batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The initial capacity irreversibility caused by film formation on a mesophase pitch-based carbon fibre (MPCF) electrode surface is studied with the goal of improving the performance of a lithium-ion battery. The addition of Li2CO3 to a solution of 1M LiPF6/EC:DFC (1:1, v/v) results in a decrease in the initial irreversible capacity caused by solvent decomposition and the passivation film on the MPCF electrode surface. Suppression of the initial irreversible capacity at the anode electrode by the introduction of Li2CO3 is investigated by means of chronopotentiometry, cyclic voltammetry, ac impedance spectroscopy, FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. It is concluded that the suppression is caused mainly by prevention of solvent decomposition and by structural change in the passivation film on the anode electrode.
A broad spectrum of learning/memory, social interaction, and affective behavioral measures serve as functional correlates for neurobiological changes in seizure-prone animals as well as in epileptic clinical populations. The utility of such measures is demonstrated by their ability to distinguish anomalous characteristics in developing organisms predisposed to seizure onset, as well as to discriminate prior seizure history in organisms with established pathology. For instance, typical findings that generalize across species suggest that seizure-experienced organisms exhibit a variety of deficits in cognitive function as well as inappropriate social neglect and aggression. Behavioral testing batteries have also proven useful in assessing neural mechanisms for seizure induction, subcortical neural circuits, and neuropeptide modulators, for example, as well as in identifying neural pathology resulting from prior seizure activity. However, the wanton application of behavioral tests can also produce false positives in the identification of seizure-related disorders unless alternative performance and motivational hypotheses are discounted effectively. Accordingly, the present review attempts to provide the reader interested in behavioral phenotyping and characterization of seizure-prone rats and mice with a roadmap for rational selection, implementation, and interpretation of data from behavior assays while highlighting potential successes and pitfalls inherent in employing functional correlates of brain activity using animal models of epilepsy.
We selected diphenyloctyl phosphate (DPOF) as a flame-retardant and plasticizer, and studied the influence of different amounts of the DPOF additive on the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries. The electrochemical cell performances of the additive-containing electrolytes in combination with a cell comprising an LiCoO2 cathode and mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) anode were tested in coin cells. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) results showed that the oxidation potential of the electrolyte containing DPOF in the concentration range from 10 to 30wt.% is about 4.75–5.5V versus Li/Li+. In the present work, a DPOF content of 10wt.% in the 1.15M LiPF6/EC:EMC (4:6 by vol.%) electrolyte turned out to be the optimum condition for the improvement of the electrochemical cell performance, due to the decrease of the irreversible capacity during the first cycle and decrease of the charge-transfer resistance after 40 cycles.
LiFePO4 thin films were prepared by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering and were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). Li-ion chemical diffusion coefficients, D ˜ Li , were measured by potentiostatic intermittent titration technique (PITT), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The effects of Ag content, film thickness, and film orientation on the electrochemical performance and Li-ion chemical diffusion coefficients of the LiFePO4 thin films were investigated. D ˜ Li values were measured using the liquid electrolyte and the solid electrolyte, and the obtained values were discussed. The D ˜ Li values by PITT and EIS were in the range of 10−14 to 10−12 and 10−15 to 10−12 cm2 s−1, respectively and that by CV was in the order of 10−14 cm2 s−1.
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are next generation of chemical power sources for energy storage and electrical vehicles, because of its high theoretical capacity and high energy density with cheap nontoxicity sulfur cathode. However, for the large-scale applications it is still a major challenge to produce Li-S batteries with remarkable capacity and long stability. Herein, a graphitized carbon/sulfur composites cathode was fabricated with an ultrahigh sulfur percentage of 90wt%, which could deliver a high initial overall discharge capacity of 1070 mAh g−1 (S-C) and a discharge capacity of 804 mAh g−1 (S-C) after 50 cycles. Even with a sulfur loading as high as 4mgcm−2, the graphitized C/S composites can still deliver a high initial overall discharge capacity of 908 mAh g−1 (S-C) and a discharge capacity of 739 mAh g−1 (S-C) after 100 cycles. The graphitized carbon with high electrical conductivity, adjustable pore size, pore volume and surface area was synthesized by using commercialized nano-CaCO3 as template and graphitization catalyst. Density functional theory calculation revealed the graphitized structure exhibited stronger adhesion strength with polysulfide. Moreover, the porosity of graphitized carbon enhances the adsorption between carbon and polysulfide.
