batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Iron oxide, a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries, has a high theoretical specific capacity but exhibits poor cycling performance and rate capability. To resolve these issues, 150 nm sized carbon coated, hollow Fe3O4 nanoellipsoids are designed in this study. Owing to the relatively high utilization ratio of Fe3O4 and the buffer provided by the carbon layer, this composite has enhanced lithium ion storage properties and long cycle life. From half-cell measurements, the capacity is found to be in excess of 400 mAh g−1 even after 1000 cycles at 5 A g−1. And then, a facile and practical strategy is used to gain a relatively high compressed density (∼1.87 g cm−3), so the volumetric capacity of the Fe3O4@C electrode can be further enhanced by subjecting it to compression. In the full cell test, the Fe3O4@C electrode has a specific capacity of 400 mAh g−1 and volumetric capacity of 749 mAh cm−3 after 100 cycles. The improvement in cycling stability can be attributed to minimal volume expansion and the stability of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, over the nanoparticles. Finally, the evolution of solid-electrolyte interphase layer is indirectly monitored and the progressive loss of active lithium is quantitatively measured.
The Fe/V redox flow battery has demonstrated promising performance with distinct advantages over other redox flow battery systems. Due to the less oxidative nature of the Fe(III) species, hydrocarbon-based ion exchange membranes or separators can be used. Daramic® microporous polyethylene separators were tested on Fe/V flow cells using sulphuric/chloric mixed acid-supporting electrolytes. Among them, separator C exhibited good flow cell cycling performance with satisfactory repeatability over a broad temperature range of 5–50 °C. Energy efficiency (EE) of C remains around 70% at current densities of 50–80 mA cm−2 in temperatures ranging from room temperature to 50 °C. The capacity decay problem could be circumvented through hydraulic pressure balancing by means of applying different pump rates to the positive and negative electrolytes. Stable capacity and energy were obtained over 20 cycles at room temperature and 40 °C. These results show that extremely low-cost separators ($1–20 m−2) are applicable in the Fe/V flow battery system with acceptable energy efficiency. This represents a remarkable breakthrough: a significant reduction of the capital cost of the Fe/V flow battery system, which could further its market penetration in grid stabilization and renewable integration.
A simple analysis of the polarization resistance of the electrodes as function of the loading mass for various cycling rates allows identifying the fading mechanism on cycling of NiSb2, a typical conversion material: pulverization of active mass and further degradation of the electronic wiring at high rate and agglomeration of the active mass at low rate. Such rate-control of the degradation mechanism might reflect a thermodynamic instability of interfaces in the lithiated compound, which would however be in kinetic competition with the Lithium de-insertion. The analysis of the electrode polarization resistance fingerprint to rapidly identify the failure mechanism in a composite electrode can be generalized to other active materials.
A series of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 samples with α-NaFeO2 structure belonging to the R 3 ¯ m D3d 5 space group were synthesized using tartaric acid as a chelating agent by wet-chemical method. Different acid to metal-ion ratios R have been used to investigate the effect of this parameter on the physical and electrochemical properties. We have characterized the reaction mechanism, the structure, and morphology of the powders by TGA, XRD, SEM and TEM imaging, completed by magnetic measurements, Raman scattering spectroscopy, and complex impedance experiments. We find that the LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 sintered at 900°C for 15h with an acid to metal-ion ratio R =2 was the optimum condition for this synthesis. For this optimized sample, only 1.3% of nickel-ions occupied the 3b Wyckoff site of the lithium-ions sublattice. The electrochemical performance has been investigated using a coin-type cell containing Li metal as the anode. The electronic performance is correlated to the concentration of the Ni(3b) defects that increase the charge transfer resistance and reduce the lithium diffusion coefficient. The optimized cell delivered an initial discharge capacity of 172mAhg−1 in the cut-off voltage of 2.8–4.4V, with a coulombic efficiency of 93.4%.
