batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This paper addresses estimation of battery state-of-charge (SOC) from the joint perspectives of dynamic data-driven and model-based recursive analysis. The proposed SOC estimation algorithm is built upon the concepts of symbolic time series analysis (STSA) and recursive Bayesian filtering (RBF) that is a generalization of the conventional Kalman filtering. A special class of Markov models, called ×D-Markov (pronounced as cross D-Markov) machine, is constructed from a symbolized time-series pair of input current and output voltage. A measurement model of SOC is developed based on the features obtained from the ×D-Markov machine. Then, a combination of this measurement model and a low-order model of the SOC process dynamics is used for construction of the RBF. The proposed algorithm of SOC estimation has been validated on (approximately periodic) experimental data of (synchronized) current-voltage time series, generated from a commercial-scale lead-acid battery system.
Information on the amount of chlorophyll (as an index of micro-algal abundance) on rock surfaces is essential for many reasons, including studies of grazing and its role in structuring intertidal assemblages. Many methods are destructive, error-prone and expensive. Remote sensing allows non-destructive, inexpensive and quantitative measurements to be made of chlorophyll in situ. One specialized and two inexpensive commercially-available digital cameras (Fuji IS1 and Sony DSC-V1) are evaluated for estimating amounts of chlorophyll on rock surfaces. To compare measurements from different images, they are calibrated, using reflectance standards of different brightness. To test the calibration, images of a natural rock platform were acquired under variable solar illumination and camera-exposure times. Analyses before and after calibration showed that the method was effective. A range of quantities of micro-algae was grown on sandstone disks in an aquarium over different intervals of time. Red and NIR reflectance images were obtained from the cores. For each core, the amount of chlorophyll was determined spectrophotometrically and estimated from the images using the Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI) and Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Each of these was linearly related to the measured chlorophyll, with r 2 ranging from 0.78 to 0.9. These techniques can be applied to the study of intertidal and freshwater benthic habitats.
A porous nickel oxide film is successfully synthesized by means of a chemical bath deposition technique from an aqueous nickel nitrate solution. The formation of a rock salt NiO structure is confirmed with XRD measurements. The electrochemical supercapacitor properties of the nickel oxide film are examined using cyclic voltammetery (CV), galvanostatic and impedance measurements in two different electrolytes, namely, NaOH and KOH. A specific capacitance of ∼129.5Fg−1 in the NaOH electrolyte and ∼69.8Fg−1 in the KOH electrolyte is obtained from a cyclic voltammetery study. The electrochemical stability of the NiO electrode is observed for 1500 charge–discharge cycles. The capacitative behaviour of the NiO electrode is confirmed from electrochemical impedance measurements.
The methanation of carbon dioxide is an option for chemical storage of renewable energy together with greenhouse gas reutilization because it offers a product with a high energy density. The reaction CO2 + 4H2 ↔ CH4 + 2H2O is performed on a Ru/Al2O3 catalyst and is strongly exothermal. For this reason, the reactor design must take into account an efficient thermal management system to limit the maximal temperature and guarantee high CO2 conversion. Additionally, the methanation reactor is subject to parameter sensitivity. This phenomenon can generate instability in the operation of a power to gas plant, due to the variability in the hydrogen production rate. Here we present a parametric study of the thermal properties of the reaction and determine the minimal feed temperature for the normal operation of a reactor. The minimal temperature required is determined by several parameters, such as pressure, space velocity and properties of the cooling system. For adiabatic reactors, the required feed temperature is 210 °C for a space velocity of 3000 h−1 and a pressure of 10 bar. The space velocity strongly affects the positioning of the ignition point, causing a large variability of the feed temperature required. At the same time, the optimal working point of the reactor is at the minimal activation temperature. The properties of cooled reactors are elucidated, showing how the interrelationship between cooling and feed temperature makes the management of this class of reactors more challenging. On the base of the modelling results, we propose a reactor configuration that adjusts the thermodynamic limitations and respects the minimal requirements for reaction ignition, allowing a more stable operation and avoiding the functioning at excessive temperature.