Lithiated nickel cobalt oxides are intensively being investigated for possible application in lithium batteries. Improving their electrochemical properties and thermal stability will enhance their chances for commercial application. In the present study, we report the electroanalytical and thermal properties of LiNi0.7Co0.2Ti0.05M0.05O2 (M=Al, Mg, Zn). Cyclic voltammetry experiments revealed the reversibility of the lithium intercalation processes. Impedance measurements showed a decrease in the charge transfer resistance as lithium extraction progressed. The Mg-doped system showed the best cyclability over 100 cycles, followed closely by the Al-doped system. Mg as a dopant led to improved thermal stability of the cathode material in the fully charged state. However, doping with Al or Zn resulted in reduced thermal stability.
This article presents experimental studies of state of charge (SOC) monitoring of vanadium species in sulfuric acid. An IR sensor for run-time measurement of SOC of electrolytes of vanadium RedOx flow battery was constructed. The presented method allows the independent measurement of the SOC of catholyte as well as anolyte using identical sensors with an accuracy better than ±1%.
Osteoporose ist eine altersassoziierte Erkrankung, die durch genetische und epigenetische Disposition und durch Lebensumstände beeinflusst wird.
The olivine-type lanthanum and magnesium doped Li0.99La0.01Fe0.9Mg0.1PO4/carbon aerogel composite is synthesized via a simple solution impregnation process using carbon aerogel (CA) as templates, characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, HR-TEM, galvanostastic charge/discharge test and EIS. The Rietveid refinement results of lattice parameters of the samples indicate that the La3+ and Mg2+ have been successfully doped into the phospho-olivine structure without destroying the crystal structure. The composite has uniform particle size and porous structure, which is believed to be beneficial to its electronic conductivity. It is noted that the capacitance is higher under lower discharging rates at −20°C, and the specific capacity of 1C, 10C, 20C and 50C are 120.3mAhg−1, 85.4mAhg−1, 75.3mAhg−1 and 56.6mAhg−1. The results indicate that both ions doping and carbon aerogel coating are effective way to improve the electrochemical performance of the composite at low temperature and high rate for lithium batteries.
The effects of the alkaline earth metal calcium on the electrochemical behavior of lithium anode in 4molL−1 LiOH and NaOH solutions were investigated via hydrogen collection, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was found that adding minor calcium to lithium decreased the hydrogen evolution on the surface of lithium–calcium alloy in the alkaline electrolyte containing corrosion inhibitors. The SEM image and XRD analysis showed that calcium formed calcium hydride on the surface of lithium–calcium alloy anode. The hypothesis has been proposed that the hydrogen inhibition effect is caused by calcium hydride combined with LiOH and LiOH·H2O formed on the anode surface. The formation of calcium hydride and LiOH and LiOH·H2O reduced the porosity of the film and water penetration onto the active sites of the lithium–calcium alloy.
