batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The increasing use of rare earth elements (REEs) in diverse technological applications has augmented the demand and exploitation of these worldwide, leading to a higher input of REEs + Yttrium (Y) in the marine environment. The present study investigated the ecotoxicity of Lanthanum (La) and Y to Mytilus galloprovincialis developing embryos and juveniles. This was achieved by quantifying the embryogenesis success after 48 h, and survival of juveniles after 96 h of exposure to different concentrations of La and Y. Results show that both La and Y are more toxic to developing embryos and larvae than to juveniles of M. galloprovincialis. Predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) values were also derived for the embryo development as a preliminary approach to assess the environmental risk for these compounds to marine organisms. Results revealed that La is more toxic than Y. The high sensitivity of the early developmental stages to these compounds highlight the relevance of including these stages when evaluating the toxicity of chemicals where little information is available. Although older life stages may be more tolerant to toxicants, the population survival will be compromised if new recruits are not viable, with implications to the whole ecosystem health and functioning of the impacted area. Information on the ecotoxicity of chemicals with expanded technological use and that may be released during deep-sea mining activities is urgent in order to help estimate environmental impacts.
Electrochemical conversion of CO2 into high-value products is attractive for lowering net carbon emissions. Lee et al. present the valorization of chemisorbed CO2 to CO in an aqueous monoethanolamine electrolyte via tailoring of the electrochemical double layer, with 72% Faradaic efficiency at 50 mA cm–2.
Layered LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (LNCM) cathode has received extensive attention because of its high specific capacity at high voltage (4.5 V). While the unsatisfactory electrochemical performance at high voltage hinders its practical application in next generation lithium ion batteries. Herein we demonstrate that simply application of lithium difluorophosphate (LiPO2F2) electrolyte additive significantly improves the electrochemical performance of high voltage LNCM/Li cell, at room and low temperature (−10 °C). Capacity retention of high voltage LNCM/Li cell with 3 wt. % LiPO2F2 additive achieves 89% after 250 cycles at room temperature and 94% after 200 cycles at low temperature in comparison with that of 61% and 10% without additive. Even discharging at 10 C, the LNCM/Li cell with 3% LiPO2F2 still delivers an initial capacity of 144 mAh g−1 and maintains at 69 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at room temperature. While the one without additive drops to 0 mAh g−1 after about 350 cycles. The improved cyclic stability and rate capability of high voltage LNCM is mainly ascribed to the steady low impedance cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) film created by 3% LiPO2F2 additive, which greatly hinders the subsequent electrolyte oxidation, electrode structural destruction and increase of electrode polarization during cycling.
A core–shell structure high voltage spinel cathode material with an average composition of LiMg0.056Ni0.444Mn1.5O4 is firstly designed and synthesized via co-precipitation process. The spherical LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 core material is encapsulated by a novel thin concentration-gradient shell (CGS) which decreases Ni concentration and increases Mg concentration toward the particle surface, and the composition of the outmost layer of the spherical LiMg0.056Ni0.444Mn1.5O4 is LiMg0.5Mn1.5O4. The electrochemical properties of the LiMg0.056Ni0.444Mn1.5O4 are carefully investigated and compared with the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 by electrochemical measurements. It has been found that the electrochemical properties of the LiMg0.056Ni0.444Mn1.5O4 sample are far superior to those of the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 sample. The LiMg0.056Ni0.444Mn1.5O4 sample exhibits excellent cycling performance. At 25 °C, it delivers a discharge capacity of 127 mAh g−1 between 3.0 and 4.9 V vs. Li/Li+ with a retention of 98.9% over 200 cycles at a rate of 1C (147 mA g−1). At 55 °C, it delivers a discharge capacity of 128 mAh g−1 with a retention of 99% after 100 cycles in the same charge–discharge condition. Besides, the LiMg0.056Ni0.444Mn1.5O4 shows a good rate capability, it can still deliver a high discharge capacity of 116 mAh g−1 even at a rate of 10C. Therefore, the core–shell structure high voltage spinel cathode material with CGS will be a promising cathode material for advanced lithium ion batteries.
