batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Two cation-exchange membranes modified with the carboxylic acid group for battery separator were prepared by radiation-induced grafting of acrylic acid (AA) and methacrylic acid (MA) onto a polyethylene (PE) film. The surface area, thickness, volume, water uptake, ion-exchange capacity, specific electric resistance, and electrolyte flux were evaluated after PE film was grafted with AA and MA. It was found that KOH diffusion flux of AA-grafted PE membrane and MA-grafted PE membrane increased with an increase in the degree of grafting. AA-grafted PE membrane had a higher diffusion flux than MA-grafted PE membrane. Electrical resistance of two cation-exchange membranes modified with AA and MA decreased rapidly with an increase in the degree of grafting.
Manganese (Mn) is ubiquitous in the environment and essential for normal growth and development, yet excessive exposure can lead to impairments in neurological function. This study modeled ambient Mn concentrations as an alternative to stationary and personal air sampling to assess exposure for children enrolled in the Communities Actively Researching Exposure Study in Marietta, OH. Ambient air Mn concentration values were modeled using US Environmental Protection Agency’s Air Dispersion Model AERMOD based on emissions from the ferromanganese refinery located in Marietta. Modeled Mn concentrations were compared with Mn concentrations from a nearby stationary air monitor. The Index of Agreement for modeled versus monitored data was 0.34 (48 h levels) and 0.79 (monthly levels). Fractional bias was 0.026 for 48 h levels and −0.019 for monthly levels. The ratio of modeled ambient air Mn to measured ambient air Mn at the annual time scale was 0.94. Modeled values were also time matched to personal air samples for 19 children. The modeled values explained a greater degree of variability in personal exposures compared with time-weighted distance from the emission source. Based on these results modeled Mn concentrations provided a suitable approach for assessing airborne Mn exposure in this cohort.
Reduced graphene oxides (rGOs) with micropores were successfully obtained from a graphite oxide (GO) suspension in 2-propanol/water by electron beam irradiation at room temperature under ambient air conditions. During the radiolysis reaction, hydrated electrons (e− aq) were generated and acted as a reducing agent for the reduction of GO. The physico-chemical properties, such as disorder degree, oxygen content, specific surface area, pore structure, and sheet resistance of the rGOs were systematically controlled by adjusting the electron beam irradiation dose (50∼360kGy). Especially, higher irradiation dose reduced the oxygen content, increased the specific surface area, and increased the number of micropores of rGO, which are important factors for supercapacitor performance. In order to investigate the electrochemical performance of the rGOs, electrochemical measurements were performed with a three-electrode system in 6.0M KOH aqueous media. The highest capacitance of 206.8 F g−1 was achieved at a charge/discharge current density of 0.2Ag−1 in 6.0M KOH aqueous solution for a sample reduced by electron beam irradiation of 200kGy.
With the emergence and development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), different sensors have become more miniaturized and intelligent. UAVs equipped with various sensors are now an important approach for acquiring spatial data. Many advantages, such as low cost, short revisiting cycle, flexibility and high precision, have made UAVs powerful tools in geological, agricultural, ecological and forestry growth monitoring, as well as evaluation. Now, UAVs are a hotspot in scientific research. Their application in mining areas (MA), although still in its infancy, is developing rapidly in terms of speed, scale and service scope. This research examines aspects such as UAV platforms, different sensors and their application fields, as well as reviewing the advances of scientific research in MA at the present time. By combining current research and the functions of multiple sensors, an application framework for UAV monitoring in MA is constructed. Finally, the challenge and prospects for the development of UAVs and sensors are also considered. This research hopes to provide a technical reference, expanding the knowledge and recognition of UAV monitoring in MA, as well as an assessment of applications in mining, reclamation and environment.
