batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
We evaluated the potential use of the Hemocue (Hemocue AB, Sweden) portable hemoglobinometer on the 1st postoperative evening after major joint arthroplasty. We compared hemoglobinometer values with conventional Coulter counter laboratory analysis in a population of 67 patients. The hemoglobinometer proved practical, economical, and accurate in general, although 2 outlying values were severe enough as potentially to influence clinical decision making. Potential causes and solutions are discussed.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the microstructural morphologies of a Pb–6.6wt%Sb alloy on the resulting corrosion resistance in a 0.5M H2SO4 solution at different temperatures: environment temperature, 50°C and 70°C. A water-cooled unidirectional solidification system was employed permitting a wide range of microstructures to be analyzed. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) diagrams, potentiodynamic polarization curves and an equivalent circuit analysis were used to evaluate the corrosion behavior of the Pb–Sb alloy samples. It was found that with increasing temperatures the general corrosion resistance of Pb–Sb dendritic alloys decreases, and that independently of the working temperature finer dendritic spacings exhibit better corrosion resistance than coarser ones.
Electrochemical cells “hydrogenated metal–proton conductor–any second electrode” are of certain applied interest in connection with the development of the protonic heterojunction conception as an alternative to the three-phase-boundary conception. The first, but not single condition of the formation of protonic heterojunction is the heterogeneous contact of hydrogen-containing materials such as the hydrogenated metal and the proton conductor. The appropriate couples consisting of Pd or Ti in the role of electrodes and solid hydroxides in the role of proton conductors have been studied. The way of the preparation of such original electrochemical cells and their behavior in the temperature range 320–430K are presented. A stable electromotive force (emf) of various electrochemical cells ‘(Pd)|NaOH, KOH|(Pd)’, ‘(Pd)|CsHSO4|(Pd)’, ‘(Ti)|KOH·H2O|(C)’, ‘(Ti)|KOH·H2O|(Ti)’ has been observed. (Here (Pd), (Ti), (C) mean the main part of electrodes omitting the description of heteroboundaries.) The value of emf varies from 0.8V to 1.4V depending on physicochemical conditions. A certain part of this emf (0.8V for Pd-cells and 0.2V for Ti-cells) is due to heteroboundaries “hydrogenated metal–proton conductor”, which is found to be kinetically reversible to proton exchange. Isotopic effects of emf are the plain evidence in favor of potential determining role of protons. These data confirm the protonic heterojunction formation in electrochemical cells under study. It has given the impetus to working out the promising electrochemical devices with protonic heterojunctions.
Automated human activity analysis has been, and remains, a challenging problem. Security and surveillance are essential issues in today’s world. Any behavior which is uncommon in occurrence and deviates from customarily understood action could be termed as suspicious. For different application regions, while identifying human exercises, fundamentally three angles are taking in worry for human movement recognition system: Segmentation, feature extraction, and activity classification. This model aims at automatic detection of abnormal behavior in surveillance videos. In this proposed work adaptive linear activity classification method and internet of things (IoT) frameworks are used to detection human activities as well as to find out who is doing unusual activities. The enhanced plan of the built environment condition will give a better observation. Such framework can be actualized in peoples in general places, for example, shopping centers, airports, and railway station or any private premises where security is the prime concern. The proposed ALAC method validated through simulation using MATLAB and VB.net software. Its ability to detect the activity of human the simulation result shows the effectiveness using ALAC method, Overall 97% efficiency achieved by using ALAC method.
