batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Pure NiAl-layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and graphene oxide (GO)/NiAl-LDHs composites are both fabricated by refluxing solution with the assistance of microwave irradiation within 2hours. The structural characterization and morphological observation of the composites suggest that small NiAl-LDHs crystals are in situ grown on the surface of GO nanosheets, preventing the compact stacking of GO as an intercalated spacer. The electrochemical performances of pure LDHs and GO/NiAl-LDHs composites with different content of GO are investigated and compared. The GO/NiAl-LDHs composite containing 23 wt% GO exhibits a higher specific capacitance of 1630 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 in 6M KOH solution and more stable rate capability than others. When GO is substituted by microwave reduced graphene oxide (rGO) or the GO in the GO/NiAl-LDHs composite is thermally reduced at a rational temperature, rGO/NiAl-LDHs composites are obtained with enhanced electrochemical behavior in rate capability and cycle life. Critical comparisons indicate that rGO/NiAl-LDHs composite prepared by thermal reducing GO/NiAl-LDHs has better cycling performance and rate capability than the counterpart directly prepared with rGO.
The Br2/H2 redox flow cell shows promise as a high-power, low-cost energy storage device. The effect of various aspects of material selection, processing, and assembly of electrodes on the operation, performance, and efficiency of the system is determined. In particular, (+) electrode thickness, cell compression, hydrogen pressure, and (−) electrode architecture are investigated. Increasing hydrogen pressure and depositing the (−) catalyst layer on the membrane instead of on the carbon paper backing layers have a large positive impact on performance, enabling a limiting current density above 2 A cm−2 and a peak power density of 1.4 W cm−2. Maximum energy efficiency of 79 % is achieved. In addition, the root cause of limiting-current behavior in this system is elucidated, where it is found that Br− reversibly adsorbs at the Pt (−) electrode for potentials exceeding a critical value, and the extent of Br− coverage is potential-dependent. This phenomenon limits maximum cell current density and must be addressed in system modeling and design. These findings are expected to lower system cost and enable higher efficiency.
Field and community evaluation of the routine usage of CD4 T counting platforms is essential in resource-poor countries for efficient and cost-effective monitoring of HIV-infected adults and children attending health care centers.
The first working Mg rechargeable battery prototypes were ready for presentation about 13 years ago after two breakthroughs. The first was the development of non-Grignard Mg complex electrolyte solutions with reasonably wide electrochemical windows in which Mg electrodes are fully reversible. The second breakthrough was attained by demonstrating high-rate Mg cathodes based on Chevrel phases. These prototypes could compete with lead–acid or Ni–Cd batteries in terms of energy density, very low self-discharge, a wide temperature range of operation, and an impressive prolonged cycle life. However, the energy density and rate capability of these Mg battery prototypes were not attractive enough to commercialize them. Since then we have seen gradual progress in the development of better electrolyte solutions, as well as suggestions of new cathodes. In this article we review the recent accumulated experience, understandings, new strategies and materials, in the continuous R&D process of non-aqueous Mg batteries. This paper provides a road-map of this field during the last decade.
Food wastes are today considered as a cheap source of valuable components since the existent technologies allow the recovery of target compounds and their recycling inside the food chain as functional additives in different products. Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is generated from olive oil extraction systems. It has high added-value compounds namely phenolics, recalcitrants, pectin, and some important enzymes. It causes a certain amount of toxicity/phytotoxicity because of its phenolic compounds. OMW also has significant impacts when discharged directly into surface waters. Therefore, the treatment of olive mill wastewater is very much needed. Several types of techniques have been investigated for OMW treatment along with recovery and removal of its phenolic compounds. Among these techniques, physical ones are utilized for extraction purposes, while chemical and biological methods are applied in order to diminish organic load. In this review, current status and recent developments in the recovery and removal of phenolic compounds from OMW have been critically examined.
Understanding the genetic factors underlying brain structural connectivity is a major challenge in imaging genetics. Here, we present results from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of whole-brain white matter (WM) fractional anisotropy (FA), an index of microstructural coherence measured using diffusion tensor imaging. Data from independent GWASs of 355 Swedish and 250 Norwegian healthy adults were integrated by meta-analysis to enhance power. Complementary GWASs on behavioral data reflecting processing speed, which is related to microstructural properties of WM pathways, were performed and integrated with WM FA results via multimodal analysis to identify shared genetic associations. One locus on chromosome 17 (rs145994492) showed genome-wide significant association with WM FA (meta P value = 1.87 × 10−08). Suggestive associations (Meta P value <1 × 10−06) were observed for 12 loci, including one containing ZFPM2 (lowest meta P value = 7.44 × 10−08). This locus was also implicated in multimodal analysis of WM FA and processing speed (lowest Fisher P value = 8.56 × 10−07). ZFPM2 is relevant in specification of corticothalamic neurons during brain development. Analysis of SNPs associated with processing speed revealed association with a locus that included SSPO (lowest meta P value = 4.37 × 10−08), which has been linked to commissural axon growth. An intergenic SNP (rs183854424) 14 kb downstream of CSMD1, which is implicated in schizophrenia, showed suggestive evidence of association in the WM FA meta-analysis (meta P value = 1.43 × 10−07) and the multimodal analysis (Fisher P value = 1 × 10−07). These findings provide novel data on the genetics of WM pathways and processing speed, and highlight a role of ZFPM2 and CSMD1 in information processing in the brain.