Three trimethylsilyl based malonate esters, bis(trimethylsilyl) 2-methyl-2-fluoromalonate (BTMSMFM), bis(trimethylsilyl) 2-ethyl-2-fluoromalonate (BTMSEFM) and bis(trimethylsilyl) 2-propyl-2-fluoromalonate (BTMSPFM), have been used as additives in 1.0 M LiPF6/ethylene carbonate (EC)-dimethyl carbonate (DMC)-diethyl carbonate (DEC) (1-1-1, by v) baseline electrolyte for LiNi0.80Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) based high voltage lithium ion batteries. The NCA half-cells with 5 wt% BTMSMFM exhibit higher capacity retention than that in the baseline electrolyte at different upper cut off voltages, that is, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 and 4.5 V vs. Li/Li+. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) show that the additive successfully prevents the formation of thick solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) films on the surface of the NCA electrodes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) further reveals that the crystal structure of NCA is also maintained in the electrolyte with 5 wt% BTMSMFM at high cut off voltages. Besides beneficial to NCA cathode, the BTMSMFM additive also ensures better cycling performance of the graphite based half-cells and NCA/graphite full-cells, and thus is a promising additive for application in rechargeable lithium ion batteries.
The ageing of 75 commercial Li-ion secondary batteries with LiNiMnCoO2| hard carbon chemistry was studied up to 4 years. The nominal capacity was 17.5 Ah. The batteries were cycled at different current rates and between different states of charge. Shelf studies were carried out at different temperatures and at different states of charge. The ageing temperature varied from 18-55°C. The specific ohmic resistance was obtained as a function of state of health, ageing temperature, and ageing time. We found that the cell tolerated less cycles at higher temperatures. The loss of capacity also increased for storage at higher temperatures, in a predictable manner. We observed that the state of charge at the moment of storage was very important for the loss of discharge capacity. Thermal conductivities of pristine and aged electrodes were measured in the presence and absence of electrolyte solvent and under different compaction pressures. The thermal conductivity was found to range from 0.14–0.41WK−1m−1 for dry electrode active material and from 0.52–0.73 WK−1m−1 for electrolyte solvent-soaked electrode active material. The thermal conductivity of the electrode materials did not change significantly with ageing, but a strong correlation was seen between remaining battery capacity and increasing ohmic resistance. To assess the impact of these changes, the measured results were used in a one-dimensional model to compute the battery internal temperature. Temperature profiles were computed as a function of discharging rate (2C - 10C) and ageing time (0 - 4 years). The model showed that the internal temperature can raise by a factor about 2.5 during ageing from the pristine state of health at 100 % to 58 % capacity.
Electroencephalography (EEG)-neurofeedback has been shown to offer therapeutic benefits to patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in several, mostly uncontrolled studies. This pilot study is designed to test the feasibility and safety of using a double-blind placebo feedback-controlled design and to explore the initial efficacy of individualized EEG-neurofeedback training in children with ADHD. Fourteen children (8–15 years) with ADHD defined according to the DSM-IV-TR criteria were randomly allocated to 30 sessions of EEG-neurofeedback (n = 8) or placebo feedback (n = 6). Safety measures (adverse events and sleep problems), ADHD symptoms and global improvement were monitored. With respect to feasibility, all children completed the study and attended all study visits and training sessions. No significant adverse effects or sleep problems were reported. Regarding the expectancy, 75% of children and their parent(s) in the active neurofeedback group and 50% of children and their parent(s) in the placebo feedback group thought they received placebo feedback training. Analyses revealed significant improvements of ADHD symptoms over time, but changes were similar for both groups. This pilot study shows that it is feasible to conduct a rigorous placebo-controlled trial to investigate the efficacy of neurofeedback training in children with ADHD. However, a double-blind design may not be feasible since using automatic adjusted reward thresholds may not work as effective as manually adjusted reward thresholds. Additionally, implementation of active learning strategies may be an important factor for the efficacy of EEG-neurofeedback training. Based on the results of this pilot study, changes are made in the design of the ongoing study.