High-voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 has been considered as one of the most promising cathode candidate for LIBs due to its excellent energy density and power density, but the attack of HF on the material and dissolution of Mn ions into electrolyte can cause structure collapse and serious capacity fading of the cathode. In this work, a semiconductor of LaFeO3 was coated on the surface of polyhedral LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 via a wet-chemical method. LaFeO3 coated at the surface of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 significantly protects the cathode from the corrosion of HF and alleviates the dissolution of Mn ions into organic liquid electrolyte during (dis)charge processes. The 2.0 wt% LaFeO3-coated LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode exhibits much better cycling stability, rate capability, and elevated temperature stability than the pristine: capacity retention of 97.71% at 1 C after 100 cycles vs. that of 90.96%; rate capability of 111.9 and 99.6 mAh g−1 at high C-rates of 5 C and 10 C vs. that of 90.6 and 76.4 mAh g−1, respectively; and high temperature capacity retention of 93.29% at 1 C after 100 cycles vs. that of 69.9%. Present study provides a facile method to mitigate the dissolution of Mn ions into electrolyte for LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, resulting in excellent cycling performance and rate capability.
SnO2 nanoparticles uniformly decorated polypyrrole (PPy) nanowires are synthesized by a facile two-step electrochemical reaction method: electropolymerization and electrodeposition. The nanostructured SnO2–PPy hybrids show porous reticular morphology and homogenous distributions. The reticular SnO2–PPy nanowires can increase the electrode/electrolyte interface and accommodate the volume variation of SnO2. When applied as anode materials for lithium ion batteries, the unique nanostructured hybrids deliver meaningfully improved Li+ storage performance with the first reversible capacity of 690 mAh g−1. This facile synthesis procedure can also be simply grafted to other inorganic–organic hybrid composites.
A series of novel cobalt–boron–carbon systems have been successfully synthesized by a chemical reduction method with subsequent heat-treatment in the presence of various contents of glucose. The products thus obtained have been investigated as negative electrode materials in KOH aqueous solution. The as-prepared samples are characterized by XRD, ICP, TEM and BET method. It is found that the samples are composed of Co–B particles coated by carbon nanoflakes, which significantly improve their BET surface areas. Electrochemical measurements showed that the Co–B–C electrodes display high discharge capacity, excellent cycle stability and outstanding rate capability. The discharge capacity of the Co–B–C electrode reaches 430.1mAhg−1 at the current density of 500mAg−1 and it still remains 401.6mAhg−1 after 100 cycles, which is attractive compared with other Co-based materials reported before. CV and XRD measurements reveal that the reversible faradic reaction between highly dispersed Co and Co(OH)2 is dominant for the Co–B–C composites.
A divalent electrolyte salt based on 1,1,4,4-tetramethyl piperazine has been synthesized and applied in electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). Traits of the divalent salts have been accessed as well as monovalent quaternary alkyl ammonium salts by the means of galvanostatic charge–discharge tests and ionic conductivity measurements. Compared with monovalent salts, the divalent salts do enlarge the charge storage ability of EDLCs remarkably. However, highly concentrated charge density on the divalent cation has a strong interaction with the organic solvent of propylene carbonate. The adverse effect of this heavy solvation on the performance of EDLCs has been investigated. Moreover, the influence of pore size distribution on the storage ability of these cations at the porous carbon electrode has been addressed.
Binary nickel–cobalt hydroxides (denoted as Ni x Co1−x (OH)2) with advanced capacitive performances, such as the superior rate capability, energy efficiency, and capacitance rate-/cycle-retention, are synthesized by cathodic deposition. The effects of deposition variables are systematically investigated and discussed. The deposition current density has been found to determine the morphology of hydroxides whereby a small current density facilitates the formation of porous nanonetwork microstructures. Both pH and temperature of the precursor solution affect the Co/Ni ratio of hydroxides, which in turn influence the capacitive performances. Eventually, Ni0.32Co0.68(OH)2 synthesized under our proposed deposition condition exhibits a specific capacitance value of ca. 1000 F g−1 at 5 mV s−1, 100% capacitance cycle-retention over 1000 cycles, and 69% capacitance rate-retention (varying from 5 to 500 mV s−1). These superior capacitive performances make Ni0.32Co0.68(OH)2 a promising material of the positive electrode for an asymmetric supercapacitor with an energy efficiency of 90% at 10 A g−1.
