batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Landscape ecology focuses on the spatial patterns and processes of ecological and human interactions. These patterns and processes are being altered by both changing resource-management practices of humans and changing climate conditions associated, in part, with increases in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. Dominant resource-extraction and land-management activities involve energy, and the use of fossil energy is one of the key drivers behind increasing greenhouse gas emissions as well as land-use changes. Alternative energy sources (such as wind, solar, nuclear, and bioenergy) are being explored to reduce greenhouse gas emission rates. Yet, energy production, including alternative-energy options, can have a wide range of effects on land productivity, surface cover, albedo, and other factors that affect carbon, water, and energy fluxes and, in turn, climate. Meanwhile, climate influences the potential output, relative efficiencies, and sustainability of alternative energy sources. Thus, land use, climate change, and energy choices are linked, and any comprehensive analysis in landscape ecology that considers one of these factors should be cognizant of these interactions. This analysis explores the implications of linkages between land use, climate hange, and energy and points out ecological patterns and processes that may be affected by their interactions.
The proton diffusion coefficients in an electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) electrode at various stages of the constant current discharge have been determined by means of AC impedance technique. The finite diffusion model was applied in the numerical fitting. The crystallite size of EMD was estimated from (110), (121) and (021) diffraction peaks with both Scherrer equation and Warren–Averbach theory. X-ray diffraction (XRD) peak broadening caused by instrument, crystallite size and microstrain was separated. The crystallite size of ramsdellite was assumed to be the proton diffusion length.
Inverters are such electronic devices that are extensively used to convert DC power to AC power in wide-range domestic and industrial applications. DC power is usually supplied from either national grid through the rectifiers or batteries for high and low energy demands, respectively. When they are employed to feed electrical devices the efficiency of these devices tends to decrease due to harmonic occurrence in them. One solution to this problem is the selective harmonic elimination which is required to solve multiple non-linear equations simultaneously. These equations are mainly function of the switching angles and are obtained from a type of inverter output voltage such as being unipolar, bipolar, etc. To eliminate one or more harmonics in these output voltages becomes a typical multivariate root-finding problem and its solution requires root-finding methods such as the Newton–Raphson method, the Broyden method etc. These methods can only produce a meaningful solution if initial values are properly guessed, but it is highly difficult task due to having no direct formula. In this paper, the hybrid genetic algorithm method based on the refinement of the genetic algorithms results through the Newton–Raphson method was used to simultaneously solve the non-linear equations. The results have shown a considerable effect on decrease in the total harmonic distortion, thereby increasing the efficiency of devices compared to conventional methods under the same conditions.
The skilled movement of livestock by dogs is highly valued among livestock handlers in the harsh farming environment of Australia. However, their workload has not been studied empirically. This pilot study aimed to measure the distance, speed, and heart rate of a group of sheep dogs (n = 6) working during an 11-day period of peak activity (shearing). In addition, it sought to determine the technological capabilities and limits of a modern Global Positioning System (GPS) device for monitoring working dogs during peak work. Distances recorded ranged from 1.7 km up to 68.3 km in a day. The furthest cumulative distance covered by a dog during the study period was 279.2 km. The maximum speed recorded in the yard area was 37.01 km/h. Because of the limitations of the equipment and the nature of the work, we were unable to measure heart rate reliably. The GPS units used in the study were effective at measuring the considerable variation in movement and speed of the dogs while working. However, battery life limitations prevented recording of the dogs' full activity over each day. Characterizing elite and peak performance in these working dogs may assist in comparisons with other sporting and working breeds and in identifying phenotypic traits of value in herding and related working contexts.
