batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Recently, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) are becoming more attractive than internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV). Hence, design and modeling of charging stations (CSs) has vital importance in distribution system level. In this paper, a new formulation for PHEV charging stations is presented with the strategic presence of wind power generation (WPG). This study considers constraints of the system losses, the regulatory voltage limits, and the charge/discharge schedule of PHEV based on the social behavior of drivers for appropriate placement of PHEV charging stations in electricity grid. The role of CSs and WPG units must be correctly assessed to optimize the investment and operation cost for the whole system. However, the wind generation owners (WGOs) have different objective functions which might be contrary to the objectives of distribution system manager (DSM). It is assumed that aggregating and management of charge/discharge program of PHEVs are smartly carried out by DSM. This paper presents a long-term bi-objective model for optimal planning of PHEV charging stations and WPG units in distribution systems which simultaneously optimize two objectives, namely the benefits of DSM and WGO. It also considers the uncertainty of load growth, electricity price and PHEV access to the charging station using Mont-Carlo simulation (MCS) method. Initial state of charge uncertainty is also modeled based on scenario approach in PHEV batteries and wind turbine power generation using weibull distribution. Non dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is used to solve the optimization problem. The simulation has been conducted on the nine-bus system.
In this work, we present a self-powered and on-demand transdermal drug delivery system driven by triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). A miniaturized TENG and a home-built power management circuit were designed to trigger the electric-responsive drug carrier for controlled drug release, as well as to activate the iontophoresis treatment for enhanced drug delivery efficiency. In the system, the TENG can harvest electricity from bio-mechanical energy, and the power management circuit is able to store, adjust, and stabilize the electricity for on-demand drug release actions. Our results demonstrate that the on-demand drug release can be simply realized by operating the TENG. Manually rotating the TENG (30–40 rpm) for 1.5 min can release a drug dosage of 3 μg/cm2. Furthermore, the system has achieved tunable drug release rate for the transdermal drug delivery: the rate can be tuned from 0.05 to 0.25 μg/cm2 per minute by changing the duration of TENG charging or the resistance of the power management circuit. In addition, ex vivo experiments on porcine skin validate the performance of such TENG-based drug delivery system with ∼50% enhancement over conventional transdermal patches. The proposed system is intended to provide patients with an easy approach to achieve customized rate and dosage of drug release.
Injury to the liver results in rapid induction of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) consistent with a role for TGF-β1 in repairing damaged tissue. In addition to its ubiquitous role in injury repair, TGF-β1 is also well established as a critical regulator of immune homeostasis; however, its mechanisms of action remain enigmatic. We have previously demonstrated that the hepatotoxic chlorinated hydrocarbon, carbon tetrachloride, suppresses helper T-lymphocyte function in a TGF-β1-dependent manner. Here, we report that, in opposition to its immunosuppressive effects at picomolar concentrations, femtomolar concentrations of TGF-β1 augment T cell-dependent anti-sRBC IgM antibody forming cell (AFC) and T cell-independent DNP-Ficoll-induced AFC responses. These data support a concentration-dependent bifunctional effect by TGF-β1 on humoral immune responses in vitro. We further investigated a putative mechanistic role for Smad3, an intracellular mediator of TGF-β1 signaling, in propagating the inhibitory effects of TGF-β1 on humoral immune responses. Relative to wild type littermates, splenocytes from mice homologous for a null mutation in the gene encoding the TGF-β receptor-activated Smad3 (Smad3Exon8−/−) were less sensitive to inhibition by TGF-β1 following anti-sRBC- and LPS-sensitization in vitro. In agreement, inhibition of IgM protein production by TGF-β1 was also dampened in LPS-sensitized Smad3Exon8−/− splenic B cells. Moreover, stimulation of IgA by TGF-β1 was abrogated in LPS-sensitized Smad3Exon8−/− splenocytes suggesting an additional role for Smad3 in regulating IgA production in vitro. Our results suggest that the effects of TGF-β1 on humoral immune responses fundamentally differ in a concentration-dependent manner and are mediated, in part, through Smad3 signaling.