Over 90% of Rett syndrome (RTT) cases have a mutation in the X-linked gene encoding methyl CpG binding-protein 2 (MeCP2). A mouse model that reprises clinical manifestations of the disease would be valuable for examining disease mechanisms. Here, we characterize physical and behavioral measures, as well as brain region volumes in young adult mice that have mutations in mouse methyl CpG binding-protein 2 gene (Mecp2) to serve as a baseline for other studies. Hemizygous males, which produce no functional protein, exhibit hypoactivity and abnormalities in locomotion, stereotypies, and anxiety reminiscent of the clinical condition. The mutant males also exhibit cognitive deficits in fear conditioning and object recognition relative to wildtypes. Volumetric analyses of male brains revealed a 25% reduction in whole brain volume in mutants relative to wildtypes; regional differences were also apparent. Mutants had decreased volumes in three specific brain regions: the amygdala (39%), hippocampus (21%), and striatum (29%). Heterozygous females, which produce varying amounts of functional protein, displayed a less severe behavioral phenotype. The mutant females exhibit abnormalities in locomotion, anxiety measures, and cognitive deficits in object recognition in an open field. This study provides the first evidence that the abnormal motor and cognitive behavioral phenotype in Mecp2 mice is consistent with specific volume reductions in brain regions associated with these behaviors, and shows how these data parallel the human condition. The Mecp2 mutant mice provide a very good model in which to examine molecular and behavioral mechanisms, as well as potential therapeutic interventions in RTT.
We have prepared polymer gel electrolytes with alkali metal ionic liquids (AMILs) that inherently contain alkali metal ions. The AMIL consisted of sulfate anion, imidazolium cation, and alkali metal cation. AMILs were mixed directly with poly(3-sulfopropyl acrylate) lithium salt or poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid) lithium salt to form polymer gels. The ionic conductivity of these gels decreased with increasing polymer fraction, as in general ionic liquid/polymer mixed systems. At low polymer concentrations, these gels displayed excellent ionic conductivity of 10−4 to 10−3 Scm−1 at room temperature. Gelation was found to cause little change in the 7 Li diffusion coefficient of the ionic liquid, as measured by pulse-field-gradient NMR. These data strongly suggest that the lithium cation migrates in successive pathways provided by the ionic liquids.
In applications such as electrical transportation, most of the battery life is spent under storage. Understanding and estimating aging under storage, also named as calendar aging, is therefore a prerequisite for cell life prediction. This work investigates aging behavior upon storage of a commercial 15 Ah lithium-ion graphite/iron phosphate cell. Performance decline during 450 days of storage under nine stationary conditions is analyzed using non-destructive electrochemical tests. Temperature is found to be more detrimental than State of Charge (SoC). Most often, degradation models express the accumulated degradation with respect to time and aging conditions. In this article, a simple modeling approach is proposed focusing on the degradation rate to predict capacity fade. This permits predicting cell degradation under time dependent storage conditions (SoC and temperature) which are usually experienced in real applications. Model prediction is compared to experimental calendar aging data obtained over 625 days in a controlled time dependent temperature storage conditions. Predictions are in good agreement with experimental results as the absolute error on capacity prediction never exceeds 3% over 400 days and 5% over 625 days.
Recently, nanostructured Si has been intensively studied as a promising anode candidate for lithium ion batteries due to its ultrahigh capacity. However, the downsizing of Si to nanoscale dimension is often impeded by complicated and expensive methods. In this work, natural halloysite clay was utilized for the production of Si nanoparticles through selective acid etching and modified magnesiothermic reduction processes. The physical and chemical changes of these samples during the various processes have been analyzed. The as-prepared HSi from halloysite clay is composed of many interconnected Si nanoparticles with an average diameter of 20–50 nm. Owing to the small size and porous nature, the HSi nanoparticles exhibit a satisfactory performance as an anode for lithium ion batteries. Without further modification, a stable capacity over 2200 mAh g−1 at a rate of 0.2 C after 100 cycles and a reversible capacity above 800 mAh g−1 at a rate of 1 C after 1000 cycles can be obtained. As a result, this synthetic route is cost-effective and can be scaled up for mass production of Si nanoparticles, which may facilitate valuable utilization of halloysite clay and further commercial application of Si-based anode materials.
