batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The interrelationship between the ability to inhibit incoming redundant input (gating out) and the ability of the brain to respond when the stimulus changes (gating in), has not been extensively examined. We administered a battery of auditory evoked potential tests to a group of chronic, medicated schizophrenia patients (N =12) and a group of healthy subjects (N =12) in order to examine relationships between “gating out” measures (suppression with repetition of the P50, N100, and P200 evoked responses), and the mismatch negativity (MMN) and the P300 event related potentials as measures of “gating in”. Gating ratios for N100 and P200 in a visual attention paired-click task differed significantly between groups. Mismatch negativity and P300 potential amplitudes were also significantly reduced in the patient group. When including all subjects (N =24) a negative correlation was found between the P50 gating and the amplitude of the MMN. In healthy subjects this correlation was significantly stronger compared to schizophrenia patients. While no significant correlation was noted between the amplitudes of the P300 and any gating measures when all 24 subjects were included, a significant negative correlation was seen between the P200 gating and the P300 amplitudes in schizophrenia patients; an opposite trend was noted in healthy subjects. Finally, a positive correlation was seen between the P300 and MMN (to abstract deviance) amplitudes in healthy subjects, but the opposite was found in patients. These results suggest that further study of these interrelationships could inform the understanding of information processing abnormalities in schizophrenia.
The study that we conducted with students in secondary education in Morocco was aimed at:- Revealing some of students’ misconceptions relating to physical and chemical transformation in general, and especially the concept of redox-Check if students use their knowledge appropriately and if they can recognize redox phenomena in everyday life and distinguish it from other chemical transformations, such as acid-base reactions, precipitation, dissolution and even the physical transformations.-Check if the basic concepts constitute an obstacle to the understanding of the model when they are not assimilated by the students. -Propose a didactic approach to contribute to the improvement of the teaching of the concept of redox in high school.
Unknown Page numbers followed by f indicate illustrations; those followed by t indicate tables; those followed by b indicate boxes.
The culture of animal cells is key to much of basic research today and an important starting point for therapeutic applications. But each cell type has its own quirks. Some cells are happy with most media and protocols, but others can become the bane of a scientist's existence with their seemingly inexplicable needs. Caitlin Smith reports.
This paper presents the failure investigation of lead-acid battery grids received from a local battery manufacturer. Distortion, cracking, and brittleness were observed in as-cast grids. These battery grids were gravity cast by re-melting of locally made Pb–Sb ingots. However, similar distortion and brittleness were not observed in grids of similar design cast by re-melting of imported Pb–Sb ingots. Spectroscopy, optical and scanning electron microscopy, SEM–EDS analysis, and microhardness measurements were carried out on both types of grids to find out the root cause of failure. It was concluded that the distortion and cracking were mainly caused because of coarse dendritic microstructure with interdendritic and intercellular segregation produced by either high pouring temperature or low cooling rates employed during casting. This conclusion suggests that the casting parameters may have differed for the two types of ingots used. However, another contributing factor was thermal stresses induced during solidification and the brittleness of the locally produced ingots which contained a high arsenic content.
This paper presents a model of a lead-acid battery developed with bond graphs. The bond graph structure is used to reproduce the behavior of reversible electrochemical cells in charging conditions or in discharging conditions. The work presented here has been applied to the particular case of lead-acid battery, so widely used in the automotive industry as standard 12V batteries and as traction batteries in electrical or hybrid vehicles. The model considers each half-cell independently. For each half-cell the main electrode reaction and the electrolysis reaction of water are considered, that will be the hydrogen evolution reaction in the negative electrode and the oxygen evolution reaction in the positive. Electrochemical principles are considered in order to consider the main phenomena that appear in the battery, like the equilibrium potential, and the overpotential, modeled by means of the activation or charge transfer and the diffusion mechanisms. Each one of this phenomena are modeled with their corresponding bond graph elements and structures, showing the correspondence between bond graph elements and its physical interpretation in this field. First, an isothermal model has been developed in order to show the behavior of the main phenomena. A more complex model has also been developed including thermal behavior. This model is very useful in the case of traction batteries in electrical and hybrid vehicles where high current intensities appear. Some simulation results are also presented in order to show the accuracy of the proposed models and the differences of behavior if thermal effects are considered.
