batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The performances of Li-ion batteries depend on many factors amongst which the important ones are the electrode materials and their structural and electronic evolution upon cycling. For a better understanding of lithium reactivity mechanism of many materials the combination of X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) and Transmission Mössbauer Spectroscopy (TMS) providing both structural and electronic information during the electrochemical cycling has been carried out. Thanks to the design of a specific electrochemical cell, derived from a conventional Swagelock cell, such measurements have been realised in operando mode. Two examples illustrate the greatness of combining XRPD and TMS for the study of LiFe0.75Mn0.25PO4 as positive electrode and TiSnSb as negative electrode. Different kinds of insertion or conversion reactions have been identified leading to a better optimization and design of performing electrodes.
The availability of renewable energy technologies is increasing dramatically across the globe thanks to their growing maturity. However, large scale electrical energy storage and retrieval will almost certainly be a required in order to raise the penetration of renewable sources into the grid. No present energy storage technology has the perfect combination of high power and energy density, low financial and environmental cost, lack of site restrictions, long cycle and calendar lifespan, easy materials availability, and fast response time. Engineered electroactive microbes could address many of the limitations of current energy storage technologies by enabling rewired carbon fixation, a process that spatially separates reactions that are normally carried out together in a photosynthetic cell and replaces the least efficient with non-biological equivalents. If successful, this could allow storage of renewable electricity through electrochemical or enzymatic fixation of carbon dioxide and subsequent storage as carbon-based energy storage molecules including hydrocarbons and non-volatile polymers at high efficiency. In this article we compile performance data on biological and non-biological component choices for rewired carbon fixation systems and identify pressing research and engineering challenges.
Many studies recognize that membrane lithium air batteries (LABs) are preferable to non-membrane lithium air batteries for future applications as an energy source. An intensive collection of work was published several years ago regarding air cathodes, lithium metal anodes, and electrolytes, among others. Typically, the membrane is sandwiched between an air cathode and a lithium metal anode and protects the anode from any impurities such as oxygen and water that diffuse from cathode to anode in LABs. Membranes have been used as electrolytes and separators and have been used at the outer side of the cathode and the inner side of the cathode and anode in LABs. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discuss the potential advantages of different membranes to understand the possible mitigations of challenges related to LABs. This review examines the effectiveness of various membranes in the primary components of LABs, including air cathodes, lithium metal anodes, electrolytes and electrodes. Several membranes were effective in limiting the gas permeation and water permeability in LABs. The prospects of these membranes in LABs are determined by their efficacy in overcoming the related problems that work against the energy storage in LABs for future studies.
Cone-shaped CuS@MnS nanostructures were grown on Ni foam with robust adhesion using a one-step hydrothermal method and efficiently served as binder-free battery-type material for high-performance supercapacitors. The synergic effects of the unique nanostructure and great adhesion is advantageous for enhancing the surface area on the Ni foam substrate, increasing the storage and charge accumulation, increasing the electrochemical activity between CuS and MnS, and accelerating electron and electrolyte ion transfer. As a result, as a battery-type material, the CuS@MnS/NF composite electrode exhibited excellent electrochemical performance, including high specific capacity (89.77 mA h g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1), good cycling stability (95.9% capacity retention after 3000 cycles), and outstanding rate capability compared to that of CuS/NF (45.73 mA h g−1) and MnS/NF (3.8 mA h g−1). This study sheds new light on the composites, and demonstrates that the CuS@MnS/NF electrode is an ideal material for electrochemical energy storage.
The purpose of this paper was to determine the effects of deep approaches to learning on the moral reasoning development of 1,457 first-year students across 19 institutions. Results showed a modest positive relationship between our measures of deep approaches to learning and moral reasoning at the end of the first year of college even after controlling for precollege moral reasoning. After accounting for a host of demographic and relevant student characteristics and for the natural clustering of students, we found that the integrative learning subscale, which captures students’ participation in activities designed to integrate information from varied sources and diverse perspectives, positively affected moral reasoning among first-year students. Implications for researchers and practitioners are discussed.
LiCoO2 based electrode materials were characterized in detail using visible Raman spectroscopy. The studied materials comprise the active LiCoO2 material itself as well as electrochemically relevant composites of LiCoO2 with binder and conductive additives. Spatially resolved analysis, i.e. mapping of LiCoO2 composite electrodes reveals a significant variation of chemical composition across the electrode surface. Based on wavelength-dependent studies we demonstrate the presence of a resonance enhancement for LiCoO2 materials for green laser excitation allowing for in situ studies on the LiCoO2-based electrodes during lithium de-intercalation. During in situ experiments no significant structural changes occur consistent with the fact that visible Raman spectroscopy probes mainly the surface region of the LiCoO2 composite electrode. Our results demonstrate the potential of Raman spectroscopy for spatially resolved and in situ analysis of lithium-ion batteries.
