batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Arachidonic acid, a fatty acid component of neuronal cell membranes, forms the backbone of endogenous ligands of the endocannabinoid system. The lipid nature of this system may make it particularly susceptible to changes in fat content of the diet, which may, in turn, affect endocannabinoid tone and subsequent changes in receptor expression or activity. The latter would also be expected to affect responses to exogenous cannabinoids. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of a high-fat diet on sensitivity to the pharmacological effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). Male and female Long-Evans rats were fed either a diet of standard rodent chow or chow enhanced with corn oil. Subsequently, they were repeatedly assessed for Δ9-THC-induced hypomobility, catalepsy and hypothermia. Female rats that received the high-fat diet beginning in adolescence or in adulthood became significantly less sensitive to the effects of Δ9-THC on motor behavior, but not its hypothermic effects, with faster development of decreased sensitivity in female rats that began the high-fat diet as adults. In contrast, diet-induced differences either did not occur, or were less pronounced, in male rats of both ages. After acute injection, brain and blood levels of Δ9-THC and its two primary metabolites were similar regardless of diet. Combined with the fact that diet differentially affected only some of the measures, these results suggest that pharmacokinetic differences cannot fully account for the effects of the high-fat diet on response to Δ9-THC. Further, these results suggest that dietary fat content may represent an important consideration in predicting the effects of marijuana in females.
Investigating the structure of a material is the first essential step in understanding its macroscopic properties. Getting insights of the interatomic and inter/intra-molecular interactions that influence the stability and the chemical behavior of a given compound allows its application in the best possible conditions and opens the way to design new materials with tailored properties. Neutron diffraction is a fundamental tool in structural characterization. Few examples concerning chemical crystallography, will be given to illustrate the properties that make neutrons the ideal probe for locating light atoms in the presence of heavy, electron-rich ones, and accurately determine atomic position and displacement parameters.
Tic disorders are heterogeneous, with symptoms varying widely both within and across patients. Exploration of symptom clusters may aid in the identification of symptom dimensions of empirical and treatment import. This article presents the results of two studies investigating tic symptom clusters using a sample of 99 youth (M age = 10.7, 81% male, 77% Caucasian) diagnosed with a primary tic disorder (Tourette’s disorder or chronic tic disorder), across two university-based outpatient clinics specializing in tic and related disorders. In Study 1, a cluster analysis of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) identified four symptom dimensions: predominantly complex tics; simple head/face tics; simple body tics; and simple vocal/facial tics. In Study 2, these clusters were shown to be differentially associated with demographic and clinical characteristics. Findings lend support to prior research on tic phenomenology, help to organize treatment goals, and suggest symptom dimensions of tic disorders for further evaluation.
A simple and effective approach for the tight anchoring of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) to the surface of supercritical-alcohol-reduced graphene oxide (SRGO) is developed. The MoS2-SRGO composites are synthesized by the one-pot deposition of MoO2 on SRGO and simultaneous reduction of GO to SRGO in supercritical methanol followed by sulfurization. The obtained MoS2-SRGO composites contain a crystalline MoS2 phase comprising 11–14 layers of MoS2. In addition, the composites have mesoporous structures with high porosities, ranging between 55 and 57%. In comparison with bare MoS2 and SRGO, the MoS2-SRGO composites have enhanced electrochemical performances due to their mesoporous structures and the synergetic effect between MoS2 and SRGO sheets. When tested as the anode in a secondary lithium battery, it shows high reversible capacity of 896 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1 after 50 cycles, a high rate capacity of 320 mAh g−1 at a high charge-discharge rate of 2.5 A g−1, and long-term cycling of 724 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1 after 200 cycles. This unique synthetic approach effectively and tightly anchors MoS2 nanoparticles to the SRGO surface, resulting in improved structural integrity, electron transfer efficiency between the SRGO sheets and MoS2, and Li-ion diffusion kinetics.
Metal oxide nanostructures hold enormous potential for electrochemical applications. While thin films of polymer-modified metal oxide electrodes have been widely investigated, there have been a few studies on polymer-modified nanopowders. We report the synthesis of pure molybdenum trioxide (MoO3), pristine and aged nanobelts using hydrothermal method with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images reveal the nanobelts to have dimensions of 1–5μm in length and 100–600nm in diameter. The electrochemical measurements show that PEG-used aged MoO3 nanobelts have higher specific charge capacity than the PEG-free MoO3 and PEG-used pristine MoO3 nanobelts.
