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Mg-doped perovskite oxides LaNi1−x Mg x O3 (x = 0, 0.08, 0.15) electrocatalysts are synthesized by a sol–gel method using citric acid as complex agent and ethylene glycol as thickening agent. The intrinsic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity of as-prepared perovskite oxides in aqueous electrolyte are examined on a rotating disk electrode (RDE) set up. Li–air primary batteries on the basis of Mg-doped perovskite oxides LaNi1−x Mg x O3 (x = 0, 0.08, 0.15) and nonaqueous electrolyte are also fabricated and tested. In terms of the ORR current densities and OER current densities, the performance is enhanced in the order of LaNiO3, LaNi0.92Mg0.08O3 and LaNi0.85Mg0.15O3. Most notably, partially substituting nickel with magnesium suppresses formation of Ni2+ and ensures high concentration of both OER and ORR reaction energy favorable Ni3+ (e g = 1) on the surface of perovskite catalysts. Nonaqueous Li–air primary battery using LaNi0.92Mg0.08O3 and LaNi0.85Mg0.15O3 as the cathode catalysts exhibit improved performances compared with LaNiO3 catalyst, which are consistent with the ORR current densities.
Neurons and astrocytes cooperate metabolically but differ in key aspects of their metabolism, including the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, the authors show that mitochondrial ROS produced in astrocytes affect neuronal metabolism and mouse memory and behaviour.
Tungsten disulfide (WS2) have been attracting increasing attention as anode materials for high performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high theoretical capacity and large interlayer spacing. However, the low conductivity and volume expansion during lithiation/delithiation process will lead to the low specific capacity and rapid capacity fading during long-term cycling. Here, we have used flexible single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with ultra-high electrical conductivity as conductive materials to construct a three-dimensional (3D) WS2@SWCNT foam by a simple hydrothermal method followed by freeze-drying process. The 3D structure not only provide good electronic transportation pathways, but also can accommodate huge volume change of WS2 due to the mechanical flexibility of SWCNTs, leading to the excellent cyclability as anode materials for LIBs. Benefiting from these excellent properties, the WS2@SWCNT foam nanostructure delivers a specific capacity of 1050 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1, high reversible capacity of 688.3 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles and a capacity retention of 113% over 1000 cycles at 1 A g−1.
Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has been explored for lithium intercalation due to its similar crystal structure to graphite, a well-known anode material for Li-ion secondary batteries. Lithium h-BN intercalation compounds (Li-BNICs) have been successfully synthesized through heat treatment. In this study, potential physical properties related to electrical conductivity were investigated using pristine and milled h-BN, which is further mixed/combined with milled graphite. The electrochemical properties were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic cycling with potential limitation (GCPL). The chemical potential of h-BN was estimated about 1.0V versus Li/Li+ and a two-phase reaction was suggested. Accordingly, Li-BNIC is more stable than Li-GICs (lithium graphite intercalation compounds) in terms of thermal stability.
LiV3O8 cathode has been synthesized by two simple low temperature methods without involving the melting of V2O5 and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), discharge–charge measurements in lithium cells and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). While the first method involves the heating of the components in H2 at 500°C followed by in N2 at 600°C, the second method involves the dispersion of the components in methanol followed by evaporating the solvent and heating at 500°C in N2 atmosphere. The samples exhibit a high capacity of around 230mAhg−1 at 0.5mAcm−2 and 25°C in a narrow voltage range of 2–3.5V with excellent cyclability at −30 to 60°C. Additionally, the samples exhibit superior safety characteristics compared to the currently used LiCoO2 cathode as indicated by the absence of exothermic peaks (DSC) up to 450°C in the charged state.
