batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In a quest to improve air quality, many experts are supportive of using hydrogen as the fuel of the future. More recently, two other key objectives of several nations have been instrumental in accelerating development for an alternative fuel, independence from foreign oil and securing renewable, affordable energy sources. Most experts suggest that hydrogen as an alternative fuel has the elements to address all three of these concerns. In its purest form there are zero emissions, the supply is endless and production may use a variety of energy sources, including renewable. The purpose of this paper is to explore and understand the challenges related to moving to a hydrogen-fueled economy. The efforts of some countries and leaders in the automotive sector are reviewed as they strive to develop the technology and find possible answers to production, storage and distribution challenges. There are many opinions on how best to proceed. Some favor moving directly to a hydrogen infrastructure, while others advocate transitioning by using hydrogen fuel cell technology. While the problems of migrating to hydrogen are complex, there is no doubt that hydrogen is the energy source for the 21st century.
This article optimizes lithium-ion battery management in a datacenter to: (i) maximize the dollar savings attainable through peak shaving, while (ii) minimizing battery degradation. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, such multi-objective optimal datacenter battery management remains relatively unexplored. We solve this optimization problem using a second-order model of battery charge dynamics, coupled with a physics-based model of battery aging via solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth. Our optimization study focuses on a classical feedforward-feedback energy management policy, where feedforward control is used for peak shaving, and feedback is used for tracking a desired battery state of charge (SOC). Three feedforward-feedback architectures are examined: a proportional (P) control architecture, a proportional-integral (PI) architecture, and a PI architecture with a deadband in its feedforward path. We optimize these architectures’ parameters using differential evolution, for real datacenter power demand histories. Our results show a significant Pareto tradeoff between dollar savings and battery longevity for all architectures. The introduction of a deadband furnishes a more attractive Pareto front by allowing the feedforward controller to focus on shaving larger peaks. Moreover, the use of integral control improves the robustness of the feedback policy to demand uncertainties and battery pack sizing.
The balance of end-user requirements which result in multiple design options will ultimately define the configuration of 36-/42-V lead–acid batteries used in future vehicles. Analysis of the driving forces, i.e. high power output, space and weight minimization, and especially cost/benefit considerations, reveal a high probability for a 36-V flooded, prismatic, battery design. The main requirements on the separator will be superior oxidation stability and high puncture strength, i.e. to levels far beyond what are achievable today.
A novel method high-pressure sintering was applied to prepare La0.25Mg0.75Ni3.5 alloy as negative electrode material for nickel/metal hydride battery. The phase structures, electrochemical performance and electrochemical kinetics of the alloys sintered with various pressures have been investigated. When sintered within 1.5–2.5GPa, the alloys have Ce2Ni7-type and Pr5Co19-type main phases and LaNi5 minor phase. Pressurizing promotes the formation of Ce2Ni7-type phase with higher crystalline density. But when the sintering pressure reaches 4GPa, the atomic diffusion is hindered, leading to the rise of LaNi5 phase, appearance of MgNi2 phase, and decrease of Ce2Ni7-type and Pr5Co19-type phases. Electrochemical measurements show that when the sintering pressure changes from 1.5 to 4GPa, the maximum discharge capacity first increases then decreases. The alloy electrode sintered at 2GPa shows superior high rate dischargeability and the gentlest capacity decrease with increasing discharge current density. Furthermore, kinetic study demonstrates that the reaction of alloy electrodes is controlled by charge-transfer step. Cycling stability is deteriorated as the sintering pressure increases due to higher expansion ratio of the cell volume and denser structures of the alloy.
Experiments have previously demonstrated the therapeutic potential of mobilized dental pulp stem cells (MDPSCs) for complete pulp regeneration. The aim of the present pilot clinical study is to assess the safety, potential efficacy, and feasibility of autologous transplantation of MDPSCs in pulpectomized teeth.
In order to understand the properties of high-rate capability and cycleability for a disordered carbon negative electrode in LiPF6/PC based electrolyte solution, the cell performance tests with various rates and depth of discharges (DODs) has been studied by spectroscopic and electrochemical analyses. From the charge–discharge measurements, a surface carbon-edge redox reaction occurring between a carbonyl (Cedge O) and a lithium alkoxide (Cedge–OLi) that delivers a large capacity was found fast and high cycleability at only shallow DOD (2.0–0.4V). The limited or shallow charge–discharge cycling utilizing such facile and reversible action of the Cedge O/Cedge–OLi of the disordered carbon is suited to an application for an negative electrode of asymmetric hybrid capacitors. A deep DOD discharge (2.0–0.0V) revealed the existence of some complex processes involving a lithium cluster deposition at pores or microvoids as well as a lithium ion intercalation at graphene layers. The cluster deposition at pores was found to be relatively fast and reproducible. The lithium ion intercalation at graphenes and the subsequent cluster deposition at microvoids were found to be slow and degrade the cycleability after 100 cycles because of the accumulation of a thick and low-ion-conductive solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film on surface.