Hierarchical nitrogen-doped carbon spheres (NCSs) prepared by annealing the MnO2-templated spherical polypyrrole (PPy) at 450 or 600°C were tested as anode materials of Li-ion batteries. The NCSs annealed at 450°C exhibited higher nitrogen content, more amorphous carbon structure, and lower surface area as compared to the sample annealed at 600°C. The specific capacities and rate performances of both NCSs samples were much higher than that of commercial mesocarbon microbeads (MCMBs). The NCSs annealed at 600°C exhibited higher capacity at low current density (<0.5Ag−1) but more rapid capacity decay at elevated current rates referring to the sample annealed at 450°C. The NCSs annealed at higher temperature also possessed inferior cycling stability, possibly due to its lower electronic conductivity and higher degree of graphitization. A high specific capacity of 250.8mAhg−1 was achieved on the NCSs annealed at 450°C at 3Ag−1, demonstrating their high potentiality as anode of high power Li-ion batteries.
The safety issues and lower energy density of the lithium metal batteries are the two main challenges that hinder their applications in the fields of electric vehicles and portable devices. In this work, the semi-interpenetrated polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVdF-HFP)-based gel polymer electrolyte was synthesized through UV-curing method by employing the ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate (ETPTA) monomer. The semi-interpenetrating networks formed by polymerization of ETPTA and the high liquid absorption rate of the PVdF-HFP impart the as-prepared electrolyte with a high room temperature ionic conductivity of 3.17 × 10−3 s cm−1 and a high mechanical strength of 3.46 MPa. LiFePO4 was selected as cathode materials, and the active material loading of the cathode is about 4.2 mg cm−2. The electrolyte shows superior long-term cycling properties (127 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.5 C), excellent rate performance (113 mAh g−1 at 1 C, 80 mAh g−1 at 2 C, and the discharge capacity of 135 mAh g−1 can be restored when the rate goes back to 0.1 C) as well as good ability to inhibit the growth of lithium dendrite (about 150 h). The facile synthesis strategy and great electrochemical performance of the electrolyte make it a potential candidate for lithium metal batteries.
In this work, we have synthesized monoclinic Li3V2(PO4)3 nanobelts via a single-step, solid-state reaction process in a molten hydrocarbon. The as-prepared Li3V2(PO4)3 nanoparticles have a unique nanobelt shape and are ∼50-nm thick. When cycled in a voltage range between 3.0V and 4.3V at a 1C rate, these unique Li3V2(PO4)3 nanobelts demonstrate a specific discharge capacity of 131mAhg−1 (which is close to the theoretical capacity of 132mAhg−1) and stable cycling characteristics.
The recently developed, emerging Z-source inverter topologies are well suitable for Power Conditioning System (PCS).This paper presents the effective performance analysis of three different voltage type Impedance Source Inverter (ZSI) topologies such as classical ZSI, improved Z-source inverter and embedded Z-source inverter with four control techniques, namely Simple Boost Control (SBC), Maximum Constant Boost Control (MCBC), Maximum Constant Boost with Third Harmonic Injection and Modified SVPWM for Power Conditioning System. ZSI family is a single stage high efficiency power converter that eliminates almost all the limitations of traditional inverters such as Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) and Current Source Inverter (CSI). Performance analysis is carried out based on the obtainable impedance source capacitor voltage, inductor current ripples, DC link voltage ripples, peak output voltage, output phase current harmonics and effectiveness of the control methods for battery powered applications.
xLi3V2(PO4)3·LiVPO4F/C composite is synthesized by mechanically activated chemical reduction. The value of x is designed to be 2.0 but in fact is 2.7 in the prepared sample because of volatilization of HF or VF3. The as-prepared powders with the average primary size of 0.5–1μm are coated with amorphous carbon layer. Structural analysis of the composite indicates that two phases of monoclinic Li3V2(PO4)3 and triclinic LiVPO4F coexist. The composite as cathode for LIB shows excellent electrochemical performances. In the potential range of 3.0–4.4V, it delivers initial discharge capacity of 139, 137, 131, and 123mAhg−1 at 0.1, 1, 5 and 10 C, respectively. And 97.4% of initial capacity is retained even after 300 cycles at 10 C. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and AC impedance analysis indicate that the prepared composite separately shows good ionic diffusivity and low resistance.
