batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Nanohybrid polymer electrolytes (NHPE) with ceramic particles have attracted significant attention owing to their improvement in electrochemical performance. However, particle aggregation and weak nanoparticle/polymer matrix interaction restrict their further application in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). We demonstrate a facile in-situ polymerization/crystallization method to synthesize a homogeneous TiO2-grafted NHPE with a cross-linked branching structure, comprised of ion-conducting poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMEM) and non-polar stearyl methacrylate (SMA). This technique is different from existing methods of blending functionalized ceramic particles into the polymer matrix. Highly monodispersed TiO2 nanocrystals enhance the effective interfacial interactions between particles and polymer matrix, which suppress the crystallization of ethylene oxide (EO) groups and facilitate forming continuously interconnected ion-conducting channels. Moreover, an increased dissociation degree of Li salt can also be achieved. The TiO2-grafted NHPE exhibits superior electrochemical properties with an ionic conductivity of 1.1 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 30 °C, a high lithium ion transference number and excellent interfacial compatibility with the lithium electrode. In particular, a lithium-ion battery based on TiO2-grafted NHPE demonstrates good C-rate performance, as well as excellent cycling stability with an initial discharge capacity of 153.5 mAh g−1 and a capacity retention of 96% after 300 cycles at 1 C (80 °C).
Conventions established for battery cycling were originally from the domain of chemists and material scientists interested in characterizing the battery materials. Involvement in studies with large energy storage batteries for residential energy systems outfitted with renewables demonstrated that such scenarios were very different compared to cycling regimes used for battery characterization. Transient, irregular power production and storage coupled with stochastic electrical demand result in battery usage where frequent switching between charge and discharge modes occurs. Further, energy storage control systems favor maintaining the battery in an elevated state of charge. In view of these different circumstances, experiments to characterize battery performance for a more generalized and comprehensive operating environment were developed which explored varying amplitudes of battery cycles, as well isolating a full range of instantaneous depth of discharge levels with very small amplitude cycles. To investigate the operations on a mechanistic level, numerical simulations with a pseudo-2D electrochemical model were run to discover what is occurring inside the electrodes under these conditions. It was found that localized degradation effects vary significantly across the battery capacity range, and that the net extent of degradation increased with the duration of uninterrupted charging or discharging. Analysis was performed to find a good correlation between the measured cell degradation with time-dependent transport of electrolyte phase lithium ions in the anode as a driver for SEI formation. These findings have some bearing on claims being made about pulse charging regimes under development aimed at allowing fast charging with minimal cell capacity loss penalties.
The development of portable power banks by using triboelectric nanogenerator-based technology has been a subject of great interest. However, when the potential wide range of future applications of such devices is considered, their heavy use of nanomaterials, polymers, and micro/nano fabrication technologies will increase the cost of and the energy consumed during production; moreover, their improper disposal may harm the environment. Here, we demonstrate portable card-type triboelectric nanogenerators (Card-TENGs) assembled by using less problematic, readily available materials through a top-down approach. The Card-TENGs are fabricated mainly from paper, including card paper and printer paper, which can greatly reduce the fabrication cost and the risk to the environment. Electricity can be generated simply by shaking the Card-TENGs, and Card-TENGs can be combined to form single and multilayer structures, which will enhance their electrical output. Furthermore, the as-fabricated Card-TENGs can be easily integrated into packs to increase the total output for lighting LEDs arrays and powering calculators.
Solid-state synthesized LiNi0.5−y M y Mn1.5O4 spinels, where M=Fe, Mg, Al, or Cu, and y=0.0–0.4, have been studied as high-voltage cathode materials. Powder X-ray diffraction studies showed that all the substituents displayed a propensity for the 8a tetrahedral site at high concentrations. Cyclic voltammetric studies showed electrochemical activity around 4V as well as above 4.4V. While the 4-V activity was related solely to the Mn4+/Mn3+ couple, the 5-V activity was due to the redox reactions of Ni and the other transition metal ions. The co-substituents reduced the 5-V capacity and shifted the redox potentials in the 5-V region to higher values. At high concentrations, the co-substituents tended to occupy the 8a sites, which may lead to a blockage of lithium transport during the charge–discharge processes. LiNi0.4Fe0.1Mn1.5O4 registered the best performance with a first-cycle capacity of 117mAh/g and 78% capacity retention over 60 cycles. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic studies showed a decrease in the charge transfer resistance at high deintercalation levels.
