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The electrochemical performances of Li4Mn5O12 powders prepared via an aqueous sol-gel method using either citric acid or l-lysine as complexing and combusting agent are compared. At current rate of 0.1 C, a discharge capacity of 163 mAh g−1 and a good cyclability are obtained for powder cathode materials prepared with l-lysine and processed as composite electrode. Films of the corresponding Li4Mn5O12 were deposited by direct spray coating of precursors' solutions and subsequent thermal treatment at 400 °C. Films exhibit better electrochemical performances than powders with a discharge capacity of up to 165 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and a capacity retention of 95% after 100 cycles at 0.5 C and 89% after 100 cycles at 2 C. Increasing the active material loading up to 2 mg cm−2 leads to a small loss of cyclability, especially at high cycling rates, but a specific capacity of 275 μAh cm−2 is still achieved at 2 C. These values of specific capacities are higher than those observed in the literature for lithium manganese oxide films.
Power resulted form solar photo voltaic and wind turbine generators are reliant on the climate variations. Both the wind and solar systems are non-reliable if there are insufficient capacity storage units like storage batteries or backup units like diesel generators. The microgrids reliability increases when both systems (wind turbine and photo voltaic) are combined with the storage devices. The sufficient storage batteries bank capacity are needed to feed the load demands with power in cloudy and non-windy days. So the optimal placing of the components assigns to the required parts of hybrid microgrid. Also, this study reviews new ways of energy practice of hybrid sources. It presents the physical modelling of the renewable energy resources with numerous methodologies and principles of the optimization for the hybrid networks. Additionally, the hybrid sources are gaining popular and fame in the environmental crises and current scenario of energies. Based on this study, it has introduced a global survey on the present condition of optimization techniques especially that related to the isolated microgrid in the presented literature. The current trend of optimization for hybrid renewable sources demonstrations that artificial intelligence provides worthy optimization for the microgrid operations without an extensive long-term weather data.
A solid polymer electrolyte system based on poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) complexed with sodium chlorite (NaClO3) salt has been prepared by a solution — cast technique. Several experimental techniques, such as composition-dependence conductvity, temperature-dependence conductivity in the temperature range of 303–398K and transport number measurements, have been employed to characterize this polymer electrolyte system. The conductivity of the (PVP+NaClO3) electrolyte is about 104 times larger than that of pure PVP at room temperature. Transport number measurements show that the charge transport is mainly due to ions. An electrochemical cell with the configuration Na/(PVP+NaClO3)/(I2+C+electrolyte) has been fabricated and its discharge characteristics studied. The open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current are 2.77V and 1.35mA, respectively. A number of other cell parameters are reported.
A novel and facile in-situ methodology has been developed to prepare well carbon-coated anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. The hydrolysis of tetrabutyl titanate has been effectively controlled in a collosol of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone dissolved with polyvinylidene fluoride. The as-resulted carbon-dispersed TiO2 nanoparticles distributed in ranges from 20 to 30nm in diameter have been obtained with a carbon content of 11.7wt%. This nanocomposite utilized as anode materials in lithium-ion battery can deliver a high reversible specific capacity of 218mAhg−1 at the current density of 0.2C (33.5mAg−1), and still exhibit 100mAhg−1 at 10C (1.68Ag−1), illustrating notable high-rate performances for the potential application in fast charge/discharge batteries.
In the present study we focus on the synthesis of homogeneous nickel oxide/manganese dioxide nanoparticles (NiO/MnO2 NPs) supported on reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (rGO NSs) for supercapacitors application. The homogeneous NiO-MnO2@rGO ternary hybrid was synthesized via simple, fast and facile approach using microwave irradiation process. The highly porous rGO NSs used to improve the performance of active electrode materials for high performance supercapacitors. In order to obtain high performance supercapacitors, there are several factors that must be achieved including a high porous surface area and high diffusion rate of the electrolyte inside active material. The structural and morphological studies of synthesized ternary hybrids material was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectra, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area. The extensive characterization shows that NiO/MnO2 NPs were homogeneously dispersed throughout the surface of rGO NSs. The pristine rGO NSs contains mesoporous structure with high surface area (570.45 m2/g) providing the supports of homogeneous dispersion of NiO/MnO2 NPs without aggregation. The mesoporous NiO-MnO2@rGO ternary hybrid exhibited a high specific capacity of 165.7 mAh/g with excellent long time cycling stability. The obtained result shows good specific capacity retention of 83.2% after 2000 continuous cyclic voltammetry and it shows no apparent decrease in the specific capacity after initial few cycles. It reveals that the NiO-MnO2@rGO ternary hybrids can be a promising electroactive material for supercapacitor applications.
