batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether brain activity related to the presence of stuttering can be identified with rapid functional MRI (fMRI) sequences that involved overt and covert speech processing tasks. The long-term goal is to develop sensitive fMRI approaches with developmentally appropriate tasks to identify deviant speech motor and auditory brain activity in children who stutter closer to the age at which recovery from stuttering is documented. Rapid sequences may be preferred for individuals or populations who do not tolerate long scanning sessions. In this report, we document the application of a picture naming and phoneme monitoring task in 3min fMRI sequences with adults who stutter (AWS). If relevant brain differences are found in AWS with these approaches that conform to previous reports, then these approaches can be extended to younger populations. Pairwise contrasts of brain BOLD activity between AWS and normally fluent adults indicated the AWS showed higher BOLD activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), right temporal lobe and sensorimotor cortices during picture naming and higher activity in the right IFG during phoneme monitoring. The right lateralized pattern of BOLD activity together with higher activity in sensorimotor cortices is consistent with previous reports, which indicates rapid fMRI sequences can be considered for investigating stuttering in younger participants. Educational objectives: The reader will learn about and be able to describe the: (1) use of functional MRI to study persistent developmental stuttering; (2) differences in brain activation between persons who stutter and normally fluent speakers; and (3) potential benefit of time efficient fMRI sequences combined with a range of speech processing tasks for investigating stuttering in younger populations.
In order to elucidate the structural change of Li x CoO2 with temperature (T), powder X-ray diffraction measurements have been carried out using a synchrotron radiation source in the T range between 300 and 90K for the samples with x = 1.02 , 0.60, 0.56, and 0.53. The samples with x < 1.02 were prepared by an electrochemical reaction in a non-aqueous lithium cell. The x = 1.02 and 0.60 samples are in a rhombohedral phase ( R 3 ¯ m ) in the whole T range measured. On the other hand, the x = 0.56 and 0.53 samples exhibit a structural transition around 140K, although the both samples are in a monoclinic phase ( C 2 / m ) down to 90K. That is, the angle between a M - and c M -axis ( β M ) increases monotonically down to 150K, then increases more rapidly with further lowering T. The values of Δ β and a M / b M , which are parameters to characterize a monoclinic distortion from the hexagonal symmetry, are Δ β > + 0.6 ° and a M / b M < 1.732 above 140K, while Δ β < + 0.6 ° and a M / b M ≈ 1.732 below 140K. This suggests that the monoclinic distortion below 140K is mainly caused by a gliding along the basal plane.
Real-time awareness of radio spectrum use across frequency, geography and time is crucial to effective communications and information gathering in congested airway environments, yet acquiring this awareness presents a challenging sensing and data integration problem. A recent proposal has argued that real-time generation of spectrum usage maps might be possible through the use of existing radios in the area of interest, by exploiting their sensing capacity when they are not otherwise being used. In this paper, we assume this approach and consider the task allocation problem that it presents. We focus specifically on the development of a network-level middleware for task management, that assigns resources to prospective mapping applications based on a distributed model of device availability, and allows mapping applications (and other related RF applications) to specify what is required without worrying about how it will be accomplished. A distributed, auction-based framework is specified for task assignment and coordination, and instantiated with a family of minimum set cover algorithms for addressing “coverage” tasks. An experimental analysis is performed to investigate and quantify two types of performance benefits: (1) the basic advantage gained by exploiting knowledge of device availability, and (2) the additional advantage gained by adding redundancy in subregions where the probability of availability of assigned devices is low. To assess the effectiveness of our minimum set cover algorithms, we compute optimal solutions to a static version of the real-time coverage problem and compare performance of the algorithms to these upper bound solutions.
