batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The legal risks associated with health research involving human subjects have been highlighted recently by a number of lawsuits launched against those involved in conducting and evaluating the research. Some of these cases have been fully addressed by the legal system, resulting in judgments that provide some guidance. The vast majority of cases have either settled before going to trial, or have not yet been addressed by the courts, leaving us to wonder what might have been and what guidance future cases may bring. What is striking about the lawsuits that have been commenced is the broad range of individuals/institutions that are named as defendants and the broad range of allegations that are made. The research community should take this early experience as a warning and should reflect carefully on practices where research involving human subjects is concerned.
Mechanical properties and conductivity were computed for several composite polymer electrolyte structures. A multi-phase effective medium approach was used to estimate effective conductivity. The Mori–Tanaka approach was applied for calculating the effective stiffness tensor of the composites. An analysis of effective mechanical properties was performed in order to identify the composite structures, which would be capable of blocking the dendrites forming in Li-ion battery when Li metal is used as anode. The stability parameter which combines both stiffness and compressibility of the electrolyte was used in the analysis. The calculations were done over the wide range of Young's modulus of the polymer matrix showing the threshold concentration of the filler necessary for the mechanical stability. The results can be used to formulate design criteria for solid electrolytes that would exhibit appropriate stiffness and compressibility to suppress lithium dendrite growth while maintaining high effective conductivities.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses numerous types of mercury-zinc batteries: mercury-zinc primary batteries and mercury-zinc cardiac pacemaker batteries. In mercury-zinc primary batteries button cells with solid cathodes are designed as anode limited. The anode is amalgamated powdered or gelled zinc and contains a gelling agent, and is housed in a triclad metal top with the copper in direct contact with the zinc. The anode is separated from the mercuric oxide cathode by a separator or absorbent material and a semi-permeable membrane barrier. The design of the absorbent/separator system depends on the intended use of the cell. An important application is hearing aid cells. In mercury-zinc cardiac pacemaker batteries anode consists of amalgamated zinc, which is in contact with the welded top assembly, the inner face of which is also amalgamated to achieve electrochemical compatibility with the anode. It is surrounded by the absorbent barrier, which is impregnated with a solution of sodium hydroxide saturated with zinc oxide. This type of electrolyte minimizes hydrolysis of the zinc, which causes production of hydrogen and results in capacity loss. The annular cathode consists of mercuric oxide mixed with silver powder, which forms a solid amalgam with the mercury appearing during discharge. It is in contact with the welded can assembly, which forms the positive terminal of the battery. The sealing ring and insulators, which divide the battery into two compartments, reduce the risk of short-circuit and electrical leakage.
The silicon@graphene composite as anode material was prepared by a spray–drying method combined with a low temperature reduction technology. XRD results show that the composite is composed of silicon and graphene confirmed by the FT–IR and Raman spectra. SEM and TEM results reveal that the silicon@graphene powders are the spherical shape with micron in diameter and graphene sheets are enwrapped with nano–silicon particles. The silicon@graphene composite shows an improved electrochemical performance, in which the sample can show the best electrochemical performance while the mass ratio of silicon and graphene oxide reaches to 1:4, delivering a high initial charge capacity of 1298.1mAh g−1 at 100mAg−1. Moreover, the sample can also show good rate performance, which indicates that it could be used as a promising anode material for Li–ion batteries.
Some mixtures of two active materials are utilized for the blended cathodes in lithium-ion batteries. The blended cathode and unitary cathodes were prepared by a layer compound, LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2, and a spinel compound, LiAl0.1Mn1.9O4 as simple active materials in order to develop the method to estimate the capacities of the both active materials in the blended cathode. The differential curves (dQ/dV) clearly provided the information on the redox voltage region of the layer and the spinel compounds in the unitary and blended cathodes. A regression curve of the layer compound was partially calculated using the dQ/dV of blended cathode in the layered redox voltage region, and it was extrapolated until the mixed redox voltage region of the layer and spinel compounds. The capacity in the blended cathode was divided into the capacities of the active materials by this curve. This method was also successfully applied to the degraded blended cathode. This method proposed in this paper is a significant technique for degradation analysis of both active materials in the blended cathode without the need for the same active material lots as those of blended cathodes, using information on electrochemically active voltage ranges of each active material such as references.