Objective International research programs have contributed to the creation of operationally defined criteria to identify individuals at risk for schizophrenia. Although there has been substantial progress in the prospective study of the schizophrenia prodrome, the utility of current diagnostic criteria remains questionable because of the relatively low base rates of incident psychoses, the high false-positive rate and ethical concerns regarding the treatment of individuals at risk. The identification of brain based neurocognitive vulnerability markers for schizophrenia may contribute to the development of an at risk algorithm with greater predictive accuracy. Methods Forty subjects at risk (AR) for schizophrenia, 15 in their first episode (FE) of schizophrenia, and 36 healthy comparison (HC) subjects were administered a neurocognitive battery that assessed the domains of processing speed, working memory, verbal episodic memory, executive functioning and general intelligence. Results At baseline, AR subjects showed neurocognitive deficits across all domains compared to HC subjects that were less severe than those observed in the FE sample. In preliminary analyses, AR subjects who later converted to psychosis (N =5) had greater neurocognitive impairment at baseline evaluation compared to those individuals who remained “at risk” at follow-up. Conclusions Neurocognitive deficits may be important in the pathogenesis of early psychosis and could help to define individuals at greatest risk for schizophrenia. Continued research in larger cohorts is needed to test the validity of this neurocognitive profile and its utility as a vulnerability marker.
Relative cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of a widely used antibiotic, trimethoprim (TRIMP) was evaluated under in vitro conditions using rainbow trout gonad-2 (RTG-2) and Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO-K1) cells. Whilst cytotoxicity was determined using neutral red retention (NRR) assay, the genotoxicity was determined using single cell gel electrophoresis or the Comet assay and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay. For NRR assay, concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect was observed for both the cell lines (estimated EC50 values: 671.82 ± 21.78 and 611.6 ± 20.4 μg ml−1 for RTG-2 and CHO-K1 cells, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference between the two cell lines for this assay. For the Comet assay, standard 6 h exposure to TRIMP did not show any positive response for any of the cell types used. However, 48 h exposure to RTG-2 cells showed a concentration-dependent induction of DNA damage (r = 0.86). The highest concentration of TRIMP used (i.e. 100 μg ml−1) showed relatively higher DNA damage, compared to ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS; 1 μg ml−1 or 8 mM), a reference genotoxic agent, used concurrently. In contrast, 24 h exposure time for CHO-K1 cells did not show any concentration-dependent increase for this assay. For MN assay, a significant correlation was found between the MN induction and TRIMP concentration for both the cell lines (RTG-2: r = 0.68; CHO-K1: r = 0.79), although only the highest concentration used showed a significant increase for binucleated (BN) cell with micronuclei (BNMN). The study suggests that whilst the cells of different origin could exhibit similar cytotoxicity, they could display differential genotoxic effects. Furthermore, genotoxic effects of TRIMP are primarily exposure period dependent phenomena and, in addition to inhibiting the action of dihydrofolate reductase, oxidative stress could also contribute for the observed toxic effects, fish cells in general being more sensitive for genotoxic effects.
The operation of a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS)-based micro-reformer was investigated for application in a cell phone. Different aspects like the time required to attain the desired temperature of the system, the time required to get the required hydrogen flow, catalyst durability, flow uniformity of the mixture of methanol and water and volume of the total system were considered. A loading procedure for the catalyst in the micro-reformer was developed. Catalyst deactivation was observed after operating continuously for 8h, but it regained its original activity after the reformer was shut down for at least 2h. The deactivation of the catalyst was analyzed by catalyst characterization. The comparison of the performance between a parallel channeled and serpentine channeled micro-reformer was carried out. The performance with the serpentine channeled micro-reformer was always higher than with parallel channeled micro-reformer. The shorter residence time in the parallel-channeled micro-reformer may be one of the reasons behind its low activity.
