batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Humans represent numbers along a left-to-right oriented Mental Number Line (MNL). Neglect patients seem to neglect the left part of the MNL, namely the smaller numbers within a given numerical interval. However, until now all studies examining numerical representation have focussed on single-digit numbers or two-digit numbers smaller than 50. In this study, the full range of two-digit numbers was assessed in neglect patients and two control groups. Participants were presented with number triplets (e.g., 10_13_18) and asked whether or not the central number is also the arithmetical middle of the interval. The factors manipulated were decade crossing (e.g., 22_25_28 vs 25_28_31), distance to the arithmetical middle (e.g., 18_19_32 vs 18_24_32), and, most importantly, whether the central number was smaller or larger than the arithmetical middle (e.g., 11_12_19 vs 11_18_19). Neglect patients differed from controls in that they benefited less when the middle number was smaller than the arithmetical middle of the interval. Neglect patients thus seem to have particular problems when accessing the left side of numerical intervals, also when adjusted to two-digit numbers. Such an impaired magnitude representation in neglect seems to have detrimental effects on two-digit number processing as the helpful spatial metric of magnitude cannot be properly activated.
A growing body of literature has shown that neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia account for 20–60% of the variance in measures of outcome, and in many studies are more closely related to outcome than symptoms [Green, M.F., Kern, R.S., Braff, D.L., Mintz, J., 2000. Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: are we measuring the “right stuff”? Schizophr. Bull. 26(1), 119–136; Green, M.F., Kern, R.S., Heaton, R.K., 2004. Longitudinal studies of cognition and functional outcome in schizophrenia: implications for MATRICS. Schizophr. Res. 72(1), 41–51]. Most of these studies have been cross-sectional, few longitudinal studies have investigated the degree to which neurocognition and symptoms predict ability to benefit from outpatient rehabilitation, and no longitudinal studies use measures of everyday life skills that are performance-based. In the current study we investigated the relationship between five measures of neurocognitive function, crystallized verbal ability, visual sustained vigilance, verbal learning, problem-solving, and processing speed, and two measures of symptoms, total positive and negative symptoms, and change on a performance-based measure of everyday life skills after a year of outpatient rehabilitation. Rehabilitation consisted of both psychosocial and cognitive interventions. Forty-six patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were studied. Results of a linear regression model revealed that verbal learning predicted a significant amount of the variance in change in performance-based measures of everyday life skills after outpatient rehabilitation, even when variance for all other variables in the model was accounted for. Measures of crystallized verbal ability, sustained visual vigilance, problem-solving, processing speed and symptoms were not linked to functional status change. These findings emphasize the importance of verbal learning for benefiting from psychosocial and cognitive rehabilitation interventions, and suggest the development of alternative rehabilitation strategies for those who do not benefit.
Composites of polyaniline (PANI) and a unique ordered mesoporous carbon MPC which possesses small pores inside the carbon walls have been prepared. The monomer (aniline) of PANI is firstly soaked in the small pores inside the carbon walls and then confined in the primary mesochannels as well with increasing the concentration of aniline in the soaking solution. After the following in situ polymerization, composites of PANI and MPC with bicontinuous interpenetrating framework are formed. The composites show significant redox activities at potentials negative to 0V vs. Hg/HgO in a strong alkaline solution, which is unusual for PANI and PANI based composites as PANI usually loses its electrochemical activity at pH>4. The specific capacitance of the composites is as high as 400Fg−1 at a high current density of 1Ag−1 in the potential range of −0.7 to 0V, which is twice higher than that of the host MPC. The capacitance only decreases about 9% when the discharge current density increases from 1 to 20Ag−1, indicative of excellent rate capability. Therefore, the composites are very promising for the application as electrode materials in supercapacitors, especially as materials for negative electrode in hybrid supercapacitors.
The major trends in PV technologies, applications and markets show promise for the future of renewable energy. The 30% growth projected for PV shipments in 1998 appears sustainable if current trends in new markets and applications reinforce and accelerate improvements in PV costs and performance. Through established partnerships and programs, R&D continues to focus on improving efficiency of solar energy systems, increasing manufacturing capability, reducing solar energy systems costs, enhancing reliability and flexibility of PV products, and producing innovations in thin-films and other emerging PV technologies. Continued research and market development in the US and other nations will advance quality and performance standards, and reduce the overall price of PV systems, laying the foundation for large-scale market expansion worldwide.