The present study assessed the possibility of assisting four persons with multiple disabilities to move through and perform simple occupational activities arranged within a room with the help of automatic prompting. The study involved two multiple probe designs across participants. The first multiple probe concerned the two participants with blindness or minimal vision and deafness, who received air blowing as a prompt. The second multiple probe concerned the two participants with blindness and typical hearing who received a voice calling as a prompt. Initially, all participants had baseline sessions. Then intervention started with the first participant of each dyad. When their performance was consolidated, new baseline and intervention occurred with the second participant of each dyad. Finally, all four participants were exposed to a second intervention phase, in which the number of activities per session doubled (i.e., from 8 to 16). Data showed that all four participants: (a) learned to move across and perform the activities available with the help of automatic prompting and (b) remained highly successful through the second intervention phase when the sessions were extended. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the metals and the characteristics of zinc-air primary cells, zinc-air secondary batteries, and iron-air secondary batteries. In relation to their physical size, zinc-air batteries store more energy per unit of weight than any other primary type. The zinc-air system is capable of operating down to -18°C and giving 80% of the 21°C performance at this lower temperature. Zinc-air secondary rechargeable batteries are still in development phase. Experimental cells have given 155-175Wh&g at the C/5 rate of discharge. These energy densities are approximately twice those of many of the best existing rechargeable systems. Further, cadmium-air secondary batteries are also in development phase. The cadmium-air system has a theoretical energy density of 445 W h&g. The cadmium anode used is the type that has demonstrated good stability and low self-discharge in other alkaline systems, such as the nickel-cadmium battery. In addition to this aluminium-air secondary batteries is discussed.
Bariatric surgery has been recommended as a treatment for patients with clinically severe obesity (National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Panel, 1992). Although surgery leads to significant, long-term weight loss for a majority of patients, 20% of patients fail to lose a significant amount of weight or experience significant weight regain (Benotti & Forse, 1995). Currently, there is little evidence to suggest who will or will not achieve satisfactory weight loss after bariatric surgery. In this article, we provide background information on the procedures of gastric bypass and gastroplasty, the associated risks and complications, and outcomes. We review studies on the relationship of psychological variables to weight loss after operation, including recent findings that binge eating may be associated with poorer long-term outcomes. We outline several important roles the cognitive behavior therapist can play in treating individuals in the preoperative, postoperative, and longer-term adjustment phases. The cognitive behavior therapist can make a significant contribution to the management of the bariatric surgery patient and in the development and evaluation of interventions to enhance compliance and maximize weight loss, psychosocial functioning, and health-related quality of life after surgery.
A simple and cost-effective morphogenetic route has been developed for the fabrication of a hierarchically nanostructured “cellulose” MoO2 monolith in large qualities, whereby the cotton texture acts as both a template and a stabilizer. The MoO2 monolith possesses hierarchical porosity and an interconnected framework, which is demonstrated to be useful as a binder-free anode in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries with both high specific capacity of 719.1 mA h g−1 and good reversibility. Our single-component anode for lithium-storage devices also benefits from a simplified fabrication process and reduced manufacturing cost, in comparison with conventional multicomponent electrodes that are fabricated from a mixture of polymer binders and active materials. The present morphogenetic strategy is facile but effective, and therefore it is very promising for large-scale industrial production. It can be extended to prepare other metal oxides with elaborate textural characteristics.
The purpose of the present paper is to analyze the results of the impact of European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) in Convergence regions over the 2007–2013 on separate collection rate of Italian regions. The aim is twofold: propose a groundbreaking analysis that allows us to control both for the effectiveness of the Regulation (EC) No. 1080/2006, by a Difference in differences equation (DID), and the Regions’ efficiency in the separate collection process, by a stochastic frontier analysis (SFA). Specifically, the SFA allows us to model the DID equation in order to take account the regions’ efficiency in the separate collection process in terms of institutional quality. In particular, we use a panel with two dimensions: temporal—9 yearly observations from 2004 to 2012; and cross-sectional—20 regions. The estimates suggest that ERDF have not contributed to reducing the structural divide in Italy and its managerial slack has triggered in the failure of the convergence objective. Policy implications are discussed.
