batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
An odorant receptor map in mammals that is constructed by the glomerular coalescence of sensory neuron axons in the olfactory bulb is essential for proper odor information processing. How this map is linked with olfactory cortex is unknown. Using a battery of methods, including various markers of cell division in combination with tracers of neuronal connections and time-lapse live imaging, we found that early- and late-generated mouse mitral cells became differentially distributed in the dorsal and ventral subdivisions of the odorant receptor map. In addition, the late-generated mitral cells extended substantially stronger projections to the olfactory tubercle than did the early-generated cells. Together, these data indicate that the odorant receptor map is developmentally linked to the olfactory cortices in part by the birthdate of mitral cells. Thus, different olfactory cortical regions become involved in processing information from distinct regions of the odorant receptor map.
Valve-regulated lead–acid batteries are maintenance free, safer, office compatible, and have higher volume efficiency than conventional designs. They are universally used in telecommunications and uninterruptible power supply systems. With the electrolyte immobilized in the separator or as a gel, it is feasible for a monobloc battery to have cells that are not fully sealed from one another, that is to have a common gas space, with certain attendant benefits. This study demonstrates that small differences in the saturation level, acid strength or operating temperature of the cells in such designs can initiate a cycle that may subsequently result in failure if the movement of oxygen and water vapour between cells is unrestricted. Cells that are initially out-of-balance will go further out-of-balance at an ever-increasing rate. This situation can also arise in monobloc designs with sealed cells if the intercell seal is inadequate or incomplete. Battery failure is associated with a re-distribution of water between the cells with some drying out and having high impedance. The preferential oxygen absorption in those cells produces heavily sulfated negative plates. Results on batteries tested under a range of overcharge conditions and temperatures are presented to illustrate these effects. The rate at which the cycle occurs depends on the initial relative density of the acid, the temperature or saturation imbalance between the cells, and the size of the interconnecting gas space. Batteries operating under a continuous cycling regime, particularly those with high overcharge currents and voltages that generate large volumes of oxygen, are more prone to this type of failure mode than batteries operating under low overcharge, intermittent cycling, or float conditions.
Composition of polyacene (PAS)-based negative electrode has been optimized to be suitable for rechargeable battery systems with polymeric gel electrolytes. The gel electrolytes consisted of poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylrne) (PVdF-HFP) as a host polymer, a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) as a plasticizer, and LiX (X=ClO4 or (C2F5SO2)2N) as a carrier salt. Three types of composite PAS electrodes were prepared and their compatibility with the polymeric gel electrolytes was examined. A half cell assembled with the composite PAS electrode containing proper amounts of polymeric gel and the electrolyte film with the same gel composition showed good cycling characteristics. The gel composition containing 1.0moldm−3 (M) Li(C2F5SO2)2N/(EC+DEC) gave discharge capacity of about 600Ahkg−1 (with respect to the mass of PAS) with high rechargeability.
Divergent thinking (DT) as one component of creativity is the ability to search for multiple solutions to a single problem and is reliably tested with the Alternative Uses Task (AUT). DT depends on activity in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), a prefrontal region that has also been associated with inhibitory control (IC). Experimentally manipulating IC through transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) led to alterations in DT. Here, we aimed at further examining such potential mediating effects of IC on DT (measured as flexibility, fluency, and originality in the AUT) by modulating IC tDCS. Participants received either cathodal tDCS (c-tDCS) of the left IFG coupled with anodal tDCS (a-tDCS) of the right IFG (L−R + ; N = 19), or the opposite treatment (L + R−; N = 21). We hypothesized that L + R− stimulation would enhance IC assessed with the Go NoGo task (GNGT), and that facilitated IC would result in lower creativity scores. The reversed stimulation arrangement (i.e., L− R +) should result in higher creativity scores. We found that tDCS only affected the originality component of the AUT but not flexibility or fluency. We also found no effects on IC, and thus, the mediation effect of IC could not be confirmed. However, we observed a moderation effect: inhibition of left and facilitation of right IFG (L−R +) resulted in enhanced flexibility and originality scores, only when IC performance was also improved. We conclude that inducing a right-to-left gradient in IFG activity by tDCS is efficient in enhancing DT, but only under conditions where tDCS is sufficient to alter IC performance as well.
A new theoretical approach of the insertion/deinsertion of lithium cations in host materials is proposed to take into account two main phenomena which are not included in the classical analysis i.e. the concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient and the influence of the gradient of chemical potential arising from the departures from ideality (thermodynamic enhancement factor). The error function is used to obtain a suitable representation of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the system. The electrochemical process is analysed by numerical integration of the diffusion equation. This procedure proves to be useful to analyse the behaviour of systems involving phase-transition processes and large changes in the chemical potential when the concentration varies. The theoretical analysis is illustrated on the model case of lithium insertion in V2O5 thin film prepared by atomic layer chemical vapour deposition (ALCVD).
