batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Carbon-coated silicon has been synthesized by a thermal vapor deposition method using silicon powder and toluene/benzene vapors carried by a nitrogen carrier gas. It has been investigated under different charging/discharging modes. In all cases, the silicon lattice undergoes gradual destruction during lithium insertion/extraction. Lithium ion extraction from the silicon host matrix did not lead to the formation of an ordered silicon structure. In addition, no new ordered phases were detected. Impedance spectroscopy was applied to monitor the changes during the first lithium insertion/extraction. The results suggest that the material behaves differently than the typical single phase well-defined structures, from which is possible to extract the diffusion coefficient at all lithium insertion levels. Impedance spectra rather detected the phase transition and connected changes in the roughness of the phase boundaries between the Si/C and C/electrolyte. Estimation of the diffusion coefficient was possible only after deeper lithium insertion/extraction when the spectra pattern followed the predictions of the Randless model.
Precursors of the crystalline antiperovskites A3−xHxOCl (A = Li or Na and 0 < x < 1) can be rendered glass/amorphous solid Li+ or Na+ electrolytes by the addition of water to its solvation limit with/without the addition of a small amount of an oxide or hydroxide. The solvated water is evaporated as HCl and 2(OH)− = O2− + H2O. The O2− attracts a Li+ or Na+ to form dipoles; the remaining Li+ or Na+ are mobile. The Li+ or Na+ ionic conductivities of the glass/amorphous solids have activation energies ΔHm < 0.1 eV and a room-temperature conductivity comparable to that of the best organic liquid electrolytes. Measurements of the dielectric loss tangent versus frequency show two overlapping resonances at room temperature with the Ba-doped Li-glass; they are nearly overlapping at temperatures 41 °C < T < 141 °C in the Ba-doped Na-glass. Galvanostatic charging of a symmetric Cu/Na-glass/Cu cell for 1 h showed a remarkable self-charge on switching to open circuit; charging for 15 h followed by discharging at an applied −0.1 mA of the symmetric cell showed, in the discharge mode, a replating of sodium on the anode at a positive cell current of +0.07 mA for over 15 h. A model for these behaviors is proposed. A symmetric Li/Li-glass/Li cell was cycled to demonstrate plating of Li on a current collector from the Li-glass electrolyte.
Publisher Summary Biomass is the organic matter that can be converted to useful energy forms such as heat or liquid fuels. Biomass energy, the chemical energy stored in organic plant matter, is derived from solar power via photosynthesis. Biomass can be only a partial answer to the global energy need because of two fundamental constraints: its high water requirements and the inherent low photosynthetic efficiency of converting solar energy into the chemical energy of plant matter. High water requirements constrain biomass production mainly to regions where rainfall is adequate to support commercial yields, whereas the low photosynthetic efficiency can lead to land-use competition with food production. The combustion of biomass or biofuels produces air pollutants, including carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates such as soot and ash. The amount of pollution emitted per unit of energy generated varies widely by technology, with wood-burning stoves and fireplaces generally the worst offenders.
The unending demand for portable, flexible, and even wearable electronic devices that have an aesthetic appeal and unique functionality stimulates the development of advanced power sources that have excellent electrochemical performance and, more importantly, shape versatility. The challenges in the fabrication of next-generation flexible power sources mainly arise from their limited form factors, which prevent their facile integration into differently shaped electronic devices, and from the lack of reliable electrochemical materials that exhibit optimized attributes and suitable processability. This review describes the technological innovations and challenges associated with flexible energy storage and conversion systems such as lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors, along with an overview of the progress in flexible proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and solar cells. In particular, recently highlighted cable-type flexible batteries with extreme omni-directional flexibility are comprehensively discussed.
