batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Silicon anode, even with its theoretically high specific capacity, has only seen a limited commercial adoption in lithium-ion battery (LIB) due to the durability issues. The performance of a silicon anode in a LIB is enhanced when a small amount of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) is added to the battery electrolyte. In this article, we analyze the effect of FEC additive on the silicon anode in both the half- and full cell configuration. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is used to unravel crucial intrinsic properties of the cell. It detects a fourfold drop in the cell impedance upon addition of FEC. We also employed density functional theory (DFT)-based models to understand and complement the experimental findings. At the DFT level, the solvation energy of Li+ in the ethylene carbonate (EC) electrolyte is − 224.34 kJ mol−1 whereas that in the FEC electrolyte is − 202.96 kJ mol−1. This implies that the electrolyte with the FEC additive may act as a better carrier of Li+ that with the EC additive alone.
The selective lignin-degrading white-rot fungi are regarded to be the best lignin degraders and have been widely used for reducing the saccharification recalcitrance of lignocellulose. However, the biological delignification and conversion of lignocellulose in biorefinery is still limited. It is necessary to develop novel and more efficient bio-delignification systems.
The poly(vinylidene co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) polymer has received a great attention as an alternative to the commercial separator in energy devices. Therefore, a ternary hybrid membrane PVDF-HFP/polyaniline (PANI)/graphene oxide (GO) (10 wt%, 25 wt%, and 40 wt%) was synthesized and characterized as a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) for lithium ion battery. The thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis and mechanical strength tests have carried out to see the potential of GO in alteration of mechanical and thermal properties of PVDF-HFP membrane; additionally, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electrochemical stability, porosity, and electrolyte uptake have also performed to investigate the effect of GO addition on the performance of PVDF-HFP polymer matrix. The PVDF-HFP/PANI membrane has resulted in highest ionic conductivity of 1.04 × 10−3 mS cm−1, whereas, the GO addition has remarkably enhanced the reduced tensile strength of PVDF-HFP/PANI membrane from 2.8 MPa to 8.8 MPa. In addition, the presence of GO has found more impressive and resulted in the highest porosity of 89.5% and an excellent electrolyte uptake of 367.4% with PVDF-HFP/PANI/GO ternary PEM. Therefore, the proposed PVDF-HFP/PANI/GO ternary hybrid membrane can be applied as PEM or a separator in energy devices.
Novel Li–Ti–Si–P–O–N thin-film electrolyte was successfully fabricated by RF magnetron sputtering from a Li–Ti–Si–P–O target in N2 atmosphere at various temperatures. XRD, SEM, EDX, XPS, and EIS were employed to characterize their structure, morphology, composition and electrochemical performances. The films were smooth, dense, uniform, without cracks or voids, and possessed an amorphous structure. Their room temperature lithium-ion conductivities were measured to be from 3.6×10−7 Scm−1 to 9.2×10−6 Scm−1, and the temperature dependence of the ionic conductivities fits the Arrhenius relation. This kind of electrolyte possessed good properties is a promising candidate material for solid-state thin-film lithium batteries.
A modified electroless plating technique was adopted to prepare the Sn compounds/mesophase graphite powders (MGP) composite electrode. Characterization of the composite material showed that multiphase Sn compounds were uniformly deposited on MGP. The multiphase composition which contained metallic Sn, SnP3 and SnP2O7 were expected to provide a higher spectator to Sn ratio for improved cycleability. During cycling between 0.001 and 1.5V, the charge capacity was greatly enhanced without appreciable fading. From the voltage profiles and cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves, it was revealed that the capacity fading was caused by either the formation of insulated LiP in the early stage or by aggregation of metallic Sn after prolonged cycling. For improving the cycleability, the cut-off voltage was lowered from 1.5 to 0.9V. Adjusting the voltage range was manifested to be an effective way for obtaining superior cycling performance in the Sn–P–O/MGP composite negative electrode. The capacity retention was as high as 96% of the highest capacity after charge/discharge between 0.001 and 0.9V for 45 cycles.
