batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), which have demonstrated that all moving things in the universe can generate electricity in a sustainable way are currently being developed to be integrated with electronics, and to improve user convenience. The electrically charged surface upon a contact electrification phenomenon caused by contact of the materials determines the output performance of TENGs. This review focuses on the electrification and surface charge density characteristics of various fluoropolymer-based materials as active materials that have been investigated to realize high performance TENGs, and the results of the study of their applications. Furthermore, the characteristics of electrification with differently polymerized P(VDF-TrFE) as TENGs’ active materials and their applications are reviewed. The boosted output performance characteristics when used as a matrix material and integrated with a composite system with a high dielectric constant material are also reviewed. Finally, the paper presents three perspectives on the direction of TENG research for future improvement, namely material, structure, and circuitry.
Results from a previous longitudinal study, the Swedish OCTO-Immune study, indicated that the combination of higher CD8 peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs), decreased CD4 PBLs, and poor proliferative response to mitogenic stimulation in very old humans were associated with an increased 2 year mortality. In follow up studies this combination of immune parameters was significantly associated with a CD4/CD8 ratio less than one and positive IgG serologic titers to cytomegalovirus (CMV). The present study, the Swedish NONA-Immune study, was an extension of that study, using a new sample of the very old. The results of this study confirmed the results of the previous study and extended the surface marker profile of the PBLs, indicating that the CD4/CD8 ratio change is associated with increased CD8 cells, decreased CD4 cells, and lymphocyte activation. The predominant phenotypes of the CD3+CD8+ cells were CD27−, CD28−, CD56+, and CD57+, CD45RA+, and double marked CD45RA+RO+. As in the OCTO study, the NONA-Immune data indicated that the changes are associated significantly with seropositive responses to CMV.
A delicate structure of graphitic carbon-encapsulated α-Fe2O3 nanocomposite is in situ constructed via “Absorption–Catalytic graphitization–Oxidation” strategy, taking use of biomass matter of degreasing cotton as carbon precursor and solution reservoir. With the assistance of the catalytic graphitization effect of iron core, onion-like graphitic carbon (GC) shell is made directly from the biomass at low temperature (650°C). The nanosized α-Fe2O3 particles would effectively mitigate volumetric strain and shorten Li+ transport path during charge/discharge process. The graphitic carbon shells may promote charge transfer and protect active particles from directly exposing to electrolyte to maintain interfacial stability. As a result, the as-prepared α-Fe2O3@GC composite displays an outstanding cycle performance with a reversible capacity of 1070mAhg−1 after 430 cycles at 0.2C, as well as a good rate capability of ∼ 950mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at 1C and ∼ 850mAhg−1 even up to 200 cycles at a 2C rate.
One of the major issues hampering the acceptance of electric vehicles (EVs) is the anxiety associated with long charging time. Hence, the ability to fast charging lithium-ion battery (LIB) systems is gaining notable interest. However, fast charging is not tolerated by all LIB chemistries because it affects battery functionality and accelerates its aging processes. Here, we investigate the long-term effects of multistage fast charging on a commercial high power LiFePO4-based cell and compare it to another cell tested under standard charging. Coupling incremental capacity (IC) and IC peak area analysis together with mechanistic model simulations (‘Alawa’ toolbox with harvested half-cell data), we quantify the degradation modes that cause aging of the tested cells. The results show that the proposed fast charging technique caused similar aging effects as standard charging. The degradation is caused by a linear loss of lithium inventory, coupled with a less degree of linear loss of active material on the negative electrode. This study validates fast charging as a feasible mean of operation for this particular LIB chemistry and cell architecture. It also illustrates the benefits of a mechanistic approach to understand cell degradation on commercial cells.
