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Androgen receptor (AR) antagonists are used for hormone therapy of prostate cancer (PCa). However resistance to the treatment occurs eventually. One possible reason is the occurrence of AR mutations that prevent inhibition of AR-mediated transactivation by antagonists. To offer in future more options to inhibit AR signaling, novel chemical lead structures for new AR antagonists would be beneficial. Here we analyzed structure-activity relationships of a battery of 36 non-steroidal structural variants of methyl anthranilate including 23 synthesized compounds. We identified structural requirements that lead to more potent AR antagonists. Specific compounds inhibit the transactivation of wild-type AR as well as AR mutants that render treatment resistance to hydroxyflutamide, bicalutamide and the second-generation AR antagonist enzalutamide. This suggests a distinct mode of inhibiting the AR compared to the clinically used compounds. Competition assays suggest binding of these compounds to the AR ligand binding domain and inhibit PCa cell proliferation. Moreover, active compounds induce cellular senescence despite inhibition of AR-mediated transactivation indicating a transactivation-independent AR-pathway. In line with this, fluorescence resonance after photobleaching (FRAP) - assays reveal higher mobility of the AR in the cell nuclei. Mechanistically, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) - assays indicate that the amino-carboxy (N/C)-interaction of the AR is not affected, which is in contrast to known AR-antagonists. This suggests a mechanistically novel mode of AR-antagonism. Together, these findings indicate the identification of a novel chemical platform as a new lead structure that extends the diversity of known AR antagonists and possesses a distinct mode of antagonizing AR-function.
The electrochemical performance of NaFe0.2Ni0.4Ti0.4O2 and NaFe0.4Ni0.3Ti0.3O2 is studied in NaClO4 and NaFSI based electrolytes for their potential use as cathodes in sodium-ion batteries. An initial discharge capacity of ∼120 mAh g−1 is observed for both the compositions at 12 mA g−1 in narrow voltage window of 3.75–2.60 V. The optimization of the upper cut-off voltage leads to a decrease of both the polarization and the irreversible capacity. NaFe0.4Ni0.3Ti0.3O2 shows a smoother voltage profile than NaFe0.2Ni0.4Ti0.4O2 with an average voltage ≥3.1 V. For NaFe0.4Ni0.3Ti0.3O2 discharge capacity drops by 17% of its initial value using 1 M NaFSI in PC, whereas the cycling with 1 M NaClO4 in PC lead to a decrease of 25% of its initial capacity after 30 cycles. Although the cycling stability of this compound is higher than that of NaFe0.2Ni0.4Ti0.4O2, the use of NaFSI improves the coulombic efficiency and cycle life for both cathode compositions compared to NaClO4.
The development of electrode materials with the capability of balancing kinetics and capacity between a battery-type anode and capacitor-type cathode is still a grand challenge for potassium-ion hybrid capacitors (PIHCs). Herein, we report the design and synthesis of phosphorus/nitrogen co-doped hierarchical porous carbon nanofibers (PN-HPCNFs) that feature desirable one dimensional (1D) structure and favorable electrochemical properties for PIHC application. We demonstrated that the as-prepared PN-HPCNFs presented a highly attractive performance in terms of capacity or capacitance and durability as both the battery-type anode and capacitor-type cathode of PIHCs, which endows it with great potential for practical application in full PIHCs by delivering a high energy density of 191 W h kg−1 and a high power output of 7560 W kg−1 as well as an ultralong lifespan (82.3% capacity retention after 8000 cycles). Systematic characterization analysis and first-principle calculations demonstrated that the hierarchical pores in the 1D structure, heteroatom P/N co-doping, and enlarged interlayer graphite spacing in the APN-HPCNF contributed synergistically to the outstanding electrochemical performance of PIHCs.
