batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The present study compared object and action naming in patients with Alzheimer’s dementia. We tested the hypothesis put forward in (some) previous studies that in Alzheimer’s dementia the production of verbs, that is required in action naming, is better preserved than the production of nouns, that is required in object naming. The possible reason for the dissociation is that verbs are supported predominantly by frontal brain structures that may remain relatively better preserved in early Alzheimer’s disease. Objects, on the other hand, are supported by temporal lobe structures that are affected early in the disease. An alternative hypothesis, which is supported by other studies, is that action naming is more impaired than object naming due to verbs being semantically more complex than nouns. In order to test these contrasting hypotheses, the present study used more stringent methodology than previous studies. We used a larger set of stimuli with carefully matched object and action items and we collected not only accuracy data but also naming latencies, a measure that is sensitive to even mild lexical retrieval problems. We compared the performance of 19 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease with that of 19 healthy age matched participants. We found that both the patients and the comparison group responded faster and made fewer errors on the object pictures than the action pictures. A qualitative analysis of the naming errors indicated that object and action naming pose different demands for the language system. The results overall suggest that the patients’ performance is an exaggeration of the pattern present in the comparison participants.
Hollow sphere geometry is compared with the corresponding nonhollow one in terms of its electrochemical benefits. Lithiation of Fe3O4 and its backward reaction is chosen as a case study process. Dimension of the hollow structure is carefully controlled to have the same mass per a single particle as that of its nonhollow counterpart. The comparison shows the possibility that the faradaic performances of hollow geometry could be better than those of the nonhollow in terms of volumetric as well as gravimetric capacities, even if the hollow has void in its centre.
Recent work on the empirical structure of psychopathology has aimed to address some limitations that can arise from traditional categorical classification approaches. This research has focused on modeling patterns of co-occurrence among traditional diagnoses, uncovering a variety of well-validated dimensions (or spectra) of psychopathology, spanning common and uncommon mental disorders. A model integrating these empirically derived spectra (the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology; HiTOP) has been proposed. However, the placement of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) within this model remains unclear, as studies have variably found OCD to fit best as part of the Fear, Distress or Thought Disorder spectra. One reason for this may be the heterogeneity of symptoms experienced by individuals with OCD, which is lost when analysing categorical diagnoses. For example, different symptom clusters within OCD—such as washing and contamination versus obsessions and checking—may be differentially associated with different spectra in the HiTOP model. The aim of this study was to test this hypothesis. Data were collected in an anonymous online survey from community participants (n = 609), largely with elevated symptoms of mental illness, and analyzed in a factor analytic framework treating OCD as a unitary construct and as four separate symptom clusters. The results indicated that OCD and its constituent symptom clusters had significant loadings of varying strength on the Fear and Thought Disorder spectra. These findings suggest that OCD may be best characterized as cross-loading on both the Fear and Thought Disorder spectra, and highlight the importance of accounting for diagnostic heterogeneity in future research.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a canonical tool commonly used in environmental microbiology research to visualize targeted cells. However, the problems of low signal intensity and false-positive signals impede its widespread application. Alternatively, the signal intensity can be amplified by incorporating Hybridization Chain Reaction (HCR) with FISH, while the specificity can be improved through protocol modification and proper counterstaining. Here we optimized the HCR-FISH protocol for studying microbes in environmental samples, particularly marine sediments. Firstly, five sets of HCR initiator/amplifier pairs were tested on the laboratory-cultured bacterium Escherichia coli and the archaeon Methanococcoides methylutens, and two sets displayed high hybridization efficiency and specificity. Secondly, we tried to find the best combination of sample pretreatment methods and HCR-FISH protocol for environmental sample analysis with the aim of producing less false positive signals. Various detachment methods, extraction methods and formulas of hybridization buffer were tested using sediment samples. Thirdly, an image processing method was developed to enhance the DAPI signal of microbial cells against that of abiotic particles, providing a reliable reference for FISH imaging. In summary, our optimized HCR-FISH protocol showed promise to serve as an addendum to traditional FISH for research on environmental microbes.
