batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Treatment adherence in early psychosis individuals is considered problematic. Some studies have tried to understand reasons for medication non-adherence in this population, though few have also considered engagement in services. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 118 early psychosis individuals, assessing multiple constructs (symptoms, insight, personality traits, alliance, childhood trauma, substance abuse, social functioning and sociodemographics) suggested in the literature as potentially linked to medication adherence or engagement in services. Forward Wald logistic regression suggested that more positive symptoms, having witnessed violence as a child and high agreeableness as a personality trait predicted poor medication adherence. Forward linear regression revealed that physical abuse as a child, lack of knowledge regarding consumer rights, difficulties in building an alliance, low neuroticism and high agreeableness predicted poor service engagement. Profiles of non-adherers or low service engagement were strongly linked to childhood trauma, and high agreeableness, as well as more severe symptoms and poor alliance. Males with histories of legal problems were also more prevalent in both groups. No significant differences were found for insight or substance abuse. Overall, individuals with early psychosis who adhered less to treatment in general could have issues with trusting authority and place more importance on peer acceptance. Results are presented in light of the existing literature and clinical implications are discussed.
A method of monitoring the performance of the cell components was developed to study the cycling behavior of the commercial size rechargeable lithium-ion cells. A lithium reference electrode was placed into the center of a full commercial cylindrical cell in an effort to monitor the electrochemical behavior of the cell and its component electrodes during cycling. This technique allowed the resolution of measured voltage into component cathode and anode voltages and hence the resolution of the total area-specific impedance (ASI) into cathode and anode ASI. The cathode was found to be the electrode limiting the power and capacity of the Li-ion cell. Further investigations also revealed that the increase in the cathode ASI is a main cause of power and energy degradation of the cell during cycling.
In order to evaluate the use of satellite (moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer: MODIS) and ground-measured (hyperspectral spectrometer and broadband micrometeorological sensors) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), this study compares NDVI derived from five experimental (FLUXNET) field sites (grassland, winter wheat, corn, spruce, and beech) in Germany in June 2006 and April-September 2007. In addition, the spatial variability of ground radiation measured within one specific land-use class (for grass and winter wheat) was investigated to analyze the accuracy of the FLUXNET tower values. Furthermore, the angular dependence of spectrometer values on viewing angles was determined in order to enhance the spatial representativeness of spectrometer measurements which, especially above trees, are affected by soil parts and the tower structure when measured in nadir. The best agreement between the satellite- and ground-measured NDVI was found for winter wheat (2006) with values from 0.79–0.88 followed by grass (2006), showing NDVI values between 0.71 and 0.86. The spatial variability of NDVI within one land-use type was lower than the differences caused by the different NDVI determination methods. Above more open canopies (corn, beech), spectrometer measurements with 60° viewing angle in solar plane direction were found to better correspond to satellite-derived NDVI. Together with broadband NDVI, our ground-based results can complement satellite-derived NDVI.
The performance of segmented bi-material electrodes consisting of an activated carbon and LiMn2O4 was investigated as a function of the relative amount of the components for full slow discharge at C/5. By means of a segmented current collector the contribution of each component to the overall current has been monitored. The potential profiles for the constant current discharges showed a monotonous transition from pure capacitive behavior of the activated carbon to battery behavior of pure LiMn2O4 for increasing amounts of LiMn2O4 in the segmented bi-material electrode. Correspondingly, the current sharing measurements have shown a decreased contribution of the activated carbon to the overall current. The effect of the C-rate up to 20C and pulse discharge at 25C was investigated for a segmented bi-material electrode with a relative amount of activated carbon of 72% by weight. The current sharing showed an increased contribution of the activated carbon to the overall current at high C-rate and during pulse discharge. Moreover it could be demonstrated that the battery material recharges the capacitive material subsequent to the discharge pulse.
This report describes the construction, optimization and validation of a battery of quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models to predict reproductive and developmental (reprotox) hazards of untested chemicals. These models run with MC4PC software to predict seven general reprotox classes: male and female reproductive toxicity, fetal dysmorphogenesis, functional toxicity, mortality, growth, and newborn behavioral toxicity. The reprotox QSARs incorporate a weight of evidence paradigm using rats, mice, and rabbit reprotox study data and are designed to identify trans-species reprotoxicants. The majority of the reprotox QSARs exhibit good predictive performance properties: high specificity (>80%), low false positives (<20%), significant receiver operating characteristic (ROC) values (>2.00), and high coverage (>80%) in 10% leave-many-out validation experiments. The QSARs are based on 627–2023 chemicals and exhibited a wide applicability domain for FDA regulated organic chemicals for which they were designed. Experiments were also performed using the MC4PC multiple module prediction technology, and ROC statistics, and adjustments to the ratio of active to inactive (A/I ratio) chemicals in training data sets were made to optimize the predictive performance of QSAR models. Results revealed that an A/I ratio of ∼40% was optimal for MC4PC. We discuss specific recommendations for the application of the reprotox QSAR battery.
