batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The corrosion behavior of solid solution Mg-xSn (x = 1, 5, 10 wt%) alloys is explored as a function of Sn content in chloride-containing conditions. A suite of in situ electrochemical techniques and an in situ scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) is utilized to assess free corrosion rates and the extent of cathodic activation. The latest advances in improving the corrosion resistance of Mg alloys have demonstrated that micro-alloying with As or Ge can greatly lower corrosion rates compared to pure Mg and retard cathodic activation to a substantial degree. To broaden the options for suitable non-toxic alloying elements beyond Ge, the current article demonstrates a decreasing corrosion rate by 77%, 85% and 95% for Sn additions of 1%, 5% and 10% (wt%) respectively, when compared to HP Mg freely corroding in 0.6 M aqueous NaCl. A corrosion film formed on Mg-10Sn which displays superior barrier properties. Polarization resistance (Rp) values consistently one order of magnitude greater than that obtained on HP Mg, and the other Mg-Sn alloys, over a 24 h immersion period is demonstrated. Furthermore, the extent of cathodic activation for Mg-10Sn is shown to be reduced by 94% relative to HP Mg. The work presented herein provides advancements in the understanding of corrosion resistant Mg alloys and is pertinent to the potential use of Mg-Sn alloys in transport applications, battery electrode materials and as a candidate sacrificial anode for the cathodic protection of Mg alloy AZ31B-H24. Prospects for protection are discussed.
The publisher regrets [29] X.W. Low, J.S. Chen, P. Chen, L.A. Archer, One-Pot Synthesis of Carbon-Coated SnO2 Nanocolloids with Improved Reversible Lithium Storage Properties, Chem. Mater., 21 (2009), p. 2868. The corrected version is [29] X.W. Lou, J.S. Chen, P. Chen, L.A. Archer, One-Pot Synthesis of Carbon-Coated SnO2 Nanocolloids with Improved Reversible Lithium Storage Properties, Chem. Mater., 21 (2009), p. 2868. The publisher would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
Objective The aim of the present study was (1) to evaluate the extent and nature of sleep disorder-related symptoms in the older primary care patient population and (2) to differentiate a pattern of self-reported symptoms that identify patients who should be referred to the sleep clinic for further evaluation. Method One hundred ninety-six older adults recruited from family practice centers were administered a brief symptom survey measure. All were invited to participate in an extensive self-report evaluation, consultation with a sleep medicine specialist, and an overnight polysomnographic study. Results A substantial number of older primary care patients report symptoms related directly or indirectly to physiological sleep disorder. Over 30% of total reported some insomnia, 40% daytime sleepiness, and 10% apnea. Those participants who agreed to pursue further aspects of the study protocol endorsed a higher number and greater severity of primary sleep disorder symptoms than those who declined to continue beyond the first phases. Participants who chose to pursue polysomnography (13% of total) had a very high rate (88.5) of diagnosed sleep disorder. Conclusion This study suggests that an older patient, male or female, who both endorses medically unexplained daytime sleepiness, fatigue, or other sleep disorder related symptoms and agrees to further evaluation, including overnight polysomnography, is at substantial risk for physiologically based sleep disorder. In the future, a brief, validated measure, such as the Sleep Symptom Checklist used in this study, would be an important part of the diagnostic process.
Three mini-bomb calorimeters of different types have been built with the common characteristics: 5cm3 of bomb volume, 10mg of sample, ∼420JK−1 of energy equivalent. These calorimeters can be calibrated by the electric method with the standard deviation of the mean of 0.02%. The results of burning reference material — benzoic acid (BA39i) by using the calorimeters 2 and 3 are in agreement with the recommended value, however, that by using the calorimeter 1 is 0.24% larger. A check experiment shows that the stirring effect in this calorimeter is not enough during the heating period. The energies of combustion of C60 and C70 have been determined by using the calorimeter 2.
The amygdala–medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) circuit plays a key role in emotional processing. GABA-ergic inhibition within the mPFC has been suggested to play a role in the shaping of amygdala activity. However, the functional and neurochemical interactions within the amygdala–mPFC circuits and their relevance to emotional processing remain unclear. To investigate this circuit, we obtained resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and proton MR spectroscopy in 21 healthy subjects to assess the potential relationship between GABA levels within mPFC and the amygdala–mPFC functional connectivity. Trait anxiety was assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y2). Partial correlations were used to measure the relationships among the functional connectivity outcomes, mPFC GABA levels and STAI-Y2 scores. Age, educational level and amount of the gray and white matters within 1H-MRS volume of interest were included as nuisance variables. The rs-fMRI signals of the amygdala and the vmPFC were significantly anti-correlated. This negative functional coupling between the two regions was inversely correlated with the GABA+/tCr level within the mPFC and the STAI-Y2 scores. We suggest a close relationship between mPFC GABA levels and functional interactions within the amygdala–vmPFC circuit, providing new insights in the physiology of emotion.