A series of experiments have been performed to investigate electrochemical properties of Mm0.7Mg x Ni2.58Co0.5Mn0.3Al0.12 (x =0, 0.3) alloy at various temperatures (238K, 273K and 303K). The results indicate that both alloy electrodes exhibit high dischargeabilities after elemental substitution, above 320mAhg−1 even at 238K. The capacity degradation of the two alloys are primarily ascribed to serious pulverization, other than the oxidation of active components at the initial stage. Moreover, the electrochemical performances of Mm0.7Mg x Ni2.58Co0.5Mn0.3Al0.12 (x =0, 0.3) alloy electrodes depend on the alloy type and testing temperature. Mm0.7Mg0.3Ni2.58Co0.5Mn0.3Al0.12 alloy, consisting of LaNi5-phase and La2Ni7-phase, shows better properties of discharge capacity, cyclic stability, self-discharge and pulverization resistance at the three temperatures than those of single LaNi5-phase Mm0.7Ni2.58Co0.5Mn0.3Al0.12 alloy. The electrochemical kinetics studies indicate that the activation energy of hydrogen diffusion and exchange current density (I 0) of Mm0.7Mg0.3Ni2.58Co0.5Mn0.3Al0.12 alloy are lower than those of Mm0.7Ni2.58Co0.5Mn0.3Al0.12 alloy. When the temperature increases from 238 to 303K, the capacity loss, high-rate dischargeability, exchange current density I 0 and hydrogen diffusion coefficient (D/a 2) of the two alloys increases, while capacity retention decreases. Further analysis of kinetics suggests that bulk hydrogen diffusion is the rate-determining step of the battery reaction at low temperature 238K, and charge-transfer reaction on alloy surface is the rate-determining step when tested at 273K and 303K for both alloys. The perfect low temperature discharge capacities of the two alloys can mainly attribute to the decrease of activation energy for hydrogen diffusion after elemental substitution.
For electric vehicle (EV) or hybrid EV (HEV) development and integration of renewables in electrical networks, battery monitoring systems have to be more and more precise to take into account the state-of-charge and the dynamic behavior of the battery. Some non-integer order models of electrochemical batteries have been proposed in literacy with a good accuracy and a low number of parameters in the frequential domain. Nevertheless, time simulation of such models required to approximate this non-integer order system by an equivalent high integer order model. An adapted algorithm is then proposed in this article to simulate the non-integer order model without any approximation, thanks to the construction of a 3-order generalized state-space system. This algorithm is applied and validated on a 2.3 A.h Li-ion battery.
In this paper, we reported the synthesis of single-crystalline octahedral LiMn2O4 particles by a two-step method in which well-shaped octahedral Mn3O4 was easily obtained by the hydrothermal reaction of KMnO4 in water/N, N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) mixed solution and then transferred to LiMn2O4 by the solid-state lithiation process. High crystallinity and phase purity were also observed. When used as a cathode for Li-ion battery, the octahedral LiMn2O4 particles have demonstrated superior electrochemical properties in comparison with the LiMn2O4 particles by sol-gel method. A high initial discharge capacity of 122.7mAhg−1 was exhibited at 1C-rate and 104mAhg−1 maintained after 200 cycles for octahedral LiMn2O4. And good rate capability has also been achieved. The excellent electrochemical properties should be mainly attributed to the special octahedral morphology, single crystalline nature and high crystallinity.
