batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This communication reports the synthesis of mesoporous Pd–Co dendrites with both a unique hierarchical porosity and a large surface area by the combination of electrodeposition and dealloying. The resultant mesoporous dendrites consist of microparticles with a diameter of a few hundred nanometers, and the particles have mesopores with around 10nm width. The mesoporous dendrites are found to be Pd8Co2, to be composed of pure Pd crystalline phases and amorphous Pd–Co phases, and to be covered with Pd-skin layers. This catalyst exhibits a high activity in the oxygen reduction reaction. Thus, this novel catalyst is attractive as a catalyst for on-chip fuel cells, which require catalysts to be deposited precisely onto tiny current collectors.
Herein we propose a novel poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVdF)-based gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) for application in lithium-ion batteries, LIBs. The GPE is prepared under air as a dry, flexible film and directly gelled during LIB assembly with a conventional liquid organic electrolyte. The dry-gel here originally reported maintains its structural integrity due to the presence of crystallized EC-solvent within its matrix that avoids structural collapse, as demonstrated by TGA analysis. By avoiding the use of controlled atmosphere, the GPE is easy to handle and suitable for roll-to-roll scaling-up, i.e. characteristics missed by the common gel membranes. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) evidences a micrometric polymer network of the dry membrane precursor acting as the support matrix for the gelation. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements and galvanostatic tests suggest a good stability of the lithium electrode/gel electrolyte interface and a satisfactory lithium transference number. Cycling tests of gel-electrolyte-based lithium half-cells using lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP) and graphite (C), respectively, as counter electrodes, as well as of a full C/LFP lithium-ion battery confirm the suitability of the GPE developed in this work for application in stable, low cost and environmentally friendly energy storage systems.
Objectives To examine aphasia outcomes and to determine whether the observed language profiles vary by race-ethnicity. Design Retrospective cross-sectional study using a convenience sample of persons of with aphasia (PWA) obtained from AphasiaBank, a database designed for the study of aphasia outcomes. Setting Aphasia research laboratories. Participants PWA (N=381; 339 white and 42 black individuals). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Western Aphasia Battery–Revised (WAB-R) total scale score (Aphasia Quotient) and subtest scores were analyzed for racial-ethnic differences. The WAB-R is a comprehensive assessment of communication function designed to evaluate PWA in the areas of spontaneous speech, auditory comprehension, repetition, and naming in addition to reading, writing, apraxia, and constructional, visuospatial, and calculation skills. Results In univariate comparisons, black PWA exhibited lower word fluency (5.7 vs 7.6; P=.004), auditory word comprehension (49.0 vs 53.0; P=.021), and comprehension of sequential commands (44.2 vs 52.2; P=.012) when compared with white PWA. In multivariate comparisons, adjusted for age and years of education, black PWA exhibited lower word fluency (5.5 vs 7.6; P=.015), auditory word recognition (49.3 vs 53.3; P=.02), and comprehension of sequential commands (43.7 vs 53.2; P=.017) when compared with white PWA. Conclusions This study identified racial-ethnic differences in word fluency and auditory comprehension ability among PWA. Both skills are critical to effective communication, and racial-ethnic differences in outcomes must be considered in treatment approaches designed to improve overall communication ability.
For the first time, Nd-MOF nanostructures were synthesized using a novel ultrasonic procedure. The final products were characterized by relevant techniques of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray mapping analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance, vibrating sample magnetometer, photoluminescence, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis. Results showed that using ultrasonic irradiation can produce Nd-MOF samples with desirable physicochemical properties. It was found that the Nd-sample synthesized in optimum conditions has a high surface area of 1649 m2 g−1. This value expands the application of these novel materials in different fields such as electrochemical applications. The electrochemical cyclic voltammetry method was employed to study the behavior of DA on the proposed modified electrode. The results revealed high yields of these compounds in the electrooxidation of dopamine. The efficient synthesis route, novel physichochemical properties, and potential electrochemical applications developed in this study can be used as a novel protocol for other MOFs.
