batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Humic acid is creatively selected as an anode material in sodium ion batteries. Bio-based carbon fibers (H-CF) are fabricated from polyacrylonitrile (PAN) − humic acid (HA) via simple eletrospinning followed by stabilization and carbonization. The heat-treatment temperature (HTT) is optimized based on analysis of material structures and electrochemical performances. Due to unique composite networks and oxygenic functionalities, the H-CF anode obtained at 1300°C has a large reversible capacity of 261.3mAhg−1 (current density: 0.02Ag−1, initial efficiency: 69.6%). The anode also presents good cycle stability (249.6mAhg−1 reversible capacity at 0.1Ag−1 with capacity retention of 92.8% over 100 cycles) and good rate capability (208.6mAhg−1 at 0.2Ag−1 and 81.7mAhg−1 at 1Ag−1). It is proved that humic acid can serve as a robust precursor for high-performance anode of sodium ion batteries.
Mathematic abilities in childhood are highly predictive for long-term neurocognitive outcomes. Preterm-born individuals have an increased risk for both persistent cognitive impairments and long-term changes in macroscopic brain organization. We hypothesized that the association of childhood mathematic abilities with both adulthood general cognitive abilities and associated fronto-parietal intrinsic networks is altered after preterm delivery. 72 preterm- and 71 term-born individuals underwent standardized mathematic and IQ testing at 8 years and resting-state fMRI and full-scale IQ testing at 26 years of age. Outcome measure for intrinsic networks was intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC). Controlling for IQ at age eight, mathematic abilities in childhood were significantly stronger positively associated with adults’ IQ in preterm compared with term-born individuals. In preterm-born individuals, the association of children’s mathematic abilities and adults’ fronto-parietal iFC was altered. Likewise, fronto-parietal iFC was distinctively linked with preterm- and term-born adults’ IQ. Results provide evidence that preterm birth alters the link of mathematic abilities in childhood and general cognitive abilities and fronto-parietal intrinsic networks in adulthood. Data suggest a distinct functional role of intrinsic fronto-parietal networks for preterm individuals with respect to mathematic abilities and that these networks together with associated children’s mathematic abilities may represent potential neurocognitive targets for early intervention.
Electrospun carbon–silicon composite nanofiber is employed as anode material for lithium ion batteries. The morphology of composite nanofiber is optimized on the C/Si ratio to make sure well distribution of silicon particles in carbon matrix. The C/Si (77/23, w/w) nanofiber exhibits large reversible capacity up to 1240mAhg−1 and excellent capacity retention. Ex situ scanning electron microscopy is also conducted to study the morphology change during discharge/charge cycle, and the result reveals that fibrous morphology can effectively prevent the electrode from mechanical failure due to the large volume expansion during lithium insertion in silicon. AC impedance spectroscopy reveals the possible reason of unsatisfactory rate capability of the nanofiber. These results indicate that this novel C/Si composite nanofiber may has some limitations on high power lithium ion batteries, but it can be a very attractive potential anode material for high energy-density lithium-ion batteries.
Chlorpyrifos was selected for EPA’s Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) based on widespread use and potential for human and environmental exposures. The purpose of the program is to screen chemicals for their potential to interact with the estrogen, androgen, or thyroid pathways. A battery of 11 assays was completed for chlorpyrifos in accordance with test guidelines developed for EDSP Tier 1 screening. To determine potential endocrine activity, a weight-of-evidence (WoE) evaluation was completed for chlorpyrifos, which included the integration of EDSP assay results with data from regulatory guideline studies and the published literature. This WoE approach was based on the OECD conceptual framework for testing and assessment of potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals and consisted of a systematic evaluation of data, progressing from simple to complex across multiple levels of biological organization. The conclusion of the WoE evaluation is that chlorpyrifos demonstrates no potential to interact with the estrogen, androgen, or thyroid pathways at doses below the dose levels that inhibit cholinesterase. Therefore, regulatory exposure limits for chlorpyrifos, which are based on cholinesterase inhibition, are sufficient to protect against potential endocrine alterations. Based on the results of this WoE evaluation, there is no scientific justification for pursuing additional endocrine testing for chlorpyrifos.
