batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
High cut-off charge potential usually means high viable specific capacity and energy for the cathode materials. However, electrode/electrolyte interface reactions will be triggered at high potentials, leading to electrolyte decomposition, increased charge transfer resistance and accelerated transition metal dissolution. Therefore, a durable and uniform interphase layer is essential to suppress the interfacial reactions. We herein address these issues by using tetrakis (trimethylsiloxy) titanium (TT) as a multifunctional electrolyte additive to form a thin and uniform interface layer on the electrodes. The results of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy illustrate that the film is composes of organic C3H9 Si and inorganic TiO2. Owning to the presence of the durable and self-curable organic/inorganic hybrid interphase on both the Li1.17Ni0.25Mn0.58O2 (LLO) cathode and the graphite anode, the capacity retention of the LLO/graphite cell is enhanced from 33% to 81% in 150 cycles. These findings provide a new approach to create hybrid high performance interphase for the high energy density batteries.
Electron beam evaporated manganese oxide films display excellent electrochemical properties on post deposition oxidative annealing in air. The films annealed below 573 K are amorphous, exhibit minor deficiency in oxygen and are characterized by a specific discharge capacitance of 398 F g−1 at a discharge current of 1.1 A g−1 and 236 F g−1 at a discharge current of 5.5 A g−1. In terms of stability, these films retain 99.6% of their specific capacitance even after 400 cycles. The electrochemical properties of these films are explained in terms of their structure and composition which have been measured by X-ray diffraction and proton elastic backscattering spectrometry. In addition, the electrochemical properties are influenced by their morphology; the oxidatively annealed films contain nanometric, spherical and elongated grains which acquire extensive networking during electrochemical measurements.
An overview of the main scientific areas of condensed matter research, which are extended with the use of the IBR-2 high-flux research reactor, is presented. It is demonstrated that the spectrometer facility of the upgraded reactor has great potential for studying the structural, magnetic, and dynamical properties of novel functional materials and nanobiosystems, which ensures the leading position of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in neutron research of condensed matter for the long-term prospect.
All-solid-state cells of In/LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 using a superionic oxysulfide glass with high conductivity at room temperature of 10−3 Scm−1 as a solid electrolyte were fabricated and the cell performance was investigated. Although a large irreversible capacity was observed at the 1st cycle, the solid-state cells worked as lithium secondary batteries and exhibited excellent cycling performance after the 2nd cycle; the cells kept charge–discharge capacities around 70mAhg−1 and its efficiency was almost 100%. This is the first case to confirm that all-solid-state cells using manganese-based layer-structured cathode materials work as lithium secondary batteries.
Intranasally administered insulin has shown promise in both rodent and human studies in Alzheimer’s disease; however, both effects and mechanisms require elucidation.
We reviewed physical activity (PA) studies in prostate cancer (PC) survivors investigating (a) the effects of PA on health outcomes, (b) the prevalence of PA, and (c) the determinants of PA.
Hybrid supercapacitors were fabricated with both pristine and H2Ti12-xZnxO25-x (x=0.15, 0.3, 0.45, 0.6) anode electrodes. The structural properties and morphology of particles after zinc doping were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rietveld refinement, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron micron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical performances of the hybrid supercapacitors were measured. The results show that the H2Ti11.7Zn0.3O24.7 not only enhanced discharge specific capacitances of 70.7 Fg−1 at 0.5 Ag−1, but also capacitance retention of 92% after 1000 cycles. In addition, H2Ti11.7Zn0.3O24.7 has lower polarization and charge transfer resistance (Rct) of 0.142Ω. The power densities and energy densities of H2Ti11.7Zn0.3O24.7 were 42.4-8.1 Wh kg−1 and 182-5676.2Wkg−1 at 0.1 and 3 Ag−1, respectively. Consequentially, Zn doping improved structure stability and electrochemical performance of H2Ti12O25. Therefore, hybrid supercapacitors were fabricated using a H2Ti11.7Zn0.3O24.7 anode can be regarded as energy storage devices.
