batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
We aimed to explore the extent of neurodevelopmental difficulties in severely maltreated adopted children. We recruited 34 adopted children, referred with symptoms of indiscriminate friendliness and a history of severe maltreatment in their early childhood and 32 typically developing comparison children without such a history, living in biological families. All 66 children, aged 5–12 years, underwent a detailed neuropsychiatric assessment. The overwhelming majority of the adopted/indiscriminately friendly group had a range of psychiatric diagnoses, including Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) and one third exhibited the disorganised pattern of attachment. The mean IQ was 15 points lower than the comparison group and the majority of the adopted group had suspected language disorder and/or delay. Our findings show that school-aged adopted children with a history of severe maltreatment can have very complex and sometimes disabling neuropsychiatric problems.
JEL classification codes: I3, J2
Information, though often costly or incomplete in reality, is central to the functioning of markets (e.g., Stigler 1961). Economists have long emphasized that improvements in information have the power to impact market performance and welfare, particularly in developing settings where informational problems are seen as key barriers for growth and development (e.g., Aker 2010). Labor market transactions are not an exception as they are characterized by high levels of mismatch, coordination problems, and asymmetric information affecting workers and firms alike (e.g., Autor 2001). Yet, traditional labor-market intermediaries (LMIs), such as public employment offices and temporary help agencies, which aim to reduce search costs and adverse selection problems, remain understudied in both developed and developing settings (Autor 2009).
A new Na+ ion conducting polymer electrolyte, based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and sodium meta phosphate (NaPO3) is investigated. (PEO) n :NaPO3 polymer metal salt complexes with different [ethylene oxide]/Na ratios (n =3, 4, 6, 8 and 10) are prepared by the solution casting method. Dissolution of the salt into the polymer host is confirmed by X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy. Further, interaction of the polymer chains with the metal salt is substantiated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The electrical conductivity of the samples is measured over the temperature range 322–351K. The temperature dependent conductivity exhibits two different activation energies, below and above the softening point of the polymer. The composition (PEO)6:NaPO3 is found to exhibit the least crystallinity but the highest conductivity 2.8×10−8 Scm−1 at 351K. The electronic transport number, measured by the dc polarization technique, shows that the conducting species are ionic in nature. The effect of ethylene carbonate on the best conducting composition is investigated by DSC and impedance spectroscopy. The addition of 20wt.% ethylene carbonate, increases the amorphous phase and enhances the conductivity by two orders of magnitude.
The present paper reflects a work in progress toward a definition of circadian light, one that should be informed by the thoughtful, century-old evolution of our present definition of light as a stimulus for the human visual system. This work in progress is based upon the functional relationship between optical radiation and its effects on nocturnal melatonin suppression, in large part because the basic data are available in the literature. Discussed here are the fundamental differences between responses by the visual and circadian systems to optical radiation. Brief reviews of photometry, colorimetry, and brightness perception are presented as a foundation for the discussion of circadian light. Finally, circadian light (CLA) and circadian stimulus (CS) calculation procedures based on a published mathematical model of human circadian phototransduction are presented with an example.
In this study, the performance of a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is investigated using asymmetric electrode configurations with raw and functionalized (i.e., acid-treated and heat-treated) electrodes. The use of heat-treated electrodes in both half-cells is chosen as the baseline case for comparison, as this configuration shows the best performance. When the positive electrode in the baseline case is replaced with a raw or acid-treated electrode, the voltage efficiency is found to be comparable to that of the baseline case. However, in the case where the negative electrode in the baseline case is replaced with a raw or acid-treated electrode, a significantly lower efficiency is observed, suggesting that the negative half-cell reactions limit the performance of a VRFB. To further investigate this observation, an additional analysis is performed using cyclic voltammetry. The reaction kinetics data suggests that the poor performance of the negative half-cell is not due to the slow kinetics, but rather stems from the fact that the reduction reaction in the negative half-cell occurs at a potential that is very close to the onset of hydrogen evolution. The formation of hydrogen gas bubbles blocks the reaction sites and suppresses the favorable effects of functionalization in the negative half-cell.
In this paper a new two-round authenticated contributory group key agreement based on Elliptic Curve Diffie–Hellman protocol with Privacy Preserving Public Key Infrastructure (PP-PKI) is introduced and is extended to a dynamic authenticated contributory group key agreement with join and leave protocols for dynamic groups. The proposed protocol provides such security attributes as forward secrecy, backward secrecy, and defense against man in the middle (MITM) and Unknown key-share security attacks and also authentication along with privacy preserving attributes like anonymity, traceability and unlinkability. In the end, they are compared with other popular Diffie–Hellman and Elliptic Curve Diffie–Hellman based group key agreement protocols and the results are found to be satisfactory.