Three types of transition metal oxide/carbon composites including Fe2O3/C, NiO/C and CuO/Cu2O/C synthesized via spray pyrolysis were used as anode for lithium ion battery application in conjunction with two types of ionic liquid: 1 M LiN(SO2CF3)2 (LiTFSI) in 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(fluorosulfonlyl)imide (EMI-FSI) or 1-methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (Py13-FSI). From the electrochemical measurements, the composite electrodes using Py13-FSI as electrolyte show much better electrochemical performance than those using EMI-FSI as electrolyte in terms of reversibility. The Fe2O3/C composite shows the highest specific capacity and the best capacity retention (425 mAh g−1) under a current density of 50 mA g−1 for up to 50 cycles, as compared with the NiO/C and CuO/Cu2O/C composites. The present research demonstrates that Py13-FSI could be used as an electrolyte for transition metal oxides in lithium-ion batteries.
A highly anisotropic electrodeposition was observed using the hybrid battery electrolyte Mg(BH4)2 with LiBH4 in diglyme. At low overpotentials high aspect ratio platelet morphologies are observed with a strong fiber texture composed of a {10-10} and a {11-20} component, the first evidence of behavior of this kind in magnesium battery electrolytes. At high overpotentials the deposit aspect ratio is indistinguishable but the texture is shown to be primarily composed of a {11-20} fiber texture. The kinetic parameters relative to the relevant crystallographic faces are extracted from electron microscopy images and compared with the observed bulk rate extracted from the electrochemical data. The use of polycrystalline Ag foil substrates with little preferred orientation at the surface allowed highly polycrystalline nucleation at lower overpotentials than that of platinum, likely due to Ag alloying with Mg. Characterization using focused ion beam (FIB) cross-sections with Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) elemental analysis confirm that the deposits are primarily Mg although Mg‐Ag alloys of various compositions were observed. It is proposed that the orientation at slow rates of growth is due to the underlying kinetics of adatom diffusion on Mg and that higher rates diminish the phenomenon due to decreased time for adatom diffusion and instead are governed by the rates of adatom formation or more specifically the adatom vacancy formation on the different low-index planes of Mg.
The charge and discharge characteristics of lithium batteries with sulfur composite cathodes have been investigated. The sulfur composites showed novel electrochemical characteristics. Almost all sulfur in the composites was reduced to Li2S in the first discharge process and the capacity stabilized at ca. 700mAh/g and utilization of sulfur corresponded to be above 90%, plus good cyclability. Charged and discharged at relatively high current density, the specific capacity remained above 600mAh/g and the charge/discharge efficiencies were about 99%.
Undoped and Zn-doped Cu2O films were deposited onto glass substrates using successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique with different Zn doping levels (0, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 wt%). The structural, optical, and surface morphological studies were carried out and reported. The structural study revealed that the crystalline quality is gradually enhanced up to 5 wt% of Zn doping level, and then quality begins to degrade for further increase in doping level. Moreover, the preferential orientation changes from (111) to (110) for the highest doping level were examined. Optical study shows that the transmittance (65%) and optical band gap values are maximum (2.41 eV) when the Zn doping level is at 5 wt%. The photoluminescence study confirms the presence of various defects in the Cu2O matrix and also the variation obtained in the optical band gap from the transmittance data. SEM images revealed the annealing-induced changes in the surface morphology of the films.
Some breeding technology applications are claimed to improve animal welfare: this includes potential applications of genomics and genome editing to improve animals’ resistance to environmental stress, to genetically alter features which in current practice are changed invasively (e.g. by dehorning), or to reduce animals’ capacity for suffering. Such applications challenge how breeding technologies are evaluated, which paradigmatically proceeds from a welfare perspective. Whether animal welfare will indeed improve may be unanswerable until proposed applications have been developed and tested sufficiently and until agreement is reached on how to conceptualize animal welfare. Moreover, even if breeding technologies do improve animal welfare, they might be objected to on other ethical grounds. Ethical perspectives on earlier animal biotechnologies are relevant for today’s breeding technologies and their proposed applications, but may need reinterpretation. The current paper applies the concept of telos, which previously figured mainly in debates on classical genetic engineering, to genomic selection and genome editing aimed at improving animal welfare. It critiques current (Rollin’s and Hauskeller’s) accounts of telos and offers an alternative conceptualization that applies to recently proposed applications of breeding technologies. This account rejects both removing the desire to pursue characteristic activities and altering animal bodies in ways that compromise their ability to perform such activities, but conditionally allows increasing robustness against environmental stress. Our account of telos enriches ethical debate on these breeding technology applications by insisting on the connection between the good life, an animal’s constitution, and its activities, thus countering reductive conceptions of welfare.
Gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) membranes based on two polymers, a copolymer of poly(vinylidene fluoride–hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF–HFP), and the poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), together with a plasticizer, the dibutylphtalate (DBP), were elaborated in two ways. Firstly, the polymers and the plasticizer were mixed together to obtain a single membrane. Secondly, a bi-layer separator membrane was made by adjunction, through lamination, of a DBP plasticized PVdF–HFP film and a homemade DBP–PEO thin film. We report here a protocol based on a simple galvanostatic polarization of Li/GPE/Li symmetric cells as a way to rapidly screen new viable membranes. Such a procedure enables to quickly discriminate separators by leading experiments that do no not exceed 1 week compared to hundreds of days needed with classical batteries. The validity of such an approach was confirmed by investigating the performances of the membranes in Li/GPE/Li4Ti5O12 flat battery configuration. Besides, through this study we also highlighted the role of the macroscopic PEO–PVdF interface toward dendrite of bi-layered separator, while a single blended membrane does not seem to be suitable for a practical use. Post-mortem pictures and SEM investigation have confirmed this result.
Epigenic karst systems exhibit strong connectivity to surface recharge. In land use dominated by extensive agriculture and farming, epigenic karst aquifers are highly vulnerable to surface contaminants from point and nonpoint sources. Currently, the karstic landscapes of the southeastern Kentucky platform (USA) are impacted by agriculture and the rapid proliferation of concentrated-animal-feeding operations. Analysis of karst aquifer responses to storm events provides qualitative information regarding aquifer–recharge flow paths and groundwater residence time, and knowledge of spatial and temporal variations in recharge and flow is crucial to the understanding of the fate of surface contaminants. Time-series correlation analyses on long-term physicochemical data recorded at the outlet of Grayson Gunnar Cave, an epigenic karst system located along the Cumberland escarpment in southeastern Kentucky, revealed the existence of two separate conduit branches responding 4–8 h apart from each other. Recorded storm response times range from 4 h for flushing and dilution to 7 h for recovery. An estimated 6 million L of stored groundwater is discharged from both branches during major storms, and the fastest responding branch accounts for the majority (80%) of the groundwater reserve being discharged through the spring. As evidenced by groundwater residence time (7 days), recharge is likely characterized by localized infiltration of rain water from subsurface sinkholes to the conduit branches with no contribution of regional or lateral groundwater flow.
The use of solar energy in recent years has reached a remarkable edge. The continuous research for an alternative power source due to the perceived scarcity of fuel fossils is its driving force. It has become even more popular as the cost of fossil fuel continues to rise. The earth receives in just 1h, more energy from the sun than what we consume in the whole world for 1 year. Its application was proven to be most economical, as most systems in individual uses requires but a few kilowatt of power. This paper reviews the present day solar thermal technologies. Performance analyses of existing designs (study), mathematical simulation (design) and fabrication of innovative designs with suggested improvements (development) have been discussed in this paper.
NiO/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films are prepared by chemical bath deposition and electrodeposition techniques using nickel foam as the substrate. These composite films are porous, and constructed by many interconnected nanoflakes. As anode materials for lithium ion batteries, the NiO/PEDOT films exhibit weaker polarization and better cycling performance as compared to the bare NiO film. Among these composite films, the NiO/PEDOT film deposited after 2 CV cycles has the best cycling performance, and its specific capacity after 50 cycles at the current density of 2C is 520mAhg−1. The improvements of these electrochemical properties are attributed to the PEDOT, a highly conductive polymer, which covers on the surfaces of the NiO nanoflakes, forming a conductive network and thus enhances the electrical conduction of the electrode.