Ultrafast time-resolved studies of photocatalytic thin films can provide a wealth of information crucial for understanding and thereby improving the performance of these materials by directly probing electronic structure, reaction intermediates, and charge carrier dynamics. The interpretation of transient spectra, however, can be complicated by thermally induced structural distortions, which appear within the first few picoseconds following excitation due to carrier–phonon scattering. Here we present a comparison of ex situ steady-state thermal difference spectra and transient absorption spectra spanning from NIR to hard X-ray energies of hematite thin films grown by atomic layer deposition. We find that beyond the first 100 picoseconds, the transient spectra measured for all excitation wavelengths and probe energies are almost entirely due to thermal effects as the lattice expands in response to the ultrafast temperature jump and then cools to room temperature on the microsecond timescale. At earlier times, a broad excited state absorption band that is assigned to free carriers appears at 675 nm, and the lifetime and shape of this feature also appear to be mostly independent of excitation wavelength. The combined spectroscopic data, which are modeled with density functional theory and full multiple scattering calculations, support an assignment of the optical absorption spectrum of hematite that involves two LMCT bands that nearly span the visible spectrum. Our results also suggest a framework for shifting the ligand-to-metal charge transfer absorption bands of ferric oxide films from the near-UV further into the visible part of the solar spectrum to improve solar conversion efficiency.
Free-standing poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)–LiFePO4 composite films were successfully prepared by dynamic three phase interline electropolymerization (D3PIE). These films were used without further modification as the positive electrode in standard lithium ion batteries. As such, this new process eliminates all electrochemically inactive materials (carbon, polymer binder and current collector) used in conventional composite cathodes. The PEDOT–LiFePO4 composite film offers a discharge capacity of 75 mAh g−1 at the C/10 rate and high capacity retention at the C/2 rate. When reporting this value to the relative amount of LiFePO4 in the PEDOT-LiFePO4 composite film, the discharge capacity reached 160 mAh g−1, close to the theoretical maximum value (170 mAh g−1). As such, this approach yield highly functional hybrid free-standing conductive polymer/active material composite cathode with controllable size and structure.
In this work, V2O5 hollow spheres synthesized via a solvothermal method for high performance cathode of aqueous rechargeable zinc ion batteries (ARZIBs) is reported. The as-prepared V2O5 sample comprises of hollow spheres particles with diameter of 0.7–1.6 μm, which shows a larger specific area than commercial V2O5. When served as cathode of ARZIBs, V2O5 hollow spheres deliver better cycle stability and more excellent rate performance than commercial V2O5. More specifically, V2O5 hollow spheres display a high specific discharge capacity of 132 mA h g−1 with capacity retention of 82.5% after 6200 cycles at the current density of 10 A g−1. And the discharge capacity of V2O5 hollow spheres electrode can reach to 280, 250, 225, 213, 204, 165, 147 and 108 mA h g−1 at current densities of 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1, 3, 5 and 10 A g−1, respectively. Further, the ZnV2O5 batteries with V2O5 hollow spheres cathode reveal a promising potential for practical application.
This paper examines whether neuropsychological profiles of youth with early onset psychotic disorders predicted diagnostic or clinical status. Youth with schizophrenia (n=27), bipolar disorder (n=22), and psychosis NOS (n=20) were included. Subjects received an extensive neuropsychological evaluation, including measures of general cognition, attention, memory, and executive functioning. Medication status was not controlled. No statistically significant neurocognitive differences across diagnostic groups were found. Compared to standardized norms, youth with schizophrenia demonstrated deficits in general cognition, verbal learning, recall, sustained effort, and social knowledge. Subjects with bipolar disorder and psychosis NOS exhibited deficits on measures of verbal learning, recall, and sustained effort similar to those of youth with schizophrenia. Neurocognitive deficits in memory and attention appeared to be common among youth with psychotic illnesses, regardless of diagnosis. Those with schizophrenia may have greater global cognitive deficits and problems with social knowledge. Across diagnoses, subjects demonstrated relative strengths on tests that provided them with immediate feedback, and performed most poorly on tests requiring delayed recall.