Transition metal oxide Cu2O anode is still not meeting the current market demands due to the low theoretical capacity and poor cycle stability. We herein report the synthesis of a nanoporous GeO2/Cu/Cu2O network by a straightforward dealloying method. The resulting material possesses high porosity which served to alleviate the stress incurred during lithiation/delithiation volume variation and presents good conductivity for fast electron transfer. Enhanced electrochemical performance is observed when measured as an anode material, delivering 715 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1 after 50 cycles and offered 504 mAh g−1 even at a high current density of 1600 mA g−1 after 150 cycles. Furthermore, the material also demonstrates excellent rate performance of 812, 782, 741, 695, 635 and 552 mAh g−1 at 100, 200, 500, 800, 1600 and 3200 mA g−1 current densities, respectively. The enhanced Li storage performances could be ascribed to the reticular ligament with high porosity, the increased conductivity by Cu as well as the improved capacity from GeO2. Moreover, this work provides us a new material design strategy to fabricate various porous composite anodes with high capacity through a straightforward dealloying method in future for lithium-ion battery applications.
The implantation of pacemakers (PM) in neonates and infants requires particular consideration of small body size, marked body growth potential, and the decades of future pacing therapy to be expected. The aim of this study is to quantify the complications of implantation and outcome occurring at our center and to compare these with other centers. Retrospective analysis of 52 consecutive patients undergoing PM implantation at a single tertiary care center within the first year of life. PMs were implanted at a median age of 3 months (range 0–10 months). Structural heart defects were present in 44 of 52 patients. During a median follow-up time of 40.4 months (range 0.1–114 months), measurements for sensing, pacing thresholds, and lead impedance remained stable. No adverse pacing effect was observed in left ventricular function or dimensions over time. There were 20 reoperations in 13 patients at a median time of 4.7 years (range 0.05–8.2 years) after implantation, for end of battery life (n = 10), lead dysfunction (n = 3), device dislocation (n = 3), infection (n = 3), and diaphragmatic paresis (n = 1). No PM-related mortality occurred. Epicardial pacemaker implantation in neonates and infants is an invasive but safe and effective procedure with a relatively low risk of complications. Our current implantation technique and the use of bipolar steroid-eluting electrodes, which we prefer to implant on the left ventricular apex, lead to favorable long-term results.
Degradation of Lithium-ion batteries is a complex process that is caused by a variety of mechanisms. For simplicity, ageing mechanisms are often grouped into three degradation modes (DMs): conductivity loss (CL), loss of active material (LAM) and loss of lithium inventory (LLI). State of Health (SoH) is typically the parameter used by the Battery Management System (BMS) to quantify battery degradation based on the decrease in capacity and the increase in resistance. However, the definition of SoH within a BMS does not currently include an indication of the underlying DMs causing the degradation. Previous studies have analysed the effects of the DMs using incremental capacity and differential voltage (IC-DV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The aim of this study is to compare IC-DV and EIS on the same data set to evaluate if both techniques provide similar insights into the causes of battery degradation. For an experimental case of parallelized cells aged differently, the effects due to LAM and LLI were found to be the most pertinent, outlining that both techniques are correlated. This approach can be further implemented within a BMS to quantify the causes of battery ageing which would support battery lifetime control strategies and future battery designs.
Nickel alloys containing optimum amounts of chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo) and tungsten (W) are widely used in the chemical processing industries due to their tolerance to both oxidizing and reducing conditions. Unlike stainless steel (SS), Ni–Cr–Mo (W) alloys exhibit remarkably high uniform corrosion resistance in major concentrated acids, like hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). A higher uniform corrosion resistance of Ni–Cr–Mo (W) alloys, compared to other alloys, in concentrated acids can be attributed to the formation of protective oxide film of Mo and W in reducing acids, and Cr oxide film in oxidizing solutions. The localized corrosion resistance of Ni–Cr–Mo (W) alloys, containing high amount Cr as well as Mo (or Mo + W), is also significantly higher than that of other commercially available alloys. The present study investigates the role of alloying elements, in nickel alloys, to uniform corrosion resistance in concentrated acids (HCl, HCl + oxidizing impurities and H2SO4) and localized corrosion performance in chloride-rich environments using ASTM G-48 test methodology. The corrosion tests were conducted on various alloys, and the results were analyzed using weight loss technique and electrochemical techniques, in conjunction with surface characterization tools.
