batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Aqueous processing would reduce the costs associated with the making of the composite electrode. To achieve the incorporation and the dispersion of the carbon black (CB) conductive agent in aqueous slurries, a surfactant is needed. In this paper, three surfactants are compared, an anionic one, the sodium dodecyle sulphate (SDS), a non-ionic one, the isooctylphenylether of polyoxyethylene called commercially Triton X-100 and a cationic one, the hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), by using rheology and laser granulometry measurements on electrode slurries on one hand, and SEM observations, porosity and adhesion measurements and electrochemical testing on composite electrodes on the other hand. Ionic surfactants were found to be not suitable because a corrosion of the aluminium current collector occurred. The utilization of Triton X-100 favoured a more homogeneous CB distribution, resulted in a better electronic wiring of the active material particles and higher rate behavior of the electrode. Optimal electrochemical performances are obtained for an optimal surfactant concentration which depends on the BET surface area of the CB powder.
The Pechini process [Ceram. Bull. 68 (1989) 1002] is used to obtain fine tin oxide powders that reduce the specific volume change in Li+ insertion and extraction reactions. The suitability of these tin oxides as active materials for negative electrodes in lithium-ion batteries is investigated. From elemental analysis, it is found that the templating polymer network is almost completely obliterated after heating at 500°C. The best tin oxide does not exhibit extensive crystallization of tin atoms even after 30 cycles of alloying and de-alloying reactions with Li. The structure and the specific capacity of the oxides are dependent on the heat treatment and remnants of the polymeric CH network can impose an unfavorable outcome. A capacity of 600mAhg−1, which is unchanged for 30 cycles, can be obtained from tin oxide heat treated at 1000°C. Composites of graphite and SnO2 are also prepared and exhibit synergistic interactions between graphite and tin oxide which are similar to those reported previously [Electrochem. Solid State Lett. 3 (2000) 167].
In this paper, the effects of carboxylic substituent position on their electrodeposition, morphology and capacitance properties were investigated for the first time. The results indicated that three carboxylic group substituted polyindole derivatives nanowires, namely poly(indole-5-carboxylic acid) (5-PICA), poly(indole-6-carboxylic acid) (6-PICA), and poly(indole-7-carboxylic acid) (7-PICA), were successfully electrochemically synthesized in acetonitrile containing 0.1M LiClO4, whereas poly(indole-4-carboxylic acid) (4-PICA) was difficult to be obtained. For 5-PICA, 6-PICA and 7-PICA nanowires, the diameters of nanowires demonstrated by the scanning electron microscopy were about 100nm, 50nm, and 30nm, respectively. Their specific capacitances and energy densities in 1.0M H2SO4 solution were measured to be 355Fg−1, 383Fg−1, 430Fg−1 at 2.5Ag−1 and 40.0, 43.1, 48.3Whkg−1 at a power density of 1125Wkg−1, respectively, and their specific capacitance retentions after 1000 charge/discharge processes reached 94.5%, 95.1%, and 96%, respectively. These results indicated that the position of the carboxylic substituent had remarkable impacts on the diameter sizes and electrochemical properties of these polymer nanowires. Furthermore, the three polymers with high specific capacitance and excellent stability would be strong candidates as electrode material for supercapacitors.
Chronic aphasia is a common consequence of a left-hemisphere stroke. Since the early insights by Broca and Wernicke, studying the relationship between the loci of cortical damage and patterns of language impairment has been one of the concerns of aphasiology. We utilized multivariate classification in a cross-validation framework to predict the type of chronic aphasia from the spatial pattern of brain damage. Our sample consisted of 98 patients with five types of aphasia (Broca's, Wernicke's, global, conduction, and anomic), classified based on scores on the Western Aphasia Battery (WAB). Binary lesion maps were obtained from structural MRI scans (obtained at least 6 months poststroke, and within 2 days of behavioural assessment); after spatial normalization, the lesions were parcellated into a disjoint set of brain areas. The proportion of damage to the brain areas was used to classify patients' aphasia type. To create this parcellation, we relied on five brain atlases; our classifier (support vector machine – SVM) could differentiate between different kinds of aphasia using any of the five parcellations. In our sample, the best classification accuracy was obtained when using a novel parcellation that combined two previously published brain atlases, with the first atlas providing the segmentation of grey matter, and the second atlas used to segment the white matter. For each aphasia type, we computed the relative importance of different brain areas for distinguishing it from other aphasia types; our findings were consistent with previously published reports of lesion locations implicated in different types of aphasia. Overall, our results revealed that automated multivariate classification could distinguish between aphasia types based on damage to atlas-defined brain areas.