Various aspects in the lithium battery field have been explored in our group: (i) uniform and dense thin films of LiMn2O4 up to 0.5μm thickness have been synthesized by electrostatic spray deposition (ESD). The electrochemical properties of these films were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy under a variety of experimental conditions. (ii) The kinetic and transport properties of lithium insertion/extraction of numerous sphere-shaped single particles have been also evaluated by transient techniques as well as by ac-impedance spectroscopy. (iii) Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) technique was employed to study the low capacity fading of LiMn2O4 at elevated temperatures in LiPF6 containing solutions. It has been confirmed that this phenomenon is due to the manganese dissolution promoted by acidic species (HF) originated from the reaction of LiPF6 with water. (iv) Alternative materials were sought to replace the actual LiCoO2 or LiMn2O4. Among them: Li1.1Mn1.9O4, LiNi0.85Co0.15O2 and Li1.10Mn1.852Cr0.048O4. Interestingly, Li1.10Mn1.852Cr0.048O4 exhibited no significant capacity fading even in the 1M LiPF6/PC–EC (1:1) solution at 50°C upon 50cycles of charge/discharge.
Separator as an important part of lithium-ion batteries, allowing the ion to transfer and preventing the direct contact of anode with cathode, determines the safety of the batteries. In this work, a kind of polypropylene/hydrophobic silica-aerogel-composite (SAC) separator is fabricated through combining hydrophobic silica aerogel and polypropylene (PP) separator. The rationally designed SAC effectively increases the thermal stability of the separator with slightly growing weight (the area retention rate is 30% higher than that of the PP separator after being heated for 30 min at 160 °C). In addition, the hydrophobic silica aerogel layer in SAC significantly improves the wettability of PP separator to electrolyte owning to the introduced hydrophobic functional groups of -Si(CH3)3 and porous structure, and the contact angles of SAC separator to several common organic electrolytes (EC/DMC, DMC/DOL, Diglyme) are close to 0°. Electrochemical tests show that the prepared SAC separator can decrease the polarization of Li-ion batteries and leads to improved power performance and cycle stability. And the SAC separator is firm with neglectable abscission after folding 200 times. This work provides a new way to improve the safety and simultaneously reduce the polarization of the batteries, implying promising application potential in power batteries.
Fast lithium-ion conducting garnet-type metal oxides are promising membranes for next-generation all-solid-state Li batteries and beyond Li-ion batteries, including Li-air and Li-S batteries, due to their high total Li-ion conductivity and excellent chemical stability against reaction with elemental Li. Several studies have been reported on structure-chemical composition-ionic conductivity property in Li-stuffed garnet-type metal oxides. Here, an overview of the chemical and electrochemical stability of lithium-based garnets against moisture/humidity, aqueous solutions, carbon dioxide, sulfur, and metallic lithium are analyzed. Moisture and aqueous stability studies focus on understanding the crystal structure stability, the proton exchange capacity as a function of Li content in Li-stuffed garnets, and how the protonated species affect the crystal structure and mass transport properties. H+/Li+ exchange was found to be in the range of 2–100%. Stability concerning Li-ion conductivity and morphology under carbon dioxide are discussed. Interfacial chemical stability with lithium metal characterized by electrochemical stability window, Li dendrite formation and area specific resistance (ASR) for the reaction L i ⇌ L i + + e − are presented. Recent attempts to suppress dendrite formation and to reduce ASR via surface modification are also highlighted. Li and Li-stuffed garnet interface ASR values are shown to be as high as >2000 Ω cm2 and as low as 1 Ω cm2 at room temperature for surface modified Li-stuffed samples. Furthermore, recent studies on Li-S battery utilizing chemically stable Li – garnet electrolyte are also discussed.
