batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Conventional state of health (SoH) estimation is often based on the capacity or resistance of lithium-ion cells. However, online capacity or resistance measurements are rarely achievable in electric vehicles. An alternative indicator should replace capacity and resistance to make online SoH diagnosis more manageable. In this paper, we introduce a novel SoH indicator, which is extracted from the cell temperature variation rate curve during the constant current charge process. There are two observable cooling areas in the temperature variation rate curve. The distance between these two areas, defined as t min, could serve as a gauge for cell SoH if electrode active material loss is negligible during the operation. In order to validate the assumption, test data from both calendar aging and cycle life tests on a commercial lithium-ion pouch cell is utilized. From the 544 aging data units, a linear correlation is observed between t min and SoH with a product-moment correlation coefficient of 0.954. The same correlation is found for all the tested cells under different aging conditions, which makes t min a promising indicator for SoH estimation.
Nickel sulfide nanoparticles (NPs) are first synthesized by virtue of a unique H2O/CS2 interface under mild hydrothermal treatment. Electrochemical data reveals that the as-synthesized NiS NPs themselves own poor supercapacitive behavior at initial cyclic voltammetry (CV) cycles in 2M KOH solution, while a specific capacitance of 893Fg−1 can be surprisingly obtained at a current density of 5Ag−1 just after continuous 320 CV cycles. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared techniques demonstrate that what is really responsible for the good electrochemical capacitance in the KOH aqueous solution is the new electrochemically formed Ni(OH)2 phase, rather than NiS NPs themselves. The Ni(OH)2 is slowly formed during the continuous CV cycling process, in which the electrochemically induced phase transformation from NiS to Ni(OH)2 phase takes place. Furthermore, the new Ni(OH)2 phase demonstrates the great ability of delivering large specific capacitance at high rates.
The Canadian Government's National Research Council laboratory in Boucherville, Quebec, has been active in wide-ranging PM R&D and technology transfer for over 30 years. Consulting Editor Joseph Capus visited the facility to learn what topics were being pursued currently. Recent achievements include binder-lubricant developments, die-wall lubrication, and the creation of metal and non-metallic foams, patented Bioglass being the latest successful innovation.
LaCoO3 fibers were synthesized through the calcination of an electrospun polymer-metal precursor fiber. The electrochemical performance of these fibers for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions was characterized in a KOH solution. Additionally, the electrochemical properties were compared with those of a conventional PtRu/C catalyst and a LaCoO3 powder, which was synthesized using the Pechini method. The LaCoO3 fibers had a greater surface area compared with the powder, whereas the crystal structures of the fibers and powder were notably similar. The LaCoO3 fibers demonstrated better electrochemical properties compared with the LaCoO3 powder, which was attributed to the increased surface area and number of active sites in the fibers.
There are various ways to measure attitudes toward democracy. But what does democracy mean? Here, it is inquired into democracy as concept by getting insight into people’s understanding of it. In the paper, first, a four-dimensional concept is theoretically proposed. Furthermore, it is assumed that word-based questionnaires only provide limited access to the four dimensions of meaning. Consequently, a visualbased methodology is developed and applied. In the empirical part of the study, German citizens were invited to draw and verbally explain their images of democracy. This research yields evidence for following assumptions: (1) visual research reveals that democracy is indeed perceived as multifaceted concept in society together with reinforcement of results found by word-base methodologies; (2) the visual approach brings new insights to the realm of democratic theory; and (3) the four-dimensional approach is a possible framework to cluster the variety of definitions that might be offered by ordinary citizens to the concept of democracy.
In this study, nanoporous zirconia (ZrO2) and titania (TiO2) coatings are shown to stabilize the cycling performance of lithium-ion batteries with LiMn2O4 spinel cathodes. The effect of firing temperature on the coating pore size is discussed and the resulting performance of the coated cathodes is evaluated. Stabilization mechanisms, such as neutralization of acidic electrolytes by ZrO2 and TiO2 coatings, are examined. It is proposed that the establishment of a complex nanoporous network for lithium-ion transport results in a more uniform current distribution at the particle surface, thereby suppressing capacity fade that may be associated with surface instabilities of the spinel electrode.
The practical performances and thermal stability of Li-ion polymer batteries with LiNi0.8Co0.2O2, mesocarbon microbead-based graphite, and poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN)-based gel electrolytes are reported. The gel electrolyte, which shows a fire-retardance by itself as well as good chemical stability effectively improved thermal stability of the Li-ion polymer battery up to 170°C. We also found that the mesocarbon microbead-based graphite showed better coulombic efficiency even though the gel electrolyte contained PC and GBL. An evaluation of cell performances showed that the electrodes and the gel electrolyte were promising material for a next-generation Li-ion polymer battery.