Two-dimensional MXene-based materials are potential of presenting unique catalytic performances of electrocatalytic reactions. The surface functionalization of MXene-based catalysts is attractive for developing efficient electrocatalysts toward nitrogen reduction reaction. Herein, we reported a Ti3C2Tx MXene with a medium density of surface functionalized fluorine terminal groups, as an excellent N2 reduction reaction electrocatalyst with enhanced adsorption and activation of N2. The Ti3C2Tx MXene catalyst showed a production rate of ammonia as 2.81 × 10–5 μmol·s−1·cm−2, corresponding to a partial current density of 18.3 μA·cm−2 and a Faradic efficiency of 7.4% at − 0.7 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode in aqueous solutions at ambient conditions, substantially exceeding similar Ti3C2Tx MXene catalysts but with higher or lower densities of surface fluorine terminal groups. Our work suggests the capability of developing surface functionalization toolkit for enhancing electrochemical catalytic activities of two-dimensional MXene-based materials.
This paper presents the results of the application of model (developed in part I) and simulation algorithm (developed in part II) for determining the techno-economics of battery storage type hybrid energy system intended to supply the load of a rural remote area having a cluster of nine villages (grid isolated). The hour-by-hour simulation model is intended to simulate a typical one month period of system operation. For simulation purpose, hourly solar insolation data and load data have been generated and used as an input data. Demand side management (DSM) is used in this study to smooth out the daily peaks and fill valleys in the load curve to make the most efficient use of energy sources. The economic analysis has resulted in the calculation of optimized hourly, daily, and monthly system unit cost of proposed hybrid energy system. The obtained results represent also a helpful reference for energy planners in Uttarakhand state and justify the consideration of hybrid energy systems more seriously.
The electrochemical performances of magnesium, magnesium–lithium–aluminum–cerium and magnesium–lithium–aluminum–cerium–yttrium as the anode of magnesium–hydrogen peroxide semi-fuel cells have been studied by methods of potentiodynamic, potentiostatic and electrochemical impedence measurements. The surface morphologies of magnesium and its alloys have been examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It has been found that magnesium–lithium–aluminum–cerium and magnesium–lithium–aluminum–cerium–yttrium electrodes are less corrosion resistant than that of magnesium electrode in 0.7molL−1 NaCl solution and the corrosion current density decreases with the following order: magnesium<magnesium–lithium–aluminum–cerium–yttrium<magnesium–lithium–aluminum–cerium. The magnesium–lithium–aluminum–cerium–yttrium anode is more active than magnesium–lithium–aluminum–cerium and magnesium. The magnesium–hydrogen peroxide semi-fuel cell with magnesium–lithium–aluminum–cerium–yttrium anode shows better performance than that with Mg–Li–Al–Ce and Mg.
Key issues relating to the past, current and upcoming technologies of solar-powered aircraft are reviewed with the intent to assess the technology trend and offer a prediction for the next decade. The paper looks into the design issues comprising of structures, systems, propulsion, aerodynamics, and system integration for solar-powered aircraft. Additionally, the technological status which includes structural materials, photovoltaic systems, battery and power management systems in the case of solar aircraft, would be considered. Finally, technology trend issues would be assessed summarizing into a predictive outlook. The applicable technologies in the design of solar powered aircraft has evolved over the years, hence an overview is presented.
Intermittent renewable power production from wind and sun requires significant backup generation to cover the power demand at all times. This holds even if wind and sun produce on average 100% of the required energy. Backup generation can be reduced through storage – averaging in time – and/or grid extensions – averaging in space. This report examines the interplay of these technologies with respect to the reduction of required backup energy. We systematically explore a wide parameter space of combinations of both technologies. Our simple, yet informative approach quantifies the backup energy demand for each scenario. We also estimate the resulting total system costs which allow us to discuss cost-optimal system designs.
Lightweight and mechanically compliant energy storage devices have attracted tremendous interest due to the increasing demand for flexible and miniaturized electronics. Recently, micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) have advanced rapidly as potential micro-sized power sources, but it is still challenging to build the micro-device using cost-effective technologies for large-scale manufacture. Here, we developed a simple solution-processible method to fabricate microelectrode patterns using a water-dispersible graphene/sulfonated polyaniline (rG/SP) as the active MSC material. The highly stabilized rG/SP dispersion in aqueous solution enables the direct thin-film deposition on flexible substrates and the formation of interdigital patterns by plasma etching. The as-fabricated solid-state MSC delivers an ultrahigh areal capacitance of 3.31mF/cm2 and volumetric stack capacitance of 16.55F/cm3 with excellent rate and cycling performance. Furthermore, the rG/SP based MSC demonstrates a superior energy density of 1.51mWh/cm3 while maintaining high power density. The micro-device also shows superior mechanical stability with 96.5% of capacitance retained under different bending and twisting conditions, which makes it suitable specifically for portable and wearable electronic applications.
