batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Objective There is uncertainty regarding the onset timing of the cognitive deficiencies of schizophrenia. We investigated whether conversion to psychosis and/or olanzapine altered the neuropsychological course of subjects within the first-ever double blind medication study of the putative schizophrenia first episode prodrome. Method Sixty participants in a double blind trial of olanzapine as a treatment for putative prodromal states were assessed at entry (pre-randomization), and again at 6 and 12 months (if they remained non-psychotic), or at any of these points prior to psychosis followed by post-psychosis and 6 months post-psychosis assessments. Results Participants who converted to psychosis did not differ from placebo non-converters in pre-randomization global neuropsychological status. Early converters did not differ from later converters in entry neuropsychological status. Subjects who converted after 6 months did not show neuropsychological declines during the initial, pre-psychosis, 6 months. Neuropsychological course did not differ between converters to psychosis and non-converters, or between olanzapine and placebo-assigned subjects. Conclusions Neither the onset of frank psychosis nor olanzapine treatment of the prodrome significantly alters neuropsychological course in persons considered to be at high risk at their initial (pre-psychosis) assessment. These findings suggest that the neuropsychological deficiencies associated with psychotic conditions largely pre-exist the first frank psychotic episode.
Poly(arylene ether ketone)-g-poly(vinyl 1-butylimidazolium bis(flouromethyl sulfonyl) host polymer and 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrollidium bis(flouromethane sulfonyl) ionic liquid are synthesized. The host polymer is blended with ionic liquid to prepare the solid electrolyte membrane for lithium secondary battery. The solid electrolyte membranes integrated with ionic liquid show excellent properties in lithium ion conductivity, interfacial resistance, thermal and mechanical stability, depending on the graft chain length. The electrolyte membrane with the longest graft chain shows the highest lithium ion conductivity with the lowest interfacial resistance between electrode and membrane. The charge-discharge profiles are also investigated at various C-rates. The cells fabricated with the electrolyte membrane possessing the longest graft chain show ∼105 mAh g−1 at room temperature under 0.1 °C-rate in the voltage range from 3.8 to 4.2 V.
Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries represent a “beyond Li-ion” technology with low cost and high theoretical energy density and should fulfill the ever-growing requirements of electric vehicles and stationary energy storage systems. However, the sulfur-based conversion reaction in conventional liquid electrolytes results in issues like the so-called shuttle effect of polysulfides and lithium dendrite growth, which deteriorate the electrochemical performance and safety of Li–S batteries. Optimization of conventional organic solvents (including ether and carbonate) by fluorination to form fluorinated electrolytes is a promising strategy for the practical application of Li–S batteries. The fluorinated electrolytes, owing to the high electronegativity of fluorine, possesses attractive physicochemical properties, including low melting point, high flash point, and low solubility of lithium polysulfide, and can form a compact and stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) with the lithium metal anode. Herein, we review recent advancements in the development of fluorinated electrolytes for use in Li–S batteries. The effect of solvent molecular structure on the performance of Li–S batteries and the formation mechanism of SEI on the cathode and anode sides are analyzed and discussed in detail. The remaining challenges and future perspectives of fluorinated electrolytes for Li–S batteries are also presented.
δ-MnO2 is a promissing electrode material of supercapacitors and Li ion batteries (LIBs) owing to its low cost, layer structure and composite valence of Mn. However, the unfavorable electronic conductivity of δ-MnO2 restricts its rate capability in both of the two devices. Herein, a vertically standing Ti nanowire array modified with δ-MnO2 nanoflakes is prepared by a electrodeposition method, and the electrochemical properties of Ti@δ-MnO2 nanowire arrays in supercapacitors and LIBs are investigated. The results show that, the arrays have a capacity of 195Fg−1 at 1.0Ag−1 and can cycle more than 10000 rounds at 10Ag−1 as electrodes of supercapacitors. On the other hand, the arrays behave good rate capability as LIB cathodes, which can release a capacity of 70mAhg−1 at 10C rate charge/discharge. We suggest that, the good electronic conductivity owing to the core-shell structure and the facilitated mass transport supplied by the array architecture are responsible for the enhanced rate performances in the two devices.