In much of the world, there is increasing demand for electricity to serve rural communities, isolated from the existing grids and typified by low-density electrical consumption. Because these non-urban consumer markets require rather high implementation investments (as well as high operation and maintenance costs), new technological and policy options are required to meet the needs of these markets. These consumers typically use energy in daytime peak hours of electricity, typically for lighting, television, and communication—as well as for a variety of cultural habits such as hot water that impose high demands on the utility's power distribution and generation system. This has been the case in Brazil, making it necessary to identify decentralized generation technologies to meet the potential markets, typically serving rural and poorer areas. The government itself provided the impetus with the passage of the Brazilian “Universalization Law” that mandated supplying electricity access for the entire population by the year 2010. This law allows the use of both the distribution grid and renewable energy off-grid technologies. In response, Brazil's largest state utility, Energetic Company of Minas Gerais (CEMIG) has aggressively implemented the use of decentralized photovoltaic systems to supplement the conventional power grid to satisfy the “universalization” targets. This paper provides a summary of the status and the future prospects of solar photovoltaic Energy in Brasil, within the context of the “universal electricity supply” policy. The focus here is to highlight the successes and the issues experienced to date in the State of Minas Gerais. This includes examining the methods implemented to ensure system reliability for the consumers, as well as the standards established under the Agéncia Nacional de Energy Elétrica (ANEEL), the national regulator electrical agency that ensures compliance with the federal regulations.
This paper describes the leaching experiments and the electrowinning tests to recover Zn and Mn from spent household alkaline batteries. After the dismantling of the batteries, the black powder was analyzed and found to contain 21wt.% Zn and 45%wt. Mn. Therefore, it was considered that recovery of these metals would be interesting due to their relatively large amounts in this kind of waste. Batch laboratory experiments were carried out to develop an acid leaching procedure and to determine appropriate leaching conditions to maximize zinc extraction and to study the leaching behavior of Mn. An experimental study was undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of simultaneous recovery of zinc and particulate manganese dioxide using a laboratory cell. The results from these electrowinning experiments are also presented in this paper.
Mg–Ni multilayers and Ni-rich Mg thin films were deposited by electron gun and pulsed laser deposition, respectively. Samples were submitted to thermal treatment in deuterium or hydrogen atmosphere at 423K and ∼105 Pa pressure to promote the metal to hydride phase transition. The H chemical bonding in the multilayer samples, after annealing in H2 atmosphere, was examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: the obtained spectra suggest that the samples with the Mg:Ni=2:1 atomic ratio contain the Mg2NiH4 phase while the samples with lower Ni concentration contain both the MgH2 and the Mg2NiH4 phases. The effect of the Ni additive on the stability of the deuteride phase was studied by thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). The TDS spectra of the single-phase Mg2NiD4 samples show a TDS peak at 400K. The TDS spectra of the two-phase samples show both the D2 desorption peak at 400K and a second peak at higher temperature that we attributed to the dissociation of the MgD2 phase. The high-temperature peak shifts to lower temperatures by increasing the Ni content. It is suggested that in the two-phase samples, the lattice volumes having the Mg2Ni structure resulting from the dissociation of the Mg2NiD4 phase reduce the thermodynamic stability of the MgD2 phase.
There has been limited success in establishing Open Heart Surgery programmes in Nigeria despite the high prevalence of structural heart disease and the large number of Nigerian patients that travel abroad for Open Heart Surgery. The challenges and constraints to the development of Open Heart Surgery in Nigeria need to be identified and overcome. The aim of this study is to review the experience with Open Heart Surgery at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital and highlight the challenges encountered in developing this programme.
Nickel-cobalt phosphate/graphene foam (40 mg) (NiCo(PO4)3/GF) composite was synthesized via a hydrothermal process and used as electrode material for supercapacitors. This work was done based on the fact that the electrochemical behavior of cobalt phosphate is similar to EDLC, while nickel phosphate is purely faradaic. Interestingly, the advantages of these two different mechanisms reflected on the results of NiCo(PO4)3/GF as an electrode for supercapacitor. The crystal structure, morphology and texture of the synthesized materials were studied with XRD, Raman spectrum, SEM and BET. The electrochemical performance of the produced sample was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 1 M KOH electrolyte. NiCo(PO4)3/GF_40 mg composite exhibited significantly improved specific capacity (86.4 mAh g−1) much higher than pristine NiCo(PO4)3 (64 mAh g−1) at 1 A g−1 due to the synergistic effect between the conductive GF and NiCo(PO4)3. Furthermore, the hybrid supercapacitor device (NiCo(PO4)3//AC) fabricated achieved the highest energy density of 34.8 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 377 W kg−1 at a specific current of 0.5 A g−1. The hybrid device also showed 95% of capacity retention after 10000 charge-discharge cycles at a specific current of 8 A g−1 and 90% efficiency at floating time over 110 h at 5 A g−1. These results make this composite to be a good candidate for electrochemical capacitors applications.