Layered Ni-rich LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (LNCMO) materials are prepared by calcining the mixture of Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2(OH)2 precursor (co-precipitation method) and Li salts (Li2CO3). Two different caicination atmosphere (air and oxygen) are adopted to obtain final two samples of LNCMO-A (air) and LNCMO-O (oxygen) to individually investigate the influence of oxygen instead of air atmosphere on the structure and electrochemical behavior of the LNCMO materials. Both two samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical charge/discharge tests including cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). XRD and SEM results show the LNCMO-O sample possesses relatively smaller Li+/Ni2+ cation mixing, better layer-structure ordering and smaller primary particle size. The electrochemical charge/discharge test results show the LNCMO-O sample exhibits superior discharge capacity (184.6mAhg−1 at 0.1C), higher cycling retention (91.4% after 100 cycles at 0.5C) and promoted rate performance. Further XPS, CV and EIS analyses on the promotion mechanism demonstrate that the oxygen-atmosphere calcination is important and beneficial to improve the electrochemical performance for Ni-rich LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 material.
The effectiveness of respiratory protection is dependent on many factors, including the duration and times during the day when it is worn. To date, these factors could only be assessed by direct observation of the respirator user. We describe the novel use of a data-logging temperature and humidity sensor (iButton Hygrochron) located inside a facemask to quantify respirator wear-time through supervised experiments (Phase 1) and an unsupervised wearing trial (Phase 2). Additionally, in Phase 1 the in-mask temperature was compared with measurements of exhaled breath temperature. We found humidity responds more rapidly than temperature to donning a mask, so it was considered a more sensitive measure of wear-time, particularly for short durations. Supervised tests showed that this method can provide accurate and precise estimates of wear-time, although the approach may be unsuitable for use in situations where there is high ambient humidity. In-mask temperature is closely associated with exhaled breath temperature, which is linked to lung inflammation. This technique could provide a useful way of evaluating the effectiveness of respirators in protecting health in real-life situations.
Investigate the effects of long-term regular aerobic exercise to physical fitness and quality of life in older women.
The present investigation examined whether coping-oriented motives to use marijuana, as measured by the Marijuana Motives Measure (MMM; Simons et al. in J. Couns. Psychol. 45:265–273, 1998), were uniquely related to affect-based psychological vulnerability factors among marijuana users. Participants were 131 adult current marijuana users (72 women, Mage = 20.14, SD = 3.37 years). As hypothesized, after controlling for gender, cigarettes smoked per day, past 30-day marijuana use, total years of marijuana use, and alcohol consumption, coping motives were significantly and incrementally related to negative affect-based psychological vulnerability factors. No other marijuana use motives demonstrated a similar type of relationship to the dependent variables, providing a high degree of explanatory specificity. These data suggest that coping-oriented motives to use marijuana may be an important explanatory construct in better understanding marijuana and psychological vulnerability relations.
In order to gain a better understanding of the crashworthiness of lithium-ion cells, a test-setup for dynamic impact and crush tests has been designed. An experimental study was carried out using prismatic automotive cells comprising increasing levels of manufacturing quality and specific energy made of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide as the cathode active material. Different loading scenarios and more than four orders of magnitude of deformation rates were applied to specimens at fully charged state. The presented work describes the test program, the experimental setup and an objective evaluation method, which finally allows for a detailed summary of the observed mechanical behavior. A distinct strain-rate dependence of hardening, failure parameters, and compressibility of the cells is found. No significant dependence on cell type and state of charge could be observed. The results constitute essential new insights into the material behavior of EV battery cells during a crash event.
In recent years, smartphone devices are becoming progressively popular across a diverse range of users. However, user diversity creates challenges in smartphone application (app) development. The diversity of users is often ignored by designers and developers due to the absence of requirements. Owing to this, many smartphone users face usability issues. Despite that, no dedicated platform found that guide smartphone app designers and developers regarding human universality. The aim of this research is to explore the requirements of diverse users in smartphone apps and provide usability guidelines. The objectives of this research are achieved by following two scientific approaches. The human diversity requirements are located by conducting usability tests that investigated the requirements in the form of usability issues. The systematic literature review (SLR) process is followed in order to resolve the discovered usability issues. Both approaches resulted in a list of usability issues and guidelines. The usability tests returned 27 problems while the SLR came with a comprehensive set of universal usability guidelines that were grouped into eleven categories. The study concluded with some major outcomes. The results show evidence of critical usability problems that must be addressed during the design and development of smartphone apps. Moreover, the study also revealed that people with disabilities were three times severely affected by usability problems in such apps than people of different ages and their needs must be considered a top priority in the development of smartphone apps.