The catalytic activity of spinel-type MnCo2O4 is often limited by the poor electronic conductivity, limited specific surface area and inferior stability in oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction. In this study, carbon-coated MnCo2O4 nanowire (MnCo2O4@C) is prepared by a self-template method from MnCo2-NTA nanowire precursor. MnCo2O4@C shows excellent electrocatalytic performance and improved circulation stability, with an onset potential of 0.92 V and current retention rate of 99% within 10000 s at 0.80 V vs. RHE, better than the commercial Pt/C (E onset = 0.94 V, current retention rate 94%). Further study shows that the oxygen reduction mechanism of MnCo2O4@C follows quasi-four-electron transfer process. The carbon provides conductive network and promotes the fast transfer of electrons in between the carbon network and MnCo2O4 nanoparticles. Meanwhile, under the limitation of rigid carbon shell, the growth of MnCo2O4 nanoparticle is impeded. These make MnCo2O4@C excellent electrochemical properties, and endow rechargeable Zn-air battery with high open-circuit voltage of 1.43 V and long-term cycling performance over 70 h with high efficiency and stability. MnCo2O4@C holds great promise as highly active bifunctional electrocatalyst in the practical application of rechargeable metal-air batteries and other fuel cells.
Seawater contains significantly larger quantities of lithium than is found on land, thereby providing an almost unlimited resource of lithium for meeting the rapid growth in demand for lithium batteries. However, lithium extraction from seawater is exceptionally challenging because of its low concentration (∼0.1–0.2 ppm) and an abundance of interfering ions. Herein, we creatively employed a solid-state electrolyte membrane, and design a continuous electrically-driven membrane process, which successfully enriches lithium from seawater samples of the Red Sea by 43000 times (i.e., from 0.21 to 9013.43 ppm) with a nominal Li/Mg selectivity >45 million. Lithium phosphate with a purity of 99.94% was precipitated directly from the enriched solution, thereby meeting the purity requirements for application in the lithium battery industry. Furthermore, a preliminary economic analysis shows that the process can be made profitable when coupled with the Chlor-alkali industry.
The effects of Cr coating are studied with respect to improving the electrochemical characteristics of carbon-coated silicon monoxide anodes in rechargeable Li cells. The Cr coating is applied by ion beam sputtering. Analyses of the coating are carried out by EDX, SEM, TEM, and EPMA. A coin cell (CR2032) with a carbon-coated SiO x anode coated with Cr and a lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) cathode is assembled in an argon-filled glove box. The charged capacity of the Cr-coated SiO x –C/LCO cell is 1127 mAh g−1 in the 1st cycle at 0.1 C, while that of the uncoated SiO x –C/LCO cell is 956 mAh g−1. In addition, the Cr-coated SiO x –C/LCO cell has a discharged capacity of 733 mAh g−1, which is higher than that of the uncoated cell (635 mAh g−1). Furthermore, the discharge capacity retention ratio (100th:2nd) of the Cr-coated cell is 75% while that of the uncoated cell is 69%. The rate capability of the Cr-coated cell is superior to that of the uncoated cell. Cr has good electrical conductivity, enabling more Li ions to be stored in the Cr-coated cell than in the uncoated cell. Investigations into the improved electrochemical characteristics are carried out through the analyses of impedance, voltage profile, and cycle data.