This paper presents a method to find the optimal location, selection, and operation of energy storage systems (ESS- batteries-) and capacitors banks (CB) in distribution systems (DS). A mixed-integer non-linear programming model is proposed to formulate the problem. In this model, the minimization of energy loss in the DS is selected as an objective function. As constraints are considered: the active and reactive energy balance, voltage regulation, the total number energy storage devices that can be installed into network, as well as the operative bounds associated with the ESS (time of charge-discharge and energy capabilities). Three operating scenarios for the DS are analyzed by adopting the method proposed in this work. The first scenario is an evaluation of the base case (without batteries and CB), in which the initial conditions of the DS are determined. The second scenario considers the location of the ESS composed by redox flow batteries. Finally, the third scenario includes the installation of REDOX flow batteries with CB in parallel to correct operating problems generated by battery charging, and improve their impact on the grid. A master-slave strategy is adopted to solve the problem here discussed, implementing a Chu & Beasley genetic algorithm in both stages as an optimization technique. The proposed method is tested in a 69-node test feeder, where numerical results demonstrate its effectiveness.
The lithium intercalation effects on the electronic states and the chemical bonding of spinel Li x Mn2O4 (x=0,1,2) have been investigated by the DV-Xα molecular orbital method. It is found that charge transfer takes place mostly from the Li ions to the O ions, but not to the Mn ions, when Li is intercalated into either the tetrahedral site or the octahedral site surrounded by the O ions in the compounds. Also, it is shown that these lithium intercalation compounds are characteristic of the host skeleton frame of Mn and O ions, which can flexibly accommodate the intercalated Li ions while maintaining the original electronic states as much as possible through the suitable structure relaxation.
In situ neutron diffraction was employed to investigate the structural evolution of the electrode materials in an ICR 10440 commercial cylindrical lithium-ion battery, which has a discharge capacity of 360 mAh and a nominal voltage of 3.7 V. A three-phase mixture of Li(Ni,Mn,Co)O2, LiCoO2 and LiMn2O4 was identified as the active material of the cathode, with graphite acting as the anode material. The study revealed that the graphite anode underwent structural changes to form a series of insertion-type lithiated derivatives, with up to 12.7% volume expansion for the Li-saturated compound LiC6. The charge-discharge behavior was more complex for the cathode. Here, the charge process was associated with partial lithium depletion from the initially Li-saturated compounds, leading to volume shrinkage for Li(Ni,Mn,Co)O2, in contrast to (Ni,Mn)-free LiCoO2. Electrochemical discharge experiments performed under a fast regime (2 C) at 5, 25 and 45 °C revealed that the discharge capacity followed the trend of an increased diffusion rate of Li+ ions in the electrolyte and Li atoms in both electrodes, being highest for 45 °C. At the lowest tested temperature (5 °C), a rapid drop in the discharge capacity took place using the same kinetic regime.
Si–carbon composite prepared by mechanical milling showed good cyclic capacity retention until the utilization of Si was limited below 32%, whereas the retention of a Si–Cu–carbon composite obtained by two-step mechanical milling was maintained up to 55%. A comparison between the first charge curves of a Si–carbon composite and a Si–Cu–carbon composite at 0.1C, indicated that the Si–carbon composite underwent a much higher polarization than the Si–Cu–carbon composite, leading to the difference in utilization of Si. Impedance spectroscopy let us confirm that the electrochemical alloying between Si and Li+ is much easier in the Si–Cu–carbon composite than in the Si–carbon composite. The superiority of the Si–Cu–carbon composite in kinetics enabled its electrode to have a more homogeneous Li+ concentration after Li+ insertion. Because this phenomenon means that the Si–Cu–carbon composite has a more homogeneous volume expansion than the Si–carbon composite, the disparity in electrochemical performance between the Si–carbon composite and the Si–Cu–carbon composite was attributed to enhanced Li+ transfer in the Si–Cu–carbon composite.
Unknown ‘Note: Page numbers followed by “f” indicate figures, “t” indicate tables.’
