batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The popularity of portable electronic devices and the ever-growing production of the same have led to an increase in the use of rechargeable batteries. These are often discarded even before the end of their useful life. This, in turn, leads to great waste in material and natural resources and to contamination of the environment. The objective of this study was thus to develop a methodology to assess and reuse NiMH battery cells that have been disposed of before the end of their life cycle, when they can still be used. For such, the capacity of these cells, which were still in good operating conditions when the batteries were discarded, was assessed, and the percentage was estimated. The results reveal that at the end of the assessment process, a considerable number of these cells still had reuse potential, with approximately 37% of all discarded and tested cells being approved for reuse. The methodology introduced in this study showed it is possible to establish an environmentally correct alternative to reduce the amount of this sort of electronic trash.
The active materials of the secondary Zn electrode containing a mixture powder of zinc oxide (ZnO) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) powders were prepared by a ball-milled method. The characteristic properties of active materials of ball-milled ZnO+Ca(OH)2 mixture powders were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) system, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The prepared Zn powder electrodes were by using the ball-milled active materials powder +2wt.% highly electronic conductive fillers, i.e., nano-copper or carbon nanotubes (CNTs) powder. The electrochemical properties of the secondary Zn electrodes without and with the conductive fillers were studied by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. It was found that the charge/discharge properties of the secondary Zn electrode could be improved when the nano-sized conductive fillers were added into the electrode. In fact, it may be due to the formation of a better electronic conduction path in the electrode matrix. In particular, it was found that the best electrochemical properties were the secondary Zn electrode with 2wt.% nano-copper fillers. According to the results, it is demonstrated here that the CV method is a quick technique to effectively evaluate the performance of a secondary Zn electrode.
TiO2 is one of the most exciting anode candidates for safe application in lithium ion batteries. However, its low intrinsic electronic conductivity limits application. In this paper, a simple sol–gel based route is presented to produce nanosize TiO2 fibers with 119 ± 27 nm diameters via electrospinning. Subsequent calcination in various atmospheres was applied to achieve anatase and anatase-rutile mixed phase crystallites with and without carbon coating. The crystallite size was 5 nm for argon calcined fibers and 13–20 nm for air calcined fibers. Argon calcined TiO2 nanofibers exhibited electronic conductivity orders of magnitude higher than those of air-calcined samples. Lithium diffusivity was increased by one time and specific capacity by 26.9% due to the enhanced conductivity. It also had a different intercalation mechanism of lithium. Hydrogen post heat-treatment was found to benefit electronic conductivity (by 3–4.5 times), lithium diffusivity (1.5–2 times) and consequently the high rate performance of the TiO2 nanofibers (over 80%). The inner mechanism and structure-property relations among these parameters were also discussed.
Haptic interaction is a new interactive mode in the interaction technology between human and touch screens. In this work, we present an image-based haptic interaction system on touch screens. A novel haptic pen is designed for haptic display of visual image. It generates force feedback and tactile feedback through electromechanical structure and piezoelectric ceramics respectively. Haptic model of image is built by image processing and haptic rendering. In image processing, the image is decomposed into geometry and textures by local total variation for distinguishing contour shape from surface details. And the contour lines are extracted from the geometry based on the adaptive flow-based difference-of-Gaussians algorithm. Then the height information of image is recovered via shape from shading algorithm and expressed by electromechanical structure. Textures and contour lines are displayed by piezoelectric ceramics. Finally, the haptic perception experiment is conducted to investigate effect of perception with different haptic pens and modes of haptic interaction.