Li3VO4/C/rGO (HC-LVO/C/G) ternary composite with honeycomb-like structure is successfully prepared through a simple spray drying method with polystyrene (PS) microspheres as soft template. In this characteristic structure, carbon-coated Li3VO4 nanoparticles are well wrapped by rGO sheets and uniformly distributed within the honeycomb-like micrometer-sized clusters. The double coating layers of amorphous carbon and rGO can avoid the direct exposure of Li3VO4 nanoparticles to the electrolyte and enhance the electronic conductivity. Meanwhile, the honeycomb-like structure can shorten the diffusion paths of Li+ ions and favors the relaxation of the strain/stress during cycling. The resultant HC-LVO/C/G composite exhibits significantly improved high-rate performance and long cycle-life (the high reversible capacity of 312mAhg−1 can be maintained after 1000 cycles at 10 C) compared with the contrastive Li3VO4/C composite synthesized by a typical solid-state reaction method.
The lithium/sulfur (Li–S) batteries consist of a composite cathode, a polymer electrolyte, and a lithium anode. The composite cathode is made from elemental sulfur (or lithium sulfide), carbon black, PEO, LiClO4, and acetonitrile. The polymer electrolyte is made of gel-type linear poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with tetra ethylene glycol dimethyl ether. Cells based on Li2S or sulfur have open-circuit voltages of about 2.2 and 2.5V, respectively. The former cell shows two reduction peaks and one oxidation peak. It is suggested that the first reduction peak is caused by the change from polysulfide to short lithium polysulfide, and the second reduction peak by the change from short lithium polysulfide to lithium sulfide (Li2S, Li2S2). The cell based on sulfur has the same reduction mechanism as that of Li2S, which is caused by the multi process (first and second reduction) of lithium polysulfide. On charge–discharge cycling, the first discharge has a higher capacity than subsequent discharges and the flat discharge voltage is about 2.0V. As the current load is increased, the discharge capacity decreases. One reason for this fading capacity and low sulfur utilization is the aggregation of sulfur (or polysulfide) with cycling.
Due to their high storage capacity Sn-based materials are of considerable interest as negative electrode for Li-ion batteries. However the strong volume change occurring during the alloy formation strongly limits the electrochemical performances (cycle and time life). Analysis by Mössbauer spectroscopy using model compounds (Sn, Sn-Li and transition metal-Sn alloys) shows that the volume expansion is related to the structural change from a Sn based network to a Li based network. Two types of materials are proposed here to overcome this problem: tin dispersion in an electrochemically inactive oxide matrix with buffer role to absorb volume changes or tin alloying with an inactive transition metal to minimize the volume expansion. The use of Mössbauer spectroscopy (in situ operando mode) allows a dynamic approach which is essential to understand the fundamental causes of ageing on cycling and to define then the key issues to be solved for material’s application.
The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (FDNPP) incident released a significant mass of radioactive material into the atmosphere. An estimated 22% of this material fell out over land following the incident. Immediately following the disaster, there was a severe lack of information not only pertaining to the identity of the radioactive material released, but also its distribution as fallout in the surrounding regions. Indeed, emergency aid groups including the UN did not have sufficient location specific radiation data to accurately assign exclusion and evacuation zones surrounding the plant in the days and weeks following the incident. A newly developed instrument to provide rapid and high spatial resolution assessment of radionuclide contamination in the environment is presented. The device consists of a low cost, lightweight, unmanned aerial platform with a microcontroller and integrated gamma spectrometer, GPS and LIDAR. We demonstrate that with this instrument it is possible to rapidly and remotely detect ground-based radiation anomalies with a high spatial resolution (<1 m). Critically, as the device is remotely operated, the user is removed from any unnecessary or unforeseen exposure to elevated levels of radiation.