Artificial upwelling can lift nutritious deep ocean water to sunlit layer, as a result, it is able to promote primary production and is being paid more and more attention all over the world. Kinds of artificial upwelling method have been invented in recent years, however, few of them can fulfill the requirement of desired flow rate and balanced budget. The design of an air-lift artificial upwelling device powered by hybrid energy system is presented in this paper, where solar, wind and wave energy is exploited together to induce artificial upwelling. The preliminary results of an open sea trial lasted for 7 days have demonstrated that the hybrid system assembled in a floating platform with surface area of 12.5m2 can lift 4234m3 deep seawater from more than 20m depth. In particular, the operation based on optimal dispatch strategy showed that the unit cost of induced artificial upwelling is only 0.005 US $/m3. The work presented in this paper constitutes a step towards the development of an advanced hybrid energy system used for artificial upwelling.
In this paper‎, ‎a formulation is developed for sizing of a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) in different applications‎. ‎Here‎, ‎the HESS is a combination of Lithium battery and Ultra-Capacitor (UC)‎, ‎which is useful for many high energy and high power applications such as Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) and renewable energy‎. ‎The sizing formulas are based on initial cost and 10-years battery replacement cost which is arranged as an optimization problem‎. ‎For battery replacement cost‎, ‎the Lithium battery capacity depletion formulas are studied for a LiFePO4 battery‎. ‎As a case study‎, ‎application of HESS in a Series Hybrid Electric Bus (SHEB) is considered‎. ‎The results show by the addition of UC‎, ‎the Lithium battery life is improved significantly‎. ‎Furthermore‎, ‎the optimum sizing of the HESS is dependent to the SHEB driving cycle‎. ‎Therefore‎, ‎considering the power profile of the HESS in its sizing process may reduce HESS cost‎. ‎This effect is studied in three different cycles of the SHEB‎. ‎In addition‎, ‎the formulation is applied to cycle-based optimization of the Power Distribution Control Strategy (PDCS) of the HESS by dynamic programming‎. ‎The results show the optimum PDCS has better LiFePO4 battery life in comparison with the conventional PDCS‎.
Ubiquitination-mediated M1/M2 macrophage polarization plays important roles in the pathogenesis of immune disease. However, the regulatory mechanism of ubiquitination during M1/M2 macrophage polarization following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has not been well studied.
Pain conditions of the musculoskeletal system are very common and have tremendous socioeconomic impact. Despite its high prevalence, musculoskeletal pain remains poorly understood and predominantly non-specifically and insufficiently treated.
Amidst changing climates, understanding the world’s water resources is of increasing importance. In Ontario, Canada, low water conditions are currently assessed using only precipitation and watershed-based stream gauges by the Conservation Authorities in Ontario and the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry. Regional groundwater-storage changes in Ontario are not currently measured using satellite data by research institutes. In this study, contributions from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data are compared to a hydrogeological database covering southern Ontario from 2003 to 2013, to determine the suitability of GRACE total water storage estimates for monitoring groundwater storage in this location. Terrestrial water storage data from GRACE were used to determine monthly groundwater storage (GWS) anomaly values. GWS values were also determined by multiplying groundwater-level elevations (from the Provincial Groundwater Monitoring Network wells) by specific yield. Comparisons of GRACE-derived GWS to well-based GWS data determined that GRACE is sufficiently sensitive to obtain a meaningful signal in southern Ontario. Results show that GWS values produced by GRACE are useful for identifying regional changes in groundwater storage in areas with limited available hydrogeological characterization data. Results also indicate that GRACE may have an ability to forecast changes in groundwater storage, which will become useful when monitoring climate shifts in the near future.