Room-temperature Na metal batteries have been regarded as promising candidates for energy storage systems due to their high energy density and the widespread availability of low cost sodium. However, the practical application of metallic sodium anode is impeded by its low stripping/plating efficiency and poor cycling performance due to the poor reversibility of sodium anode caused by the formation of inhomogeneous solid electrolyte interphase, the growth of dendritic sodium, and relatively infinite volume change. Here, Na-C composite anode was fabricated by depositing nanoscale metallic sodium in graphitized carbon microspheres which were assembled from graphitized carbon nanosheets. The carbon microspheres function as a mini-nanoreservoir with high-surface-area, conductivity, and mechanical stability, which lower the local current density, ensure a homogeneous Na nucleation and high electrochemical active of Na, and restrict the volume change. As a result, metallic sodium can be reversibly nondendritic stripped/plated with a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.3% up to 4 mA cm−2 for 4 mA h cm−2. Building upon this dendrite-free anode, we demonstrate a full cell using O3-NaNi0.5Mn0.2Ti0.3O2 cathode to achieve a superior long lifespan of ~100 cycles at high current density of 0.5 C.
Sustainable and affordable energy resources are urgently demanded to mitigate environmental issues. Herein, carbon materials, prepared by electrochemical reduction of greenhouse gas, CO2, in Li-Na-K carbonate molten salts (electrolytic-carbon), are tested as negative electrode materials for Li-ion batteries. Owing to the small particle size and suitable surface area, the electrolytic-carbon exhibits a high reversible capacity of 798 mAh g−1 (more than two times of graphites’ theoretical capacity) at 50 mA g−1 and 266 mAh g−1 with a stable cyclability over 500 cycles at a current density up to 500 mA g−1, as well as remarkable rate performance. Furthermore, a comprehensively study was conducted to investigate the effects of electrolysis temperature and cell voltage on the electrochemical performance of the electrolytic-carbon. These results demonstrate a promising strategy to develop renewable high-performance carbon negative electrode materials for Li-ion batteries by molten salt capture and electrochemical reduction of CO2.
Shading banana and other orchard crops with screens is increasing in popularity due to decreased water use, increased fruit quality and other reasons. This study focused on airflow, turbulence, ventilation rate, evapotranspiration and energy balance in a large commercial flat-roof banana screenhouse in northern Israel. Measurements were made during 14 days. An eddy covariance system, consisting of a one-dimensional sonic anemometer, a fine-wire thermocouple and a Krypton hygrometer, was deployed at 5m height, in a location allowing a minimum fetch of 100m in all directions. Net radiation, soil heat flux and storage, soil evaporation, air temperature and humidity and turbulent airflow characteristics were measured. Comparison between wind speed inside and outside of the screenhouse suggests that the logarithmic wind profile model is approximately valid within the screenhouse. Airflow direction inside the screenhouse was usually the same as that of the external wind. Friction velocity scaled with the mean horizontal wind speed inside the screenhouse. Integral length scale calculations showed that eddies were always narrow and long and high air velocities caused eddies to become even narrower, as expected. Average turbulence intensity within the screenhouse for all data was 0.49±0.12 (± standard deviation). Spectral energy density depended on frequency to the power of about −5/3, typical of the inertial subrange in turbulent boundary layers. Air exchange rate increased with wind speed, as expected. Evapotranspiration averaged 5.6±0.47mmday−1, in accord with the 7–8mmday−1 irrigation. Analysis of energy balance closure resulted in a slope of 0.94 and an intercept of 2.4Wm−2.
Ge-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZ) is prepared via the conventional solid-state reaction. Our results showed that doping Ge of less than 1 wt% could stabilize the cubic phase of garnet-type LLZ and also increase its ionic conductivity up to 8.28×10−4 S/cm at room temperature. When the content of Ge dopant is higher, GeO2 impurity phase would appear and there coexists cubic and tetragonal mixed structures, lowering the conductivity. By combining X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy and full multiple-scattering theory, we find that Ge more likely enters into the Li and La crystallographic sites instead of the Zr site, which provides understanding of the micro-structural modulation by Ge dopants and the subsequent enhancement in the ionic conductivity.