In this study, high-quality mesoporous Fe3O4 nanocages (MFONs) have been synthesized by a facile complex-coprecipitation method at 100°C with addition of triethanolamine and ethylene glycol. The as-prepared Fe3O4 nanocages possess a mesoporous structure and highly uniform dispersion. When used as an anode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, MFONs anode shows high specific capacities and excellent cycling performance at high and low current rates. At a current density of 200mAg−1, the discharge specific capacities are 876mAhg−1 at the 2nd cycle and 830mAhg−1 at the 100th cycle. Even at the high current density of 1000mAg−1, MFONs anode still retains a stable capacity of 573mAhg−1 after 300 cycles. This superior electrochemical performance is attributed to the unique mesoporous cage-like structure and high specific surface area (133m2 g−1) of MFONs, which may offer large electrode/electrolyte contact area for the electron conduction and Li+ storage. Furthermore, the good mechanical flexibility of the mesoporous nanocages can readily buffer the massive volume expansion/shrinkage associated with the reversible electrode reaction. These results indicate that MFONs can be used as a promising high-performance anode material for lithium-ion batteries.
Hybrid supercapacitors are being studied as a next-generation energy storage device that bridge supercapacitor and lithium-ion battery. However, an imbalance of two electrodes of hybrid supercapacitors, especially due to the slow lithium ion kinetics at anode is the one of the most important problems. To solve this problem, we have demonstrated optimized hybrid supercapacitor performance by applying the punched granule Li4Ti5O12 (P-LTO) via mechanical punching as a high power anode. The hybrid supercapacitors based on P-LTO anode and activated carbon delivers not only high specific capacity of 57 F/g and excellent long-term cycling of 99% after 14,000 cycles but also remarkable rate capability of 90.6% even at a high rate of 4 A/g, mainly due to i) increase in the total effective contact area, ii) efficient electrolyte impregnation and iii) effective dispersion of hydrogen fluoride attack.
Organic–inorganic hybrid electrolytes were prepared by co-hydrolysis and co-condensation of 3-glycidoxipropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) doped with lithium acetate as self-supported materials and thin-films. The effects of the relative molar content of LiAc on the physicochemical properties of electrolytes, such as morphology, thermal, chemical and electrochemical properties were investigated. Two and four probes test cells were designed for comparative studies of ionic conductivity of hybrid electrolytes using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Similar ionic conductivities were obtained using both measurement methods, reaching a maximum ionic conductivity value of around 10−6 S/cm at 25°C. The conductivity mechanism presents Arrehenius behavior with the increase of the temperature from 25°C to 120°C. The electrochemical stability window is found to be in the range of 0–5V, which ensures that hybrid organic–inorganic materials are potential electrolytes for solid-state rechargeable lithium ion batteries.
In this study, we propose an application for immersive virtual reality experiences, which integrates three-dimensional (3D) head-mounted displays (HMDs) with a precise indoor position tracking algorithm based on ultrasound. Our method provides a natural virtual reality experience with interaction by precisely matching the physical movements in the real world with those in the virtual environment, unlike other methods that require external input devices to move around in the virtual environment. Users can move within the assigned indoor space while carrying a wireless client device with the HMD, without the risk of colliding with obstacles or structures. The system is designed to provide the accurate 3D X, Y, and Z coordinate values of translational movements in real-time as well as the pitch, roll, and yaw values of rotational movements supported by the HMD, resulting in the six degrees of freedom required by immersive virtual reality. In addition, the system utilizes ultrasonic transducers in a grid format, which makes it simple to expand the position tracking coverage area, and supports simultaneous tracking of multiple users. Through experiments and a user study we show that the system obtains the accurate position of the moving objects and delivers a highly immersive virtual reality experience.
