batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
New sol–gel encapsulated glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme electrodes, constructed from carbon film resistor electrodes and chemically deposited copper hexacyanoferrate as mediator, have been developed and characterized using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The sol–gel was prepared using three different oxysilanes: 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTOS), 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GOPMOS) and the well-known tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). The sol–gel composition was optimised for each oxysilane according to the gelation time of the sol–gel solution and response time of the enzyme biosensor to standard additions of glucose. Results obtained showed that APTOS and GOPMOS have similar electrochemical behaviour but differ from TEOS. As a glucose biosensor, the sensitivity can be described by the sequence: GOPMOS>APTOS>TEOS with detection limits down to 44μM. The sensor lifetime was improved by elimination of ethanol from the hydrolysed oxysilanes by heating in a hot air stream after which APTOS-based sensors showed superior properties to GOPMOS, but with higher detection limit, and were sufficiently stable to be used for over several weeks.
Yakushima Island was used as a model area where material recycling and indigenous energy systems would be realized based on the zero-emission concept in the near future. We evaluated the renewable energy resources to propose a regional energy system on this island. In this paper, the present energy demand and supply structure was quantitatively specified, and the water potential was evaluated. The energy system in Yakushima is unique, with hydroelectric power supplying about 30% of the total energy consumption mainly by commercial and residential sectors. However, petroleum remains the main source of primary energy for transportation, heating, and cooking. The hydroelectric power yielded on the island is sufficient to cover all the energy demands on the island. We found that fossil fuel energy in Yakushima could be substituted with hydroelectric energy without causing an impact on the environment.
Superionically conducting lithium aluminum germanium phosphate (LAGP) glass-ceramic and barium strontium titanate, Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 (0.6BST)-doped specimens were processed and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and AC impedance techniques. The XRD patterns exhibited the existence of LiGe2(PO4)3 as the primary phase with impurity phases AlPO4 and Li2O. SEM images revealed the presence of large LAGP crystals. The highest conductivity (5.08×10−3 Scm−1) at 27°C was obtained for the glass-ceramic sheet specimen crystallized at 850°C for 12h. Pelletized specimens prepared from the glass-ceramic powder and sintered at 850°C for 9h exhibited a slightly lower conductivity (4.62×10−3 Scm−1) at 27°C. The nonlinearity in the Arrhenius plots of total conductivity was attributed to the impurity phases, AlPO4 and Li2O and mediated the transport of lithium ion which is associated with higher activation energy. Doping of dielectric 0.6BST to the LAGP led to the shifting of the temperature of inflection towards the higher temperature in the Arrhenius plot of total conductivity and enhanced the space charge effect.
How can the electricity system operator determine the optimal quantity and quality of electricity ancillary services (such as frequency response) to procure in a market increasingly characterized by intermittent renewable electricity generation? The paper presents a system operator’s utility function to calculate the exchange rates in monetary values between different frequency response products in the electricity system. We then use the utility function in a two-sided Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) mechanism combined of two frequency response products – enhanced and primary – in the context of the system in Great Britain. This mechanism would allow the market to reveal to the system operator the welfare optimal mix of speed of frequency response and quantity to procure. We show that this mechanism is the efficient way to support new faster sources of frequency response, such as could be provided by grid scale batteries.
The use of inexpensive and biodegradable deep-eutectic ionic mixtures as solvents for the electrochemical synthesis of conducting polymers could potentially improve the sustainability of these processes and reduce their economic cost. Such an unexplored approach was investigated in this communication by growing a model polymer such as polyaniline from a 1:2 mixture of choline chloride and 1,2-ethanediol (the so-called Propeline) using potentiodynamic and potentiostatic electrochemical procedures. Beyond a preparation method, cyclic voltammetry was also used to characterize the growth of the polymers. The morphology of the films, and their optical properties, were assessed ex-situ by means of scanning electron microscopy and spectroscopic measurements in the UV–vis. The polyanilines thus prepared exhibited nanoparticulated morphology and high reversibility to doping/dedoping which evidences fast charge transport across the films. Excellent conductivities higher than 50 S cm−1 were found under this approach.
In this paper, the background, current research status and problems of separators for Li-ion batteries were reviewed first. Then a novel sandwich-like type of composite nonwoven separators was prepared to improve the performance of composite nonwoven Li-ion battery separators by combining SiO2/PVDF-HFP membranes with PVDF-HFP dipped PP nonwoven fabric. The physical and electrochemical properties of the composite separators were measured and analyzed. It is found that the mean pore size of the composite separators was in the range of 100 to 300nm with maximum pore size less than 2μm. The composite nonwoven-based separators possessed higher electrolyte uptake, stronger thermal stability, better wettability and lower interfacial resistance than the commercial PE separator. The batteries assembled with composite nonwoven separators showed stable cycling performance and improved rate performance. The composite nonwoven separators are expected to be a promising alternative to commercial PE separator.