The interaction of Eu3+ with Sb3+ ions during the room temperature synthesis of luminescent Sb2O3 nanorods is investigated using luminescence and vibrational spectroscopic techniques. Our results demonstrate that well crystalline, oriented Sb2O3 nanorods having length of around 3–4μm, a width of around 100–200nm and luminescence at around 390nm can be synthesized at room temperature. Incorporation of Eu3+ in these nanorods has been attempted and it is found that Eu3+ ions do not have any interaction with nanorods and their orientation. Detailed Eu3+ luminescence and XRD studies confirmed that a part of Sb3+ ions reacts with Eu3+ ions in the presence of hydroxyl ions (present in the medium) to form an amorphous antimony europium hydroxide compound. The amorphous compound on heating at high temperatures leads to its decomposition, giving hydrated Sb(V) oxides and Eu2O3 as major phases.
The sluggish redox kinetics and dissolution of polyselenide result in severe capacity attenuation of lithium-selenium (Li-Se) batteries, thus significantly limiting its practical application. In this study, we developed a facile annealing procedure to prepare CoSe2-porous carbon composites (CoSe2-PC) as a high-performance cathode material. The formation of CoSe2 nanoparticles in the carbon matrix was confirmed by high resolution transmission electron spectroscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. Se@CoSe2-PC achieved a reversible capacity up to 408 mAh·g−1 after 100 charge-discharge cycles at the current rate of 1 C, a performance much higher than that of porous carbon alone. The catalytic effect of CoSe2 on the redox reaction dynamics of polyselenide was examined by cyclic voltammetric measurements using a symmetrical cell of Se@CoSe2-PC in the presence and absence of the polyselenide in the electrolyte, and this likely accounts for the high specific capacity and superior cycle performance of Se@CoSe2-PC based Li-Se batteries. Results from this work may open up a door for suppressing the dissolution of polyselenide and eventually realize Li-Se batteries of high capacity and cycle stability.
One-dimensional modeling was carried-out to predict the capacity loss of a 12V automotive lead-acid battery due to ageing. The model not only accounted for electrochemical kinetics and ionic mass transfer in a battery cell, but also considered the anodic corrosion of lead in sulfuric acid. In order to validate the modeling, modeling results were compared with the measurement data of the cycling behaviors of the lead-acid batteries having nominal capacity of 68Ah that are mounted on the automobiles manufactured by Hyundai Motor Company. The cycling was performed under the protocol of the constant-current discharge and the constant-voltage charge. The discharge rate of C/3 was used. The range of state of charge was between 1 and 0.85. The voltage was kept constant at the gassing voltage until the charge current tapered to 10mA. The retention capacity of the battery was measured with C/3 discharge rate before the beginning of cycling and after every 40 cycles of cycling. The modeling results were in good agreement with the measurement data.
