batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Background Insulin resistance is known to be the most important pathogenic factor in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. We performed a prospective study to analyze the associations of baseline and changes in fasting insulin levels with future development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in nondiabetic adults over a 5-year period. Methods This study was performed in 4954 subjects who did not have diabetes or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and who participated in a health checkup program in both 2003 and 2008. The presence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease was defined by ultrasonographic examination. Subjects were divided into 4 groups according to the baseline quartiles of fasting insulin and dichotomized fasting insulin levels at baseline and after 5 years: low-low, low-high, high-low, high-high. Results After 5 years, 644 subjects (13%) developed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The odds ratio (OR) for development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease increased as the quartiles of the baseline fasting insulin levels increased from the first to the fourth quartile (1.00 vs. 0.99, 1.44, 1.65, respectively). The OR for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease was 2.5-fold higher in the high-high group and 1.6-fold higher in the low-high group compared with that of the low-low group. The OR for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease increased as the quartile of changes in fasting insulin level over the 5-year period increased. Conclusion High baseline and continuously increasing fasting insulin levels were the independent determinants for future development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease during a 5-year follow-up in nondiabetic healthy adults.
Poultry manure (PM) contains a large proportion of phosphorus (P) in mineral-associated forms that may not be readily available for plant uptake. In addition, PM application influences both chemical and biotic processes, and can affect the lability of native soil P. To investigate the effects of PM on soil P availability, we grew ryegrass (Lolium perenne) in greenhouse pots amended with poultry manure. Biomass was harvested at 4, 8, and 16 weeks following PM application, with soil separated into rhizosphere and bulk fractions. Soil was sequentially extracted by H2O, 0.5 M NaHCO3, 0.1 M NaOH, and 1 M HCl, and inorganic P (Pi) and enzymatically hydrolyzable organic P (Poe) were quantitated. Root P concentrations were 37% higher and total P uptake 59% higher with PM application than Control. At week 16, there was 30% more labile-Pi (H2O- plus NaHCO3-Pi) in the rhizosphere with PM than in Control. Phosphodiesterase activity increased with PM application. Furthermore, acid phosphomonoesterase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, and phosphodiesterase activities were all higher in the rhizosphere than in bulk soil at week 16 with PM, indicating that increased labile-Pi was due primarily to stimulation of soil phosphatases to mineralize NaOH-Poe. Soil pH increased with PM application and plant growth, and may have promoted P availability by decreasing sorption of Al- and Fe-associated inorganic and organic phosphates. These results demonstrate that whereas PM application may initially increase NaOH and HCl-Pi, these fractions can be readily changed into labile-P and do not necessarily accumulate as stable or recalcitrant P in soil.
Advanced Zn–air batteries (ZABs) with ultrahigh cycle life, which also harness energy with bifunctional electrochemical reactions, are significantly challenging for the commercialization of hybrid/electric vehicles and wearable electronics. Herein, we demonstrated robust aqueous and flexible ZABs with novel three-dimensional dual-linked hexaiminobenzene metal–organic framework (Mn/Fe-HIB-MOF)-based bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts and superionic functionalized bio-cellulose electrolytes (64 mS cm−1). The well-defined quintet-shelled hollow sphere MOFs possess a hierarchical porous structure, excellent packing density with a surface area of 2298 m2 g−1, and chemical stability as compared to conventional MOFs. Mn/Fe-HIB-MOF exhibited superior bifunctional oxygen electrocatalytic activity (0.627 V) with half-wave potential (0.883 V) for oxygen reduction and overpotential (280 mV@10 mA cm−2) for oxygen evolution reactions, outperforming commercial Pt/C and RuO2. Their favorable oxygen reactions and surface electronic structures were confirmed by density functional theory. Significantly, the Mn/Fe-HIB-MOF cathode demonstrated the highest lifetimes reported to date for rechargeable ZABs, namely 1000 h (0.75 V voltage gap@10 mA cm−2) over 6000 cycles and 600 h (efficiency ∼65.24%@25 mA cm−2) over 3600 cycles with excellent flexibility for liquid and all-solid-state flexible ZABs, respectively. These promising results illustrate the great potential of these novel hexaiminobenzene MOFs and superionic bio-cellulose membranes for the commercial implementation of rechargeable ZABs.