Silicon is one of the most promising anode candidates for the next generation Li-ion batteries. Polymer binders play a crucial role as they are very essential to keep mechanical integrity of the electrodes and affect the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) properties. Alginate appears to be the best binder system for Si electrode and it is able to form three-dimensional (3D) conductive polymeric network through in-situ inter-chain cross-linking by divalent cations. Herein, the effects of different cross-linking cations (Cu2+, Ca2+, Fe2+ and Ni2+) on the electrochemical behavior of silicon nano-sized particle anodes with alginate binder are investigated. It is found that all the alginate networks bridged by the transition metal cations are able to tolerate the volume change of silicon and effectively restrict the volume expansion of the Si particles. The overall electrochemical properties of the Si anode with Ni cations cross-linked alginate exhibit the highest reversible capacity, extraordinary cycleability and superior rate capability. The main reason for the electrochemical enhancement is explained by the improved stability of SEI film on the Si surface.
Development of stable, high-performance and cost-effective bifunctional electrocatalysts that can replace baseline Pt- and Ir-based catalysts has been a central theme in metal–air batteries. Along this direction, transition metal-based oxides and nitrides have attracted attention due to their abundance, stability, and low cost. Here, Mn nitride, fabricated via annealing of Mn powder in N2, is investigated for the first time as a candidate bifunctional electrode for rechargeable Zn–air batteries (ZABs). Three samples were prepared by nitridation of a Mn precursor, with particle size <100 μm, at 1100 °C for 4–30 h. The morphology and microstructure of the fabricated samples were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Phase quantification for all samples was performed using Rietveld-based fitting. The samples treated for 4 and 10 h had the largest fraction (~75%) of nitride phases (Mn4N and Mn6N2.58); the remaining material was primarily MnO. The nitride phases were not pure, but contained oxygen, resulting in the formation of pseudobinary phases. The oxygen reduction/evolution reaction (ORR/OER) performance of all samples was evaluated using rotating disk electrode (RDE) voltammetry in an alkaline electrolyte (0.1 M KOH). Among all the catalysts, the sample treated for 10 h exhibited the most positive ORR onset potential (−0.038 V vs. Hg/HgO) with good stability. The catalyst was incorporated into a practical ZAB and displayed a battery efficiency of 52.7% after 14 h of charge–discharge cycling (1 h/cycle) at a current density of 7.5 mA cm−2.
The human body has its own innate electrical system that regulates the body’s functions via communications among organs through the well-known neural system. While the effect of low-level electrical stimulation on wound repair has been reported, few studies have examined the effect of electric potential on non-wounded, intact skin. A galvanic couple comprised of elemental zinc and copper was used to determine the effects of low-level electrical stimulation on intact skin physiology using a Dermacorder device. Zn–Cu induced the electrical potential recorded on intact skin, enhanced H2O2 production and activated p38 MAPK and Hsp27 in primary keratinocytes. Treatment with Zn–Cu was also found to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1α, IL-2, NO and TNF-α in multiple cell types after stimulation with PHA or Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. The Zn–Cu complex led to a dose-dependent inhibition of TNF-α-induced NF-κB levels in keratinocytes as measured by a dual-luciferase promoter assay, and prevented p65 translocation to the nucleus observed via immunofluorescence. Suppression of NF-κB activity via crosstalk with p38 MAPK might be one of the potential pathways by which Zn–Cu exerted its inflammatory effects. Topical application of Zn–Cu successfully mitigated TPA-induced dermatitis and oxazolone-induced hypersensitivity in mice models of ear edema. Anti-inflammatory activity induced by the Zn–Cu galvanic couple appears to be mediated, at least in part, by production of low level of hydrogen peroxide since this activity is reversed by the addition of Catalase enzyme. Collectively, these results show that a galvanic couple containing Zn–Cu strongly reduces the inflammatory and immune responses in intact skin, providing evidence for the role of electric stimulation in non-wounded skin.