This paper addresses the problem of estimating the present value of electrochemical internal variables in a lithium-ion cell in real time, using readily available measurements of cell voltage, current, and temperature. The variables that can be estimated include any desired set of reaction flux and solid and electrolyte potentials and concentrations at any set of one-dimensional spatial locations, in addition to more standard quantities such as state of charge. The method uses an extended Kalman filter along with a one-dimensional physics-based reduced-order model of cell dynamics. Simulations show excellent and robust predictions having dependable error bounds for most internal variables.
Power performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is generally controlled by the Li+ diffusion within crystalline framework of electrode materials, and thus nano-sized electrode materials with shortened diffusion length have been widely used to build high power LIBs. However, the undesired effects from nano-sized electrode materials, such as low tap density, low thermal stability and increased interface also discount the overall performance of LIBs. Accordingly, it is desired to develop high power LIBs with micro-sized electrode materials. Herein, we demonstrate that hard carbon displays fast Li-storage kinetics which is not controlled by Li+ diffusion in the crystalline framework. Furthermore, it is found that micro-sized spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and LiMn2O4 have high rate performance, owing to their three-dimensional channels for Li+ diffusion. Finally, the micro-sized spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (or Li1.1Mn2O4) and micro-sized hard carbon are used as cathode and anode, respectively, to fabricate the full cells that exhibit supercapacitor-like high power performance. The achieved results point a way to develop high power LIBs besides nano-sizing electrode materials.
Malaria and HIV are common infections in Africa and cause substantial morbidity and mortality in pregnant women. We aimed to assess the association of malaria with anemia in pregnant women and to explore the joint effects of malaria and HIV infection on anemia in pregnant women.
Declarative memory refers to the recall and recognition of factual information. In contrast, non-declarative memory entails a facilitation of memory based on prior exposure and is typically assessed with priming and perceptual-motor sequencing tasks. In this study, schizophrenia patients were compared to normal comparison subjects on two computerized memory tasks: the Word-stem Priming Test (n=30) and the Pattern Sequence Learning Test (n=20). Word-stem Priming includes recall, recognition (declarative) and priming (non-declarative) components of memory. The schizophrenia patients demonstrated an impaired performance on recall of words with relative improvement during the recognition portion of the test. Furthermore, they performed normally on the priming portion of the test. Thus, on tests of declarative memory, the patients had retrieval deficits with intact performance on the non-declarative memory component. The Pattern Sequence Learning Test utilizes a serial reaction time paradigm to assess non-declarative memory. The schizophrenia patients' serial reaction time was significantly slower than that of comparison subjects. However, the patients' rate of acquisition was not different from the normal comparison group. The data suggest that patients with schizophrenia process more slowly than normal, but have an intact non-declarative memory. The schizophrenia patients' dissociation on declarative vs. non-declarative memory tests is discussed in terms of possible underlying structural impairment.