The thermal reaction of ternary electrolyte (1.0M LiPF6 in 1:1:1 ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate/diethyl carbonate) with mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) particles was investigated by the combined use of NMR, GC–MS, FTIR-ATR, TGA, XPS and SEM/EDS-element map. The thermal decomposition of ternary electrolyte is not inhibited by the presence of MCMB particles. The chemical composition and morphology of the surface of MCMB particles changes significantly upon storage in the presence of ternary electrolyte. Electrolyte decomposition products including oligocarbonates, oligoethylene oxides, polyethylene oxide (PEO), lithium fluorophosphates (Li x PO y F z ), and lithium fluoride are deposited on the surface of MCMB particles. The concentration of decomposition products on the surface of MCMB increases with increased storage time and temperature. The addition of dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) impedes the thermal decomposition of the electrolyte and deposition of electrolyte decomposition products on the surface of MCMB.
Mixed transition metal oxides with hierarchical, porous structures, constructed from interconnected nano-building blocks, are considered promising positive electrodes for high-performance hybrid supercapacitors. Here we report our findings in design, fabrication, and characterization of 3D hierarchical, porous quaternary zinc-nickel-aluminum-cobalt oxide (ZNACO) architectures assembled from well-aligned nanosheets grown directly on nickel foam using a facile and scalable chemical bath deposition process followed by calcination. When tested as a binder-free electrode in a 3-electrode configuration, the ZNACO display high specific capacity (839.2Cg−1 at 1Ag−1) and outstanding rate capability (~82% capacity retention from 1Ag−1 to 20Ag−1), superior to those of binary-component NiCo2O4 and ZnCo2O4 as well as single-component Co3O4 electrode. More remarkably, a hybrid supercapacitor consisting of an as-fabricated ZNACO positive electrode and an activated carbon negative electrode exhibits a high energy density of 72.4Whkg−1 at a power density of 533Wkg−1 while maintaining excellent cycling stability (~90% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles at 10Ag−1), demonstrating a promising potential for development of high-performance hybrid supercapacitors. Further, the unique electrode architecture is also applicable to other electrochemical systems such as batteries, fuel cells, and membrane reactors.
Understanding of the physical, functional and psychosocial health problems and needs of cancer survivors requires cross-national and cross-cultural standardization of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) questionnaires that capture the full range of issues relevant to cancer survivors. To our knowledge, only one study has investigated in a comprehensive way whether a questionnaire used to evaluate HRQoL in cancer patients under active treatment is also reliable and valid when used among (long-term) cancer survivors. In this study we evaluated, in an international context, the psychometrics of HRQoL questionnaires for use among long-term, disease-free, survivors of testicular and prostate cancer.
Security protocols operating over wireless channels can incur significant communication costs (e.g., energy, delay), especially under adversarial attacks unique to the wireless environment such as signal jamming, fake signal transmission, etc. Since wireless devices are resource constrained, it is important to optimize security protocols for wireless environments by taking into account their communication costs. Towards this goal, we first present a novel application of a signal-flow-based approach to analyze the communication costs of security protocols in the presence of adversaries. Our approach models a protocol run as a dynamic probabilistic system and then utilizes Linear System theory to evaluate the moment generating function of the end-to-end cost. Applying this technique to the problem of secret key exchange over a wireless channel, we quantify the efficiency of existing families of key exchange cryptographic protocols, showing, for example, that an ID-based approach can offer an almost 10-fold improvement in energy consumption when compared to a traditional PKI-based protocol. We then present a new key exchange protocol that combines traditional cryptographic methods with physical-layer techniques, including the use of “ephemeral” spreading codes, cooperative jamming, and role-switching. Utilizing signal flow analysis, we demonstrate that this new protocol offers performance advantages over traditional designs.
The discharge performance of the water-stable lithium electrode (WSLE) is improved by introducing the surface modification of the glass-ceramic plate (LAGP and LATP). The water-stable lithium electrodes are prepared with the NASICON-type glass-ceramic plates as protection layer, and using organic electrolyte as interlayer. The glass-ceramic plates with ionic conductivity of 4 × 10−4−5.7 × 10−4 S cm−1 are water-stable and 300–500 μm thick. The modified layer is deposited onto the glass-ceramic plates by RF magnetron sputtering from a Li4Ti5O12 target. The modified layer is analyzed by XRD, SEM-EDX, Raman and XPS. The Li-air test-cells are assembled with an SCE as reference electrode in aqueous solution. In the Li-air test-cells, the AC impedance and constant polarization potential measurements are carried out to identify the improvement of modification. The impedance of interface between the glass-ceramic plate and organic electrolyte decreases about 20–50%. Consequently, the discharge current is promoted about 70–80%. Then, by introducing interfacial modification of glass-ceramic plate, the power performance of WSLE is remarkably promoted.