Interest in use of the polysaccharide chitosan as a pharmaceutical excipient by different dose routes and for a number of applications is not new but it still does not appear to be present in any marketed drugs. Including a novel excipient in a new drug formulation requires a number of safety considerations. Review of the published literature showed that chitosan has low oral toxicity and local tolerance potential supporting use in non-parenteral formulations. Prior human oral exposure has occurred through use of chitosan dietary supplements and food additive, medical device and cosmetic applications. Although systemic exposure to parent chitosan may be limited (due to digestion in the gastrointestinal tract), any that is absorbed will likely undergo enzyme degradation to naturally occurring glucosamine, and N-acetylglucosamine, its copolymers, which are excreted or used in the amino sugar pool. Chitosan has local biological activity in the form of haemostatic action and, together with its ability to activate macrophages and cause cytokine stimulation (which has resulted in interest in medical device and wound healing applications), may result in a more careful assessment of its safety as a parenteral excipient.
Parents who are overwhelmed by the intensity and aversive nature of child negative affect — those who are experiencing flooding — may be less likely to react effectively and instead may focus on escaping the aversive situation, disciplining either overly permissively or punitively to escape quickly from child negative affect. However, there are no validated self-report measures of the degree to which parents experience flooding, impeding the exploration of these relations. Thus, we created and evaluated the Parent Flooding scale (PFS), assessing the extent to which parents believe their children’s negative affect during parent-child conflicts is unexpected, overwhelming and distressing. We studied its factorial validity, reliability, and concurrent validity in a community sample of 453 couples with 3- to 7-year-old children (51.9 % girls) recruited via random digit dialing. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated a one-factor solution with excellent internal consistency. Test-retest stability over an average of 5.6 months was high. Concurrent validity was suggested by the associations of flooding with parents’ aggression toward their children, overreactive and lax discipline, parenting satisfaction, and parents’ anger, as well as with child externalizing behavior and negative affect. Incrementally concurrent validity analyses indicated that flooding was a unique predictor of mothers’ and fathers’ overreactive discipline and fathers’ parent-child aggression and lax discipline, over and above the contributions of parents’ anger and children’s negative affect. The present results support the psychometric validity of the PFS.
The synthesis of heteroatom-doped graphene nanosheets is one of the recent trends to improve the energy storage capabilities of graphene in devices such as supercapacitors. We report on the optimized fabrication of sodium-nitrogen-phosphorus co-doped graphene sheets (Na/N/P-GNS) via a simple one-pot green method. The fabricated Na/N/P-GNS were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Various electrochemical techniques were used to investigate the capacitance and performance of the prepared Na/N/P-GNS, including cyclic voltammetry (CV) at different potential scan rates and electrochemical charge/discharge at different current densities in 0.5M H2SO4 aqueous electrolyte at room temperature. Na/N/P-GNS showed a maximum specific capacitance of 499F/g at a scan rate of 1mV/s, excellent cycling retention of 101% after 1000cycles at 200mV/s, and high energy density of 98.58 Whkg−1. The high capacitance can be ascribed to the co-doping of Na, P and N and the one-pot synthesis methods that retain the graphene sheets unstacked. Based on the obtained capacitance, the fabricated Na/N/P-GNS would be a promising electrode material for supercapacitors.
In this work, a facile electrochemical route i.e., anodic dissolution of bulk Cu at 2.0V or more (vs. SCE) in a NaOH solution containing NH2OH·HCl, was introduced for the synthesis of clean Cu2O microcrystals (Cu2O MCs) with morphologies of octahedron, half circular plate, etc. The bulk Cu electrode can be facilely dispersed into Cu(OH)4 2− in alkaline solutions with the help of intense O2 releasing. In the presence of reductive NH2OH·HCl, Cu(II) was quickly reduced to Cu(I). Due to the concentration gradient of Cu(I) and OH− resulting from the electrochemical reaction and the selective adsorption of OH− on different crystal facets, half circular plate Cu2O MCs were for the first time, synthesized. By changing the NaOH concentration or applied potential, octahedron and rectangular plate Cu2O MCs could also be obtained. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, etc. were used to characterize the oxides. The Cu2O MCs were phase-pure cubic Cu2O. This electrochemical route is simple, basically green and can be used to synthesize Cu2O MCs with different morphologies.