Once placed in a magnetic field, smart magnetic materials (SMM) change their shape, which could be use for the development of smaller minimally invasive surgery devices activated by magnetic field. However, the potential degradation and release of cytotoxic ions by SMM corrosion has to be determined. This paper evaluates the corrosion resistance of two SMM: a single crystal Ni–Mn–Ga alloy and Tb0.27Dy0.73Fe1.95 alloy. Ni–Mn–Ga alloy displayed a corrosion potential (Ecorr) of −0.58 V/SCE and a corrosion current density (icorr) of 0.43 μA/cm2. During the corrosion assay, Ni–Mn–Ga sample surface was partially protected; local pits were formed on 20% of the surface and nickel ions were mainly found in the electrolyte. Tb0.27Dy0.73Fe1.95 alloy exhibited poor corrosion properties such as Ecorr of −0.87 V/SCE and icorr of 5.90 μA/cm2. During the corrosion test, this alloy was continuously degraded, its surface was impaired by pits and cracks extensively and a high amount of iron ions was measured in the electrolyte. These alloys exhibited low corrosion parameters and a selective degradation in the electrolyte. They could only be used for medical applications if they are coated with high strain biocompatible materials or embedded in composites to prevent direct contact with physiological fluids.
We present a case that is unusual in many respects from other documented incidences of auditory agnosia, including the mechanism of injury, age of the individual, and location of neurological insult. The clinical presentation is one of disturbance in the perception of spoken language, music, pitch, emotional prosody, and temporal auditory processing in the absence of significant deficits in the comprehension of written language, expressive language production, or peripheral auditory function. Furthermore, the patient demonstrates relatively preserved function in other aspects of audition such as sound localization, voice recognition, and perception of animal noises and environmental sounds. This case study demonstrates that auditory agnosia is possible following traumatic brain injury in a child, and illustrates the necessity of assessment with a wide variety of auditory stimuli to fully characterize auditory agnosia in a single individual.
Interest in residential batteries to supply photovoltaic (PV) electricity on demand is increasing, however they are not profitable yet. Combining applications has been suggested as a way to increase their attractiveness, but the extent to which this can be achieved, as well as how the different value propositions may affect the optimal battery technology, remain unclear. In this study, we develop an open-source optimization framework to determine the best-suited battery technology depending on the size and the applications combined, including PV self-consumption, demand load-shifting, demand peak shaving and avoidance of PV curtailment. Moreover, we evaluate the impact of the annual demand and electricity prices by applying our method to representative dwellings in Geneva (Switzerland) and Austin (United States). Our results indicate that the combination of applications help batteries to become close to break-even by improving the net present value by up to 66% when compared with batteries performing PV self-consumption only. Interestingly, we find that the best-suited battery technology in Austin is lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA) as for Geneva lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) batteries reach in average a higher net present value than NCA-based batteries. However, NCA-based batteries could be a more promising alternative when applications are combined.
(100 − x)(0.75Li2S·0.25P2S5)·xLiBH4 (0 ≤ x (mol%) ≤ 33) glass electrolytes were prepared from 75Li2S·25P2S5 (mol%) glass and LiBH4 crystal by a mechanical milling technique. The effects of the addition of LiBH4 on the structures and properties of the glass electrolytes were examined. The DSC curves of the prepared glasses with LiBH4 did not have the endothermic peak attributable to the phase transition of LiBH4 crystal. The Raman spectra of the glasses indicated that the glasses included PS4 3− and BH4 − ions. The conductivities of the glasses increased with increasing the LiBH4 content. The glass at the composition of x = 33 showed the highest lithium-ion conductivity of 1.6 × 10−3 S cm−1 at room temperature. The glass had a wide electrochemical window up to 5 V vs. Li+/Li. An all-solid-state Li/TiS2 cell using the glass as an electrolyte successfully operated as a secondary battery at 25 °C.
Introduction In this open non-controlled clinical cohort study, the applicability of a theoretical model for the diagnosis of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) was studied in order to define a general psychological profile and to specify possible subgroups. Methods Forty PNES patients were assessed with a PNES “test battery” consisting of eleven psychological instruments, e.g., a trauma checklist, the global cognitive level, mental flexibility, speed of information processing, personality factors, dissociation, daily hassles and stress and coping factors. Results The total PNES group was characterized by multiple trauma, personality vulnerability (in a lesser extent, neuropsychological vulnerabilities), no increased dissociation, many complaints about daily hassles that may trigger seizures and negative coping strategies that may contribute to prolongation of the seizures. Using factor analysis, specific subgroups were revealed: a ‘psychotrauma subgroup’, a ‘high vulnerability somatizing subgroup’ (with high and low cognitive levels) and a ‘high vulnerability sensitive personality problem subgroup’. Conclusion Using a theoretical model in PNES diagnosis, PNES seem to be a symptom of distinct underlying etiological factors with different accents in the model. Hence, describing a general profile seems to conceal specific subgroups with subsequent treatment implications. This study identified three factors, representing two dimensions of the model, that are essential for subgroup classification: psychological etiology (psychotrauma or not), vulnerability, e.g., the somatization tendency, and sensitive personality problems/characteristics (‘novelty seeking’). For treatment, this means that interventions could be tailored to the main underlying etiological problem. Also, further research could focus on differentiating subgroups with subsequent treatment indications and possible different prognoses. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled “The Future of Translational Epilepsy Research”.
