batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The Borre probe is a unique tool for overcoring stress measurements. It allows three-dimensional stress determination in deep (500m or more), water-filled boreholes. The probe has been used extensively worldwide for the last 25 years, and has proven to be a reliable tool for measurements in both shallow and deep boreholes. In this paper, the present version of the Borre probe and the measurement procedure is described in detail. The case record of the probe is presented, along with comparisons with results from other stress measurement methods, providing a qualitative verification of the method. Some of the potential error sources are discussed. This includes choice and application of adhesive, gauge misorientation and microcracking. Testing and the implementation of quality control procedures help to minimize the effect of these errors. Examples of typical measurement precision are presented and discussed. A new version of the probe that allows more efficient measurements through wireline pilot hole drilling, as well as improved strain data recording during overcoring is also described.
Manganese dioxide/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MnO2/MWCNTs) were synthesized by chemically depositing MnO2 onto the surface of MWCNTs wrapped with poly(sodium-p-styrenesulfonate). Then, polyaniline (PANI) with good supercapacitive performance was further coated onto the MnO2/MWCNTs composite to form PANI/MnO2/MWCNTs organic–inorganic hybrid nanoarchitecture. Electrochemical performance of the hybrid in Na2SO4–H2SO4 mixed acidic electrolytes was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronopotentiometry (CP) in detail. Comparative electrochemical tests revealed that the hybrid nanoarchitecture could operate in the acidic medium due to the protective modification of PANI coating layer onto the MnO2/MWCNTs composite, and that its electrochemical behavior was greatly dependent upon the concentration of protons in the acidic electrolytes. Here, PANI not only served as a physical barrier to restrain the underlying MnO2/MWCNTs composite from reductive-dissolution process so as to make the novel ternary hybrid material work in acidic medium to enhance the utilization of manganese oxide as much as possible, but also was another electroactive material for energy storage in the acidic mixed electrolytes. It was due to the existence of PNAI layer that an even larger specific capacitance (SC) of 384Fg−1 and a much better SC retention of 79.9% over 1000 continuous charge/discharge cycles than those for the MnO2/MWCNTs nanocomposite were delivered for the hybrid in the optimum 0.5M Na2SO4–0.5M H2SO4 mixed acidic electrolyte.
Structural and electronic modification of titanium oxide (TiO2) nanomaterials induced by the co-introduction of fully disordered glass phase and oxygen vacancies can lead to remarkable advances in the electrode performance in emerging energy storage systems. We report on the effective co-creation of fully amorphous nanofibers (NFs) composed of black TiO2-x and conductive carbons throughout the NF structure, and evaluate the materials as potential anodes in sodium-ion batteries. The black TiO2-x nanofiber is successfully fabricated by electrospinning a precursor solution followed by a two-step sequential thermal treatment in an air and reducing atmosphere. The NF electrode could deliver approximately two-fold higher 2nd discharge capacity and an excellent kinetic performance even under high rates compared to that delivered by anatase-structured white TiO2 NFs used as reference, because of (i) an inherent free volume in the glass phase corresponding to the enlarged Na+ sites, (ii) increased electrical conductivity (low bandgap) resulting from the presence of Ti3+, (iii) introduction of conductive carbon agents around the TiO2-x domain, and (iv) one-dimensional NF feature allowing numerous Na+ reaction sites at the electrochemical interface. We also elucidate the morphological and structural changes in the nanofibers after discharge and charge by ex-situ characterizations.
Coatings of pure and Zr, Sn, Li, Ti and Mo doped niobium pentoxide have been prepared by the sol–gel process and deposited on ITO-coated glass using the dip coating technique. Their structure, morphology and electrochromic (EC) properties have been studied. The coatings are transparent and, depending on the nature and amount of the doping and the sintering temperature, they present a brown, gray or blue color after Li insertion. The EC properties of 4×8 cm2 size coatings, tested up to 5000 cycles, are highly stable with a coloration efficiency measured at 550 nm ranging between 16 and 28 cm2/C. Same size devices have been built with the configuration glass/FTO/pure or doped Nb2O5/liquid electrolyte/TiO2–CeO2/FTO/glass. In agreement with a theoretical estimation and with this choice of counterelectrode (IS), only Nb2O5:0.4 Mo coatings could be considered. For a fixed thickness (180 nm) of the IS electrode, the transmittance response of the device was found to increase with the thickness of the EC layer. The maximum change of the photopic transmission was 0.3 with an Li+ charge exchange of 18 mC/cm2. The devices were stable up to about 15,000 potentiostatic cycles performed between ±2.5 V, 120 s.