The utility of single-case vs. group studies has been debated in neuropsychology for many years. The purpose of the present study is to illustrate an alternative approach to group studies of aphasia, in which the same symptom dimensions that are commonly used to assign patients to classical taxonomies (fluency, naming, repetition, and comprehension) are used as independent and continuous predictors in a multivariate design, without assigning patients to syndromes. One hundred twenty-six Italian-speaking patients with aphasia were first classified into seven classic aphasia categories, based on fluency, naming, auditory comprehension, and repetition scales. There were two goals: (1) compare group analyses based on aphasia types with multivariate analyses that sidestep classification and treat aphasic symptoms as continuous variables; (2) present correlation-based outlier analyses that can be used to identify individuals who occupy unusual positions in the multivariate “symptom space.” In the service of the first goal, group performance on an external validation measure (the Token Test) was assessed in three steps: analyses of variance based on aphasia type, regressions using the same cut-offs for fluency, naming, comprehension and repetition as independent but dichotomous predictors, and regressions using the same subscales as continuous predictors (with no cut-offs). More variance in Token Test performance was accounted for when symptoms were treated as continuous predictors than with the other two methods, though use of independent but dichotomous predictors accounted for more variance than aphasia taxonomies. Thus, if we by-pass classical taxonomies and treat patients as points in a multidimensional symptom space, better predictions are obtained. Outlier analyses show that group results depend on heterogeneity among patients, which can be used as a search tool to identify potentially interesting dissociations. Hence this multivariate group approach is complementary to and compatible with single-case methods.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the trunk strength capacity of alpine ski racers aged 10–18 years, who were tested during the last 15 years, to identify reference values for trunk flexor to extensor strength ratios according to age and sex.
The commercial Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) is successfully modified by AlF3 via a low temperature process. After being calcined at 400 °C for 5 h, AlF3 reacts with LTO to form a composite material which mainly consists of Al3+ and F− co-doped LTO with small amounts of anatase TiO2. Al3+ and F− co-doped LTO demonstrates ultrahigh rate capability comparing to the pristine LTO. Since the amount of the byproduct TiO2 is relatively small, the modified LTO electrodes retain the main voltage characteristics of LTO with a minor feature similar to those of anatase TiO2. The doped LTO anodes deliver slightly higher discharge capacity and maintain the excellent long-term cycling stability when compared to the pristine LTO anode. Therefore, Al3+ and F− co-doped LTO composite material synthesized at low temperature is an excellent anode for stable and ultra-high power lithium-ion batteries.
We have been using a heat conduction microcalorimeter to measure enthalpies of dissolution of slightly soluble solids. Recently we did report the testing of the prototype and we are now extending the previous investigation to measurements with organic solvents. In the present work we use DMSO due to its importance in the pharmaceutical industry. The importance of the applications of enthalpies of solution in organic solvents calls for the need to find a substance that can be used in the future for chemical calibration in these solvents. Attempts for proposing such a substance have also been a goal for our research group. The enthalpies of solution of paracetamol and sodium diclofenac were measured in DMSO and in phosphate buffer (pH 6.91) at 298.15K. We show that it is possible to obtain very good results with DMSO as solvent for these two drugs on our dissolution microcalorimeter. Nevertheless, due to their slow and low enthalpy of dissolution in this solvent, they cannot be seen as good candidates for test substances.