We provide data on the changes in structure and composition of commercial LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries occurring after surface coating with two types of metal oxides: electrochemically active LiCoO2 and inactive MgO. XRD analysis, SEM images, IR spectroscopy and EPR of low-spin Ni3+ ions were carried out for structural characterisation of coated LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 electrodes. Surface modification with LiCoO2 was found to be a more effective route for improving the cycling stability of LiNi0.8Co0.2O2. The favourable effect of LiCoO2-coating was connected with an enhanced stability of the bulk composition and reduction of electrode/electrolyte interaction.
The present paper deals with the pattern formation properties of a specific morpho-electrochemical reaction-diffusion model on a sphere. The physico-chemical background to this study is the morphological control of material electrodeposited onto spherical particles. The particular experimental case of interest refers to the optimization of novel metal-air flow batteries and addresses the electrodeposition of zinc onto inert spherical supports. Morphological control in this step of the high-energy battery operation is crucial to the energetic efficiency of the recharge process and to the durability of the whole energy-storage device. To rationalise this technological challenge within a mathematical modeling perspective, we consider the reaction-diffusion system for metal electrodeposition introduced in [Bozzini et al., J. Solid State Electr.17, 467–479 (2013)] and extend its study to spherical domains. Conditions are derived for the occurrence of the Turing instability phenomenon and the steady patterns emerging at the onset of Turing instability are investigated. The reaction-diffusion system on spherical domains is solved numerically by means of the Lumped Surface Finite Element Method (LSFEM) in space combined with the IMEX Euler method in time. The effect on pattern formation of variations in the domain size is investigated both qualitatively, by means of systematic numerical simulations, and quantitatively by introducing suitable indicators that allow to assign each pattern to a given morphological class. An experimental validation of the obtained results is finally presented for the case of zinc electrodeposition from alkaline zincate solutions onto copper spheres.
More than ordinary rinsing using pure water, cathode water obtained by electrolysis of dilute potassium carbonate aqueous solution (alkaline electrolyzed water: AEW) exhibits a stronger rinse effect for elimination of remaining sulfate ions when rinsing nickel-plated surfaces. This rinse effect was recognized even for AEW that was used 24 h after it was produced, but not 1 week after. Behaviors of hydrogen nanobubbles observed by dynamic light scattering revealed nanobubbles of about 128-nm diameter even 24 h after generation. The Ostwald ripening phenomenon was observed. Hydrogen nanobubbles in an open system changed: some shrank because of ripening, later dissolving in the aqueous solution and disappearing; others showed swelling and expansion. One week later, few nanobubbles smaller than 300 nm were observed. Rinse effects by AEW, which are attributable to the actions of hydrogen nanobubbles generated in AEW, occur because sulfate ions are cleaned and removed from the nickel-plated surface.
A polyelectrolyte containing a sulfonium cation, poly(methylsulfonio-1,4-phenylenethio-1,4-phenylene trifluoromethanesulfonate) (1) was tested as a separator in a zinc–air cell. In comparison with the commercially available separators such as polypropylene, polysulfonium 1 was highly effective to prevent cation permeation from the anode to cathode and effectively increased the capacity six-fold greater than that of polypropylene during discharge. This phenomenon was explained by the ion-exchange process of the membrane 1, which showed an anion-permselectivity toward OH− at low KOH aqueous solution concentrations (<1M).
Silicon (Si) nanomaterials attract tremendous attentions when applied as anodes for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) owing to their high capacity, however, they usually suffer from low electronic conductivity and large volume expansion during the charge/discharge processes, resulting in the poor cycling stabilities. In this study, horsetails (HTs) are explored as low cost and renewable resources for deriving Si materials for Li-ion half/full cells for the first time. Moreover, Si@N-doped carbon nanocomposites are fabricated by polypyrrole (PPy) coating and pyrolysis carbonization of PPy at 400 °C for 2 h in Ar atmosphere, and they show enhanced long cycle stabilities for Li-ion half cells (1047.1 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 after 450 cycles, and 750 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 760 cycles). Furthermore, the Si@N-doped carbon//LiCoO2 Li-ion full cells are assembled successfully, which display high discharge capacity (705 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 after 100 cycles). The high performance of Si@N-doped carbon nanocomposite could be attributed to the synergistic effect of high capacity of nanoscale sized Si and long cycle stability of N-doped carbon. It is believed the HTs-derived Si@N-doped carbon nanocomposite has great prospects for practical applications due to low cost and sufficient source of HTs.