There is strong evidence that global climate change over the last several decades has caused shifts in species distributions, species extinctions, and alterations in the functioning of ecosystems. However, because of high variability on short (i.e., diurnal, seasonal, and annual) timescales as well as the recency of a comprehensive instrumental record, it is difficult to detect or provide evidence for long-term, site-specific trends in ocean temperature. Here we analyze five in situ datasets from Florida Keys coral reef habitats, including historic measurements taken by lighthouse keepers, to provide three independent lines of evidence supporting approximately 0.8 °C of warming in sea surface temperature (SST) over the last century. Results indicate that the warming observed in the records between 1878 and 2012 can be fully accounted for by the warming observed in recent decades (from 1975 to 2007), documented using in situ thermographs on a mid-shore patch reef. The magnitude of warming revealed here is similar to that found in other SST datasets from the region and to that observed in global mean surface temperature. The geologic context and significance of recent ocean warming to coral growth and population dynamics are discussed, as is the future prognosis for the Florida reef tract.
The conduction mechanism of polymer nano-composite electrolytes are studied using broadband dielectric spectroscopy over a wide range of frequency and temperature. The polymer nano-composites consisting of polyethylene oxide as polymer host, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate as salt, and nano-crystalline zirconia as filler are prepared using solution casting method. Formation of polymer salt complex and nano-composites are confirmed from x-ray diffraction studies. The electrical conductivity and relaxation phenomena of the polymer salt complex as well as the composites are studied using broadband dielectric spectroscopy. At room temperature, the dc conductivity of the polymer nano-composites are found higher by two orders of magnitude than that of corresponding polymer salt complex. Temperature dependence of dc conductivity is following Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher trend, suggesting strong coupling between ionic conductivity and segmental relaxation in polymer electrolytes. Relaxation phenomena are studied with dielectric and modulus formalism. Frequency dependent ac conductivity show universal dielectric response and nearly constant loss features at high and low temperature regions respectively. The origin of universal dielectric response and nearly constant loss are analysed and discussed using different approaches. Kramer - Krönig approach suggests the origin of nearly constant loss is due to caged ion dynamics feature.
First attested in the Kharoshthi and Brahmi inscriptions of ca. 250 b.c., the Indic family of scripts has proved one of the world's most successful. Originally devised for Middle Indo-Aryan, then adapted for the accurate notation of Sanskrit, the organizing principle is that of the alphasyllabary, in which consonants are voweled by the attachment of distinctive signs. The three main groups of Indic scripts derived from Brahmi in official use today illustrate progressively greater degrees of modification of the system, to write the modern Indo-Aryan languages, the Dravidian languages of south India, and the linguistically diverse languages of Southeast Asia.
We developed a facile method to synthesize porous and N-rich carbon materials derived from Bombyx mori silk cocoons with an activation and thermal carbonization process. The silk-derived nanosheets carbon fibers consist of a porous and multilayer structure, endowing the materials with high surface area of 349.3m2 g−1 and much exposed active sites. The synthesized N-rich (4.7%) carbon materials are employed as electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and exhibit incredible catalytic performance as well as promising electrochemical durability, which are mainly attributed to the large amount of exposed active sites, high graphitization degree and the rich nitrogen elements, especially pyridine-N and graphitic-N. Typically, the silk-derived nanosheets carbon fibers activated by KCI afford a low onset potential of −63mV (vs. RHE), a low overpotential of 137mV at 10mAcm−2 and a Tafel slope of 132mVdec−1. The results may offer a novel and promising method for the preparation of non-metal HER catalysts derived from abundant biomass.
Intrauterine fetal demise due to utero-placental insufficiency usually occurs between obstetric evaluations when the gestation is not being actively monitored. Rapid advances in the development of “wearable” physiologic monitors linked to smart phone apps allow us to envision novel methods for evaluating the health of a pregnancy, potentially allowing intervention before fetal death or damage from asphyxia occur. In this report, we describe efforts to develop a fetal ECG monitor that can be worn throughout the day to confirm fetal wellbeing.