A simplified model, to that produced previously by the authors, for the galvanostatic discharge of primary alkaline battery cathodes is presented. Laplace transform and perturbation methods are employed to obtain the leading order spatial and temporal behaviour of the porous cathode over two distinct size scales. It is shown that for a wide range of industrially relevant discharge conditions the time taken for KOH electrolyte to diffuse into a porous electrolytic manganese dioxide particle is fast compared with the cathodic discharge time and that ohmic losses within the graphite phase of the cathode can be considered to be negligible. Numerical solution of the simplified model equations is discussed and the results are validated against relevant experimental data.
Background Although many comprehensive batteries exist to evaluate the nature and degree of cognitive impairments in patients with schizophrenia, short batteries hold promise for rapidly screening and estimating deficits in global cognition. Recently, the Brief Neurocognitive Assessment (BNA) was established and has been shown to have similar validity and utility to a more comprehensive battery of cognitive tests in evaluating global cognitive impairments in patients with schizophrenia. The present study sought to further establish the validity of the BNA by comparing it with the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Methods One-hundred seventy-six patients with schizophrenia and 300 healthy volunteers participated in the present study. Global cognition was evaluated using the MCCB composite score and estimated using the BNA. To examine practice effects and test–retest reliability, patients were re-assessed after 4weeks. Results The BNA was highly correlated with global cognition as evaluated by the MCCB in both the schizophrenia (r =0.82) and healthy control samples (r =0.75). Both instruments were similarly sensitive to deficits in global cognition in patients with schizophrenia relative to healthy controls. The BNA also demonstrated high test–retest reliability in patients with schizophrenia (r =0.87), comparable to the level observed with the MCCB (r =0.91). In addition, both the BNA and MCCB showed a similar level of practice effects (both Cohen's d=0.11), and both instruments demonstrated equivalent sensitivities to longitudinal change. Furthermore, scores from the BNA and MCCB were related to symptom severity and functional capacity to a similar degree. Conclusions The BNA provides clinicians and researchers with an efficient and reliable means by which to evaluate global neurocognitive impairments in patients with schizophrenia by allowing estimation of performance on a more comprehensive standardized battery.
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have been attracting growing attention due to the high theoretical energy density (2600 Wh kg−1). Nevertheless, the shuttle effect caused by the diffusion of polysulfides obstructs the further development of Li-S batteries. In this work, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) with enriched polysulfides adsorption sites of pyridinic-N has been utilized as one kind of chemical adsorption materials to restrict the migration of polysulfides. The vacuum-filtration technique has been employed to cover an ultrathin g-C3N4 film onto the commercial polypropylene (PP) separator (denoted as g-C3N4 separator) which has an effective suppression of polysulfides travel without increasing the mass of the whole battery. Besides, this strategy is simple, straightforward, and effective. As a result, an excellent reversible capacity of 829 mA h g−1 is retained at 0.2C after 200 cycles, much better than that of the battery with a traditional PP separator. Meanwhile, when coupled with the g-C3N4 separator, the Li-S batteries also shows lower self-discharge rate. This result shows a great potential for the mass applications of g-C3N4 separator for Li-S batteries.
The lithium/sulfur battery is a promising electrochemical system with high capacity, which is well-known to undergo a complex multistep reaction during the discharge process. Two types of electrolytes including poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (PEGDME)-based and 1,3-dioxolane (DOL)/dimethoxyethane (DME)-based electrolytes were investigated here. Furthermore, LiNO3 additive was introduced into the electrolyte in order to effectively eliminate the overcharge effect. The lithium sulfur battery with 1.0 M LiN(CF3SO2)2 in PEGDME with 0.1 M LiNO3 shows highly stable reversible capacity of 624.8 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles and improved average coulombic efficiency of 98%.
Due to increasing fossil fuel prices and their limited availability, the global energy focus is shifting towards renewable resources. However, the uptake of these resources by Pakistan is rather slow. Various factors such as political interference, social unacceptability and economic barriers are deterring the widespread use of these resources. In addition, there is a consensus in the literature that technological knowledge of solar PV in Pakistan is limited at best. Many studies have indicated technological shortcomings as one of the major barriers in PV growth, however very little or no work has been reported which could actually address these issues. This paper reviews the current state of affairs in solar PV with a focus towards the technological shortcomings. We highlight various inefficient practices in the system design which lead to un-optimized and unreliable systems, thus contributing towards the lack of social acceptability of PV. We also propose several modifications that should be added to the design process of such systems to make them more accurate and reliable. Conforming to proper design methodologies and detailed understanding of technological aspects will go a long way in making PV grow in Pakistan.