These experiments were designed to investigate transcriptional effects in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after exposure in vivo to ionizing gamma radiation combined with subtoxic levels of aluminum (Al) and cadmium (Cd). Juvenile fish (35 g) in freshwater with or without Al and Cd (255 μgAl/L + 6 μgCd/L) were exposed to a 75 mGy dose of γ-irradiation, and induced responses were compared to those of controls. The transcriptional levels of eight genes encoding proteins known to respond to stress in fish were quantified in liver of fish exposed for 5 h to gamma radiation, to Al and Cd or to the combination of Al, Cd and gamma radiation. The studied genes were caspase 3B, caspase 6A, caspase 7, p53 (apoptosis), glutathione reductase (GR), phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), (oxidative stress), metallothionein (MT-A) (metal stress) and ubiquitin (Ubi) (protein degradation). The results showed that γ-irradiation alone induced significant upregulation of caspase 6A, GR, GSH-Px, MT-A and Ubi compared to the control group, while 5 h exposure to Al+Cd alone did not induce any of the studied genes compared to the control. No significant upregulation of the series of investigated genes could be observed in fish exposed to γ-irradiation in combination with Al+Cl. In conclusion, the results suggest that the presence of Al+Cd in the water counteracted the γ-irradiation effect by modifying the transcription of genes encoding proteins involved in the defense mechanisms against free radicals in the cells.
In this report, the electrochemical sodiation and desodiation in single crystalline alpha-MnO2 nanowires are studied dynamically at both single particle level using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and bulk level using in situ synchrotron X-ray. The TEM results suggest that the first sodiation process starts with tunnel-based Na+ intercalation, experiences the formation of Na0.5MnO2 as a result of tunnel degradation, and ends with the Mn2O3 phase. The inserted Na+ can be partially extracted out of the sodiated products, and the following cycles are dominated by the reversible conversion reaction between Na0.5MnO2 and Mn2O3. The Mn valence evolution inside a cycling coin using alpha-MnO2 nanowire electrode also exhibits partially reversible characteristic, agreeing well with the in situ TEM analysis. The sodiation is compared with lithiation in the same alpha-MnO2 nanowires. Both Na+ and Li+ interact with the tunneled structure via a similar tunnel-driven intercalation mechanism before Mn4+ is reduced to Mn3.5+. For the following deep insertion, the tunnels survive up to LiMnO2 (Mn3+) during lithiation, while the sodiation proceeds via a different mechanism that involves obvious phase transition and fast tunnel degradation after Mn’s valence is below 3.5+. The difference in charge carrier insertion mechanisms can be ascribed to the strong interaction between the tunnel frame and inserted Na+ possessing a larger ionic size than inserted Li+.
Selenium (Se)-based materials for sodium (ion) batteries are currently attracting extensive attentions owing to their fast kinetics and excellent cyclability; at the same time, achieving high Se content, which is crucial to maintain the competitive edge over other kinds of electrode materials, still remains a challenge. We developed a confined annealing method which allows us to convert pristine metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) directly into selenium/selenide/carbon composites. It is a simultaneous process of carbonization, selenization and Se vapor deposition, and the combination of elemental Se and selenide results in a record-high Se content of 76 wt%, enhanced capacity and rate capability (490 and 384 mA h g−1 at 0.1 and 2.0 A g−1) exceeding most documented Se-based materials. The produced composites also exhibit excellent cycle stability (no decay for 700 cycles at 2 A g−1), which is correlated to dominant capacitive charge transport mode and the MOF-derived robust structure. Our work not only offers a proof of concept that Se content can be maximized by confining Se through both vapor deposition and chemical bonding with transition metals, but also demonstrates a general and green selenization approach without using any toxic or flammable chemicals. The introduced method will probably prevail for its wide applicability on various metal-containing precursors, and even be expanded to the fabrication of sulfur- and phosphor-based composites.
We present a study on the application of magnetically actuated polymer micropillar surfaces in modifying the migration behaviour of cells. We show that micropillar surfaces actuated at a frequency of 1 Hz can cause more than a 5-fold decrease in cell migration rates compared to controls, whereas non-actuated micropillar surfaces cause no statistically significant alterations in cell migration rates. The effectiveness of the micropillar arrays in impeding cell migration depends on micropillar density and placement patterns, as well as the direction of micropillar actuation with respect to the direction of cell migration. Since the magnetic micropillar surfaces presented can be actuated remotely with small external magnetic fields, their integration with implants could provide new possibilities for in-vivo tissue engineering applications.