Rapid microscale toxicity tests make it possible to screen large numbers of compounds and greatly simplify toxicity identification evaluation and other effect directed chemical analyses of effluents or environmental samples. Tests using Vibrio fischeri (such as Microtox®) detect toxicants that cause non-specific narcosis, but are insensitive to other important classes of contaminants. The microbial assay for risk assessment (MARA) is a 24 h multi-species test that seeks to address this problem by using a battery of ten bacteria and a fungus. But there has been little independent evaluation of this test, and there is no published information on its sensitivity to pesticides. Here, we assess the performance of MARA using a range of toxicants including reference chemicals, fungicides and environmental samples. Mean MARA microbial toxic concentrations   and IC20s (20% Inhibitory concentrations) indicate the toxicant concentrations affecting the more sensitive micro-organisms, while the mean IC50 (50% Inhibitory concentration) was found to be the concentration that was toxic to most MARA species. For the two fungicides tested, the yeast (Pichia anomalia) was the most sensitive of the ten MARA species, and was more sensitive than the nine other yeasts tested. The test may be particularly valuable for work with fungicides. Mean MARA IC50s were comparable to values for nine other yeast species and the lowest individual IC50s for each toxicant were comparable to reported IC50s for Daphnia magna, Selenastrum capricornutum and Microtox® bioassays. MARA organisms exhibited more variable sensitivities, with the most sensitive organism being different for different samples, enhancing the likelihood of toxicity detection and giving a toxicity “fingerprint” that may help identify toxicants. The test, therefore, has great potential and would be valuable for ecotoxicological testing of pollutants.
The purpose of this study was to explore breast cancer survivors’ interest in and preferences for technology-supported exercise interventions.
The fuel-cell powered bus is becoming the favored choice for electric vehicles because of its extended driving range, zero emissions, and high energy conversion efficiency when compared with battery-operated electric vehicles. In China, a demonstration program for the fuel cell bus fleet operated at the Beijing Olympics in 2008 and the Shanghai Expo in 2010. It is necessary to develop comprehensive proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) diagnostic tools to increase the reliability of these systems. It is especially critical for fuel-cell city buses serving large numbers of passengers using public transportation. This paper presents a diagnostic analysis and implementation study based on the signed directed graph (SDG) method for the fuel-cell system. This diagnostic system was successfully implemented in the fuel-cell bus fleet at the Shanghai Expo in 2010.
Recent upsurge in the two-dimensional (2D) materials have established their larger role on energy storage applications. To this end, Mxene represent a new paradigm extending beyond the realm of oft-explored elemental 2D materials beginning with graphene. Here in, we employed first principles modelling based on density functional theory to investigate the role of S-functionalized Nitride Mxenes as anodes for Li/Na ion batteries. To be specific, V2NS2 and Ti2NS2 have been explored with a focus on computing meaningful descriptors to quantify these 2D materials to be optimally performing electrodes. The Li/Na ion adsorption energies are found to be high (>-2 eV) on both the surfaces and associated with significant charge transfer. Interestingly, this ion intercalation can reach up to multilayers which essentially affords higher specific capacity for the substrate. Particularly, these two 2D materials (V2NS2 and Ti2NS2) have been found to be more suitable for Li-ion batteries with estimated theoretical capacities of 299.52 mAh g−1 and 308.28 mAh g−1 respectively. We have also probed the diffusion barriers of ion migration on these two surfaces and these are found to be ultrafast in nature. All these unique features qualify these Mxenes to be potential anode materials for rechargeable batteries and likely to draw imminent attention.
Microscale Li4Ti5−x Zn x O12 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2) particles with high phase purity were synthesized by a simple solid-state reaction. The effect of the zinc doping on the physicochemical properties of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) was extensively studied by TG-DSC, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, CV, EIS, and galvanostatic charge–discharge testing. The crystallization of lithium titanate oxide forms at about 750 °C. The lattice parameter of the Zn-doped LTO samples is slightly smaller than that for the pure LTO samples, and zinc doping does not change the basic Li4Ti5O12 structure. Even though the material has a particle size of 1–2 μm, Zn-doped LTO shows very high excellent capacity retention between 0 and 2.5 V. Especially, in rate performance, the Li4Ti4.8Zn0.2O12 sample maintains capacity of about 180 mAh g−1 until 5 C rates after 200 cycles, while the pure LTO sample shows severe capacity decline at corresponding rates. The reason for the high rate performance of Zn-doped LTO anode is ascertained to the diffusion coefficient (D Li) and reversible intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ion. The superior cycling performance and wide discharge voltage range, as well as simple synthesis route and low synthesis cost of the Zn-doped LTO are expected to show a potential commercial application.