Although transition metal oxides have attracted considerable attention for their high energy density as anode materials of lithium-ion batteries, they suffer from large volume expansion during lithiation process, which usually causes fast capacity degradation. Herein, we report a rational design and facile preparation strategy of copper oxide encapsulated mesoporous carbon multi-yolk-shell octahedra, in which multiple CuO nanoparticles are well-confined in the compartments of micro-scale octahedral carbon scaffolds. The advantages of the novel multi-yolk-shell design are that the three-dimensional carbon scaffolds can buffer the volume change and prevent aggregation of CuO nanoparticles during the charge/discharge cycles, provide pathways for electron transport and Li+ diffusion, and restrict the thin solid-electrolyte interphase layer to the outer surface of carbon shells. The results demonstrate how the electrochemical properties of anodes can be significantly improved by the multi-yolk-shell nanostructures with greatly enhanced structural stability and electrochemical actuation. Moreover, the micrometer-size CuO@C octahedra reduce the relative quality of SEI, resulting in high Coulombic efficiency and long cycling stability. In Li-ion cells, the CuO@C multi-yolk-shell octahedra anodes deliver a highly-reversible capacity of 598mAhg−1 at 250mAg−1, excellent rate capacity of 365mAhg−1 at 3000mAg−1 and exhibit long-term cyclability with a capacity of 512mAhg−1 after 300 cycles at 500mAg−1.
Manganese oxide thin films were sputtered on graphite foils by radio frequency (RF) sputtering. At the 1,000th cycle of potential cycling, maximum mass specific capacitance of 341 F g−1 was obtained in 0.5 M LiCl and with optimum sputtering conditions (5 sccm of oxygen, 20 mTorr, and 70 W) as well as annealing temperature (150 °C). These show its high electrochemical stability and good mass specific capacitance at a higher sweep rate of 100 mV s−1. In addition, the higher the volume flow rates of oxygen, the larger the amount of trivalent manganese oxide and the higher the surface roughness, the higher the mass specific capacitance at lower volume flow rates of oxygen, but the amounts of trivalent manganese oxide were almost the same and the mass specific capacitance decreased due to decreasing surface roughness at higher volume flow rates of oxygen. Furthermore, the geometric specific capacitance increases with increasing sputtering pressure and power.
Several spent Li-ion batteries were manually dismantled and their components were uncurled and separated. The chemical composition of each battery's component was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Among several ways to separate cathode material from the collector, the alkali dissolution treatment was selected as the most effective one. After both complete separation and acid leaching steps, the co-precipitation method, followed by a thermal treatment (700 °C or 850 °C), was used to resynthesize cathode material LiCo0.415Mn0.435Ni0.15O2. Its structure and morphology were characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy and SEM-EDS methods. The electrochemical behavior of recycled cathode materials was examined by cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry in both LiNO3 and NaNO3 aqueous solutions. High sodium storage capacity, amounting to 93 mAh g−1, was measured galvanostatically at a relatively high current of ∼100 mA g−1. Initial lithium intercalation capacity of ∼64 mAh g−1, was determined potentiodynamically at very high scan rate of 20 mV s−1 (∼40 C). Somewhat lower initial capacity of ∼30 mAh g−1, but much lower capacity fade on cycling, was found for sodium intercalation at the same scan rate. The differences in the Li and Na charge storage capability were explained in terms of ion rearrangement during charging/discharging processes.
As a presumed bastion of the Enlightenment values that support a critical intelligentsia, the university is often regarded as both the bedrock and beneficiary of liberal democracy. By contrast, authoritarian regimes are said to discourage higher education out of fear that the growth of a critical intelligentsia could imperil their survival. The case of China, past and present, challenges this conventional wisdom. Imperial China, the most enduring authoritarian political system in world history, thrived in large part precisely because of its sponsorship of a form of higher education closely tied to state interests. Although twentieth-century revolutions brought fundamental change to Chinese politics and pedagogy, the contemporary party-state also actively promotes higher education, cultivating a mutually advantageous state-scholar nexus and thereby reducing the likelihood of intellectual-led opposition. As in the imperial past, authoritarian rule in China today is buttressed by a pattern of educated acquiescence, with academia acceding to political compliance in exchange for the many benefits conferred upon it by the state. The role of educated acquiescence in enabling Chinese authoritarianism highlights the contributions of a cooperative academy to authoritarian durability and raises questions with prevailing assumptions that associate the flourishing of higher education with liberal democracy.