The smoothness of smartphone operations is essential to user perceptual experience. However, the underlying mechanism of how smoothness can impact user experience has not been elucidated. In this paper, we conducted two experiments to explore factors that may potentially affect user perceptual experience of smoothness in smartphone operation and examined how these factors contributed. In experiment 1, ten participants were invited and they were sensitive to the smoothness of the smartphone. Participants used swiping gesture to manipulate 27 sequences with different forms of frame loss on the microblog simulation interface, and gave mean opinion scores (MOS) according to self perception. According to the experimental results, three factors that affect smoothness perception were found: single frame-loss number (SFLN), frame-loss time (FLT), and frame-loss interval (FLI). But the effect of each factor was effective only in some conditions. In experiment 2, 20 participants gave their MOS of 84 sequences, and these sequences were divided into three parts by three factors of experiment 1. Participants’ electrophysiological data was also collected to verify the validity of the participants’ scores. The results of an analysis of variance and Student–Newman–Keuls (SNK) test showed that a SFLN, FLT, and their interaction results significantly affected the user perception of smoothness in smartphone operation. Specifically, the effect of a SFLN was more significant than that of FLT. The effect of the FLI on user perceptual experience was relatively low, but the interactive effect of FLT and interval was significant. Finally, regression analyses were conducted to obtain the fitting formulas. Our research results reflect some preliminary suggestions, so as to guide developers to configure the performance of smart phones, in order to control the frame loss of smart phones and avoid bad user evaluation.
The electrification of the transportation sector through the introduction of electric vehicles (EV) has recently emerged as a remedy to environmental and economic concerns. For this reason, governments around the world have been offering subsidies and other benefits to drivers that replace their conventional vehicle with an EV in order to facilitate the commercialization of the latter. However, when compared to conventional vehicles, EVs present a key disadvantage that could hinder their widespread uptake: the time that is needed to charge an EV is in the range of hours. For this purpose, EV parking lots have been proposed in order to recharge vehicles at a higher rate. Recent studies indicate that vehicles remain parked for most of the day, implying that different operational strategies may be used in order to achieve operational or economic benefits from the perspective of the EV parking lot owner. The aim of this study is to derive representative load profiles of parking lots under different operational strategies. To perform so, the parameters of the EV fleet are modeled by estimating kernel distributions from available traffic data, while a time series transformation in combination with a clustering approach is used in order to obtain representative price patterns. The examined case studies demonstrate that by performing a reduced number of simulations regarding expected charging profiles of EV fleets, generalized results may be obtained using the proposed methodology.
To suppress the shuttle effect, reduce the capacity fade, and improve coulombic efficiency of Lithium-Sulfur (Li-S) battery, a polypyrrole hollow nanosphere (PHNS) with an ultra-thin wrinkled shell, which is expected to synergistically trap sulfur (S) with excellent elasticity and buffer capability, is fabricated by an in situ polymerization method. When S is encapsulated in PHNS (S@PHNS) with an optimum shell structure and used as the cathode, surprisingly, a specific capacity as high as 1500.5 mA h·g-1 in the first discharge at a current rate of 0.1 C with high coulombic efficiency as well as excellent rate performance is achieved. Also, a reversible capacity as high as 536.5 mA h·g-1 is obtained even at a high current rate of 5 C. Such a PHNS with the ultra-thin wrinkled shell has good conductivity, short ion and electron transport channel, and fast kinetics characteristics and especially during the charge-discharge cycles, it is conducive to the access of electrolyte and effective accommodation of the volume change. This PHNS should be a promising alternative cathode material for lithium-Sulfur batteries.
Clinical guidelines recommend research on sub-groups of patients with low back pain (LBP) but, to date, only few studies have been published. One sub-group of LBP is movement control impairment (MCI) and clinical tests to identify this sub-group have been developed. Also, exercises appear to be beneficial for the management of chronic LBP (CLBP), but very little is known about the management of sub-acute LBP.