(100-x) (0.78Li2S·0.22P2S5)·xLi3BO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 5) solid electrolytes are prepared via mechanical milling and a post heat-treatment process, and the resulting electrochemical properties are investigated in conjunction with structural analysis. Adding of Li3BO3 into the (100-x) (0.78Li2S·0.22P2S5)·xLi3BO3 solid electrolyte is expected to enhance the conductivity and lower the activation energy as a consequence of changing the structural unit in the glass network. It turned out that the doping of Li3BO3 enhances the conductivity by enlarging the glass forming region and promoting precipitation of high lithium ion conductive thio-LISICON II analog. 97 (0.78Li2S·0.22P2S5)·3Li3BO3 (x = 3) glass-ceramics exhibits the highest conductivity (1.03 × 10−3 S cm−1). Structural analysis shows that the samples with Li3BO3 added to the electrolyte are composed of the main structural unit of PS4 3− with partially-modified structural unit of PO4 3−, which are believed to effectively enhance the conductivity and decrease the activation energy. In glass-ceramics produced from these materials, the thio-LISICON II phase with higher ionic conductivity tends to be stabilized by the addition of Li3BO3. Additionally, the formation of space-charge layer is relaxed by Li3BO3 doping. As a result, the all-solid-state cell shows high initial discharge capacity of 156 mAh g−1, and the capacity is retained to be 149 mAh g−1 for 40 cycles.
Cycling stability of 5 V spinel LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 (LMNO) is improved by surface modification with FePO4 through a chemical deposition method. The pristine, 0.5 wt.%, 1 wt.% and 3 wt.% FePO4-coated LMNO are characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. It is found that the coating process is in favor of the disorder–order phase transition. The investigation on their cycling performance demonstrates that 1 wt.% FePO4-modified LMNO cathode exhibits the best cycling performance, with the capacity retention ratio of 99.3% after 50 cycles, much better than that of the pristine LMNO (only 79%). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is applied to explain the galvanostatic results. The enhanced cycling performance of the surface-modified samples can be attributed to the decreasing contact area between the electrode and electrolyte and the suppression of undesirable thick SEI (solid electrolyte interfacial) layer.
Life-cycle analysis of a charging station for electric vehicles (EVs) was performed in the three phases, that is, production, transportation and installation of the charging equipment, which consists of charger, battery and stand. We chose parking lots on expressways, commercial parking lots in cities, municipal facilities, shopping centers, etc. throughout the country as the charging sites according to the EV charge program in Southern California. Air-pollutant emissions during the transportation phase were calculated based on the emission factors of vehicles, running speed and the transport distance between one factory of the charging equipment and each site. The share of transporting the charging machines in total emissions of CO2, SO x and CO was less than 15% and the production phase was dominant. In case of NO x , the share of transporting them was over 20%. The relation between gasoline vehicle and gas station was applied to estimate the number of EVs using the charging stations through the country, and the contribution of the charging stations to life-cycle emissions of air pollutants from EV was presented. The share of infrastructure in total emissions of CO2 was 16% in our model case. Thus the development of the charging infrastructure almost did not change the advantage of EV compared to gasoline vehicle (GV) in terms of CO2, NO x , and CO emissions. But an EV emits more life-cycle SO x than gasoline vehicles (GVs).
Locations of contaminant exposure for nesting migratory species are difficult to fully understand because of possible additional sources encountered during migration or on the wintering grounds. A portion of the migratory white-faced ibis (Plegadischihi) nesting at Carson Lake, Nevada continues to be exposed to dichloro-diphenyldichloro-ethylene (DDE) with no change, which is unusual, observed in egg concentrations between 1985 and 2000. About 45–63% of the earliest nesting segment shows reduced reproductive success correlated with elevated egg concentrations of >4 μg/g wet weight (ww). Local prey (primarily earthworms) near nests contained little DDE so we tracked the migration and wintering movements of 20 adult males during 2000–2004 to determine the possible source. At various wintering sites, we found a correlation (r2 = 0.518, P = 0.0125, N = 11) between DDE in earthworm composites and DDE in blood plasma of white-faced ibis wintering there, although the plasma was collected on their breeding grounds soon after arrival. The main source of DDE was wintering areas in the Mexicali Valley of Baja California Norte, Mexico, and probably the adjacent Imperial Valley, California, USA. This unusual continuing DDE problem for white-faced ibis is associated with: the long-term persistence in soil of DDE; the earthworms’ ability to bioconcentrate DDE from soil; the proclivity of white-faced ibis to feed on earthworms in agricultural fields; the species’s extreme sensitivity to DDE in their eggs; and perhaps its life history strategy of being a “capital breeder”. We suggest surveying and sampling white-faced ibis eggs at nesting colonies, especially at Carson Lake, to monitor the continuing influence of DDE.