Water oxidation by amorphous oxides is of high interest in artificial photosynthesis and other routes towards non-fossil fuels, but the mode of catalysis in these materials is insufficiently understood. We tracked mechanistically relevant oxidation-state and structural changes of an amorphous Co-based catalyst film by in situ experiments combining directly synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) with electrocatalysis. Unlike a classical solid-state material, the bulk material is found to undergo chemical changes. Two redox transitions at midpoint potentials of about 1.0 V (CoII0.4CoIII0.6 ↔ all-CoIII) and 1.2 V (all-CoIII ↔ CoIII0.8CoIV0.2) vs. NHE at pH 7 are coupled to structural changes. These redox transitions can be induced by variation of either electric potential or pH; they are broader than predicted by a simple Nernstian model, suggesting interacting bridged cobalt ions. Tracking reaction kinetics by UV-Vis-absorption and time-resolved mass spectroscopy reveals that accumulated oxidizing equivalents facilitate dioxygen formation. On these grounds, a new framework model of catalysis in an amorphous, hydrated and volume-active oxide is proposed: Within the oxide film, cobalt ions at the margins of Co-oxo fragments undergo CoII ↔ CoIII ↔ CoIV oxidation-state changes coupled to structural modification and deprotonation of Co-oxo bridges. By the encounter of two (or more) CoIV ions, an active site is formed at which the O–O bond-formation step can take place. The Tafel slope is determined by both the interaction between cobalt ions (width of the redox transition) and their encounter probability. Our results represent a first step toward the development of new concepts that address the solid-molecular Janus nature of the amorphous oxide. Insights and concepts described herein for the Co-based catalyst film may be of general relevance also for other amorphous oxides with water-oxidation activity.
An issue associated with aluminum-based batteries is the drastic parasitic corrosion of aluminum anode, which significantly restricts the utilization of aluminum. An effective approach is to add inhibitors in electrolytes to reduce the anode corrosion rate. In this work, Na2SnO3 and casein are proposed to act as a hybrid inhibitor in alkaline aluminum-air fuel cell. It is demonstrated that 0.05M Na2SnO3 and 0.6gL−1 casein offers the strongest corrosion protection, reducing the corrosion rate by approximately one order of magnitude. The corrosion inhibition is mainly attributed to the inhibition of cathodic reaction process. In addition, the analysis on the morphology and composition of the aluminum surface suggests that casein can greatly promote the deposition of tin to form a uniform and stable layer on the aluminum surface, due to the strong adsorption of polar functional groups in casein. Furthermore, the use of the hybrid inhibitor in aluminum-air fuel cell contributes to an increase of discharge capacity by 89.3%.
This paper uses recent data on U.S. children from the National Survey of America’s Families (NSAF) to create indices that tally the number of problems or risks that individual children experience. We compare results with those from indices developed elsewhere that assess the change across sets of population-level indicators. While the two types of indices show similar trends over time, specific changes, as well as trends, depend on the specific domain of well-being or context examined, highlighting the importance of the distinction between well-being and context. Children with problems in multiple domains tend to be socio-economically and demographically disadvantaged compared with other children. We preface this work by providing an overview of the history of child well-being indicators and distinguish indices of child well-being from indices of the condition of children.
Metallic cobalt–graphene composites were synthesized through coprecipitation synthetic method followed by hydrothermal treatment at 180°C. The composite material as prepared was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM, TEM, Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) analysis and Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The results indicate that metallic cobalt particles possess a good dispersion on the surface of graphene. The electrochemical performance of metallic cobalt–graphene composites was characterized by Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge tests. The specific capacitance of the composite material approaches 1340Fg−1 at current density of 1.5Ag−1 with a capacitance retention rate of 82% at current density of 3.5Ag−1. The results suggest that the combination of metallic cobalt and graphene leads to synergistic performance, which inherits the overall system with enhanced electrochemical performance.
In this paper, dynamic behavior and performance of a fuel cell power plant (FCPP) which operates in parallel with a battery bank is tested under classified load conditions, such as mostly resistive, mostly inductive, resistive-inductive and non-linear loads. Thereafter, voltage stability analysis is performed using the dynamic response of the FCPP for stand-alone residential applications. Simulation results are obtained using the MATLAB® and Simulink® software packages, based on the mathematical and dynamic electrical models of the system. Using the experimental results, a validated model has been realized and voltage stability analysis is performed through this model.