The microstructures and discharge products of Mg-6%Al-3%Zn and Mg-6%Al-3%Zn-0.5%In alloys are investigated by morphology observation, phase characterization, and composition analysis. Hydrogen collection, weight-loss measurement, and electrochemical tests are conducted to discuss their corrosion and discharge behaviors. An indium aroused dissolution–reprecipitation mechanism for Mg activation is proposed. Results suggest that the dissolution–reprecipitation mechanism can suitably interpret the indium-activation effect. Indium addition into Mg promotes Mg dissolution through synergistic effects, which involve increasing the second-phase amount, generating less-protective products, promoting products self-peeling, and dissolution–reprecipitation of indium. The homogenized Mg-Al-Zn-In alloy performs desirable corrosion resistance and discharge capability and thus is a promising candidate for applications as anode materials.
LiCoO2 thin-films have been grown by RF magnetron sputtering on silicon substrates covered with gold. As-grown films deposited at substrate temperature 500°C were identified by XRD and RS as an HT hexagonal phase. The structure of the films prepared at substrate temperatures <300°C were less well defined. Nevertheless, the films prepared at 200°C have better electrochemical properties than the films prepared at higher temperatures. The determination of the composition of thin-films showed that the composition approaches to the stoichiometric one for discharge power of 60W irrespective of substrate temperature. In other cases, a slight excess of Li was found. The films have promising properties to be used as cathodes in lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries.
The approach to optimal control for distributed battery energy storage systems (BESS) has recently been closely investigated and implemented by numerous experts. The management of the power balance based on the dischargeable energy of each battery is the main issue in this type of BESS control. In this regard, the performance of power sharing between Battery Energy Storage Units (BESUs) with different States of Charge (SoC) can be enhanced. Based on the traditional droop control, the sharing of power between different BESUs is based on power capacities, rather than on energy levels; it thus causes some limitations for the ideal injection and absorption of energy by the energy storage system. In this paper, a decentralized control method for SoC is proposed, based on a modified droop control method in which the SoC of each BESU is balanced during the discharge process. The droop coefficients should be set to be inversely proportional to the SoC of each BESU. Using this control strategy, the storage unit with the highest SoC provides more power to support the load, while the unit with lower SoC provides less power. Thus, the output power of each converter will be proportional to each SoC. The method is validated using simulation results from PSCAD/EMTDC software.
While SnO2 is regarded as a good material for Li ion storage because of its high theoretical capacity, its microstructured powder form cannot be directly used as battery electrode because of a drastic pulverization problem and thus poor cyclic performance. Nanostructuring offers opportunities to circumvent this drawback. We report the construction of SnO2 nanoflake branches onto robust TiO2 nanotube stems. This core-branch nanostructured electrode demonstrate evidently improved Li ion storage properties compared to powders, with more stable cycling processes and higher rate capability. In this design, the TiO2 nanotube stems are realized by atomic layer deposition and offer a low-mass scaffold for the SnO2 nanoflakes and also a charge conductive path.
Anion species are proved to have a significant influence on orientation, agglomeration and defect control of crystal growth for LiMn0.9Fe0.1PO4 nano-particles prepared by solvothermal synthesis. SO4 2− is helpful for high dispersity, while Cl− benefits accurate molar ratio control of transition metals in LiMn0.9Fe0.1PO4. Various LiMn0.9Fe0.1PO4 particles, being agglomerative spindles or mono-dispersed uniform nano-flakes, can be obtained by just tuning [Cl−]:[SO4 2−] ratio, and present dramatically different electrochemical performances. Though the as-prepared samples possess similar reversible capacities around 130 mAh g−1 at low C-rate, they show very different rate performances depending on morphology of the particles.
A thermal model of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/C electrochemical system has been developed. The thermal model is based on the thermal characteristic and related calculation for full charged LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and full discharged carbon materials, respectively. According to simulations on the thermal stability of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/C electrochemical system, there is one exothermic process for the full charged LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and two for the full discharged carbon. The first exothermic reaction for carbon material should be the best explanation for the initially self-heating of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/C electrochemical system. It is the reactions between LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and the electrolyte that make the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/C cell going into thermal runway. The simulated result shows a good consistency with the testing result, so this simulation method can provide a significant basis for the thermal and safety design of batteries.