Monoclinic lithium vanadium phosphate, Li3V2(PO4)3, was synthesized by a sol–gel method under Ar/H2 (8% H2) atmosphere. The influence of sintering temperatures on the synthesis of Li3V2(PO4)3 has been investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM and electrochemical methods. XRD patterns show that the Li3V2(PO4)3 crystallinity with monoclinic structure increases with the sintering temperature from 700 to 800°C and then decreases from 800 to 900°C. SEM results indicate that the particle size of as-prepared samples increases with the sintering temperature increase and there is minor carbon particles on the surface of the sample particles, which are very useful to enhance the conductivity of Li3V2(PO4)3. Charge–discharge tests show the 800°C-sample exhibits the highest initial discharge capacity of 131.2mAhg−1 at 10mAg−1 in the voltage range of 3.0–4.2V with good capacity retention. CV experiment exhibits that there are three anodic peaks at 3.61, 3.70 and 4.11V on lithium extraction as well as three cathodic peaks at 3.53, 3.61 and 4.00V on lithium reinsertion at 0.02mVs−1 between 3.0 and 4.3V. It is suggested that the optimal sintering temperature is 800°C in order to obtain pure monoclinic Li3V2(PO4)3 with good electrochemical performance by the sol–gel method, and the monoclinic Li3V2(PO4)3 can be used as candidate cathode materials for lithium ion batteries.
The electrochemical oxidation of neutral red in 0.5moldm−3 H2SO4 solution was carried out by using repeated potential cycling between −0.20 and 1.20V (versus SCE). The polymer film was electrochemically deposited on a platinum anode and had an electrochemical activity in the solution of 0.5moldm−3 Na2SO4 with pH≤4.0. The result from the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) experiment shows that the anions can be doped into the polymer film during the electropolymerization reaction of neutral red. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrograph shows the surface of poly(neutral red) film deposited on the platinum foil is covered with a micro-structured network of mass interwoven fibers with a diameter of 2–4μm. A straight fiber of the unsystematic micro-fibers is longer than 0.4mm. The UV–vis spectrum and infrared spectrum (IR) of the polymer are different from those of the monomer.
Left-handedness prevalence has been consistently reported at around 10% with heritability estimates at around 25%. Higher left-handedness prevalence has been reported in males and in twins. Lower prevalence has been reported in Asia, but it remains unclear whether this is due to biological or cultural factors. Most studies are based on samples with European ethnicities and using the preferred hand for writing as key assessment. Here, we investigated handedness in a sample of Chinese school children in Hong Kong, including 426 singletons and 205 pairs of twins, using both the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory and Pegboard Task.
In this paper we face the problem of maximizing the amount of time over which a set of target points, located in a given geographic region, can be monitored by means of a wireless sensor network. The problem is well known in the literature as Maximum Network Lifetime Problem (MLP). In the last few years the problem and a number of variants have been tackled with success by means of different resolution approaches, including exact approaches based on column generation techniques. In this work we propose an exact approach which combines a column generation approach with a genetic algorithm aimed at solving efficiently its separation problem. The genetic algorithm is specifically aimed at the Maximum Network α-Lifetime Problem (α-MLP), a variant of MLP in which a given fraction of targets is allowed to be left uncovered at all times; however, since α-MLP is a generalization of MLP, it can be used to solve the classical problem as well. The computational results, obtained on the benchmark instances, show that our approach overcomes the algorithms, available in the literature, to solve both MLP and α-MLP.