The Titanium nitride was made by the carbamide and titanic chloride precursors. XRD results indicate that the precursor ratio N:Ti 3:1 leads to higher crystallinity. SEM and EDX demonstrated that Ti and N elements were distributed uniformly with the ratio of 1:1. The TiN used as the electrode material for supercapacitor was also studied. The specific capacities were changed from 407F.g−1 to 385F.g−1, 364F.g−1 and 312F.g−1, when the current densities were changed from 1A.g−1 to 2A.g−1, 5A.g−1 and 10A.g−1, respectively. Chronopotentiometry tests showed high coulombic efficiency. Cycling performance of the TiN electrode was evaluated by CV at a scanning rate of 50mV.s−1 for 20,000 cycles and there was about 9.8% loss. These results indicate that TiN is a promising electrode material for the supercapacitors.
X-ray photoemission spectroscopic and high-resolution hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopic studies of positive electrodes in LiNi0.73Co0.17Al0.10O2 and hard carbon based batteries were carried out to elucidate the mechanism of battery degradation. Li2CO3, hydrocarbons, ROCO2Li, polycarbonate-type compounds and LiF were observed on positive electrode surfaces and the amount of carbonates was found to have increased after cycle testing. Above 60°C, signs of electrolyte decomposition were indicated. Near the surface of the positive electrodes, a Li-deficient cubic phase is present and grows with degradation. Capacity and power fade could be related to the amount of species on the surface and the thickness of the Li-deficient cubic phase near the surface.
Lithium-ion batteries are increasingly used in mobile applications where mechanical vibrations and shocks are a constant companion. This work shows how these mechanical loads affect lithium-ion cells. Therefore pouch and cylindrical cells are stressed with vibrational and shock profiles according to the UN 38.3 standard. Additionally, a vibration test is set up to reflect stress in real-world applications and is carried out for 186 days. The effects of the load profiles on the tested cells are investigated by capacity measurement, impedance spectroscopy, micro-X-ray computed tomography and post mortem analyses. The mechanical stress has no effect on the investigated pouch cells. Although all tested cylindrical cells would pass the standard tests, in certain cells stressed in a vertical position the mandrel dispatched itself and struck against internal components. This caused bruised active materials, short circuits, a damaged current collector and current interrupt device. The investigations are not directly transferrable to all pouch or cylindrical cells but show that the mechanical cell design, especially the fixation of the internal components, determines whether a cell withstands vibrations and shocks. Depending on the cell design and the loading direction, long-term vibrational loads can have additional detrimental effects on lithium-ion cells compared to standard tests.
Anatase TiO2 nano-particles anchored on layered cathode material of Li[Li0.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54]O2 has been prepared for the first time through the co-precipitation method. The structure and electrochemical performance of this modified layered cathode material are systematically investigated. XRD and SEM indicate that these TiO2 NPs-anchored electrodes have good layered structure and regular morphology, respectively. XPS, AFM and TEM have proved that the TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) are anchored on the surface of the particles and distributed uniformly. Compared with the bare electrode with initial discharge capacity of 248.0mAhg−1 and capacity retention of 66.65% after 100 cycles at 0.5C, 0.5% TiO2 NPs-anchored electrode exhibits a capacity of 243.8mAhg−1 with capacity retention of 84.40% by electrochemical tests. Furthermore, the 0.5% TiO2 NPs-anchored electrode could deliver the initial discharge capacity of 265.9mAhg−1, 243.8mAhg−1, 190.8mAhg−1, 134.3mAhg−1 corresponding to 0.2C, 0.5C, 2C and 5C, respectively. The anchored TiO2 NPs could effectively reduce the interfacial resistance between the cathode and the electrolyte and benefit the Li+ conduction in the electrode compared with the traditional coated layers. Anchoring TiO2 NPs on the surface of electrode is firstly adopted to enhance the electrochemical properties of layered cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries.
