batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Renewable distributed generation introduced as an environmental friendly alternative energy supply while it provided the power system with ever-growing technical benefits such as loss reduction and feeder voltage improvement. The evaluation of the effects of small residential photovoltaic and wind DG systems on various system operating indices and the system net load is complicated by both the probabilistic nature of their output and the variety of their spatial allocations. The increasing penetration of renewable distributed generation in power systems necessitates the modeling of this stochastic structure in operation and planning studies. An advanced stochastic modeling of the system requires multivariate uncertainty analysis involving non-normal correlated random variables. Such an analysis is to epitomize the aggregate uncertainty corresponding to spatially spread stochastic variables. In this paper, an integration study of photovoltaics and wind turbines, distributed in a distribution network, is investigated based on the stochastic modeling using Archimedean copulas as a new efficient tool. The basic theory concerning the use of copulas for dependence modeling is presented and focus is given on an Archimedean algorithm. A comprehensive case study for Davarzan area in Iran is presented after reviewing Iran's renewable energy status. This study shows an application of the presented technique when large datasets, assuming 10-min interval between data points of PV, wind and load profiles, are involved where a deterministic study is not trivial.
Vinyl-functionalized SiO2 particles of different sizes are synthesized and coated onto both sides of a polyethylene separator to prepare a reactive composite separator for lithium-ion polymer cells. The SiO2-coated composite separators exhibit excellent thermal stability due to the presence of heat-resistant silica particles. By using these reactive composite separators and a gel electrolyte precursor, lithium-ion polymer cells composed of a graphite negative electrode and a LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 positive electrode are assembled by in-situ chemical cross-linking, and their cycling performance is evaluated. The cells assembled with a reactive composite separator exhibit superior cycling performance to cell prepared with a conventional polyethylene separator due to the strong interfacial adhesion between the electrodes and separator, as well as suppression of deleterious reactions during cycling.
Interfacial reactions at positive electrodes and organic electrolytes interface for Li-ion batteries are studied by AC impedance methods. Thin film electrodes with flat and smooth surface are prepared by pulsed laser deposition, and the Li-ion transfer is investigated at structurally ordered interface. Charge transfer resistances attributed to Li-ion transfer at the interface are observed. The charge transfer resistances on LiMn2O4 thin film electrode are much smaller than those on c-axis orientated LiCoO2 thin film electrode, indicating that the charge transfer resistances are influenced by the number of active sites at the interface. Irrespective with positive electrode materials, activation energies evaluated from the temperature dependence of Li-ion transfer resistances are almost similar (about 50 kJ mol−1). These large activation energies suggest the existence of large energy barrier for Li-ion transfer at the interface between positive electrodes and organic electrolytes. After several charge–discharge cycles, some differences in the charge transfer resistances are observed; the increases in resistances on LiMn2O4 thin film electrode are smaller than those on LiCoO2 thin film electrode.
Li-O2 batteries with super-high theoretical energy density are attracting extensive attention. However, the sluggish oxygen reduction/evolution reaction, the huge volume change from O2/Li2O2 conversion and the undesired electrolyte decomposition in cathode limit their performance. Herein we show design and synthesis of RuO2-coated ordered mesoporous carbon nanofiber arrays by using a natural crab shell template as a catalyst for Li-O2 battery, exhibiting several advantage features. First, the ordered mesopores in nanofibers facilitate electrolyte penetration and electron/ion transfer. In addition, the macro-sized voids between the nanofibers provide efficient buffer space for O2/Li2O2 accommodation and improve O2 diffusion. Furthermore, the uniform RuO2-coating layer alleviates undesired electrolyte decomposition and enhances the surface electronic conductivity. As a result, the battery displays high performance, including high capacity (20600 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1), high rate (9750 mAh g−1 at a current density of 1000 mA g−1) and long-life (300 cycles at a fixed capacity of 1000 mAh g−1).
This chapter focuses on the benefits of integrating environmental sensor products with Enterprise Security Management (ESM). Environmental sensors are intended to alert and respond to physical threats to IT systems and prevent disasters such as water leakage, temperature increases, and emmisions of dangerous gases from causing a massive outage. According to the Wall Street Journal”, Downtime costs the average Fortune 500 company. $50,000/minute”. Server rooms overheating or wiring closets filling up with water can and will cause outages and downtime for businesses. Because the ultimate goal of any IT professional is to ensure that critical systems are available, it doesn't matter whether the threat is caused by a hacker or the environment. With an early warning system and strategic policies in place you can achieve and maintain operational efficiencies.