Chemical stabilization of heavy metals in medical waste fly ash has been carried out using the following compounds: a chelating agent (Ashnite S803), a commercial acidic phosphoric acid solution (Ashnite R303) as well as basic one (Ashnite R201). In order to predict the leachability of heavy metals, Japanese Leaching Test (JLT-13) procedure was applied to the stabilized fly ash products. An ecotoxicity assessment of the stabilized fly ash products leachate and the unstabilized fly ash leachate was conducted using a battery of bioassays based on lettuce root elongation inhibition, Daphnia magna mortality and Vibrio fischeri photoinhibition. The results showed that the three stabilizing agents were able to significantly decrease (ANOVA, P <0.05) the concentration of heavy metals in the leachates. Although the leachate from both stabilized and unstabilized fly ash were very toxic to lettuce and daphnids, the incorporation of these stabilizing agents diminished significantly (ANOVA, P <0.05) the toxicity of the leachates towards the three tested organisms. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the strength of the relationship between chemical elements concentration in the leachate and bioassays results. Most of the heavy metals in the leachate were significantly correlated (ANOVA, P <0.05) with the toxicity values of the bioassays. However, the correlation was not found between the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and the toxicity effect of the leachate to the tested organisms.
Present paper describes electrochemical performance of the all solid-state lithium polymer battery (LBP) using spinel-type Li4/3Ti5/3O4 which has been known as the potential candidate of anode materials. The assembled LPB with Li|solid polymer electrolyte(SPE)|Li4/3Ti5/3O4 construction showed stable charge–discharge cycles more than 300 times at 1C condition. On the other hand, strong charge–discharge rate dependence for the specific capacity and initial capacity loss was indicated. Such a poor rate performance stemmed from low diffusivity of Li+ ion in the by-products produced by the decomposition of SPE components at the SPE|Li4/3Ti5/3O4 interface.
An in-situ prepared binder-free Li3V2(PO4)3/C membrane electrode supported on 3D N-doped carbon fibers (LVP/C@NCF) has been developed. The residual carbon in LVP/C@NCF consists of the pyrolytic carbon from glucose and the N-doped carbon fibers decomposed from filter paper. The former uniformly covers on the surface of LVP particles, while the latter is functioned as both a 3D conductive network and a current collector for LVP. Compared with the traditional LVP/C electrode supported on Al foil (LVP/C@Al), the LVP/C@NCF membrane electrode displays higher rate capability and better cycle stability. Especially, when cycled at a high rate of 10C, it still delivers a specific capacity as high as 107.6mAhg−1 with a very low capacity fading ratio of ~0.0048% per cycle after 1000 cycles. The excellent electrochemical performance is ascribed to the synergetic effect from the 3D effectively conductive network and the in-situ produced current collector of carbon fibers. The method of using filter paper as the source of carbon and current collector to prepare integrated membrane electrode may provide feasible and effective strategy to fabricate binder-free flexible and lightweight lithium ion batteries as well as sodium ion batteries.
Mg–Li–Al–Ce–Zn and Mg–Li–Al–Ce–Zn–Mn alloys were prepared using a vacuum induction melting method. Their electrochemical oxidation behavior in 0.7M NaCl solution was investigated by means of potentiodynamic polarization, potentiostatic oxidation, electrochemical impedance technique and scanning electron microscopy examination. Their utilization efficiencies and performances as anode of metal–hydrogen peroxide semi-fuel cell were determined. The Mg–Li–Al–Ce–Zn–Mn exhibited higher discharge activity and utilization efficiency than Mg–Li–Al–Ce–Zn, and gave improved fuel cell performance. The utilization efficiency of Mg–Li–Al–Ce–Zn–Mn is comparable with that of the state-of-the-art magnesium alloy anode AP65. The magnesium–hydrogen peroxide semi-fuel cell with Mg–Li–Al–Ce–Zn–Mn anode presented a maximum power density of 91mWcm−2 at room temperature. Scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance studies indicated that the alloying element Mn prevented the formation of dense oxide film on the alloy surface and facilitated peeling off of the oxidation products.
Concerning large battery systems, the estimation of pack state of charge and state of health remains a challenging problem which needs to be solved under limited computational resources of a battery management system. Instead of multiplicating the existing model-based techniques for individual cells, a novel method is proposed which aims at effectively and reliably determining the pack conditions for cells connected in series. In order to realize an accurate estimation, definitions of pack SOC and pack capacity are carefully studied first. Due to the fact that a battery pack is usually restricted by the two cells with maximum and minimum voltage during the charging and discharging process, respectively. The investigated approach computes the battery SOC by considering the voltage limit of a battery pack, regardless the number of cells. In this way, a trade-off between the accurate knowledge of all cells and the real-time capability is presented. In order to fulfill the task of verification, different approaches such as simulation with modeled cell variation, offline validation with measured data, and online test with a battery module are conducted. The state estimation for battery pack show convincing results in the entire operating range, while the computational complexity can be significantly reduced.