Nearly half of all youth with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have at least one parent who also meets criteria for the disorder, and intergenerational ADHD is a significant risk factor for poor outcomes following evidence-based behavioral parent training (BPT) programs. Given that BPT is predicated on consistent parental involvement, symptoms of ADHD in parents may be a significant barrier to effective engagement with BPT treatment. In the present investigation, we examine the effect of parental ADHD symptoms on BPT treatment engagement for children with ADHD-predominantly inattentive presentation (N = 148, ages 7–11). We examine the following parent- and clinician-rated treatment engagement domains: between-session skill adherence, in-session participation, perceived skill understanding, treatment-engagement attitudes, and session attendance. Parent- and clinician-rated between-session adherence was the only treatment engagement domain related significantly to parental ADHD symptoms. This finding was robust and remained even after accounting for symptoms of parental anxiety and depression, child ADHD symptom severity, and various sociodemographic factors (parental education level, household income, employment status, and being a single parent). These findings suggest that targeting parental ADHD symptoms in the context of parenting interventions may be a promising approach for improving adherence and treatment outcomes for BPT interventions.
The concept of using heat to stop bleeding goes back thousands of years. Throughout the centuries, researchers have constructed various devices that use electricity as a means to heat tissue and control bleeding. Electrosurgery became more widely used in the late 1920s because of the urgent need to safely control bleeding in operative and invasive procedures. The evolution of the equipment has continued throughout its history to the devices of today that take the patient tissues into consideration during energy delivery for hemostasis.
Layered intercalation compounds LiM0.02Co0.98O2 (M=Mo6+, V5+, Zr4+) have been prepared using a simple solid-state method. Morphological and structural characterization of the synthesized powders is reported along with their electrochemical performance when used as the active material in a lithium half-cell. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction patterns suggest a single phase HT-LiCoO2 that is isostructural to α-NaFeO2 cannot be formed by aliovalent doping with Mo, V, and Zr. Scanning electron images show that particles are well-crystallized with a size distribution in the range of 1–5μm. Charge–discharge cycling of the cells indicated first cycle irreversible capacity loss in order of increasing magnitude was Zr (15mAhg−1), Mo (22mAhg−1), and V (45mAhg−1). Prolonged cycling the Mo-doped cell produced the best performance of all dopants with a stable reversible capacity of 120mAhg−1 after 30 cycles, but was inferior to that of pure LiCoO2.
Secondary LiFePO4/C microspheres (LFP) are synthesized with different carbon sources by the spray drying process. The carbon sources effect on the structures, morphologies, and 3D conductivity of the secondary structure are systematically investigated. LFP samples prepared with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as mixing carbon sources possesses the loose structure with higher specific surface area, showing the best rate capability, cycling stability and low-temperature discharge characteristic. Additionally, the differences of 3.3V plateau performance at room temperature and 2.85V plateau performance at −20°C are investigated. It could be observed that the electronic and ionic conductivities are reduced gradually with the decrease of the discharge cut-off voltage, while the electronic conductivities are greater than ionic conductivities for the four LFP samples, indicating that the ionic transport is more difficult and the electrochemical reaction is more and more difficult with the increase of Li-ion intercalation. Li-ion diffusion coefficients at the cut-off voltage of 3.30V under room temperature and at the cut-off voltage of 2.85V under −20°C are both the highest for the LFP sample synthesized with PEG and β-CD, further indicating that PEG and β-CD as mixing carbon sources can decrease the charge transfer resistance and promote the 3D electronic/ionic conductivities and Li-ion diffusion coefficients in the secondary structure, thus greatly improve the rate capability, cycling stability and low-temperature capacity of LFP cathode.
The evolution of corrosion behavior of 316L stainless steels exposed to salt lake atmosphere for 8 years was investigated. The results showed that the stainless steel in salt lake atmosphere had a greater corrosion rate during the initial exposure time and relatively lower corrosion rate during the subsequent exposure time. Dust depositions accumulated on the downward surface caused severe local corrosion of stainless steel. As exposure time prolonged, the relative amount of Croxide and Feoxide in the corrosion products gradually increased, which may directly affect the corrosion rate of stainless steels. Moreover, the maximum pit depth followed a power function with respect to exposure time.