Narrowing the gap between theoretical and actual capacity in key Li-based battery systems can be achieved through improvements in both electronic and ionic conductivities of materials, via addition of conductive species. Additives do, however, penalize both volumetric and gravimetric properties, and also limit liquid transport and high rate performance. In this work, we developed a technique to design and optimize cathode system based directly on the relationships among ionic and electronic conductivities and specific energy, for a range of commercially viable cathode electrochemistries and additives. Our results quantify trade-offs among ionic and electronic conductivity, and conductivity and specific energy. We also provide quantitative relationships for improved utilization and specific power, with higher specific energy. Finally, we provide quantitative guidance for the design of high energy density Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 cells using conductive additives, and also provide guidelines for the design of cathode systems, based directly on solid and liquid phase transport limitations. Future work will focus on higher rates of performance, and will be based on analyses here.
The present study was aimed at verifying whether the presence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) affects executive functions in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Two groups of children with ADHD were selected for the study according to the presence or absence of GAD. The first group of 28 children with ADHD with GAD (mean age: 9 ± 1.2; males/females: 24/4) was matched for gender, age, IQ, psychiatric comorbidity with a second group of 29 children with ADHD without GAD (mean age: 8.8 ± 0.7; males/females: 26/3). The two groups with ADHD were compared to 28 typically developing children (mean age: 8.3 ± 1.3; males/females: 23/5) on different measures involving processes especially important in inhibitory control such as rule maintenance, stimulus detection, action selection and action execution. Our results indicated that, differently from children with ADHD with GAD, only the group with ADHD without GAD showed a deficit in inhibitory control. Comorbid subgroups should be differentiated, especially, to develop specific and efficient therapeutic interventions in ADHD.
The definition and description of student success programs in the literature (e.g., orientation, first-year seminars, learning communities, etc.) suggest underlying programmatic similarities. Yet researchers to date typically depend on ambiguous labels to delimit studies, resulting in loosely related but separate research lines and few generalizable findings. To demonstrate whether or how certain programs are effective there is need for more coherent conceptualizations to identify and describe programs. This is particularly problematic for community colleges where success programs are uniquely tailored relative to other sectors. The study’s purpose is to derive an empirical typology of community college student success programs based on their curricular and programmatic features. Data come from 1047 success programs at 336 U.S.-based respondents to the Community College Institutional Survey. Because programs might be characterized by their focus in different curricular areas and combinations of foci, we used factor mixture modeling, a hybrid of factor analysis and latent class analysis, which provides a model-based classification method that simultaneously accounts for dimensional and categorical data structures. Descriptive findings revealed extensive commonalities among nominal program types. Inferential analysis revealed five factors (types) of program elements, combined in unique ways among four latent program types: success skills programs, comprehensive programs, collaborative academic programs, and minimalist programs. We illustrate how the typology deconstructs nominal categories, may help unify different bodies of research, and affords a common framework and language for researchers and practitioners to identify and conceptualize programs based on what they do rather than by their names.
Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) measurement is conducted with a Li4Ti5O12 (lithium titanium oxide, LTO)-coated quartz crystal electrode in a carbonate electrolyte (ethylene carbonate + dimethyl carbonate; 50: 50 vol%) containing 1 M LiPF6. In-situ monitoring of the mass change during the charge and discharge of the LTO electrode can be achieved quantitatively because of the “zero-strain” property of LTO with Li+ insertion and the probably low reactivity between LTO and the electrolyte. The local changes of viscosity and density of the electrolyte contacting the LTO electrode are detected via the resonance resistance of the quartz crystal electrode, suggesting the local concentrations of Li+ and counter anion changed significantly during insertion and extraction of Li+ in the organic electrolyte.
Confining the dissolution and diffusion of polysulfide is considered a key factor in the realization of high-performance lithium-sulfur battery. Here, we report a polydopamine (pDA) coated sulfur-carbon composite with a unique hierarchical tower-like structure (S-HTC@pDA) for lithium sulfur cathode. The internal layer by layer structure is capable of uniformly dispersing of sulfur, providing a continuous electronic conductive path and shortening the Li+ transport distance, while the external pDA coating can inhibit the diffusion of polysulfide. Benefited from the smart design, the S-HTC@pDA electrode achieved an excellent cycling stability, realizing a high discharge capacity of 916 mAh g−1 at the first cycle and a capacity retention of 79.4% after 500 cycles at 1 C. Therefore, this work provides a new concept in structure design for high performance lithium sulfur cathodes.
Hybrid composites of polypyrrole (PPy) and silver vanadium oxide (SVO) used for lithium primary batteries were chemically synthesized by an oxidative polymerization of pyrrole monomer on the SVO surface in an acidic medium. The composite electrode exhibited higher discharge capacity and better rate capability as compared with the pristine SVO electrode. The improvement in electrochemical performance of the composite electrode was due to PPy which accommodates lithium ions and also enhances the SVO utilization. Chronoamperometric and ac-impedance measurements indicated that lithium intercalation proceeds under the mixed control by interfacial charge transfer and diffusion. The enhanced SVO utilization in the composite electrode results from a facilitated kinetics of interfacial charge transfer in the presence of PPy.