Due to its extremely high capacity, silicon (Si) is a potentially very useful anode material for lithium (Li) ion batteries. The key aim in the application of Si-based nanostructures to Li ion battery anodes is to improve their cyclic properties. To minimize volume expansion during the insertion and extraction of Li ions, we synthesized unique Si-iron (Fe) based nanomaterials connected by Ge nanostructures using chemical vapor deposition. The Si-Fe based new nanostructures showed a maximum capacity of about 689mAh/g and stable cyclic properties. These properties are due to their unique nano-composite structures composed by Si and metals.
The performance degradation and durability of a Li-ion battery is a major concern when it is operated under radiation conditions, for instance, in deep space exploration, in high radiation field, or rescuing or sampling equipment in a post-nuclear accident scenario. This paper examines the radiation effects on the electrode and electrolyte materials separately and their effects on a battery's capacity loss and resistance increase. A60Co irradiator (34.3 krad/h) was used to provide 0.8, 4.1, and 9.8 Mrad dose to LiFePO4 electrodes and 0.8, 1.6, and 5.7 Mrad to 1 M LiPF6 in 1:1 wt% EC:DMC electrolytes. This study shows that the coin cells assembled with irradiated components have higher failure rate (ca. 70%) than that of control group (ca. 14%). A significant battery capacity fade post irradiation was observed. The electrolyte also shows a darkened color a few weeks or months after irradiation. The discovery of this latent effect may be significant because a battery may degrade significantly even showing no sign of degradation immediately after exposure. We investigated electrolyte composition by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy prior and post irradiation. Polymerization reactions and HF formation are considered as the cause of the discoloration.
This manuscript discuss about the various DC-DC converter configurations with high voltage conversion ratio utilized in DC micro-grid structures. The presented DC-DC converter topologies play a major role globally in the power generation sector including micro-grid, because of its decreased number of semiconductor devices, maximum conversion efficiency, small in size and cost of manufacturing is less. In this manuscript the DC-DC converter are categorized in to isolated and Non-isolated topologies. The first group topography works with the presence of transformer and the second group works without the transformer. These converters are capable to provide the various stages of output range. Researchers utilize these converters in the area of renewable energy generation, electric vehicle, micro sources, charge pumping applications etc. Hence they also work to improve the efficiency and reliability with reduction in components numbers and economical aspect. In this manuscript, the various topography of DC-DC converter topologies utilized in micro-grid are reviewed and comparison is made based on voltage conversion ratio, duty ratio, efficiency along with the basic operating principle. This review also reveals the research gaps, current trends, and challenges in the last part.
The phase diagram of Li x NiO2 (0<x<1) and the evolution of the monoclinic distortion as a function of the lithium content are calculated using a combination of first-principles energy methods and statistical–mechanics techniques. As a function of the temperature different ordered Li x NiO2 structures appear in the phase diagram at x=0.25, 0.33, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.75. Noteworthy, a new and unsuspected phase, Li0.4NiO2, dominates the low-lithium region of the phase diagram. In agreement with experimental results, maxima in monoclinicity (a m/b m) are predicted to occur near Li0.75NiO2 and Li0.4NiO2. The coupling between the Li-vacancy ordering and the Jahn–Teller activity of Ni3+ ions plays a crucial role in the stability of ordered Li x NiO2 structures and is at the origin of the monoclinic distortion. As a result, the different electrochemical behavior of Li x NiO2 versus Li x CoO2 lies in the electronic nature of the involved transition metal cation.
We compared the results of two biologging techniques used to study the foraging behaviour of a colony of small inshore predators, little penguins (Eudyptula minor). The first technique involved the use of satellite transmitters and diving loggers deployed on separate individuals, which has been the conventional method of tracking the movements and behaviour of this species for >10years. The second technique combined a diving logger and a global positioning system (GPS) logger deployed on the same individual, which is similar to the biologging methods presently being developed and used for many other species. We then considered the value of each technique as a conservation tool operating at the small scale (foraging area <5000ha and duration <1day). We found that the separately deployed satellite transmitters significantly underestimated the penguins' foraging area size. However, the size of the foraging area and other foraging parameters, such as total distance travelled, were influenced by the degree of GPS location sub-sampling. Furthermore, only the combined diving and GPS loggers could confidently describe the diving behaviour of the penguins in relation to the sea floor and identify that they were using small areas of conservation interest (shipping channel) inside their foraging area. Hence, the method employed to assess habitat use at fine scales can influence conservation measures that rely upon the data collected. We suggest that researchers fast-track their adoption of high resolution multi-loggers for increased data confidence when tracking animals at a fine scale, but also consider the potential effect of sampling rate on the calculation of parameters of interest.