Healthcare services in many countries have been partially or completely disrupted by the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic since its onset in the end of 2019. Amongst the most impacted are the elective medical and surgical services in order to conserve resources to care for COVID-19 patients. As the number of infected patients decrease across Canada, elective surgeries are being restarted in a staged manner. Since Otolaryngologists – Head & Neck Surgeons manage surgical diseases of the upper aerodigestive tract where the highest viral load reside, it is imperative that these surgeries resume in a safe manner. The aim of this document is to compile the current best evidence available and provide expert consensus on the safe restart of rhinologic and skull base surgeries while discussing the pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative care and tips. Risk assessment, patient selection, case triage, and pre-operative COVID-19 testing will be analyzed and discussed. These guidelines will also consider the optimal use of personal protective equipment for specific cases, general and specific operative room precautions, and practical tips of intra-operative maneuvers to optimize patient and provider safety. Given that the literature surrounding COVID-19 is rapidly evolving, these recommendations will serve to start our specialty back into elective rhinologic surgeries over the next months and they may change as we learn more about this disease.
Surface coating is a key strategy in lithium-ion battery technologies to achieve a high and stable battery performance. Increasing the operation voltage is a direct way to increase the energy density of the battery. In this work, TiO2 is directly sputtered on as-fabricated LiCoO2 composite electrodes, enabling a controllable oxide coating on the topmost of the electrode. With an optimum coating, the discharge capacity is able to reach 160 mAh g−1 (86.5% retention) after 100 cycles within 3.0–4.5 V at 1 C, which is increased by 40% compared to that of the bare electrode. The high-voltage rate capability of LiCoO2 is also remarkably enhanced after TiO2-coating as reflected by the much larger capacity at 10 C (109 vs. 74 mAh g−1). The artificially introduced oxide coating is believed to make the LiCoO2 electrode more resistant to interfacial side reactions at high voltage and thus minimizes the irreversible loss of the active material upon long cycling. The TiO2 coating layer is also possible to partially react with the decomposition product of electrolyte (e.g. HF) and form a more stable and conductive interphase containing TiF x , which is responsible for the improvement of the rate capability.
Lentil populations were developed from crosses between ‘JL-3’ (sensitive to drought stress) and ‘PDL-1’ and ‘FLIP-96-51’ (tolerant to drought stress), to study the inheritance of drought tolerance and to identify the markers associated with it. The parental types, F1, F2, F3, and backcross (BC) generations were screened for drought tolerance using seedling survivability and drought scores. The F1 hybrids responded similar to the drought-tolerant parent, indicating dominance of seedling drought tolerance over sensitivity. Segregation for seedling survival drought tolerance versus sensitivity in F2 generation was in complete agreement with monogenic 3:1 ratio. The F3 families and backcross data additionally confirmed monogenic tolerance based on seedling survival under drought. Out of 51 SSR markers screened, thirteen markers were polymorphic between the parental types. Seven markers among them were found to be associated with seedling survival drought tolerance through bulk segregant analysis. Association of these markers with seedling survival drought tolerance was further confirmed through their screening on 10 drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive genotypes. These seven markers were screened in F2 mapping population (JL-3 × PDL-1) of 101 individuals to map their position in relation to the gene for seedling survival drought tolerance. Linkage analysis mapped the seven markers within a map distance of 133.2 cM. A single major gene Sdt was identified with a LOD value of 19.9 and phenotypic variation (R2) of 69.7 %. The Sdt locus was obtained in the marker interval of PLC_105–PBA_LC_1480 spanning 24.9 cM with the closest marker PLC_105 at a distance of 9.0 cM on the obtained linkage group. This is the first report on genetic control and linkage of SSR markers for drought tolerance in lentil. These linked markers can be used in molecular breeding programmes for introgression of seedling survival drought tolerance gene in high-yielding cultivars.