Subjective memory impairment (SMI) is being increasingly recognized as a preclinical phase of Alzheimer disease (AD). Short latency afferent inhibition (SAI) is helpful in demonstrating dysfunction of central cholinergic circuits, and was reported to be abnormal in patients with AD and amnestic multiple domain mild cognitive impairment. In this study, we found normal SAI in 20 subjects with SMI. SAI could be a useful biomarker for identifying, among individuals with memory complaints, those in whom cholinergic degeneration has occurred.
Accurate cholesterol and lipoprotein measurements have provided dependable and powerful basic risk factors for cardiovascular disease. A battery of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides (TG) is recommended in the initial evaluation for classification of patients (based on lipids) into highly desirable, desirable, borderline, high, and very high lipid risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Treatment is based largely on the LDL cholesterol measurement result of the patient. The risk factor score of a patient greatly increases when other risk factors for cardiovascular disease exist, along with increased lipid risk factors. Attainment of the needed acceptable accurate lipid and lipoprotein measurements depends upon prevention or control of multiple sources of errors or variation that can exist in preanalytic, analytic, and postanalytic stages of determination of the reported result. Highly important is to control nonfasting, posture, diet, and alcohol intake in the preanalytic part, elimination of matrix effects and use of accurate calibrators in the analytic part, and check for transcription errors in preparation of reports in the postanalytic part of the measurement of lipids.
Herein, we design and prepare Ni3S2/NiCo2O4 arrays on Ni foam with core-shell flakes structure as charge-storage materials. In this synthetic strategy, NiCo2O4 flakes are firstly grown on Ni foam substrate through simple hydrothermal process, and then ultrathin Ni3S2 nanoflakes are electrodeposited into scaffold of NiCo2O4 arrays. Those nanoflakes supported with each other can form a three-dimensional porous and interconnected structure, which afford more active sites and ion transfer channels for redox reaction. As expected, Ni3S2/NiCo2O4 arrays show excellent charge-storage properties in electrochemical energy storage, including high specific capacity of 1201 C g−1 (3.46 C cm−2) at 1 mA cm−2, which far larger than those of pure NiCo2O4(572 C g−1, 0.86 C cm−2) and Ni3S2 (612 C g−1, 0.98 C cm−2). Meanwhile, Ni3S2/NiCo2O4 arrays show a good rate capability of 742 C g−1 at 60 mA cm−2. Furthermore, hybrid device is fabricated using Ni3S2/NiCo2O4 arrays (positive electrode) and graphene on Ni foam (negative electrode). This device can deliver high energy density of 47.62 Wh kg−1, indicating a good application ability of Ni3S2/NiCo2O4 arrays. The excellent charge-storage performance of Ni3S2/NiCo2O4 arrays is attributed to the core-shell structure of flakes arrays and synergistic effects of two components.
Random copolymers of ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethylene oxide (EO) having various EC/EO ratios were synthesized using double metal cyanide catalyst, and their LiFSI electrolytes were prepared. All of the copolymer electrolytes had greater conductivity and lower T g than the EC homopolymer system, and the copolymer with 53% EO content (LiFSI 120 mol%) exhibited the highest conductivity of 2.9 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 60 °C, with an excellent Li-ion transference number of nearly 0.7. FT-IR measurement showed that the carbonate groups of the copolymer interact preferentially with Li ions without the formation of any stable coordination structure, while free FSI anions decrease and the aggregated ions increase with increasing salt concentration. A Li/LiFePO4 coin cell with copolymer electrolyte having LiFSI 120 mol% had a discharge capacity of approximately 160 mAh g−1 for the first few cycles at 40 °C. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement on the cell after discharge found two semicircles in the Nyquist diagrams based on the passivation layer and charge-transfer resistance between the electrode and electrolyte gradually increase in size with increasing charge-discharge cycling.
