batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and in-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) techniques were used to investigate the high-temperature reactions of a cathode containing Li1−x VPO4F with materials found in a lithium-ion cell, such as graphite additive in the cathode and the electrolyte. The DSC results indicate that the energy released during the reaction of the cathode containing Li1−x VPO4F with the electrolyte was about 1/3 of that released during a similar reaction of the delithiated, layered cathode containing Li1.1[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]0.9O2. The in-situ HEXRD results provide evidence that the delithiated material, Li1−x VPO4F, reacts with protons and/or lithium ions found in the reaction mixture at elevated temperature, producing an LiVPO4F-like compound. This reaction is the most likely cause for the low energy release during heating, that is, the LiVPO4F-like material appears to be thermally stable at temperatures up to 400 °C in the presence of LiPF6.
In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the energy source is usually a battery cell, which is impossible to recharge while WSNs are working. Therefore, one of the main issues in wireless sensor networks is how to prolong the network lifetime of WSNs with certain energy sources as well as how to maintain coverage and connectivity. In this paper, we consider wireless sensor networks satisfying the case that each node either monitors one target or is just for connection. Assume that the wireless sensor network has l targets, and that each is monitored by k sensor nodes. If k = 2 and the graph G corresponding to the wireless sensor network is ( l + max { 1 , l − 4 } ) -connected, or k ≥ 3 and G is ( l ( k − 1 ) + 1 ) -connected, then we can find k (the maximum number) disjoint sets, each of which completely covers all the targets and remains connected to one of the central processing nodes. The disjoint sets are activated successively, and only the sensor nodes from the active set are responsible for monitoring the targets and connectivity; all other nodes are in a sleep mode. In addition, we also give the related algorithms to find the k disjoint sets.
Cu6Sn5 alloys were successfully electrodeposited on rough Cu foils and smooth Cu sheets using a facile one-step electrodepositing method, and their structural and electrochemical properties were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), galvanostatic charging/discharging testing and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The influence of surface morphology of the current collectors on the cycleability and the interfacial performance of the Cu6Sn5 alloy electrode are both discussed. The results demonstrate that the Cu6Sn5 alloy electrode on the rough Cu foil presented better electrochemical performance than that on the smooth Cu sheet because its rough surface could buffer the volume changes to some extent. The first discharging (lithiation) and charging (delithiation) capacities were measured at 462 and 405 mAh g−1 respectively with high initial coulomb efficiency of 88%, with charging capacity in the 50th cycle remaining 76% of that in the first cycle. The phase transformation during initial lithiation was detected by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and its trend versus electrode potential is also discussed.
As the primary resident immune cells, microglia play a central role in regulating inflammatory processes in the CNS. The extracellular matrix (ECM) protein vitronectin promotes microglial activation, switching microglia into an activated phenotype. We have shown previously that microglia express two vitronectin receptors, αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins. As these integrins have well-defined roles in activation and phagocytic processes in other cell types, the purpose of the current study was to investigate the contribution of these two integrins in microglial activation.
The precursors of LiFePO4 were prepared by a sol–gel method using lithium acetate dihydrate, ferrous sulfate, phosphoric acid, citric acid and polyethylene glycol as raw materials, and then the carbon-modified nanocrystalline LiFePO4 (LiFePO4/C) cathode material was synthesized by a one-step microwave method with the domestic microwave oven. The effect of microwave time and carbon content on the performance of the resulting LiFePO4/C material was investigated. Structural characterization by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy proved that the olivine phase LiFePO4 was synthesized and the grain size of the samples was several hundred nanometers. Under the optimal conditions of microwave time and carbon content, the charge–discharge performance indicated that the nanosized LiFePO4/C had a high electrochemical capacity at 0.2C (152mAhg−1) and improved capacity retention; the exchange current density was 1.6977mAcm−2. Furthermore, the rate capability was improved effectively after LiFePO4 was modified with carbon, with 59mAhg−1 being obtained at 20C.