Optimization of electrolyte composition for future traction batteries is presented in this paper. Extensive systematic studies of electrochemical performance, material utility and subsequently cost are reported in order to obtain optimal combination. Lithium salt of TDI anion (4,5-dicyano-2-trifluoromethanoimidazole) is used due to its superior thermal stability (compared to other commercially available lithium salts), stability in case of moisture presence, electrochemical stability and possible material savings when used in electrolyte. Critical selection of solvent mixtures is made with respect to the price of components. Conductivity dependence of salt concentration is shown. For all studied systems the increased conductivity region is observed in the salt low and broad concentration range of 0.3 to 0.8molkg−1. The structural and rheological explanation of the mentioned feature is performed. Lithium cation transference numbers are measured for highly conductive samples and used as the secondary parameter in the optimization procedure. The highest values are recorded for the very low salt content: 0.31molkg−1 LiTDI in EC:DMC (1:2 weight ratio) (σ =5.09mS cm−1, t Li+ =0.622) and 0.4molkg−1 LiTDI in EC:DMC:DME (8:16:1 weight ratio) (σ =6.17mS cm−1, t Li+ =0.648) giving the opportunity to substantial material savings in batteries.
Microinfusions of drugs directly into the central nervous system of awake animals represent a widely used means of unravelling brain functions related to behaviour. However, current approaches generally use tethered liquid infusion systems and a syringe pump to deliver drugs into the brain, which often interfere with behaviour. We address this shortfall with a miniaturised electronically-controlled drug delivery system (20 × 17.5 × 5 mm3) designed to be skull-mounted in rats. The device features a micropump connected to two 8-mm-long silicon microprobes with a cross section of 250 × 250 μm2 and integrated fluid microchannels. Using an external electronic control unit, the device allows infusion of 16 metered doses (0.25 μL each, 8 per silicon shaft). Each dosage requires 3.375 Ws of electrical power making the device additionally compatible with state-of-the-art wireless headstages. A dosage precision of 0.25 ± 0.01 μL was determined in vitro before in vivo tests were carried out in awake rats. No passive leakage from the loaded devices into the brain could be detected using methylene blue dye. Finally, the device was used to investigate the effects of the NMDA-receptor antagonist 3-((R)-2-Carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid, (R)-CPP, administered directly into the prefrontal cortex of rats during performance on a task to assess visual attention and impulsivity. In agreement with previous findings using conventional tethered infusion systems, acute (R)-CPP administration produced a marked increase in impulsivity.
A coupled electrochemical-mechanical model is developed and applied to predict transient three-dimensional stress fields within reconstructed Li x CoO2 cathode particles from commercial Li-ion batteries. The reconstructed particle geometries are derived from focused-ion-beam–scanning-electron-microscopy (FIB-SEM) experiments. The study uses three individual particles, representing typical sizes and shapes. The mechanical model incorporates measured anisotropic strain within the Li x CoO2 lattice and includes strains due to phase transformations. The stresses are generally found to be compressive in the particle interiors and tensile near the surfaces. Small-scale surface morphology, high Li concentration gradients, and phase transformations are found to have a major influence on the stresses, with particularly high tensile stresses near small protuberances and concave notch-like features on the electrode surfaces. The study considers 1C and 5C discharge rates. The qualitative behaviors are similar at different discharge rates, but the stress magnitudes are higher at higher discharge rates.
In this work, cobalt/cobalt oxide (Co-CoOx) core-shell nanoflakes were directly grown on flexible graphite felt (GF) using a facile one-step intense pulsed white light (IPWL) irradiation method. They were then used as a battery-type positive electrode for a high-performance asymmetric hybrid supercapacitor, which exhibited high rate capability and a long cycle life. The interconnected Co-CoOx thin nanoflakes grown on the GF offer large reaction sites and enough space for easy OH− ion transport due to their 3-dimensionally interconnected network structures. Cobalt metal at the core of the nanoflakes, directly connected to the current collector of the GF, provided pathways for electrons between the cobalt oxide and GF, leading to low internal resistance and high rate capability. The Co-CoOx/GF electrode had a high specific capacity of 108mAhg−1 at a specific current of 1Ag−1 and maintained a capacity of 71mAhg−1 at a high specific current of 20Ag−1. A two-terminal asymmetric hybrid supercapacitor, assembled using Co-CoOx/GF as the positive electrode and activated carbon as the negative electrode with gel-electrolyte (PVA/KOH), exhibited an energy density of 30.1 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 0.86kWkg−1 and a high retention of 13.0 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 20.4kWkg−1. In addition, the asymmetric device showed excellent cycling stability, with 114% capacity retention after 10,000 cycles.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly changing the way in which we engage with technology on a daily basis. The IoT paradigm enables low-resource devices to intercommunicate in a fully flexible and pervasive manner, and the data from these devices is used for decision-making in critical applications such as; traffic infrastructure, health-care and home security, to name but a few. Due to the scarce resources available in these IoT devices, being able to quantify the reliability of them is a critical function. This report presents a detailed evolution of the area of reliability measurement, followed by an in-depth review of the state-of-the-art for quantification of reliability in the IoT, revealing the many challenges associated with this task. From this in-depth review, a set of key research directions for IoT reliability is determined. Despite the critical nature of the research area, at this current moment, this study is the first detailed review available in the area of assessing IoT reliability.