This paper proposes a strategy to reduce the diffusion induced stress and enhance the capacity of a layered electrode by allowing the plastic deformation of current collector. Based on analytical formulations of the stress in whole electrode, three types of elastoplastic behaviors of current collector, i.e. pure elastic deformation, plastic shakedown and cyclic plasticity, are identified. Criterions separating the three cases are proposed. It is found applying a thin current collector and allowing it to plastically yield in the charge/discharge cycles is beneficial not only to capacity as more space can be provided for active materials but also to electrochemical stability because the stress in active layer is significantly reduced. Structural design corresponding to plastic shakedown shows good balance between the said improvements and structural safety, whereas the case of cyclic plasticity further enhances the improvements. Therefore, structural designing scheme is provided for the former case according to the criterion of plastic shakedown but for the latter one based on the Coffin–Manson relation with expected cycle life.
A high performance Li3V2(PO4)3 cathode material for lithium ion batteries was synthesized by the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method followed by a post annealing process. The synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis results confirmed that single-phase Li3V2(PO4)3 with monoclinic structure was obtained. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope images revealed that the as-prepared Li3V2(PO4)3 was composed of nanowires and microsized particles. Electrochemical results demonstrated that the Li3V2(PO4)3 electrode measured at 10 C after 500 cycles can deliver discharge capacities of 85.4 mAh g−1 and 103.4 mAh g−1, with a capacity retention of 99.3% and 95.9%, in the voltage ranges of 3.0–4.3 V and 3.0–4.8 V, respectively, indicating good cycling stability. Furthermore, the electrochemical performance of Li3V2(PO4)3 in ionic liquid electrolytes between 3.0 V and 4.8 V was also measured.
The cathode powder is obtained by wet crushing and screening, and the leaching behavior of Li, Ni, Co, Cu, and Al is then investigated using a ternary leaching system composed of ammonia, ammonium sulfite, and ammonium bicarbonate. Ammonium sulfite is necessary as a reductant to improve the Li, Ni, and Co leaching efficiencies, and ammonium bicarbonate acts as a buffer in ammoniacal solutions. A detailed understanding of the selective leaching process is obtained by investigating the effects of parameters such as the leaching reagent composition, leaching time (0–300 min), temperature (40–90 °C), solid-to-liquid ratio (10–50 g/L), and agitation speed (300–700 rpm). It is found that Ni and Cu could be almost fully leached out, while Al is hardly leached and Li(60.53%) and Co(80.99%) exhibit a moderate leaching efficiency. The results show that the optimum solid-liquid ratio of the leaching system is 20 g/L, and the increase of temperature and reaction time is beneficial to metal leaching. The leaching kinetics analysis shows that the chemical reaction control explains the leaching behavior of Li, Ni, and Co well. Therefore, this work may be beneficial for further recycling valuable metals from leaching solutions by introducing an extraction agent.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Heart failure remains a major contributor to this mortality. Despite major therapeutic advances over the past decades, a better understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of CVD as well as improved therapeutic strategies for the management or treatment of heart failure are increasingly needed. Loss of myocardium is a major driver of heart failure. An attractive approach that appears to provide promising results in reducing cardiac degeneration is stem cell therapy (SCT). In this review, we describe different types of stem cells, including embryonic and adult stem cells, and we provide a detailed discussion of the properties of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We also present and critically discuss the key methods used for converting somatic cells to pluripotent cells and iPSCs to cardiomyocytes (CMs), along with their advantages and limitations. Integrating and non-integrating reprogramming methods as well as characterization of iPSCs and iPSC-derived CMs are discussed. Furthermore, we critically present various methods of differentiating iPSCs to CMs. The value of iPSC-CMs in regenerative medicine as well as myocardial disease modeling and cardiac regeneration are emphasized.