Two transition pathways towards a 100% renewable energy (RE) power sector by 2050 are simulated for Europe using the LUT Energy System Transition model. The first is a Regions scenario, whereby regions are modelled independently, and the second is an Area scenario, which has transmission interconnections between regions. Modelling is performed in hourly resolution for 5-year time intervals, from 2015 to 2050, and considers current capacities and ages of power plants, as well as projected increases in future electricity demands. Results of the optimisation suggest that the levelised cost of electricity could fall from the current 69 €/MWh to 56 €/MWh in the Regions scenario and 51 €/MWh in the Area scenario through the adoption of low cost, flexible RE generation and energy storage. Further savings can result from increasing transmission interconnections by a factor of approximately four. This suggests that there is merit in further development of a European Energy Union, one that provides clear governance at a European level, but allows for development that is appropriate for regional contexts. This is the essence of a SuperSmart approach. A 100% RE energy system for Europe is economically competitive, technologically feasible, and consistent with targets of the Paris Agreement.
A new Mn-doped coordination supramolecular network (CSN) was synthesized on nickel foam directly by a simple one-step hydrothermal method. Compared with the pure CSN electrode (∼2.46 C cm−2 at 10 mA cm−2), this Mn-doped binder-free electrode showed an ultrahigh areal capacity (∼8.12 C cm−2 at 10 mA cm−2). In addition, when the current density increased from 10 mA cm−2 to 50 mA cm−2, it had a good rate capability with 73.33% capacitance retention. For practicality, an asymmetrical supercapacitor (ASC) was assembled by Activated Carbon (AC) electrode and the Mn-doped CSN electrode. The device not only could achieve a maximum energy density of 3.41 mW h cm−3 at the power density of 44.98 mW cm−3, but also could exhibit excellent stability after 4000 cycles, with the capacitance retention of 90.14%. The above results indicate that the Mn-doped CSNs are promising electrode materials for supercapacitors in energy storage.
Nitrogen-doped carbon materials were synthesized and used as metal-free electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) under alkaline conditions. The synthesis was achieved by thermal treatment of nitrogen-containing polymers diluted in different carbon materials. Polypyrrole, polyaniline and polyacrylonitrile were used as N precursors. Carbon black and two types of commercial carbon nanotubes were used as carbon matrices. The obtained N contents were in the range of 1–1.8wt.%. Different N species including pyridinic, pyrrolic and quaternary N were quantitatively determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The ORR activities were evaluated in 0.1M KOH. Rotating disc electrode studies revealed the presence of multiple active centers in all the samples. The sample obtained using polypyrrole and small diameter nanotubes (ca. 15nm) had the highest onset potential at −0.07V vs. Ag/AgCl/3M KCl, which also showed a significantly higher electrochemical stability than the sample from carbon black and polypyrrole. The ORR activity was not correlated to the total nitrogen amount, but to the amount of pyridinic and quaternary N species. For the onset potential and the (Npyridinic +Nquaternary)/Ntotal ratio a quasi-linear relation was found, which points to the substantial role of pyridinic- and quaternary-N species in ORR catalysis.
High-voltage spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 is considered the most promising cathode materials for large-scale lithium-ion batteries to meet the fast increasing high energy and power density requirements. However, its commercial applications are restricted due to rigorous capacity fading, particularly at high temperatures. Herein, we propose novel highly uniform nano/submicro LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cubes for the first time using cubic MnCO3 precursors, which are prepared via a facile co-precipitation route. The as-synthesized LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 demonstrates excellent cycle stability and superior rate capability. Specifically, the materials retain a nearly 100% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 25°C. Moreover, under the elevated temperature of 55°C, it can deliver a discharge capacity of 131.7mAhg−1 with the specific energy of 605.1WhKg−1 and even over 98.4% of primal discharge capacity can be maintained for up to 100 cycles.