Seeking advanced and safer lithium-ion battery with sustainable characteristic is significant for the development of electronic devices and electric vehicles. Herein, a new porous TiO2 nanobundles (PTNBs) is synthesized though a scalable and green hydrothermal strategy from the TiO2 powders without using any high-cost and harmful organic titanium-based compounds. The PTNBs exhibits an extremely high lithium storage capacity of 296 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1, where the capacity can maintain over 146 mAh g−1 even after 500 cycles at 1000 mA g−1. To pursue more reliable Li-ion batteries, full batteries of PTNBs/LiNixMn1-xO4 (x = 0, 0.5) using spinel structured cathode are constructed. The batteries have the features of sustainability and deliver high capacities of 112 mAh gcathode −1 and 102 mAh gcathode −1 with stable capacity retentions of 99% and 90% over 140 cycles. Note that the energy densities can achieve as high as 267 and 270 Wh kgcathode −1 (535 and 540 Wh kganode −1) respectively, which is feasible to satisfy diverse requirements for energy storage products. We believe that the universal synthetic strategy, appealing structure and intriguing properties of PTNBs is applicable for wider applications, while the concept of sustainable strategy seeking reliable and safer Li-ion battery can attract broad interest.
Purpose Children with cerebral palsy (CP) have difficulty participating in role-pretending activities. The concept of adaptive play makes play accessible by modifying play materials for different needs or treatment goals for children with CP. This study examines the affective expressions and imagination in children with CP as a function of ordinary versus adaptive pretend play. Method The Affect in Play Scale-Brief Rating measured the affective expression and imagination for 29 children with CP and 29 typically developing children (mean age=7.34 years). Two groups of children were observed while playing with a standard set of ordinary toys for ten times and with a standard procedure of adaptive pretend play for ten times. Result The results show significantly different affective expressions and imagination between the two groups. Typically developing children displayed much more affective expression and imagination. However, a more positive influence of affective expression and imagination occurred in children with CP than in typically developing children. In repeated measures analysis, the frequency of positive affective expression and imagination of children with CP was higher when pretending with adaptive toys. Conclusion Adaptive pretend play can promote more role-pretending behaviors and a sense of environmental control during the manipulating process for children with CP.
Little is known about health risks associated with electronic cigarette (EC) use although EC are rising in popularity and have been advocated as a means to quit smoking cigarettes.
The residual lithium compounds on the surface of Ni-rich layered LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 materials are detrimental to their electrochemical properties. This study reports a mild polyaniline (PANI) washing method to effectively reduce the residual lithium compounds on the surface of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 material without any harmful effects on its structural integrity. After the PANI washing process, the rate and cycling performance of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 material are significantly enhanced. The as-obtained LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 material exhibits a discharge capacity of 160.65mAhg−1 and a capacity retention of 86.95% after 100 cycles at 55°C and the current rate of 2C, which are much higher than those of pristine material (131.57mAhg−1 and 74.90%). The performance enhancement mechanism is the reduction of surface residual lithium compounds due to the PANI washing process, leading to the improvement of lithium ions diffusion and electron transport. Furthermore, some PANI can be left and coated on the surface of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 material via the washing process, which forms more stable interface film, resulting in even better cycling capability. This study provides a promising strategy for the surface modification of Ni-rich layered oxide materials for lithium ion batteries.
The study concerns a part of the research work developed within the project GreenCamp, funded by the Regione Toscana and aiming at defining a model of sustainable management and competitive territorial campsite cluster. The main objective of the study was a sustainable mobility system for the customers of 3 campsites, located in a protected area, through the evaluation of the economic and environmental sustainability. In order to assess the connection between the 3 campsites and the coastal area as well as the nearby Regional Park of Migliarino, San Rossore and Massaciuccoli, two alternatives for a sustainable mobility have been assessed: a diesel-powered tourist train and an electric tourist train. The comparison between the two alternatives has been carried out by an Environmental Impact Study, through the analysis of the main biotic and abiotic components as well as of the social-economic aspects. The results of the study depicted the strengths and opportunities of both solutions, by also taking into account some weakness and threats. Nevertheless, through some compensation and mitigation measures, both solutions proved to be viable.