With the increasing technological maturity and economies of scale for solar photovoltaic (PV) and electrical energy storage (EES), there is a potential for mass-scale deployment of both technologies in stand-alone and grid-connected power systems. The challenge arises in analyzing the economic projections on complex hybrid systems utilizing PV and EES. It is well known that PV power is of diurnal and stochastic nature, and surplus electrical energy is generally available in midday during high irradiance levels. EES does not produce energy as it is not a conventional generator source. Commonly, the cost of a generating asset or the power system is evaluated by using levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). In this paper, a new metric levelized cost of delivery (LCOD) is proposed to calculate the LCOE for the EES. A review on definitions in LCOE for PV hybrid energy systems is provided. Four years of solar irradiance data from Johannesburg and the national load data from Kenya are obtained for case studies. The proposed cost calculation methods are evaluated with two types of EES, namely Vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) and Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery. It shows that the marginal LCOE and LCOD indices can be used to assist policymakers to consider the discount rate, the type of storage technology and sizing of components in a PV-EES hybrid system.
P2-type Na0.7MnO2, with high capacity and excellent Na ion conductivity, is a promising cathode material for Na-ion batteries. However, its rapid capacity decay upon repeated cycles restricts its practical application. In this study, we demonstrate a facile method to surface coat and dope P2-Na0.7MnO2 with a P2-Na0.7Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 layer in a single step to enhance its cycle stability. The coating suppresses the dissolution of Mn ions into electrolyte, and the Ni dopant suppresses orthorhombic distortion, inhibits Na+/vacancy ordering and improves structural stability upon cycling. As a consequence, the coating enhances capacity retention from 62.2% (Na0.7MnO2) to 87.7% (Na0.7MnO2/20 wt% Na0.7Ni0.33Mn0.67O2) over 50 cycles, and from 20.7% (Na0.7MnO2) to 68.9% (Na0.7MnO2/20 wt% Na0.7Ni0.33Mn0.67O2) over 100 cycles without sacrificing the initial discharge capacity. In addition, the air-stable Na0.7Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 surface layer protects Na0.7MnO2 against air exposure.
Broglio SP, Sosnoff JJ, Rosengren KS, McShane K. A comparison of balance performance: computerized dynamic posturography and a random motion platform. Objective To establish the clinical utility of the PROPRIO 5000 as a balance assessment device by establishing convergent validity with the NeuroCom sensory organization test (SOT). Design Cross-sectional. Setting Balance research laboratory. Participants Young adults (N=40; 21.1±1.4y). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Performance on each of the 6 NeuroCom SOT testing conditions and PROPRIO 5000 dynamic motion analysis score. Results Correlational analyses between output variables yielded significant relationships between the dynamic motion analysis score from the 0 to 10 second (r=−.38), 10 to 20 second (r=−.34), and 20 to 30 second (r=−.35) intervals and the SOT composite balance score. Conclusions The initial stages of the PROPRIO 5000 and the NeuroCom SOT battery may evaluate similar aspects of postural control. However, as the magnitude of PROPRIO perturbations increased, the relationship between the devices diverged and the complete PROPRIO assessment is not thought to pair with the SOT assessment. Differences between the 2 devices may be associated with varying degrees of test difficulty and the necessary postural control strategies involved in responding to continual balance perturbations (PROPRIO 5000) or to different sensory inputs (SOT).
A series of solid magnesium electrolytes were synthesized via the transmetallation of magnesium phenolates to coordinatively unsaturated metal sites lining the pores of the metal–organic frameworks Mg2(2,5-dioxidobenzene-1,4-dicarboxylate) and Mg2(4,4′-dioxidobiphenyl-3,3′-dicarboxylate). The resulting materials represent a new class of solid magnesium electrolytes that are both crystalline, and exhibit room-temperature ionic conductivities up to 0.25 mS cm−1. The materials reported herein are one-hundred times more conductive at room temperature than any other solid magnesium electrolyte and represent the only class of materials sufficiently conductive for practical consideration in magnesium batteries.
Herein, we report a rapid and simultaneous synthesis of manganese oxide (MnO2) nanoparticles deposited on porous graphene foam by microwave-assisted method. The microwave irradiation enables simultaneously reduction and porous structure of graphene oxide and deposition of MnO2. As-synthesized MnO2/graphene nanocomposites are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The resultant MnO2/graphene nanocomposite electrodes exhibit as high as specific capacitance of 372Fg−1 at 0.5Ag−1, high rate capability (82% retention at 5Ag−1), and good long-term stability (98.5% retention during 3000cycles). This synthetic method could be applicable to the mass production of porous nanocomposites as energy storage materials for supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries.
A new carbon nanotube (CNTs)–poly acrylonitrile (PAN) composite electrolyte was prepared by the thermal polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) with CNTs for solid-state dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). It was found that the uniform CNT–PAN composite was formed due to the thermal polymerization of AN on CNTs. The strong bonding between CNTs and PAN could be confirmed by the characterization of XPS and Raman spectroscopy, resulting in the lowering of crystallinity and the increasing the ionic conductivity of composite electrolytes. On comparison with bare CNTs and the other composite electrolytes, the formation of triiodide (I3 −) ions in CNT–PAN composite electrolytes was drastically increased which was expected from the high ionic conductivity of electrolyte via I3 −/I− redox couple. DSSCs fabricated with CNT–PAN composite electrolytes achieved relatively high conversion efficiency of 3.9% with an open circuit voltage (V OC ) of 0.57V, short circuit current density (J SC ) of 10.9mA/cm2 and fill factor of 63.6%, which attributed to supply the higher extent of I3 − ions from CNT–PAN composite electrolyte during the charge transport process.