Cleaner production (CP), as one of the effective schemes for energy saving, emission reduction and pollution abatement, was introduced into China in late 1980s, and gradually recognized as the essential strategy for industrial transformation and environmental protection. There are two crucial milestones of CP development in China, the promulgations of the Law of People׳s Republic of China on Promoting Cleaner Production on June 29th, 2002, and the promulgation of the Amendment of the Law of People׳s Republic of China on Promoting Cleaner Production on February 29th, 2012, respectively. However, due to significant regional differences between various areas, along with huge divergences in economic development and social structure, there are remarkable disparities between the depth, broadness and key points of CP development among various areas. Hence, through the literature review and statistical analysis, the purpose of this study is to firstly illustrate the progress, problems and prospects of CP development in China. Secondly, through spatial and temporal analysis, the geographical characteristics, regional differences, time variation and industries allocation of CP development in China were analyzed. Thirdly, the emphases of CP implementation for different industries in various areas were revealed to further demonstrate the regional characteristics of CP development in China. And finally, some suggestions were proposed to promote the regionalized CP management system for future CP development in China.
Palladium nanoparticle–graphene nanosheet composite (PdNP–GN) is demonstrated as an efficient electrode material in energy storage applications in supercapacitors. Palladium nanoparticle (PdNP) decorated graphene nanosheet (GN) composite was synthesized via a chemical approach in a single step by the simultaneous reduction of graphene oxide (GO) and palladium chloride from the aqueous phase using ascorbic acid as reducing agent. The materials were characterized by scanning and high resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman, X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy which demonstrate that the metal nanoparticles have been uniformly deposited on the surface of graphene nanosheets. The synthesized material has been analyzed by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectrometry and chronopotentiometry using 1M KCl as the supporting electrolyte for its application in electrochemical double layer supercapacitors. PdNPs-GN composite showed improved electron transfer kinetics and superior capacitive performance with large specific capacitance of 637Fg−1, excellent cyclic performance and maximum energy and power densities of 56 Wh kg−1 and 1166Wkg−1, respectively at a current density of 1.25Ag−1. This highlights the importance of the synergetic effects of electrochemically efficient Pd nanoparticles and graphene for energy storage applications in supercapacitors.
The contribution contains the comparison levels of mathematical literacy of pupils with mild intellectual disabilities and intact pupils. The test tasks of international research TIMSS (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study) have been used for data collection. There are pupils with mild intellectual disability at the 4th class of the 1st stage of primary school in the research group; the results have been compared with Czech pupils of the same class.
In this paper, a hovering-type autonomous underwater vehicle called Cyclops is introduced. Because of the symmetric body structure and thruster configuration of Cyclops, it is specially designed to utilize a lawnmower trajectory without changing its heading direction. This movement is effective at reducing the dead reckoning error and obtaining source images with homogeneous optical characteristics for underwater image mosaicing.
A composite lithium battery electrode of LiMn2O4 in combination with a gel electrolyte (1 M LiBF4/24 wt% PMMA/1:1 EC:DEC) has been investigated by galvanostatic cycling experiments and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at various temperatures, i.e. −3<T<56°C. For analysis of EIS data, a mathematical model taking into account local kinetics and potential distribution in the liquid phase within the porous electrode structure was used. Reasonable values of the double-layer capacitance, the exchange-current density and the solid phase diffusion were found as a function of temperature. The apparent activation energy of the charge-transfer (∼65 kJ mol−1), the solid phase transfer (∼45 kJ mol−1) and of the ionic bulk and effective conductance in the gel phase (∼34 kJ mol−1), respectively, were also determined. The kinetic results related to ambient temperature were compared to those obtained in the corresponding liquid electrolyte. The incorporated PMMA was found to reduce the ionic conductivity of the free electrolyte, and it was concluded that the presence of 24 wt% PMMA does not have a significant influence on the kinetic properties of LiMn2O4.
Refuse trucks play an important role in the waste collection process. Due to their typical driving cycle, these vehicles are characterized by large fuel consumption, which strongly affects the overall waste disposal costs. Hybrid hydraulic refuse vehicles offer an interesting alternative to conventional diesel trucks, because they are able to recuperate, store and reuse braking energy. However, the expected fuel savings can vary strongly depending on the driving cycle and the operational mode. Therefore, in order to assess the possible fuel savings, a typical driving cycle was measured in a conventional vehicle run by the waste authority of the City of Stuttgart, and a dynamical model of the considered vehicle was built up. Based on the measured driving cycle and the vehicle model including the hybrid powertrain components, simulations for both the conventional and the hybrid vehicle were performed. Fuel consumption results that indicate savings of about 20% are presented and analyzed in order to evaluate the benefit of hybrid hydraulic vehicles used for refuse collection.