Electric motors are replacing combustion engines in vehicles thanks to the tremendous progress in battery development, but issues remain in navigating transportation with battery technologies.
The use of biomass for the production of electrical energy is a promising technological solution for those countries where there are problems with the disposal of agricultural waste and/or the production of low-cost energy. The gasification and/or pyrolysis of the biomass produces a gas rich in hydrogen that can be used in a fuel cell system to produce electrical energy with reduced environmental impact and significant energy recovery. In this work, a study of the pyrolysis of Brazilian sugarcane bagasse was carried out. The experimental process consisted of the pyrolysis of the biomass material in a batch pyrolysis reactor. In some runs the biomass was dry, while in others it was pre-treated by the addition of water. It was noted that the water added to the biomass before the pyrolysis process resulted in a decrease in the quantity of steam added to the fuel cell feeding gas, necessary to avoid carbon deposition, and in an increase in cell power, but, at the same time, caused a decrease in the quantity of syngas produced. Then, the composition of the gas obtained from the experimental pyrolysis of the sugarcane was inserted in a simulation tool of a molten carbonate fuel cell system in order to estimate the feasibility of the entire process in terms of operating conditions and electrical performance. The present study indicates that the syngas obtained from the sugarcane biomass (about 40%) can be converted into electricity using a fuel cell system with a high efficiency.
Background Very preterm children (<32 weeks of gestation) are characterized by impaired white matter development as measured by fractional anisotropy (FA). This study investigates whether altered FA values underpin the widespread motor impairments and higher incidence of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) in very preterm children at school-age. Methods Thirty very preterm born children (mean (SD) age of 8.6 (0.3) years) and 47 term born controls (mean [SD] age 8.7 [0.5] years) participated. Motor development was measured using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children. A score below the 15th percentile was used as a research diagnosis of DCD. FA values, as measure of white matter abnormalities, were determined for 18 major white matter tracts, obtained using probabilistic diffusion tensor tractography. Results Large-sized reductions in FA of the cingulum hippocampal tract right (d = 0.75, p = .003) and left (d = 0.76, p = .001), corticospinal tract right (d = 0.56, p = .02) and left (d = 0.65, p = .009), forceps major (d = 1.04, p < .001) and minor (d = 0.54, p = .02) were present in very preterms, in particular with a research diagnosis of DCD. Reduced FA values moderately to strongly related to motor impairments. A ROC curve for average FA, as calculated from tracts that significantly discriminated between very preterm children with and without a research diagnosis of DCD, showed an area under curve of 0.87 (95% CI 0.74–1.00, p = .001). Conclusions This study provides clear evidence that reduced FA values are strongly underpinning motor impairment and DCD in very preterm children at school-age. In addition, outcomes demonstrate that altered white matter FA values can potentially be used to discriminate between very preterm children at risk for motor impairments, although future studies are warranted.
The conversion behavior of soluble Pb(II) to deposited PbO2 on platinum in methanesulfonic acid solution was studied with voltammetry and compared with those on glassy carbon and lead oxides. The effects of methanesulfonic acid concentration and Pb(II) concentration, and temperature were considered. The conversion reaction of Pb(II) to PbO2 on platinum is irreversible and has a high overpotential, more than 300mV. Low concentration of methanesulfonic acid, high concentration of Pb(II) and high temperature will favor the conversion reaction of Pb(II) to PbO2. The conversion reaction depends to a great extent on electrode materials. It is more difficult for the conversion reaction of Pb(II) to PbO2 to take place on glassy carbon than on platinum. However, the conversion reaction of Pb(II) to PbO2 becomes easy when it takes place on lead oxides, which was formed by reducing PbO2 under different potentials.