This paper presents the work performed within ADIRA project funded by European Union as a consortium of many countries to boost the integration of desalination units with renewable energy in rural areas. The work focused on the study of Water desalination by Reverse Osmosis (RO) and electricity generation using Photovoltaic Technology (PV) with additional battery storage. RO-PV system has been successfully designed, installed and tested in Hartha Charitable Society in northern part of Jordan as part of the ADIRA project. The system is composed of PV panels (433 Wp), softener and compact RO unit with typical daily water production of 500 L. The system produced clean drinking water from a salty water feed with salt content up to 1700 mg/L. The technical details of the RO plant, the energy supply and the operation strategies of the system are presented in this study. The effect of meteorological data like solar insolation, ambient temperature, daily sunshine hours on the performance of the RO-PV system are studied. Furthermore, effect of operating pressure and temperature on recovery percentage, salt rejection and specific energy consumption in addition to details about the PV current and voltage are also discussed.
Small bowel lipomas are rare gastrointestinal (GI) benign neoplasms, representing approximately 2–3% of nonmalignant tumors of the intestinal tract. They are usually asymptomatic. However, lesions exceeding 2 cm in diameter can cause nonspecific clinical manifestations or symptoms. When symptoms are clinically present, one of the most common is obscure GI bleeding. Capsule endoscopy is the first-line diagnostic tool in most cases with obscure GI bleeding. Recently, a video capsule for colon evaluation (second-generation colon capsule endoscopy (CCE2)) has been released (PillCam Colon; Given Imaging, Yoqneam, Israel) that potentially offers the opportunity to explore both the small bowel and the colon during one examination. Here is demonstrated capsule endoscopy visualization of a giant lipoma that caused a longstanding obscure GI bleeding. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia.
Ultracapacitors (UCs) are being increasingly deployed as a short-term energy storage device in various energy systems including uninterruptable power supplies, electrified vehicles, renewable energy systems, and wireless communication. They exhibit excellent power density and energy efficiency. The dynamic behavior of a UC, however, strongly depends on its impedance characteristics. In this paper, the impedance characteristics of a commercial UC are experimentally investigated through the well-adopted Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) technique. The implications of the UC operating conditions (i.e., temperature and state of charge (SOC)) to the impedance are systematically examined. The results show that the impedance is highly sensitive to the temperature and SOC; and the temperature effect is more significant. In particular, the coupling effect between the temperature and SOC is illustrated, as well as the high-efficiency SOC window, which is highlighted. To further verify the reliability of the EIS-based investigation and to probe the sensitivity of UC parameters to the operating conditions, a dynamic model is characterized by fitting the collected impedance data. The interdependence of UC parameters (i.e., capacitance and resistance elements) on the temperature and SOC is quantitatively revealed. The impedance-based model is demonstrated to be accurate in two driving-cycle tests.
The ambient temperature application of solid-state batteries (SSBs) based on ceramic/PEO composite solid electrolyte has been restrained by the poor ionic conductivity of PEO-based polymer. Herein, we have studied high-salt-concentrated polymeric electrolyte comprising poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) and lithium bis-(fluorosulfonyl) imide (LiFSI), as well as its application in ceramic/polymer composite solid electrolytes based SSBs. The PPC-LiFSI 80 wt.% electrolyte showed a significantly improved ionic conductivity on the order of 10−4 S cm−1 at ambient temperature, Li transference number of 0.75, and anodic stability up to 4.5 V versus Li/Li+. The LiFePO4/Li cell with Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 (LAGP)/PPC-LiFSI 80 wt.% composite electrolyte showed stable charge/discharge profiles and excellent cycling performance, which delivered a specific discharge capacity of 138.3 mAh g−1 at 0.1C and a high capacity retention of 97.1% after 100 cycles. According to EIS results, we found that the reduced cell deterioration and polarization is attributed to the improved interface between the electrode and the solid electrolyte, which is realized by introducing the flexible and conductive high-salt-concentrated polymeric electrolyte PPC-LiFSI 80 wt.%. The results indicate that ceramic/high-salt-concentrated PPC-based polymer composite electrolyte is promising for ambient temperature solid-state lithium batteries.