A corrosion and electrodeposition study of a Zn electrode in 5.3 M KOH, used as a model system for the anode of a secondary Zn–air battery, was performed by means of electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical techniques. The formation of a zinc oxide passive film and its cathodic removal were monitored by electroreflectance spectroscopy, spectroellipsometry and optical second harmonic generation. A dynamic optical model of the growth pathway, morphology and failure modes of the interfacial Zn oxide films was proposed to rationalise the electrokinetics of the secondary battery anode. Some experiments were performed in the absence and in the presence of polyethylene glycol. In situ spectroscopy confirmed and placed on a molecular basis the well-known formation of more compact and uniform electrodeposits crucial for secondary batteries.
A unified theoretical framework of dendrite growth kinetics has been developed to account for the coupled effects of electrodeposition, surface tension, and elastic and plastic deformation. The contribution of each driving force is assessed to identify five regimes of lithium growth: thermodynamic suppression regime, incubation regime, tip-controlled growth regime, base-controlled growth regime, and mixed growth regime, in agreement with the experimental scientific literature. Tip-controlled growth shows a linear time-dependence, while base-controlled growth shows an exponential time-dependence. A minimum in the growth rate, as a result of the reaction energy barrier increase imposed on the interface by the local elastic energy, is identified in the mixed growth regime. Further, two characteristic deposition times are identified: the characteristic deposition time, t ∘ , which defines the critical time scale necessary to overcome the electrochemical energy barrier for nucleation, and the characteristic plasticity time, t σ , which corresponds to the time scale necessary for plastic flow to occur, given a local shear stress. Examples of experimentally reported transitions between tip-controlled growth and base-controlled growth are readily captured through the proposed framework. While one or more mechanisms may dominate the growth of the electrodeposit, the proposed formulation defines a road map to design dendrite-free, lithium-based anodes as a stepping stone to identify alternate chemistries.
A new analytical method was developed to determine the electrochemical impedance of lithium-ion rechargeable batteries (LIRB) at an arbitrary state of charge (SOC). Wavelet transformation (WT) is one of the waveform analysis methods, which allows the determination of frequency domain data as a function of time. The frequency domain data are obtained by convolution integral of a mother wavelet and original time domain data via the WT. A complex Morlet mother wavelet is used to obtain the complex number data in the frequency domain. The time series data of input current and output voltage signals are recorded by superimposing the double pulse current as an input signal to constant charge current for the charge of LIRB without stopping galvanostatic polarization. The double pulse current is composed of symmetrical positive and negative square waves. In this case, the SOC of LIRB is not affected by the input signal because the total amount of charge calculated from double pulse current is 0C. The impedance spectrum of LIRB at SOC 25% is determined in the frequency range from 0.1 to 100Hz during charge/discharge cycles without stopping galvanostatic polarization for the charge/discharge.
A non-aqueous all-cobalt redox flow battery, with a cobalt complex 1,10-phenanthrolinecobalt(II) hexafluorophosphate ([Co(phen)3](PF6)2) as the active species, acetonitrile as the solvent and tetraethylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TEAPF6) as the supporting electrolyte, has been investigated. The electrochemical behaviour of oxidation and reduction reactions is measured using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The [Co(phen)3]2+ can be oxidized to [Co(phen)3]3+ and reduced to [Co(phen)3]+. A theoretical cell potential of 1.45 V for one-electron disproportionation reaction is obtained. The electrode reactions show quasi-reversible behaviour and are diffusion controlled. The diffusion coefficients of [Co(phen)3] 2+ for oxidation and reduction reactions are calculated to be 1.35–2.34 × 10−6 cm2 s−1 and 2.50–4.35 × 10−6 cm2 s−1, respectively. The effect of the electrode material is also examined by experiments. The CV curves of [Co(phen)3]2+ on the graphite working electrode show superior peak current and diffusivity to those measured on the glassy-carbon electrode. The charge–discharge performance of the battery is accessed with an H-type glass cell. A coulomb efﬁciency of about 52% is achieved at 50% state-of-charge for an electrolyte containing of 0.01 M [Co(phen)3]2+ and 0.5 M TEAPF6 in acetonitrile.