In Turkey, it is common to move to seasonal vacation homes/second homes during summer months. Electrical energy demand of these homes, which are usually located in the coastal regions where solar radiation is high, can be met by renewable energy sources. In this study, meeting electrical energy demand of off-grid vacation homes via photovoltaic/wind/fuel cell hybrid energy systems is investigated from a techno-economical perspective. 24 different simulations were performed in the HOMER software under geographic and climatic conditions of Çeşme, İzmir that has relatively high solar and wind energy potential for Turkey conditions and is a place where seasonal vacation homes are located. Two occupancy scenarios (seasonal and regular) of the households were investigated under two storage options (hydrogen and battery) and each storage option consisted of six hybrid system configurations (three 100% renewable + three minimum 95% renewable). As a result, the levelized cost of electricity (COE) of off-grid renewable energy systems are found to be above the cost of grid electricity, however, a lot less when compared to previous years. The techno-economic analysis showed that, battery storage, which is a more mature technology, is still economically superior to hydrogen storage.
Increasing energy prices have led to a renewed interest in development of electric vehicles. At the same time, many customers may view an electric vehicle as an inferior alternative to the gasoline-powered car, due to limited range, length of time required to recharge the car, and limited availability of the related infrastructure. Further, commercially available and well-tested hybrid vehicle technology provides substantial fuel economy without requiring additional infrastructure investment; moreover, hybrid cars do not suffer from the range issue. This paper offers a first formal model of adoption of electric vehicles. We show that, depending on the values of the model's parameters, a situation can arise where some of the commuters purchase an electric vehicle as their second car, in addition to purchasing a regular gasoline-powered car. At the same time, improvements in fuel economy similar to development of a hybrid vehicle technology can lead to wide-spread adoption of a hybrid vehicle as household's only car. This paper will provide a framework model to analyze the question of electric vehicle adoption, which will be expanded in future research.
A correction to this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11590-020-01676-y.
This study was designed to investigate the effects of inquiry chemical experiment in chemistry teaching in promoting preservice teachers’ critical thinking skills. A pretest and posttest experimental design with a comparison group was employed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Ten chemical experiments were selected, and 42 chemical preservice teachers aged at 19-22 voluntarily participated in the research. The California Critical Thinking Skills Test (CCTST) was used to assess the level of preservice teachers’ critical thinking skills. The CCTST pre and post scores of the preservice teachers in chemical inquiry experiments training have significant differences, which show that the inquiry chemical experiment has certain promoter action to the preservice teachers’ critical thinking skills. The findings indicated that the implementation of inquiry chemical experiment improved critical thinking skills of the preservice teachers significantly.
Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive psychostimulant, and cessation of use is associated with reduced monoamine signalling, and increased anxiety/depressive states. Neurons expressing the neuropeptide, relaxin-3 (RLN3), and its cognate receptor, RXFP3, constitute a putative ‘ascending arousal system’, which shares neuroanatomical and functional similarities with serotonin (5-HT)/dorsal raphe and noradrenaline (NA)/locus coeruleus monoamine systems. In light of possible synergistic roles of RLN3 and 5-HT/NA, endogenous RLN3/RXFP3 signalling may compensate for the temporary reduction in monoamine signalling associated with chronic METH withdrawal, which could alter the profile of ‘behavioural despair’, bodyweight reductions, and increases in anhedonia and anxiety-like behaviours observed following chronic METH administration. In studies to test this theory, Rln3 and Rxfp3 knockout (KO) mice and their wildtype (WT) littermates were injected once daily with saline or escalating doses of METH (2 mg/kg, i.p. on day 1, 4 mg/kg, i.p. on day 2 and 6 mg/kg, i.p. on day 3–10). WT and Rln3 and Rxfp3 KO mice displayed an equivalent sensitivity to behavioural despair (Porsolt swim) during the 2-day METH withdrawal and similar bodyweight reductions on day 3 of METH treatment. Furthermore, during a 3-week period after the cessation of chronic METH exposure, Rln3 KO, Rxfp3 KO and corresponding WT mice displayed similar behavioural responses in paradigms that measured anxiety (light/dark box, elevated plus maze), anhedonia (saccharin preference), and social interaction. These findings indicate that a whole-of-life deficiency in endogenous RLN3/RXFP3 signalling does not markedly alter behavioural sensitivity to chronic METH treatment or withdrawal, but leave open the possibility of a more significant interaction with global or localised manipulations of this peptide system in the adult brain.