The catalytic activity of V2+/V3+ and VO2+/VO2 + redox couples on the halogen-doped graphene nanoplatelets (F-, Cl-, and Br-GNPs) is studied by ball-milling graphite flakes with fluorine (F2), chlorine (Cl2), and bromine (Br2) molecules, respectively. Using the edge-selectively halogenated graphene materials with different edge exfoliation degrees, the vanadium redox reactions can be significantly facilitated by having abundant edge defects with large surface area in the order: Br-GNP>Cl-GNP>F-GNP. The influence of halogen functionalization on graphene nanoplatelets towards vanadium redox couples is further confirmed by stack-type vanadium redox flow batteries that demonstrates better cell performance than graphene nanoplatelets without dopant at the edges. Notably, the Br-GNP showed unique electrochemical performance of increased initial charge/discharge capacity and improved rate capability, respectively. It was found that halogen doping on graphene-based materials can promote vanadium redox reactions by creating effective active sites, and the electrocatalytic activity is dependent on edge exfoliation degree and well-preserved basal planes.
MSb (M=Ni, Co, Fe, Mn) alloys with a NiAs type structure were synthesized by ceramic route and evaluate as a negative electrode material for rechargeable lithium batteries. Electrochemical tests demonstrated that initial charge and discharge capacities of this materials were ca. 390 and 330mAhg−1, respectively. Ex situ XRD of MnSb electrodes showed that LiMnSb and Li3Sb were successively formed during lithium insertion. The 121Sb Mössbauer spectra show that the insertion mechanism during discharge involves the formation of several lithium-containing compounds such as LiMnSb, Li3Sb with manganese extrusion. During the subsequent charge a more complex mechanism occurs involving MnSb, modified LiMnSb alloy and metallic Sb formation.
Fuel cells (FCs) have been in development for more than 50 years; whereas the application of weak output of some FCs in detection of biochemical species as self-powered electrochemical sensors (SPESs) has attracted considerable attention in past decade. Different from conventional electrochemical sensors, FC-based SPESs do not need external power supplies and complex devices, but use the electrical output as sensing signal provided by redox reactions in FCs. As a result, SPESs provide a feasible approach to the construction of miniaturized, implantable or portable devices. Different types of FCs including enzymatic biofuel cell (EBFC), microbial fuel cell (MFC) and photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) can change their outputs with the concentration of analyte to realize the sensitive detection by using the extremely strong catalytic properties of enzymes, microorganisms and semiconducting materials, respectively. So far, SPESs have achieved some gratifying progresses through the continuous exploration of researchers. In this review, we summarize the research advances in SPESs based on three types of FCs for detection of different biochemical species, including nucleic acids, proteins, H2O2, heavy metal ions, glucose, lactate and so on. Moreover, the problems of different FCs faced for various targets and some possible solutions are proposed. Finally, we discuss the future development directions, challenges and opportunities of SPESs.
Aqueous electrolyte based asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) has recently attracted increasing interest by virtue of their operation voltage and high ionic conductivity. Herein, we developed a novel ASC based on carbon nanotubes@nickel oxide nanosheets (CNT@NiO) core–shell composites as positive electrode and porous carbon polyhedrons (PCPs) as negative electrode in aqueous KOH solution as electrolyte. The CNT@NiO core–shell hybrids were prepared through a facile chemical bath deposition method followed by thermal annealing, while PCPs were obtained by direct carbonization of Zn-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Owing to their unique microstructures, outstanding electrochemical properties have been achieved in three-electrode configuration, e.g., 996 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, 500 at 20 A g−1 for the CNT@NiO electrode within 0–0.5 V window, and 245 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 for the PCPs electrode within −1–0 V window. Resulting from these merits, the as-fabricated CNT@NiO//PCPs ASC exhibits maximum energy density of 25.4 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 400 W kg−1 and even remains 9.8 Wh kg−1 at 16,000 W kg−1 (a full charge–discharge within 4.4 s) in the wide voltage region of 0–1.6 V. More importantly, the CNT@NiO//PCPs asymmetric supercapacitor shows ultralong cycling stability, with 93% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles.