In the face of growing environmental pollution, developing a fuel-cell-driven shunting locomotive is a great challenge in China for environmental protection and energy saving, which combines the environmental advantages of an electric locomotive with the lower infrastructure costs of a diesel-electric locomotive. In this paper, the investigation status and the development trend of the fuel-cell-driven shunting locomotive were introduced. Through innovation of the power system using fuel cells, an experiment prototype of a fuel-cell shunting locomotive was developed, which would reduce the effects on the environment of the existing locomotives. This was the first locomotive to use a proton exchange membrane fuel-cell (PEMFC) power plant in China. From October 2012, we started to test the fuel-cell power plant and further test runs on the test rail-line in Chengdu, Sichuan. The achieved encouraging results can provide fundamental data for the modification of the current individual fuel cell locomotives or further development of the fuel-cell hybrid ones in China.
Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a unique honeycomb-like Ni3S2 structure growing directly on the Ni foam skeleton (H-Ni3S2/NF) and its application in lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries as a free-standing cathode. Excellent electrocatalytic activity of honeycomb-like Ni3S2 and the unique network structure of Ni matrix can provide synergistic effect for facilitating electron transport and the diffusion of both oxygen and Li+, leading to the excellent electrochemical performance of Li-O2 battery. Specifically, Li-O2 batteries with H-Ni3S2/NF electrodes exhibit high energy efficiency (84.2%), outstanding cycle stability of over 116 cycles at limiting capacity of 4 mA h cm−2 and excellent rate capability (9.84 mAh cm−2 at 12 mA cm−2).
Molybdenum disulfide nanosheets@hollow nitrogen-doped carbon (MoS2@NC) spheres were prepared via a facile synthesis and investigated as a host material for ion storages. When used in lithium ion batteries (LIBs) or sodium ion batteries (SIBs), the MoS2@NC spheres electrodes exhibited excellent electrochemical performances. A high capacity of 1386 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles was obtained at a current density of 200 mA g−1 for LIBs. As for SIBs, a capacity of 330 mAh g−1 was retained after 400 cycles at 1000 mA g−1. The remarkable ion storage performances can be attributed to the hierarchical architecture of the MoS2@NC spheres, which not only supply abundant active sites and efficient electron and ion pathways, but also alleviate the volume change of the active MoS2 material. Meanwhile, synergistic effect of the heterogeneous components, interfacial ion storages, nitrogen doping and induced defects are responsible for high capacities of the MoS2@NC electrodes. And the electrodes exhibited enhanced electrochemical kinetics due to the significantly improved electrical conductivity and the large specific area of the MoS2@NC spheres.
A combined process has been developed for recovering cobalt and regenerating cathode material from leach liquor of spent LiCoO2 batteries. Cobalt of 98% can be selectively separated from leach liquor using ammonium oxalate of 1.15 (mole ratio) at pH of 2.0, 55 °C, and 40 min. Kinetics analysis indicates that precipitation of cobalt is controlled by a combination of surface chemical reaction and diffusion. The Ea value of precipitation is 19.68 kJ/mol obtained from the second-order model of (1 − a)−1 = k′t + c. Based on the TG/DSC curves of oxidation of cobalt oxalate, it is found that formation of Co3O4 oxidized from cobalt oxalate is in according with the model of randomly nucleating followed by nucleus growth. The Ea value is 84.93 kJ/mol that is provided by the suitable model of g(α) = [−ln(1 − α)]1/3. Then, lithium is recovered from the filtrate as Li2CO3 with the purity of 99.5% by precipitation method. Finally, new cathode material with a good electrochemical performance is regenerated using obtained Co3O4 and lithium carbonate through solid phase method.