Cognitive dysfunction including disrupted behavioral flexibility is central to neurodevelopmental disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). A cognitive measure that assesses relational memory, and the ability to flexibly assimilate and transfer learned information is transitive inference. Transitive inference is highly conserved across vertebrates and disrupted in cognitive disorders. Here, we examined how mutations in the synaptic cell-adhesion molecule neuroligin-3 (Nlgn3) that have been documented in ASD impact relational memory and behavioral flexibility. We first refined a rodent touchscreen assay to measure visual transitive inference, then assessed two mouse models of Nlgn3 dysfunction (Nlgn3−/y and Nlgn3R451C). Deep analysis of touchscreen behavioral data at a trial level established we could measure trajectories in flexible responding and changes in processing speed as cognitive load increased. We show that gene mutations in Nlgn3 do not disrupt relational memory, but significantly impact flexible responding. Our study presents the first analysis of reaction times in a rodent transitive inference test, highlighting response latencies from the touchscreen system are useful indicators of processing demands or decision-making processes. These findings expand our understanding of how dysfunction of key components of synaptic signaling complexes impact distinct cognitive processes disrupted in neurodevelopmental disorders, and advance our approaches for dissecting rodent behavioral assays to provide greater insights into clinically relevant cognitive symptoms.
A systematic study has been performed for several chelato-borate complexes by combining electrochemical characterization and ab-initio calculations to reveal whether they are appropriate to be used as electrolyte components in Li-ion batteries. The chelato-borates used in this study are lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), lithium salicylatooxalatoborate (LiSOB), lithium bis(salicylato)borate (LiBSB), lithium bis(3-methylsalicylato)borate, lithium bis(5-fluorosalicylato)borate, lithium bis(5-chlorosalicylato)borate, lithium bis(5-bromosalicylato)borate, and lithium bis(3,5-dichlorosalicylato)borate. A graphite electrode is chosen to study the cathodic stability, while LiMn2O4 is selected to estimate the anodic stability limits of these chelato-borates. Additionally, the oxidation potentials of these compounds are predicted by employing density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The CV studies of graphite electrodes in these electrolyte mixtures indicate that irreversible reduction of the oxalato and salicylato groups occurs at 1.6–1.8 and 0.9–1.3 V vs. Li/Li+, respectively. Besides, irreversible oxidation of the bis(salicylato)borate anions between 4.3 and 4.8 V vs. Li/Li+ is observed in the CV curves of LiMn2O4 electrodes, depending on the respective ligands around the central boron atom. The theoretical calculations are generally in line with the experimental observations. Furthermore, they help to explain the differences between the oxidation potentials of the anions, which are caused by the different groups that donate the electron and the respective substitution pattern.
The nickel foam-supported porous NiO–Ni nanocomposite synthesized by electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) technique was investigated as anodes for lithium ion batteries. This anode was demonstrated to exhibit improved cycle performance as well as good rate capability. Ni particles in the composites provide a highly conductive medium for electron transfer during the conversion reaction of NiO with Li+ and facilitate a more complete decomposition of Li2O during charge with increased reversibility of conversion reaction. Moreover, the obtained porous structure is benefical to buffering the volume expansion/constriction during the cycling.
A solution phase transport theory considering solvent effects is developed for lithium ion cells. The solvent convection velocity is derived from a volume conservation argument, leading to a diffusive correction, a transference number gradient correction and a pore-wall flux correction to the material balance equation. The diffusive correction exactly cancels the solvent-related ( 1 − d ln c 0 / d ln c ) factor in the original diffusion term. The transference number gradient and pore-wall flux corrections lead to a larger effective value of the lithium ion transference number. Comparative discharge simulations are carried out for a graphite– LiMn 2 O 4 cell with 1M or 2M LiPF 6 solution. The convective transport theory demonstrates little cell voltage difference at low rates (1C and 3C) compared with the original approach that neglects convection. Nevertheless, at a 6C rate, a maximum of 51.32mV excess cell voltage is predicted by the convective theory for the 1M cell. For the 2M cell the convective theory predicts a slightly slower voltage drop at the beginning of discharge, but a faster drop at the end of the 6C discharge. At all rates the convective theory also gives a lower salt concentration profile within the negative electrode, but higher within the positive electrode. This implies that the concentration gradient is diminished by convection. Detailed analysis shows that the transference number gradient correction is always positive during discharge and is highly rate sensitive; the pore-wall flux correction is not only rate sensitive but also proportional to the salt concentration and is thus more prominent in the 2M cell.