This paper proposes a model that enables consideration of the realistic anisotropic environment surrounding an active material particle by incorporating both diffusion and migration of lithium ions and electrons in the particle. This model makes it possible to quantitatively evaluate effects such as fracture on capacity degradation. In contrast, the conventional model assumes isotropic environment and only considers diffusion in the active particle, which cannot capture the effect of fracture since it would predict results contradictory to experimental observations. With the developed model we have investigated the effects of active material electronic conductivity, particle size, and State of Charge (SOC) swing window when fracture exists. The study shows that the low electronic conductivity of active material has a significant impact on the lithium ion pattern. Fracture increases the resistance for electron transport and therefore reduces lithium intercalation/deintercalation. Particle size plays an important role in lithium ion transport. Smaller particle size is preferable for mitigating capacity loss when fracture happens. The study also shows that operating at high SOC reduces the impact of fracture.
Purpose: To evaluate the safety and kinetics of prophylactic intracameral cefuroxime in cataract surgery. Setting: Department of Ophthalmology, St. Eriks Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Methods: In a nonrandomized observer-masked best-case trial, the visual rehabilitation and the evolution of laser flare intensity and corneal endothelial cell density after cataract surgery were assessed in 45 patients receiving intracameral cefuroxime and in 45 control patients. Immunoglobulin E-mediated sensitivity was evaluated using a skin prick test to cefuroxime in a screening program comprising all cataract patients operated on in 1997. Intracameral concentrations of cefuroxime in samples retrieved 30 seconds (n = 10) and 1 hour (n = 9) postoperatively were evaluated in an observer-masked fashion with a microbiological assay. Results: Intracameral cefuroxime did not have a statistically significant effect on postoperative visual acuity, induced laser flare intensity, or endothelial cell loss compared with nonadministration of intracameral antibiotic prophylaxis. Three positive skin prick tests to cefuroxime were found in the 5813 screened cataract patients. The median aqueous humor concentration of cefuroxime at 30 seconds was 2742 mg/L, declining to 756 mg/L 1 hour after drug instillation. Conclusions: Intracameral cefuroxime 1 mg appears safe in terms of local toxicity. Immunoglobulin E-mediated allergy to cefuroxime is rare in the cataract population. The treatment achieved high aqueous concentrations even 1 hour after surgery.
Lightweight polymer–carbon composites with high specific electrical conductivity at a carbon content below 40vol.% were developed. The electrical and mechanical properties and the hydrogen permeability of carbon fiber and particle reinforced liquid crystalline polymers were examined. Vectra® A 950, SIGRAFIL® carbon fibers and Vulcan® XC 72 R carbon black were employed. The composites are found to have sufficient mechanical properties and a hydrogen permeability low enough to be utilised as bipolar plate material in fuel cell applications. The density of the new composite is 20% lower than the density of commercial bipolar plates made from carbon reinforced polymeric composite materials, due to the lower carbon content. The current density at 0.5V in an operating fuel cell is only 20% lower compared to commercial materials with more than 80vol.% carbon content and meets the requirements for bipolar plate application.
The purpose of this paper is to study metal separation from a sample composed of a mixture of the main types of spent household batteries, using a hydrometallurgical route, comparing selective precipitation and liquid–liquid extraction separation techniques. The preparation of the solution consisted of: grinding the waste of mixed batteries, reduction and volatile metals elimination using electric furnace and acid leaching. From this solution two different routes were studied: selective precipitation with sodium hydroxide and liquid–liquid extraction using Cyanex 272 [bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphoric acid] as extracting agent. The best results were obtained from liquid–liquid extraction in which Zn had a 99% extraction rate at pH 2.5. More than 95% Fe was extracted at pH 7.0, the same pH at which more than 90% Ce was extracted. About 88% Mn, Cr and Co was extracted at this pH. At pH 3.0, more than 85% Ni was extracted, and at pH 3.5 more than 80% of Cd and La was extracted.
Wild type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (Wip1) is a phosphatase which belongs to protein phosphatase type 2C family, which have been predominantly linked to cell growth and to cellular stress signaling. Numerous downstream targets of Wip1 have been identified, and genetic studies confirm that some play a part in tumorigenesis. Recent evidence highlights a new role for Wip1 in the regulation of NF-κB p65, which indicated that it might play a critical role in immune system. However, its regulation role in central nervous system (CNS) remains poorly understood. To elaborate whether Wip1 was involved in CNS injury, we performed a neuroinflammatory model by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) lateral–ventral injection in adult rats. Wip1 expression was strongly upregulated in active astrocytes in inflamed brain cortex. In vitro studies indicated that the upregulation of Wip1 may be involved in the subsequent astrocytic activation following LPS exposure, and knockdown of Wip1 in primary astrocytes by siRNA showed that Wip1 inhibited the synthesis of TNF-α. Collectively, these results suggested that Wip1 may be important in host defense in CNS immune response, which might provide a potent therapeutic target of neuroinflammation.