The demand for electricity is increasing day by day, which cannot be fulfilled by non-renewable energy sources alone. Renewable energy sources such as solar and wind are omnipresent and environmental friendly. The renewable emulnergy sources are emerging options to fulfill the energy demand, but unreliable due to the stochastic nature of their occurrence. Hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) combines two or more renewable energy sources like wind turbine and solar system. The objective of this paper is to present a comprehensive review of various aspects of HRES. This paper discusses prefeasibility analysis, optimum sizing, modeling, control aspects and reliability issues. The application of evolutionary technique and game theory in hybrid renewable energy is also presented in this paper.
Electrochemical and mass-transport properties of a redox-active ionic liquid, 1-(ferrocenylmethyl)-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide (FcEmiTFSI), were investigated for the pure compound and for solutions in acetonitrile (ACN) and in a room-temperature ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EmiTFSI). Cyclic voltammetry data were compared with those obtained for the oxidation of ferrocene (Fc) in EmiTFSI and ACN. The half-potential of FcEmiTFSI/Fc+EmiTFSI is higher than that of Fc/Fc+ in both media. The apparent heterogeneous rate constants k app ° of FcEmiTFSI and Fc were determined in both solvents. The values of k app ° for these two redox probes in the same solvent are of the same order of magnitude. However, k app ° is lower in EmiTFSI than in ACN. Comparison of k app ° in these solvents indicates that the decrease in k app ° cannot be explained in terms of Marcus–Hush theory. The electrochemical and mass-transport properties of FcEmiTFSI in EmiTFSI were investigated by means of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The tip current depends upon the tip velocity. With high tip velocity, one observes that the tip current increases as the distance between the tip and insulating substrate decreases. This behavior is not due to a positive feedback mechanism. It is interpreted in terms of mixed diffusion and convective mass transfer control.
Pageview is the most popular webpage analytic metric in all sectors including blogs, business, e-commerce, education, entertainment, research, social media, and technology. To perform deeper analysis, additional methods are required such as mouse tracking, which can help researchers understand online user behavior on a single webpage. However, the geometrical data generated by mouse tracking are extremely large, and qualify as big data. A single swipe on a webpage from left to right can generate a megabyte (MB) of data. Fortunately, the geometrical data of each x and y point of the mouse trail are not always needed. Sometimes, analysts only need the heat map of a certain area or perhaps just a summary of the number of activities that occurred on a webpage. Therefore, recording all geometrical data is sometimes unnecessary. This work introduces preprocessing during real-time and online mouse tracking sessions. The preprocessing that is introduced converts the geometrical data from each x and y point to a region-of-interest concentration, in other words only heat map areas that the analyzer is interested in. Ultimately, the approach used here is able to greatly reduce the storage and transmission cost of real-time online mouse tracking.
In-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (in-situ EIS) was applied to the investigation of electrochemical properties of lithium-ion rechargeable batteries (LIRB). The in-situ EIS enables us the simultaneous measurements of the impedance spectra with charge/discharge curves by galvanostatic control. In the present paper, successive impedance spectra of positive and negative electrodes were determined by using three-electrode cell. For example, the impedance spectra of positive electrode during the charge and discharge allow the information regarding the deintercalation and intercalation of lithium, respectively, in LIRB. The charge transfer resistances of both positive and negative electrodes showed the hysteresis versus the state of charge (SOC) during charge–discharge sequence. These results indicate that the charge transfer resistance for the deintercalation is larger than that for the intercalation in the cases of both positive and negative electrodes in LIRB.
Several high-purity methyl perfluorocarboxylates were prepared (>99.5% purity by mole) and investigated as potential fluorine-rich electrolyte solvents in Li-ion batteries. The most conductive electrolyte, 0.1 M lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) in dimethyl perfluoroglutarate (PF5M2) (ionic conductivity = 1.87 × 10−2 mS cm−1), is investigated in Si thin-film half-cells. The solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI) formed by the PF5M2 electrolyte is composed of similar organic and inorganic moieties and at comparable concentrations as those formed by ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate electrolytes containing LiPF6 and LiTFSI salts. However, the SEI formed by the PF5M2 electrolyte undergoes reversible electrochemical defluorination, contributing to the reversible capacity of the cell and compensating in part for capacity fade in the Si electrode. While far from ideal these electrolytes provide an opportunity to further develop predictions of suitable fluorinated molecules for use in battery solvents.