A stationary two-dimensional model for the vanadium oxygen fuel cell is developed. The model consists of a single cell with two membranes, set up as of two half-cells and an intermediate chamber. The transport and balance of mass, momentum and charge are linked to the electrochemical reaction kinetics of the vanadium species and oxygen. The kinetic model for the cathode half-cell is extended by an empirical logistic function to describe the transient behavior of the half-cell. Additionally, experiments are conducted on a single vanadium oxygen fuel cell with 40 cm2 active membrane area. The experimental results are used to validate the simulation data. The effects of constant current discharging, polarization behavior and different flow rates on the cathode overpotential are studied by means of this model.
In the present study, spent medium bioleaching method was performed using organic acids produced by Aspergillus niger to dissolve Ni, Co, Mn, Li, Cu and Al from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Response surface methodology was used to investigate the effects and interactions between the effective factors of sucrose concentration, initial pH, and inoculum size to optimize organic acid production. Maximum citric acid, malic acid, and gluconic acid concentrations of 26,478, 1832.53 and 8433.76ppm, respectively, and a minimum oxalic acid concentration of 305.558ppm were obtained under optimal conditions of 116.90 (gl−1) sucrose concentration, 3.45% (vv−1) inoculum size, and a pH value of 5.44. Biogenically-produced organic acids are used for leaching of spent LIBs at different pulp densities. The highest metal recovery of 100% Cu, 100% Li, 77% Mn, and 75% Al occurred at 2% (wv−1) pulp density; 64% Co and 54% Ni recovery occurred at 1% (wv−1) pulp density. The bioleaching of metals from spent LIBs can decrease the environmental impact of this waste. The results of this study suggest that the process can be used for large scale industrial purposes.
Homogeneous and adherent polyaniline coatings were electrosynthesized on aluminum (Al) alloy 3004 (AA 3004) from an aqueous solution containing aniline and oxalic acid by using the galvanostatic polarization method. A higher applied current density in the polymerization stage proved to be the best condition to adopt for the synthesis of more compact and strongly adherent polyaniline coatings on Al. The corrosion performances of polyaniline coatings were investigated in 3.5% NaCl solution by the potentiodynamic polarization technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies reveal that the polyaniline acts as a protective layer on Al against corrosion in 3.5% NaCl solution. The current corrosion decreases significantly from 6.55μAcm−2 for uncoated Al to 0.158μAcm−2 for polyaniline-coated Al. The corrosion rate of the polyaniline-coated Al is found to be 5.17×10−4 mmyear−1, which is ∼40 times lower than that observed for bare Al. The potential corrosion increases from −1.015V versus SCE for uncoated Al to ∼−0.9V versus SCE for polyaniline-coated Al electrodes. The positive shift of ∼0.11V in potential corrosion indicates the protection of the Al surface by the polyaniline coatings. The synthesized coatings were characterized by UV–visible absorption spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Optical absorption spectroscopy reveals the formation of the emeraldine form of polyaniline. The results of this study clearly ascertain that the polyaniline has outstanding potential to protect the AA 3004 alloy against corrosion in a chloride environment.
The carbon-coated α-Na2MoO4 nanoplate sample was fabricated via a facile sol–gel method involving the subsequent annealing under a reducing atmosphere to decompose the organic carbon source. X-ray diffraction with Rietveld refinement, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results show that single-phase α-Na2MoO4 can be obtained even under the presence of carbon and reducing atmosphere. When evaluated as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, the carbon-coated α-Na2MoO4 nanoplate electrode displays a discharge and recharge capacity of 806mAhg−1 and 409mAhg−1 respectively in the first cycle, while a reversible discharge–charge capacity of 350mAhg−1 can be retained after 30 cycles at 30mAhg−1. A capacity of ∼320mAhg−1 at 30mAhg−1 can still recover after 50 cycles even following the discharge/charge process with the high current density of 480mAhg−1. Meanwhile, carbon-free and carbon-coated α-Na2MoO4 powders fabricated via a solid state reaction were also prepared for comparison. Furthermore, the structure change of α-Na2MoO4 and its Li storage mechanism upon lithiation and delithiation process are studied by ex-situ XRD and TEM in below.