To achieve a high-energy-density lithium electrode, high-density LiFePO4/C composite cathode material for a lithium-ion battery was synthesized using self-produced high-density FePO4 as a precursor, glucose as a C source, and Li2CO3 as a Li source, in a pipe furnace under an atmosphere of 5% H2–95% N2. The structure of the synthesized material was analyzed and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The electrochemical properties of the synthesized LiFePO4/carbon composite were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and the charge/discharge process. The tap-density of the synthesized LiFePO4/carbon composite powder with a carbon content of 7% reached 1.80gm−3. The charge/discharge tests show that the cathode material has initial charge/discharge capacities of 190.5 and 167.0mAhg−1, respectively, with a volume capacity of 300.6mAhcm−3, at a 0.1C rate. At a rate of 5C, the LiFePO4/carbon composite shows a high discharge capacity of 98.3mAhg−1 and a volume capacity of 176.94mAhcm−3.
The potential for safe, high energy-density Li-ion batteries has motivated the development of the solid electrolyte Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) to physically stabilize the Li-electrolyte interface. Although dense LLZO is a relatively hard ceramic, it has been observed that above a certain critical current density (CCD), Li metal can still propagate through both polycrystalline and single crystalline LLZO. However, reported values of CCD are still well below the current density regimes relevant to applications like electric vehicles (≥3 mA cm−2). The relationship between CCD and temperature was studied using recently developed methods for achieving consistently low interfacial impedances without interfacial coatings that can complicate the analysis of what controls interface stability. By analyzing the flux of Li+ ions at the Li-electrolyte interface, it is hypothesized here that solid-state diffusivity of Li in the Li electrode may be a governing mechanism that controls the CCD. These results demonstrate an improvement for dendrite-free cycling in LLZO up to ∼1 mA cm−2 at room temperature and ∼7 mA cm−2 at 100 °C without the need for coatings to achieve low interface resistances (∼10 Ω cm2). Furthermore, the presented analysis may provide additional insight on the role of Li diffusivity in Li propagation through ceramic electrolytes.
This paper introduces an innovative approach to analyze electrochemical characteristics and state-of-health (SOH) diagnosis of a Li-ion cell based on the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). In this approach, the DWT has been applied as a powerful tool in the analysis of the discharging/charging voltage signal (DCVS) with non-stationary and transient phenomena for a Li-ion cell. Specifically, DWT-based multi-resolution analysis (MRA) is used for extracting information on the electrochemical characteristics in both time and frequency domain simultaneously. Through using the MRA with implementation of the wavelet decomposition, the information on the electrochemical characteristics of a Li-ion cell can be extracted from the DCVS over a wide frequency range. Wavelet decomposition based on the selection of the order 3 Daubechies wavelet (dB3) and scale 5 as the best wavelet function and the optimal decomposition scale is implemented. In particular, this present approach develops these investigations one step further by showing low and high frequency components (approximation component A n and detail component D n , respectively) extracted from variable Li-ion cells with different electrochemical characteristics caused by aging effect. Experimental results show the clearness of the DWT-based approach for the reliable diagnosis of the SOH for a Li-ion cell.
Proteins involved in DNA repair, particularly mismatch repair, can modify the age at onset and rate of progression of Huntington disease (HD), probably by altering the rate of somatic expansion of CAG repeats in the huntingtin gene (HTT).The modulation of DNA repair factors, such as MSH3, FAN1, PMS2 and LIG1, has therapeutic potential in HD and other repeat expansion diseases.Nucleocytoplasmic transport is disrupted in HD by sequestration of nuclear pore components in HTT aggregates; modulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport is neuroprotective and might provide a novel therapeutic opportunity.Changes in cerebrospinal fluid and serum biomarkers, including neurofilament light chain and mutant HTT, are among the earliest detectable changes in HD and can predict disease onset and track progression.Intrathecally delivered non-allele-selective antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) have successfully lowered HTT concentrations in the central nervous system of individuals with HD, and trials of allele-specific ASOs are under way.Gene-editing strategies for HTT lowering, including zinc finger proteins, transcription activator-like effector nucleases and CRISPR–Cas9, are currently in preclinical development, but need to be delivered via the injection of viral vectors, which can be challenging.