Objectives To determine whether objective (neuropsychological tests) and subjective measures (questionnaires) of executive functions (EFs) are associated in patients with Parkinson disease (PD), and to determine to what extent level of participation and quality of life (QoL) of patients with PD can be predicted by these measures of EFs. Design Correlational research design (case-control and prediction design). Setting Departments of neuropsychology of 3 medical centers. Participants A sample (N=136) of patients with PD (n=42) and their relatives, and controls without PD (n=94). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures A test battery measuring EFs. In addition, patients, their relatives, and controls completed the Dysexecutive Questionnaire, Brock Adaptive Functioning Questionnaire, and Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale – time management questionnaires measuring complaints about EFs. Participation and QoL were measured with the Impact on Participation and Autonomy scale and the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39, respectively. Results Patients with PD showed impairments in EFs on objective tests and reported significantly more complaints about EFs than did controls without PD. No associations were found between patients' performances on objective and subjective measures of EFs. However, both objective and subjective measures predicted patients' level of participation. In addition, subjective measures of EFs predicted QoL in patients with PD. Conclusions These findings show that objective and subjective measures of EFs are not interchangeable and that both approaches predict level of participation and QoL in patients with PD. However, within this context, sex needs to be taken into account.
Lithium-rich layered oxide materials are very promising but with some weaknesses, which limit their commercialization, such as large irreversible capacity loss at the first cycle, continuing discharge capacity and voltage fading. Among these, voltage fading is one of the most serious problems for their final practical applications. Herein, we successfully synthesized hollow spherical Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 cathode material with MnO2 hollow spheres as the templates. The as-prepared sample was spherically secondary particles with hollow cavities. It showed improved cycle stability, rate capability, and suppression of voltage fading. After 100 cycles at 1 C, the retention of average discharge voltage could reach up to 97.0% (the average voltage loss was only 0.103 V). It can be attributed to the hollow structure which could release the stress of lithium removal, leading to the suppressed migration of transition metal ions into the lithium layers and the transformation from layered phase to spinel-like phase.
Reliable cognitive assessment for Indigenous Australians is difficult given that mainstream tests typically rely on Western concepts, content and values. A test’s psychometric properties should therefore be assessed prior to use in other cultures. The aim of this pilot study was to examine the reliability and acceptability of four cognitive tests for Australian Aboriginal people.
The micron-sized LiMn0.8Fe0.2PO4 (LMFP) mesocrystals with high volumetric density were successfully synthesized via a solvothermal method. The LMFP mesocrystals, composed of ∼30-nm-sized nanocrystallites, exhibit a high tap density of ∼1.2g/cm3. The synthesis of such nano-sized crystals was rendered by ascorbic acid which serves as surface-energy modifier. Interestingly, the ascorbic acid also directed the primary nanocrystals to anisotropic aggregations, and the growth mechanisms were rationally identified by TEM and x-ray diffraction. For reversible Li insertion/extraction, the interconnected particles within the mesocrystals were coated by conductive carbon, and the enhancement of the electrochemical properties (i.e. high specific capacity and good rate capability) was assessed by galvanostatic cycling. We believe that this work provides one of the routes to design electrochemically-favorable meso/nano-structures, which is of great potential for improving the battery performance by tuning the morphology of particles at the multi-length scale.
An understanding of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) that forms on the lithium-metal surface is essential to the further development of rechargeable lithium-metal batteries. Currently, the formation of dendrites during cycling, which can lead to catastrophic failure of the cell, has mostly halted research on these power sources. The discovery of ionic liquids as electrolytes has rekindled the possibility of safe, rechargeable, lithium-metal batteries. The current limitation of ionic liquid electrolytes, however, is that when compared with conventional non-aqueous electrolytes the device rate capability is limited. Recently, we have shown that the addition of a zwitterion such as N-methyl-N-(butyl sulfonate) pyrrolidinium resulted in enhancement of the achievable current densities by 100%. It was also found that the resistance of the SEI layer in the presence of a zwitterion is 50% lower. In this study, a detailed chemical and electrochemical analysis of the SEI that forms in both the presence and absence of a zwitterion has been conducted. Clear differences in the chemical nature and also the thickness of the SEI are observed and these may account for the enhancement of operating current densities.
Silver oxide film was electrodeposited onto the indium tin oxide (ITO) glass. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to determine the structure. The argentic oxide was identified to be AgO. Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) were obtained on the AgO film after the 514.5-nm laser activation. Ag nanoparticles produced from the photo-active decomposition of AgO was the substrate responsible for the enhancement of Raman signal of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid. The evolution of 4-MBA SERS spectra with time was observed due to development of Ag nanoparticles against the activation time. SERS spectra of 4-MBA, p-aminothiophenol (PATP) and benzoic acid (BA) were analyzed to determine the adsorption and orientation behaviors of above molecules. Both the electromagnetic and chemical enhancement mechanisms were proposed to be responsible for the observed enhancement of Raman signals. The enhancement factor for 4-mercaptopyridine (4-MPY) was estimated on the order of magnitude of 103.