The move from landfill-based to resource-based waste management systems requires a greater knowledge of the composition of municipal solid waste. This paper draws together the findings of municipal solid waste (MSW) compositional surveys undertaken in the United Kingdom. The results from recent surveys show a good agreement over the composition of household-collected waste, but less agreement over civic amenity site waste composition. There is insufficient data to allow comparisons of the commercial waste element of municipal waste or of the other components, and further work is necessary to produce more reliable estimates of the composition of these streams. The use of questionnaire surveys and analysis of the results suggests that the size and age profile of a household influence the generation of household-collected waste. Some research suggests that the waste container provided by the local authority and the socio-economic classification of a household also influence household-collected waste generation, but other studies failed to find this link. Further research is required to investigate this by surveying all of the waste disposal routes available to specific households.
SnO x -embedded carbon nanofibers (SnO x /CNF) were synthesized by electrospinning a composite solution of Sn(II) acetate, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), followed by stabilization and carbonization. The SnO x for SnO x /CNF-700 was distributed about below 2nm in diameter, whereas that for SnO x /CNF-800 represented around below 4nm. The fine structure of SnO x for SnO x /CNF was confirmed by analysis of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). The diameter of the fibers decreased with increasing temperature, whereas both SnO x particles and electrical conductivity of SnO x /CNF increased. Both SnO x /CNF-700 and SnO x /CNF-800 were prepared as disordered structures, whereas SnO x /CNF-900 was synthesized as an SnO2-like structure. The disordered transformation inducing excellent electrochemical performance originated form CNF prepared by electrospinning and proper heat treatment. Pure SnO2 displayed low electrochemical performance, indicating a typical large volume change and high mechanical stress. On the contrary, SnO x /CNF-800 represented outstanding specific discharge capacity and exceptional cycle retention at the same time, representing a coulomb efficiency of 71% even in the initial cycle. The specific discharge capacity for SnO x /CNF-800 slightly decreased by the 20th cycle, and then gradually increased by the 100th cycle. The CNF plays an important role as a buffering agent to prevent SnO x particles from agglomerating. The CNF having 1D pathway with high electrical conductivity leads to the promotion of charge transfer as well as mass transfer.
The increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production was previously observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We sought to explore whether acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) therapy ameliorates clinical symptoms in AD through down-regulation of inflammation. Expression and release of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), a positive regulator of Th2 differentiation, and interleukin (IL)-4, an anti-inflammatory cytokine from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in AD patients, were investigated. PBMC were purified from AD patients at time of enrolment (T0) and after 1month of treatment with AChEI (T1) and from healthy controls (HC). Supernatants were analyzed for cytokine levels by ELISA methods. mRNA expression were determined by RT–PCR. Expression and production of MCP-1 and IL-4 were significantly increased in AD subjects under therapy with the AChEI Donepezil, compared to the same AD patients at time of enrolment (P <0.001). Our data suggest another possible explanation for the ability of Donepezil [diethyl(3,5-di-ter-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)phosphonate] to delay the progression of AD; in fact, Donepezil may modulate MCP-1 and IL-4 production, which may reflect a general shift towards type Th0/Th2 cytokines which could be protective in AD disease. The different amounts of MCP-1 and IL-4 observed might reflect the different states of activation and/or responsiveness of PBMC, that in AD patients could be kept in an activated state by pro-inflammatory cytokines.