High-energy anode materials have attracted significant attention because of their potential applications in large-scale energy storage devices. However, they often suffer from rapid capacity fading due to the pulverization of the electrode and the breakdown of electric conductive network caused by the large volume changes of active material upon repeated lithium insertion and extraction. In this work, a new electrode composed of Si/C composite nanofibers was prepared, aiming at the improvement of cycling performance of Si anodes through the establishment of a stable electric conductive network for Si during cycling. By electrospinning, a three-dimensional network of carbon nanofibers, which possesses good elasticity to maintain the structure integrity and stable electric conductive network, is formed; by carbon coating, all Si nanoparticles are tightly bonded with carbon fibers to form a stable electric conductive pathway for electrode reactions. The nanofiber structure and the carbon coating on Si, combined with the binder, lead to a stable network structure that can accommodate the huge volume change of Si during the repeated volume expansion and contraction, thus resulting in excellent cycling performance.
To examine the association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and academic performance in children and adolescents.
The anode reaction mechanism and the crossover of a direct dimethyl ether fuel cell (DDMEFC) have been investigated. This was done by considering the anode products of the half-cell and DDMEFC experiments. It was found that the CO2 current efficiency of the DDMEFC was almost 1 at 30–80°C and that this value was higher than that of a DMFC. The main by-products of the DDMEFC were methyl formate and methanol whose amounts are negligibly small compared to CO2. With respect to crossover, the influence of DME on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was examined with a half-cell, and the amount of crossover of DME was measured while operating an actually constructed DDMEFC. From these experiments, it was found that DME does not influence the ORR as much as methanol under similar conditions. Furthermore, the amount of crossover of DME decreased with an increase in temperature and current density and it was one-half that of methanol on open circuit and at 80°C. The CO2 current efficiency of the DDMEFC is higher than that of a DMFC, and the influence of crossover in the DDMEFC is less than that in the DMFC. Since the temperature dependence of the reactivity of DME is larger than that of methanol, the higher output is expected for the DDMEFC at the elevated temperature. Therefore, the DDMEFC has a promising potential as a portable power source in the future.
Neutral red (Nr) is relatively non-toxic and is widely used as indicator dye in many biological test systems. It absorbs visible light and is known to act as a photosensitizer, involving the generation of reactive oxygen species (type-I reaction) and singlet oxygen (type-II reaction). The mutagenicity of Nr was determined in the Ames test (with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA97, TA98, TA98NR, TA100, and TA102) with and without metabolic activation, and with and without photo-activation on agar plates. Similarly to the situation following metabolic activation, photo-mutagenicity of Nr was seen with all Salmonella strains tested, albeit with different effects between these strains. To our knowledge, Nr is the only photo-mutagen showing such a broad action. Since the effects are also observed in strains not known to be responsive to ROS, this indicates that ROS production is not the sole mode of action that leads to photo-genotoxicity. The reactive species produced by irradiation are short-lived as pre-irradiation of an Nr solution did not produce mutagenic effects when added to the bacteria. In addition, mutagenicity in TA98 following irradiation was stronger than in the nitroreductase-deficient strain TA98NR, indicating that nitro derivatives that are transformed by bacterial nitroreductase to hydroxylamines appear to play a role in the photo-mutagenicity of Nr. Photo-genotoxicity of Nr was further investigated in the comet assay and micronucleus test in L5178Y cells. Concentration-dependent increases in primary DNA damage and in the frequency of micronuclei were observed after irradiation.
This paper presents the design aspects and probabilistic approach for the generation reliability evaluation of an alternative resource: municipal waste water (MWW) based micro-hydro power plant (MHPP). Annual and daily flow duration curves have been obtained for design, installation, development, scientific analysis and reliability evaluation of the MHPP. The hydro-potential of the waste water flowing through sewage system of Brocha sewage plant of the Banaras Hindu University campus is determined to produce annual flow duration and daily flow duration curves by ordering the recorded water flows from maximum to minimum values. Design pressure, roughness of the pipe's interior surface, method of joining, weight, ease of installation, accessibility to the sewage system, design life, maintenance, weather conditions, availability of material, related cost and likelihood of structural damage have been considered for the design of a particular penstock for reliable operation of the developed MHPP. MWW and self-excited induction generator (SEIG) based MHPP is developed and practically implemented to provide reliable electric power to charge the battery bank. Generation reliability evaluation of the developed MHPP using the Gaussian distribution approach, safety factor concept, peak load consideration and Simpson 1/3rd rule has been presented in this paper.
Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is frequently overlooked. Adherence to treatment guidelines may be related to the patient’s views about illness. This study aimed at exploring patients’ views about CRF and determining whether they are congruent with best practice treatments.