In the past few years, cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has evolved into a new tool in the fight against nosocomial infections and antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. The products generated by the plasma-electrons, ions, reactive species and UV light–represent a ‘lethal cocktail’ for different kinds of pathogen, which opens up possible applications in hygiene and medicine. Nevertheless, to ensure the safe usage of CAP on skin (e.g., to treat wounds or skin diseases) several pre-clinical in vitro studies have to be performed before implementing clinical trials on humans. In the study presented here, inactivation experiments with Escherichia coli were carried out to identify the necessary plasma dosage for a 5log reduction: with a small hand-held battery-operated CAP device, these disinfection properties were achieved after application during 30s. This and higher plasma dosages were then used to analyze the mutagenicity induced in V79 Chinese hamster cells–to furthermore define a ‘safe application window’–with the HPRT (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase) mutation assay. The results show that a CAP treatment of up to 240s and repeated treatments of 30s every 12h did not induce mutagenicity at the Hprt locus beyond naturally occurring spontaneous mutations.
Biomass is regarded as sustainable and low-cost precursors of porous carbons for electrochemical energy storage and conversion due to their varied architecture and plentiful heteroatom containing. We herein developed a hierarchical N-doped porous carbon nanosheet material from soybean milk by employing simultaneous hard-template and KOH activation strategy. Hard-template of CaCO3 nanospheres, KOH activation and the melt template of potassium species respectively result in the formation of macropores, micropores and nanosheet-like morphology. Moreover, abundant nitrogen and oxygen elements in precursor bring a high heteroatom percentage in resultants, which don’t contribute psuedocapacitance but also promote electron transfer and conductivity. The obtained carbons exhibit good charge storage capacity with a specific capacitance of 240.7 F g−1 (1 A g−1) and the excellent retention of initial specific capacitance (92.2% to 20 A g−1) that is much higher than those of biomass-based porous carbons. A symmetric all-solid-state supercapacitor using KOH/PVA as electrolyte has a specific capacitance of 149.3 F g−1 (0.5 A g−1), and good cycling stability with capacitance retention of 89.3% after 5000 cycles. The device displays energy density of 10.2 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 351 W kg−1, and retains 8.2 Wh kg−1 even at a high power density of 19,600 W kg−1 with a wide voltage window of 1.4 V.
Our work focuses on the feasibility of utilizing organic fuels for virtual hydrogen flow cell battery systems, based on thermodynamic considerations of fuel hydrogenation/dehydrogenation reactions. An assessment of the energy density and open circuit potentials (OCPs) as determined by the structure of carbocyclic and heterocyclic saturated hydrocarbons and their dehydrogenation products has been pursued and we identified promising organic carriers that could yield theoretical OCPs higher than that for the hydrogen fuel cell.
In situ monitoring of the pulverization of amorphous MgNi and crystalline LaNi5-based alloys has been studied during their hydrogen charge by combining acoustic emission and electrochemical measurements. In both alloys, two classes of acoustic signals with specific temporal and energetic characteristics were detected during their charge: a P1 class related to the particle cracking and a P2 class due to the release of H2 bubbles. By comparing the P1 activity on both materials as a function of the charge input, it was shown that the pulverization phenomenon becomes significant at a much lower charge input for the LaNi5-based electrode (∼5–25mAhg−1) than for the MgNi electrode (∼365mAhg−1), reflecting the fact that the mechanism responsible of their decrepitation is not similar. Indeed, it was demonstrated that the cracking of the amorphous and porous MgNi material is mainly induced by the hydrogen evolution reaction whereas for the crystalline and denser LaNi5-based material, the α–β lattice expansion is responsible of its decrepitation. It was also shown that the particle size and the charge current density have a major impact on the MgNi decrepitation. The correlation between the MgNi particle cracking and the discharge capacity decay with cycling was established.
Feeding problems are common in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), with food selectivity being the most frequently reported. Selectivity based on type and/or texture of food is of concern in those with ASD. Variations in symptom presentation of food selectivity in children with different autism spectrum diagnoses across childhood have not often been investigated. Parent-report of food selectivity was examined in 525 children age 2–18 years diagnosed with autistic disorder, PDD-NOS, Asperger's disorder, atypical development, and typical development using information garnered from the Autism Spectrum Disorder-Comorbidity for Children (ASD-CC), a tool to assess emotional issues and comorbid psychopathology. Individuals with an ASD were reported to have significantly more food selectivity than both the atypically developing group and the typically developing group. In addition, the ASD groups, when looked at together, showed a decrease in food selectivity across childhood with significant decrease in the Asperger's disorder group.