On the foundation of LiNiCoMn quaternary phase diagram, a series of manganese-based cathode materials LiδNi0.25-zMn0.75-zCo2zOy (0 ≤ δ ≤ 1.75, z = 0, 0.05, 0.15 and 0.25) have been designed and systematically studied. These materials are synthesized via a carbonate co-precipitation route and followed by a solid-state reaction. The effects of cobalt and lithium contents on phase transformations morphologies, and electrochemical behaviors of the cathode materials are overall compared and evaluated. The results reveal that, with δ increases, structures of the materials present phase evolution from spinel phase (δ ≤ 0.5) to integrated composite of spinel and layered phase (Fd 3 ¯ m and R 3 ¯ m, 0.5 < δ < 1.5) and then to a pure layered phase (R 3 ¯ m and C2/m, δ ≥ 1.5). In addition, size of primary particle and roughness of the secondary particles are also affected by δ value. Moreover, it is found that the initial discharge capacity and cycle stability of the cathode materials can be improved by a proper amount of cobalt substitution for both spinel and layered structure. These studies on the LiNiMnCo quaternary phase diagram provide a new insight into the research and development of the cathode materials for advanced lithium-ion batteries.
The energy crisis and environmental degradation are currently two vital issues for global sustainable development. Rapid industrialization and population explosion in India has led to the migration of people from villages to cities, which generate thousands tons of municipal solid waste daily, which is one of the important contributors for environmental degradation at national level. Improper management of municipal solid waste (MSW) causes hazards to inhabitants. The management of MSW requires proper infrastructure, maintenance and upgrade for all activities. The MSWM (municipal solid waste management) system comprises with generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of solid wastes. In the present study, an attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive review of MSW management to evaluate the current status of waste to energy facilities for sustainable management, which will be helpful in tackling this huge quantity of waste and the problem of energy crisis. A critical review of known MSW management practices/processes in Indian scenario, which will give an idea to investors about the market potential, the maturity of the practicing technologies, and the environmental and economical aspects was also evaluated with its advantages and disadvantages.
Diffusion tensor imaging suffers from an intrinsic low signal-to-noise ratio. Bootstrap algorithms have been introduced to provide a non-parametric method to estimate the uncertainty of the measured diffusion parameters. To quantify the variability of the principal diffusion direction, bootstrap-derived metrics such as the cone of uncertainty have been proposed. However, bootstrap-derived metrics are not independent of the underlying diffusion profile. A higher mean diffusivity causes a smaller signal-to-noise ratio and, thus, increases the measurement uncertainty. Moreover, the goodness of the tensor model, which relies strongly on the complexity of the underlying diffusion profile, influences bootstrap-derived metrics as well. The presented simulations clearly depict the cone of uncertainty as a function of the underlying diffusion profile. Since the relationship of the cone of uncertainty and common diffusion parameters, such as the mean diffusivity and the fractional anisotropy, is not linear, the cone of uncertainty has a different sensitivity. In vivo analysis of the fornix reveals the cone of uncertainty to be a predictor of memory function among older adults. No significant correlation occurs with the common diffusion parameters. The present work not only demonstrates the cone of uncertainty as a function of the actual diffusion profile, but also discloses the cone of uncertainty as a sensitive predictor of memory function. Future studies should incorporate bootstrap-derived metrics to provide more comprehensive analysis.