Addition of iso-propanol in the aqueous electrolyte of 1.0mol/L Na2SO4 was found to be most effective at about 8vol.% to minimise electrolyte surface tension, and hence maximise electrolyte wetting on a commercial supercapacitor grade activated carbon powder. The wetting improvement was further studied on die-pressed cylindrical thin pellets of polytetrafluoroethylene bonded activated carbon powder at three different apparent densities (0.70, 0.55 and 0.35g/cm3) using adsorption isotherm, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Enhanced charge storage performance of the activated carbon at 0.70 and 0.55g/cm3 in apparent density was observed in electrolyte containing iso-propanol. The effect of iso-propanol became more prominent at high polarisation potentials. However, at the lowest density (0.35g/cm3) studied, the capacitance decreased in the presence of iso-propanol, which can be attributed to the iso-propanol molecules entering the nano-pores of the activated carbon particles. In symmetrical supercapacitors with the dense activated carbon electrodes, addition of iso-propanol to the aqueous electrolyte increased the cell voltage, specific energy and maximum specific power from 1.5 to 2.0V, 7.34 to 12.44Wh/kg, and 3.96 to 12.35kW/kg, respectively, under comparable conditions.
The Li+ concentration and Li+ transport channel size of garnet-type solid electrolyte Li7La3Zr2O12 are the two key factors associated with the improvement of Li ionic conductivity. Through precise control of the Li+ concentration and the Li+ transport channel size by Ta-doping (Li7-XLa3Zr2-XTaXO12, X = 0.2–1.0), synergistic regulation of the two factors is achieved. Results show that the optimum Li+ concentration seems to be at about 6.31 where the Li+ occupancy in LiO6 is high and the Li+ arrangement in LiO4 is disordering. With the Li+ concentration higher than 6.31, the occupancy in LiO4 sites remains constant but the Li+ arrangement in LiO4 becomes more and more ordering. At higher Li+ concentration of 6.52, Li+ arrangement becomes certain of ordering which should have reduced the grain conductivity, however, the grain conductivity is still as high as 9.84 × 10−4 S cm−1. This indicates that LLZO with this Li+ concentration have favorable Li+ transport channel size. The optimum Li+ transport channel size is about 12.95 ± 0.01 Å. At Li+ concentration of 6.31, the proper Li+ concentration is the main factor for the high grain ionic conductivity of 10.1 × 10−4 S cm−1. While at Li+ concentration of 6.52, the suitable Li+ transport channel size is the main factor for the high grain ionic conductivity. In conclusion, the high grain ionic conductivity at Li+ concentration of 6.31–6.52 is due to the synergistic regulation of Li+ concentration and Li+ transport channel size.
Herein we investigate a lithium sulfur battery suitably combining alternative cathode design and relatively safe, highly conductive electrolyte. The composite cathode is formed by infiltrating sulfur in a N-doped 3D graphene framework prepared by a microwave assisted solvothermal approach, while the electrolyte is obtained by dissolving lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (LiTFSI) in diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME), and upgraded by addition of lithium nitrate (LiNO3) as a film forming agent. The particular structure of the composite cathode, studied in this work by employing various techniques, well enhances the lithium-sulfur electrochemical process leading to very stable cycling trend and specific capacity ranging from 1000 mAh g−1 at the highest rate to 1400 mAh g−1 at the lowest one. The low resistance of the electrode/electrolyte interphase, driven by an enhanced electrode design and a suitable electrolyte, is considered one of the main reasons for the high performance which may be of interest for achieving a promising lithium-sulfur battery. Furthermore, the study reveals a key bonus of the cell represented by the low flammability of the diglyme electrolyte, while comparable conductivity and interface resistance, with respect to the most conventional solution used for the lithium sulfur cell.