Progress in the somatosensory field has been restricted by the limited number of genetic tools available to study gene function in peripheral sensory neurons. Here we generated a Cre-driver mouse line that expresses Cre-recombinase from the locus of the sensory neuron specific gene Advillin. These mice displayed almost exclusive Cre-mediated recombination in all peripheral sensory neurons. As such, the Advillin-Cre-driver line will be a powerful tool for targeting peripheral neurons in future investigations.
We used an unmanned aircraft system (UAS) to lift and suspend distributed temperature sensing (DTS) technologies to observe the onset of an early morning transition from stable to unstably stratified atmospheric conditions. DTS employs a fiber optic cable interrogated by laser light, and uses the temperature dependent Raman scattering phenomenon and the speed of light to obtain a discrete spatial measurement of the temperature along the cable. The UAS/DTS combination yielded observations of temperature in the lower atmosphere with high resolution (1 s and 0.1 m) and extent (85 m) that revealed the detailed processes that occurred over a single morning transition. The experimental site was selected on the basis of previous experiments and long term data records; which indicate that diurnal boundary layer development and wind sectors are predictable and consistent. The data showed a complex interplay of motions that occur during the morning transition that resulted in propagation and growth of unstable wave modes. We observed a rapid cooling of the air aloft (layer above the strong vertical temperature gradient) layer directly after sunrise due to vertical mixing followed by an erosion of the strong gradient at the stable layer top. Midway through the transition, unstable wave modes were observed that are consistent with Kelvin–Helmholtz motions. These motions became amplified through the later stages of the transition.
PSpice author, Dr Luis Castañer dons another hat to work with Dr Tom Markvart, Reader in Electronic Materials, School of Engineering Sciences, University of Southampton.
This paper is a small review of the use of computer simulations and especially the use of standard quantum-mechanical ab initio electronic structure calculations to rationally design and investigate different choices of chemicals/systems for lithium battery electrolytes. Covered systems and strategies to enhance the performance of electrolytes will range from assisting the interpretation of vibrational spectroscopy experiments over development of potentials for molecular dynamics simulations, to the design of new lithium salts and the lithium ion coordination in liquid, polymer, and gel polymer electrolytes. Examples of studied properties include the vibrational spectra of anions and ion pairs to characterize the nature and extent of the interactions present, the lithium ion affinities of anions, important for the salt solvation and the ability to provide a high concentration of charge carriers, the HOMO energies of the anions to estimate the stability versus oxidation, the anion volumes that correlate to the anion mobility, the lithium ion coordination and dynamics to reveal the limiting steps of lithium ion transport, etc.
Imidazolium cations form molten salts and exhibit excellent ionic conductivity because of their very low melting points or low glass transition temperature. This phenomenon depends strongly on the characteristics of the anion species. Some derivatives having vinyl groups are obtained as highly ion-conductive molten salt, but conductivity drops greatly after polymerization. To minimize this drop in conductivity the vinyl group and molten salt unit were tethered with oligo(ethylene oxide). The ionic conductivity of the polymers improved by a factor of 100. Further improvement took place when a hydrocarbon chain was used instead of oligo(ethylene oxide). Molecular design of the molten salt polymers for higher ionic conductivity is discussed.
The conversion of waste-stream greenhouse carbon dioxide (CO2) gas into value added chemicals and solar fuels using solar energy or electricity derived from sunlight is popularly known as artificial photosynthesis (AP). This latter process can indeed address the problems related to (i) the CO2 associated global warming, (ii) energy crisis due to the depletion of fossil fuels, and (iii) energy (and/or electricity) storage in high energy density chemical fuels. There are six types of processes (i.e., reactions) available to convert CO2 into value added chemicals; namely, (i) stoichiometric (also called as redox and neutralization reactions), (ii) thermo-chemical, (iii) biochemical (for e.g., algae production), (iv) photocatalytic, (v) photoelectrochemical (PEC) and (vi) electrochemical. Based on today׳s state-of-the-art on this subject, only electrochemical routes can be fully developed in such a way that the commercial plants can be established based on this process to produce renewable fuel chemicals from CO2, water and electricity (derived from sunlight or from any other renewable energy). Of late, the nano-structured materials (including nanoparticles, NPs) have found to play a significant role in improving the reaction efficiency and rate of reaction of this electrochemical conversion of CO2 into fuel chemicals. In this article, (i) the role of CO2 in dealing with the energy and global warming related problems, (ii) the fundamental understandings of electrochemical reduction of CO2 (ERC), (iii) the role of nanomaterials and reverse microbial fuel cells (R-MFC) on ERC, and (iv) the information about the already commercialized ERC processes have been presented and discussed while citing all the up-to-date relevant references.