Migration of transition metal (TM) ions to tetrahedral sites plays a crucial role on structural transformation and electrochemical behaviors for Li-rich layered oxides. Here, incorporating small B3+ in the tetrahedral interstice is employed to block the migration channel of TM ions and stabilize the crystal structure. Benefiting from their good structural stability, Li-rich layered materials with B-doped Li1.198Ni0.129Co0.129Mn0.535B0.01O2 and Li1.196Ni0.127Co0.127Mn0.529B0.02O2, exhibit excellent cycling performance and voltage stability. After 51 cycles at 0.2 C, 1 mol.% boron incorporated sample can deliver 211 mAh g−1 with capacity retention of 89.9%, which is much higher than that of the undoped sample of 177 mAh g−1 with the retention of 79.2%. Moreover, the declined voltage per cycle decreases from 3.6885 mV to 2.7530 mV after 2 mol.% boron doping. XRD patterns after extended cycling verified the suppression of the structural transformation by the incorporation of boron.
Non-flammable electrolytes could intrinsically eliminate fire hazards and improve battery safety, but their compatibility with electrode materials, especially graphite anodes, remains an obstacle owing to the strong catalytic activity of the anode surfaces. Here, we report an approach that improves the stability of non-flammable phosphate electrolytes by adjusting the molar ratio of Li salt to solvent. At a high Li salt-to-solvent molar ratio (~1:2), the phosphate solvent molecules are mostly coordinated with the Li+ cations, and the undesired reactivity of the solvent molecules toward the graphite anode can be effectively suppressed. High cycling Coulombic efficiency (99.7%), good cycle life and safe operation of commercial 18650 Li-ion cells with these electrolytes are demonstrated. In addition, these non-flammable electrolytes show reduced reactivity toward Li-metal electrodes. Non-dendritic Li-metal plating and stripping in Li–Cu half-cells are demonstrated with high Coulombic efficiency (>99%) and good stability.
Large scale integration of intermittent solar and wind power can result in an imbalance in generation and load creating a stressed grid with increased frequency excursions and large power ramps. To mitigate these instabilities the use of energy storage devices such as batteries or other mechanical devices is under investigation. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are a class of efficient and clean power generator that can provide a timely power injection into the grid. However, they have limited ramping capability and overload tolerance due to fuel delivery constraints that can cause fuel starvation, resulting in Ni-oxidation and irreversible degradation in performance. Herein, we demonstrate a new concept of SOFC that incorporates a regenerative Fe-bed inside the anode chamber as a means of boosting SOFC's dynamic response. The testing results show that such Fe-bed SOFC can operate at 195% overloaded power with a doubled power output over the baseload for at least 5 min, whereas the control Fe-bed free SOFC cannot operate even at 27% overload for 1 min. More interestingly, the Fe-SOFC can respond to load demand instantaneously, reaching a ramp rate of ±11 W cm−2 min−1. The demonstrated new functionality is expected to empower SOFCs to play a transformational role in providing fast ramping power to the utility grid and overload-tolerant baseload power to the critical data centres. The challenges of this new technology are also discussed.
A high-anode performance for dry polymer lithium-ion batteries was obtained in the surface-modified meso-carbon microbeads (MCMB). MCMB and polyvinylchloride (PVC) mixture was heated at 700°C for 6h under inert atmosphere. By this treatment, the surface of MCMB is covered with low-crystalline carbon material derived from PVC pyrolysis. The surface-modified MCMB electrode applied to dry polymer electrolytes shows a reversible capacity of 300mAhg−1, which is comparable to those obtained in the liquid electrolyte systems.
Organic materials have been promising materials for “greener and sustainable” lithium-ion batteries due to lightweight, low cost, flexibility, alternative molecular engineering. Six kinds of aromatic imides with different aromatic and aliphatic diamines based on 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) were designed, synthesized and studied as anode materials in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries in this work. Compared with ortho-substituted and meta-substituted phenylenediamine, aromatic imide synthesized by p-phenylenediamine shows excellent electrochemical performance on account of its well-organized structure, which possesses 558 mA h g−1 of discharge capacity after 50 cycles at the current density of 25 mA g−1. Besides, imides with shorter alkyl chain would help improve the proportion of electrochemical active conjugated carbonyl compounds, leading to higher capacity. Thus, imide-based electrode materials can be designed efficiently by symmetrical and straight chain structure and less inactive part to gain optimum molecular structure, making it a promising alternative anode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.