Rivera PA, Elliott TR, Berry JW, Grant JS. Problem-solving training for family caregivers of persons with traumatic brain injuries: a randomized controlled trial. Objective To test the hypothesis that a problem-solving training program would lower depression, health complaints, and burden, and increase well-being reported by community-residing family caregivers of persons with traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting General community. Participants Of the 180 people who expressed interest in the study, 113 did not meet eligibility criteria. A consenting sample of family caregivers were randomized into a problem-solving training group (4 men, 29 women; average age, 51.3y) or an education-only control group (34 women; average age, 50.8y). Care recipients included 26 men and 7 women in the intervention group (average age, 36.5y) and 24 men and 10 women in the control group (average age, 37.2y). Intervention Problem-solving training based on the D'Zurilla and Nezu social problem-solving model was provided to caregivers in the intervention group in 4 in-home sessions and 8 telephone follow-up calls over the course of their year-long participation. Control group participants received written educational materials and telephone calls at set intervals throughout their 12 months of participation. Main Outcome Measures Caregiver depression, health complaints, well-being, and social problem-solving abilities. Results Hierarchical linear models revealed caregivers receiving problem-solving training reported significant decreases in depression, health complaints, and in dysfunctional problem-solving styles over time. No effects were observed on caregiver well-being, burden, or constructive problem-solving styles. Conclusions Problem-solving training provided in the home appears to be effective in alleviating distress and in decreasing dysfunctional problem-solving styles among family caregivers of persons with TBI. Methodologic limitations and the implications for interventions and future research are discussed.
The fabrication of Co–Li2S nanocomposite thin film is reported by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) for the first time. Li2S–Co nanocomposite thin film is used as storing Li electrodes that have led to promising electrochemical activity and good electrochemical performance. The releasing Li process from the as-deposited Li2S–Co nanocomposite thin films is confirmed by the ex situ high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) measurements and may come from the decomposition of Li2S with and without the interaction of metal Co into CoS2 and S. The electrochemical reaction mechanism of Co–Li2S nanocomposite film electrode involving both the formation and decomposition of Li2S and the lithium extraction/insertion of CoS2 after the initial charging process is proposed. Our results demonstrate the advantages of using Co–Li2S nanocomposite in storage lithium materials.
Li2Fe1−x Mn x Si04/C cathode materials were synthesized by mechanical activation-solid-state reaction. The effects of Mn-doping content, roasting temperature, soaking time and Li/Si molar ratio on the physical properties and electrochemical performance of the Li2Fe1−x Mn x Si04/C composites were investigated. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), charge–discharge tests and AC impedance measurements. SEM images suggest that the morphology of the Li2Fe1−x Mn x Si04/C composite is sensitive to the reaction temperature. Samples synthesized at different temperatures have different extent of agglomeration. Being charged–discharged at C/32 between 1.5 and 4.8V, the Li2Fe0.9Mn0.1Si04/C synthesized at the optimum conditions shows good electrochemical performances with an initial discharge capacity of 158.1mAhg−1 and a capacity retention ratio of 94.3% after 30 cycles. AC impendence investigation shows Li2Fe0.9Mn0.1SiO4/C have much lower resistance of electrode/electrolyte interface than Li2FeSiO4/C.
There is clear evidence that there is a link between cognitive and social functioning in schizophrenia. However, the exact nature of that association is not well established. In this study, three groups were included: 50 first episode of psychosis (FE) subjects, 53 multi-episode schizophrenia subjects (ME) and 55 non-psychiatric controls (NPC). Subjects were assessed on measures of social functioning and a comprehensive cognitive battery. FE subjects were assessed on admission to a comprehensive FE program and one year later. The ME and NPC group had two assessments one year apart. Both the FE and ME subjects were clearly impaired relative to NPCs in cognition and social functioning. In both the patient group and the NPC group cognition predicted performance on a measure of social problem solving and one measure of social functioning but not the other. This study supports the association between cognition and social functioning but indicates that this is a function of how social functioning is conceptualized and assessed.
A new method to follow the evolution of the plates of a battery during the formation processes is proposed and developed. The developed methodology can be used not only in research but also in the factory laboratories due to its simplicity. To exemplify the methodology, results for formation processes of tubular plates are presented using as precursor PbO or Pb3O4. The methodology gives access to the evolution, during its formation process, of the portions of the active material available for the discharge processes, the so called electrochemically active area. At the same time, the proposed technique permits the determination of the whole amount of PbO2 during formation. Through the results it is pointed out what experimental conditions must be used during the application of the method and examples are given of the kinds of interpretation that can be made. Finally, information is presented which was deduced from the results presented.