Porous metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have attracted much attention because their potential to dramatically reduce the cost while enhancing the robustness and manufacturability. In particular, 430 ferritic steel (430L) is one of the popular choice for SOFC support because of its superior performance and low cost. In this study, we investigate the oxidation and diffusion behavior of the interface between a Ni-based anode and porous 430L support exposed to a humidified (3% H2O) hydrogen atmosphere at 700 °C. The Ni-GDC (Ce0.8Gd0.2O2−δ) cermet anodes are deposited on the porous 430L support by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). The effect of exposure time on the microstructure and phase structure of the anode and the supports is studied and the element diffusion across the support/anode interface is characterized. Results indicate that the main oxidation product of the 430L support is Cr2O3, and that Cr and Fe will diffuse to the anode and the diffusion thickness increases with the exposure time. The diffusion thickness of Cr and Fe reach about 5 and 2 μm, respectively, after 1000 h exposure. However, the element diffusion and oxidation has little influence on the area-specific resistance, indicating that the porous 430L steel and plasma sprayed Ni-GDC anode are promising for durable SOFCs.
This paper details the influence of adding ester co-solvent to ethylene carbonate (EC) based electrolyte in the view of supercapacitor applications. The incorporation of ester solvents with methoxy or fluorinated groups allows a good compromise to be reached between electrochemical performance in a wide temperature range and safety issue. The use of spiro-(1,1′)-bipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate (SBPBF4) instead of tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEABF4) allows the increase of electrolyte conductivity at low temperature thanks to its higher solubility. An improvement of capacitance stability is also obtained with the use of SBPBF4.
In this paper, the use of nanostructured anode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is reviewed. Nanostructured materials such as nano-carbons, alloys, metal oxides, and metal sulfides/nitrides have been used as anodes for next-generation LIBs with high reversible capacity, fast power capability, good safety, and long cycle life. This is due to their relatively short mass and charge pathways, high transport rates of both lithium ions and electrons, and other extremely charming surface activities. In this review paper, the effect of the nanostructure on the electrochemical performance of these anodes is presented. Their synthesis processes, electrochemical properties, and electrode reaction mechanisms are also discussed. The major goals of this review are to give a broad overview of recent scientific researches and developments of anode materials using novel nanoscience and nanotechnology and to highlight new progresses in using these nanostructured materials to develop high-performance LIBs. Suggestions and outlooks on future research directions in this field are also given.
Open access to research data has been described as a driver of innovation and a potential cure for the reproducibility crisis in many academic fields. Against this backdrop, policy makers are increasingly advocating for making research data and supporting material openly available online. Despite its potential to further scientific progress, widespread data sharing in small science is still an ideal practised in moderation. In this article, we explore the question of what drives open access to research data using a survey among 1564 mainly German researchers across all disciplines. We show that, regardless of their disciplinary background, researchers recognize the benefits of open access to research data for both their own research and scientific progress as a whole. Nonetheless, most researchers share their data only selectively. We show that individual reward considerations conflict with widespread data sharing. Based on our results, we present policy implications that are in line with both individual reward considerations and scientific progress.
Two hyperlexic individuals were tested on reading outcome measures and on basic skills shown to be critical in reading acquisition. Results suggested distinct pathways to superior word recognition skills that can be described under a contemporary model of skilled reading, with differential acquisition of basic skills; superior word recognition skill was associated in both cases with specialized development in one basic area, that of orthographic processing. Results supported an asset rather than a deficit analysis of hyperlexia: Rather than assimilating to reading pathology (dyslexia) subtypes, hyperlexia was seen to be accompanied by assets that are absent in dyslexic profiles
A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with a liquid antimony anode (LAA) is a potential energy conversion technology for the use of impurity-containing fuels. Atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) technology has become a promising LAA-SOFC preparation method because of its economy and convenience. In this paper, button SOFCs with different cathode materials and ratios of pore former were prepared by the APS method and were operated at 750 °C. The effect of the cathode structure on the electrochemical performance of the LAA-SOFCs was analyzed, and an optimized spraying method for LAA-SOFCs was developed. A tubular LAA-SOFC was prepared using the APS method based on the optimized spraying method, and a peak power of 2.5 W was reached. The tubular cell was also measured at a constant current of 2 A for 20 h and was fed with a sulfur-containing fuel to demonstrate its impurity resistance and electrode stability.
We demonstrate a fully stand-alone, self-powered environmental sensor driven by nanogenerators with harvesting vibration energy. Such a system is made of a ZnO nanowire-based nanogenerator, a rectification circuit, a capacitor for charge storage, a signal transmission LED light and a carbon nanotube-based Hg2+ ion sensor. The circuit lights up the LED indicator when it detects mercury ions in water solution. It is the first demonstration of a nanomaterial-based, self-powered sensor system for detecting a toxic pollutant.