The acrylonitrile (AN)–methoxy polyethylene glycol (350) monoacrylate (MPGA)–lithium acrylate (LiAc) copolymers (PAMGLiAc) was synthesized by emulsion polymerization. Phase inversion technique was used to prepare the PAMGLiAc microporous membrane. The gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) with the PAMGLiAc were obtained by the copolymer microporous membrane soaking liquid electrolyte. The component and structure of the PAMGLiAc were characterized by IR, NMR and TGA/DSC measurement. The electrochemical characteristics of the PAMGLiAc gel electrolytes were investigated in terms of different composition. The ionic conductivity exceeded 2.0×10−3 S/cm at ambient temperature, and this system also showed good mechanical properties and a sufficient electrochemical stability with a decomposition voltage as much as 5V vs. Li to allow far wider operation in the rechargeable lithium-ion polymer batteries.
PBPK modeling has been increasingly applied in chemical risk assessment for dose, route, and species extrapolation. The use of PBPK modeling was explored in deriving toxicity reference values for 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCE). This effort involved a 5-step process: (i) reconstruction of several published PBPK models for 1,1,1-TCE in the rat and human; (ii) selection of appropriate pharmacokinetic datasets for model comparison; (iii) determination of the most suitable PBPK model for supporting reference value derivation; (iv) PBPK model simulation of two critical studies to estimate internal dose metrics; and (v) calculation of internal dose metrics for human exposure scenarios for reference value derivation. The published model by Reitz et al. [Reitz, R.H., McDougal, J.N., Himmelstein, M.W., Nolan, R.J., Schumann, A.M., 1988. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling with methylchloroform: implications for interspecies, high dose/low dose, and dose route extrapolations. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 95, 185–199] was judged the most suitable. This model has liver, fat, and rapidly and slowly perfused compartments, contains a saturable process for 1,1,1-TCE hepatic metabolism, and accommodates multiple exposure pathways in three species. Data from a human volunteer study involving acute inhalation exposure [Mackay, C.J., Campbell, L., Samuel, A.M., Alderman, K.J., Idzikowski, C., Wilson, H.K., Gompertz, D., 1987. Behavioral changes during exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane: time-course and relationship to blood solvent levels. Am. J. Ind. Med. 11, 223–239] and a chronic rat inhalation study [Quast, J.F., Calhoun, L.L., Frauson, L.E., 1988. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane formulation: a chronic inhalation toxicity and oncogenicity study in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 11, 611–625] were selected to simulate appropriate internal dosimetry data from which to derive reference value points of departure. Duration, route, and species extrapolations were performed based on internal dose metrics.
This study examined the nature of verb deficits in 14 individuals with probable Alzheimer’s Disease (PrAD) and nine with agrammatic aphasia. Production was tested, controlling both semantic and syntactic features of verbs, using noun and verb naming, sentence completion, and narrative tasks. Noun and verb comprehension and a grammaticality judgment task also were administered. Results showed that while both PrAD and agrammatic subjects showed impaired verb naming, the syntactic features of verbs (i.e., argument structure) influenced agrammatic, but not Alzheimer’s disease patients’ verb production ability. That is, agrammatic patients showed progressively greater difficulty with verbs associated with more arguments, as has been shown in previous studies (e.g., Kim & Thompson, 2000; Thompson, 2003; Thompson, Lange, Schneider, & Shapiro, 1997), and suggest a syntactic basis for verb production deficits in agrammatism. Conversely, the semantic complexity of verbs affected PrAD, but not agrammatic, patients’ performance, suggesting “bottom-up” breakdown in their verb lexicon, paralleling that of nouns, resulting from the degradation or loss of semantic features of verbs.