Here we find that Nano-Si powder can catalyze the esterification reaction of citric acid and ethanol to form a highly viscous gel, which is carbonized to obtain a typical core-shell structured Si@C nanocomposite. The carbon layer is a dense micropore carbon layer and is uniformly coated on the surface of the Si particles, which can effectively prevent electrolyte permeation and acts as a mechanically frame to limit the silicon volume change. An optimum carbon weight is about 11%, the thickness of the carbon layer is about 4–7 nm. A diffusion-controlled behavior and a pseudocapacitive effect during the (de)lithiation processes can work together to provide significant electrochemical characteristics for Si@C-TC, which makes Si@C-TC electrode exhibits the initial charge capacity of 1854 mAh g−1 (667 mAh cm−3, CE of 72.3%) at 0.1 A g−1 and the capacity of 1131 mAh g−1 (407 mAh cm−3) over 200 cycles at 0.5 A g−1. This work provides an in-depth understanding of the effects of carbon layer in Si@C structure, and the obtained views are very important for the selection of the carbon layer in high performance Si@C electrodes.
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a condition characterized by widespread pain, estimated to affect 2.4% of the Spanish population. Nowadays, there are no consistent epidemiological studies on the actual impact of the disease on work and family of these patients in a representative manner; therefore, the purpose of the study is to analyze the impact on family, employment and social environment in a representative sample of patients with FM attending Primary Public Care Centers in Spain.
Cyclic voltammograms, current transients at constant potential and potential decay transients have been used to study the formation of lead dioxide surface films in the presence of cobalt ions and their role in decreasing the oxidation rate of a lead alloy under steady state conditions typical of copper electrowinning. The observations in the present work indicate, consistent with the surface film model, that the formation of a continuous PbSO4 + α-PbO2 film on the surface of the lead alloy in the presence of cobalt ions hinders further oxidation of the metal. The protectiveness of the film is dynamic in the steady state; the film is continuously forming and dissolving. Also studied was the potential of the oxygen evolution reaction on α-PbO2 and β-PbO2 in 170 g L−1 H2SO4 with and without cobalt ions. The steady state potential for oxygen evolution on β-PbO2 in 170 g L−1 H2SO4 at 285 A m−2 decreased in the presence of cobalt ions and the steady state potential of β-PbO2 was essentially the same as that of (i) the Pb–Ca–Sn alloy and (ii) α-PbO2. The implication is that the potential of the Pb–Ca–Sn alloy is determined by the α-PbO2 and/or β-PbO2 on its surface.
A new class of lithium trifluoroalkoxyborate salts Li[ROBF3] containing as the R substituent oligooxyethylene groups of various molecular weights in the form of a methyl monoether (RCH3(OCH2CH2) n ) (n =1, 2, 3 and 7) or propionitrile, has been obtained in the reaction of BF3 etherate with appropriate alcohol and butyllithium. The obtained salts are characterized by properties of room temperature ionic liquids (RTIL) of viscosity dependent on the type of substituent in the alkoxy group. The room temperature ionic conductivity of neat salts is of the 10−4 Scm−1 order, and the best properties are characterized by the salt containing n =3 oxyethylene monomeric units. Optimal concentrations in aliphatic carbonates of the obtained salts were determined achieving ionic conductivities of the order of 10−3 Scm−1, slightly higher than that of analogous LiBF4 solutions. Solid polymer electrolytes containing 10 and 50mol% of borate salts and PEO in the form of flexible films have been determined. On the basis of DSC analysis it was found that borate salts at low concentration do not limit the tendency of PEO to crystallization, the share of the crystalline phase was over 60% which resulted in low ionic conductivity. The best properties were characterized by the system with the salt of n =7 oxyethylene monomeric units (T g =−53°C) and the system of high salt concentration (σ RT 10−5 Scm−1).
Neuropathic pain is caused by damage to the parts of the nervous system that normally signal pain. Attempts to classify neuropathic pain patients on the basis of disease etiology or lesion topography have met with limited success, and in this review Ralf Baron presents an alternative system based on molecular mechanisms. He discusses how this approach might lead to the development of more rational treatments for neuropathic pain.
Li-ion batteries made by the Lithylene technology were investigated after extensive cycling for a mechanistic understanding of the capacity fade phenomena. The batteries cycled 500 times at 0.5C were found to lose 13% of their original capacity, which was solely due to the loss of active materials. The negative electrode maintained its capacity to contain Li+ ions from the positive electrode. The loss of positive electrode materials was attributed to formation and thickening of the surface layer and structure disorder evidenced by XRD measurements. In situ impedance measurements revealed that the positive electrode was also responsible for the impedance rise upon cycling. The charge transfer resistance was found to be the most influential factor in the battery impedance, which increased exponentially during cycling. This increase was proved not due to the decrease of positive electrode surface area but resulted from growth of the surface layer.
