batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Exposure to prenatal adversity is associated with aggression later in life. Individual differences in autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning, specifically nonreciprocal activation of the parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic (SNS) nervous systems, increase susceptibility to aggression, especially in the context of adversity. Previous work examining interactions between early adversity and ANS functioning in infancy is scarce and has not examined interaction between PNS and SNS. This study examined whether the PNS and SNS moderate the relation between cumulative prenatal risk and early physical aggression in 124 children (57% male). Cumulative risk (e.g., maternal psychiatric disorder, substance (ab)use, and social adversity) was assessed during pregnancy. Parasympathetic respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and sympathetic pre-ejection period (PEP) at baseline, in response to and during recovery from emotional challenge were measured at 6 months. Physical aggression and non-physical aggression/oppositional behavior were measured at 30 months. The results showed that cumulative prenatal risk predicted elevated physical aggression and non-physical aggression/oppositional behavior in toddlerhood; however, the effects on physical aggression were moderated by PNS and SNS functioning. Specifically, the effects of cumulative risk on physical aggression were particularly evident in children characterized by low baseline PNS activity and/or by nonreciprocal activity of the PNS and SNS, characterized by decreased activity (i.e., coinhibition) or increased activity (i.e., coactivation) of both systems at baseline and/or in response to emotional challenge. These findings extend our understanding of the interaction between perinatal risk and infant ANS functioning on developmental outcome.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is involved in the generation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and the maintenance of the cellular redox balance. The biological effects of G6PD deficiency in nucleated cells were studied using G6PD-deficient human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF). In contrast to that of normal HFF, the doubling time of G6PD-deficient cells increased readily from population doubling level (PDL) 15 to 63. This was accompanied by a significant increase in the percentage of G1 cells. The slow-down in growth preceded an early entry of these cells into a nondividing state reminiscent of cellular senescence. These cells exhibited a significant increase in level of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining. The importance of G6PD activity in cell growth was corroborated by the finding that ectopic expression of active G6PD in the deficient cells prevented their growth retardation and early onset of senescence. Mechanistically, the enhanced fluorescence in dichlorofluorescin (H2DCF)-stained G6PD-deficient cells suggests the possible involvement of reactive oxygen species in senescence. Taken together, our results show that G6PD deficiency predisposes human fibroblasts to retarded growth and accelerated cellular senescence. Moreover, G6PD-deficient HFF provides a useful model system for delineating the effects of redox alterations on cellular processes.
Polycrystalline and mesoporous bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) micro-sponge-balls of 4–7 μm in diameter comprising of 58–65 (±2) nm upright standing petals, separated by 100–700 (±50) nm crevices, are synthesized directly onto 3D Ni-foam at room-temperature (27 °C) using Tritonx-100 surfactant-mediated soft wet chemical method. After knowing the phase purity, surface area, pore-size distribution, micro-sponge-ball-type surface morphology, elemental analysis and binding energy confirmations of Bi2O3, a material with quasi-faradaic redox reactions responsible for supercapattery type behavior, are measured and explored. At a low scan rate, the specific capacitance of Bi2O3 sponge-ball electrode, measured from 0.4 to 1.80 A g−1 current density, decreases from 559 to 211 F g−1 which is equivalent to a capacity from 155 to 58 mAh.g−1. An asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device assembly of Bi2O3 sponge-ball electrode with graphite i.e. Bi2O3//graphite demonstrates excellent electrochemical properties with 8 Wh kg−1 energy density at 2040 W kg−1 power density, and about 80% cycling retention over 5000 redox cycle operations. A demonstration of LED with full-bright intensity during discharge process of the Bi2O3//graphite ASC device suggests its practical potentiality and industrial viability.
The present investigation describes the results of a research project (P.R.I.M.E.) aimed at testing the performance and the environmental impact of an electric city car in Italian cities. The vehicle considered in the project is the Daimler AG Smart ForTwo Electric Drive. A Smart ED vehicle was tested at the University of Salento for six months over different driving conditions (routes, traffic, use of auxiliaries). A data acquisition system has been designed on purpose and assembled on board to provide information about driving cycle and energy flows. The system was also used to evaluate the losses of energy during recharges due to the battery cooling system. The experimental tests were used to identify the average, minimum and maximum consumption of electricity in the Smart ED in Lecce according to driving conditions and in particular according to the usage of auxiliaries. The measured data of electric consumption have been used to quantify the emissions of CO2 and pollution of the vehicle using information about the Italian electricity production mix of each recharging event and the emissions factors of the Italian power plants with an innovative and comprehensive methodology.
