batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The ionic liquid (PYR14TFSI) has proved to be the key material to make a Li-ion conducting element of a complete electrochromic device, when interposed between transparent film electrodes like WO3 and Li-charged V2O5. The key features of this ionic liquid and its mixtures with LiTFSI are the excellent transparency in the visible and NIR optical regions, the good ionic conductivity and the electrochemical compatibility with inorganic Li-intercalation oxide thin film electrodes used in electrochromic devices. The higher optical contrast found during WO3 colouration with PYR14TFSI-LiTFSI, compared to that in a conventional non-aqueous electrolyte like PC-LiTFSI, was attributed to the larger inertness of the former one (no decomposition reaction at the lowest electrode potential). This highly conductive ionic liquid has been incorporated into a polymer matrix (P(EO)10LiTFSI), in order to obtain a transparent solid electrolyte with high Li ion conductivity and good mechanical stability. Finally this solid PYR14TFSI-P(EO)10LiTFSI transparent ion conductor was interposed between the same electrodes as above in order to yield a fully solid-state, Li-ion electrochromic device. This new solid electrolyte was able to transfer reversibly a Li ionic charge between 5mCcm−2 and 10mCcm−2 from the lithium storage electrode Li x V2O5 to the WO3 electrochromic electrode in less than 100s at room T, darkening the device from an initial 80% to a final 30% transmittance (at 650nm). Such a device has been tested first under various constant current conditions, and later under potentiostatic control using ±2V steps. The latter method allows not only for a faster response of the electrochromic system, but provides also an easier life stability test of the device, which withstood 2000 cycles with little changes in its optical contrast.
Iron oxide nanoparticles (ION) have been widely used in biomedical applications, for both diagnosis and therapy, due to their unique magnetic properties. They are intensively explored in neuromedicine mostly because of their ability to cross the blood brain barrier. Hence, their potential harmful effects on neuronal cells need to be carefully assessed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of silica-coated ION (S-ION) (10–200 μg ml−1) on human neuronal SHSY5Y cells. Alterations in the cell cycle, cell death by apoptosis or necrosis, and membrane integrity were assessed as cytotoxicity parameters. Genotoxicity was determined by a γH2AX assay, a micronucleus (MN) test, and a comet assay. Complementarily, possible effects on DNA damage repair were also analysed by means of a DNA repair competence assay. All analyses were performed in complete and serum-free cell culture media. Iron ion release from the nanoparticles was notable only in complete medium. Despite being effectively internalized by the neuronal cells, S-ION presented in general low cytotoxicity; positive results were only obtained in some assays at the highest concentrations and/or the longest exposure time tested (24 h). Genotoxicity evaluations in serum-free medium were negative for all conditions assayed; in complete medium, dose and time-dependent increase in DNA damage not related to the production of double strand breaks or chromosome loss (according to the results of the γH2AX assay and MN test), was obtained. The presence of serum slightly influenced the behaviour of S-ION; further studies to investigate the formation of a protein corona and its role in nanoparticle toxicity are necessary.
Objective A literature review was conducted to ascertain whether or not EEG spectral abnormalities are consistent enough to warrant additional effort towards developing them into a clinical diagnostic test for schizophrenia. Methods Fifty three papers met criteria for inclusion into the review and 15 were included in a meta-analysis of the degree of significance of EEG deviations as compared to healthy controls. Studies were classified based on a 4-step approach based on guidelines for evaluating the clinical usefulness of a diagnostic test. Results Our review and meta-analysis revealed that most of the abnormalities are replicated in the expected directions with the most consistent results related to the increased preponderance of slow rhythms in schizophrenia patients. This effect remained consistent in un-medicated patients. Only a small number of studies provided data on the sensitivity and specificity of the findings in differentiating among the psychiatric disorders that frequently appear on the same differential diagnostic list as schizophrenia (Step 3 studies). No multicenter studies using standardized assessment criteria were found (Step 4 studies). Conclusions Additional Step 3 and Step 4 studies are needed to draw conclusions on the usefulness of EEG spectral abnormalities as a diagnostic test for schizophrenia
Cobalt sulfide nanotubes are synthesized by hydrothermal method. The precursor is characterized by XRD, FTIR and SEM. We study the influence of temperature on the evolution of this special coarse shape nanostructure and analyze relationship between the sizes of cobalt sulfide nanotubes and the capacitive properties of active materials. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are used to study the effects of microstructure and morphology of the samples on their capacitance and conductivity. The specific capacitance of cobalt sulfide nanotubes (obtained in 80 °C) electrode exhibits a capacitance of 285 F g−1 at the current density of 0.5 A g−1 as well as rather good cycling stability. Moreover, during the cycling process, the coulombic efficiency remains 99%. The as-prepared cobalt sulfide nanotubes electrode exhibits excellent electrochemical performance as electrode materials for supercapacitors.