A non-destructive estimation of the state-of-charge (SoC) of batteries facilitates optimum utilization of the battery for a given application, as well as evaluation of its state-of-health. Among various methods, a.c. impedance spectroscopy over a wide range of frequencies provides a variety of parameters which are functions of the SoC of a given battery. These parameters and their variation with SoC depend on the type of battery and on the experimental conditions. The impedance data of sealed commercial cells are rather tedious to analyze since the results are generally the combined parameters of both the positive and the negative electrodes. Separation of the parameters which correspond to the individual electrodes involves assumptions, the validity of which is open to question. Nevertheless, systematic linear and reproducible variations of measurable or computable impedance parameters with battery condition are useful indicators of the SoC in a non-destructive way. The present review consolidates the literature on the prediction of the SoC of batteries by means of a.c. impedance measurements.
In this study, the lithium ion battery (LIB) additive 1,3-propane sultone (PS) was investigated using capillary electrophoresis (CE) connected to a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Q-TOF MS). In the first part, PS was thermally aged with the organophosphates dimethyl phosphate (DMP), diethyl phosphate (DEP) or triethyl phosphate (TEP) at 60°C for one month. It was observed that PS reacted with traces of water, with organophosphates, with decomposition products of the organophosphates and polymerized to long-chain decomposition products. Due to the large number of in part similar decomposition products, it was not possible to baseline separate them from each other. The structures of the decomposition products were identified and the deviations of the detected m/z-ratios of the decomposition products to the calculated m/z-ratios were lower than 3.0ppm. Moreover, one of the most interesting aspects was the formation of DEP in the aged samples of TEP and PS. In the second part, PS was mixed with DMP, DEP or TEP in the LIB electrolyte and aged at 60°C for one month. In these samples, decomposition products were determined, formed by reaction of PS with carbonates, organophosphates and DMP, DEP or TEP. In these electropherograms, the decomposition products were baseline separated. In this study, the high reactivity of PS with different electrolyte compounds from the electrolyte was shown in battery research for the first time.
Thin films of manganese oxides have been deposited on Cu foils by radio-frequency (RF) sputtering under different conditions. Crystalline MnO films cannot be obtained but Mn3+/M4+ oxides are formed when the growth proceeds under the Ar atmosphere, due to the oxidation of MnO. While they can be obtained under the Ar:H2 (95:5 vol%) reduction atmosphere at both room temperature and 500 °C. The latter films in thickness of ∼0.5 μm exhibit an initial coulombic efficiency of 75%, reversible capacities of 380 μAh cm−2 μm−1 (∼700 mAh g−1) at 4 μA cm−2 (∼0.05 C) after 100 cycles, and 230 μAh cm−2 μm−1 (∼428 mAh g−1) at 20 C. These values demonstrate that the sputtering-grown MnO films here exhibit excellent cyclability and rate performance in comparison to the reported data of MnO anodes. Pure phase with low oxidation state and certain porosity could be favorable factors accounting for such improved electrochemical performance.
Lower prices and increased supply of natural gas from hydraulic fracturing could lead to widespread use of natural gas in transportation. There are three primary ways that natural gas could be used in personal vehicles: compressed natural gas (CNG) in a combustion engine, as a source of hydrogen for a fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV), and to generate electricity for a battery electric vehicle (BEV). In this work, we compare these three paths by analyzing their current and theoretical maximum well-to-wheels (WTW) exergy efficiencies. Each pathway begins with the extraction of natural gas and ends with delivery of work to the vehicle’s wheels. The best current and theoretical maximum well-to-wheels exergy efficiencies for CNG, FCEV, and BEV pathways are found to be 31%/63%, 25%/87% and 44%/84% respectively. The largest exergy destruction for the CNG pathway occurs within the vehicle’s internal combustion engine (ICE) plant, which has a best current efficiency of 35%. For the FCEV pathway the main current sources of exergy destruction are the reforming stage and within the fuel cell engine plant, with best current efficiencies of 69% and 50% respectively. For the BEV pathway, the largest exergetic loss occurs during the conversion from natural gas to electricity at a combined cycle power plant, with a best current efficiency of 59%. While the theoretical maximum succeeds in identifying process steps that limit efficiency, it does not inform how much progress could be made to improve efficiency with what effort.