Carbon emissions from fluvial systems are a key component of local and regional carbon cycles. We used floating chambers to investigate the CO2 flux from stream water to air (
Li4Ti5O12 is a highly promising anode material for use in Li-ion batteries. Herein, Li4Ti5O12 samples are prepared by sintering Li2CO3 and anatase TiO2 with varying Li molar excess. Characterization by AC impedance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy is performed. The electrochemical performance, crystal structure and surface morphology are found to be dependent on the Li content. The effect of TiO2 and Li2TiO3 impurities in Li4Ti5O12 on electrochemical characteristics including charge–discharge cycling and the AC impedance spectra is also investigated. These two impurities are found to have different effects on the electrochemical properties of Li4Ti5O12. At a 2% molar Li excess, a high capacity and Li ion diffusion coefficient are achieved.
Adsorption capacity of manganese powder synthesized from spent battery waste solution was analyzed for simultaneous removal of congo red and hexavalent chromium. Manganese powder was synthesized by heat treatment followed by reaction with sodium borohydride to spent lithium-ion batteries. The removal conditions viz., pH, dosage of manganese and various concentrations of congo red and hexavalent chromium were optimized. The synthesized manganese powder was characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Further, FESEM was done to observe the difference in surface morphology of the particles with and without treatment. The adsorption performance was studied and the highest adsorption by the zero manganese was 475mg/g and 125mg/g for CR and Cr (VI), respectively when different concentrations of the contaminants (400mg/L CR and 100mg/L Cr (VI)) was used. Under the optimum conditions, simultaneous removal from 450mg/L of CR to 250mg/L and 125mg/L of Cr (VI) to around 74mg/L was achieved. Desorption study of the treated zero manganese exhibited that acid treatment (0.1M HCl) for CR and alkali treatment (0.1M NaOH) for Cr (VI) as the suitable reagent for desorption.
Electrochemical oxidation behavior of non-aqueous electrolytes on LiCoO2 thin film electrodes were investigated by in situ polarization modulation Fourier transform infrared (PM-FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). LiCoO2 thin film electrode on gold substrate was prepared by rf-sputtering method. In situ PM-FTIR spectra were obtained at various electrode potentials during cyclic voltammetry measurement between 3.5V vs. Li/Li+ and 4.2V vs. Li/Li+. During anodic polarization, oxidation of non-aqueous electrolyte was observed, and oxidized products remained on the electrode at the potential higher than 3.75V vs. Li/Li+ as a surface film. During cathodic polarization, the stripping of the surface film was observed at the potential lower than 3.9V vs. Li/Li+. Depth profile of XPS also showed that more organic surface film remained on charged LiCoO2 than that on discharged one. AFM images of charged and discharged electrodes showed that some decomposed products deposited on charged electrode and disappeared from the surface of discharged one. These results indicate that the surface film on LiCoO2 is not so stable.
In this work, double-void-space SnO2/carbon composite has been synthesized as high-capacity anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. This novel designed structure, with the internal void space inside SnO2 hollow spheres and the external void space between SnO2 and carbon, can superiorly accommodate the large volume change as a physical buffering layer during the charge/discharge procedure. It is found that the double-void-space SnO2/carbon composite manifest a much higher reversible capacity compared to SnO2 hollow spheres. Due to the formation of the void space, the special composite is able to deliver a reversible Li storage capacity of 408.4 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles. This implies the structural optimization can provide new opportunities to enhance the properties of tin-based materials for high-capacity lithium-ion batteries.
Battery life estimations and state-of-health projections for commercial applications such as hybrid electric vehicles are highly dependent on accurate resistance monitoring. This study examined discharge/charge hysteresis (path dependency) effects on measuring resistance using two different lithium-ion cell chemistries. Cells were either discharged or charged to a target voltage, followed by a rest at open-circuit for electrochemical and thermal equilibration, immediately prior to a resistance measurement using a high-current pulse profile. Results show that a voltage hysteresis effect has an impact on cell resistance measurements, depending on the direction a target voltage is reached. Specifically, charging to a target condition yields different and less consistent resistance measurements compared to discharging to that same condition. Further, using slower rates to approach the target condition has a small impact on resistance on the discharge curve but does give a noticeable improvement on the charge curve. Unfortunately, slow charging and discharging are generally not practical for hybrid electric vehicle applications due to the rapidly changing power demands of the driver. Consequently, these results indicate that life estimates should be primarily based on resistances determined from pulses on the discharge curve.