The Na0.60CoO2 phase, obtained by a classical solid-state reaction, is tested as a conductive additive in the nickel oxide electrode. Though the process was not optimised in terms of additive repartition, the experiments show a good efficiency of the Na0.60CoO2 phase even at low cobalt content, compared to usual additives like CoO. Moreover, it increases the stability of the electrode at low potential. The added Na0.60CoO2 phase is shown to transform, during the first cycles, into a γ-type cobalt oxyhydroxide phase that is more stable at low potential than the usual additives.
Lithium-rich layered compound cathode materials recently attract ever-growing attention in lithium ion batteries for electric vehicles and energy storage devices due to their high discharge capacities of over 250mAhg−1 and low cost. However, they still suffer from capacity fade, voltage decay and poor rate capability and thermal stability. In this paper, the Al&F co-doped Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13-x Mn0.54Al x O2(1-y)F2y cathode material has been successfully prepared via a co-precipitation reaction and a subsequent solid phase calcination. The resulting material combines the advantages of both Al-doping and F-doping, which can effectively mitigate the intrinsic layered-to-spinel phase transformation, and as a consequence, inhibits the capacity fade and voltage decay: delivering a discharge capacity of 217mAhg−1 with retention of 88.21% and an average discharge voltage decay of 0.4019V upon 150 cycling at 0.5C. On the other side, with an increased electronic and ionic conductivity, this co-doping practice enhances the rate capability by a considerable extent that it delivers a discharge capacity of 157mAhg−1 at 10C, thus facilitating its application for quick charging devices. In addition, the thermal stability related with battery safety is significantly meliorated. Specifically, the co-doped cathode material exhibits an initial exothermal peak at a higher temperature of 273°C and a much less overall heat generation of 221Jg−1 compared to the 210°C and 755Jg−1 for the pristine one. In conclusion, the anion/cation co-substitution strategy has been demonstrated to be of great promise for the improvement of lithium-rich layered cathode materials.
Carbon coating on battery electrode active material powders is a common practice in order to improve their electronic conductivity and the battery calendar life by limiting side reactions (i.e. active material surface degradation and electrolyte decomposition). Such a coating is currently achieved through chemical procedures involving dispersing the powder in a liquid medium with a carbon precursor followed by thermolysis at high temperatures (ca. 700 °C). This energy consuming procedure has the drawback of not being applicable to materials which may decompose or reduce under such conditions. We present herein an alternative procedure based on physical deposition of carbon, carried out at room temperature under dry conditions, hence avoiding the limitations mentioned above and being generally applicable to any electrode active material. Moreover it allows easy achievement of a homogeneous conformal coating with fine control of the coating thickness. Results on selected materials are reported to exemplify the wide application spectrum and performance improvements induced by the coating.
The limited dispatchability of wind energy poses a challenge to its increased penetration. One technically feasible solution to this challenge is to integrate a battery energy storage system (BESS) with a wind farm. This highlights the importance of a BESS control strategy. In view of this, a stochastic model predictive control scheme is proposed in this paper. Based on the forecasted wind power distributions, the proposed scheme ensures the optimal operation of BESS in the presence of practical system constraints, thus bringing the wind-battery combined power output to the desired dispatch levels. The salient feature of the proposed scheme is that it takes into account the non-Gaussian wind power uncertainties. In this scheme, a probabilistic wind power forecasting model is employed as the prediction model, which quantifies the non-Gaussian uncertainties in wind power forecasts. Using chance constraints, the quantified uncertainties are incorporated into the controller design, thus forming a chance constrained stochastic programming problem. Using warping function, this problem is recast as a convex quadratic optimization problem, which is tractable both theoretically and practically. This way, the proposed control scheme handles the non-Gaussian uncertainties in wind power forecasts. The simulation results on actual data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. The data used in the simulation are obtained in the real operation of a wind farm in China.
An ionically conducting block copolymer was used as a template for the synthesis and confinement of lithium manganese oxide nanoparticles. The block copolymer functions as a polyelectrolyte and as a composite anode in a lithium battery system. Impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic testing, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the anode and polyelectrolyte. Galvanostatic testing indicates 300 or more cycles were possible without appreciable capacity fade.
Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a heterogeneous disorder, which is often co-morbid with learning disabilities. However, mathematical problems have rarely been studied in DCD. The aim of this study was to investigate the mathematical problems in children with various degrees of motor problems. Specifically, this study explored if the development of mathematical skills in children with DCD is delayed or deficient. Children with DCD performed significantly worse for number fact retrieval and procedural calculation in comparison with age-matched control children. Moreover, children with mild DCD differed significantly from children with severe DCD on both number fact retrieval and procedural calculation. In addition, we found a developmental delay of 1 year for number fact retrieval in children with mild DCD and a developmental delay of 2 years in children with severe DCD. No evidence for a mathematical deficit was found. Diagnostic implications are discussed.