LaNi5 intermetallic-hydride forming compound and several metal-substituted derivatives have been compared in terms of cycling behavior observed by means of the cavity microelectrode (CME) at high scan rates (50mVs−1). LaNi3.55Mn0.4Al0.3Co0.75 was found to have a stable behavior over 1000 cycles, whereas, the capacity of LaNi5 decreases after only 200 cycles. The performances for the mono-substituted compounds are intermediate. The rechargeability decreases according to the following order: LaNi4.6Mn0.4>LaNi4.7Al0.3>LaNi4.25Co0.75>LaNi5. This study demonstrates the capability of the CME to check numerous battery materials in a very short period of time, which allows to bring out the effect due to the corrosion of the material.
This work describes a hydrometallurgical process to recover rare earth and basemetals from spent NiMH batteries. Laboratory tests were conducted by using NiMH powders obtained in an industrial scale grinding process after a preliminary sieving (<500 μm). The most important metals present in the initial powder were nickel (29% w/w), manganese (13% w/w), zinc (8% w/w) and rare earths (lanthanum and cerium, (5% w/w); other elements were iron (1% w/w), potassium and cobalt (2.5% w/w). The results obtained showed that two sequential leaching steps were needed to dissolve almost completely lanthanum and cerium present in the samples. In the leaching experiments three parameters were studied and optimized according to a factorial experiment: sulfuric acid concentration, acid citric concentration and temperature. The average dissolution yields after the second leaching step were 100% for manganese, cobalt, zinc and rare earths and 99% for Ni. A total recovery of RE 99% was obtained after selective precipitation. Rare earths were recovered by selective precipitation with sodium hydroxide at pH less than 2 after leaching: in these conditions a precipitate composed of lanthanum and cerium sulphates are produced. A suitable flowsheet to recover RE from NiMH spent batteries with recoveries larger than 99% has been proposed.
The concept of party identification is one of the most used indicators in election studies worldwide. However, not much is known about the meaning of party identification. This article explores why adherents identify with a political party. Based on existing notions of partisanship, a coding scheme is derived and an open-ended question from a large-N German survey is analyzed. By using Latent Class Analysis, seven meaning types of adherents are identified whose shares differ heavily by party. Most adherents base their identification either on ideological grounds or evaluative reasons, which has a meaningful impact on the parties’ possibilities for ideological change and partisan stability.
In this present study, macroporous PVDF/microfiber composite gel polymer electrolyte with an interpenetrating network structure was prepared by phase inversion method. The structure and electrochemical performance of the composite membrane were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, stress-strain testing, charge/discharge testing etc. These results exhibit that its electrochemical and mechanical properties were improved by introducing the microfiber network into the macroporous PVDF matrix to form an interpenetrating network structure. The results from electrochemical measurements show that the composite gel electrolyte is stable, and the cells with the PVDF/microfiber network composite membrane have higher discharge capacities and better cycling stability than that assembled with pure macroprous PVDF membrane.
We report the effect of Y substitution for Nb on Li ion conductivity in the well-known garnet-type Li5La3Nb2O12. Garnet-type Li5La3Nb2−x Y x O12−δ (0≤x≤1) was prepared by ceramic method using the high purity metal oxides and salts. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance (Li NMR) and AC impedance spectroscopy were employed for characterization. PXRD showed formation of single-phase cubic garnet-like structure for x up to 0.25 and above x =0.25 showed impurity in addition to the garnet-type phases. The cubic lattice constant increases with increasing Y content up to x =0.25 in Li5La3Nb2− x Y x O12−δ and is consistent with expected ionic radius trend. 7Li MAS NMR showed single peak, which could be attributed to fast migration of ions between various sites in the garnet structure, close to chemical shift 0ppm with respect to solid LiCl and which confirmed that Li ions are distributed at an average octahedral coordination in Li5La3Nb2− x Y x O12− δ . Y-doped compounds showed comparable electrical conductivity to that of the parent compound Li5La3Nb2O12. The x =0.1 member of Li5La3Nb2− x Y x O12− δ showed total (bulk + grain-boundary) ionic conductivity of 1.44×10−5 Scm−1 at 23°C in air.
Objectives/Background There is good documentation of the impact of insomnia on daytime cognitive function based on self-reports, but not on neuropsychological test performance. The study investigated the association of difficulty initiating sleep (DIS), difficulty maintaining sleep (DMS), and early morning awakening (EMA) complaints with daytime domain-specific neuropsychological performance in older adults. Participants/Methods Participants were 859 older adults (mean 71.9 years) in the Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Studies. They were interviewed and assessed at community-based eldercare activity centres and completed a sleep survey questionnaire and a battery of neuropsychological tests (Digit span, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Story memory, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised, Color Trails Test (1 and 2), Block design, and Verbal fluency). Results Insomnia complaints were present in 18.0% (n = 155) of participants. Controlling for the presence of other insomnia complaints, psychosocial and medical variables, and depression, EMA was independently and significantly associated with worse executive functioning (p = 0.031). DIS and DMS were not independently associated with poorer performance on any cognitive domain. Conclusion The association of EMA among older adults with decreased executive functioning and underlying mechanistic factors should be further investigated.