Melting heat transfer in open-cell metal foams embedded in phase-change materials (PCMS) predicted by the volume-averaged method (VAM) was systematically compared with that calculated using direct numerical simulation (DNS), with particular attention placed upon the contribution of natural convection in the melt region to overall phase change heat transfer. The two-temperature model based on the assumption of local thermal non-equilibrium was employed to account for the large difference of thermal conductivity between metallic ligaments and PCM (paraffin). The Forchheimer extended Darcy model was employed to describe the additional flow resistance induced by metal foam. For the DNS, a geometric model of metal foam based on tetrakaidehedron cells was reconstructed. The DNS results demonstrated significant temperature difference between ligament surface and PCM, thus confirming the feasibility of local thermal non-equilibrium employed in VAM simulations. Relative to the DNS results, the VAM combined with the two-temperature model could satisfactorily predict transient solid-liquid interface evolution and local temperature distribution, although pore-scale features of phase change were lost. The presence of natural convection affected significantly the melting front shape, temperature distribution and full melting. The contribution of natural convection to overall phase change heat transfer should be qualitatively and quantitatively given sufficient consideration from both macroscopic (VAM) and microscopic (DNS) point of views. Besides, practical significance and economic prospective using metal foam in TES unit for WHR system to provide residential heating or hot water is discussed and analyzed.
Single-crystal Co3O4 nanoparticles are produced via a novel lysine-assisted hydrothermal process. When used as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, a heat-treatment process is first introduced to decrease the initial irreversible loss and enhance the cyclability of Co3O4 nanoparticle-based electrodes using a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder. Heat-treated electrodes exhibit improved lithium storage properties relative to those that are unheated. In particular, Co3O4 electrodes heated at 200 °C have the highest capacity and best reversibility: 1000 mA h g−1 with 95.2% capacity retention after 170 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1. Even when cycled at a high rate of 1000 mA g−1, a reversible capacity up to 600 mA h g−1 can still be maintained after 500 cycles. These improvements are explained based on the results from thermal analysis, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, nanoscratch tests, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. Heat treatment not only improves binder distribution and adhesion to both Co3O4 particles and the substrate but also ensures high interfacial conductivity and keeps the active material particles and carbon black electrically connected, thereby leading to superior electrochemical performance. The results suggest that the heat-treated Co3O4 electrode may be a promising anode for next-generation lithium-ion batteries.
Electrochemical capacitors are electrochemical devices with fast and highly reversible charge-storage and discharge capabilities. The devices are attractive for energy storage particularly in applications involving high-power requirements. Electrochemical capacitors employ two electrodes and an aqueous or a non-aqueous electrolyte, either in liquid or solid form; the latter provides the advantages of compactness, reliability, freedom from leakage of any liquid component and a large operating potential-window. One of the classes of solid electrolytes used in capacitors is polymer-based and they generally consist of dry solid-polymer electrolytes or gel-polymer electrolyte or composite-polymer electrolytes. Dry solid-polymer electrolytes suffer from poor ionic-conductivity values, between 10−8 and 10−7 S cm−1 under ambient conditions, but are safer than gel-polymer electrolytes that exhibit high conductivity of ca. 10−3 S cm−1 under ambient conditions. The aforesaid polymer-based electrolytes have the advantages of a wide potential window of ca. 4 V and hence can provide high energy-density. Gel-polymer electrolytes are generally prepared using organic solvents that are environmentally malignant. Hence, replacement of organic solvents with water in gel-polymer electrolytes is desirable which also minimizes the device cost substantially. The water containing gel-polymer electrolytes, called hydrogel-polymer electrolytes, are, however, limited by a low operating potential-window of only about 1.23 V. This article reviews salient features of electrochemical capacitors employing hydrogel-polymer electrolytes.
Hella, a leading automotive component supplier for lighting technology and electronic products, was the first customer to purchase the plasma system for pretreating their vehicle headlamps. With these components, the adhesive bond between the polycarbonate lenses and their polypropylene housings must satisfy extremely strict sealing requirements. Even the slightest leak would result in moisture penetration leading to impairment of the headlamp lens, which in turn would adversely affect the beam angle of the light.