CD44 is a cell surface adhesion molecule and its principal ligand is hyaluronic acid (HA), a key component of the brain’s extracellular matrix. CD44 levels are decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of depressed individuals, and the CD44 gene has been identified in genome wide association study as a possible risk gene in suicidal behavior. In order to define the pathobiological mechanisms by which CD44 may affect behavior, we investigated the role of CD44 using male CD44 knockout (CD44KO) and wild-type mice that underwent chronic mild stress (CMS). Behavior was characterized using the sucrose preference and forced swim tests, open field, novel object recognition, social preference, and the elevated plus maze tests. Gene expression in hippocampus was evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR. Brain monoamines and their metabolites were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography and serum HA and IL-1β levels were measured using ELISA and electrochemiluminescence assays. CD44KO mice were more susceptible to stress-induced anxiety-like behavior and displayed increased anhedonia and despair than the wild-type controls. The behavioral phenotype of stressed CD44KO mice was associated with reduced cortical serotonergic and striatal dopaminergic turnover. The hippocampal expression of the receptor for HA-mediated motility (RHAMM) was reduced in the non- stressed CD44KO mice compared with WT mice, in a value similar to that observed in WT mice following exposure to stress. Taken together, our experiments suggest that CD44 plays a key role in stress response in mice.
The effects of moisture contamination in the Li-O2 battery system were investigated by comparing the electrochemical performance and post-mortem analysis of batteries prepared under different atmospheres: sealed container in an ambient atmosphere vs. sealed container in a dry-room or in a glove-box. The performance of the cells strongly depended on the atmosphere; furthermore it was found that the performance degradation of the Li metal anode comes from moisture contamination from the feed lines. In an ambient atmosphere, the cells showed higher 1st discharge capacity, higher impedance and significant increase of the cell weight owing to contamination of the oxygen by moisture. Post-mortem analysis revealed that the deterioration of lithium metal anode leads to the cell failure mechanism, and this comes from the moisture contamination. It was found that the performance of Li-O2 batteries is very sensitive to even traces of moisture contamination and every single part of the cell design including the choice of fitting parts and water permeability of the fitting material should be verified in order to obtain credible and reproducible results. This finding supports the idea that protection of the lithium metal electrode is indispensable to realize the practical application of Li-O2 or Li-air batteries.
Flexible and mechanically robust fiber electrodes, for their application in wearable lithium-ion batteries, are prepared by one‐pot wet‐spinning of a liquid crystal dispersion of graphene oxide and manganese oxide (MnO2) nanowires. MnO2 nanowires, which are synthesized by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal reaction, are mixed with the graphene oxide aqueous dispersion and then assembled into the continuous fibers by the wet-spinning. The nanowire morphology and the high-aspect ratio of MnO2 contribute to maintain structural integrity of the fiber shape during the wet‐spinning process, as well as to achieve a high loading density of the active materials in the fiber. Furthermore, our simple one‐pot fiber electrode fabrication process allows for a more uniform distribution of the active materials throughout the fiber electrode, and a lower contact resistance between the MnO2 and graphene. The resulting fiber electrode delivers a high reversible capacity, excellent cycling performance, and good rate capability.