Functional nanofibrous polymer membranes were prepared by incorporating poly(2-aminothio phenol) (P2AT) stabilized Au NPs onto electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) nanofibers (designated as P2AT-Au NPs@PVdF-NFM). The preparation of P2AT-Au NPs@PVdF-NFM involves two steps: loading of 2AT (monomer) into electrospun PVdF nanofibrous membrane and polymerization of 2AT by gold chloride. P2AT and Au NPs were simultaneously formed into the electrospun PVdF-NFM. Transmission electron microscope image of P2AT-Au NPs@PVdF-NFM informs the presence of Au NPs (with sizes ~10 nm) onto PVdF-NFM.
The variegated coffee bug Antestiopsis thunbergii Gmelin is a key pest of Coffea arabica in East Africa. Although the bug feeds on various parts of the coffee plant, it has a strong preference for mature green berries which are essential for the bug to complete its life cycle, reproduce and enhance its longevity. To locate mature green coffee berries, we hypothesized that second instar nymphs, which are the most mobile and active feeding immature stage of the bug, must rely on key volatile compounds emitted by the host for recognition. We tested this hypothesis using behavioral and electrophysiological assays and chemical analysis. In olfactometer assays, the second instar nymphs were strongly attracted to volatiles emitted from mature green berries but avoided those from ripe coffee berries of C. arabica. Coupled gas chromatography–electroantennographic detection (GC/EAD) isolated five antenally active components from mature green berries volatiles, four of which were identified by coupled GC–mass spectrometry as toluene, anisole, methyl 3-ethyl-4-methylpentanoate and (5S,7S)-conophthorin. In concentration assays, in which second instar nymphs did not respond to toluene, they were strongly attracted to anisole, methyl 3-ethyl-4-methylpentanoate and (5S,7S)-conophthorin, and a blend from the three compounds at concentrations lower or equivalent to the natural volatile extract. Our results suggest that the blend from these three compounds allows host recognition in second instar nymphs of the variegated coffee bug and is a candidate kairomone for monitoring the pest in coffee plantations.
To address the demand for high-rate anodes for lithium ion batteries, herein, crumpled MoS2/nitrogen-doped carbon hybrid sheets (CMNCS) were synthesized via a modified mix-bake-wash method. Material characterization proved that CMNCS comprised sheets with few-layer thickness that were composed of homogenously distributed MoS2 and N-doped carbon matrix with numerous mesopores. CMNCS offers the morphological advantage of 3D interconnected electron pathways and an enlarged ionic contact area for improving the rate performance. Furthermore, the N-doped carbon matrix in CMNCS plays a role in enhancing the electrical conductivity as well as suppressing volume changes during cycling. The CMNCS demonstrated a reversible discharge capacity of 264 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1 and a stable cycle life with a discharge capacity of 324.2 mAh g−1 and coulombic efficiency of 99.7%, even after the 1000th cycle at 4 A g−1. These results indicate that CMNCS offers great potential as an anode material for lithium ion batteries that require high current and stable cycle life.
In this paper, a recently proposed single-solution memetic computing optimization method, namely three stage optimization memetic exploration (3SOME), is used to implement a self-tuning PID controller on board of a mobile robot. More specifically, the optimal PID parameters minimizing a measure of the following error on a path-following operation are found, in real-time, during the execution of the control loop. The proposed approach separates the control and the optimization tasks, and uses simple operating system primitives to share data. The system is able to react to modifications of the trajectory, thus endowing the robot with intelligent learning and self-configuration capabilities. A popular commercial robotic tool, i.e. the Lego Mindstorms robot, has been used for testing and implementing this system. Tests have been performed both in simulations and in a real Lego robot. Experimental results show that, compared to other online optimization techniques and to empiric PID tuning procedures, 3SOME guarantees a robust and efficient control behaviour, thus representing a valid alternative for self-tuning control systems.