Carbon-supported cobalt–iron(II,III) oxide (Co–Fe3O4) hybrid nanoparticles (Co–Fe3O4/C) are prepared as efficient catalysis of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media and in the cathode of the anion exchange membrane fuel cell (AEMFC). The ORR activity of Co–Fe3O4/C gives an electron transfer number of 3.99, revealing almost perfect four-electron transfer, over a very wide range of potentials of 0.1–0.8 V. Co–Fe3O4/C is more durable than Pt/C in alkaline media, undergoing almost no degradation in 10,000 s at 0.76 V (vs. RHE). The potential-cycling method shows that the rate of decline of Co–Fe3O4/C is only 5% decay after 10,000 cycles. The AEMFC using Co–Fe3O4/C also shows good performance and excellent durability in this study.
Developmental dyslexia is the most common learning disorder in children. Problems in reading and writing are likely due to a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors, resulting in reduced power of studies of the genetic factors underlying developmental dyslexia. Our approach in the current study was to perform exome sequencing of affected and unaffected individuals within an extended pedigree with a familial form of developmental dyslexia. We identified a two-base mutation, causing a p.R229L amino acid substitution in the centrosomal protein 63 kDa (CEP63), co-segregating with developmental dyslexia in this pedigree. This mutation is novel, and predicted to be highly damaging for the function of the protein. 3D modelling suggested a distinct conformational change caused by the mutation. CEP63 is localised to the centrosome in eukaryotic cells and is required for maintaining normal centriole duplication and control of cell cycle progression. We found that a common polymorphism in the CEP63 gene had a significant association with brain white matter volume. The brain regions were partly overlapping with the previously reported region influenced by polymorphisms in the dyslexia susceptibility genes DYX1C1 and KIAA0319. We hypothesise that CEP63 is particularly important for brain development and might control the proliferation and migration of cells when those two events need to be highly coordinated.
Triclosan [5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol] is a widely used antimicrobial agent in personal care products, household items, medical devices, and clinical settings. Due to its extensive use, there is potential for humans in all age groups to receive life-time exposures to triclosan, yet data on the chronic dermal toxicity/carcinogenicity of triclosan are still lacking. The present study evaluated the toxicity of triclosan administered dermally to B6C3F1 mice for 13 weeks. Groups of 10 male and 10 female B6C3F1 mice received dermal applications of 0, 5.8, 12.5, 27, 58, or 125 mg triclosan per kg body weight (bw) daily for 13 weeks. The doses were administered in 1 ml ethanol per kg bw. All mice survived the 13-week treatment period. Body weights of female mice receiving 125 mg triclosan per kg bw per day weighed 94% (p < 0.05) of the female control mice; male mice administered 58 and 125 mg triclosan per kg bw per day weighed 91% (p < 0.05) and 82% (p < 0.01) of the control male mice. Liver weights were significantly increased in females receiving 58 and 125 mg triclosan per kg bw per day and in males in the 125 mg triclosan per kg bw per day dose group. A significant dose-dependent decrease in the levels of thyroxine and cholesterol was observed in both sexes. The highest dose of triclosan increased the percentage of reticulocytes in both sexes; in addition, the 58 mg triclosan per kg bw per day dose increased the percentage of reticulocytes in females. Skin lesions (dermal fibrosis and inflammation; epidermal hyperplasia, inflammation, necrosis, and ulceration, and parakeratosis) were observed in both sexes, with a dose-dependent increase in severity and incidence.
Rapid industrialization results in the production of huge amounts of solid and/or liquid wastes, which is usually discharged into the nearby water bodies, leading to the damage of the important ecosystems and seafood products. Therefore, the present overview aims to highlight the issue of pollution of aquatic ecosystems and fish health. Heavy metals are widely used in every industrial application; therefore, they form the core group of pollutants of any industrial discharge. Some of the heavy metals such as Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cr are essential as they form the cofactor for many of the enzymes and also needed in metabolic activities. On the contrary, their exceeding amount is also detrimental to both animals and human beings. Based on the current review, it has been observed that to monitor the health of indicator organism (fish), battery of bioassays or biomarkers are required. In addition to this rationale of using the few selected parameters such as condition indices, bioaccumulation, blood biochemistry, marker enzymes of tissue damage, oxidative stress, genotoxicity and histopathology in describing, the aquatic pollution has also been emphasized. All these parameters are significantly affected by heavy metals and hence proved as useful tools in biomonitoring or toxicity assessment studies. Since fishes are consumed by large mass of population due to their high protein and polyunsaturated fatty acid content, human health is also under danger.