A number of methods are currently employed to assess the functional properties of CFTR channels and their response to pharmacological potentiators, correction of the defective CFTR trafficking, and vectorial introduction of new proteins. Here we review the most common methods used to assess CFTR channel function. The suitability of each technique to various experimental conditions is discussed.
As one of the highest specific capacity anode materials in lithium-ion batteries, the main technical issue for silicon (Si) based electrodes is the rapid capacity fading caused by the huge volume changes. Porous Si materials are reported to efficiently alleviate the side effects of volume fluctuation. However, the expensive precursor and complicated production process in previous reports limited their practical applications. Herein, we report a cost-efficient approach on the fabrication of porous Si via the low temperature aluminothermic reduction of low cost natural raw materials, combining the advantages of low temperature and natural materials. The porous structure of attapulgite-derived Si (Si ATP ) is well retained during the compositing process. The obtained composite electrode Si ATP /graphite@carbon (Si ATP /G@C) exhibits excellent electrochemical performance, with a reversible discharge capacity of 799 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. To demonstrate the versatility of the approach, another natural ore, mica (MIC), was also utilized to the fabrication of porous Si (Si MIC ). As expected, the Si MIC /graphite@carbon composite electrode also exhibits high specific capacity (697 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles), superior capacity retention (81% after 100 cycles based the 4th cycle), and outstanding rate capability.
This study focuses on CO2 and water vapor flux measurements, water use efficiency estimates and evapotranspiration modeling during the course of growth of a young banana crop in a screenhouse in northern Israel. An eddy covariance system was deployed at the center of the screenhouse during two growth periods of the banana crop: small and large plants. Results show that daily whole canopy evapotranspiration increased during the measurement period from 2.2 mm day−1 for the smaller plants to 3.4 mm day−1 for the larger plants. The increase in net daily CO2 consumption doubled during the same period, from about 11 to 21.5 g m−2 day−1 per unit ground area. Water vapor and CO2 fluxes per unit leaf area were independent of plant size and averaged with 51 and 0.29 g m−2 day−1, respectively. Consequently, water use efficiency, defined as the ratio between net vertical fluxes of CO2 and water vapor, was nearly constant during growth of the plants. Evapotranspiration models provided more accurate predictions for larger than for smaller plants. This was due to inadequate treatment of the partial cover of young plants, which could be overcome by the use of a crop coefficient. A modified Penman–Monteith evapotranspiration model adapted to the screenhouse environment, applied here for the first time to a banana screenhouse, was in better agreement with the measurements than an open canopy model.
Negative plate lugs of flooded lead-acid battery were corroded during partial state-of-charge (PSoC) pattern cycle life tests simulated from stop and go vehicle driving. Potential step was applied to Pb–Ca–Sn alloy electrode at various potential and time regimes, and the electrode surface was observed by in situ electrochemical atomic force microscope (EC-AFM) to investigate the corrosion mechanisms during the potential step cycles. It was found out that the severe corrosion occurs when the oxidation of Pb to PbSO4 and partial reduction of passive layer of PbSO4 take turns many times. It was also found out that the periodic full charge, the optimization of the alloy composition, addition of the material that may make the reaction mechanism change to electrolyte were effective to suppress the corrosion rate.
Intercalation property of PF6 − into graphitic carbon was studied for a hybrid capacitor with different ratio of cathode and anode amount. Graphene sheet distance increased with increasing PF6 − intercalation amount and it saturated at 0.4nm at high applied potential, which is corresponded to stage 2 structure. On the other hand, it was found that nano size pore into graphene sheet was introduced at higher applied potential with 20 times larger anode carbon and this nano porous carbon shows a large capacity for intercalation capacity of 147mAhg−1. The estimated energy density of the hybrid capacitor using carbon with nano bubble structure was ca. 400Whkg−1.