Size and shape-tuned LiFePO4 nano-platelets were prepared by the polyol process to examine the effect of their microstructure on their electrochemical performance when coated by a thin carbon layer. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, magnetic susceptibility, Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The crystallinity, as well as the size of the particles, depends on the nature of the solvent that is used, and also on the rate of dilution. The electrochemical properties emphasize the role of antisite defects and the coherence length along the b-axis, i.e. along the Li channels. With an optimized choice of the synthesis parameters, the results showed that the orthorhombic olivine structure is retained even in crystals of few nanometers in width, a free of impurities. The high crystalline quality of the particles obtained in these optimized conditions lead to a good electrochemical performance of the nanocomposite C-LiFePO4 product as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, with a capacity 151mAhg−1 at low C-rate, despite the presence of residual adsorbed polyol species that are found to be insulating.
Insoluble AgCl and soluble CuCl2 were selected and investigated as model compounds of transition-metal chlorides for electrochemical conversion cathode materials. The experimental results demonstrated that the AgCl nanocrystals can convert reversibly to metallic Ag with nearly full utilization of its one-electron redox capacity (187mAhg−1). Similarly, the CuCl2-filled mesoporous carbon can realize a reversible two-electron transfer reaction, giving a very high reversible capacity of 466mAhg−1 after 20 cycles. These data imply that the metal chlorides can undergo complete electrochemical conversion utilizing their full oxidation states for electrical energy storage as previously reported metal fluorides, possibly being used as high capacity cathode materials for Li-ion batteries.
Transition-metal nitrides (TMNs), especially iron-based TMNs, have high electrical conductivity, superior chemical stability and unique oxygen-reaction ability, and have emerged as a new form of noble metal-free electrocatalysts. In this paper, we demonstrate that the ORR-active/OER-inert single function catalyst Fe-N can be made as the OER/ORR-active bifunctional catalyst Co-Fe-N by controlled substitution of Fe with Co. To obtain atomic insights of the Co-enhanced OER catalysis, we develop a new exfoliation method to prepare atomically thin (1.1 nm) nanosheets (NSs) of CoxFe1-xN0.5 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2). Our studies show that both electronic structure and local binding environment of Fe are modified by Co substitution and the Co-Fe-N NSs show a volcano−like OER catalysis with Co0.15Fe0.85N0.5 NSs being the most efficient OER catalyst, showing the lowest overpotential of 266 mV at 10 mA cm−2, a Tafel slope of ∼30 mV dec−1, and excellent stability in the 1.0 M KOH OER condition. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the Co-Fe sites in the Co0.15Fe0.85N0.5 structure are optimized to promote OH* to O* conversion, O*-O* coupling and O2 formation. The Co0.15Fe0.85N0.5 NSs are a class of new noble-metal-free catalyst for OER.
Nano- and micro-sized LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 particles are prepared via the thermal decomposition of a ternary eutectic Li–Ni–Mn acetate. Lithium acetate, nickel acetate and manganese acetate can form a ternary eutectic Li–Ni–Mn acetate below 80°C. After further calcination, nano-sized LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 particles can be obtained at an extremely low temperature (500°C). When the sintering temperature goes above 700°C, the particle size increases, and at 900°C micro-sized LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 particles (with a diameter of about 4μm) are obtained. Electrochemical tests show that the micro-sized LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 powders (sintered at 900°C) exhibit the best capacity retention at 25°C, and after 100 cycles, 97% of initial discharge capacity can still be reached. Nano-sized LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 powders (sintered at 700°C) perform the best at low temperatures; when cycled at −10°C and charged and discharged at a rate of 1C, nano-sized LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 powders can deliver a capacity as high as 110mAhg−1.