This paper reports a hydrothermal conversion of MnOOH needles into orthorhombic LiMnO2 nanorods for lithium ion battery application. XRD investigation indicated phase conversion during the Li ion incorporation, and several intermediate phases were formed during the hydrothermal reaction. SEM observation of the sample powder revealed morphological changes during the process, showing that LiOH, not only worked as the Li ion source during the incorporation, but also served as the corrosive media to create nanorod like shape. TEM observation revealed the single crystalline nature of the nanorods and a preferred growth direction along b axis direction was also determined. o-LiMnO2 nanorods prepared by such hydrothermal routine showed high electric capacity and stable cyclability at current density of 1/10C, indicating potential application in the lithium ion battery field.
Cyclic voltammograms show that the reversibility of the manganese dioxide (MnO2) electrode is improved by means of using partially reduced samples. The crystal lattice of the intermediate is transformed by reduction. Formation of the manganous ion is very limited before the electrode potential reaches −0.4V (versus Hg/HgO), thus the formation of Mn3O4 is prevented. The addition of Ni(OH)2 to partially reduced samples can further improve the reversibility of the MnO2 electrode, Ni(OH)2 delays the 2e− discharge step and decreases the opportunity for the co-existence of Mn(III) and Mn(II) ions and, thereby, prevents the formation of Mn3O4. The capacity retention of a cathode of partially reduced MnO2 (pr-MnO2) or pr-MnO2+Ni(OH)2 is much better than that of the MnO2 cathode. This demonstrates the feasibility of using pr-MnO2 as a cathode material.
Work related upper limb disorders constitute 45% of all occupational diseases and are a significant public health problem. A subgroup, non specific arm pain (NSAP), remains elusive in terms of understanding its pathophysiological mechanisms with its diagnosis based on the absence of specific clinical findings. One commonly proposed theory is that a neural tissue disorder is the primary dysfunction in NSAP and findings from previous studies lend some support to this theory. However, it is not clear if changes identified are simply a consequence of ongoing pain rather than due to specific neural changes. The presence of neuropathic pain has been investigated in several other musculoskeletal conditions but currently, there is no specific diagnostic tool or gold standard which permits an unequivocal diagnosis of neuropathic pain. The purpose of this study is to further describe the somatosensory profiles in patients with NSAP and to compare these profiles to a group of patients with MRI confirmed cervical radiculopathy who have been previously classified as having neuropathic pain.
Publisher Summary Case-based reasoning (CBR) is an appropriate approach to deal with internal control since experience drawn from specific business case studies is in most instances more valuable than generalized textbook knowledge. At the same time, internal control evaluation is a domain where there is a potential combinatorial explosion because of the existence of many features associated with each case of internal control. ControlSCAPE has shown that CBR is an appropriate approach to business problem solving when the problem domain is unstructured and involves significant amounts of tacit knowledge. The main benefit of ControlSCAPE is the significant benefit to Deloitte & Touche clients. The ControlSCAPE techniques, resulting audit work, and discussions always help the client identify control performance gaps. Workshops with clients can then be organized by holding one or more sessions with the client's staff to generate ideas on control performance opportunities. Part of these sessions can be used to identify the change drivers and business objectives and then help brainstorm with the client on the aspects of the system of control that are strong, and on where it can be improved. Potentials for improvement are always detected. A second benchmark can be done as a follow-up a few months after the first benchmark to see if the ratings improve. Case-based input also allows accountants to relate to typical or atypical cases rather than to hypothetical models.
Thin films of cobalt–nickel alloys were galvanostatically deposited onto steel substrates from gluconate baths. Cathodic polarization curves were determined for the parent metals and Co–Ni alloy. The effects of bath composition, current density and temperature on cathodic current efficiency (CCE) and alloy composition were studied. The deposition of Co–Ni alloy is of anomalous type, in which the less noble metal (Co) is preferentially deposited. The CCE of codeposition is high and increases with increase in temperature and current density, but it decreases as the [Co2+]/[Ni2+] ratio in the bath increases. The percentage of Co in the deposit increases with increasing cathodic current density, temperature and increasing Co2+ ion concentration. The structure and surface morphology of the deposit were studied by XRD, ALSV and SEM. The results showed that the alloys consisted of a single solid solution phase with a hexagonal close packed structure.