Although attention problems have often been described in children with childhood absence epilepsy (CAE), the use of different methodological approaches, neuropsychological tests, and heterogeneous experimental groups has prevented identification of the selective areas of attention deficit in this population. In this study, we investigated several components of attention in children with CAE using a unique computerized test battery for attention performance. Participants included 24 patients with CAE and 24 controls matched for age and sex. They were tested with a computerized test battery, which included the following tasks: selective attention, impulsivity, focused attention, divided attention, alertness, and vigilance. Compared with healthy controls, patients with CAE made more commission errors in the Go/No-Go task and more omission errors in the divided attention task. Childhood absence epilepsy patients also showed decreased reaction times in measures of selective attention and a great variability of reaction times in alertness and Go/No-Go tasks. Our findings suggest that patients with CAE were impaired in tonic and phasic alertness, divided attention, selective attention, and impulsivity.
The kinetics of the electrochemical lithium insertion reaction in nano-sized rutile TiO2 has been investigated using ac impedance spectroscopy. The experimental data are obtained for a rutile compound synthesized via a solution technique and characterized by a morphology corresponding to spherical particles made of a large number of very thin nanorods 20nm thick. The results are discussed as a function of the Li content x for 0< x ≤0.8 in Li x TiO2, the temperature over the range 10–50°C and the number of discharge–charge cycles. The significant linear decrease of the chemical diffusion coefficient D Li vs. the lithium content and the high values of D Li found in the composition range 0< x ≤0.5 are discussed and related with the electrochemical behaviour of the nano-sized material. From comparison with the bulk material, a promoting effect of the morphology on the kinetic characteristics is evidenced. For the first time an experimental evaluation of the activation energy for Li diffusion in nano-sized rutile TiO2 is obtained; the value of 0.35eV being much lower than that reported from computational experiments for the micro-sized oxide. This work also demonstrates a new system takes place from the second cycle, characterized by a significant improvement of Li diffusion by a factor five and allowing high rates to be used.
Controlling the ion/electron-transfer reaction at the electrode|electrolyte (solid/liquid) interface is a necessary and vitally important point for improving the operation of various electrochemical devices. In this paper, we propose a polymer coating technique which enhances the Li+ ion-transfer reaction at the LiCoO2|electrolyte interface, and confirm the effects of the polymer coating by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and AC impedance techniques. The results from the experiments indicated that the application of an F-introduced polymer on the LiCoO2 (LCO) surface decreased the activation barrier for Li+ ion transfer. Besides the electrochemical studies, the present computational results indicated that the Li+ exchange process between two states, which are both solved with ethylene carbonate (EC) and coordinated with an F-introduced polymer, might occur due to the close energy levels of Li+ stability. Accordingly, we inferred that the transition state of this exchange process promotes the observed decrease in activation energy for the interfacial Li+-transfer reaction.
Local level waste authorities and their officials directly interact and serve the people on behalf of higher governments. Given the influential positions they have on the quality of life of the citizens, these local waste authorities deserve more attention from researchers. This study throws light on the factors related to local waste management and administrators that have caused waste management failures in three mainland Chinese cities. Based on a survey conducted in 2002–2003, it was found that waste administrators in these cities are not professionally competent in their jobs and they are also not confident in using economic instruments to address waste management issues in their cities. These local waste authorities are generally under-funded, and funding politics has to some extent eroded the incentives to carry out the instructions of higher waste authorities. The community at large also does not respect local waste management work. The residents frequently litter, are unobservant of waste collection times and are unwilling to pay for waste collection service. All of these are handicapping environmentally sound waste management.
Due to the depletion of fossil resources and their environmental impact, woody biomass has received much attention as an alternative resource. Lignin, as the third most abundant biopolymer from biomass, is now considered as an excellent alternative feedstock for chemicals and materials. The conversion of lignin to the value-added products is a key process to achieve an integrated biorefinery of woody biomass. Among these value-added products, lignin-based derivatives with good surface activity can be applied to enhance the conversion of cellulose into fermentable sugars, which not only decrease the cost of bioethanol production, but also reduce the environmental pollution and green house effect resulting from the burning of fossil resources.
Platinum–niobium catalysts were prepared as candidates for CO tolerant anode catalysts for low and high temperature PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs). Three different compositions were prepared by the formic acid method, from platinum (hexachloroplatinic acid) and niobium (niobium chloride) precursors on Vulcan XC-72R carbon black. Deposition of the niobium was found to be quite difficult, and only a fraction of the desired composition was achieved. Mean particle sizes were all in the nanometric range, between 2 and 3 nm. Diffraction patterns display neither insertion of niobium within the crystalline structure of platinum, nor any crystalline phase associated to that material. Nevertheless, the presence of Nb displays a noticeable effect on the CO tolerance of the catalyst firstly revealed by a reduction of the CO stripping onset potential. Fuel cell results, operating with Nafion® at low temperature (80 °C) and H2 + 100 ppm of CO as fuel, and with H3PO4-doped ABPBI, at high temperature (150 °C) and H2 + 20,000 ppm of CO, display an enhancement in the performance compared to pure platinum, so niobium may be an interesting material for increasing the tolerance to carbon monoxide in PEMFC. Finally, CO/O2 polarisation curves display a decrease in the current density in the presence of Nb, confirming that the enhanced CO tolerance can be attributed to a strong electronic effect that weakens the Pt–CO adsorption strength.