Sodium-ion capacitors with unique characteristics such as higher energy density than electrical double-layer capacitors, higher power density than rechargeable batteries, and abundant sodium resources represent current research trend in developing large-scale electrical energy storage technology. One of the key challenges presently facing the development of this technology is the imbalanced kinetics between the sluggish Faradaic sodium insertion in the anode and the fast capacitive ion adsorption on the cathode. Here we demonstrate the sol-gel synthesis of a novel, high-rate, stable composite anode material for sodium-ion capacitors (NICs). The composite consisted of Nb2O5 nanoparticles embedded in a carbon matrix (denoted by m-Nb2O5/C). Sodium-ion capacitors employing the m-Nb2O5/C anode and a commercial activated carbon as the cathode showed an admirable performance, delivering high energy densities in a wide range of power densities (73 Wh kg−1@250 W kg-1 and 16.8 Wh kg−1@20 kW kg−1). These favourable cell characteristics are attributed to the properties of the m-Nb2O5/C anode: the mesoporous structure that facilitates electron and ion transport, the presence of the niobium carbide interlayer between the Nb2O5 nanoparticles and the surrounding graphitic carbon that additionally improves the electron conductivity, and the predominant capacitive charge storage mechanism.
In this work, an effective approach to engineer Si and crystal SiO2 nanoparticles with carbon for high performance electrochemical energy storage was presented. We designed an intercalated carbon mixed SiO2&Si nanoparticles/carbon multilayer structure on the Cu current collector for an electrochemically stable and high energy density Si based electrode and carried out by alternately depositing C and SiO2&Si by plasma decomposition of CH4 and SiH4. This design allows for increasing mass loading per geometric area and improving the energy density. The structure and chemical composition of the composites were characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS, etc. The electrode with 12 layers exhibited an excellent cycling retention and a reversible areal capacity of ∼ 0.46 mAh/cm2 at a current rate of 52μA/cm2, which is much higher than most of previously reported values of various other materials. The versatile approach for fabricate the intercalated SiO2&Si/carbon films electrodes presented in this work can be extended to a variety of energy conversion and storage applications.
A porous-microspheres Li–Si film (PMLSF) is prepared by multi-step constant current (MSCC) electrodeposition on Cu foil. Its structure and morphology are characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). As negative electrodes of lithium-ion batteries, the PMLSF electrode delivers the first gravimetric and geometric charge capacities of 2805.7mAhg−1 and 621.9μAhcm−2 at the current density of 25.5μAcm−2, and its initial coulombic efficiency is as high as 98.2%. When the PMLSF electrode is cycled in VC-containing electrolyte, the superior cycling performance can be obtained. After 50 cycles, 96.0% of its initial capacity is retained at the current density of 50.0μAcm−2. Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) research confirms the positive effect of VC additive on the behavior of the PMLSF electrode.
SnO2 is a well-studied anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). However, it undergoes severe capacity fading because of a large volume change (∼300%) during cycling. Composites of SnO2 with electro-conductive graphene would deliver improved capacity and rate performance. Nevertheless, achieving the theoretical capacity of SnO2 is still elusive, mainly because of disintegration of the active material from graphene and severe aggregation of SnO2, or Sn nanoparticles produced upon cycling. To surmount these limitations, in this work, nanocomposites containing ultra-fine sized SnO2 nanoparticles (UFSN) with reduced graphene oxide and amorphous carbon were synthesized in a single step at low temperature and environmentally benign way, in which ascorbic acid was employed as the carbon source and reducing agent. UFSN could decrease the lithium ion diffusion path length. As a result of effective buffering effect afforded by the mesoporous structure against volume change and improved lithium ion diffusivity, the ternary nanocomposite achieves ultra-high capacity of 1245mAhg−1 after 210 cycles at 100mAg−1 and excellent cycling stability. Since the proposed approach is facile, straightforward, and highly reproducible, it is anticipated that this system would be a potential alternative to the conventional graphite anode for LIBs.
Ag/β-AgVO3 hybrid nanorods have been successfully prepared by a facile one-step solid-state approach and their electrochemical performance has been evaluated as cathode materials for lithium batteries (LBs). The effects of calcinations temperatures to the morphologies of the material and the content of Ag in the hybrid have been investigated. The Ag/AgVO3 hybrid synthesized at 420 °C shows well-separated nanorods anchored with Ag nanoparticles. The existence of Ag nanoparticles has been demonstrated to improve the conductivity of the electrode. As a cathode material for lithium batteries, it exhibits high specific capacity, good rate capability and improved cycle stability. Initial specific discharge capacities of 242, 228, 203, 202, 198 mA h g−1 can be achieved at the current densities of 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 mA g−1, respectively. The superior performance is attributed to the combined effect of the electron conductivity improvement by the Ag nanoparticles and the well-separated β-AgVO3 nanorod structures. The results demonstrate the advantages of the Ag/AgVO3 hybrid for primary lithium batteries, and the possible application in rechargeable lithium batteries.