Photoreforming is a process that harnesses the redox ability of photocatalysts upon illumination, to simultaneously drive the reduction of H+ into hydrogen gas and oxidation of organic compounds. Over the past few decades, significant effort has been devoted to improving the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution efficiency, while substantially less focus has been directed towards the oxidation reactions. More recently, the realization of the potential for simultaneous hydrogen production with value-added organics has inspired researchers to use photooxidation pathways to tune the selectivity of oxidized products. As a distinct benefit, the less energetically demanding organic reforming is highly favorable when compared to the slow kinetics of oxygen evolution which negates the need for expensive and/or harmful hole scavengers. Photocatalyst modifications, such as secondary component deposition, doping, defect, phase and morphology engineering, have been the main strategies adopted to tune the photooxidation pathways and oxidation products. Direct control of the process conditions, including pH, temperature and reactant concentration, and favorable reactor designs can further improve the selectivity towards desired products. While other published reviews focus on the types of photocatalysts or feedstocks used to enhance the hydrogen evolution efficiency, this review highlights the importance of controlling the selectivity of the photoreforming reaction, particularly as an alternative path for waste abatement or valorization for industry. This review links the strategies used to improve the selectivity of photoreforming of organic waste into high-value and desirable chemicals, as well as offers an outlook on the future research direction required to deliver highly selective photocatalyst. A holistic strategy that comprises photocatalyst and system designs, appropriate characterizations and implementation of artificial intelligence has also been proposed and discussed to further aid establishment of the structure–mechanism–function relationship, thereby accelerating the discovery of optimum selective photoreforming systems.
This paper reports a micromachined drug delivery device that is wirelessly operated using radiofrequency magnetic fields for implant applications. The controlled release from the drug reservoir of the device is achieved with the microvalves of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) thermoresponsive hydrogel that are actuated with a wireless resonant heater, which is activated only when the field frequency is tuned to the resonant frequency of the heater circuit. The device is constructed by bonding a 1-mm-thick polyimide component with the reservoir cavity to the heater circuit that uses a planar coil with the size of 5–10 mm fabricated on polyimide film, making all the outer surfaces to be polyimide. The release holes created in a reservoir wall are opened/closed by the hydrogel microvalves that are formed inside the reservoir by in-situ photolithography that uses the reservoir wall as a photomask, providing the hydrogel structures self-aligned to the release holes. The wireless heaters exhibit fast and strong response to the field frequency, with a temperature increase of up to 20°C for the heater that has the 34-MHz resonant frequency, achieving 38-% shrinkage of swelled hydrogel when the heater is excited at its resonance. An active frequency range of ~2 MHz is observed for the hydrogel actuation. Detailed characteristics in the fabrication and actuation of the hydrogel microvalves as well as experimental demonstrations of frequency-controlled temporal release are reported.
The development of lithium–air batteries is plagued by a high potential gap (>1.2 V) between charge and discharge, and poor cyclability due to the drastic phase change of O2 (gas) and Ox− (condensed phase) at the cathode during battery operations. Here we report a cathode consisting of nanoscale amorphous lithia (nanolithia) confined in a cobalt oxide, enabling charge/discharge between solid Li2O/Li2O2/LiO2 without any gas evolution. The cathode has a theoretical capacity of 1,341 Ah kg−1, a mass density exceeding 2.2 g cm−3, and a practical discharge capacity of 587 Ah kg−1 at 2.55 V versus Li/Li+. It also displays stable cycling performance (only 1.8% loss after 130 cycles in lithium-matched full-cell tests against Li4Ti5O12 anode), as well as a round-trip overpotential of only 0.24 V. Interestingly, the cathode is automatically protected from O2 gas release and overcharging through the shuttling of self-generated radical species soluble in the carbonate electrolyte.