A saturated solution of 2.3 M sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide in trimethyl iso-butyl phosphonium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide ionic liquid shows a high conductivity (0.94 mScm−1 at 50 °C), low ion association, and a wide operational temperature window (−71 °C–305 °C) making it a promising electrolyte for sodium battery applications. Cycling with P2- and O3-Na2/3[Fe2/3Mn1/3]O2 cathode display excellent performance at 50 °C outperforming conventional organic solvent based electrolytes in terms of capacities (at C/10) and long term cycle stability (at C/2). Post analysis of the electrolyte shows no measurable changes while the sodium metal anode and the cathode surface shows the presence of electrolyte specific elements after cycling, suggesting the formation of a stabilizing solid electrolyte interface. Additionally, cycling changes the topography and particle morphology of the cathode. Thus, the electrolyte properties and cell performance match or outperform previously reported results with the additional benefit of replacing the hazardous and flammable organic solvent solutions commonly employed.
Objective: Present the design of a neuropsychological battery for the detection of main cognitive deficits in school aged children with ADHD. Methods: The neuropsychological battery created for the present study consists of 13 subtests that were designed based on the main neuropsychological deficits described in recent literature regarding ADHD in school aged children and it has been applied to 10 children and adjustments have been made in its design. The tests are as follows: 1. Synkinetic movements (Motor overflow). 2. Gait. 3. Synchronized movements. 4. Delay aversion. 5. Reaction time (Go/No-go task). 6. Planning. 7. Working Memory. 8. Set- shifting. 9. Temporal processing. 10. Interference control. 11. Social Cognition. 12. Rapid naming. 13. Processing speed. Results: Until now, the battery has only been applied on a small sample to make adjustments on the application parameters, because some of the subtests are automated. Conclusion: Covering the evaluation of deficient functions in children with ADHD, the test battery is expected to make an important contribution to diagnostic evaluations, after its validation process and standardization.
The research presented in this paper shows that Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) issues associated with home appliances, such as TV sets, refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, and personal computers, are linked in the WEEE flow and recycling systems and are important to matters of public policy and regulation. In this paper, the sources and generation of WEEE in China are identified, and WEEE volumes are calculated. The results show that recycling capacity must increase if the rising quantity of domestic WEEE is to be handled properly. Simultaneously, suitable WEEE treatment will generate large volumes of secondary resources. Environmental problems caused by the existing recycling processes have been investigated in a case study. Problems mainly stem from open burning of plastic–metal parts and from precious metals leaching techniques that utilize acids. The existing WEEE flow at the national level was investigated and described. It became obvious that a considerable amount of obsolete items are stored in homes and offices and have not yet entered the recycling system. The reuse of used appliances has become a high priority for WEEE collectors and dealers because reuse generates higher economic profits than simple material recovery. The results of a cost analysis of WEEE flow shows that management and collection costs significantly influence current WEEE management. Heated discussions are ongoing in political and administrative bodies as to whether extended producer responsibilities policies are promoting WEEE recycling and management. This paper also discusses future challenges and strategies for WEEE management in China.
An improved solid-state coordination method namely wet coordination has been developed to synthesize carbon-coated monoclinic Li3V2(PO4)3 rapidly at a low temperature of 600°C in 1h. The structure of the sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX). The diffusion coefficient of the lithium ions was measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The electrochemical behavior of the sample exhibits a high initial discharge capacity of 130mAhg−1, which is very close to its theoretical capacity of 132mAhg−1 under 95mAg−1 (0.67C) in the range of 3.3–4.3V (vs. Li/Li+). These results suggest that wet coordination is a promising method for large-scale production of carbon-coated Li3V2(PO4)3.
Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) is one of the most promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries because of its stability, safety, and high reversible capacity. However, the sluggish Na-ion diffusion and poor electronic conductivity of NVP often hinder electrochemical performance, thus requiring compositing with carbon materials, such as graphene to improve the material. In this work, the effect of doping species of graphene on the electrochemical performance of NVP/graphene composites was systematically investigated and vigorously compared. 3D porous NVP fabricated by sol-gel method with 3 nm of carbon coating layers was deposited on graphene sheets with different surface functionalities (GO, N-rGO and P-rGO). NVP/N-rGO composites have low charge transfer resistance and high Na+ diffusion coefficient than that of NVP powder, NVP/P-rGO, and NVP/GO, which delivered a specific capacity of 113.9 mAh g−1 at 0.5C with a capacity retention up to 88.42% after 5000 cycles at 20 C. The superior sodium storage performance derives from the pyridinic and pyrrolic N doping in graphene, which triggers defective and active site numbers but maintains moderate graphitization to accelerate the Na+ and electron transportation.
A high prevalence of autism spectrum disorder is reported in children born extremely preterm (EP), but an even larger proportion of survivors are affected by subclinical difficulties than meet diagnostic criteria. The aims of this study were to investigate autistic traits associated with the broader autism phenotype in a cohort of young adults born EP, and explore how these traits relate to emotion recognition, empathy and autism symptom presentation in childhood. The prevalence of autism diagnoses was also investigated.
This study demonstrates an organic electrolyte-based rechargeable zinc-ion battery (ZIB) using Prussian blue (PB) analogue potassium nickel hexacyanoferrate K0.86Ni[Fe(CN)6]0.954(H2O)0.766 (KNF-086) as the cathode material. KNF-086 is prepared via electrochemical extraction of potassium ions from K1.51Ni[Fe(CN)6]0.954(H2O)0.766 (KNF-151). The cell is composed of a KNF-086 cathode, a zinc metal anode, and a 0.5 M Zn(ClO4)2 acetonitrile electrolyte. This cell shows a reversible discharge capacity of 55.6 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C rate with the discharge voltage at 1.19 V (vs. Zn2+/Zn). As evidenced by Fourier electron density analysis with powder XRD data, the zinc-inserted phase is confirmed as Zn0.32K0.86Ni[Fe(CN)6]0.954(H2O)0.766 (ZKNF-086), and the position of the zinc ion in ZKNF-086 is revealed as the center of the large interstitial cavities of the cubic PB. Compared to KNF-086, ZKNF-086 exhibits a decreased unit cell parameter (0.9%) and volume (2.8%) while the interatomic distance of d(Fe-C) increased (from 1.84 to 1.98 Å), and the oxidation state of iron decreases from 3 to 2.23. The organic electrolyte system provides higher zinc cycling efficiency (>99.9%) than the aqueous system (ca. 80%). This result demonstrates an organic electrolyte-based ZIB, and offers a crucial basis for understanding the electrochemical intercalation chemistry of zinc ions in organic electrolytes.
Much interest has been focused on testing technology for structural architectures since the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake. The elastic wave method with hammering has been used for these tests so far. However, less stability of hammering and its response makes it difficult to detect deterioration and crack accurately. The other ultrasonic method with a piezoelectric device also has its limitations in the inhomogenous materials because the ultrasonic wave attenuates rapidly in them. A low frequency measurement in the frequency domain will be a solution to this, though it has been thought to be difficult because it requires large dimension of oscillator. A metal magnetostrictive material, whose magnetostrictive driving force is large, was employed and processed. The material has almost same the level of Young's modulus with steel. We applied additional compression stress on the device to enhance oscillating efficiency extraordinarily, by utilizing its strength which enabled the generation of a wide bandwidth of elastic wave even at low frequency in small size. Accordingly, it has become possible to measure the structures with a continuous elastic wave or pulse by controlling its frequency and power. To date tunnels, piles and roads have been measured and tested successfully by this new method, which is expected to be applied to various types of structures and materials.