A new member of the plastic crystal, pyrazolium imide family, N,N′-diethyl-3-methylpyrazolium bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (DEMPyr123) was prepared. It showed a single, plastic crystalline phase that extends from 4.2°C to its melting at 11.3°C. When 10mol% LiTFSI salt was added, the mixture showed ionic conductivities reaching 1.7×10−3 Scm−1 at 20°C, in the liquid state and 6.9×10−4 Scm−1 at 5°C, in the solid, plastic phase. A wide electrochemical stability window's of 5.5V was observed by cyclic voltammetry of the molten salt mixture. Batteries were assembled with LiFePO4/Li4Ti5O12 electrodes and the salt mixture as an electrolyte. They showed a charge/discharge efficiency of 93% and 87% in the liquid and the plastic phase, respectively. The capacity retention was very good in both states with 90% of the initial capacity still available after 40 cycles. In general, the batteries showed good rate capability and cycle life performance in the ionic liquid phase that were sustained when the electrolyte transformed to the plastic phase. Comparison of the battery results with those of a classic (non-plastic crystal) ionic liquid has proven the advantage of the dual state of matter character in this electrolyte.
In this paper, we present an interactive edutainment system for the children that leverages multimedia and RFID technologies in a seamless manner. The proposed system allows children to learn about new objects/entities by tapping on physical objects through a specially designed RFID-Bluetooth based Tangible User Interface (TUI) tool. The output of the system is delivered as a set of appropriate multimedia representations related to the objects being tapped. The TUI uses RFID technology for object identification and Bluetooth communication to transmit data to the computer where the system’s software is running. We incorporated our system in three games that allow children of different ages to benefit from the system’s functionalities and encourage them to interact with it.
A composite positive electrode in an all-solid-state battery is prepared by mixing LiCoO2 particles and Li2S–P2S5 solid electrolytes. Raman spectroscopy is conducted for the composite positive electrodes before and after the initial charging process. Raman spectral changes are observed, which corresponds to structural changes of LiCoO2 particles during the charge test. However, some spectra indicate that several LiCoO2 particles show no structural changes although the cell is fully charged. A local state-of-charge (SOC) distribution map of the composite electrode is obtained by Raman mapping. The mapping image after the charge test shows that distributions of reactions exist in the composite positive electrode.
One possible way to increase the energy density of Li secondary batteries is to replace the commercialized carbonaceous anodes (such as graphite ones) with Li anodes due to their extremely high theoretical specific capacities, low densities, and lowest negative values of electrochemical potential. Despite these advantages of Li metal anodes, the uncontrolled deposition of dendritic, mossy, and granular Li particles decreases the Coulombic efficiency of Li batteries and causes various safety issues, which limits their scope of practical applications. To solve this problem, a surface-patterned Li metal anode covered with an alumina-based composite protection layer is developed in this work. Subsequently, the composite protection layer composition is optimized, and the electrochemical properties of the resulting micro-patterned Li metal anode are investigated. Due to the existence of a synergistic effect between the surface-patterned Li metal anode and the composite protection layer coating, the deposition of Li ions is effectively controlled, which prevents the formation of dendritic, granular, and moss-like Li particles after multiple deposition cycles even at relatively high current densities (up to 2.4 mA cm−2).
Monocrystalline copper(II) oxide nanoparticles were made by scalable flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) and analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption (BET), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). Their primary particle diameter was closely controlled from 6 to 50 nm by varying the FSP conditions. Their electrochemical performance as Li-ion battery materials was tested in composite electrodes vs. Li-metal. Near theoretical specific charges were obtained for intermediate CuO sizes of 20 and 50 nm (d BET). In contrast, larger, commercially available CuO (d BET = 670 nm) exhibited significantly lower practical specific charge due to incomplete oxidation in the delithiation cycle as indicated by the remaining Cu and Cu2O by XRD and XANES analysis.