To improve the electrochemical performances of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries and extend their cycle life, a mulberry-like Al-doped ZnO (AZO) particles decorating carbon cluster composite (C@AZO cluster) is synthesized as the Li-S cathode material. The C@AZO/S composite, with the sulfur content of 70 wt% and the sulfur mass loading of 2.2 mg cm−2, delivers a high initial specific capacity of 974.2 mAh g−1 at the current density of 0.5C (1C = 1675 mAh g−1) and a low capacity decay of 0.12% per cycle over 300 cycles. In this composite, the interconnected primary carbon spheres decorated by conductive AZO particles provide a fast charge transmission network which could greatly enhance the reaction kinetics and rate performance of Li-S batteries. Meanwhile, the integrated architecture of carbon cluster and the polarity brought by AZO could effectively reduce the dissolution of polysulfides to improve the cycle stability.
The electrochemical polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDT) was studied in microemulsions containing polyoxyethylene-10-laurylether as a non-ionic micellar surfactant. This allows to increase the solubility of the monomer in an aqueous solution. Thereby, the surfactant affects the transport of EDT. Capacity measurements and cyclic voltammetry on bare Pt show the influence of the surfactant by adsorption on the metal, too. An adsorption on the polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDT) surface could not be proved. Combined charge transfer and diffusion limitations control the electropolymerization kinetics at low monomer and surfactant concentrations. Charge transfer becomes limiting at high EDT concentrations. Apparent diffusion coefficients and the charge transfer coefficient of the electrochemical reaction were obtained from RDE experiments. The redox activity, UV/VIS spectra and surface morphology (from SEM pictures) depend on the polymerization potential and the solution composition. Best films were obtained at low potentials in LiClO4. At high potentials overoxidation of the polymer takes place, but an incorporation of the surfactant could not be detected.
Recently, M13 bacteriophage has started to be widely used as a functional nanomaterial for various electrical, chemical, or optical applications, such as battery components, photovoltaic cells, sensors, and optics. In addition, the use of M13 bacteriophage has expanded into novel research, such as exciton transporting. In these applications, the versatility of M13 phage is a result of its nontoxic, self-assembling, and specific binding properties. For these reasons, M13 phage is the most powerful candidate as a receptor for transducing chemical or optical phenomena of various analytes into electrical or optical signal. In this review, we will overview the recent progress in optical sensing applications of M13 phage. The structural and functional characters of M13 phage will be described and the recent results in optical sensing application using fluorescence, surface plasmon resonance, Förster resonance energy transfer, and surface enhanced Raman scattering will be outlined.
Baseline data are reported from a study of the effects of zinc supplementation on cognitive function in older adults as assessed by the CANTAB computerised test battery.
The electrochemical stability of non-precious FeCo-EDA and commercial Pt/C cathode catalysts for zinc air battery have been compared using accelerated degradation test (ADT) in alkaline condition. Outstanding oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) stability of the FeCo-EDA catalyst was observed compared with the commercial Pt/C catalyst. The FeCo-EDA catalyst retained 80% of the initial mass activity for ORR whereas the commercial Pt/C catalyst retained only 32% of the initial mass activity after ADT. Additionally, the FeCo-EDA catalyst exhibited a nearly three times higher mass activity compared to that of the commercial Pt/C catalyst after ADT. Furthermore, single cell test of the FeCo-EDA and Pt/C catalysts was performed where both catalysts exhibited pseudolinear behaviour in the 12–500mAcm−2 range. In addition, 67% higher peak power density was observed from the FeCo-EDA catalyst compared with commercial Pt/C. Based on the half cell and single cell tests the non-precious FeCo-EDA catalyst is a very promising ORR electrocatalyst for zinc air battery.