Olivine structure LiFePO4 attracted much attention as a promising cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. The overwhelming advantage of iron-based compounds is that, in addition to being inexpensive and naturally abundant, they are less toxic than Co, Ni, and Mn. Its commercial use has already started and there are several companies that base their business on lithium phosphate technology. Still, there is a need for a manufacturing process that produces electrochemically active LiFePO4 at a low cost. Therefore the interest in developing new approaches to the synthesis of LiFePO4 did not fade. Here is presented a review of the synthesis procedures used for the production of LiFePO4 powders along with the highlights of doped and coated derivatives. Apart from already established conventional routes of preparation, numerous alternative procedures are mentioned.
Carbon-supported Au–Ni–Cu, Au–Ni, Au–Cu and Au nanoparticles were synthesised using a polyol reduction method. The prepared nanoparticle catalysts were used as anode electrocatalysts in direct borohydride–hydrogen peroxide fuel cells. The physical properties of the as-prepared electrocatalysts were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). XRD and TEM analyses showed that the average size of the particles was approximately 10–20 nm. Cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were employed to analyse the borohydride oxidation reaction (BOR) on Au/C, Au–Cu/C, Au–Ni/C and Au–Ni–Cu/C. The results showed that the catalytic activity for BOR decreased in the order Au2–Ni1–Cu1/C > Au1.5–Ni1–Cu1/C > Au1–Ni1/C > Au1–Cu1/C > Au/C. Single-cell direct borohydride fuel cell (DBFC) tests also attested that the Au2–Ni1–Cu1/C anode catalyst exhibited better performance than the Au–Cu/C, Au–Ni/C and Au/C anode catalysts. Therefore, the ternary Au2–Ni1–Cu1/C catalyst can be a potential anode catalyst for DBFCs.
A novel sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membrane embedded with the short-carboxylic multi-walled carbon nanotube (we name it as SPEEK/SCCT membrane) for vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) has been prepared with low capacity loss, low cost and high energy efficiency. The mechanical strength, vanadium ions permeability and performance of the membrane in the VRB single cell were characterized. Results showed that the SPEEK/SCCT membrane possessed low permeability of vanadium ions, accompanied by higher mechanical strength than the Nafion 212 membrane. The VRB single cell with SPEEK/SCCT membrane showed 7% higher coulombic efficiency (CE), 6% higher energy efficiency (EE) but lower capacity loss in comparison with the one with Nafion 212. The good cell performance, low capacity loss and high vanadium ions barrier properties of the blend membrane is of significant interest for VRB applications.
The film formation behaviour of lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), a new electrolyte salt for lithium batteries, on graphite, carbon black and lithium titanate is reported. LiBOB is actively involved in the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) at the anode. Part of this formation is an irreversible reductive reaction which takes place at potentials of around 1.75 V vs Li/Li+ and contributes to the irreversible capacity of anode materials in the first cycle. Carbon black interacts strongly with LiBOB-based electrolytes, which results in strong film formation and loss of electronic conductivity within the composite electrode. In LiBOB-based electrolytes the electrode kinetics increase in the order: carbon black  << fine particulate graphite ~ metal powder, due to decreased film formation of the conductive additive. The influence of various solvents, surfactant additives, and potential impurities was also studied.
This paper reports the effect of chimneys in reducing indoor air pollution in a lung cancer epidemic area of rural China. Household indoor air pollution concentrations were measured during unvented burning (chimneys blocked) and vented burning (chimneys open) of bituminous coal in Xuan Wei, China. Concentrations of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm or less (PM10) and of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) were measured in 43 homes during normal activities. The use of chimneys led to significant decreases in indoor air concentrations of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm or less (PM10) by 66% and of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) by 84%. The average BaP content of PM10 also decreased by 55% with the installation of a chimney. The reduction of indoor pollution levels by the installation of a chimney supports the epidemiology findings on the health benefits of stove improvement. However, even in the presence of a chimney, the indoor air concentrations for both PM10 and BaP still exceeded the indoor air quality standards of China. Movement up the energy ladder to cleaner liquid or gaseous fuels is probably the only sustainable indoor air pollution control measure.