The Hull Cell was used to investigate the impact of current density j on the morphology and uniformity of zinc electrodeposited from a 2.5mol dm−3 Zn2+ solution in 1.5mol dm−3 methanesulfonic acid at 40°C onto carbon-composite surfaces. The range of the applied deposition current density used was between 1mAcm−2 and 100mAcm−2. Good, robust deposits were obtained when j ≥10mAcm_2 whereas at j's lower than this, patchy films formed due to the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on the bare carbon-composite surface. An understanding of these effects and its application in the redox flow battery enabled both the coulombic and cell potential efficiencies to be maintained at relatively high values, 90% and 69% respectively, indicating a successful inhibition of the HER on the fully formed Zn layer. Flow velocity at the low Reynolds number in the cell (Re <200) had little impact on the electrochemical cell performance. Depletion of the cerium species became an issue for long charge times.
The electrochemical and structural characteristics of the metal oxide-coated spinel were investigated in the range of 2.5–4.2V. Metal oxide coating on commercial spinel powder (LiMn2−x M x O4, M=Zr, Nikki, Japan) was carried out using the sol–gel method. Al2O3/(PtO x or CuO x )-coated spinel exhibited improved cyclability compared to bare spinel. Impedance analysis results indicated that electrochemical resistance value was not consistent with cycle performance. The improved cycle performance of metal oxide-coated spinel may be due to formation of a new Li2Mn4O9, Li2MnO3 phase, which is expected to have stability to phase transition (Jahn–Teller distortion).
As renewable electricity prices continue to decline, interest grows in alternative routes for the synthesis of sustainable fuels and chemicals, including ammonia. Considering demand for fertilizers, as well as its future potential as a dispatchable energy vector, sustainable synthesis of ammonia is being explored as an alternative to the capital- and carbon-intensive fossil-fuel-driven Haber–Bosch process. Here we assess stages along a transition to the sustainable synthesis of ammonia, looking at economic feasibility and climate impacts compared to the incumbent Haber–Bosch without and with CO2 capture. This analysis enables us to suggest technological thresholds for sustainable synthesis of ammonia to become economically and environmentally favourable. When driven by renewable energy sources, the water electrolyzer (near $400 per kW) coupled Haber–Bosch process will reach cost parity near 2.5 cents per kWh electricity. In the case of direct electrochemical ammonia synthesis, achieving cost-parity using the same 2.5 cents per kWh electricity will rely on achieving major advances in performance: an electrolysis full-cell energy efficiency exceeding 40% at a current density of 0.5 A cm−2. Once this operating performance is reached, electrically-powered ammonia synthesis will bring climate benefits when coupled with low-carbon electricity (<180 gCO2e per kWh), achievable when over half of today's U.S. electricity generation is supplied by renewable energy sources. We conclude with a forward-looking perspective on the key challenges and opportunities for sustainable ammonia synthesis routes to be competitive with the incumbent Haber–Bosch process in the future.
Though fuel cells have been considered as a viable energy conversion device, their adaptation for practical applications has been facing certain challenging issues regarding the availability of appropriate materials and components. For low temperature fuel cells, membranes that are cost effective and also competitive to Nafion® are the major requirements especially for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC). Proton conductivity and methanol crossover are the two main characteristics that are of great concern for the development of suitable, alternate, and viable membranes for DMFC applications, though other factors including environmental acceptability are also important. In this regard, in recent time's poly (vinyl alcohol) based membranes have been developed as a viable alternative. This presentation therefore assesses the technological advances that have been made and the impediments that are faced in this development. This critical assessment exercise, it is presumed, may contribute toward a speedy development of this critical component for a viable fuel cell based energy economy.
The widespread application of vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) presents an imperative need to mass produce electrodes with simple and cost-effective method. In this work, a novel room-temperature activation method is developed and adopted to fabricate electrodes for VRFBs. The VRFB with the prepared electrodes exhibits an energy efficiency of 84.0% at the current density of 200 mA cm−2, and can be stably cycled for more than 500 cycles with a high capacity retention rate of 99.94% per cycle. In addition, the battery can be operated at the high current densities of 250 and 300 mA cm−2 with energy efficiencies of 80.9% and 77.8%, which is the highest performance for the electrodes activated at room temperature. More remarkably, the room-temperature activated graphite felt electrode outperforms the thermally treated graphite felt electrode. Therefore, compared with the conventional method for thermally treating graphite felts, which requires expensive equipment to withstand high temperatures and consume a large amount of energy, the present room-temperature activation method offers a more promising choice to mass produce high-performance electrodes for VRFBs.