The process of preparing lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB) was studied by TG/DTA and XRD methods. Five DTA plots were obtained at five different heating rates. According to the DTA plots, the Ozawa integral method and the Kissinger differential method were employed in the study on kinetics of solid state reaction. The result showed that to increase the heat preservation time at 100–120°C was advantageous to the synthesis of LiBOB. The stages of solid state reaction for preparing LiBOB were analyzed by XRD method. The optimum conditions of synthesis LiBOB were first heat preservation at 100–120°C, and then heat preservation at 240–280°C.
The introduction of alternative vehicle technologies to respond to the transportation sector pressure regarding fossil fuel dependency poses questions regarding their impacts on travel and driving behavior but also on the environment. The results presented in this paper are part of a long-term study developed to evaluate user's satisfaction and adaptation to electric vehicle (EV), in terms of driving behavior, mobility, comfort, charging routines, interaction with the charging infrastructure. User's energy consumption and CO2 emissions are also estimated. The data presented concerns information collected with interviews done to the eleven EV drivers and with on-board diaries, including km travelled, kWh charged, number of trips per day. The information was gathered over a period of 5 months, and comprises a total of 1772 trips, 18524km travelled, a total electricity consumption of 3252 kWh related to approximately 220 charges. Results indicate that the adoption of the EV impacted everyday routines on 36% of the participants and 73% observed changes on their driving style. In comparison to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles running on gasoline or diesel, EV reveals considerable reductions in both energy consumption and CO2 emissions in a Well-to-Wheel life cycle approach, with 1.30MJ/km and 63g/km, respectively.
Several factors, such as wind power curtailment and quality of turbines, cause a reduced capacity of wind energy production in China compared with the US. The authors quantify the relative weight that these factors have in limiting the wind power output in China, and provide policy recommendations.
Silva J, Heim W, Chau T. A self-contained, mechanomyography-driven externally powered prosthesis. The measurement of the low-frequency (5–50Hz) “sounds” or vibrations produced by contracting muscles is termed mechanomyography (MMG). As a control signal for powered prostheses, MMG offers several advantages over conventional myoelectric control, including, nonspecific sensor placement, distal signal measurement, robustness to changing skin impedance, and reduced sensor costs. The objectives of this study were to demonstrate 2-function prosthesis control based on a triplet of distally recorded, normalized root mean square MMG signals and to identify necessary future research toward full clinical implementation of MMG signals in upper-limb externally powered prostheses. A novel self-contained MMG-driven prosthesis for below-elbow amputees was designed, implemented, and preliminarily tested on 2 subjects. This prosthesis was composed of specialized software and hardware modules that emulate a 2-site electromyography sensing system. Although the use of MMG signals for prosthesis control has been shown previously, we report, for the first time, successful control within a self-contained unit in unconstrained environments. Specifically, essential requirements for practical use, such as standardized sensor attachment, basic noise elimination, and miniaturization of the system, have been achieved. Both subjects were able to voluntarily open and close the prosthesis hand with no significant delays from intention to action (120ms). Quantitative analyses revealed 88% and 71% control accuracy for subjects 1 and 2, respectively.
A series of LiFePO4 nanoparticles were synthesized via solvothermal method for process parameters optimizing. The influences of Li:P:Fe mole ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time were systematically investigated. The obtained LiFePO4 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning/transmission electron microscope (SEM/TEM), galvanostatic charge-discharge and cyclic voltammetry test. Results show that the mole ratio of Li:P:Fe has significant effects on the morphology and particle size of LiFePO4 material, while reaction temperature and time show little influence on crystal and shape. Prepared with Li:P:Fe = 3:1.5:1 at 180 °C for 4 h, the LiFePO4 shows rectangular nanoplates with well-dispersed, resulting in the best electrochemical performance. After carbon coating, this optimized LiFePO4/C composite exhibits superior high-rate performance with a discharge capacity of 122.5 mAh/g at 50C at 25 °C, as well as excellent low temperature property of 116.7 and 61.4 mAh/g at 0 °C and −20 °C at 5C, respectively. To illustrate the LiFePO4 nanoparticles with different size and shape caused by variations of mole ratio, a possible formation mechanism is demonstrated. This work indicates that the optimized solvothermal process can be a promising guidance used in industrialization to synthesize cathode material with enhanced high-rate and low temperature performance.