The mechanism of lithium ion insertion in LiAl alloys and in LiMnO2 layered oxide into LiAl/LiMnO2 cells has been investigated by combining data from a variety of techniques including, electrochemical techniques (cycling voltammetry, galvano–potentiostatic cycling), acoustic emission (AE) technique and XRD analyses. The aim of this study was to consider the feasibility of the AE measurements for aging characterization of lithium-ion cell. The objective was to detect and to inquire the electrochemical and structural processes which appear into the negative lithium–aluminum electrode (lithium insertion/desinsertion of lithium ions and α/β intermetallic phase transformation) and into the positive LiMnO2 electrode (volume expansion, particle fragmentation). The acoustic emission was used like a nondestructive method for monitoring of the processes, occurring inside the cell. During the cycling, the acoustic emission events were much more intensive at the discharge process and they can be attributed to the phase transformation from α(LiAl) to β(LiAl) as well as to the intercalation of lithium ions in the MnO2 to LiMnO2.
This paper analyses the subjective well-being levels in Turkey between 2004 and 2014 by relying on Turkish Statistical Institute’s Life Satisfaction Surveys. This is the first study ever suggesting an alternative well-being approach for Turkish population based on subjective measures. Inspired from the Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness and Cummins et al.’s (2003) Australian Unity Well-Being Index approaches, we constructed several subjective well-being indexes for the first time in Turkey. The main findings of this study are as follows: (1) Despite GDP per capita (in current $) doubles between 2004 and 2014 period, constructed indexes show slight increments or stagnate around some level. (2) We found a slight support for Frey and Stutzer’s (2002a) argument that GDP per capita is insensible after some threshold. (3) National well-being indicators are found to be more volatile than individual well-being indicators, which hints that individuals may be using their informal social networks as a shelter from the economic and politic fluctuations in the country. (4) Much of the volatility in subjective well-being indexes are caused by psychological well-being indicators. Previous results indicate that as basic requirements of a society are met after some level of per capita income, non-materialistic aspirations- like happiness, freedom or justice-started to surpass materialistic aspirations. Same is true for Turkey- this led us to conclude that the reductionist approach of delegating the solution of social and ecological problems to economic growth process may lie beneath this dismal outcome in Turkey in the last decade. Thus, we recommend policy-makers to upkeep with the reform process which would make economic and political system more transparent and competitive, which in turn, help to ameliorate the channels through which individuals fulfil their aspirations.
The Institute for Energy and Environment (IEE) at the University of Strathclyde has developed various fuel cell (FC) systems for stationary and vehicular applications. In particular the author is involved in the development of alkaline fuel cell (AFC) systems. To understand the dynamic behaviour of the system's key element, the alkaline fuel cell stack, a dynamic model was developed allowing the characterisation of the electrochemical parameters. The model is used to forecast the behaviour of the fuel cell stack under various dynamic operating conditions. The so-called Nernst potential, which describes the open circuit voltage of the stack, is calculated using thermodynamic theory. Electrochemistry theory has been used to model the sources of the electric losses within the FC, such as activation, ohmic and concentration losses. The achievable value of this paper is the first publication of a detailed dynamic AFC based on mass balance, thermodynamics and electrochemical theory. The effects of the load changes on various fuel cell parameters, such as electrolyte concentration and concentrations of dissolved hydrogen and oxygen were covered in this investigation using the author's model. The model allows a detailed understanding of the dynamic effects within the AFC during load change events, which lead to the experienced electric response of the overall FC stack.
A nanoporous nickel (Ni) substrate was successfully prepared by selective dissolution of copper (Cu) from a Ni–Cu alloy layer. It was noted that both the Cu etching and the Ni/Cu codeposition processes could be performed in the same solution. Afterwards, anodic deposition was carried out to disperse fibrous manganese (Mn) oxide onto the nanoporous Ni substrate. As a result, a novel oxide electrode with a high-porosity structure was fabricated by the totally electrochemical procedure, which is very simple and efficient. Pseudocapacitive performance of this oxide electrode was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry in 0.1M Na2SO4 solution. The data indicated that specific capacitance of the Mn oxide was as high as 502Fg−1, which was 85% higher than that deposited on a flat electrode. Capacitance retained ratio after 500 charge–discharge cycles of the Mn oxide was also significantly improved from 75 to 93% due to the use of the nanoporous substrate.