The tavorite polymorph of LiFeSO4F has attracted considerable attention as a cathode material for lithium ion batteries due to interesting structural and electrochemical characteristics. For the analysis of such iron-based electrode materials, Mössbauer spectroscopy has become an important and highly useful tool. In this work, we perform a detailed Mössbauer study of pristine tavorite LiFeSO4F prepared by an optimized synthesis in tetraethylene glycol as reaction media. In contrast to many reported results, we demonstrate the use of an asymmetric fitting model for the inner doublet of the spectrum, which is coupled to the structural properties of the compound. Moreover, we discuss a new approach of ascribing the Fe2 + -doublets to the two distinct crystallographic iron sites of tavorite LiFeSO4F by comparing the Mössbauer signal intensities with the expected f-factors for the corresponding iron atom.
Lithium ion chemical diffusion coefficients in 6LiMn2O4 thin sputtered films (∼2μm) were determined by the depth profiles of 7Li concentration after adopting the potential step in 7LiClO4/propylene carbonate solution by using secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Lithium chemical diffusion coefficient via bulk (D bulk) and grain boundary diffusion coefficient normalized with width (dD gb) were determined as 1.23×10−15 m2 s−1 and 6.55×10−20 m3 s−1, respectively.
The behavior of a Pt electrode/solution of lithium perchlorate and lithium hexafluorophosphate in a γ-butyrolactone (GBL) interface has been investigated by using in situ FTIR spectroscopy and single reflection ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The bands due to free GBL and GBL solvated to lithium ions in the solution were confirmed by the single reflection ATR-FTIR spectra. The dependence of potential on the concentration of GBL and solvated GBL in the vicinity of a Pt electrode was investigated. In the FTIR spectra, the reversible changes in the concentration of free GBL and solvated GBL in the diffuse double layer were observed with change in potentials. As the potential decreased, the free GBL concentration increased, while the concentration of the GBL solvated to lithium ions decreased. The reverse phenomenon was observed as the potential increased. Thus, it can be concluded that the equilibrium shifts from Li+(GBL)4 to Li+(GBL)3 and GBL as the potential decreases. It became clear for low potentials that the product material contained lithium ions in irreversible reactions.
Metallic Ag2F phase has been successfully synthesized through the mechanochemical reaction of Ag and AgF. Its unique metallic character leads to a good electronic conductivity of 7.89×10−2 Scm−1. The efficacy of silver molybdenum oxyfluoride (SMOF) composites consisting of various conducting matrices (carbon black, Ag2F and Ag) for lithium battery was investigated through discharge rate studies. Results indicate that Ag2F phase can be utilized as an alternative conductive additive with a high density.
Some of the cognitive impairments of schizophrenia are already detectable before the onset of the disease, and could help to identify individuals at higher risk of psychosis. In patients with schizophrenia, semantic verbal fluency (VF) is more impaired than phonological fluency. We investigated whether the same profile is present in young patients at Ultra High Risk of psychosis (UHR). One hundred and fifty six young patients (15–30y.o.) consecutively seeking help at our specialized youth mental health center with no definite psychiatric diagnoses were recruited and assessed with the CAARMS. Individuals meeting the criteria for UHR were compared to the remaining patients considered as Help Seeker Controls (HSCo). UHR individuals had a lower mean total semantic fluency score than HSCo. This effect was significant for each semantic category (‘animals’ and ‘fruits’). By contrast, there were no differences in phonological fluency scores between UHR and HSCo either in the total score or when each letter (‘P’ and ‘R’) was considered separately. Semantic but not phonological VF differentiated UHR individuals from non-psychotic help-seeking young adults. These results suggest that semantic deficits are present during the prodromal phase, prior to clinical expression of full-blown psychosis, and suggest that prodromes could be associated with alteration in temporal brain areas.
Since one of the main drawbacks of Li4Ti5O12 as a negative-electrode material is its low electronic conductivity, several researchers have attempted to improve the conductivity by narrowing the band gap through transition-metal doping. Herein, we report another, more significant effect of doping in addition to the band gap narrowing, namely, an anomalous decrease in the structural disorder in Li4Ti5O12 upon Cr3+-ion doping. Although it is generally recognized that doping with heterogeneous elements increases the structural disorder, the Cr3+-ion doping in Li4Ti5O12 demonstrated an unexpected structural phenomenon. From the results of various structural analyses using a synchrotron beam, such anomalous structural changes were revealed to originate from charge redistribution at nearby Ti4+ ions. Finally, the capacity was markedly enhanced, especially at high C-rates (125 mA h g−1 for 10C charge/10C discharge, 145 mA h g−1 for 1C charge/50C discharge) because of both the band gap narrowing and the increased ionic diffusivity due to the decreased structural disorder, but was decreased instead for too-high doping levels.