The soluble lead flow battery (SLFB) is conventionally configured with an undivided cell chamber. This is possible, unlike other flow batteries, because both electrode active materials are electroplated as solids from a common species, Pb2+, on the electrode surfaces during charging. Physically separating the active materials has the advantage that a single electrolyte and pump circuit can be used; however, failure mechanisms such as electrical shorting may be observed. In addition, a common electrolyte requires that any electrolyte additives are compatible with both half-cell reactions. This paper introduces two new configurations; semi- and fully divided for the SLFB. Cationic, anionic, and microporous separators are assessed for ionic conductivity in SLFB electrolytes, showing that their incorporation adds as little as a 20 mV to the cell voltage. Voltammetry shows the effect of additives on the equilibrium potential and stripping overpotential of PbO2. It is then demonstrated that the incorporation of a separator into the SLFB can reduce failure due to electrical shorting and permit electrode-specific additives to be used. A unit flow cell with electrode area of 100 cm2 is shown to operate for over 300 Ah in the semi-divided configuration, more than doubling the previously reported cycle life for cells of similar size.
This study describes the preparation and analysis of laser micro-structured nickel metal electrodes for application as a cathode material in micro-batteries based on the nickel oxyhydroxide chemistry. Using ultra-short pulse length lasers (picoseconds to femtoseconds); surface micro-structures in the form of ripples are rapidly generated at the surface of nickel metal cathodes. These ripple micro-structures, with a periodic spacing approximately equal to the wavelength of laser radiation used, are more commonly referred to as laser-induced periodic plasmonic structures (LIPPS). The electrochemical activity of the LIPPS nickel metal cathodes is investigated in aqueous KOH using cyclic voltammetry. Across a wide range of scan rates, the results of the voltammetry show that the formation of LIPPS yields a considerable enhancement in the electrochemical activity of the nickel surface. The observed enhancement is attributed to both the greater surface area of the rippled surface relative to a planar nickel surface and a thicker NiO x layer generated by the laser process.
Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) with a layered structure is considered an attractive cathode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because of its low cost, abundance, and relatively high theoretical capacity (294mAhg−1 with two lithium insertion/extractions per unit formula) as compared with more commonly used cathode materials such as LiCoO2 (140mAhg−1) and LiFePO4 (170mAhg−1). However, practical applications of V2O5 are limited by its poor structural stability, low electrical conductivity, and slow electrochemical kinetics, leading to poor long-term cycling stability and rate performance. In this study, carbon-coated V2O5 nanoparticles were synthesized by facile thermal decomposition of a soluble intermediate product, namely (NH4)(VO)(C6H5O7) from a reaction of NH4VO3 with citric acid (C6H8O7); citric acid was used as both a carbon source and a chelating/reducing agent. The highly crystalline V2O5 nanoparticles were coated with a carbon layer of thickness approximately 4–5nm. The carbon-coated V2O5 nanoparticles had better electrochemical performances than those of V2O5 nanoparticles synthesized using tartaric acid (C4H6O6) or oxalic acid (C2H2O4), which are commonly used as reducing agents. They exhibited a high initial discharge capacity of 293mAhg−1 between 2.1 and 4.0V at a rate of 0.1C, and good capacity retention of 90% after 30 cycles. At high current densities of 0.5–5 C, excellent rate capabilities and cycling stabilities were achieved.
The mass ratio between electrode and electrolyte in lithium-ion battery plays a key role for the battery thermal stability. Its effect on the thermal stability of their coexisting system was studied using C80 micro-calorimeter. For the Li0.5CoO2–LiPF6/ethylene carbonate (EC)+diethyl carbonate (DEC) coexisting system, when the mass ratios of Li0.5CoO2–LiPF6/EC+DEC are 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3, one, two, three and four main exothermic peaks are detected with total heat generation of −1043.8Jg−1, −1052.6Jg−1, −1178.5Jg−1 and −1684.5Jg−1, respectively. For the Li x C6–LiPF6/EC+DEC coexisting system, the thermal behavior trend is similar, and the heat generation increases with the electrolyte content increasing, however, and the onset temperature are very close to each others. The heating rate also influence the heat generation rate for the two coexisting system, too far or too low heating rate could results in varies heat generation.