The present paper analyzes development patterns in research networks and technology as well as their co-evolution by the example of the currently highly transformative German automotive industry. We therefore introduce a consistent network-based approach for measuring change in research networks and the technological composition of patents. Our results show that the applied method is particularly useful for identifying structural similarities and main structural changes in research and patent networks. Further, the investigation of the co-evolutionary processes indicates that, regarding the German automotive industry, changes in technology lead to structural changes in the research network.
Sodium borohydride's properties make it a good source of hydrogen for use with a fuel cell for an on-demand system that is easily controllable and has no idle costs. Previous work, as described in the literature, indicated that ruthenium (Ru) is an efficient catalyst for generating hydrogen from sodium borohydride. Tests were conducted to evaluate catalyst loading with the results of these tests indicating that the hydrolysis rate is affected by the loading of the catalyst. It was also apparent that the substrate surface is not completely occupied by Ru at the lower loadings, and that increased loadings are needed to optimize the reaction rate. A differential rate test with a fixed bed reactor was also conducted. It was observed that temperature has a significant effect on the rate of reaction. Feed rate also affected the rate of reaction with lower feed rates (longer residence time in the reactor) having higher reaction rates. A bench-top hybrid system was also developed and tested. This test bed demonstrated how a system based on a chemically generated hydrogen-fed proton exchange membrane fuel cell could be integrated with batteries to provide a hybrid power system that can meet the demands of a highly varying electrical load up to four times the rated output of the fuel cell.
With increasing life expectancy, the number of very elderly patients requiring surgery and anaesthesia is increasing. Age, co-morbidity and altered pharmacokinetics clearly need to be considered in assessment of surgical risk but even in the apparently well older person there is a loss of physiological reserve that may be overlooked on cursory examination. Cognitive impairment after surgery may seriously hinder older people. This paper looks at these factors in detail and provides some remedies.
This paper examines the joint effects of mobile phone technology, knowledge creation and diffusion on inclusive human development in 49 sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. The empirical evidence is based on Tobit regressions for the period 2000–2012. The net effects of interactions between the mobile phone, knowledge creation and diffusion variables are positive indicating that the combined effects of these variables improve inclusive human development in SSA countries. Further analysis dividing the dataset into a number of fundamental characteristics based on economic, legal, religion and political stability associated with African economies show that mobile phone penetration and associated innovation in SSA improve inclusive human development irrespective of the country’s level of income, legal origins, religious orientation and the state of the nation. The pupil-teacher ratio exerts a negative influence on the outcome variable which is favourable for inclusive human development because higher ratios denote lower education quality since more pupils are accommodated by fewer teachers. The study contributes to innovation diffusion theory and economic development literature.
Dicarboxylic acid compounds, i.e. succinic acid (SUA), adipic acid (ADA) and sebacic acid (SEA), are used as electrolyte additives in the alkaline ethylene glycol solution for AA5052 aluminium-air batteries. It shows that the addition of dicarboxylic acids lowers the hydrogen gas evolution rate of commercial AA5052 aluminium alloy anode. AA5052 aluminium alloy has wide potential window for electrochemical activity and better discharge performance in alkaline ethylene glycol solution containing dicarboxylic acid additives. ADA has the best inhibition effect for the self-corrosion of AA5052 anode among the three dicarboxylic acid additives. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) reveals that dicarboxylic acids and aluminium ions can form coordination complexes. Quantum chemical calculations shows that ADA has a smaller energy gap (ΔE, the energy difference between the lowest unoccupied orbital and the highest occupied orbital), indicating that ADA has the strongest interaction with aluminium ions.
Polymer–ceramic composite electrolytes are emerging as a promising solution to achieving high ionic conductivity, optimal mechanical properties, and good safety for developing high-performance all-solid-state rechargeable batteries. In this work, we report a garnet (Li7La3Zr2O12)-based hybrid solid electrolyte (HSE) membrane designed for high performance solid-state lithium batteries for the first time. The composite HSE membrane is composed of LLZO particles and PVDF–HFP polymer matrix. The solid-state lithium battery with this HSE membrane, Li metal anode and LiFePO4 cathode exhibits an initial reversible discharge capacity of 120mAhg−1 at a charge/discharge current density of 0.5C at room temperature. This solid-state battery is used to store the energy harvested by a TENG at different rotation rates. The solid state battery can efficiently store the pulsed energy, especially for output at high frequencies.