In this study, nanocrystalline LiMn2O4 was synthesized by a simple combustion method and investigated for its utility as the positive electrode of a lithium-ion battery. X-Ray Diffraction characterization demonstrated that a basic crystallized spinel phase was already formed in the primary product from the direct combustion process, while pure phase LiMn2O4 was obtained after further calcination in air at relatively low temperature of 600 °C. Characterization by SEM and HR-TEM as well as BET analysis showed that the LiMn2O4 compound had a primary particle size of 40–80 nm and that those particles were partially sintered to form 0.2–0.8 μm aggregates with few mesopores. The exposed surface area of the aggregates was low and mainly formed by the outer surfaces of the constituent particles, which is beneficial to reducing the interfacial area between the liquid electrolyte and LiMn2O4, thereby effectively mediating the Mn dissolution problem. As a result, the as-prepared LiMn2O4 showed a favorable capacity of 114 mAh g−1 at a current rate of 0.2C and still retained a capacity of 84 mAh g−1 at 5C. After 100 continuous cycles at 0.1C, a capacity of 108 mAh g−1 was still maintained, compared to 120 mAh g−1 at the first cycle. The results demonstrated that combustion synthesis-derived LiMn2O4 is a promising cathode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs).
The aim of this work is to develop partially delignified Ca2+-and-Mg2+-ion-exchanged product from lignocellulosic wheat straw for the removal of eight different heavy metals Pb2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, and Cu2+ and for detoxification of Cr(VI). Maximum fixation capacity, pH, and initial metal concentration dependence were determined to confirm strong affinity of Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Hg2+ ions onto the product, whereas Co2+, Ni2+, and Mn2+ were the least fixed. Morphology of the product characterized by scanning electron microscope showed its physical integrity. Different experimental approaches were applied to determine the role of cations such as Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+ and several functional groups present in the product in an ion exchange for the fixation of metal ions. Potentiometric titration and Scatchard and Dahlquist interpretation were employed for determination of binding site heterogeneity. Results showed strong and weak binding sites in the product. This product has advantages over other conventional processes by virtue of abundance, easy operational process, and cost reduction in waste disposal of its raw material.
Linear sweep and cyclic voltammetry were used for electrochemical characterization of the Pt/sodium-β′′-Al2O3 system and investigation of the phases formed upon electrochemical pumping of sodium ions to the Pt catalyst-electrode under conditions of propane combustion or under mixtures of O2 or CO2 with helium, at temperatures between 320 and 480 °C. The number, position and magnitude of the peaks in the obtained voltammograms were found to depend on gas phase composition, temperature, and pre-scan (initial polarization) conditions. The results showed that under conditions of propane combustion more than one sodium phases can be formed as a result of electrochemical pumping of sodium ions to the Pt catalyst. The related electrochemical reactions and the identity of these sodium phases, which correspond mainly to carbonate  or bicarbonate phases but also to oxide phases, are discussed on the basis of the obtained results and those of former studies.
An experimental apparatus is described, in which Peltier elements are used for thermal control of lithium-ion cells under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions, i.e. to induce and maintain thermal gradients. Lithium-ion battery packs for automotive applications consist of hundreds of cells, and depending on the pack architecture, individual cells may experience non-uniform thermal boundary conditions. This paper presents the first study of the impact of artificially induced thermal gradients on cell performance. The charge transfer resistance of a 4.8 Ah is verified to have a strong temperature dependence following the Arrhenius law. Thermal cycling of the cell, combined with slow rate cyclic voltammetry, allows to rapidly identify phase transitions in electrodes, due to the thermal effect of entropy changes. A cell with a temperature gradient maintained across is found to have a lower impedance than one held at the theoretical average temperature. This feature is attributed to details of the inner structure of the cell, and to the non-linear temperature dependence of the charge transfer resistance.