Fabrication of novel electrode architectures with nanostructured ultrathin catalyst layers is an effective strategy to improve catalyst utilization and enhance mass transport for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Herein, we report the design and construction of a nanostructured ultrathin catalyst layer with ordered Pt nanotube arrays, which were obtained by a hard-template strategy based on ZnO, via hydrothermal synthesis and magnetron sputtering for PEMFC application. Because of the crystallographically preferential growth of Pt (111) facets, which was attributed to the structural effects of ZnO nanoarrays on the Pt nanotubes, the catalyst layers exhibit obviously higher electrochemical activity with remarkable enhancement of specific activity and mass transport compared with the state-of-the-art randomly distributed Pt/C catalyst layer. The PEMFC fabricated with the as-prepared catalyst layer composed of optimized Pt nanotubes with an average diameter of 90(±10) nm shows excellent performance with a peak power density of 6.0 W/mgPt at 1 A/cm2, which is 11.6% greater than that of the conventional Pt/C electrode.
Additives in the negative active-material of lead–acid batteries were examined to determine whether they could prevent progressive accumulation of lead sulfate (PbSO4) in negative plates during high-rate partial-state-of-charge (HRPSoC) operation. This phenomenon is caused by progressive growth of PbSO4 particles and a lack of conductive paths near these PbSO4 particles. Barium sulfate (BaSO4) particles in various sizes and synthetic lignin were added to the negative active-material to control PbSO4 particle size during HRPSoC cycle-life. Some types of carbon fibres were also added to form conductive paths around the PbSO4 particles. Synthetic lignin was found to be the most effective additive for improving battery life in HRPSoC cycle-life tests, whereas the other factors such as BaSO4 size or carbon fibre extended less influence. The growth rate of PbSO4 particles per cycle was much lower in a cell with synthetic lignin than in a cell with natural lignin.
As post-lithium ion batteries, both sodium ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium ion batteries (PIBs) possess great potential for large scale energy storage. However, the improvements of both SIBs and PIBs for practical applications are facing great challenges in the development of high-performance electrode materials. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of alkalized Ti3C2 (a-Ti3C2) MXene nanoribbons attained by continuous shaking treatment of pristine Ti3C2 MXene in aqueous KOH solution. Benefited from the expanded interlayer spacing of a-Ti3C2, narrow widths of nanoribbons as well as three-dimensional interconnected porous frameworks for enhanced ion reaction kinetics and improved structure stability, the resulting a-Ti3C2 anodes showed excellent sodium/potassium storage performance, for example, high reversible capacities of 168 and 136mAhg−1 at 20mAg−1 and 84 and 78mAhg−1 at 200mAg−1 were obtained for SIBs and PIBs, respectively. Notably, a-Ti3C2 possessed outstanding long-term cyclability at high current density of 200mAg−1, delivering a capacity of ~ 50mAhg−1 for SIBs and ~ 42mAhg−1 for PIBs after 500 cycles, which outperformed most of reported MXene based anodes for SIBs and PIBs. Moreover, this alkalization strategy could be extended as a universal approach for fabricating various alkalized MXene-based frameworks derived from a large family of MAX phases for numerous applications, such as catalysis, energy storage and conversion.
The electrochemical aluminum storage of anatase TiO2 nanotube arrays in AlCl3 aqueous solution is investigated. It is firstly demonstrated that aluminum ions can be reversibly inserted/extracted into/from anatase TiO2 nanotube arrays in AlCl3 aqueous solution due to the small radius steric effect of aluminum ions, indicating a potential application in aluminum ion batteries.
Being born with very low birth weight (VLBW: ≤1500 g) is related to long-term disability and neurodevelopmental problems, possibly affecting mental health and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). However, studies in young adulthood yield mixed findings. The aim of this study was to examine mental health and HRQoL at 23 years, including changes from 20 to 23 years and associations with motor skills in VLBW young adults compared with controls.