In this work, sulfur doped nickel cobalt layered double hydroxide nanosheet arrays are fabricated on a stainless steel (S-LDH/SS) substrate by simple electrodeposition technique for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and supercapacitor applications. The surface morphology and chemical composition of S-LDH/SS are accessed by field emission electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Remarkably, the fabricated S-LDH/SS electrode requires low overpotential of −0.38V vs. RHE to accomplish a current density of −10mAcm−2 with a less Tafel slope of −69mVdec−1 for HER in aqueous KOH. Further, the tailored S-LDH/SS behaves like a battery-type electrode and delivers maximum specific capacity of 344Cg−1 (95.5mAhg−1) at scan rate of 5mVs−1, which possess excellent cyclic stability and capacity retention. The S-LDH/SS comprised by two types of active catalytic sites along with anions furnish an excellent conductivity, which improving the mass and ionic transportations. Hopefully, exceptional electrochemical interpretation substantiates that this S-LDH/SS electrode might be a favorable material for the energy conversion and storage applications.
Nb2O5 nanostructures were produced by a rational hydrothermal method, which were used as the cathode material in lithium-ion batteries. The Super-P and graphene compounds were used as the conductive agents. Owing to the excellent conductivity of graphene, it is favorable for the contacting area between electrolyte and the electrode material. The results showed that adding graphene can increase the conductivity of the entire electrode system. The specific capacity of Nb2O5 with 4 wt% graphene is 180 mAh g−1, meanwhile the capacity retention rate is more than 85% after 100 charge and discharge cycles under a current rate of 5 C. Adding an appropriate amount of graphene as the conductive agent can greatly improve the conductivity of the electrode system, reduce the charge transfer resistance during the charge-discharge process to increase the specific capacity, and enable the battery to keep excellent cycle stability. This work demonstrates that the obtained Nb2O5 with Super-P and graphene compound conductive agents can greatly increase performances of lithium ion battery such as capacity, rate performance, and cycle performance and conductivity.
In(OH)3-coated Zn-Al-hydrotalcite is prepared by homogeneous precipitation method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images reveal that the In(OH)3 is successfully coated on the surface of the Zn-Al-hydrotalcite particles. And about 2.5wt% of coating is determined through the energy dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDS). The electrochemical performance of In(OH)3-coated Zn-Al-hydrotalcite is investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscope (EIS), Tafel polarization curves and galvanostatic charge–discharge measurements. The EIS exhibits a higher charge-transfer resistance and the Tafel polarization curves reveal a more positive corrosion potential for the In(OH)3-coated Zn-Al-hydrotalcite, in comparison with the pristine Zn-Al-hydrotalcite and the mixture of Zn-Al-hydrotalcite and In(OH)3. After 50 cell cycles, the In(OH)3-coated Zn-Al-hydrotalcite retains a specific discharge capacity of 364.0mAhg−1 with a retention rate of 96.9%, which is much superior to that of 262.2mAhg−1 with a retention rate of 67.6% for the pristine Zn-Al-LDHs and 299.2mAhg−1 with a retention rate of 81.2% for the mixture of Zn-Al-LDHs with In(OH)3.
To ensure the driving safety and avoid potential failures for electric vehicles, evaluating the health state of the battery properly is of significant importance. This study aims to serve as a useful support for researchers and practitioners by systematically reviewing the available literature on state of health estimation methods. These methods can be divided into two types: experimental and model-based estimation methods. Experimental methods are conducted in a laboratory environment to analyze battery aging process and provide theoretical support for model-based methods. Based on a battery model, model-based estimation methods identify the parameters, which have certain relationships with battery aging level, to realize state of health estimation. On the basis of reading extensive literature, methods for determining the health state of the battery are explained in a deeper way, while their corresponding strengths and weaknesses of these methods are analyzed in this paper. At the end of the paper, conclusions for these methods and prospects for the development trend of health state estimation are made.