Novel ordered mesoporous cobalt hydroxide film (designated HI-e Co(OH)2) has been successfully electrodeposited from cobalt nitrate dissolved in the aqueous domains of the hexagonal lyotropic liquid crystalline phase of Brij 56. Experimental electrodeposition parameters such as deposition potentials and deposition temperatures are varied to analyze their influences on the electrochemical capacitor behavior. The films are physically characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to determine the effects of deposition potentials and temperatures on the surface morphology and nanostructure. Electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronopotentiometry are applied to systematically investigate the effects of deposition potentials and temperatures on the capacitance of the films. The results demonstrated that the capacitive performance of the HI-e Co(OH)2 film achieved the highest value when it is electrodeposited at −0.75V under the deposition temperature of 50°C.
Na0.44MnO2 is one of the most promising cathode materials in the development of sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Here, a solid-state method is described for the synthesis of regular Na0.44MnO2 nanorods about 200nm in size at a low temperature without further annealing being required. In this work, we have investigated effects of different precursors on preparation of Na0.44MnO2 and found that the size and width of the Na0.44MnO2 nanorods were influenced by the MnCO3 precursors. The electrochemical properties for SIBs of Na0.44MnO2 nanorods synthesized from three different preparation methods were thoroughly researched. Na0.44MnO2 nanorods prepared by hydrothermal synthesis of MnCO3 (HS-Na0.44MnO2) produced a superior cathode material than other Na0.44MnO2 which uses commercial MnCO3 (C-Na0.44MnO2) and co-precipitation synthesis of MnCO3 (CP-Na0.44MnO2) as precursors. The HS-Na0.44MnO2 exhibits high discharge capacity (about 139.6mAhg−1), good cycling stability (98.2% after 40 cycles at the current density of 20mAg−1) and excellent rate performance, which is a much better performance than those in previous reports. The superior electrochemical performance of HS-Na0.44MnO2 is mainly due to the relatively smaller size, uniform morphology and excellent crystallinity. Furthermore, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed that the surface film resistance and charge transfer resistance of the HS-Na0.44MnO2 is smaller than others, which leading to the better electrochemical performance.
How to improve the power density of olivine LiFePO4 has recently become one of the most attractive topics of both scientific and industrial interests. Therefore, nanostructured electrodes have been widely investigated to satisfy such needs. However, the complicated and high-temperature sintering process is usually involved for preparing high-performance cathode materials based on high-quality crystals. In order to solve these problems, here, a promising LiFePO4/C composite electrode material is synthesized by an in situ carbothermal reduction method at low temperature using a low-cost Fe3+ salt as the iron source, soluble starch sol as carbon sources and reducing agent. The synthesized LiFePO4/C composite shows highly crystalline, ultrafine sphere-like particles and a desirable core–shell structure with uniform carbon film on the surface of nano-crystal LiFePO4, which could inherit the morphology of FePO4 precursor. Galvanostatic battery testing shows that LiFePO4/C composite delivers 161 and 122mAh/g at 0.2C and 5C rates, respectively, and exhibits desirable capacity retention after 500 cycles at 5C. Remarkably, even at a high current density of 20C, the cell still presents good cycle retention.