Despite the high energy density of layered-type cathode materials for Na-ion batteries, their two-dimensional crystal structure suffers a large volume change and phase transition during Na+ de/intercalation, which often results in their poor cycling performances. Thus, a robust three-dimensional framework with minimal structural change is required for stable electrochemical sodium storage. Here, we introduce an earth-abundant element-based trigonal-type Na–Fe–F compound (Na2Fe2F7) with three-dimensionally interconnected FeF6 octahedra and three-dimensional Na+ diffusion pathways. Through combined studies using first-principles calculations and experiments, we confirm that Na2Fe2F7 delivers excellent power-capability due to large three-dimensional Na+ diffusion pathways as well as ultra-long cycling performance due to negligible structural change during Na+ de/intercalation. These results will guide new insights for material discovery for high performance rechargeable batteries.
Patterns of distribution, key biometric parameters and home range extent were determined for hawksbill turtles at Lighthouse Reef Atoll (LRA), Belize over two field seasons (16days, 2009; 30days, 2010). Relative abundance was determined using 49 sightings transects (≈1km) distributed across the atoll and of all turtles encountered (n=68), 91% were immature (CCLmin ≤65cm). Habitat type was significantly correlated with abundance, with more turtles encountered on the coral reef than in the lagoon (GzLMM, χ2 2 =6.85, p<0.05; CPUE reef=1.41turtlesh−1, CPUE lagoon=0.62turtlesh−1). Hawksbills were also significantly more abundant within protected areas (GzLMM, χ2 1 =8.69, p<0.05; CPUE Blue Hole Natural Monument (BHNM)=2.96turtlesperson−1 h−1; CPUE Half Moon Caye Natural Monument (HMCNM)=2.34turtlesh−1; outside boundaries=0.88 turtlesh−1). Of 26 captures, 19 focal individuals were equipped with ultrasonic transmitters for active acoustic telemetry, and tracked for 6–25days (n=10, 2009; n=9, 2010). Spatial habitat utilisation was found to be highly variable, with large areas of overlap between distinct home ranges. Home range averaged 31.2ha±32.6 (range 5.1–111.3ha) for the juveniles that were successfully tracked (n=15), with maximum displacement in the order of 1.8km±1.0 (range 0.5–4.0km) and net displacement at 1.2km±0.9. This offshore atoll constitutes an important developmental habitat for the regional population and although our tracking durations were limited, home range of juvenile hawksbills at this site is significantly more expansive than that documented elsewhere.
Adherence to prescribed medication regimens is difficult for all patients and particularly challenging for the elderly. Medication adherence demands a working relationship between a patient or caregiver and prescriber that values open, honest discussion about medications, i.e. the administration schedule, intended benefits, adverse effects and costs.
To meet the requirements of fuel cell power system for electric bike, the influence of partial substitution of Zr and Cr on hydrogen storage performance of TiMn1.5V0.2-based alloys is investigated first, and a hydrogen storage tank is then built using the developed TiMn1.5V0.2-based alloy as metal hydride bed and its hydrogen supply ability is further evaluated. It is found that for TiMn1.5V0.2-based alloys, the Zr substitution for Ti effectively reduces the plateau pressure but increases the plateau slope, while the partial substitution of Mn by Cr decreases the absorption plateau pressure, leading to a smaller hysteresis factor. After the optimization of components, 6kg of Ti0.95Zr0.05Mn1.4Cr0.1V0.2 alloy powder with 5wt.% aluminum foam is mixed uniformly to form a metal hydride bed inside the tank. The measurements show that the tank releases up to 82g of hydrogen to produce a 200W fuel cell output for 300min and has a stable cyclic capacity, indicating that hydrogen storage system of TiMn1.5V0.2-based alloys for fuel cell power system of electric bike is applicable.
Lumbar multifidus muscles (LMM) are important for spinal motion and stability. Low back pain (LBP) is often associated with fat infiltration in LMM. An increasing fat infiltration of LMM may lead to lumbar dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is a correlation between the severity of lumbar dysfunction and the severity of fat infiltration of LMM.
The aim of this paper is to further improve the fuel efficiency and keep the balance of battery SOC simultaneously during urban driving. A dynamic programming (DP)-optimized HEV power management control strategy is proposed. The DP algorithm is applied to obtain the optimal engine/motor power distribution and utilized for the design of the fuzzy control strategy. The traditional DP algorithm is modified with the consideration of SOC balance for HEVs. In the analysis of DP simulation results, rules of torque slip behaviors have been found, which are directly utilized in the design of fuzzy control strategy. In order to improve the practicality of the control strategy to meet the diversities of city driving patterns, an urban driving pattern recognition method is presented. To evaluate the control performance, the proposed control strategy is also compared with the conventional rule-based strategy. The simulation results indicate that by adopting the proposed strategy the fuel efficiency of HEV is improved, and the SOC of the battery is kept in balance during different urban driving cycles.