Unlike previous piezoelectric energy harvesters that generate electrical energy from a magnetic field according to the magnetic strength or magnetostrictive material, the proposed method achieves significant power enhancement using directional optimization of magnetization. This method can serve as a ubiquitous autonomous energy source that converts a magnetic field into usable electrical energy in a wireless sensor network for an (Industrial) Internet of Things (IIoT). The key approach in the proposed model is to increase of the Lorentz force by vertically adjusting the magnetic flux direction of a power cable and the magnetic direction of a tip magnet. In the simulation, a 3592 times higher y-axis Lorentz force was obtained in the vertical pole array, which resulted in about a 1.6 times higher output voltage. Then, we experimentally compared the electrical output performance of six different types of pole array according to the size and direction of the tip magnet. In a one-tip magnet (10 × 10 × 10 mm3), the output power values were 2.34 mW (Vertical) and 1.23 mW (Horizontal) at 8 kΩ matching impedance. For two-tip magnets (20 × 10 × 10 mm3), the output power values of the harvester were 39.2 mW (Planar-Vertical), 18.4 mW (Orthogonal-Vertical), 8.64 mW (Planar-Horizontal), and 0.05 mW (Orthogonal-Horizontal) at 5 kΩ matching impedance. It was found that the power generation differed by 2.13 to 784 times. With this method of power enhancement using multi-disciplinary research, we successfully constructed autonomous IoT and IIoT sensor systems for smart homes, smart buildings and smart factories.
Several isocyanate compounds have been investigated with regard to their performance as film forming electrolyte additives in propylene carbonate (PC) and EC/EMC-based electrolytes. In situ and ex situ analytical methods were applied to understand the differences in performance. Particular attention was paid to the differences of aromatic and linear isocyanate compounds.
To enhance the stability of potassium ferrate (VI) (K2FeO4) electrodes and their discharge capabilities in alkaline battery systems, yttria (Y2O3) doped zirconia (ZrO2) (denoted as Y2O3–ZrO2) coatings are utilized to protect the K2FeO4 electrode in alkaline electrolytes. The preparation conditions of Y2O3–ZrO2 coatings on K2FeO4 electrodes are investigated in detail and the optimum preparation conditions are determined. Results of discharge tests with open module batteries show that the Y2O3–ZrO2 coated K2FeO4 electrode (prepared under the optimum conditions) provides a superior discharge specific capacity than uncoated and ZrO2 coated K2FeO4 electrodes. Alternatively, to further explore the practical application of K2FeO4 electrodes, super-iron coin cells are assembled using a Y2O3–ZrO2 coated K2FeO4 electrode as the cathode and zinc foil as the anode. The discharge specific capacity and discharge specific energy of the coin cell with Y2O3–ZrO2 coated K2FeO4 cathode are 169.8mAhg−1 and 201.9Whkg−1 respectively, which are superior to the MnO2 coin cell. Therefore, the results indicate that Y2O3–ZrO2 coated K2FeO4 cathode is suitable for practical applications in alkaline battery systems. Consequently, the alkaline super-iron battery is expected to become a novel energy resource system that replaces present primary batteries in various electronic devices.
A local processing bias, referred to as “weak central coherence,” has been postulated to underlie key aspects of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Little research has examined whether individual differences in this cognitive style can be found in typical development, independent of intelligence, and how local processing relates to executive control. We present a brief and easy-to-administer test of coherence requiring global sentence completions. We report results from three studies assessing (a) 176 typically developing (TD) 8- to 25-year-olds, (b) individuals with ASD and matched controls, and (c) matched groups with ASD or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The results suggest that the Sentence Completion Task can reveal individual differences in cognitive style unrelated to IQ in typical development, that most (but not all) people with ASD show weak coherence on this task, and that performance is not related to inhibitory control. The Sentence Completion Task was found to be a useful test instrument, capable of tapping local processing bias in a range of populations.
MnOOH nanowire–graphene oxide composites are prepared by hydrothermal reaction in distilled water or 5% ammonia aqueous solution at 130°C with MnO2–graphene oxide composites which are synthesized by a redox reaction between KMnO4 and graphene oxide. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses and energy dispersive X-ray analyses (EDAX) show MnO2 is deoxidized to MnOOH on graphene oxide through hydrothermal reaction without any extra reductants. The electrochemical capacitance of MnOOH nanowire–graphene oxide composites prepared in 5% ammonia aqueous solution is 76Fg−1 at current density of 0.1Ag−1. Moreover, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) suggests the electrochemical resistance of MnOOH nanowire–graphene oxide composites is reduced when hydrothermal reaction is conducted in ammonia aqueous solution. The relationship between the electrochemical capacitance and the structure of MnOOH nanowire–graphene oxide composites is characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The results indicate the electrochemical performance of MnOOH nanowire–graphene oxide composites strongly depends on their morphology.