In this work, we have fabricated a novel hybrid electrochemical energy storage device with composite cathode containing LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 and activated carbon (AC), and graphite anode. The specific energy increases with the content of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 in composite cathode. The hybrid device possesses a specific energy 5.7 times higher than that of the electrical double layer capacitor. Meanwhile, the hybrid device can deliver 62.6% and 42.1% of its capacity at the rate of 30C and 50C, respectively. A 107.8-mAh hybrid device has been assembled, and the specific energy of 36.2 Wh kg−1 can be achieved at an average specific power of 39.1 W kg−1, even 8.9 Wh kg−1 at 2380 W kg−1. Combining the high specific energy with the high power capability, the (LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 + AC)/graphite hybrid system has demonstrated high performances for electrochemical energy storage applications.
Past studies describe numerous endophenotypes associated with schizophrenia (SZ), but many endophenotypes may overlap in information they provide, and few studies have investigated the utility of a multivariate index to improve discrimination between SZ and healthy community comparison subjects (CCS). We investigated 16 endophenotypes from the first phase of the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia, a large, multi-site family study, to determine whether a subset could distinguish SZ probands and CCS just as well as using all 16. Participants included 345 SZ probands and 517 CCS with a valid measure for at least one endophenotype. We used both logistic regression and random forest models to choose a subset of endophenotypes, adjusting for age, gender, smoking status, site, parent education, and the reading subtest of the Wide Range Achievement Test. As a sensitivity analysis, we re-fit models using multiple imputations to determine the effect of missing values. We identified four important endophenotypes: antisaccade, Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs 3-digit version, California Verbal Learning Test, and emotion identification. The logistic regression model that used just these four endophenotypes produced essentially the same results as the model that used all 16 (84% vs. 85% accuracy). While a subset of endophenotypes cannot replace clinical diagnosis nor encompass the complexity of the disease, it can aid in the design of future endophenotypic and genetic studies by reducing study cost and subject burden, simplifying sample enrichment, and improving the statistical power of locating those genetic regions associated with schizophrenia that may be the easiest to identify initially.
Listening and reading comprehension of paragraph-length material are considered higher-order language skills fundamental to social and academic functioning. Using ecologically relevant language stimuli that were matched for difficulty according to developmental level, we analyze the effects of task, age, neuropsychological skills, and post-task performance on fMRI activation and hemispheric laterality. Areas of supramodal language processing are identified, with the most robust region being left-lateralized activation along the superior temporal sulcus. Functionally, this conjunction has a role in semantic and syntactic processing, leading us to refer to this conjunction as “comprehension cortex.” Different from adults, supramodal areas for children include less extensive inferior frontal gyrus but more extensive right cerebellum and right temporal pole. Broader neuroanatomical pathways are recruited for reading, reflecting the more active processing and larger set of cognitive demands needed for reading compared to listening to stories. ROI analyses reveal that reading is a less lateralized language task than listening in inferior frontal and superior temporal areas, which likely reflects the difficulty of the task as children in this study are still developing their reading skills. For listening to stories, temporal activation is stable by age four with no correlations with age, neuropsychological skills or post-task performance. In contrast, frontal activation during listening to stories occurs more often in older children, and frontal activation is positively correlated with better performance on comprehension questions, suggesting that the activation of frontal networks may reflect greater integration and depth of story processing.
In August 2017, a multidisciplinary team conducted the first archaeological survey of the deep water (242 m) wreck of the ex-USS Bugara (SS/AGSS331) using the remotely operated vehicles Argus and Hercules. The survey provided 8 h of direct observation with video and still camera documentation of the wreck, which previously had been identified by sonar and a brief ROV survey of portions of the hull in 2001. The 2017 assessment added considerably to an understanding of changes to Bugara after it sank while under tow in 1971. Bugara, a World War II-era submarine, served at the end of that conflict and through the Cold War. The submarine reflects a series of modifications to “modernize” it within the context of the Cold War. The examination of the wreck, along with additional archival research, offers more details not only on the probable cause of the sinking but also on subsequent site formation processes. The characterization of the wreck resulted in a reassessment of the site as more than an obsolete vessel accidentally lost when relegated to target practice. The archival record, now declassified, shows that Bugara’s loss also reflects its ultimate use, within the context of the Cold War, as a target for the Mark 48 torpedo, a newly developed “sub and ship killing” weapon designed in the late 1960s and tested through 1971 to take out Soviet deep-diving nuclear submarines and high-performance surface ships.