Weight gain has been reported after deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS), a widely used treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). This nucleus has been repeatedly found to be linked both to reward and to inhibitory control, two key aspects in the control of food intake. In this study, we assessed whether weight gain experienced by patients with PD after STN-DBS, might be due to an alteration of reward and inhibitory functions. Eighteen patients with PD were compared to eighteen healthy controls and tested three times: before surgery, in ON medication and after surgery, respectively five days after the implantation in ON medication/OFF stimulation and at least three months after surgery in ON medication/ON stimulation. All participants were assessed for depression (Beck Depression Inventory), anhedonia (Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale) and impulsiveness (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale). They performed a battery of tests assessing food reward sensitivity (Liking, Wanting and Preference) and a food go/no-go task. Results showed that body weight significantly increased after STN-DBS. A few days after surgery, patients were slower and more impulsive in the go/no-go task, showed a higher preference for high calorie (HC) foods and rated foods as less tasty. Months after subthalamic stimulation, the performance on the go/no-go task improved while no differences were observed in reward sensitivity. Interestingly, weight gain resulted greater in patients with higher levels of attentional impulsiveness pre-surgery, higher wanting for low calorie (LC) foods and impulsivity in the go/no-go task in ON medication/ON stimulation. However, only wanting and attentional impulsivity significantly predicted weight change. Furthermore, weight gain resulted associated with the reduction of l-Dopa after surgery and disease's duration. In conclusion, our findings are consistent with the view that weight gain in PD after STN-DBS has a multifactorial nature, which reflects the complex functional organization of the STN.
A polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) powered portable freezer has been developed. The PEMFC system is composed of an air-cooled fuel cell stack module with combined oxidant and coolant flow, a fuel supply subsystem with two metal hydride canisters, a power management subsystem with a DC–DC converter and a lead acid battery, and a control electronics subsystem. The vapor compression refrigeration cycle has been adopted for refrigerating. The control logic for fuel cell stack operation, cabinet temperature maintenance and fuel canister replacement has been designed for a stable system operation. To estimate PEMFC system performance, the stack power output, parasitic loss and battery charging power are measured for various external loads. The PEMFC system provides a rated power output of 200.5W at 13.4V with balance-of-plant (BOP) efficiency of 72%. The maximum system efficiency based on lower heating value (LHV) is 37% at 120.7W. The PEMFC powered freezer stably operates with the continuous replacement of hydrogen canisters, and the cabinet temperature drops to −21.8°C when the ambient temperature is 26.6°C.
N-methylpyrrolidinium-based ionic liquid, with fluorine function group, N-(2-fluoroethyl) N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide is proposed as the co-solvent for Si anode. Scanning electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as well as the impedance measurement is conducted to investigate its effect on the solid electrolyte interface formation. Cycling tests show that it can much better improve the cycling stability of Si than fluoroethylene carbonate or F-free ionic liquid analogue.
Electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy sources offer the potential to substantially decrease carbon emissions from both the transportation and power generation sectors of the economy. Mass adoption of EVs will have a number of impacts and benefits, including the ability to assist in the integration of renewable energy into existing electric grids. This paper reviews the current literature on EVs, the electric grid, and renewable energy integration. Key methods and assumptions of the literature are discussed. The economic, environmental and grid impacts of EVs are reviewed. Numerous studies assessing the ability of EVs to integrate renewable energy sources are assessed; the literature indicates that EVs can significantly reduce the amount of excess renewable energy produced in an electric system. Studies on wind–EV interaction are much more detailed than those on solar photovoltaics (PV) and EVs. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research.
Three types of lithium ion pouch cells ranging from small consumer electric cells with LiCoO2 cathode to large (electric vehicle size) cells with nanophosphate chemistry were tested under several local and global compression scenarios, including compression between two flat plates and local indentation with a flat cylindrical punch, a conical punch, and three hemispherical punches. Load, displacement, temperature, and voltage were recorded in all tests. The punch displacements were stopped when a drop in force and voltage of the cell, as well as a rise in temperature indicated a short circuit in the cell. Finite element models were developed for each cell type. Two tests were used for calibration of the constitutive properties of each type of cell, and the remaining tests served for the validation of the computational model. The models successfully predicted the load displacement relation and contour of deformations in the cells. Additionally, the models closely predict the force and punch displacement corresponding to the onset of short circuit in the cell. The current results are building confidence in robustness and accuracy of the present calibration and modeling approach.