Reorganization of skin during wound healing, inflammatory disorders, or cancer growth is the result of expression changes of multiple genes associated with tissue morphogenesis. We wanted to identify proteins involved in skin remodeling and select those that may be targeted for agonistic or antagonist therapeutic approaches in various disease processes. Full-thickness human skin was grafted to severe combined immunodeficient mice and injected intradermally with 38 different adenoviral vectors inserted with 37 different genes coding for growth factors, cytokines, proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors, adhesion receptors, oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes. Responses were characterized for infiltration of inflammatory cells, vascular density, matrix formation, fibroblast-like cell proliferation, and epidermal hyperplasia. Of the 17 growth factor vectors, 16 induced histological changes in human skin. Members of the VEGF and angiopoietin families induced neovascularization. PDGFs and TGF-βs stimulated connective tissue formation, and the chemokines IL-8 and MCP-1 attracted inflammatory neutrophils and monocytes, respectively. The serine protease uPA induced a vascular response similar to that of VEGF. Vectors with adhesion receptors, oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes had, with few exceptions, little effects on skin architecture. The overall results suggest that adenoviral vectors can effectively remodel the architecture of human skin for studies in morphogenesis, inflammatory skin disorders, wound healing, and cancer development.
In this work, an environmentally-friendly leaching process for the recovery of indium (In) and tin (Sn) from LCD panel waste was investigated. Easily degradable citrates (C6H5O7 3−), i.e., sodium citrate and citric acid, were used as complexing agents. The morphology and composition of the species present in the LCD powder before and after the leaching processes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The concentrations of In, Sn, and iron (Fe) present in the leachate were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The necessary thermodynamic conditions for achieving substantial In recovery were established by using MEDUSA software. The optimal process conditions were determined experimentally by varying the initial citrate concentration as well as by using reducing or oxidizing media, respectively hydrazine (N2H4) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). It was found that using N2H4 in a citrate solution as a reducing agent enhances the leaching efficiency. However, high concentrations of Sn and Fe with respect to In were found in the LCD powder. Therefore, a pretreatment processes to first remove the excess of Sn and Fe, which compete with In for the citrate, was implemented. Leaching with 1 M citrate, 0.2 M N2H4, at pH = 5, using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at solid:liquid (S:L) ratio of 20 g∙L−1, yielded a remarkably high In recovery of 98.9% after 16.6 h.
Nowadays Health Technology devices are growing up very rapidly; there is no healthcare specialty that does not use technologies of different complexity, this increasing amount of devices, also increases the number of adverse events related to such technologies. This study shows how different nature factors concur in the occurrence of adverse events with iatrogenic results, there are problems related to technological complexity, with the materials used, with quality control in manufacturing, with the software involved, with maintenance procedures and obviously with the way that devices are being operated by healthcare personnel, and in some cases by the same patient if he is connected to the device. It is important, to perform multilateral studies, to detect and avoid factors that generate adverse events. To avoid the risk, measures must be taken into account within a wide range of tasks such as improving product quality, providing an adequate user training and reporting any dangerous event via technological surveillance for information feedback to manufacturers, aimed at improving the production or correcting deficiencies of medical devices. Unfortunately, it is not only necessary to act in the technological and administrative level, it is also necessary to eradicate practices such as the lobby and low transparent policies, on technology acquisition or marketing of products that do not meet all the requirements and regulations that helps to increase the quality services and avoid risks to patients and users.
Electrochemical behavior and flammability of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA)-mixed electrolyte solutions are investigated using 1 mol L−1 LiPF6-EC:EMC (1:2 vol.%) with 0 wt.% (reference electrolyte) and 1–3 wt.% of TBBA. The cycling performance (at room and elevated temperature) and rate capability of the 18650 cell (LiMn2O4:Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 (8:2)/Li4Ti5O12) cell containing TBBA-mixed electrolyte is similar to that of cell containing the reference electrolyte. A detailed analysis of the surface on both the anode and the cathode electrodes via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated that the cathode electrode contains more Br components than the anode electrode. Within the first few cycles, on the positive electrode, we observe competing redox processes between the cathode material containing Mn and TBBA, which generate hydroxy radicals and other by-products. This process and the electrochemical reductive decomposition of TBBA to HBr, Br2 and bisphenole A are responsible for the increased flame retardant properties of the electrolyte containing TBBA. Safety tests were performed using an 18650 cell showed that even 1 wt.% of TBBA in the electrolyte significantly reduces cell flammability.