The electrochemical quartz crystal nanobalance (EQCN) was employed to study the adsorption and electropolymerization of 4-aminoindole on platinum and gold electrodes in different acidic media. It was found that a spontaneous deposition of an electrochemically active layer occurs at platinum which is accelerated in the presence of oxygen, while no such effect was observed at gold. Electrooxidation of 4-aminoindole by potential cycling up to 0.6V leads to the formation of multilayer films at both Pt and Au electrodes. The electrogravimetric responses of these polymeric films are similar to those of the spontaneously formed adsorbed multilayer. At higher positive potential further oxidation takes place resulting in a different polymeric material which remains attached to the metal surface but shows no redox activity. The results of attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopic (ATR-IR) and EQCN measurements attest that the amino group remains intact during the electrooxidation at lower potentials, however, due to its protonation counterions (anions) are present also in the reduced layer. The mechanism of the redox transformations of poly(4-aminoindole) involves electrochemical–chemical–electrochemical steps. The overoxidation phenomenon and stability of the polymer in different electrolytes are shown.
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent psychiatric condition associated with significant disability, mortality and economic burden. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and psychodynamic psychotherapy (PDT) are found to be equally effective for patients with depression. However, many patients do not respond sufficiently to either treatment. To offer individualized treatment, we need to know if some patients benefit more from one of the two therapies. At present little is known about what patient characteristics (moderators) may be associated with differential outcomes of CBT and PDT, and through what therapeutic processes and mechanisms (mediators) improvements occur in each therapy mode. Presently only theoretical assumptions, sparsely supported by research findings, describe what potentially moderates and mediates the treatment effects of CBT and PDT. The overall aim of this study is to examine theoretically derived putative moderators and mediators in CBT and PDT and strengthen the evidence base about for whom and how these treatments works in a representative sample of patients with MDD.
The first record of tracheal mites, Acarapis woodi, in Japan was made in 2010. These mites have since caused serious damage to the colonies of Japanese honey bees, Apis cerana japonica. In the present study, to control the mites on Japanese honey bees with l-menthol, an agent used for European honey bees, Apis mellifera, we investigated (1) the seasonality of menthol efficacy, (2) the overwintering mortality of menthol-treated colonies, and (3) the menthol residue in honey under field conditions in cooperation with private beekeepers of Japanese honey bees. Seasonal menthol efficacy was tested by applying 30 g of l-menthol for 1 month in different seasons. Mite prevalence was measured by dissecting the honey bee thorax. Overwintering mortality was monitored during winter after checking the mite prevalence in autumn, and was compared with that of untreated colonies reported in our previous study. The residual level of menthol in honey was measured by GC–MS. The results showed that the menthol-treated colonies had a smaller rate of increase in mite prevalence than the untreated colonies. The effects of menthol were highest in March and April. The winter mortality was depressed by menthol treatment. Honey samples extracted from the menthol-treated colonies included 0.4 ppm of menthol residue on average. Our findings suggest that menthol treatment is effective for controlling the tracheal mites on Japanese honey bees.
Studies of subtypes of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have provided inconsistent support for the discriminant validity of the combined type (ADHD-C) and predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I). A large sample of children and adolescents with ADHD (N = 410) and a comparison group without ADHD (N = 311) were used to test the internal and external validity of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT), a dimension characterized by low energy and sleepy and sluggish behavior. SCT scores were then incorporated in analyses of ADHD subtypes to test whether the discriminant validity of ADHD-C and ADHD-I could be improved by including SCT symptoms as part of the criteria for ADHD-I. Factor analyses of parent and teacher ratings indicated that six SCT items loaded on a factor separate from symptoms of ADHD and other psychopathology, providing important support for the internal validity of SCT. The external validity of SCT was supported by significant associations between SCT and measures of functional impairment and neuropsychological functioning when symptoms of ADHD and other psychopathology were controlled. However, contrary to initial predictions, high levels of SCT did not identify a subgroup of ADHD-I that was clearly distinct from ADHD-C. Instead, the current results suggest that DSM-IV inattention and SCT are separate but correlated symptom dimensions that are each independently associated with important aspects of functional impairment and neuropsychological functioning.
Lithium-battery energy storage systems (LiBESS) are increasingly being used on electric mobility and stationary applications. Despite its increasing use and improvements of the technology there are still challenges associated with cost reduction, increasing lifetime and capacity, and higher safety. A correct battery thermal management system (BTMS) design is critical to achieve these goals. In this paper, a general framework for obtaining optimal BTMS designs is proposed. Due to the trade-off between the BTMS's design goals and the complex modeling of thermal response inside the battery pack, this paper proposes to solve this problem using a novel Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) approach. A theoretical case of a module with 6 cells and a real case of a pack used in a Solar Race Car are presented. The results show the capabilities of the proposal methodology, in which improved designs for battery packs are obtained.