The structural and electrochemical insertion properties of LiV1−x Al x PO4F (x =0.00, 0.25 and 0.50) phases are presented. XRD data reveal that the basic triclinic amblygonite structure was retained for all experimental compositions. Although the material specific capacities decreased almost linearly with aluminum content, the substituted phases revealed some intriguing properties that appear to be ‘tunable’ within the compositional range under investigation. The main beneficial attributes include low voltage polarization, high operating voltage and comparatively low capacity fade on cycling. In all cases the observed lithium insertion behavior was restricted to the V3+/4+ redox couple.
Electric vehicles (EV) have received considerable attention in recent years due to their low operating cost, potential for energy sustainability, and zero tailpipe emissions. This study presents a novel two-stage stochastic programming model integrating long- and short-term decisions to design and manage EV charging stations with renewable energy generation capability. The model captures the non-linear load congestion effect that increases exponentially as the electricity consumed by plugged-in EVs approaches the capacity of the charging station and linearizes it. The study proposes a hybrid decomposition algorithm that utilizes a Sample Average Approximation and an enhanced Progressive Hedging algorithm (PHA) inside a Constraint Generation algorithmic framework to efficiently solve the proposed optimization model. A case study based on Washington, D.C. is presented to visualize and validate the modeling results. Computational experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in solving the problem in a practical amount of time. Finding of the study include that incorporating the load congestion factor encourages the opening of large-sized charging stations, increases the number of stored batteries, and that higher congestion costs call for a decrease in the opening of new charging stations.
The carboxylic acid-functionalized graphene oxide/gold nanoparticles modified glassy carbon electrode has been utilized as a platform to immobilize 5-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid (mesalazine). The surface structure and composition of the sensor were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Electrocatalytic oxidation of urea on the surface of modified electrode was investigated with cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and hydrodynamic voltammetry methods. The cyclic voltammetric results indicated the ability of carboxylic acid-functionalized graphene oxide gold nanoparticles modified glassy carbon electrode to catalyze the oxidation of urea. In addition, the modified electrode has short response time, low detection limit, high sensitivity, and low operation potential. Some kinetic parameters, such as the electron transfer coefficient, diffusion coefficient, and catalytic rate constant of the catalytic reaction were calculated. A sensitive amperometric method was proposed for determination of urea with advantages of fast response and good reproducibility.
High resolution measurements of wind speed and energy generation from an instrumented Bergey XL.1 small wind turbine were used to investigate the effect of ambient turbulence levels on wind turbine energy production. It was found that ambient turbulent intensity impacts energy production, but that the impact is different at different wind speeds. At low wind speeds, increased turbulence appeared to increase energy production from the turbine. However, at wind speeds near the turbine furling speed, elevated turbulence resulted in decreased energy production, likely to turbulent gusts initiating furling events. Investigation of measurements recorded at 1 Hz showed a time lag of one to 2 s between a change in wind speed and the resulting change in energy production. Transient changes in wind speed of only 1 s duration did not impact energy production, however, longer duration changes in wind speed were tracked reasonably well by energy production.
The second part of the manuscript presents a one-dimensional axisymmetric plane strain model to study lithium insertion induced stresses in different types of silicon nanostructures, – nanowire (Si NW), nanotube (Si NT) and core/shell (Si C/S) nanostructures. The 1-d plane strain model is the dimensionally reduced form of the 2-d model presented in part I. Simulation results from the 1-d plane strain model is compared to the results from the 2-d model for the Si NW. Each of these structures poses a different type of boundary conditions and the stress evolution due to diffusion in each of the cases are discussed. Simulation results indicate that Si NT structures develop lower tensile stresses compared to Si NW structures under similar current densities. Case studies on Si NT for different values of inner to outer radii ratio are also presented. Furthermore, simulations reveal that the Si C/S structures develop much higher stresses (closer to the core/shell interface) compared to Si NW or Si NT, owing to the different expansion factors of the core and shell material.
Experimental animal studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress plays an essential role during ischemic stroke. In addition to oxidizing macromolecules leading to cell injury, oxidants are also involved in cell death/survival signal pathways and cause mitochondrial dysfunction. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) represents one of the major regulators implicated in the endogenous defense system against oxidative stress. We have studied the expression and activation status of Nrf2 under stroke-like conditions using the temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion rat model. Inactive Nrf2 is proteasomal degraded within minutes but stabilized during activation. We analyzed Nrf2 activation and the resulting accumulation in post-ischemic rat brain cells using double immunofluorescence staining with antibodies directed against Nrf2 and cell type-specific markers. The core infarct region showed no obvious positive staining signal for Nrf2 24 h after the initiation of artery occlusion. However, Nrf2 immunoreactivity was detectable in the ipsilateral penumbra where microglia, astrocytes, and neurons contained Nrf2. Interestingly, Nrf2 was also significantly upregulated in neurons but not in other cell types of the unaffected contralateral site. These results provide strong evidence that Nrf2 is involved in acute stroke-dependent neurodegeneration in the penumbra but not core region and indicate the presence of a systemic Nrf2 activator independent from oxidative stress.