We created a unique SnO2–Graphene Dual Aerogel (SnO2/GDA) nanocomposite with exquisite lithium and sodium ion battery anode performance (LIB, NIB NAB SIB). In parallel we employed electrochemical methods to be the first to analyze the transition from kinetic control to diffusion control for the conversion reaction (SnO2+4Li++4e−↔Sn+2Li2O) vs. for the alloying reaction (Sn+xLi++xe−↔Li x Sn, x≤4.4). The material displays a high reversible capacity (1299mAhg−1 for Li at 0.1Ag−1, 448mAhg−1 for Na at 0.05Ag−1), very good cycling life (148% after 450 cycles for Li, 82% from 20 to 200 cycles for Na), and superb rate capacity retention (450mAhg−1 for Li at 25Ag−1, 184mAhg−1 for Na at 1 Ag−1). In fact, these rate capabilities are among the most favorable reported in literature for each system.
An extended-power pinch analysis (EPoPA) is proposed as a means of extending the power pinch analysis (PoPA) for optimal design of renewable energy systems with battery and hydrogen storage (RES-BH). The EPoPA concept is based on the storage of wasted electricity that cannot be stored by the battery bank designed by PoPA. This energy is stored in the form of hydrogen and is discharged in the form of electricity when the external electricity source is needed. EPoPA graphical and numerical tools are introduced to determine the minimum required external electricity source, wasted electricity sources, and appropriate hydrogen storage system capacity of the RES-BH system during first and normal operation years. Furthermore, the integration of the RES-BH system with a diesel generator as a high reliable system is investigated in view point of economic. The optimal sizes of diesel generator and hydrogen storage system components, such as electrolyzer, fuel cell and hydrogen tank are obtained with the minimization of the total annual cost (TAC) of the system. The implementation results of the EPoPA tools on three possible case studies indicate that EPoPA, unlike other process integration methodologies such as PoPA, is able to optimally design RES-BH systems.
Prussian white (a reduced state of Prussian blue) was electrochemically deposited on a polycrystalline Pt electrode from an acidic solution of ferricyanide. Electrochemical measurements showed that the formation of Prussian white on platinum electrode was a self-terminated process. A compacted PB film can be formed by using both potential scanning and potentiostatic methods as confirmed by AFM measurement. In situ FTIR measurements were carried out to explore the formation mechanism. The new band arising at 2075cm−1 is assigned to the characteristic absorbance of CN of Prussian white, while the band at 2104cm−1 is due to the absorbance of CN of Prussian blue. A possible mechanism of electrodeposition of Prussian white was discussed.
Optimizing the power demand for smart home appliances in a smart grid is the primary challenge faced by power supplier companies, particularly during peak periods, due to its considerable effect on the stability of a power system. Therefore, power supplier companies have introduced dynamic pricing schemes that provide different prices for a time horizon in which electricity prices are higher during peak periods due to the high power demand and lower during off-peak periods. The problem of scheduling smart home appliances at appropriate periods in a predefined time horizon in accordance with a dynamic pricing scheme is called power scheduling problem in a smart home (PSPSH). The primary objectives in addressing PSPSH are to reduce the electricity bill of users and maintain the stability of a power system by reducing the ratio of the highest power demand to the average power demand, known as the peak-to-average ratio, and to improve user comfort level by reducing the waiting time for appliances. In this paper, we review the most pertinent studies on optimization methods that address PSPSH. The reviewed studies are classified into exact algorithms and metaheuristic algorithms. The latter is categorized into single-based, population-based, and hybrid metaheuristic algorithms. Accordingly, a critical analysis of state-of-the-art methods are provided and possible future directions are also discussed.