Nanocrystalline lithium iron silicate/carbon (Li2FeSiO4/C) composites were successfully prepared by impregnation of a commercial porous carbon using ethanolic solutions of the different metallic precursors, followed by thermal annealing at 600 °C. The effects of Li2FeSiO4 loading content on the structure and organization of the Li2FeSiO4/C composites at the nanoscale were investigated. Through optimization of the synthesis conditions, small Li2FeSiO4 nanocrystals (4–12 nm) are formed and well dispersed in the porous conductive carbon. The electrochemical performances of these composites were tested as positive electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. The Li2FeSiO4/C composite with the lowest Li2FeSiO4 loading exhibits the best rate capability with a significant capacity contribution from carbon. It was found that the presence of carbon delays the lowering of the Fe3+/Fe2+ redox voltage usually reported for Li2FeSiO4 (from 3.1/3.0 to 2.8/2.7 V vs. Li+/Li), due to a stabilization effect of the initial Li2FeSiO4 crystal structure. For the Li2FeSiO4/C composite (81/19 weight ratio), a discharge capacity of 81 mAh g−1 can be achieved at 55 °C for a charge/discharge rate of 2C, with 86% capacity retention after 500 cycles, showing the positive effect of the porous carbon addition for long term cycling stability.
This paper reviews the literature on the synthesis of carbon nanotube- and nanofiber-supported Pt electrocatalysts for proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell catalyst loading reduction through the improvement of catalyst utilization and activity, especially focusing on cathode nano-electrocatalyst preparation methods. The features of each synthetic method were also discussed based on the morphology of the synthesized catalysts. It is clear that synthesis methods play an important role in catalyst morphology, Pt utilization and catalytic activity. Though some remarkable progress has been made in nanotube- and nanofiber-supported Pt catalyst preparation techniques, the real breakthroughs have not yet been made in terms of cost-effectiveness, catalytic activity, durability and chemical/electrochemical stability. In order to make such electrocatalysts commercially feasible, cost-effective and innovative, catalyst synthesis methods are needed for Pt loading reduction and performance optimization.
A simple freeze-drying-assisted method is used to prepare various porous Mn-doped Na3V2(PO4)3/C composites. Rietveld refinement and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) are applied to probe the real substitute site of Mn and demonstrate that Mn ions successfully occupy the V sites. The Mn2+/Mn3+ doping in the vanadium site of Na3V2(PO4)3 causes the lattice volume to expand with enlarged Na ion diffusion channels, which benefits Na+ transportation and increases the ionic conductivity of Na3V2(PO4)3. Furthermore, due to the charge compensation, the presence of Mn2+ in Na3V2(PO4)3 leads to the formation of V4+, which improves the intrinsic conductivity and stabilizes the NASICON framework. Through the XPS results of the electrode under the fully charged or discharged states, the small and reversible plateau at ca. 3.85 V of the Mn-doped Na3V2(PO4)3 electrode is ascribed to the activation of the Mn2+/Mn3+ redox couple. An optimized performance is achieved for Na3V1.8Mn0.2(PO4)3/C, which exhibits a capacity of 106.8 mAh g−1 at 1 C and 77.8 mAh g−1 at up to 30 C. Even more impressive, a high capacity retention of 82% was achieved at 30 C after 10000 cycles.
Citizens in Eastern Europe are less satisfied with life than their peers in other countries. This happiness gap has persisted over time, despite predictions to the contrary by earlier scholars. It holds after controlling for a variety of covariates, such as the standard of living, life expectancy and Eastern Orthodox religion. Armed with a battery of surveys from the early 1990s to 2014, we argue that the happiness gap is explained by how citizens in post-communist countries perceive their governments. Eastern Europeans link their life satisfaction to higher perceived corruption and weaker government performance. Our results suggest that the transition from central planning is still incomplete, at least in the psychology of people.
Of all patients with low back pain, 85% are diagnosed as "non-specific lumbar pain". Lumbar instability has been described as one specific diagnosis which several authors have described as delayed muscular responses, impaired postural control as well as impaired muscular coordination among these patients. This has mostly been measured and evaluated in a laboratory setting. There are few standardized and evaluated functional tests, examining functional muscular coordination which are also applicable in the non-laboratory setting. In ordinary clinical work, tests of functional muscular coordination should be easy to apply. The aim of this present study was to therefore standardize and examine the inter-rater reliability of three functional tests of muscular functional coordination of the lumbar spine in patients with low back pain.