The internal gas distribution system utilised for supplying fresh reactants and removing reaction products from the individual cells of a fuel cell stack can be designed in a parallel, a serial or a mixture of parallel and serial gas flow configuration. In order to investigate the interdependence between the internal stack gas distribution configuration and single cell as well as overall stack performance, a small laboratory-scale fuel cell stack consisting of identical unit cells was subject to operation with different gas distribution configurations and different operating parameters. The current/voltage characteristics measured with the different gas distribution configurations are analysed and compared on unit cell- as well as on stack-level. The results show the significant impact of the internal stack gas distribution system on operation and performance of the individual unit cells and the overall stack.
A new monomer; N-(2-(thiophen-3-yl)methylcarbonyloxyethyl) maleimide (NMT) was synthesized. The chemical structure of the monomer was characterized by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. Electrochemical polymerization of NMT was performed in acetonitrile (AN)/borontrifloride ethylether (BFEE) solvent mixture (1:1, v/v) where tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBAFB) was utilized as the supporting electrolyte. The resulting conducting polymer was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, thermal analyses and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Electrical conductivity was measured by the four-probe technique. The spectroelectrochemical behavior and switching ability of P(NMT) film were investigated by UV–Vis spectrophotometry. P(NMT) revealed color changes between yellow and blue in the reduced and oxidized states respectively.
UML sequence diagrams are visual representations of object interactions in a system and can provide valuable information for program comprehension, debugging, maintenance, and software archeology. Sequence diagrams generated from legacy code are independent of existing documentation that may have eroded. We present a framework for static generation of UML sequence diagrams from object-oriented source code. The framework provides a query refinement system to guide the user to interesting interactions in the source code. Our technique involves constructing a hypergraph representation of the source code, traversing the hypergraph with respect to a user-defined query, and generating the corresponding set of sequence diagrams. We implemented our framework as a tool, StaticGen (supporting software:
The analytical formulation presented here is for the prediction of the performance of a solid-state lithium anode/lithium-insertion cathode cell that is limited by solid-state diffusion in the cathode active material. Transient, dimensionless solid-state lithium-ion concentration-incorporating group profiles have been computed for a cell whose performance is controlled by lithium-ion diffusion in the cathode active material. The analytical equation for the voltage loss associated with solid-state lithium-ion diffusion and the resultant solid-state lithium-ion concentration profile in the cathode active material has been developed. To provide examples of the application of the developed formulation, generated numerical data are shown in the form of plots. Preliminary determination of the lithium ion diffusion coefficient in a dilithium phthalocyanine cathode active material from cell discharge data, and the determination of the activity coefficient and reversible cell voltage of an aerogel-based LiV2O5 cathode active material as a function of lithium intercalation have been performed.
The purpose of this study was to identify differences between genetically undefined (GU) early-onset Parkinson’s disease (EOPD) patients and carriers of Parkin mutations on non-motor symptoms (NMSs). EOPD patients (N = 261) underwent targeted sequencing of Parkinson’s disease (PD) related genes. Among them, 53 cases carried homozygous or compound heterozygous Parkin mutations (Parkin group) while 208 did not carry known causative PD mutations or risk factors of GBA or Parkin heterozygous mutations (GU group). NMSs were evaluated by face-to-face interviews, self-completed questionnaires and results on a neuropsychological battery. Linear regression and logistic regression models were applied to assess the predictors of NMSs. Parkin patients had younger ages of onset (AOO) (p < 0.001), longer disease durations (p < 0.001) and lower grades of Hoehn and Yarh (H&Y) (p = 0.007). Results on the neuropsychological battery showed a shorter time in Trail Making Test (TMT) (part B) in Parkin patients (p = 0.034) compared to GU patients. After adjusting for AOO, disease duration, H&Y, and levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD), there was a higher depression index on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (p = 0.013) and better performance (p = 0.038) on executive function in the Parkin group compared to the GU group. No significant differences were found for autonomic functions, sleep-wake problems or other domains of cognitive function. Our study showed that the Parkin mutation status might be a good predictor of symptoms of depression without an impact on executive function. While these findings need to be confirmed in larger cohorts, they identify a need to screen for depression.