Quantitative assessment of behavioural patterns is frequently used in rodent toxicity studies, however only limited approaches are available for monkeys. Often qualitative behavioural scoring using functional observation batteries (FOBs) is performed, with difficulties like poor reproducibility or lack of sensitivity. In this study, we investigated whether quantitative behavioural monitoring can be applied to group-housed cynomolgus monkeys. Video-tracking EthoVision® XT system and special analysis software were used to evaluate diazepam (i.v. 1mg/kg) related behavioural changes in group-housed animals. Recordings were made predose and at the anticipated time of maximum drug exposure (T max). General parameters such as distance travelled and velocity did not reveal the known sedative effects of diazepam. However, inspection of the automatically generated track images indicated that diazepam-treated animals had more a meandering movement pattern suggesting that diazepam induced a loss of balance which was regained by corrective movements. Therefore, parameters revealing specific aspects of the meandering movement pattern such as velocity profiles and turn angles have been analyzed and revealed an increase in the curvature and in the number of directional changes of the movement path.
Innovative analytically based method to calculate corrected fuel consumption of parallel and series hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) at balanced energy content of the electric storage devices is proposed and validated in the paper. The proposed analytical method is generally applicable and features highly accurate corrected fuel consumption results. It enables calculation of the corrected fuel consumption out of a single fuel consumption test run in a single analytic post-processing step. An additional fuel consumption test run might be needed to obtain highly accurate results if ratio of the energy content deviation of the electric storage devices to the energy used for vehicle propulsion over the test cycle is high. Proposed method enables consideration of non-linear energy flow changes and non-linear HEV component efficiency changes caused by the energy management strategy or by the component characteristics. The method therefore features highly accurate results out of the minimum number of fuel consumption test runs and thus optimizes workload for development or optimization of HEVs. The input data of the method are characteristic energy flows and efficiencies that are derived from the energy flows on selected energy paths of HEVs.
Fluorine-doped Li(Ni0.5Mn0.5)O2 or Li(Ni0.5+0.5z Mn0.5−0.5z )O2−z F z (0≤ z ≤0.2) has been synthesized by a solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the synthesized materials had layered α-NaFeO2-type structure ( R 3 ¯ m ) ; the Rietveld analysis revealed that lattice parameters (a and c of hexagonal setting) and degree of cation mixing increased with increasing fluorine content (z). Initial discharge capacity of the cathode materials increased with z, showed maximum at z =0.02, and decreased afterwards. At the same time, impedance of the cathode materials decreased with z, reached minimum at z =0.02, and then increased afterwards. Among the materials prepared and studied in this work, Li(Ni0.51Mn0.49)O1.98F0.02 exhibited the best electrochemical properties in terms of capacity (151mAhg−1), impedance (67Ωcm2) and cycleability (no capacity fading up to 40 cycles).
A high temperature ethanol-fed polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell has been implemented by using H3PO4-doped m-polybenzimidazole as polymeric electrolyte. Commercial Pt/C, PtRu/C and Pt3Sn/C catalysts are used in the anode. The performance was assessed in terms of polarization curves at different temperatures, feeding the cell with a high concentration ethanol solution (water/ethanol mass ratio of 2). The product distribution was measured with the support of a gas chromatograph. The use of bimetallic catalysts increased the current density. PtRu/C showed the best performance up to 175 °C, but it is outperformed by Pt3Sn/C at 200 °C. In terms of oxidation products, higher temperatures and current densities favour the oxidation of ethanol. However, Pt3Sn/C promoted the generation of more oxidized products compared to PtRu/C (in which most of the ethanol is oxidized to acetaldehyde), especially at high temperature. This accounts for the large current density. In terms of complete oxidation of ethanol to CO2, Pt/C was by far the most efficient catalyst for C–C scission, achieving percentages of 56 % of CO2, although operating above 175 °C dramatically boosted an undesirable methanation process that slashed the efficiency. The combination of fuel cell results and product distribution helped to suggest the different oxidation routes on the surface of the different catalysts.
Confining sulfur in high-surface-area carbon is a widely adapted approach in Li–S batteries, but it often results in low sulfur utilization and low energy density. Now, controlled nucleation of discrete Li2S particles on a network of low-surface-area carbon fibres provides a possible solution to the endemic problems of Li–S batteries.