This paper presents the mission concept and engineering design of a debris-removing nanosatellite called Deorbiter CubeSat, within the framework of NASA’s Pre-Phase A studies. The spacecraft is designed based on the utilization of an eight-unit form factor, and is intended for the removal of predetermined sizable debris objects from the low Earth orbit. A number of attitude and orbit determination sensors and control actuators are included on the CubeSat, which are employed during the rendezvous, attachment, and deorbiting operations. Upon attaching to a debris, the CubeSat stabilizes the rotational motion of the debris, and then proceeds to reducing the debris orbit size, in order to re-enter Earth’s atmosphere and burn up due to the high atmospheric density. The engineering design of Deorbiter CubeSat is outlined, and the selected components are detailed. The selected components are commercially available and have long space heritage. System’s mass budget is analyzed, and preliminary component costs are estimated. Three scenarios for the Deorbiter CubeSat mission operations are considered, and the spacecraft power budget and components duty cycles are investigated for each scenario. In light of the results, the feasibility of each scenario for the Deorbiter CubeSat mission is discussed.
The ability to remotely monitor the behavior of animals and their interactions with their environment has revolutionized how ecologists conduct studies. The creative use and placement of sensors on both biologging and biotelemetric platforms can greatly expand the amount of information that can be garnered from ecological studies.
A passive air-breathing liquid feed direct methanol fuel cell with a 100cm2 active area without any auxiliary device is designed and fabricated. Then the effect of methanol concentration on the performance of fabricated passive DMFC is investigated experimentally. The results show that there is an optimum value for the methanol concentration that yields the best performance. Consequently, in this study, 4M is proved to be the optimal methanol concentration. Furthermore, the effect of the location and number of gasket and also the effect of cathode end frame properties are tested experimentally. The obtained results indicate that the number and location of gaskets have significant effects on cell performance. Also, according to results, it can be concluded that a high rigidity and less flexibility of cathode end frame material leads to a better cell performance. Finally, according to experimental results, with an optimized design, a maximum power output of 520mW (5.2mWcm−2) is achieved under ambient conditions.
A binary system of LiMoO2 – x LiF (0 ≤ x ≤ 2), Li1+x MoO2F x , is systematically studied as potential positive electrode materials for rechargeable Li batteries. Single phase and nanosized samples on this binary system are successfully prepared by using a mechanical milling route. Crystal structures and Li storage properties on the binary system are also examined. Li2MoO2F (x = 1), which is classified as a cation-/anion-disordered rocksalt-type structure and is a thermodynamically metastable phase, delivers a large reversible capacity of over 300 mAh g−1 in Li cells with good reversibility. Highly reversible Li storage is realized for Li2MoO2F consisting of nanosized particles based on Mo3+/Mo5+ two-electron redox as evidenced by ex-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy coupled with ex-situ X-ray diffractometry. Moreover, the presence of the most electronegative element in the framework structure effectively increases the electrode potential of Mo redox through an inductive effect. From these results, potential of nanosized lithium molybdenum oxyfluorides for high-capacity positive electrode materials of rechargeable Li batteries are discussed.
Four types of wide temperature-range electrolyte formulations based on carbonate and carboxylate esters were evaluated at various temperatures in lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) pouch cells consisting of both hard carbon (HC) and graphite negative electrodes (NEs) with thin lithium foil and an activated carbon (AC) positive electrodes (PEs). The electrolytes containing methyl butyrate (MB) with various additives enabled the LIC to operate at −40 °C, where all electrolytes based only on carbonates fail. MB-containing electrolyte with lithium Difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB) as additive showed the best cycling performance over 5000 cycles. Lithium plating also occurred on graphite NEs when charged at low temperatures starting at −20 °C, which resulted in the non-linear curves. When charged at 30 °C and discharged at −40 °C, graphite NE based LIC displayed regular linear charge-discharge curves without lithium plating. In comparison, HC NE based LICs showed better capacity retention at −40 °C and no signs of lithium plating. It could be concluded that low temperature performance of LIC was influenced by both electrolyte formulations and negative electrode material.
The activity correction for the electrochemical reaction and diffusion of lithium in the intercalation electrodes where structurally phase transition occurs during discharge and charge processes was examined. The equilibrium potentials for the lithium intercalation electrodes were represented successfully by the Nernst equation with the activity correction, which was expressed by the activity coefficient models for non-ideal behavior in LiCoO2 and mesocarbon-microbeads (MCMB) electrodes. Particularly for the LiCoO2 electrode, the NRTL model with the heterogeneous treatment was found to be suitable to describe accurately the concentration dependence of equilibrium potentials and phase transition in the electrode. Thereby, we formulated the particle-scale model by using the activity correction with the heterogeneous treatment for the diffusion of lithium in the intercalated electrodes and the electrochemical reaction on the surface of electrode particles in order to reproduce the discharge/charge voltage profile. In the heterogeneous treatment, we considered that the effective diffusivity and electrochemical reaction rate in coexisting region of two different phases for LiCoO2 electrode were able to be calculated by a linear function of lithium concentration. It was observed that the activity correction and heterogeneous treatment improved the prediction accuracy for the particle-scale diffusion model coupled with the electrochemical reaction model.