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon azulene and its naturally occurring derivative guaiazulene (1,4-dimethyl-7-isopropylazulene) are known to absorb light in the UV–vis region of the spectrum. Both compounds were reported to be mutagenic in the Salmonella typhimurium bacterial mutagenicity assay (Ames test) in strain TA102, and to cause DNA damage in the comet assay in vitro upon exposure to UVA light. In contrast, another study reported a photoprotective effect in vitro of guaiazulene. We present here a comprehensive assessment of the photo(cyto)toxicity (3T3 fibroblast Neutral Red uptake test), the photomutagenicity (Ames test) and photogenotoxicity (comet assay and micronucleus test in L5178Y cells in vitro) of azulene. In the Ames test, the mutagenicity of azulene was assessed in the presence and absence of UV light by use of the Salmonella strains TA102, TA104, TA2638 and E. coli WP2. Azulene was irradiated before being plated with bacteria (pre-irradiation), or concomitantly with the bacteria either after plating or while in suspension. Guaiazulene was included in some of the experiments. Neither in the photo-Ames test nor in the other photogenotoxicity tests, azulene or guaiazulene showed any photomutagenic or photogenotoxic activity. Weak photo(cyto)toxicity (estimate of PIF≥1.67) was observed with azulene in the 3T3 NRU test, the Alamar Blue test and the relative cell count, which may be due to the generation of reactive oxygen species, as reported recently.
Time series of in situ gamma spectroscopy data from 6 sites, obtained over a period of 13 years as part of a routine surveillance program, have been investigated for variability, reproducibility and occurrence of trends. Natural isotopes (40K, 208Tl, 212Pb and 214Pb) show variability up to a factor of 2, with time patterns varying from site to site. At five (level) sites 137Cs values decreased at a rate higher than given by the physical half-life, consistent with literature data on migration of Cs. At one (downhill) site, an increase of 137Cs with time was observed. The finding can be explained by erosion processes from uphill territories. The observed variations were larger than the experimental uncertainty, and the equipment long-term stability appeared to be satisfactory. It can be concluded that the obtained routine in situ data provide a valuable data pool with potential usefulness for scientific work.
The electrolyte is one of the most important components of vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB), and its stability and solubility determines the energy density of a VRFB. The performance of current positive electrolyte is limited by the low stability of VO2 + at a higher temperature. Phosphate is proved to be a very effective additive to improve the stability of VO2 +. Even though, the stabilizing mechanism is still not clear, which hinders the further development of VRFBs. In this paper, to clarify the effect of phosphate additive on the positive electrolyte stability, the hydration structures of VO2 + cations and the reaction mechanisms of precipitation with or without phosphate in the supporting electrolyte of H2SO4 solutions were investigated in detail based on calculations of electronic structure. The stable configurations of complexes were optimized at the B3LYP/6-311 + G(d,p) level of theory. The zero-point energies and Gibbs free energies for these complexes were further evaluated at the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory. It shows that a structure of [VO2(H2O)2]+ surrounded by water molecules in H2SO4 solution can be formed at the room temperature. With the temperature rises, [VO2(H2O)2]+ will lose a proton and form the intermediate of VO(OH)3, and the further dehydration among VO(OH)3 molecules will create the precipitate of V2O5. When H3PO4 was added into electrolytes, the V-O-P bond-containing neutral compound could be formed through interaction between VO(OH)3 and H3PO4, and the activation energy of forming the V-O-P bond-containing neutral compound is about 7 kcal mol−1 lower than that of the VO(OH)3 dehydration, which could avoid the precipitation of V2O5 and improve the electrolyte stability.
For the first time, we report a poly (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy-4-yl methacrylate) (PTMA)-based organic electrode with 100 wt% active material loading. The electrochemical performance of the PTMA electrode for organic batteries was improved by replacing the aluminum current collector by graphite ones. The use of graphite current collector reduces the cell weight and increases its mechanical flexibility. The resulting battery with the new carbon conductor- and binder-free organic electrode with polyimide-based gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) displayed significantly higher increased energy density (470 Wh kg−1 vs. cell weight), which is essential for making organic batteries competitive with conventional Li ion batteries.
Polycrystalline samples of NbSb2 have been synthesized and studied as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. The reaction mechanism of lithium with NbSb2 is investigated by ex situ XRD and cyclic voltammogram studies. Li3Sb and Nb are formed during first discharge and during charge lithium is extracted from Li3Sb. The first cycle discharge capacity is 420mAhg−1 and first cycle charge capacity is 315mAhg−1.