The emergence of Decentralized Energy Resources (DERs) and rising electricity demand are known to cause grid instability. Additionally, recent policy developments indicate a decreased tariff in the future for electricity sold to the grid by households with DERs. Energy Storage Systems (ESS) combined with Demand Side Management (DSM) can improve the self-consumption of Photovoltaic (PV) generated electricity and decrease grid imbalance between supply and demand. Household Energy Storage (HES) and Community Energy Storage (CES) are two promising storage scenarios for residential electricity prosumers. This paper aims to assess and compare the technical and economic feasibility of both HES and CES. To do that, mathematical optimization is used in both scenarios, where a Home Energy Management System (HEMS) schedules the allocation of energy from the PV system, battery and the grid in order to satisfy the power demand of households using a dynamic pricing scheme. The problem is formulated as a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) with the objective of minimizing the costs of power received from the grid. Data from real demand and PV generation profiles of 39 households in a pilot project initiated by the Distribution System Operator (DSO) ’Enexis’ in Breda, the Netherlands, is used for the numerical analysis. Results show that the self consumption of PV power is the largest contributor to the savings obtained when using ESS. The implementation of different ESS reduces annual costs by 22–30% and increases the self-consumption of PV power by 23–29%. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed which shows how investment costs of ESS per kWh are crucial in determining the economic feasibility of both systems.
The construction of the anode materials with high-rate and long-life performance for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) still remains a great challenge due to their poor electronic conductivity and drastic volume changes during the lithiation and delithiation processes. Herein, we report nitrogen-doped carbon-coated MnO nanoparticles anchored on the interconnected graphene ribbons (IGR-MnO-C) as a anode for LIBs. As a result, the IGR-MnO-C exhibits a high reversible capacity (1055 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1), excellent rate capability (547 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1) and stable cycling performance (550 cycles with 113% capacity retention at 0.5 A g−1). The strategy proposed in this work can be further extended to other transition metal oxides for the applications in supercapacitors, sodium-ion batteries and fuel cell.
Garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12 solid electrolytes were commonly prepared by two steps solid-state reaction method, which undergoes high temperature over 1000 °C and thus inevitable for lithium volatilization and formation of secondary phases. Here, we propose a new intergrain architecture engineering of a solution method, to avoid high temperature sintering for preparing lithium halide (LiX) coated garnet-type solid electrolytes, which contain Al and Ta co-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 (Li6.75La3Zr1.75Ta0.25O12, LLZTO) synthesized at 900 °C with cubic structure. Owing to the increased relative density, the improved formability, and the altered ion transport mode from point to face conduction by LiX coating on LLZTO grains, LiX-coated LLZTO samples demonstrate a good Li dendrite suppression ability and a high ionic conductivity that is three orders of magnitude higher than pristine LLZTO. In another way, this result demonstrates the critical role of the grain boundaries on the ion transport for oxide superionic conductors. The present coating method provides a new strategy to prepare brittle solid electrolytes avoiding high temperature sintering.
Canopy transpiration of mature Jeffrey pine was compared in "mesic" and "xeric" microsites differing in topographical position, bole growth, and the level of drought stress experienced. Diurnal and seasonal course of canopy transpiration was monitored with thermal dissipation probes in 1999 and 2000. Mid-canopy measures of diurnal foliar stomatal conductance (gs) were taken in June and August in 1999. In early summer, there was little difference between trees in either microsite with regard to gs (55 mmol H2O m−2s−1), canopy transpiration (4.0 l h−1), and total duration of active transpiration (12 h >0.03 l h−1). In late summer, xeric trees had a lower daily maximum gs (by 30%), a greater reduction in whole canopy transpiration relative to the seasonal maximum (66 vs 79%), and stomata were open 2 h less per day than in mesic trees. Based on leaf-level gas exchange measurements, trees in mesic sites had an estimated 46% decrease in O3 uptake from June to August. Xeric trees had an estimated 72% decrease over the same time period. A multivariate analysis of morphological and tissue chemistry attributes in mid-canopy elucidated differences in mesic and xeric tree response. Mesic trees exhibited more O3 injury than xeric trees based on reduced foliar nitrogen content and needle retention in mid-canopy.