A polybithiophene-carbon (PBT/C) composite was synthesized by ball-milling chemically polymerized polybithiophene with carbon nanofibers and found to have n-type redox properties with exceptional reversible capacity and cycling stability. The experimental results demonstrated that the as-synthesized (PBT/C) composite can realize a total two-electron redox capacity of ∼850mAhg−1 with half of the capacity delivered at a low potential plateau of 1.25V in Li+ electrolyte, possibly serving as a high capacity organic anode for Li-ion batteries. More significantly, the PBT/C composite can also be cycled in Na+-electrolyte, delivering a reversible redox capacity of ∼500mAhg−1 through the doping–dedoping reactions of Na+ ions into/from the polymer chains. These n-type redox performances suggest a possible application of the polymers of this type as high capacity and cycling-stable anodes for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries.
Environmental concerns are growing and interest in environmental issues is increasing and the idea of generating electricity with less pollution is becoming more and more attractive. Unlike conventional generation systems, fuel of the solar photovoltaic energy is available at no cost. And solar photovoltaic energy systems generate electricity pollution-free and can easily be installed on the roof of residential as well as on the wall of commercial buildings as grid-connected PV application. In addition to grid-connected rooftop PV systems, solar photovoltaic energy offers a solution for supplying electricity to remote located communities and facilities, those not accessible by electricity companies. The interest in solar photovoltaic energy is growing worldwide. Today, more than 3500MW of photovoltaic systems have been installed all over the world. Since 1970, the PV price has continuously dropped [8]. This price drop has encouraged worldwide application of small-scale residential PV systems. These recent developments have led researchers concerned with the environment to undertake extensive research projects for harnessing renewable energy sources including solar energy. The usage of solar photovoltaic as a source of energy is considered more seriously making future of this technology looks promising. The objective of this contribution is to present the latest developments in the area of solar photovoltaic energy systems. A further objective of this contribution is to discuss the long-term prospect of the solar photovoltaic energy as a sustainable energy supply.
This paper presents a QRA-based approach for assessing and evaluating the safety of installations handling explosive substances. Comprehensive generic lists of immediate causes and initiating events of detonation and deflagration of explosive substances as well as safety measures preventing these explosions are developed. Initiating events and corresponding measures are grouped under the more general categories of explosion due to shock wave, explosion due to mechanical energy, thermal energy, electrical energy, chemical energy, and electromagnetic radiation. Generic accident sequences are developed using Event Trees. This analysis is adapted to plant-specific conditions and potentially additional protective measures are rank-ordered in terms of the induced reduction in the frequency of explosion, by including also uncertainty. This approach has been applied to 14 plants in Greece with very satisfactory results.
Carbon encapsulated graphite was prepared by coating polyurea on the surface of natural graphite particles via interfacial polymerization followed by a pre-oxidation at 250°C in air and a heat treatment at 850°C in nitrogen. FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to investigate the structure of the graphite before and after the surface modification. Galvanostatic cycling, dc impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry were used to investigate the electrochemical properties of the modified graphite as the anode material of lithium cells. The modified graphite shows a large improvement in electrochemical performance such as higher reversible capacity and better cycleability compared with the natural graphite. It can work stably in a PC-based electrolyte with the PC content up to 25vol.% because the encapsulated carbon can depress the co-intercalation of solvated lithium ion. The initial coulombic efficiency of C-NG and NG in non-PC electrolyte is 74.9 and 88.5%, respectively.