A liquid antimony (Sb) anode is examined at 1073 K in solid oxide fuel cells with single-crystal yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes. Cells featuring a smooth electrolyte surface (Sa = 0.69 nm) are operated under “battery” mode with dry Ar flow in the anode chamber to characterize the electrochemical oxidation of the metals by oxygen ions while avoiding the effects of the electrolyte surface morphology. The intrinsic anode polarization of the liquid Sb anode is obtained, revealing that the Sb anode polarization was the main cause of performance loss. Because liquid Sb2O3 can transfer oxygen ions, the reaction product Sb2O3 decreases the anode polarization and enhances the performance by increasing the effective reaction interface. The liquid three-dimensional electrode is formed by discharging. The anode polarization can be reduced by changing the ratio of Sb and Sb2O3 in the anode. Using 50% Sb + 50% Sb2O3 as the anode, the anode resistance is reduced to 0.8 Ω cm2, which is comparable to typical porous solid anodes.
Although digital technologies can mitigate the burdens of home healthcare services caused by an ageing population that lives at home longer with complex health problems, research on the impacts and consequences of digitalised remote communication between patients and caregivers is lacking. The present study explores how home healthcare professionals had experienced the introduction of digital medicine dispensers and their influence on patient-caregiver relationships.
For a number of NASA's future planetary and terrestrial applications, high energy density rechargeable lithium batteries that can operate at very low temperature are desired. In the pursuit of developing Li-ion batteries with improved low temperature performance, we have also focused on assessing the viability of using gel polymer systems, due to their desirable form factor and enhanced safety characteristics. In the present study we have evaluated three classes of promising liquid low-temperature electrolytes that have been impregnated into gel polymer electrolyte carbon-LiMn2O4-based Li-ion cells (manufactured by LG Chem. Inc.), consisting of: (a) binary EC+EMC mixtures with very low EC-content (10%), (b) quaternary carbonate mixtures with low EC-content (16–20%), and (c) ternary electrolytes with very low EC-content (10%) and high proportions of ester co-solvents (i.e., 80%). These electrolytes have been compared with a baseline formulation (i.e., 1.0M LiPF6 in EC+DEC+DMC (1:1:1%, v/v/v), where EC, ethylene carbonate, DEC, diethyl carbonate, and DMC, dimethyl carbonate). We have performed a number of characterization tests on these cells, including: determining the rate capacity as a function of temperature (with preceding charge at room temperature and also at low temperature), the cycle life performance (both 100% DOD and 30% DOD low earth orbit cycling), the pulse capability, and the impedance characteristics at different temperatures. We have obtained excellent performance at low temperatures with ester-based electrolytes, including the demonstration of >80% of the room temperature capacity at −60°C using a C/20 discharge rate with cells containing 1.0M LiPF6 in EC+EMC+MB (1:1:8%, v/v/v) (MB, methyl butyrate) and 1.0M LiPF6 in EC+EMC+EB (1:1:8%, v/v/v) (EB, ethyl butyrate) electrolytes. In addition, cells containing the ester-based electrolytes were observed to support 5C pulses at −40°C, while still maintaining a voltage >2.5V at 100 and 80% state-of-charge (SOC).
The use of prescription anti-obesity medication (AOM) is becoming increasingly common as treatment options grow and become more accessible. However, AOM may not be without a wide range of potentially negative impacts on patient functioning and well being. The Treatment Related Impact Measure (TRIM-Weight) is an obesity treatment-specific patient reported outcomes (PRO) measure designed to assess the key impacts of prescription anti-obesity medication. This paper will present the validation findings for the TRIM-Weight.
In this paper we report the combined, positive effect of triphenyloborane (BPh3) additive on conductivity and lithium cation transference numbers in poly(ethylene oxide) dimethyl ether (PEODME)–lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3, LiTf) electrolytes. The transport mechanism is discussed on the basis of impedance measurements, restricted diffusion t + measurements, ionic association semi-empirical quantitative estimation and spectroscopic studies. A substantial increase in the lithium transference number values in triphenylborane enriched composite electrolytes was observed in comparison with the pure PEODME–LiCF3SO3 electrolyte. This effect is assisted by ionic conductivity enhancement.