PolyFuel of Mountain View, California, USA, reports that it has now completed the penultimate stage of is multi-year development plan that aims to commercialise power supplies, based on fuel cells, for notebook PCs.
Objective The aim of this study was to ascertain whether high-dose intravenous (IV) iron sucrose could improve symptoms and change brain iron concentrations in idiopathic RLS. Methods The study was a randomized, parallel-group double-blind study of 1000mg iron sucrose given IV versus placebo. Primary measures of the clinical status were global rating scale (GRS) and periodic leg movements of sleep (PLMS). Primary measures of brain iron status were CSF ferritin and MRI-determined iron in the substantia nigra. Results At the time of the interim analysis there were 7 placebo and 11 iron-treated subjects. At 2-weeks post-treatment, iron treatment resulted in a small but significant increase in CSF ferritin and a decrease in RLS severity (GRS) but did not change PLMS or MRI iron index. None of the secondary outcomes changed with treatment. There was no single case of clear treatment benefit in any of the patients. This interim analysis revealed an effect size that was too small to allow for adequate power to find significant differences with the planed 36-subject enrollment for either the primary objective outcome of PLMS or any of the secondary outcomes. The study was stopped at this planned break-point given the lack of both adequate power and any indication for clinically significant benefit. Conclusions High-dose IV iron failed to demonstrate the robust changes reported in three prior open-label studies. Differences in iron formulation, dosing regiment, and peripheral iron status may explain some of the discrepancies between this and previous IV iron treatment studies.
Silicon (Si) has been perceived as a promising next-generation anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) due to its superior theoretical capacity. Despite the natural abundance of this element on Earth, large-scale production of high-purity Si nanomaterials in a green and energy-efficient way is yet to become an industrial reality. Spray-drying methods have been exploited to recover Si particles from low-value sludge produced in the photovoltaic industry, providing a massive and cost-effective Si resource for fabricating anode materials. To address such drawbacks like volume expansion, low electrical and Li+ conductivity and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, the recycled silicon particles have been downsized into nanoscale and shielded by a highly conductive and protective graphene multilayer through high energy ball milling. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements have revealed that the graphene wrapping and size reduction approach have significantly improved the electrochemical performance. It delivers an excellent reversible capacity of 1,138mAhg−1 and a long cycle life with 73% capacity retention over 150 cycles at a high current of 450mAg−1. The plentiful waste conversion methodology also provides considerable opportunities for developing additional rechargeable devices, ceramic, powder metallurgy and silane/siloxane products.
In 2015, observers argued that the fourth agricultural revolution had been initiated. This article focuses on one part of this high-tech revolution: the origin, development, applications, and user value of unmanned aerial systems (UAS). Institutional changes connected to the UAS innovation are analyzed, based on a Swedish case study. The methods included autoethnography. The theoretical frame was composed by four perspectives: innovation, institutions, sustainability, and ethics. UAS can help farmers cut costs and produce higher quantity with better quality, and also has environmental benefits. However, this promising innovation was exposed to institutional forces and suddenly became subordinated the Act of Camera Surveillance. This study illuminates how legislative institutions can inhibit responsible innovation. The study shows that different ethical perspectives can collide with each other.
The acoustic startle reflex (ASR) is a short and intense defensive reaction in response to a loud and unexpected acoustic stimulus. In the rat, a primary startle pathway encompasses three serially connected central structures: the cochlear root neurons, the giant neurons of the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis (PnC), and the spinal motoneurons. As a sensorimotor interface, the PnC has a central role in the ASR circuitry, especially the integration of different sensory stimuli and brain states into initiation of motor responses. Since the basal ganglia circuits control movement and action selection, we hypothesize that their output via the substantia nigra (SN) may interplay with the ASR primary circuit by providing inputs to PnC. Moreover, the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) has been proposed as a functional and neural extension of the SN, so it is another goal of this study to describe possible anatomical connections from the PPTg to PnC. Here, we made 6-OHDA neurotoxic lesions of the SN pars compacta (SNc) and submitted the rats to a custom-built ASR measurement session to assess amplitude and latency of motor responses. We found that following lesion of the SNc, ASR amplitude decreased and latency increased compared to those values from the sham-surgery and control groups. The number of dopamine neurons remaining in the SNc after lesion was also estimated using a stereological approach, and it correlated with our behavioral results. Moreover, we employed neural tract-tracing techniques to highlight direct projections from the SN to PnC, and indirect projections through the PPTg. Finally, we also measured levels of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters in the PnC following lesion of the SN, and found that they change following an ipsi/contralateral pattern. Taken together, our results identify nigrofugal efferents onto the primary ASR circuit that may modulate motor responses.