The link between language and false belief (FB) understanding has been the focus of considerable debate regarding which language component (semantics, general language, or complementation) is necessary for FB development. We examined the relative roles of complementation and receptive vocabulary in FB development in Korean-speaking and English-speaking children. FB understanding, memory for complements involving the verbs think, say and want, and receptive vocabulary were measured at three time points in 59 Korean-speaking children and 72 English-speaking children. A multi-level growth model indicated that the development of receptive vocabulary and separately the development of think understanding uniquely predicted the development of FB understanding. Neither say nor want was associated with FB understanding. The same pattern was found for Korean- and English-speaking children. The results provide evidence for the role of general language in FB understanding and against the unique role of sentential complementation.
Binder-free electrodes of Si nanoparticles@reducedgrapheneoxidesheets(Si@rGO) for lithium ion batteries were facilely fabricated by scraping the mixture of commercial Si powder, graphene oxide and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) onto nickel foam and following a heat treatment. It was shown that the Si@rGO electrode performs an excellent electrochemical behavior. Even at a current density as high as 4A/g, a reversible capacity of 792mAh/g was obtained after 100 cycles. A small amount of PVP additive plays important roles, it not only increases the viscosity of the mixture paint in the coating process, but also improves the conductivity of the overall electrode after carbonization.
The lithium secondary batteries with high power density need the electrode materials with both high specific capacity and high tap-density. LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 cathode material is a very promising candidate to replace the commercialized LiCoO2 for lithium secondary batteries. Spherical Ni0.8Co0.2(OH)2 powders were prepared via a “controlled crystallization” method using NiSO4, CoSO4, NaOH and NH3·H2O. Spherical LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 powders with order layered structure were easily synthesized by firing LiOH·H2O and the spherical Ni0.8Co0.2(OH)2 in oxygen at 750°C for 8h. The relation among the “controlled crystallization” conditions and the Ni0.8Co0.2(OH)2 and LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 powders’ structure, particle morphology, particle size, particle size distribution, and tap-density was investigated. It is shown that with the suitable “controlled crystallization” conditions, the tap-density of the spherical LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 powders can be improved as high as 3.24gcm−3, which is remarkably higher than the non-spherical LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 powders available as commercial cathode materials. The cathode materials also show high reversible specific capacity and long cycling life. The high-density spherical LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 cathode materials can greatly improve the power density of the lithium secondary batteries.
When designing a high energy density battery, one of the critical features is a high voltage, high capacity cathode material. In the development of Mg batteries, oxide cathodes that can reversibly intercalate Mg, while at the same time being compatible with an electrolyte that can deposit Mg reversibly are rare. Herein, we report the compatibility of Mg anodes with α-V2O5 by employing magnesium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide in diglyme electrolytes at very low water levels. Electrolytes that contain a high water level do not reversibly deposit Mg, but interestingly these electrolytes appear to enable much higher capacities for an α-V2O5 cathode. Solid state NMR indicates that the major source of the higher capacity in high water content electrolytes originates from reversible proton insertion. In contrast, we found that lowering the water level of the magnesium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide in diglyme electrolyte is critical to achieve reversible Mg deposition and direct evidence for reversible Mg intercalation is shown. Findings we report here elucidate the role of proton intercalation in water-containing electrolytes and clarify numerous conflicting reports of Mg insertion into α-V2O5.
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) has recently been identified as a separate disease but diagnosis can be difficult, in particular the differentiation from related dementias of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD). Careful cognitive assessment may aid differential diagnosis between these different types of dementia and can provide theoretical insight into the nature of the underlying impairments. Recent reviews on DLB have primarily dealt with medical issues of clinical diagnostic criteria, pathology, epidemiology and treatment (Ballard, 2004; Barber et al., 2001; Cercy and Bylsma, 1997; Cummings, 2004; Kaufer, 2004; McKeith, 2002; McKeith et al., 2004a; Rampello et al., 2004) and only a few papers have reviewed cognitive impairments in DLB (Collerton et al., 2003; Lambon-Ralph et al., 2001; Simard et al., 2000). The present paper is more specifically targeted to a neuropsychological audience. It provides an uptodate, detailed and comprehensive review of the available evidence regarding visual and olfactory perception, attention, cognitive fluctuation, frontal-executive functions, working memory, episodic memory, and semantic memory in DLB relative to AD and PDD. In addition, an attempt is made to relate available data to current theoretical frameworks of cognition. Implications for future research and clinical issues such as the problem of differential diagnosis, and the relation between cognitive impairments and clinical features of visual hallucinations and cognitive fluctuation will be discussed.
LiMn2O4 films with vertically aligned holes were formed by electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) and subsequent annealing. Different surface morphologies, such as dense grains, 1μm-diameter pores with 1μm-thick walls, and 5μm pores with 3μm walls, were formed by varying the lithium sources in the precursor solution. The randomly oriented pores in the films prepared using ESD were rearranged in vertical stacks after annealing to produce crystalline LiMn2O4. This process would be suitable for constructing three-dimensional interfaces between active materials and solid-state electrolytes.