Recent studies have suggested antidepressant involvement in synaptic plasticity, possibly mediated by neurotrophins and neuropeptides. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide and neuromodulator. Since its discovery, PACAP has been extensively investigated with regard to its neurotrophic properties including regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, a neurotrophin postulated to be involved in the mechanism of antidepressant action and etiology of affective disorders. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, we demonstrate in this paper a robust upregulation of BDNF messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in rat primary cortical neurons following a 6-hour incubation with PACAP, and subsequently elevated BDNF expression after prolonged treatment. Additional experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of antidepressants on the expression of PACAP, its receptors and BDNF. In rat hippocampal neurons, prolonged (72-hour) treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors paroxetine and citalopram significantly up-regulated BDNF and PACAP expression and down-regulated PACAP receptor (PAC1 and VPAC2) expression; the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine had an opposite effect. These alterations in BDNF expression correlated negatively with PAC1 and VPAC2 expression, and positively with PACAP mRNA levels. Thus, our findings suggest the possible involvement of PACAP signaling in the neuronal plasticity induced by antidepressant treatment.
Abstract Biomass has been used as a fuel source ever since humanity learned to make fire and served as the primary source of energy before fossil fuels became common in the twentieth century. Biomass is still the dominant source of energy for one billion of the poorest people. Biofuels are attractive for a number of reasons - plants act as `solar panels', capture carbon, and store energy. Their large-scale adaptation as energy source for modern industrial societies hinges on the solar utilization efficiency of plants. Plants appear to have similar efficiencies in capturing solar radiation as the most efficient solar panels that can be deployed at large scale, but the plants' own metabolism combined with the 'metabolism' of the infrastructure to produce biofuel from biomass yields a very low solar utilization. The climate vulnerability of biomass as renewable energy source is largely similar to food crops. Slight differences might be expected for different biofuel types. First generation biofuels might be more vulnerable due to constrains on deploying often energy intensive agricultural practices that can offset adverse climate impacts. Second generation biofuels are likely to be more resilient than food crops since their feedstock comes from marginal lands that are more close to natural vegetation.
It is shown that the rate performance of a lithium battery composite electrode may be compromised by poor internal connectivity due to defects and inhomogeneities introduced during electrode fabrication or subsequent handling. Application of a thin conductive coating to the top surface of the electrode or to the separator surface in contact with the electrode improves the performance by providing alternative current paths to partially isolated particles of electroactive material. Mechanistic implications are discussed and strategies for improvement in electrode design and fabrication are presented.
FeSi6/graphite composite was prepared by mechanical ball milling. The FeSi6 alloy particles consist of an electrochemically active silicon phase and inactive phases FeSi2, distributed uniformly in the graphite matrix. The composite anode offers a large reversible capacity (about 800mAhg−1) and good cycleability, due to the buffering effect of the inactive FeSi2 phase and graphite layers on the volumetric changes of Si phase during lithium–Si alloying reaction. Since FeSi6 alloy is a low-cost industrial material, this alloy compound provides a possible alternative for development of high capacity lithium-ion batteries.
Commonality in product line design refers to using identical product features or modules in multiple products. The use of commonality in product line extensions is a growing practice in many industries. We consider vertical product line extensions to lower- and higher-end products, and study the effects of identical feature levels on consumers’ evaluation of original products. Using a between-subject experimental design, we examine the effect of commonality using the bicycle as the example product. This experiment is then extended to eight different service and manufactured products. Results show that in many cases identical feature levels increase the perceived similarity between original and extension products. This influences the valuation of original products: valuation of the original low-end product increases while valuation of the original high-end product decreases. However, the amount of valuation change is not necessarily the same for the original low- and high-end products. This valuation change occurs regardless of buyers’ knowledge level of the product and is sometimes moderated by a large difference in a differentiated feature. This study suggests the importance of accounting for the demand-side effect of commonality in product design decisions. Change in customers’ valuation may call for an adjustment in price—the price of a high-end product may have to be lowered due to valuation discount, and the price of a low-end product could be raised to take advantage of valuation premium. This change in valuation does not occur for every feature in every product. Therefore, by properly selecting the features that are identical, a firm may be able to take advantage of valuation premium without sacrificing valuation discount and enjoy the economies of scale in manufacturing and logistics due to commonality.
In this paper, the chlorination of In2O3 has been studied using gaseous chlorine as chlorinating agent. The results of the thermodynamic analysis for the reaction of In2O3 chlorination indicate that this reaction is possible throughout the entire studied temperature range. The progress of the chlorination was followed measuring the mass changes for isothermal and non-isothermal experimental assays. The effect of temperature, reaction time, flow rate and partial pressure of Cl2 was investigated. The solids were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The results of the chlorination assays showed that the reaction between In2O3 and Cl2 starts approximately at 400°C, with a mass loss of 50% at 620°C, and that, for temperatures between 500 and 650°C, the reaction rate increases along with the reaction temperature. The calculated values for the apparent activation energy and for the order of reaction were 125.5kJ/mol and 0.91, respectively. The model 1−(1− α)0.4 = Kt is the best represents the experimental data.