Not long ago I was looking through some of my grandfather's papers when I came across a newspaper clipping from the front page of the Denver Post dated August 20, 1946. The main upper fold headline, in all caps, was “RADIO-PHONE HOOKUP BEGUN IN COLORADO.” The article described an experimental project carried out by Mountain Bell, then the local telephone company in Colorado. It dealt with the provision of radio-based telephony to residents of Cheyenne Wells, a small town on the high plains of eastern Colorado, near the Kansas border (Figure 1.1). The article started by stating: “For the first time anywhere in the worldwide Bell system, that grand old institution, the party line ‘went radio’ at Cheyenne Wells, Colo., Tuesday noon.” While there had been radio-based communication using Marconi's wireless radio for some time prior to this, here was radio-based telephony being applied to the needs of common individuals. The technology was not being used to send messages from ships or to broadcast baseball games, as in the case of commercialized radio stations. Rather it was being applied to the mediation of interaction between private individuals. Indeed this was one of the ancestors of modern radio-based mobile telephony. 1 1 In this book, the terms mobile telephone and mobile telephony are used as synonymous with cellular telephone and cellular telephony, the terms more commonly used in the United States. I prefer the former, for a couple of reasons. First, mobile telephone is the popular form of reference in many countries. In addition, cellular telephony refers to a technology, whereas mobile telephony perhaps better reflects the social dimensions of the technology.
Battery-powered unmanned aerial vehicle based video sensing system is more cost-saving and energy-saving than traditional aircraft based systems. However, high-volume real-time sensing data is more vulnerable in unmanned system than that in manned system. Meanwhile, the computation and energy resources in such system are very limited, which restricts the use of complex encryption process on video data. Therefore, how to achieve confidentiality of video data under limited resources efficiently needs to be addressed. Firstly, resources constraints with their development trends in video sensing system are studied. Secondly, an information-utility-value-oriented resource-efficient encryption optimization model under resources constraints is given. Thirdly, based on this model, a video-compression-independent speed-adjustable lightweight encryption scheme with its improved version is proposed. Fourthly, a DSP and ARM based embedded secure video sensing system is designed, and the proposed encryption scheme has been implemented in it. In addition, theoretical analyses based on information theory and experimental analyses on throughputs show that the proposed encryption schemes can meet the real-time requirements of system under the tight resources constraints.
This article deals with the ability of fractional modeling to describe the bounded diffusion behavior encountered in modern thin film and nanoparticles lithium battery electrodes. Indeed, the diffusion impedance of such batteries behaves as a half order integrator characterized by the Warburg impedance at high frequencies and becomes a classical integrator described by a capacitor at low frequencies. The transition between these two behaviors depends on the particles geometry. Three of them will be considered in this paper: planar, cylindrical and spherical ones. The fractional representation proposed is a gray box model able to perfectly fit the low and high frequency diffusive impedance behaviors while optimizing the frequency response transition. Identification results are provided using frequential simulation data considering the three electrochemical diffusion models based on the particles geometry. Furthermore, knowing this geometry allows to estimate the diffusion ionic resistance and time constant using the relationships linking these physical parameters to the structural fractional model parameters. Finally, other simulations using Randles impedance models including the charge transfer impedance and the external resistance demonstrate the interest of fractional modeling in order to identify properly not only the charge transfer impedance but also the diffusion physical parameters whatever the particles geometry.
The existing lithium ion battery model in Multiphysics (MP) software (COMSOL Inc., Palo Alto, CA) is extended to include the thermal effects. The thermal behavior of a lithium ion battery is studied during the galvanostatic discharge process with and without a pulse.