In this study, the microwave heating conversion of carbon dioxide linked with methane and steam, a greenhouse gas, was investigated to show the possibility for chemical energy storage. In the CO2 gasification, CO2 reacts with fixed carbon in carbon receptors to produce CO, and the CO2 conversion was 81.9%. Additionally, CO2 conversion was high when the carbon receptor temperature was high and the volumetric hourly space velocity was low. In the case of dry reforming, for which CH4 was supplied with the CO2, CH4 converted to hydrogen and black carbon by thermal decomposition. The black carbon attached to the activated centers on the carbon receptor and interrupted the conversion. But CO2 conversion was 81.8%, which was not significantly different from that of the CO2 gasification. In case of the CO2–steam reforming and combined reforming which were supplied steam, however, both CO2 conversions drastically decreased to 43.9% and 36.6%, respectively, because of the reduced reactivity of the active centers caused by steam condensation in the carbon acceptor. The heating value of the product gas was the highest (14.64 MJ m−3) in the dry reforming, showing the best value as fuel. The H2/CO ratio of the CO2-steam reforming was the largest value of 1.29, enabling fuel cell applications such as solid oxide fuel cells.
Two different SnO-based glasses, Sn2B3O6.5 and Sn2B2AlO6.5, have been examined with FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy at different stages during the first electrochemical cycle. It was found that some disruption of the connection between borate units in the network occurred during cycling. There was also an irreversible formation of Li3BO3 that can be related to the large capacity loss.
A growing evidence base demonstrates that interventions that focus on participation in physical and social activities can assist in preventing and treating both physical and mental health problems. In addition, there is some evidence that engaging in volunteering activities can provide beneficial social, physical, psychological, and cognitive outcomes for older people. This study will use a randomized controlled trial approach to investigate the potential for interventions involving volunteer activities to produce positive physical and psychological outcomes for older people, thereby contributing to the limited evidence relating to the potential for volunteering to provide multiple health effects.
In advanced Parkinson’s disease, several therapeutical option including not only lesional surgery (VIM, GPi) and deep brain stimulation (STN, GPi, VIM) but also continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusion therapy can be proposed to the patient. The choice depends on the hope of the patient, patient’s general health condition and the experience and choice of the neurosurgical and neurologist team. Here we report our experience based on 400 STN-DBS cases and we discuss, on the basis of our experience and on the literature, the advantage and disadvantage of DBS strategy as compared with non-surgical option such as continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusion therapy.
A conducting polypyrrole thin film is successfully coated onto the surface of LiCoO2 by a simple chemical polymerization method. The structure and morphology of pristine LiCoO2 and PPy-coated LiCoO2 are investigated by the techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) further demonstrate the existence of PPy. The electrochemical properties of the composites are investigated by galvanostatic charge–discharge test and AC impedance measurements, which show that the conductive PPy film on the surface significantly decrease the charge-transfer resistance of LiCoO2. The PPy-coated LiCoO2 exhibits a good electrochemical performance, showing initial discharge capacity of 182 mAh g−1 and retains 94.3% after 170 cycles. However, the retention of pristine LiCoO2 is only 83.5%. The rate capability results show that the reversible capacity retention (10C/0.2C) of LiCoO2 increases from 52.4% to 80.1% after being coated with PPy. The continuously coated thin PPy film is just like a capsule shell, which can protect the core (LiCoO2) from corrosion causing by the HF attacking and greatly reduce the dissolution of Co into electrolyte.
Solid state electrolytes are promising materials to mitigate the issues derived from the extreme reactivity of the lithium metal anodes in Li-metal batteries. The main properties sought for this application are high ionic conductivity, low electronic conductivity, and high interfacial stability. Here we investigate a class of sulfides (Li10GeP2S12, Li2P2S6, β-Li3PS4, and Li7P3S11) that have shown relatively good ionic conductivities. However, little is known regarding their interfacial stability. We use density functional theory and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the time evolution of the interfacial structure. We characterize atomic diffusion and reactions happening at the picosecond time scale, allowing us to identify the main interfacial products: Li2S, Li3P and Li17Ge4. We then study how the reactivity changes when the Li metal surface is coated with a thin film of Li2S.