While both neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease (NIFID) and basophilic inclusion body disease (BIBD) show frontotemporal lobar degeneration and/or motor neuron disease, it remains unclear whether, and how, these diseases differ from each other. Here, we compared the clinicopathological characteristics of four BIBD and two NIFID cases. Atypical initial symptoms included weakness, dysarthria, and memory impairment in BIBD, and dysarthria in NIFID. Dementia developed more than 1 year after the onset in some BIBD and NIFID cases. Upper and lower motor neuron signs, parkinsonism, and parietal symptoms were noted in both diseases, and involuntary movements in BIBD. Pathologically, severe caudate atrophy was consistently found in both diseases. Cerebral atrophy was distributed in the convexity of the fronto-parietal region in NIFID cases. In both BIBD and NIFID, the frontotemporal cortex including the precentral gyrus, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus including the dentate gyrus, substantia nigra, and pyramidal tract were severely affected, whereas lower motor neuron degeneration was minimal. While α-internexin-positive inclusions without cores were found in both NIFID cases, one NIFID case also had α-internexin- and neurofilament-negative, but p62-positive, cytoplasmic spherical inclusions with eosinophilic p62-negative cores. These two types of inclusions frequently coexisted in the same neuron. In three BIBD cases, inclusions were tau-, α-synuclein-, α-internexin-, and neurofilament-negative, but occasionally p62-positive. These findings suggest that: (1) the clinical features and distribution of neuronal loss are similar in BIBD and NIFID, and (2) an unknown protein besides α-internexin and neurofilament may play a pivotal pathogenetic role in at least some NIFID cases.
Background Infection is the leading cause of death for left ventricular assist device (LVAD) patients with end-stage heart failure. Decreased infection may be possible with fully implantable LVADs such as the LionHeart, which lacks percutaneous conduits (PCs), a common source of device-related infection (DRI). This sub-study reports infections with the LionHeart and compares these results with historic data from the REMATCH trial, bridge to recovery (BTR) and bridge-to-transplantation (BTT) studies. Methods Twenty-three patients were implanted with the LionHeart LVAD and followed until death or heart transplant during a non-randomized, multicenter, European trial from October 1999 to April 2004. The nature and incidence of infection were analyzed and adjudicated to definitions similar to, or the same as, the REMATCH definitions. Results The combined number of implant days was 7,980, with a mean of 347 days (median 112, range 17 to 1,259 days). Survival at 1 year was 39%, with 2-year survival at 22%. Seventy-four percent of patients developed one or more infections, with 30% developing sepsis, and 35% developing pump-pocket infections (PSIs). No patients developed pump-housing or inflow- or outflow-tract infections (PI). For comparison, the prevalence rates of sepsis, PSI and PI in REMATCH were 51%, 35% and 19%, respectively. Conclusions The patients in the European LionHeart Clinical Utility Baseline Study (CUBS) trial had less sepsis and less overall DRI compared with the REMATCH LVAD group. Therefore, the fully implanted device may cause less infection than PC devices during destination therapy (DT). Although lower for DT, these rates are still higher than for some BTT experiences. Areas for future improvement include miniaturization of controller/battery components to reduce wound complications related to pocket size, and installation of more modern lithium-ion batteries to decrease the need for re-operations due to battery end-of-life.
The work function is a fundamental quantity applied to many aspects of physics and describes the minimum energy required to remove an electron from the surface of a metal and eject it into the vacuum. Here, the authors demonstrate a method to determine the work function to five significant figures, a higher order of magnitude than previously reported.
For the first time, we report a facile approach to fabricate metal organic framework derived carbon (MOF-C) with tunable porous structure. Different from direct pyrolysis of MOFs and blind attempt in application, the in-situ ammonia treatment enables MOF-C with desired porous structure from enriched microporous structure to hierarchically mesoporous structure. Further, NH3 treated MOF-C as carbon host for sulfur loading performing as the cathode for Li–S batteries results in twice higher capacity retention than that of pristine MOF-C. Besides, different Li–S electrochemical mechanisms regarding the different porous structures of carbon are also revealed and investigated in this paper.