discusses the wideband radio transmitter considerations. Two basic transmit architectures are illustrated. The chapter further discusses about cellular telephone handsets and the role of ADCs and DACs in cellular telephone handsets. A brief description is provided on the SoftFone and Othello Radio Chipsets from Analog Devices and time-interleaved IF sampling ADCs with digital post-processors. It separately treats the subject advanced digital post processing and advanced filter bank (AFB). AFB is one of the first commercially available digital post-processing technologies to make a significant impact on the performance of time-interleaving ADC systems. Examples of AFB design: the AD12400 12-Bit, 400 MSPS ADC is presented. The AD 12400 is the first member of a new family of analog devices that leverage time interleaving and AFB.
Recent technological development has made it possible to pinpoint precise locations of small migratory songbirds throughout their annual cycle, providing the opportunity for improving our understanding of year-round habitat use. Here, we use GPS loggers to map the exact location and habitat use at stationary sites throughout the annual cycle of a long-distance migratory songbird, the Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio. Although the main staging sites confirmed previous findings from light-level geolocation studies, one individual wintered in south-western Chad, an area with only a few historical records of this species. This study highlights opportunities for answering new questions and gaining more knowledge using fine-scale tracking of migratory songbirds.
Carbon coated FeS2 (FeS2/C) composite is prepared via a simple solid state reaction using glucose as carbon source. The porous FeS2 particles are uniformly surrounded by the amorphous carbon coating. As an anode material for lithium ion batteries, the FeS2/C composite exhibits higher reversible capacity and better cycling performance than the unmodified FeS2. The specific capacity of the FeS2/C composite after 50 cycles is 495 mAh g−1, much higher than that of FeS2 (345 mAh g−1). In order to investigate the effect of carbon coating, the cycled electrodes have been analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The improvement is attributed to the introduction of carbon coating, which can enhance the conductivity, reduce the dissolution of sulfur and corrosion from HF, and stabilize the porous structure during cycling.
As a key upstream supplier for the most energy-intensive industries, the coking industry is a typical high energy-consumption and high emission industry. This study evaluates exergy and life cycle emissions of the coking network evolution at a temporal scale, as well as quantifies the embodied water in the industry. To provide a reasonable forecast of development patterns, four key factors were examined using scenario analysis, including industrial symbiosis, bio-production, carbon capture and storage, and energy recovery. When the coking plant was coupled with the iron and steel industry, the ammonium sulfate work zone had the maximum value of specific exergy losses in 2012. Coking contributes to 76.7% of the total greenhouse gas emissions from the network, and water use for ammonia distillation is 6.4 times greater than the rest of water use in the cold work zone. Moreover, the development roadmaps created by scenario analysis identified that electricity decarbonization displays a great potential for reducing carbon emissions; however, structure adjustment of the coking industry alone could not achieve the 2030 climate target. To enhance energy utilization and reduce emissions, this work shows the necessity of decreasing independent coking enterprises in China and identifies improvement potentials in the coking network.
The Na-ion battery is currently the focus of much research interest due to its cost advantages and the relative abundance of sodium as compared to lithium. Olivine NaMPO4 (M = Fe, Fe0.5Mn0.5, Mn) and layered Na2FePO4F are interesting materials that have been reported recently as attractive positive electrodes. Here, we report their Na-ion conduction behavior and intrinsic defect properties using atomistic simulation methods. In the olivines, Na ion migration is essentially restricted to the [010] direction along a curved trajectory, similar to that of LiMPO4, but with a lower migration energy (0.3 eV). However, Na/M antisite defects are also predicted to have a lower formation energy: the higher probability of tunnel occupation with a relatively immobile M2+ cation – along with a greater volume change on redox cycling – contributes to the poor electrochemical performance of the Na-olivine. Na+ ion conduction in Na2FePO4F is predicted to be two-dimensional (2D) in the interlayer plane with a similar low activation energy. The antisite formation energy is slightly higher; furthermore, antisite occupation would not be predicted to impede transport significantly owing to the 2D pathway. This factor, along with the much lower volume change on redox cycling, is undoubtedly responsible for the better electrochemical performance of the layered structure. Where volume change and structural effects do not incur impediments, Na-ion materials may present significant advantages over their Li counterparts.