The hierarchical porous ZnMn2O4 microsphere is successfully synthesized by a facile ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technology combined with the thermal annealing treatment in air. The porous microspheres are built from interconnected porous nanosheets which are composed of numerous nanoparticles with size of approximately 15nm. This unique structure could not only facilitate the transfer of ions and electrons, but also accommodate large volume expansion and contraction so that it shows excellent electrochemical performance. When used as anode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), the ZnMn2O4 porous microspheres exhibited a discharge capacity of 1044mAhg−1 after 300 cycles at a current of 500mAg−1 and superior rate capability (859mAhg−1 at 2000mAg−1). The highly porous structure with nanosheet networks composed of nanoparticles is responsible for the enhanced performance.
ABSTRACT A novel hierarchical starfish-like vanadium oxide is synthesized by a simple and direct hydrothermal method using a functional V2O5 sol as a vanadium source. The formation mechanism of hierarchical starfish-like structure is discussed. Results demonstrate that the functional V2O5 sol plays a crucial role in the formation of a hierarchical starfish-like structure. Starfish-like vanadium oxide is composed of single crystals of a metastable VO2 (B) phase that grow along the (110) plane and four oblique sheets growing on the flanks of the (110) plane. The starfish-like structure can be preserved and undergoes phase transition to the orthorhombic V2O5 phase when calcined at 350°C. Hierarchical starfish-like V2O5 displays higher electrochemical performance than pristine V2O5 powder as a cathode material for LIBs. This improved performance could be attributed to the shortened diffusion path of lithium ions in the former; a large electrode/electrolyte contact area resulting from the unique hierarchical starfish-like structure composed of nanosheets also offers better electrolyte wetting and alleviates the structural degradation upon cycling. The hierarchical starfish-like V2O5 can deliver a discharge capacity of approximately 163mAhg⿿1 at a high current density of 1000mAg⿿1 (5C) even after 50 cycles.
Benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) is an idiopathic focal epileptic syndrome in childhood. It is called “benign” because the seizure and cognitive outcomes are usually favorable, but a significant number of children with BECTS present heterogeneous cognitive deficits correlated to NREM sleep epileptiform discharges. The atypical evolutions of BECTS form a spectrum of conditions suggesting that slow sleep nocturnal interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) specifically determine the neuropsychological deficit. Few follow-up studies of neuropsychological outcome in BECTS are available, and very often, slow sleep has not been recorded throughout night sleep. The present study analyzed the long-term effects of IEDs during NREM sleep on neuropsychological development in children with rolandic spikes. Thirty-three children with a diagnosis of BECTS were monitored for at least two years. Results show that these children are at higher risk for residual verbal difficulties, and the abnormal neuropsychological development is significantly correlated with a greater frequency of NREM sleep discharges, school-age epilepsy onset, and a higher number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). The findings are discussed in terms of how slow sleep IEDs affect the consolidation of verbal skills during critical epochs of neuropsychological development.
The role of vinylene carbonate (VC) as a thermal additive to electrolytes in lithium ion batteries is studied in two aspects: the protection of liquid electrolyte species and the thermal stability of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed from VC on graphite electrodes at elevated temperatures. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra indicate that VC can not protect LiPF6 salt from thermal decomposition. However, the function of VC on SEI can be observed via impedance and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). These results clearly show VC-induced SEI comprises polymeric species and is sufficiently stable to resist thermal damage. It has been confirmed that VC can suppress the formation of resistive LiF, and thus reduce the interfacial resistance.
A new inexpensive method aimed at distinguishing the forms in which Li+ remains irreversibly trapped within composite silicon-based anodes was suggested and tested. It includes a life-cycle test at a fixed degree of lithiation during the initial cycles. The integral capacity values obtained from the test were then correlated with the various chemical species of Li+ present in the electrodes after various cycle numbers in both charged and discharged states. Such a technique may provide a quantitative analytical tool for developing this type of electrode.
This review of traumatic brain injury encompasses its impact on society, pathophysiology, and rehabilitative management. Topics include mild traumatic brain injury, outcomes, prognosis, cognitive rehabilitation, behavioral management, and neurologic and medical complications. Emphasis is placed on clinically relevant topics that have had recent developments or have been historically difficult to treat. Neurologic complications discussed include seizure, balance, visual dysfunction, and spasticity. Medical complications discussed include neuroendocrine and pain issues.
In this work, we present a set of thermal characterization experiments of charged prismatic polymer lithium-ion battery (PLB) comparatively with those of a lithium-ion battery (LIB). These cells at different state of charge (SOC) were tested inside an accelerated rate calorimeter (ARC) to determine the onset-of-thermal runaway (OTR) temperatures. In addition, the thermally activated components of these cells were followed by monitoring the impedance (at 1kHz) and the open-circuit voltage (OCV) as a function of temperature. An increase in the impedance was observed at around 133°C corresponding to the polyethylene separator shutdown. Above 140°C, the OCV dropped to zero indicating an internal short-circuit due the separator meltdown suggesting that the pinholes created in the separator at meltdown are large enough to create an internal short-circuit.