With the vast transcriptome database now available, global patterns of gene expression have been mapped in various species to reveal higher order structures in the genome. Location-dependent control of gene expression has also been studied in human cell cultures and in Arabidopsis plants using well-characterized insertion and transposition cell line collections. With the added genome-wide mapping of chromatin features at a high resolution, via advanced microarray and sequencing technologies, comprehensive analysis of structure–function relationships deduced from chromatin organization and gene expression data is now feasible. This has begun to reveal micro-heterogeneity in the genome with respect to structural and functional segmentations.
In this paper, we report a synthetic route for cobalt sulfides nanoparticles embedded in porous carbon fibers (Co9S8@C) by carbonizing polydopamine (PDA)-coated metal coordination polymers (MCPs) and subsequent sulfidation process. This material serves as an anode for lithium-ion batteries, which exhibits high capacity and good rate capability. At a rate of 0.1C, a high reversible capacity of 1565mA h g−1 is being obtained. In addition, the battery maintains a stable reversible capacities of 606mA h g−1 for 300 cycles at 1C. The improvement of lithium-storage performance is mainly attributed to the smart design of carbon-wrapped mesoporous Co9S8 fibers, which not only prevents aggregation and volume change of the Co9S8 particles, but also enables good conductivity, and thus enhances electrochemical stability.
Alkaline polymer electrolytes (APEs) are an emerging material that enables the use of nonprecious-metal catalysts in electrochemical energy technology, such as fuel cell and water electrolysis. Yet the OH− conduction in APE has been of much lower efficiency than the H+ conduction in its acidic counterpart (typically Nafion), leading to a large dissipative loss in energy conversion applications. Here we report that, by properly constructing ion-aggregating structures in APE, a OH− conducting highway can be built, such that the OH− conduction in APE becomes as efficient as the H+ conduction in Nafion (greater than 0.1 S cm−1 at 80 °C under moderate ion-exchange capacity 1.0 mmol g−1). The optimal approach to constructing such an ionic highway is first screened computationally using coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) simulations, and then implemented experimentally based on a quaternary ammonia polysulfone (QAPS) model system. The resulting ordered structure of ion assembly has been unambiguously revealed by both the theoretically calculated structure factor and experimental results of TEM and SAXS. These findings have not only furthered our understanding about the ionic channels in APE, but also provided a general strategy for the rational design of polymer electrolytes.
Emerging issues on fuel price and greenhouse gas emissions have attracted attention on the alternative energy sources, especially in transportation sector. The transportation sector accounts for 40% of total fuel consumption. Thus, an increasing number of studies have been conducted on hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and their energy management system (EMS). This paper focuses on reviews of EMSs for fuel cell (FC) based HEV in combination with battery and super-capacitor, respectively. Various aspects and classifications of fuel cell–HEV EMS are explained in this paper. Different types of FC–HEV control models and algorithms derived from simulation and experiment are explained in details for an analytical justification for the most optimal control strategy. The performances of the various combinations of FC–HEV system are summarized in the table along with relevant references. This paper provides comprehensive survey of FC–HEV on their source combination, models, energy management system (EMS) etc. developed by various researchers. From the rigorous review, it is observed that the existing technologies more or less are capable to perform well; however, the reliability and the intelligent systems are still not up to the mark. Accordingly, current issues and challenges on the FC–HEV technologies are highlighted with a brief suggestions and discussion for the progress of future FC–HEV vehicle research. This review will hopefully lead to increasing efforts towards the development of economic, longer lifetime, hydrogen viable, efficient electronic interface and well performed EMS for future FC–HEV.
Porous nanoscaled LiMn2O4 sample has been successfully prepared by a polymer-assisted sol–gel method. The porous structure is composed of nanoparticles ranging from 50 to 100nm. The as-obtained LiMn2O4 exhibits specific capacity of 131mAhg−1 at 0.5C and 105mAhg−1 even at 20C. At 2C, the capacity retention reaches 73.3% after 1000 cycles at room temperature and 77.3% after 100 cycles at 60°C. Such outstanding rate capability and cyclic performance can be ascribed to the unique porous nanoscaled structure. Short Li-ion diffusion path and high diffusion coefficient lead to the superior rate capability. The improved cyclic performance originates from low Mn dissolution and accommodation to the structural distortion provided by the porous structure during cycling.