The purpose of this study is to have epistemological and systematic in-depth review about ‘conjoint analysis’, a multivariate data analysis technique. Moreover, an attempt is made to provide the past and current status of research done along with its contribution, relevance and future research agenda in the field of research. To study manifold aspects about conjoint analysis, systematic literature review (SLR) and meta-synthesis techniques were used in combination for qualitative assessment that ensured a rigorous review. In total, 119 peer-reviewed articles were included in the review. The current study depicted the development and expansion of conjoint analysis in marketing research and beyond it in other associate fields. Through the combined application of systematic literature review (SLR) and meta-synthesis, the various commercial and industrial applications of this technique were explored. Moreover, the process of implementation of conjoint analysis with the help of an example and limitations of previous and current studies were discussed. Based on our robust search through relevant papers of reputed databases and best of our knowledge, this is the first literature review paper in the last decade providing the background, evolution, application, limitation and future research avenues of ‘conjoint analysis’ technique, which no other study has done so far.
Measuring the well-being of citizens has become established practice in many advanced democracies. In the move to go beyond GDP, indicators of subjective well-being (SWB) have come to the fore, and are increasingly seen as providing a ‘yardstick’ to guide public policy. A strong version of this position is that SWB can (and should) provide the sole basis on which to design and evaluate public policy. This article argues that the increasing dominance of the subjective definition of well-being is problematic, and amounts to a hegemony of happiness. The article examines the fundamental assumptions behind different accounts of well-being, and develops a critique of the ‘strong position’ that sees SWB as the ultimate guide for public policy. First, the connections between the modern debate and classical schools of thought are discussed, and the strong Benthamite SWB approach is contrasted with the alternative Aristotelian capabilities approach. Next, the article examines current practice, using the UK’s Measuring National Well-being Programme as a case study. Finally, the article concludes that SWB has questionable legitimacy as a summary indicator of objective quality of life, and does not, on its own, provide a reliable metric for public policy. The capabilities approach, which takes a pluralist perspective on well-being and prioritises freedom and opportunity, offers a richer and more useful foundation for policy.
Waterpipe smoking has been growing in popularity in the United States and worldwide. Most tobacco control regulations remain limited to cigarettes. Few studies have investigated waterpipe tobacco smoke exposures in a real world setting. We measured carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM)2.5, and airborne nicotine concentrations in seven waterpipe cafes in the greater Baltimore area. Area air samples were collected between two and five hours, with an average sampling duration of three hours. Waterpipe smoking behaviors were observed at each venue. Indoor air samplers for CO, PM2.5, and airborne nicotine were placed in the main seating area 1–2 m above the floor. Indoor airborne concentrations of PM2.5 and CO were markedly elevated in waterpipe cafes and exceeded concentrations that were observed in cigarette smoking bars. Air nicotine concentrations, although not as high as in venues that allow cigarette smoking, were markedly higher than in smoke-free bars and restaurants. Concentrations of PM approached occupational exposure limits and CO exceeded occupational exposure guidelines suggesting that worker protection measures need to be considered. This study adds to the literature indicating that both employees and patrons of waterpipe venues are at increased risk from complex exposures to secondhand waterpipe smoke.
LiFe1−x Co x PO4 (0≤ x ≤1.0) solid solutions were prepared by solid-state reactions. X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to analyze the variation of their structures and the chemical environments around the P and O atoms of the solid solution with various Co contents. The electrochemical performance of LiFe1−x Co x PO4 was also comparatively studied with cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic charge–discharge.
Effects of dopant and coating carbon nanotube on anodic performance of Si were studied for metallic anode Li ion rechargeable battery with large capacity. Although the large Li intercalation capacity higher than 1500mAhg−1 is exhibited on pure Si, it decreased drastically with increasing cycle number. Increasing the electrical conductivity by doping Cr or B is effective for increasing the initial capacity and the cycle stability of Si for Li intercalation. Coating semiconductive Si with the carbon nanotube by decomposition of hydrocarbon is effective for increasing the cycle stability, though the initial Li intercalation capacity slightly decreased. Conducting binder is also important for increasing the cycle stability and it was found that Li intercalation capacity higher than 1500mAhg−1 can be sustained by using poly vinyliden fruolide. Consequently, reversible Li intercalation capacity of 1500mAhg−1 was successfully sustained after 10th cycles of charge and discharge by doping Cr and coating with carbon nanotube.