This paper identifies the crucial tasks of e-mobility fleet management which is to be understood the operation of a fleet of vehicles powered by electricity. It is shown that the essentials can be mapped to a quadratic assignment problem. This makes the use of well-known ant algorithms available in order to solve the e-mobility fleet management problem even in the dynamic case. A simulator using efficient concurrency management was built in order to validate the results.
This paper presents a flexible wetness sensor whose detection signal, converted to a binary code, is transmitted through radio-frequency (RF) waves from a radio-frequency identification integrated circuit (RFID IC) to a remote reader. The flexible sensor, with a fixed operating frequency of 13.56 MHz, contains a RFID IC and a sensor circuit that is fabricated on a flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) using a Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System (MEMS) process. The sensor circuit contains a comb-shaped sensing area surrounded by an octagonal antenna with a width of 2.7 cm. The binary code transmitted from the RFIC to the reader changes if the surface conditions of the detector surface changes from dry to wet. This variation in the binary code can be observed on a digital oscilloscope connected to the reader.
Electrode–solid electrolyte composite materials for all-solid-state lithium batteries were prepared by coating of the Li2S–P2S5 solid electrolyte onto LiCoO2 particles using a N-methylformamide (NMF) solution of 80Li2S·20P2S5 (mol%) solid electrolyte. SEM and EDX analysis showed that the Li2S–P2S5 solid electrolyte was uniformly coated on LiCoO2 particles. The all-solid-state cell using the LiCoO2 particles coated with the solid electrolyte showed higher charge–discharge capacity than the cells using uncoated LiCoO2 particles.
We assess trends in children's nutritional status in Equatorial Guinea, a country in socioeconomic transition. Nationally representative samples were conducted in 1997, at the start of the economic take off, and again in 2004. Children aged 0–60 months were included in the surveys (N =436, 552). Both surveys included a sociodemographic, dietary and health questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements from which height-for-age (HAZ); weight-for-age (WAZ) and weight-for-height (WHZ) Z-scores were calculated. Between 1997 and 2004, the prevalence of child overweight for all children increased from 21.8% to 31.7%, especially in urban areas (from 18.2% to 29.4%, p =0.01). Stunting prevalence among children ≥2 years old decreased (from 57.9% to 45.3%, p <0.02), but for all age groups remained very high (34.7% overall, 46.5% rural and 28.5% urban in 2004). The economic take off in Equatorial Guinea appeared to coincide with substantial increases in the prevalence of child overweight whereas the prevalence of stunting decreased even if it remained high. The results suggest that the country is undergoing a nutrition transition and acquiring the concomitant double burden of under and over nutrition.
To examine a) the feasibility of delivering a summer treatment program for pre-kindergarteners (STP-PreK) with externalizing behavior problems (EBP) and b) the extent to which the STP-PreK was effective in improving children’s school readiness outcomes. Participants for this study included 30 preschool children (77 % boys; Mean age = 5.33 years; 77 % Hispanic background) with at-risk or clinically elevated levels of EBP. The STP-PreK was held at an early education center and ran for 8-weeks (M-F, 8 a.m.–5 p.m.) during the summer between preschool and kindergarten. In addition to a behavioral modification system and comprehensive school readiness curriculum, a social-emotional curriculum was also embedded within the STP-PreK to target children’s self-regulation skills (SR). Children’s pre- and post-school readiness outcomes included a standardized school readiness assessment as well as parental report of EBP, adaptive functioning, and overall readiness for kindergarten. SR skills were measured via a standardized executive functioning task, two frustration tasks, and parental report of children’s emotion regulation, and executive functioning. The STP-PreK was well received by parents as evidenced by high attendance and satisfaction ratings. Additionally, all school readiness outcomes (both parent and observational tasks) significantly improved after the intervention (Cohen’s d effect sizes ranged from 0.47 to 2.22) with all effects, except parental report of emotion regulation, being maintained at a 6-month follow-up. These findings highlight the feasibility and utility of delivering an early intervention summer program that can successfully target multiple aspects of children’s school readiness, including behavioral, social-emotional/self-regulation, and academics.