Manganese oxides (MnOx) are expected to be highly active catalysts for O2 electroreduction. However, MnOx are prone to aggregation, thus reducing their catalytic active sites. Herein, a composite of spherical MnO2 coated with reduced graphene oxide (denoted as MnO2@RGO) was fabricated by a facile and green step galvanostatic electrodeposition. The obtained MnO2@RGO is composed of a RGO lamina shell (10 nm) and spherical MnO2 core (100 nm), which were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunner–Emmet–Teller (BET) measurement, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The obtained composite exhibited a high specific surface area of 251.3 m2 g−1. The as-prepared MnO2@RGO composite displayed a more positive onset potential of 0.86 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), higher kinetic current density (11.23 mA cm−2 at 0.2 V), and higher electron transfer number in OH− solution (n ≈ 3.94) for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) compared to MnO2 NPs scattered on the surface of RGO (MnO2/RGO), bulk MnO2 NPs, and RGO. The enhanced activity was further demonstrated by the lower Tafel slope (72 mV dec−1). Moreover, MnO2@RGO exhibited greater “tolerance to methanol,” “anti-CO poisoning” ability, and catalytic stability compared to commercial Pt/C catalyst. The results indicated that the prepared MnO2@RGO composite can be a potential low-cost and effective electrocatalyst for ORR.
In this work we studied the thermal stability of single walled MoO3 nanotubes using Raman spectroscopy technique. By increasing the thermal treatment temperature we observed at about 210°C that the Raman spectrum characteristic of single walled MoO3 nanotubes changes and the new spectrum is identified to the MoO3 bulk orthorhombic phase (α-MoO3). In situ Raman measurements as a function of temperature increase confirm the collapse of the nanotube structure at about 210°C. Scanning electron microscopy images confirm the morphology changes in the single walled MoO3 nanotubes for samples treated at different temperatures.
Tin-based electrodes have attracted much attention because of their potential to offer high energy and power density while maitaining excellent cycling stability. Here we report our findings from the rational design and synthesis of a high-performance Cu6Sn5@SnO2–C electrode, a tin-based anode with a unique core/shell structure consisting of a tin–copper intermetallic (Cu6Sn5) core and a tin dioxide (SnO2)/carbon (C) shell. The hybrid structure was synthesized by a simple and cost-effective two-step process. When used as an electrode, the Cu6Sn5@SnO2–C hybrid nanocomposite demonstrated a reversible capacity of 619mAh/g after 500 cycles between 0.05 and 3.0V vs. Li/Li+ at 0.2A/g, with stable capacities of ~300mAh/g from the reversible conversion reaction of SnO2 in a potential range of 1.1–2.0V. Results suggest that the maximum volume change of the Cu6Sn5@SnO2–C electrode during cycling was relatively small (~12.7%) so that the Cu6Sn5 core components and the core/shell structure remained relatively stable over many cycles, leading to significantly enhanced reaction reversibility and cycling stability.
In this work, we for the first time investigate GeP5 as an anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Using a facile high energy mechanical ball milling (HEMM) method, we successfully synthesize pure GeP5 and GeP5/C nanocomposite at ambient temperature and pressure. According to XRD Rietveld refinement and first principle calculations, GeP5 possesses a two-dimensional layered structure similar to that of black P and graphite, and a high conductivity that is 10000 and 10 times that of black P and graphite, respectively. Serving as novel anode materials, both GeP5 and its carbon composite deliver an unprecedented high reversible capacity of ca. 2300 mA h g−1, combined with a high initial coulombic efficiency of ca. 95%. Ex situ XRD and CV tests demonstrate that GeP5 undergoes conversion and alloying type lithium storage mechanism and that its capacity is co-contributed to by both the Ge and P components. In addition, GeP5/C exhibits superior cycle stability and excellent high-rate performance with a capacity of 2127 mA h g−1 at 5 A g−1. These properties suggest the promising application of these anode materials in next-generation high-energy and high-power LIBs.