Extracellular proteases from 8 Antarctic psychrotolerant Pseudomonas sp. strains were purified and characterised. All of them are neutral metalloproteases, have an apparent molecular mass of 45kDa, optimal activity at 40°C and pH 7–9, retaining significant activity at pH 5–11. With the exception of P96-18, which is less stable, all retain more than 50% activity after 3h of incubation at pH 5–9 and show low thermal stability (their half-life times range from 20 to 60min at 40°C and less than 5min at 50°C). These proteases can be used in commercial processes carried out at neutral pH and moderate temperatures, and are of special interest for their application in mixtures of enzymes where final thermal selective inactivation is needed. Results also highlight the relevance of Antarctic biotopes for the isolation of protease-producing enzymes active at low temperatures.
The periodic deposition of redox-active polyoxometalate(POM) nanocrystals on single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using ultrasonication is reported. The new method allows the controlled formation of 1D POM/CNT nanocomposites where crystals of redox-active POMs of tunable size and shape are deposited at regular intervals on the CNTs. The nanostructure and chemical features of the composite can be tuned through the ultrasonication intensity and time as well as the chemical make-up of the polyoxometalates and their counter-cations. The materials obtained show excellent electrochemical performance as anode materials in lithium-ion- batteries (LIBs) featuring discharge capacities of 850 mA h g−1 for up to 100 cycles.The modular nano-fabrication approach can open new avenues for the bottom-up”wiring” of functional molecular materials to electrically conductive substrates.
Wireless sensor networks represent a new generation of real-time embedded systems with significantly different communication constraints from the traditional networked systems. With their development, a new attack called a path-based DoS (PDoS) attack has appeared. In a PDoS attack, an adversary, either inside or outside the network, overwhelms sensor nodes by flooding a multi-hop end-to-end communication path with either replayed packets or injected spurious packets. Detection and recovery from PDoS attacks have not been given much attention in the literature. In this article, we consider wireless sensor networks designed to collect and store data. In a path-based attack, both sensor nodes and the database containing collected data can be compromised. We propose a recovery method using mobile agents which can detect PDoS attacks easily and efficiently and recover the compromised nodes along with the database.
Despite remarkable recent advances in the field of solid electrolytes for lithium ion batteries, there is still considerable room for improvements with respect to ionic conductivity, cost and electrochemical stability. This study tests systematically how much Sn in the superionic conductor Li10SnP2S12 can be replaced by Si or Al, while retaining its tetragonal structure. For comparison, also the known superionic conductors Li10SnP2S12, Li10GeP2S12, and Li10SiP2S12 are synthesized and characterized with respect to their grain and grain boundary resistances. The results show that due to the negligible grain boundary resistance of the new compound Li10Si0.3Sn0.7P2S12, its total Li+ ion conductivity is only 10–20% lower than that of the expensive superionic conductor Li10GeP2S12 and about four times higher than that of Li10SiP2S12.
Silicon nanowires (NWs) have been reported as a promising anode that demonstrated high capacity without pulverization during cycling, however, they present some technical issues that remain to be solved. The high aspect ratio of the NWs and their small contact areas with the current collector cause high electrical resistance, which results in inefficient electron transport. The nano-size interface between a NW and the substrate experiences high shear stress during lithiation, causing the wire to separate from the current collector. In addition, most reported methods for producing silicon NWs involve high-temperature processing and require catalysts that later become contaminants. This study developed a new self-aligned Cu–Si core–shell NW array using a low-temperature, catalyst-free process to address the issues described. The silicon shell is amorphous as synthesized and accommodates Li-ions without phase transformation. The copper core functions as a built-in current collector to provide very short (nm) electron transport pathways as well as backbone to improve mechanical strength. Initial electrochemical evaluation has demonstrated good capacity retention and high Coulombic efficiency for this new anode material in a half-cell configuration. No wire fracture or core–shell separation was observed after cycling. However, electrolyte decomposition products largely covered the top surface of the NW array, restricting electrolyte access and causing capacity reduction at high charging rates.