A control strategy is presented in this paper which is suitable for miniature hydrogen/air proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The control approach is based on process modelling using fuzzy logic and tested using a PEM stack consisting of 15 cells with parallel channels on the cathode side and a meander-shaped flow-field on the anode side. The active area per cell is 8cm2. Commercially available materials are used for the bipolar plates, gas diffusion layers and the membrane-electrode assembly (MEA). It is concluded from a simple water balance model that water management at different temperatures can be achieved by controlling the air stoichiometry. This is achieved by varying the fan voltage for the air supply of the PEM stack. A control strategy of the Takagi Sugeno Kang (TSK) type, based on fuzzy logic, is presented. The TSK-type controller offers the advantage that the system output can be computed in an efficient way: the rule consequents of the controller combine the system variables in linear equations. It is shown experimentally that drying out of the membrane at high temperatures can be monitored by measuring the ac impedance of the fuel cell stack at a frequency of 1kHz. Flooding of single cells leads to an abrupt drop of the corresponding single-cell voltage. Therefore, the fuzzy rule base consists of the ac impedance at 1kHz and all single-cell voltages. The parameters of the fuzzy rule base are determined by plotting characteristic diagrams of the fuel cell stack at constant temperatures. The fuel cell stack can be controlled at T=60°C up to a power level of 7.5W. The fuel cell stack is controlled successfully even when the external electric load changes. At T=65°C, a maximum power level of 8W is found. A decrease of the maximum power level is observed for higher temperatures.
The goal of the present study was to examine the contribution of executive function (EF) and social cognition to individual differences in emotion regulation (ER) in preschool children. Sixty 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children were administered a battery of EF tasks, two theory of mind tasks, a measure of verbal ability, and an ER task. In addition, parents completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning—Preschool Version (BRIEF-P). Performance on the theory of mind tasks as well as parental ratings of executive function was not related to performance on the ER task. However, a component of EF (i.e., inhibition) approached significance with children's displays of positive behaviors during the ER task. Verbal ability was related to the regulation of positive but not negative emotions. Parental ratings of shifting accounted for a significant amount of variance in parental ratings of ER, even after controlling for verbal ability. The findings are discussed in the context of different conceptualizations of the developmental relation between ER and EF.
Dry-spun Carbon Nanotube (CNT) fibers were surface-modified by atmospheric pressure oxygen plasma functionalization using a well controlled and continuous process. The fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). It was found from the conducted electrochemical measurements that the functionalized fibers showed a 132.8% increase in specific capacitance compared to non-functionalized fibers. Dye-adsorption test and the obtained Randles-Sevcik plot demonstrated that the oxygen plasma functionalized fibers exhibited increased surface area. It was further established by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) measurements that the surface area of the CNT fibers was increased from 168.22 m2/g to 208.01 m2/g after plasma functionalization. The pore size distribution of the fibers was also altered by this processing. The improved electrochemical data was attributed to enhanced wettability, increased surface area, and the presence of oxygen functional groups, which promoted the capacitance of the fibers. Fiber supercapacitors were fabricated from the oxygen plasma functionalized CNT fiber electrodes using different electrolyte systems. The devices with functionalized electrodes exhibited excellent cyclic stability (93.2% after 4000 cycles), flexibility, bendability, and good energy densities. At 0.5 mA/cm2, the EMIMBF4 device revealed a specific capacitance, which is 27% and 65% greater than the specific capacitances of devices using EMIMTFSI and H2SO4 electrolytes, respectively. The practiced in this work plasma surface processing can be employed in other applications where fibers, yarns, ribbons, and sheets need to be chemically modified.
Decorating graphene with high destiny and uniform size of noble metal nanoparticles is very important for a number of applications including sensing and electrocatalysis. Herein, a novel approach based on in situ diazonium chemistry was reported to design gold nanoparticles/graphene hybrid materials (Au-NPs/G). Graphene oxide was firstly electro-reduced on the glassy carbon electrode, and then this modified electrode was grafted by aminophenyl diazonium cations, generated in situ from p-phenylenediamine. Subsequently, gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) were deposited on the p-phenylenediamine grafted electrode by a potentiostatic method. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to characterize the Au-NPs/G. The results demonstrated that the Au-NPs with high destiny and uniform size were dispersed on the electro-reduced graphene oxide. In addition, the obtained Au-NPs/G was utilized in electrocatalysis toward the oxidation of methanol showing excellent catalytic activity.