Different forms of lead sulfate (PbSO4) are produced in both the cathode and anode in the course of discharging of a lead-acid battery. However, their difference in reaction activity has not been well recognized up to now. From this work, it is shown the cathode product PbSO4(O) due to oxidation of Pb is rather inert and its accumulation could lead to decrease of the battery capacity and life; on the other hand, the anode product PbSO4(R) due to reduction of PbO2 has a much active property and is readily reversible in the charging–discharging recycles. To restore the battery capacity, it is critical to solve the deactivation of cathode by transforming PbSO4(O) into PbSO4(R). For such a purpose, inverse charging is performed, and a procedure from PbSO4(O) to PbO2 and to PbSO4(R) is conducted under a series of measurements with cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electronic microscopy and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. The results of inverse charging tests show that the new capacity of a sulfated battery is more than twice of the initial value, which proves the validity of the mechanism outlined.
To understand the origin of the cycling performance improvement observed in lithium-sulfur (Li–S) batteries based on N-doped carbon materials, the interactions between lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and N-doped graphene (N-G) with different doping configurations have been investigated by density functional theory calculations. It has been found that only N-G with clustered pyridinic N-dopants can strongly attract LiPSs with large enough binding energies to effectively anchor the soluble LiPSs, due to (i) an enhanced attraction between Li ions in LiPSs and pyridinic N-dopants and/or (ii) an additional attraction between S anions in LiPSs and Li ions captured by pyridinic N-dopants. This study has, for the first time, provided a fundamental understanding on the origin of the effective anchoring of LiPSs by N-doped carbon materials, which suppresses the shuttling of LiPSs and produces significant improvement in the cycling performance of Li–S batteries. These findings can also guide the design of more effective N-doped carbons or other N-rich materials for Li–S batteries, preventing the undesirable LiPS shuttling.
Aqueous Ni-Fe battery with high safety and low cost is a promising candidate for large-scale electrical energy storage; their performance, however, has been limited by the poor performance of the Fe electrodes. We reported herein a facile synthesis of Fe particles coated with graphitic shell for high-performance Fe anodes. The anodes exhibit a high capacity of 224mAhg−1 at a high current density of 32Ag−1, and a high capacity retention of 90% after 1000 cycles. When coupled with a cathode made from the composites of Ni(OH)2 and nitrogen-doped graphene, the battery delivers a high energy density of 136.7Whkg−1 at power density of 0.7kWkg−1 or 71.4Whkg−1 at 11.7kWkg−1 (based on the total mass of active materials). This work provides highly promising materials towards better Ni-Fe batteries.
Narrative abilities are linked to social impairment in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), such that reductions in words about cognitive processes (e.g., think, know) are thought to reflect underlying deficits in social cognition, including Theory of Mind. However, research suggests that typically developing (TD) boys and girls tell narratives in sex-specific ways, including differential reliance on cognitive process words. Given that most studies of narration in ASD have been conducted in predominantly male samples, it is possible that prior results showing reduced cognitive processing language in ASD may not generalize to autistic girls. To answer this question, we measured the relative frequency of two kinds of words in stories told by autistic girls and boys: nouns (words that indicate object-oriented storytelling) and cognitive process words (words like think and know that indicate mentalizing or attention to other peoples’ internal states).
We report a male child with autism found to have maternal uniparental disomy (UPD) of chromosome 1. The child met diagnostic criteria for the three symptom domains of autism: language impairment, deficient social communication and excessively rigid and repetitive behaviours. He also had a variety of features often associated with autism, including mild mental retardation, small head circumference, hyperactivity, poor fine motor skills, slightly dysmorphic facial features and a heightened interest in olfactory stimulation. His brother, who did not have chromosome 1 UPD, was also autistic. The mother, but not the father, had a history of psychiatric illness and a number of personality and social traits similar to the core features of autism. The discovery of the cytogenetic abnormality was made during the course of a genome-wide linkage screen, wherein genotypes at 6 out of 17 chromosome 1 markers were non-Mendelian and all transmissions were consistent with UPD. Further genotyping (a total of 54 markers) revealed alternating regions of heterodisomy and isodisomy. Whereas chromosome 1 UPD has not been shown to cause disease by effects on imprinting, numerous reports exist of the abnormality unmasking recessive disease-causing mutations. In agreement with this, one of the regions of isodisomy overlaps an emerging chromosome 1 region of interest in autism located at 150–160 Mb.