This paper presents a detailed review of a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, in conjunction with various charging strategies of electric vehicles (EVs), and analyzes their impacts on power distribution networks. It is shown in this study that a vehicle, equipped with the ability of a V2G application, offers various features such as regulation of active power, support for reactive power, load balancing, current harmonics filtering etc. However, the technology of V2G also creates challenging issues, for instance, degradation of batteries, communication overhead between an EV and a grid, changes in whole infrastructure of a distribution network. In particular, the impacts of the EVs that are based on their penetration levels and charging profiles are discussed in detail. Moreover, an extensive analysis is also presented on coordinated/un-coordinated charging, delayed charging, off-peak charging and intelligent scheduling in a distribution network (DN). Our study also shows that the economic benefits of a V2G technology heavily depend on the strategies of charging and vehicle aggregation.
In future active distribution networks (ADNs), microgrids (MGs) may have the possibility to control the power dispatched to the ADN by coordinating the output power of their multiple renewable generation units and energy storage units (ESUs). In this way, each MG may support the active distribution network, while promoting the penetration of renewable energy sources in a rational way. In this paper, we propose a tie-line power flow control of a hybrid MG, including photovoltaic (PV) generator, small wind turbines (WT), and ESUs. Firstly, the structure of the hybrid PV/WT/ESU MG is presented. In this power architecture, the battery is directly connected to the PV side through a DC/DC converter, thus reducing the number of conversions. Secondly, a hierarchical control is proposed to coordinate all those elements of the MG, making the tie-line power flow constant for a period of time, e.g. 15min. Also, a method to calculate the tie-line power flow to be exchanged between the MG and the ADN is explored, and a power ramp rate is given between different dispatch intervals. Finally, a simulation model of the hybrid MG is built and tested. Simulation results show that the proposed hierarchical control strategy can select the proper operational mode and achieve seamless transfer between different modes. It also presents power curtailment functionality when the difference between the WT/PV output power and tie-line exchanged power flow is too large.
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder that has no cure. Although treatments can often be given to relieve symptoms, the neuropathology associated with HD cannot be stopped or reversed. HD is characterized by degeneration of the striatum and associated pathways that leads to impairment in motor and cognitive functions as well as psychiatric disturbances. Although cell and rodent models for HD exist, longitudinal study in a transgenic HD nonhuman primate (i.e., rhesus macaque; HD monkeys) shows high similarity in its progression with human patients. Progressive brain atrophy and changes in white matter integrity examined by magnetic resonance imaging are coherent with the decline in cognitive behaviors related to corticostriatal functions and neuropathology. HD monkeys also express higher anxiety and irritability/aggression similar to human HD patients that other model systems have not yet replicated. While a comparative model approach is critical for advancing our understanding of HD pathogenesis, HD monkeys could provide a unique platform for preclinical studies and long-term assessment of translatable outcome measures. This review summarizes the progress in the development of the transgenic HD monkey model and the opportunities for advancing HD preclinical research.
In addition to high energy, batteries need to possess high power and to be able to operate in all climates. Here, the authors present an electrochemically active monolayer-coated current collector that is used to produce high-performance Li metal batteries under low-temperature and high-rate-charging conditions.
Biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions are important in the global atmospheric chemistry and their feedbacks to global warming are uncertain. Global warming is expected to trigger vegetation changes and water table drawdown in boreal peatlands, such changes have only been investigated on isoprene emission but never on other BVOCs. We aimed at distinguishing the BVOCs released from vascular plants, mosses and peat in hummocks (dry microsites) and hollows (wet microsites) of boreal peatland microcosms maintained in growth chambers. We also assessed the effect of water table drawdown (−20cm) on the BVOC emissions in hollow microcosms. BVOC emissions were measured from peat samples underneath the moss surface after the 7-week-long experiment to investigate whether the potential effects of vegetation and water table drawdown were shown. BVOCs were sampled using a conventional chamber method, collected on adsorbent and analyzed with GC–MS. In hummock microcosms, vascular plants increased the monoterpene emissions compared with the treatment where all above-ground vegetation was removed while no effect was detected on the sesquiterpenes, other reactive VOCs (ORVOCs) and other VOCs. Peat layer from underneath the surface with intact vegetation had the highest sesquiterpene emissions. In hollow microcosms, intact vegetation had the highest sesquiterpene emissions. Water table drawdown decreased monoterpene and other VOC emissions. Specific compounds could be closely associated to the natural/lowered water tables. Peat layer from underneath the surface of hollows with intact vegetation had the highest emissions of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and ORVOCs whereas water table drawdown decreased those emissions. The results suggest that global warming would change the BVOC emission mixtures from boreal peatlands following changes in vegetation composition and water table drawdown.