Behaviour of potential host fish during chemical treatment against the ectoparasite Gyrodactylus salaris is a vital factor in designing treatment strategies, evaluating risk factors and establishing insights into previously failed treatments. The effectiveness of any chemical treatment may be compromised if fish either are forced to, or seek out actively, areas of the river where the water quality is less affected by the chemicals. The aim of this study was to develop and apply an acoustic fish tag for fish localization with sensors for in situ measurement of water conductivity and temperature to investigate fish behaviour before, during and after an aluminium (Al) treatment. The sensor tag allowed discrimination between water qualities, and thereby quantification of exposure to treatment water.
The paper addresses the general requirements for power sources for AUVs, including battery and semi-fuel cell design and safety considerations. The focus is on the last AUV in the HUGIN family: the HUGIN 1000 mine reconnaissance system. For this AUV, FFI recently developed a pressure tolerant lithium ion battery based on commercially available polymer cells. The Royal Norwegian Navy has been operating HUGIN 1000 since February 2004.
In this paper energy, exergy and economic optimization of a combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) solar generation system equipped with conventional photovoltaic (PV), concentrated photovoltaic/thermal (CPVT), and evacuated tube (ET) collectors is presented. Optimization was performed to achieve the highest values of relative net annual benefit (RNAB) and exergy efficiency as two objectives. Decision or design parameters were the number of CPVT collectors, the number of ET collectors, the number of PV collectors as well as the capacity of batteries and the size of hot water storage tank. Optimum values of design parameters with maximizing objective functions were performed by NSGA-II multi-objective optimization technique. LINMAP method was used to select one optimum point among many others which had constructed the Pareto front curve. The chosen point used only 3 CPVT collectors and specific water storage tank volume without any battery. Sensitivity analysis of effects of changes in fuel and electricity prices as well as equipment investment costs on optimum values of design parameters were also investigated. Finally the equipment selection results for a full CPVT solar energy system connected to the grid and disconnected to the grid (remote area) were also compared and reported.
Research suggests that dopamine may exert a neuromodulatory influence on automatic spreading activation within semantic networks. In order to investigate the influence of dopamine depletion on semantic activation in Parkinson's disease (PD), nine patients with PD performed a lexical decision task when on and off levodopa medication. Eleven healthy controls matched to the PD patients in terms of sex, age and education also participated in the study. Both directly related word pairs (e.g., tiger – stripe) and indirectly related word pairs (word pairs related via a mediating word, e.g., chalk – black) were used to measure semantic activation across stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) of 270msec, 520msec and 1020msec. Analysis of variance statistics revealed that the activation of directly related and indirectly related targets was slower for the PD group relative to the control group. Within group comparisons revealed further changes to semantic activation in PD patients off medication, with no activation of directly or indirectly related target words evident in PD patients off medication. These results further clarify the nature of dopamine's neuromodulatory influence on semantic activation, and suggest that the nature of altered semantic activation in PD may depend on the magnitude of dopamine depletion.
Cardiac denervation is associated with progressive left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death (SCD) in heart failure (HF). In this regard, it is important to evaluate cardiac-specific sympathetic nervous system (SNS) function. The radiotracer Iodine-123 meta-iodobenzylguanidine (123I-mIBG) can noninvasively evaluate pre-synaptic SNS function. Recent multicenter trials have shown 123I-mIBG to have strong predictive value for fatal arrhythmias and cardiac death in HF. 123I-mIBG was initially developed in the USA in the 1970s. In 1992, the Japanese Ministry of Health and Labour approved 123I-mIBG for the assessment of cardiac function. Following approval, the Japanese nuclear cardiology community developed 123I-mIBG imaging services in various medical centers. Japanese groups have been trying to establish the clinical utility of 123I-mIBG and standardize parameters for data acquisition and image analysis. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved clinical use of 123I-mIBG for cardiac and non-cardiac imaging. However, clinical use of 123I-mIBG in the US has been very limited. The number of 123I-mIBG studies in Japan has also been limited. There are similarities and differences between the two countries. To establish the clinical utility of 123I-mIBG in both countries, it is important to characterize the situations of 123I-mIBG in each.
Copolymerization of aniline and p-aminophenol in aqueous sulfuric acid solutions was electrochemically performed using cyclic voltammetry on platinum electrodes. The monomer concentration ratio can strongly affect the copolymerization rate and electrochemical property of the copolymer. The optimum conditions for the copolymerization are that the potential sweep covers the −0.20 to 0.95V (vs. SCE) potential range, and that a solution contains 0.18M aniline, 0.02M p-aminophenol and 0.50M H2SO4. A resulting copolymer synthesized under the optimum conditions has a good electrochemical activity in 0.50M solutions of Na2SO4 with pH≤10.0. IR and XPS spectra indicate that –OH groups and SO4 2− ions are contained in the resulting copolymer. The SEM images reveal that the microstructure of the copolymer depends on the monomer concentration ratio during the electrolysis.