Lydall Inc is buying DSM Solutech BV from Royal DSM NV in the Netherlands.
In situ nickel/carbon coated Li4Ti5O12 has been synthesized successfully via a facile sol-gel method with chitosan serving as chelating agent and carbon source. The as-prepared samples are tested by different physical and electrochemical methods. The results of SEM and TEM indicate that the Ni/C layer was successfully coated on the surface of Li4Ti5O12 with the thickness of 2–3nm. Furthermore, the Li4Ti5O12@Ni/C composite shows excellent rate capability and cycling stability. A large charge capacity of 237.3 mAh g−1 can be remained after 100 cycles with the current of 0.1 A g−1 between 0.02–3.0V, which is close to its theoretical capacity (∼262 mAh g−1). Even at the current of 4.0 A g−1, it still delivers a quite high charge capacity of 186.5 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles, with no significant capacity fading. Additionally, the results of EIS reveal that the Li4Ti5O12@Ni/C electrode has faster lithium-ion diffusivity and less resistance compared with pure Li4Ti5O12. The remarkable improvement of the electrochemical properties should be attributed to the Ni/C coating layer, which acts as an effective conductor and a protective material against side reactions with electrolyte.
Aging is associated with changes in cognitive functions. However, many other factors may affect cognitive functions and this interaction needs further assessment.
This paper presents data coming from 19F NMR spectroscopy and conductivity measurements used as two independent methods for the determination of ion pair formation constants. The studied systems were limited to lithium tetrafluoroborate and trifluoromethylsulfonate solutions in mixtures of 1,4-dioxane and glyme, diglyme or water. The systems containing glyme and diglyme have coordinating properties (donor and acceptor numbers) very similar to liquid poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether and solid poly(ethylene oxide) and their composition can be tailored to have the dielectric constants similar to those of the polymeric systems. The obtained results are compared with the electrochemical and spectroscopic data found in the literature for liquid poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether and solid poly(ethylene oxide). The main stress of the discussion is focused on ion–ion and ion–solvent interactions and the influence of the oligooxyethylene chain length on ionic pair formation. Additionally, on the basis of the electrochemical data for the dioxane–water solutions, the difference in behavior between water-free and water containing samples of similar polarity is discussed. To check the influence of the cation on ion pairing, a similar set of experiments was performed for tetraalkylamonium salts with identical anions.
In this study, a thermoelectric energy harvesting device based on phase change material is presented which can be applied with large temperature variation in space for power supply. Aiming at multi-parameter optimization of thermoelectric harvester, an assessment of the generalized design rules for the proposed harvester has been implemented. The effect of thermal conductivity, melting temperature and mass of phase change material on the thermodynamic process were investigated to obtain the design criterion for thermoelectric harvester. Besides, both simulation and experiment validated that choosing PCM with a suitable melting temperature is quite essential to the temperature control by balancing the heat storage and release process, consequently enhancing the power output. This work offers a unique powering solution for wireless sensor involving location with temperature variation in space application.
A new protocol has recently been developed and validated for the GreenScreen HC GADD45a-GFP genotoxicity reporter assay, enabling the incorporation of an S9 metabolic activation system into the assay. The S9 protocol employs flow-cytometric methodology for the detection of both reporter GFP fluorescence and propidium iodide fluorescence for the estimation of cellular viability. In the spirit of assay validation by bodies such as the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM), the adapted metabolic activation protocol for the GADD45a-GFP assay has been undergoing ‘pre-validation’. Results of phases I and II of this pre-validation, namely protocol refinement and protocol transfer, respectively, are presented here. In phase I the protocol was transferred to a second laboratory for initial assessment of method portability and subsequent refinement of the protocol. In phase II, the protocol was then transferred to two further laboratories along with the elaborated standard operating-procedure (SOP) for further assessment of transferability. The three transfer sites then undertook an assessment of the method's reproducibility by testing eight compounds. The outcome of the study was a refined protocol that was found to be highly transferable. It yielded 100% agreement in results between all four laboratories.