The cell chemistry of sodium/sulfur cells operating at room temperature (RT-Na/S cells) is being studied electrochemically and structurally. We show by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy that the cell reaction is incomplete but prove that the end members of the cell reaction (S and Na2S) form among the expected polysulfide species Na2S x . The sulfur utilization can be improved by employing a solid electrolyte membrane (beta″-alumina) that prevents the diffusion of the soluble polysulfide species toward the sodium side. As an important finding, the Na+ conduction within the solid electrolyte phase and across the two liquid/solid interfaces results in only small overpotentials. Nevertheless the utilization of sulfur in the present RT-Na/S (475 mAh g−1) cells is lower than the theoretical value (1675 mAh g−1). One probable reason is the chemical instability of the widely used PVDF binder. Also, the thermodynamic properties of RT-Na/S cells operating at room temperature are discussed and compared with the currently much more studied RT-Li/S cells.
In this study the integration of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) prime mover and a high temperature electrochemical Sodium Nickel Chloride (SNC) battery as storage has been investigated. The aim is to fulfil a domestic user energy demand and to reduce the primary energy consumption in comparison with a reference conventional scenario, thereby, to enhance the total efficiency in a μ-CHP (Combined Heat and Power) application on a yearly basis. A realistic operational sequence of the SOFC-battery integration has been calculated using simple logic conditions. Both thermal and electric integration have been considered, where the innovative thermal integration has been proposed in order to exploit the SOFC residual heat for the battery stand-by feeding. The key advantage of this system architecture is that the SOFC is operated without major load variations close to constant load, resulting in longer lifetime and thus reducing total costs of operation. The thermal integration provides additional advantages, as calculated in this study. Eventually, a comparison with alternative μ-CHP technologies has been carried out, highlighting the potential of the system based on the SOFC. Benefits are mainly shown in terms of primary energy savings and admissible costs.
We found previously that a subgroup of schizophrenic patients who passed screening tests of attentional competence showed memory deficits on word memory tasks, but were comparable with controls on tone memory tasks. To better understand the nature of language-specific memory deficits in this subgroup of patients, the present experiment was designed to bypass early perceptual processing of verbal material and determine if patients continue to show impaired performance on verbal memory tasks. Patients who passed the screening tests (‘discriminator’ patients; DSz) received four serial position tasks. In two, familiar sounds or line drawings were presented and subjects were required to remember the word associated with each stimulus item. In the other two, subjects received hard-to-label auditory and visual stimuli (birdsongs or snowflakes). DSz patients showed large memory deficits compared with controls when required to remember words associated with the familiar sounds or drawings, providing clear evidence of deficits in verbal memory processes independent of sensory processing of verbal stimuli. The interaction between diagnosis and labeling was highly significant, confirming that these patients have particular difficulty with verbal as opposed to non-verbal memory. This was particularly striking on the auditory tests where two patients out-performed all controls on the birdsong test, but were below all controls on the easy-to-label sounds test. The verbal memory tests were easier than the non-verbal memory tests for controls, thus deconfounding task difficulty and deficit specificity.
Hard carbon/lithium composite anode electrode is prepared to reduce the initial irreversible capacity of hard carbon, which hinders practical application of hard carbon in lithium ion batteries, by introducing lithium into hard carbon. Lithium foil effectively compensates the irreversible capacity of hard carbon in the first cycle. A full cell using LiCoO2 cathode and the composite anode shows much higher initial coulombic efficiency than that of a cell using LiCoO2 cathode and hard carbon anode. This paves the way to reduce the large initial irreversible capacity of hard carbon. Besides that, this composite anode enables conductive polymer/sulfur composite cathode to be used in Li-ion batteries with non-lithiated anode materials.
A micro-porous composite polymer electrolyte (MCPE) was prepared in situ by adding TiO2 nanoparticles from the hydrolysis of titanium tetrabutoxide to a solution of poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) [P(VDF-HFP)] copolymer. The prepared microporous polymer films (MCPFs) were characterized by scanning electronic microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, FT-IR and electrochemical interface resistance. After the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles the polarity of CF2 groups in the polymer chains and the crystallinity of the MCPFs decreased. When the composite polymer film contained 8.5 wt% of TiO2 nanoparticles the MCPE exhibited excellent electrochemical properties such as high ionic conductivity, up to 2.40 × 10−3 S cm−1 at room temperature.