Downward longwave radiation (LW↓) is a relevant variable for meteorological and climatic studies. Good estimates of this term are vitally important in correct determining of the net radiation, which, in turn, modulates the magnitude of the terms in the surface energy budget (e.g., evaporation). In remote sensing applications, the determination of daytime LW↓ is required for estimation of the net radiation using satellite data. LW↓ is not directly measured in weather stations and then is estimated using models with surface air temperature and humidity as input. In this paper, we identify the best models to estimate daytime downward longwave radiation from meteorological data in the sub-humid Pampean region. Several well-known models to estimate LW↓ under clear and cloudy skies were tested. We use downward radiation components and meteorological data registered at Tandil (Argentina) from 2006 to 2010 (840 days). In addition, we propose two multiple linear regression models (MLRM-1 and MLRM-2) to estimate LW↓ at the surface for all sky conditions. The new equations show better performance than the others models tested with root mean square errors between 12 and 16 W m−2, bias close to zero and best agreements with measured data (r2 ≥ 0.85).
One-dimensional carbon nanofibers with highly dispersed tin (Sn) and tin antimonide (SnSb) nanoparticles are prepared by electrospinning in the presence of antimony-doped tin oxide (denoted as ATO) wet gel as the precursor. The effect of ATO dosage on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of the as-fabricated Sn-SnSb/C composite nanofibers is investigated. Results indicate that ATO wet gel as the precursor can effectively improve the dispersion of Sn nanoparticles in carbon fiber and prevent them from segregation during the electrospinning and subsequent calcination processes. The as-prepared Sn-SnSb/C nanofibers as the anode materials for lithium-ion batteries exhibit high reversible capacity and stable cycle performance. Particularly, the electrode made from Sn-SnSb/C composite nanofibers obtained with 0.9 g of ATO gel has a high specific capacity of 779 mAh·g−1 and 378 mAh·g−1 at the current density of 50 mA·g−1 and 5 A·g−1, respectively, and it exhibits a capacity retention of 97% after 1200 cycles under the current density of 1 A·g−1. This is because the carbon nanofibers can form a continuous conductive network to buffer the volume change of the electrodes while Sn and Sn-SnSb nanoparticles uniformly distributed in the carbon nanofibers are free of segregation, thereby contributing to electrochemical performances of the electrodes.
For many companies, green product development has become a key strategic consideration due to regulatory requirements and market trends. In this paper, the life cycle assessment technique is used to develop an innovative multi-criteria group decision-making approach that incorporates power aggregation operators and a TOPSIS-based QUALIFLEX method in order to solve green product design selection problems using neutrosophic linguistic information. Differences in semantics as well as the risk preferences of decision-makers are considered in the proposed method. The practicality and effectiveness of the proposed approach are then demonstrated through an illustrative example, in which the proposed method is used to select the optimum green product design, followed by sensitivity and comparative analyses.
In mobile wireless sensor network, coverage and energy conservation are two prime issues. Sensor movement is required to achieve high coverage. But sensor movement is one of the main factors of energy consumption in mobile wireless sensor network. Therefore, coverage and energy conservation are correlated issues and quite difficult to achieve at the same time. In this paper, these conflicting issues are considered, using one of the latest Bio-inspired algorithms, known as Glowworm Swarm Optimization algorithm. Considering the limited energy of sensors, this paper presents an Energy Efficient Multi-Parameter Reverse Glowworm Swarm Optimization (EEMRGSO) algorithm, to move the sensors in an energy efficient manner. Our proposed algorithm reduces redundant coverage area by moving the sensors from densely deployed areas to some predefined grid points. In this proposed algorithm, energy consumption is reduced by decreasing the number of moving sensors as well as the total distance traversed. Simulation results show that, our proposed EEMRGSO algorithm reduces total energy consumption utmost 60% compared to the existing approach based on Glowworm Swarm Optimization algorithm. At the same time, our proposed algorithm reduces the number of overlapped sensors significantly and achieves an effective coverage of 80–89% approximately.
In this work, graphene/prussian blue (PB) composite nanosheets with good dispersibility in aqueous solutions have been synthesized by mixing ferric-(III) chloride and potassium ferricyanide in the presence of graphene under ambient conditions. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows that the average size of the as-synthesized PB nanoparticles on the surface of graphene nanosheets is about 20nm. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns have been used to characterize the chemical composition of the obtained graphene/PB composite nanosheets. The graphene/PB composite nanosheets exhibit good electrocatalytic behavior to detection of H2O2 at an applied potential of −0.05V. The sensor shows a good linear dependence on H2O2 concentration in the range of 0.02–0.2mM with a sensitivity of 196.6μAmM−1 cm−2. The detection limit is 1.9μM at the signal-to-noise ratio of 3. Furthermore, the graphene/PB modified electrode exhibits freedom of interference from other co-existing electroactive species. This work provides a new kind of composite modified electrode for amperometric biosensors.