Children with poor arithmetic fact mastery (n=45) at the end of third grade were compared to grade-level peers with good arithmetic fact mastery (n=60) in competencies related to reading and mathematics. Children were assessed longitudinally across second and third grades. When predictor variables such as IQ were held constant, the poor fact mastery and good fact mastery groups performed at about the same level and progressed at a comparable rate on math story problems and on broad reading achievement. The groups also progressed at a comparable rate on broad math achievement, although children with poor fact mastery performed at a significantly lower level. Children with poor fact mastery showed remarkably little growth on timed number facts during the study period, despite normal growth in other areas of mathematics. Deficits in fact mastery are highly persistent and appear to be independent of reading and language abilities.
Herein, we demonstrate an effective strategy to prepare N and P co-doped carbon nanotubes (NPC) using pyrrole monomer and phytic acid as precursors. Importantly, density functional theory (DFT) and pseudocapacitance contribution calculations certify that the electron mobility and electrochemical kinetics of the carbon nanotubes are enhanced by P-doping. Furthermore, the co-effect of the special hollow nanotubes structure and dual N, P doping endows the NPC with excellent rate performance and long-term cycling stability when it is used as an anode material for sodium ion batteries. Even tested at a high current density of 5000 mA g−1, a high reversible capacity of 180.3 mA h g−1 can be obtained after 3000 cycles for the NPC electrode.
One-dimensional (1D) nanosize electrode materials of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) nanowires and Co3O4–carbon nanotube composites were synthesized by the hydrothermal method. The as-prepared 1D nanostructures were structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. We tested the electrochemical properties of LiFePO4 nanowires as cathode and Co3O4–carbon nanotubes as anode in lithium-ion cells, via cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling. LiFePO4 nanorod cathode demonstrated a stable performance over 70 cycles, with a remained specific capacity of 140mAhg−1. Nanocrystalline Co3O4–carbon nanotube composite anode exhibited a reversible lithium storage capacity of 510mAhg−1 over 50 cycles. 1D nanostructured electrode materials showed strong potential for lithium-ion batteries due to their good electrochemical performance.
It is almost a truism that nature is social, but by what means is nature made social at the level of the interactional encounter? While the transformation of society/nature relationships is often approached through the problematic of distance, and at the scale of macro-historical transformation, this article uses a conflict between American birdwatchers and ornithologists over scientific “collecting” (literally, the killing of birds) to examine the processes through which individuals come to know nature, and come to know it so differently. With John Dewey’s (1958 [1925]) “experience” as the unit of analysis, I trace changes in each group’s experience with birds over the past century; the phenomenology of the resulting encounters; and the understanding that emerges from each in order to understand (1) how, empirically, these two very different loves of birds are formed, and (2) knowledge of nature as an affective sensibility shaped by experiences of closeness.
An aliphatic quaternary ammonium salt which has a methoxyethyl group on the nitrogen atom formed an ionic liquid (room temperature molten salt) when combined with the tetrafluoroborate (BF4 −) and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [TFSI; (CF3SO2)2N−] anions. The limiting oxidation and reduction potentials, specific conductivity, and some other physicochemical properties of the novel ionic liquids, N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium tetrafluoroborate (DEME-BF4) and DEME-TFSI have been evaluated and compared with those of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. DEME-BF4 is a practically useful ionic liquid for electrochemical capacitors as it has a quite wide potential window (6.0V) and high ionic conductivity (4.8mScm−1 at 25°C). We prepared an electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) composed of a pair of activated carbon electrodes and DEME-BF4 as the electrolyte. This EDLC (working voltage ∼2.5V) has both, a higher capacity above room temperature and a better charge–discharge cycle durability at 100°C when compared to a conventional EDLC using an organic liquid electrolyte such as a tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate in propylene carbonate.
Objective: To determine whether men and women differ in cognitive outcome following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design: Observational, prospective, cross-sectional design. Setting: Research center in an urban medical center. Participants: Participants were 83 community-dwelling men (mean age, 47±11y) and 76 women (mean age, 48±14y) with mild-to-severe TBI, recruited as part of a study on fatigue after TBI. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure: Measures of processing speed, executive functioning, and visual memory were obtained from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Results: Among participants with mild TBI, women scored significantly higher than men on a test of visual memory, and there were no sex differences in processing speed or executive functioning. Among participants with moderate-to-severe TBI, there were no significant sex differences in any cognitive outcomes. Conclusions: Overall, there were few differences in cognitive outcome in men and women in this sample. However, the results are consistent with previous findings of better memory outcome in women compared with men after TBI, when the injury severity is mild. These findings suggest that, in some cognitive domains, outcomes after TBI vary depending on sex, but these differences may depend on other contributing variables such as injury severity.