A hydrometallurgical route based on leaching-crystallization steps for the separation of metals Al, Co, Cu and Li from spent Li-ion batteries was evaluated in this paper. Once dismantled for the removal of both plastic and steel cases, the anode (containing mainly Cu) of such batteries was manually separated from the cathode (which contains Al, Co and Li) for the recovery of Cu. The metal content of both anode and cathode was assessed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and atomic absorption analytical methods. The cathode was firstly leached with NaOH for the selective removal of Al, followed by leaching with H2SO4 +H2O2 for the dissolution of the remaining Co and Li. The operating variables concentration of NaOH and concentration of H2O2 were found significant for the metal dissolution conditions investigated at basic and acid leaching operations, respectively. On the other hand, the variables temperature and concentration of H2SO4 showed minor effects at acid leaching step. Reaction schemes were proposed to describe basic and acid leaching operations. The recovery of Co from the acid liquor was carried out by crystallization. This hydrometallurgical route was found to be simple and adequate to separate metals for recycling purposes.
In this paper, we report a simple and practical composite structure for a nanogenerator (NG). The composite design using two kinds of piezoelectric materials, zinc oxide and poly(vinylidene fluoride), requires no more system size and complexity than for a single material, but improves the power density and sensitivity of the NG significantly. With no need of an external power source or batteries, the composite NG can efficiently convert the vortex motion in the atmosphere into electricity. Based on the Karman vortex street principle, ambient wind-speed measurements with the NG are demonstrated. Due to the simple structure, high sensitivity and good environment-friendly properties, the NG as an active sensor should play an important role in wireless environmental monitoring networks.
During the last decade, ionic liquids (ILs) have received a considerable attention in different fields of nanotechnology applications. Their unique physicochemical properties have been highly utilized in electrochemistry, commonly in the form of IL-carbon nanomaterial (IL-CNM) hybrids. The synergistic combination of both components results in significant improvement for numerous electrochemical applications, including energy storage devices and sensor electrodes. The need for high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, high sensitivity, and catalytic activity was the key behind the extent of ILs usefulness and numerous applications. This review aims to provide an overview of the synthetic routes for electrochemical sensor fabrication based on IL-CNM hybrids. The differences in sensing performance between the electrode designs are also discussed. ILs can affect the structure and surface chemistry of CNMs, including carbon nanotube, graphene, and fullerene. IL-CNM-modified solid electrode was the most common and effective design used in academic research. However, the inclusion of biological components and metallic nanoparticles significantly affects electrode performance. The electrochemical techniques used for detection have varied based on several considerations related to electrode design and targeted analyte. They also play an important role in determining the sensor sensitivity and detection limit.
Reduction of lithium-ion battery (LIB) production costs is inevitable to make the use of LIB technology more viable for applications such as electric vehicles or stationary storage. To meet the requirements in today's LIB cost efficiency, our current research focuses on an alternative electrode fabrication method, characterized by a combination of double flame spray pyrolysis and lamination technique (DFSP/lamination). In-situ carbon coated nano-Li4Ti5O12 (LTO/C) was synthesized using versatile DFSP. The as-prepared composite powder was then directly laminated onto a conductive substrate avoiding the use of any solvent or binder for electrode preparation. The influence of lamination pressures on the microstructure and electrochemical performance of the electrodes was also investigated. Enhancements in intrinsic electrical conductivity were found for higher lamination pressures. Capacity retention of highest pressurized DFSP/lamination-prepared electrode was 87.4% after 200 dis-/charge cycles at 1C (vs. Li). In addition, LTO/C material prepared from the double flame spray pyrolysis was also used for fabricating electrodes via doctor blading technique. Laminated electrodes obtained higher specific discharge capacities compared to calendered and non-calendered blade-casted electrodes due to superior microstructural properties. Such a fast and industrially compelling integrative DFSP/lamination tool could be a prosperous, next generation technology for low-cost LIB electrode fabrication.