In this study, we design and fabricate a fuel cell system for application as a power source in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The fuel cell system consists of a fuel cell stack, hydrogen generator, and hybrid power management system. PEMFC stack with an output power of 100W is prepared and tested to decide the efficient operating conditions; the stack must be operated in the dead-end mode with purge in order to ensure prolonged stack performance. A hydrogen generator is fabricated to supply gaseous hydrogen to the stack. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is used as the hydrogen source in the present study. Co/Al2O3 catalyst is prepared for the hydrolysis of the alkaline NaBH4 solution at room temperature. The fabricated Co catalyst is comparable to the Ru catalyst. The UAV consumes more power in the takeoff mode than in the cruising mode. A hybrid power management system using an auxiliary battery is developed and evaluated for efficient energy management. Hybrid power from both the fuel cell and battery powers takeoff and turning flight operations, while the fuel cell supplies steady power during the cruising flight. The capabilities of the fuel-cell UAVs for long endurance flights are validated by successful flight tests.
A general analysis of the discharge process in stationary positive tubular plates of lead–acid batteries is described. In the experimental part, the influence of the rate of discharge and the sulfuric acid concentration on the potential/time (E/t) discharge curves, the variation of specific capacity and the plate resistance during the discharge transient was studied. The potential/time curves show the general pattern. The capacity is related to the complete discharge process and the plate resistance to the conditions in the transient plateau region of the potential/time curves. On this basis, it is shown that the tubular positive discharge behavior can be interpreted with a zone reaction model involving three steps. The first corresponds to the solid-state reaction from PbO2 to PbO, with passage of current; the second, when the current effectively moved to a deeper surface zone of the pore in the plate, to the chemical reaction between the PbO and H2SO4 giving fundamentally disrupted PbSO4, and the third, to a recrystallization of the disrupted PbSO4. With the help of this model, the effect of the depletion of H2SO4 in the macropores is also analyzed. All the results are interpreted on the basis of the model.
To assess the cross-sectional construct validity of the Health Utilities Index Mark 3 (HUI3) in lung transplantation.
A two-dimensional, transient heat-transfer model for different methods of heat dissipation is used to simulate the temperature distribution in lithium-ion batteries. The experimental and simulation results show that cooling by natural convection is not an effective means for removing heat from the battery system. It is found that forced convection cooling can mitigate temperature rise in the battery. Nevertheless, a non-uniform distribution of temperature on the surface of the battery is inevitable and this makes thermal management difficult. As a better means of suppressing increases in temperature, a heat pipe has been used to effect heat dissipation. The connection between the heat pipe and the battery wall pays an important role in heat dissipation. Inserting the heat pipe in to an aluminum fin appears to be suitable for reducing the rise in temperature and maintaining a uniform temperature distribution on the surface of the battery.
We investigated the microstructures of Au-deposited PtCo@Pt core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) and discussed enhancement of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) properties by Au termination of low-coordination sites of the Pt-shell. The Au-deposited PtCo@Pt NPs showed an improved electrochemical structural stability, together with slight increment in increased initial, pristine area-specific activity relative to the non-Au-deposited PtCo@Pt NPs. Atomic-level microstructural characterization was performed by a back-side illumination fluorescence X-ray absorption fine structure (BI-FXAFS) method and scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (STEM-EDS). The BI-FXAFS results indicated that compressive lattice strain in the Pt-shells of the PtCo@Pt NPs was almost unchanged by the subsequent Au deposition. Furthermore, STEM-EDS mapping of Pt, Co, and Au clearly showed that the deposited Au tended to localize at low-coordination sites of the Pt-shell surface, e.g., edges and corners. The atomic-level microstructural characterization conducted in this study demonstrated that effective Au surface terminations of the Pt-shell enhance the ORR durability of Pt-based core-shell type NP catalysts.
To clarify the association of circulating irisin with muscle, liver and bone, and to evaluate irisin as a biomarker for sarcopenia in postmenopausal women.