Carbonaceous thin-film electrodes were modified by nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) plasma, and surface-modified carbonaceous thin-film electrodes were obtained and investigated by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Their chemical composition, degree of fluorination, and chemical bonding were investigated. The effects of surface modification on the anode reaction of lithium-ion batteries were examined. The electrochemical properties of the resultant thin-film electrodes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry using a three-electrode electrochemical cell. The cyclic voltammograms showed that the fluorine atoms on the surface suppressed the reductive decomposition of ethylene carbonate.
Since the discovery of fullerenes more than three decades ago, new kinds of nanoscale materials of carbon allotropes called “nanocarbons” have so far been discovered or synthesized at successive intervals as cases such as carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns, graphene, carbon nanowalls, and a carbon nanobelt, while nanodiamonds were actually discovered before then. Their attractively excellent mechanical, physical, and chemical properties have driven researchers to continuously create one of the hottest frontiers in materials science and technology. While plasma states have often been involved in their discovery, on the other hand, plasma-based approaches to this exciting field originally hold promising and enormous potentials for advancing and expanding industrial/biomedical applications of nanocarbons of great diversity. This article provides an extensive overview on plasma-fabricated nanocarbon materials, where the term “fabrication” is defined as synthesis, functionalization, and assembly of devices to cover a wide range of issues associated with the step-by-step plasma processes. Specific attention has been paid to the comparative examination between plasma-based and non-plasma methods for fabricating the nanocarobons with an emphasis on the advantages of plasma processing, such as low-temperature/large-scale fabrication and diversity-carrying structure controllability. The review ends with current challenges and prospects including a ripple effect of the nanocarbon studies on the development of related novel nanomaterials such as transition metal dichalcogenides. It contains not only the latest progress in the field for cutting-edge scientists and engineers, but also the introductory guidance to non-specialists such as lower-class graduate students.
Multiple studies suggest that reduced postural orientation is a possible risk factor for both patello-femoral joint pain (PFP) and rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). In order to prevent PFP and ACL injuries in adolescent athletes, it is necessary to develop simple and predictive screening tests to identify those at high risk. Single Leg Mini Squat (SLMS) is a functional and dynamic real-time screening test, which has shown good validity and reproducibility in evaluation of postural orientation of the knee in an adult population. The aim of this study was to determine the inter-tester reproducibility of SLMS in the age group of 9–10 and 12–14 years by evaluating postural orientation of the ankle, knee, hip and trunk. Further on, this study exemplify the divergence of kappa values when using different methods of calculating kappa for the same dataset.
This research addresses the issues of frequency and regularity in verb reading and their importance for the organization of the mental lexicon in DLI francophones. A reading task probes response latencies and response accuracy for DLI and control participants on frequent and infrequent inflected forms of verbs. DLI participants are slower at reading verbs even if their mean accuracy rates are higher than controls’. Results also indicate that the type of suffix on the verb affects controls and DLI participants differently in their accuracy rates: DLI participants exhibit higher error rates on less frequent inflections, while controls do not. Finally, unusual patterns are found for DLI participants on regular versus irregular verbs: regular verbs are slower to be read by DLI participants. These results are compared to findings from a previous simple lexical decision study. They are interpreted as indicating that DLI word reading patterns are qualitatively different from those evidenced by controls.
Significant efforts have been made to eliminate the shuttle effect created by the surface modification of separator or by adding interlayers. However, much of the research so far requires elaborate and costly material processing steps that did not necessarily result in substantially improved cell performances. In this contribution, a three-dimensional carbon fiber cloth (CFC) is placed between the separator and the sulfur cathode to accommodate and capture the soluble polysulfide intermediates. The cells with this interlayer show an initial discharge capacity of 6.89mAhcm−2, which remains substantial after 100 cycles at 1C (6.69mAhcm−2). CFC interlayers provide an efficient and cost effective route for developing promising lithium-sulfur batteries with long cycle stability and good rate capability.