The ‘legend’ of DSA® (Dimensionally Stable Anodes), one of the greatest technological breakthrough of the past 50 years of electrochemistry, is reviewed with the aim to emphasise the reasons for their success. In this respect, the industrial success, which came first, was due to factors differing from those responsible for the successive boom of fundamental research on the same materials. This article scrutinises these factors highlighting the aspects which make these materials so much intriguing.
Ab-initio calculations based on density functional theory have been performed to study the optical properties of the Li intercalated graphene and MoS
Objective The present investigation sought to examine the simultaneous effects of anxiety sensitivity and pain-related anxiety on fear and anxious responding to a 10% carbon dioxide enriched air challenge. Methods Participants included 247 adults (53% women; mean age=21.91 years, S.D.=8.41) recruited from the community. At the laboratory, participants were administered a structured clinical interview, completed a battery of self-report measures, and underwent a 10% carbon dioxide enriched air challenge. Results Both anxiety sensitivity and pain-related anxiety were significantly and uniquely predictive of post-challenge panic attacks, total post-challenge panic attack symptoms, and intensity of cognitive panic attack symptoms. Anxiety sensitivity, but not pain-related anxiety, also was predictive of post-challenge physical panic symptoms. The observed significant effects for both anxiety sensitivity and pain-related anxiety were evident above and beyond the variance accounted for by gender, age, current level of nonspecific bodily pain, and negative affectivity. Neither anxiety sensitivity nor pain-related anxiety was significantly predictive of change in anxiety focused on bodily sensations or heart rate. Conclusion Results suggest that anxiety sensitivity and pain-related anxiety, although related to one another, may be independently important variables underlying fear reactivity to bodily sensations.
Based on the tungsten hydrate structure model, we report the strategy to fabricate hierarchically structured WO3·0.33H2O/graphene composites through a facile hydrothermal approach. The structure characteristics, conversion reaction mechanism as well as the electrochemical properties are carefully investigated. The hierarchical architectures assembled by nanorods or nanobricks of about 20 nm thickness combine the advantages of reduced length scale of Li ion diffusion derived from nanosizes and structural stability guaranteed by hierarchical features. In addition, compared with bare WO3·0.33H2O and anhydrous WO3, the WO3·0.33H2O/graphene composites exhibit the optimal performances with high rate capability and good cycle stability, which is attributed to synergistic effects of structural hydration and graphene: providing a more open charge transfer channel, forming a conductive pathway and accommodating the volume change. Such an improved lithium storage performance makes the graphene-based WO3·0.33H2O a promising anode candidate for lithium-ion battery applications.
We compared the CO2 exchange and its controls in the plant communities of a strongly patterned aapa mire, the Kaamanen fen in northern Finland. Based on a systematic vegetation inventory and an ordination analysis, four plant community types were chosen for the study: Ericales–Pleurozium string tops, Betula–Sphagnum string margins, Trichophorum tussock flarks and Carex–Scorpidium wet flarks. We measured plant community CO2 exchange with a closed chamber technique during the growing season of 2007 and early summer of 2008. Nonlinear regression models were used for simulating the CO2 exchange over the measurement period for different mire components and for the whole mire. The CO2 exchange dynamics distinguished two functional components in the mire: an ombrotrophic component (Ericales–Pleurozium string tops) and a minerotrophic component (other plant community types). Minerotrophic plant communities responded similarly to environmental controls, the most important of these being variation in leaf area and aerobic peat volume (water level). The ombrotrophic component dynamics were more obscure; frost and possibly peat moisture played a role. The minerotrophic communities functioned as effective CO2 sinks in the simulation, while the net CO2 exchange of the ombrotrophic community was close to zero. The smaller NEE of the ombrotrophic community was due to less efficient photosynthesis per unit leaf area in combination with high ecosystem respiration resulting from a large aerobic peat volume. Our study shows that a fen/bog functional dichotomy can also exist within one mire. Wet minerotrophic communities within northern mires can act as effective CO2 sinks.
Standard Amersil calendered ribbed separators based on the cold extrusion of PVC and silica have successfully been used in industrial lead acid batteries for over 30 years. The requirements of the battery industry for even more efficient separator systems have led Amersil to develop a new generation of highly porous polymeric material, well suited for traction as well as for stationary applications, both in flooded and gel VRLA technologies. The new polymeric separators are based on the unique Amersil production process and use the same raw materials of high chemical purity as the standard product, but the design has been optimised in order to improve the physical properties required to reach higher battery efficiency. Especially, the pore volume has been increased, the electrical resistance and acid displacement reduced to such an extent that the electrical output of batteries has been improved both in terms of higher capacity and longer cycle life. This paper shows the beneficial impact of the new Amersil separators on various types of industrial lead acid batteries.