Transition metal selenides (TMSs) have been considering as a kind of promising alternative anode materials for the application of sodium ion batteries due to their high electrical conductivity and high capacity. Here, hollow NiCoSe2 microspheres was prepared via an easy hydrothermal method, followed by the dopamine derived N-doped carbon coated which formed the hollow NiCoSe2@C composite. As-prepared hollow NiCoSe2@C composite has been first used as a new anode material for sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Our selenides displays a quite good electrochemical sodium storage performance. For example, the reversible capacity of as-prepared hollow NiCoSe2@C composite electrode can be maintained at 464.7 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 after 200 cycles. Moreover, the rate performance of the hollow NiCoSe2@C composite is outstanding. The reversible capacities of 425.3, 420.8, 403.2, 394.7, 378.7, 367.8 and 337.5 mAh g−1 can be achieved at the current densities of 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 5000 mA g−1, respectively. Meanwhile, hollow NiCoSe2@C composite electrode exhibits a high discharge capacity of 338 mAh g−1 at a relatively high current density of 0.5 A g−1 after 250 cycles. In addition, the kinetic analysis of electrochemical Na + storage properties of the hollow NiCoSe2@C composite demonstrates that the extrinsic pseudo capacitive behaviour contributes significantly to excellent rate performance and good long-term cycling life. This method can be used to modify the morphologies and structures of the other TMSs for the development of new anode materials as anode materials in the application of sodium ion batteries.
The transport of lithium through sputter-deposited lithium cobalt dioxide thin film electrode was investigated by analysis of cyclic voltammogram (CV). Anodic and cathodic peaks on CV were highly asymmetric to each other in shape, and anodic peak current was larger than cathodic peak current in value. In addition, the anodic peak current I anod varied linearly with scan rate ν to the power 0.66–0.69 (i.e. I anod∝ν 0.66 to ν 0.69), over the scan rate range of two orders of magnitude, irrespective of the surface roughness of the oxide film. The CVs were simulated as a function of the scan rate at various chemical diffusivities, D ̃ Li + of lithium in the oxide by numerical analysis, assuming ‘cell-impedance controlled’ lithium transport across the electrode∣electrolyte interface. Especially the numerically simulated CVs at D ̃ Li + =10−10 cm2 s−1 quantitatively shared those experimentally obtained. This D ̃ Li + value was in good accordance with that value determined from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The effect of D ̃ Li + on peak current and peak potential during the ‘cell-impedance controlled’ lithium transport was also discussed.
A new control strategy including multiband stabilizers is designed for battery energy storage system (BESS). The introduced control scheme includes two internal control loops equipped with internal proportional-integral (PI) type controllers for active and reactive power control. These control loops are also equipped with multiband stabilizers. All controllers (i.e., internal controllers and multiband stabilizers) are simultaneously tuned by Meta-heuristic optimization techniques. Several disturbances are applied and simulated. The viability and effectiveness of the introduced method is verified through various nonlinear simulations and comparative studies.
Organic coating strategies for corrosion protection with inherently conducting polymers have become important because of restriction on the use of heavy metals and chromates in coatings due to their environmental problems. This work presents the synthesis of polyaniline–TiO2 composites (PTC) and the corrosion protection behaviour of PTC containing coating on steel. PTC was prepared by chemical oxidation of aniline and TiO2 by ammonium persulfate in phosphoric acid medium. The PTC was characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM techniques. Suitable coating with PTC was formed on steel using acrylic resin. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the PTC containing coating's behaviour in 3% NaCl immersion test and salt spray test has been found out. Results indicate that the coating containing PTC is able to maintain the potential of steel in passive region due to its redox property. The resistance of the coating containing PTC was more than 107 Ωcm2 in 3% NaCl solution after 60 days and 109 Ωcm2 in the salt spray test of 35 days. But the resistance of the TiO2 containing coating was found to be less than 104 Ωcm2 in both the cases. The high performance of PTC containing coating is attributed to the passivation of steel by polyaniline.