Publisher Summary The primary instrument for studying heat penetration in retorted foods is the temperature data logger. Data logger systems for use in food processing are available in two primary forms: wired and wireless. In a wired system, temperature sensors, usually thermocouples, are hard wired directly to a recording device that has the required electronics to make the temperature measurement and record the data. In a wireless system, self-contained, battery-operated measurement and recording devices are used that have the required sensor, electronics, memory, and microprocessor to record process data. This chapter illustrates the configuration of a wired and wireless data logger system and addresses the wireless data loggers to study heat penetration in retorted foods. For a wireless data logger, the self-contained loggers are programmed to collect data at a specified rate and time, deployed into the process, and retrieved following the process and then the data is read into a PC. For most retort applications, a wireless data logger system is the instrument of choice because of the ease of setting up the system. Significant advances in wireless data logger technology have been made in recent years, primarily impacting on their size, accuracy, and reliability. Wireless data loggers can also be mounted internally in the container for situations where external mounting would interfere with retort operation.
The investigation summarised in this paper applied a sustainability assessment methodology on a renewable energy technological system in a rural village project that was commissioned by the South African Department of Minerals and Energy. The project comprised of wind, solar and lead-acid battery energy storage technologies that were implemented as a mini-hybrid off-grid electrification system for the village. The sustainability assessment methodology predicts the outcomes of such interventions by way of a learning model using discipline experts in the fields of economics, sociology, ecosystem sustainability, institutional governance, and the physics and chemistry of energy conversion processes. The comparison of the project's outcomes with a South African sustainable development framework shows that the specific village renewable off-grid electrification system is not viable. The main reason is that charges for electricity supply costs in village grids are too high for available subsidies; the economies of scale for renewable energy supply technologies favour national grids. The failure of the integrated system may also be attributable to the complexity of the social-institutional sub-system, which resulted in uncertainty for project planners and system designers, and the lack of resilience of the technological system to demands from the socio-economic and institutional sub-systems. Policy-related recommendations are made accordingly.
A literature study is performed to compile the state-of-the-art, as well as future potential, in SOFC modeling. Principles behind various transport processes such as mass, heat, momentum and charge as well as for electrochemical and internal reforming reactions are described. A deeper investigation is made to find out potentials and challenges using a multiscale approach to model solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and combine the accuracy at microscale with the calculation speed at macroscale to design SOFCs, based on a clear understanding of transport phenomena, chemical reactions and functional requirements. Suitable methods are studied to model SOFCs covering various length scales. Coupling methods between different approaches and length scales by multiscale models are outlined. Multiscale modeling increases the understanding for detailed transport phenomena, and can be used to make a correct decision on the specific design and control of operating conditions. It is expected that the development and production costs will be decreased and the energy efficiency be increased (reducing running cost) as the understanding of complex physical phenomena increases. It is concluded that the connection between numerical modeling and experiments is too rare and also that material parameters in most cases are valid only for standard materials and not for the actual SOFC component microstructures.
Groundwater supply systems constructed by gold miners in Victoria during the nineteenth century were highly significant in the historical development of water law and water licensing in Australia. Alluvial gold mining required large volumes of water to separate gold from washdirt, but surface flows often failed in seasonally dry conditions. Drought in the mid-1860s prompted miners on the Ovens goldfield in north-east Victoria to exploit groundwater to increase supplies, despite limited scientific understanding of this resource at the time. Analysis of historical plans held by Public Records Office Victoria has revealed numerous ‘source of supply’ tunnels dug by miners to extract groundwater in the area. By the early 1880s, miners were using up to 31 ML of groundwater per day, with much of the water transferred between creek and river catchments. These activities represent an early, large-scale and significant intervention in the hydrogeological environment, several decades prior to economic development of the Great Artesian Basin in northern Australia. Understanding the nature and scale of groundwater use in this period provides vital social and historical context for modern debates about groundwater modelling, extraction and management.