Owing to high energy density, silicon monoxide is an attractive anode material for lithium ion secondary batteries. However, its huge irreversible capacity during initial cycling makes it difficult to use in lithium secondary batteries. A new technique for lithiation in the silicon monoxide has been developed using Li powders. The electrochemical behavior of the lithium powder pre-doped carbon-coated silicon monoxide (OG) anode cell was studied. The cells showed reduced initial irreversibility and enhanced coulombic efficiency. The behavior of the cells was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and electrochemical testing methods.
Paraffin has a great potential as the phase change material (PCM) to be applied in many energy-related applications, such as thermal energy storage and thermal management, due to its appropriate phase change temperature and large latent heat. The heat transfer characteristics during phase change of paraffin play a very important role in determining the thermo-fluidic performance of the systems. However, the drawback of small thermal conductivity of PCM hampers its application. In the present study, the composite PCM was fabricated by using copper foam to enhance the thermal conductivity of paraffin, and an experimental setup was built to study the phase change heat transfer characteristics of composite PCM. The evolvement of solid–liquid interface and temperature variation during the melting process were experimentally investigated, and the experimental results were compared with the numerical results obtained by the two-temperature energy model. It was indicated that there was a quite large temperature difference between the ligament of copper foam and paraffin, which was due to the thermal non-equilibrium effect in heat transfer between the paraffin and copper foam. Good agreement between the experimental and numerical results showed that the heat transfer characteristics could be well depicted by the two-temperature energy model, which can be further used to depict the heat transfer in thermal energy storage or temperature management using composite PCM.
Background Clinical tests assessing a correlation between structural pathology and cervical pain have been unsuccessful, leading the way for the development of functionally based tests. The purpose of this narrative is to review 4 promising functional tests for the assessment of sensorimotor dysfunction in patients with neck pain. The Joint Position Error/Head Repositioning Accuracy tests, and the Rod and Frame Test were reviewed. Special Features The SPNTT was developed to test proprioceptive mechanisms in the neck by applying torsion to mainly mechanoreceptors in the cervical spine. The Joint Position Error and Head Repositioning Accuracy test cervicocephalic kinesthesia or the ability to perceive both movement and position of the head in space related to the trunk. The Rod and Frame Test assesses patients' perception of the vertical orientation of their head in 3-dimensional space. All of these tests evaluate important mechanisms responsible for maintaining postural stability and balance and are thought to be applicable for use in mechanical neck pain patients. Summary All of the reviewed tests show clinical promise because they are able to distinguish patients with neck pain, particularly those with whiplash trauma and dizziness from asymptomatic controls. All of the tests assess cervical sensorimotor dysfunction, although considerably more research is needed to more clearly establish the psychometric properties for each test including minimal clinical important difference. Although these tests can be used in routine clinical practice, they should be used in combination with other related tests.
A novel process for extracting transition metals, recovering lithium and regenerating cathode materials based on facile co-extraction and co-precipitation processes has been developed. 100% manganese, 99% cobalt and 85% nickel are co-extracted and separated from lithium by D2EHPA in kerosene. Then, Li is recovered from the raffinate as Li2CO3 with the purity of 99.2% by precipitation method. Finally, organic load phase is stripped with 0.5M H2SO4, and the cathode material LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 is directly regenerated from stripping liquor without separating metal individually by co-precipitation method. The regenerative cathode material LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 is miro spherical morphology without any impurities, which can meet with LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 production standard of China and exhibits good electrochemical performance. Moreover, a waste battery management model is introduced to guarantee the material supply for spent battery recycling.
We designed and fabricated supercapacitors by directly drawing graphite on cellulose paper. The supercapacitors show stable long cycling performance and a high areal capacitance of 2.3 mF cm−2, which is much higher than the literature reported values. This solvent-free deposition technique represents a low cost, highly scalable and versatile fabrication method for integrated paper-based energy devices.
Hierarchical tetragonal microtubes consisting of ultrathin mesoporous NiCo2O4 nanosheets have been obtained by annealing nickel cobalt layered double hydroxide microtubes which are synthesized by a one-step solvothermal method. Benefiting from the unique structural features, these hierarchical NiCo2O4 microtubes manifest an excellent electrochemical performance in terms of high specific capacitance and remarkable cycle life as a battery-type electrode for hybrid supercapacitors.