Mobile terminals in 4G heterogeneous wireless networks continuously undergo horizontal and vertical handovers. In order for a mobile terminal to be connected to a network in the best possible way in terms of QoS performance and energy consumption, access network selection as the main decision within the handover process is obviously crucial. This paper presents a novel method that takes into account user preferences, network conditions, QoS and energy consumption requirements in order to select the optimal network which achieves the best balance between performance and energy consumption. The proposed network selection method incorporates the use of parameterized utility functions in order to model diverse QoS elasticities of different applications, and adopts different energy consumption metrics for real-time and non-real-time applications. User preferences are easily configured for different application and situation contexts through the use of linguistic assessments and their representation as triangular fuzzy numbers. The aggregation of multiple criteria for the calculation of the overall rating of the networks is performed through the use of the Fuzzy Set Representation TOPSIS method that resolves the issue of inconsistency related to conflicting decision criteria and is modified through the use of the employed utility functions for the elimination of the ranking abnormality problem. Finally, simulations are conducted in order to demonstrate how the proposed method would work and confirm its suitability and effectiveness.
Li+ charge transfer and the colouration dynamics in an electrochromic tungsten trioxide film electrode have been studied by the potentiostatic intermittent titration technique (PITT) and simultaneous in-situ optical transmittance at one fixed wavelength (670 nm). Relaxation transients of the optical density and of the total integrated charge after potential steps have been measured in intercalation as well as in deintercalation up to a Li composition x of 0.4. The experimental colouration efficiency (CE) (≤80 cm2 C−1) has been deduced as a function of x in such experiments and compared with the efficiency calculated according to the site-saturation model. The small departure of the data from the calculated efficiency was explained in terms of a partially irreversible cathodic reaction, which accounts also for some charge retention in the electrode after a complete cycle. Both charge intercalation and colouration dynamics appeared to follow a diffusion controlled process with a diffusivity of the order of 5×10−11 cm2 s−1. The optical data collected in a complete charge–discharge cycle showed a smaller hysteresis than the electrochemical data, and the colour diffusivity was always higher than the charge diffusivity, in particular at the end of either insertion or deinsertion processes (large x and small x, respectively). Such a small but systematic discrepancy between the optical and electrochemical kinetic data suggests that part of the charge is diverted from the main electrochromic process into a secondary electrochemical process.
Objectives Most of the fine-motor assessment tools used in Hong Kong have been designed in Western countries, so there is a need to develop a standardized assessment which is relevant to the culture and daily living tasks of the local (that is, Chinese) population. This study aimed to (1) develop a fine-motor assessment tool (the Hong Kong Preschool Fine-Motor Developmental Assessment [HK-PFMDA]) for use with young children in a Chinese population and (2) examine the HK-PFMDA's psychometric properties. Method The HK-PFMDA was developed by a group of occupational therapists specializing in the area of developmental disabilities in Hong Kong. A panel of 21 experts reviewed the content validity of the instrument. Rasch item analysis was used to examine the model fit of items against the rating scale model, and to explore the dimensionality of the test. Intra- and interrater reliability, convergent validity, and criterion-related validity were examined. The participants included 783 children without disabilities, 45 with autistic spectrum disorder, and 35 with developmental delay. Results The Rasch analysis suggested that the 87-item HK-PFMDA had a unidimensional structure, as the items explained most (91.6%) of the variance. The HK-PFMDA demonstrated excellent intra- (ICC=.99) and interrater reliability (ICC=.99), and internal consistency (α ranging from .83 to .92). In terms of validity, the HK-PFMDA had significant positive correlations with both age and the convergent measures of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS-2). Conclusion A set of normative data for local children aged from birth to 6 years was established. The HK-PFMDA has shown excellent psychometric properties and is suitable for clinical application by occupational therapists in the assessment of fine-motor skills development of young children in Chinese populations.
The chemically reactive unsteady 3D Sisko fluid flow over a bidirectional stretched surface in the presence of nonlinear thermal radiation and magnetic field is considered. The numerical scrutiny of the transformed nonlinear ODEs is performed with the help of a numerical technique known as bvp4c. The mechanism of heat and mass transfer by the applications of chemical reaction and radiation is presented using temperature and concentration graphs. A remarkable enhancing results are estimated in the presence of nonlinear thermal radiation parameter