Battery power is one of the most important sources of energy for vehicles that do not produce harmful gases, electric vehicles. These electric vehicles are also capable of taking advantage of the electric grid to recharge at night. Scientists worldwide are searching for practical battery designs and electrodes with high cycling stability for electric vehicles by combining nanotechnology with surface coating technologies. Multiple tests have been performed upon lithium-ion batteries; however, new research is focusing on aluminum-ion batteries. The production and application of this form of battery technology is expected to improve greatly in the future. This Review summarizes the recent highlights in the energy industry as well as our laboratory work regarding lithium-ion and aluminum-ion batteries. The focus of this work is on battery structure models and nanoscale analysis technologies. Furthermore, this Review outlines the challenges that exist in producing cheaper and more accessible batteries by examining the energy storage and transmission principles of these new batteries. The structure and size effects of nanoparticles allows, as well as probes on the thermodynamic mechanism for mediating lessened battery performance due to heat expansion of the nanostructure. Finally, this Review looks at batteries and electrodes of electric vehicles as objects, commenting on the design ideas and feasibility of new battery technologies.
Abstract There are various types of measurements and controls accomplished through sensors and transmitters. Pressure, temperature, flow, and level types of general measurements are included in this chapter. Different types of pressure and temperature elements are deployed for respective measurements. Flow elements are often used as differential producers for flow measurements. Level measurements are often based on pressure and differential pressure measurements. Other types of flow and level measurements are also described. Working principle, specification/data sheets, and a typical list of measurements are presented.
A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated in rat plasma for quantification of tadalafil, a novel therapeutic agent for erectile dysfunction. Tadalafil and acebutolol (internal standard) were extracted by liquid–liquid extraction with tert-butyl methyl ether. The chromatographic separation was performed on a reverse phase C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1 % formic acid and acetonitrile (45:55, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The protonated analyte was quantitated by multiple reaction monitoring with a Waters Quattro micro™ API mass spectrometer. The calibration curve was linear over a concentration range of 2–2000 ng/mL, and the lower limit of quantification was 2 ng/mL with a precision (CV %) of 10.9 %. Acceptable intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy were obtained at 3 concentration levels (3, 200, and 1500 ng/mL). Tadalafil was found to be stable in a battery of studies, including bench top, freeze–thaw, and autosampler conditions. The validated method was successfully used to determine tadalafil concentration in rat plasma samples after oral administration at a dose of 1 mg/kg.
CoAl layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have been found excellent supercapacitive behavior, however, little is known on their stability in alkali solutions. Here, a series of CoAl LDHs with molar ratios of Co to Al between 1 and 9 synthesized by homogenously precipitation with urea were characterized. When the LDH materials are either soaked in alkali solutions or electrochemically charged/discharged on the electrodes, they transform into β-Co(OH)2. The transformation reaction accelerates as the Al content in the LDH materials decreases, or the ambient temperature and/or the alkali concentration for the soaking treatment increases. When the KOH concentration goes up from 6.0moll−1 to 7.0moll−1, there is a much greater decrease in mass of the residual solid, indicating that the transformation leaps in the 7.0moll−1 KOH solution. Elemental analyses on both the residual solid and the filtrate support those observations. Electrochemical characterization shows that the transformation reaction has great effects on the supercapacitive behaviors and cycling charge/discharge performances. For example, the specific capacitance of Co3.85Al(OH)8.7(OCN)0.84(CO3)0.58·2.5H2O gives the maximum of 549.0Fg−1 at the 5th cycle under a specific current of 800mAg−1, however, that of its residual solid after the soaking in 7.0moll−1 KOH for 5h decreases to less than 80Fg−1 within the 200 cycles. In addition, the dissolution of Al(OH)3 in the electrolyte and/or surface modification of Y, Er or Lu can improve the cycling charge/discharge performances because they can retard the transformation from LDH into β-Co(OH)2.