Migratory birds use compass systems derived from the geomagnetic field, the stars, the sun and polarized light patterns. We tested whether birds use a single underlying reference system for calibration of these compasses and, specifically, whether sunset and sunrise polarized light cues from the region of the sky near the horizon are used to calibrate the magnetic compass. We carried out orientation experiments with Savannah sparrows, Passerculus sandwichensis, in Alaska during autumn migration 2005, and compared the magnetic orientations of individual birds before and after exposure to conflicting information between magnetic and celestial cues. Birds exposed to an artificially shifted polarization pattern (±90° shift relative to the natural condition) for 1 h at local sunrise or sunset recalibrated their magnetic compass, but only when given access to the artificial polarization pattern near the horizon. Birds exposed to a 90° clockwise-shifted magnetic field for 1 h at solar noon did not recalibrate their magnetic compass. These results indicate that migratory birds calibrate their magnetic compass using the skylight polarization pattern vertically intersecting the horizon at sunrise and sunset. In conjunction with earlier work showing that sun and star compass calibrations are secondarily derived from magnetic and polarized light cues, our findings suggest that polarized light cues near the horizon at sunrise and sunset provide the primary calibration reference for the compass systems of migratory songbirds.
The SnO2 material has been considered as a promising lithium-ion battery anode candidate, and recently, the importance has been increased due to its high performance in sodium-ion batteries. Remarkably, the SnO2 lithium-ion battery anode usually shows extra specific capacity that greatly exceeds the theoretical value. Partial reversibility of conversion reaction has been commonly considered to contribute the extra capacity, however, this has not clearly solved due to the indirect experimental evidences. Here, a realistic ex situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis technique was developed to reveal the origin of the extra capacity. We demonstrate that reactions of Li2O phase contribute to the extra capacity and the reverse conversion reaction of SnO2 hardly occurs in the real battery system. This work provides significant implications for establishing an accurate electrochemical reaction mechanism of SnO2 lithium-ion battery anode, which may lead to inspiration on enhancing performance of the SnO2 anode in lithium- and sodium-ion batteries as well. Furthermore, the robust ex situ TEM experimental approach we have introduced is extensively applicable to analyses of various battery electrode materials.
Ti–Mn and Ti–Fe codoped Li3V2(PO4)3 samples, i.e. Li3V2 − 2x Ti x Mn x (PO4)3 and Li3V2 − 2x Ti x Fe x (PO4)3 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.25), are prepared by a sol–gel method. Li3V2 − 2x Ti x Mn x (PO4)3 and Li3V2 − 2x Ti x Fe x (PO4)3 are phase-pure when x is not higher than 0.05. LiMnPO4 and LiFePO4 begin to form as impurity phases in Li3V2 − 2x Ti x Mn x (PO4)3 and Li3V2 − 2x Ti x Fe x (PO4)3, respectively, when x is equal to 0.1. And another impurity of Mn2P2O7 appears in Li3V2 − 2x Ti x Mn x (PO4)3 when x is equal to 0.2. All these impurities increase with increasing x. XPS analyses indicate that the oxidation states of Ti, Mn and Fe are +4, +2 and +2 respectively. The first charge/discharge capacities of both Li3V2 − 2x Ti x Mn x (PO4)3 and Li3V2 − 2x Ti x Fe x (PO4)3 at 0.2 C decline with an increase of x. Both the high-rate discharge capability and long term cycling performance of Li3V1.9Ti0.05Fe0.05(PO4)3 are much better than those of Li3V2(PO4)3, which can be attributed to the smaller particle size, larger lattice parameters and better structural stability induced by Ti and Fe codoping. However, the electrochemical performance of Li3V1.9Ti0.05Mn0.05(PO4)3 is worse than that of Li3V2(PO4)3, which is due to the structural instability induced by the incorporation of Mn.