batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Railway train energy simulation is an important and popular research topic. Locomotive traction force simulations are a fundamental part of such research. Conventional energy calculation models are not able to consider locomotive wheel–rail adhesions, traction adhesion control, and locomotive dynamics. This paper has developed two models to fill this research gap. The first model uses a 2D locomotive model with 27 degrees of freedom and a simplified wheel–rail contact model. The second model uses a 3D locomotive model with 54 degrees of freedom and a fully detailed wheel–rail contact model. Both models were integrated into a longitudinal train dynamics model with the consideration of locomotive adhesion control. Energy consumption simulations using a conventional model (1D model) and the two new models (2D and 3D models) were conducted and compared. The results show that, due to the consideration of wheel–rail adhesion model and traction control in the 3D model, it reports less energy consumption than the 1D model. The maximum difference in energy consumption rate between the 3D model and the 1D model was 12.5%. Due to the consideration of multiple wheel–rail contact points in the 3D model, it reports higher energy consumption than the 2D model. An 8.6% maximum difference in energy consumption rate between the 3D model and the 1D model was reported during curve negotiation.
The key to enabling long-term cycling stability of high-voltage lithium (Li) metal batteries is the development of functional electrolytes that are stable against both Li anodes and high-voltage (above 4 V versus Li/Li+) cathodes. Due to their limited oxidative stability ( <4 V), ethers have so far been excluded from being used in high-voltage batteries, in spite of their superior reductive stability against Li metal compared to conventional carbonate electrolytes. Here, we design a concentrated dual-salt/ether electrolyte that induces the formation of stable interfacial layers on both a high-voltage LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 cathode and the Li metal anode, thus realizing a capacity retention of >90% over 300 cycles and ~80% over 500 cycles with a charge cut-off voltage of 4.3 V. This study offers a promising approach to enable ether-based electrolytes for high-voltage Li metal battery applications.
The authors defined a roadmap for investigating the genetic covariance between structural or functional brain phenotypes and risk for psychiatric disorders. Their proof-of-concept study using the largest available common variant data sets for schizophrenia and volumes of several (mainly subcortical) brain structures did not find evidence of genetic overlap.
Lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes with high capacity and binder free structure were synthesized from carbon nanofibers that contained silicon nanoparticles (Si@CNF). The particle filled nonwoven structures were produced by an electrospinning and subsequent carbonization process. Pristine Si@CNF composites had Si nanoparticles exposed on the fiber surface. As produced, the Si nanoparticles could become detached from the nanofiber surface during cycling, causing severe structural damage and capacity loss. In order to prevent Si from detaching from the nanofiber surface, the Si@CNF composite was then treated with a thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique to make Si completely coated with a carbon matrix. The carbon coated Si@CNF (Si@CNF-C) composites were synthesized with different Si contents (10, 30, and 50wt%) for different CVD treatment times (30, 60, and 90min). It was found that the initial coulombic efficiency of Si@CNF-C could be increased via the amorphous carbon by stabilizing solid-electrolyte-interface (SEI) formation on surface. The capacity and cyclic stability were improved by the CVD carbon coating, especially for the 30wt% Si@CNF-C composite with 90min CVD coating, a CVD amorphous carbon coating of less than 1% by weight on Si@CNF composites contributed to more than 200% improvement in cycling performance. Results indicate that the CVD carbon coating is an effective approach to improve the electrochemical properties of Si@CNF composites making this a potential route to obtain high-energy density anode materials for LIBs.
In micro-hybrid vehicles, the starter battery is subject to heavy cyclic loads. Results of these cyclic loads are vertical concentration gradients (acid stratification). For this study, it was analyzed systematically how different temperatures influence the formation and reduction of acid stratification. To this end, flooded lead-acid batteries were cycled during a cycle test with 17.5% depth of discharge at −5°C, 3°C, 27°C, and 60°C. To determine the extent of acid stratification caused by the cycling, the acid density values of the test batteries cycled at four different temperatures were measured using acid density monitoring. The acid densities were measured hourly in 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, 80%, and 100% sections in the direction of the perpendicular z-axis of the battery. The measurements showed that the extent of acid concentration gradients is dependent on the temperature, with acid stratification caused by an uneven distribution of current over the height of the plates. Furthermore, it was established that battery discharging as well as battery charging causes an inhomogeneous acid density distribution in the battery electrolyte.
The use of highly concentrated lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSi) electrolyte in ethyl acetate (EA) is reported here. Li[Ni0.33Mn0.33Co0.33]O2/graphite (NMC(111)/graphite) and Li[Ni0.42Mn0.42Co0.16]O2/graphite (NMC(442)/graphite) pouch cells filled with a 3:32:65 (molar ratio) of LiPF6:LiFSi:EA electrolyte, were successfully cycled between 2.8–4.2V and 2.8–4.4V, respectively at 40°C over a period of several weeks without dramatic capacity loss. Cells filled with the highly concentrated LiFSi:EA electrolyte demonstrated surprisingly low impedance compared to a conventional electrolyte composed of organic carbonates after 400–800h of cycling at 40°C. LiFSi was the most effective salt in reducing the amount of ethyl acetate consumed at the negative electrode during the first charge compared to LiPF6 and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSi) at equivalent molar ratios. The work reported here shows that highly unconventional solvents can be used in full Li-ion cells without any cyclic carbonates at all, provided high concentrations of the appropriate electrolyte salt are used.
The corrosion resistance of Wiron®88, a Ni–Cr–Mo alloy, was evaluated in liquid growth media in the absence and presence of the Streptococcussobrinus and Streptococcus mutans strains. Open circuit potential measurements, cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, as well as electronic microscopy coupled to electron diffraction spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), were the main techniques used in this study. It was concluded that the presence of S. sobrinus and S. mutans have only a slight effect on the corrosion resistance of the Wiron®88 alloy, with the S. mutans being slightly more aggressive. For both strains the corrosion resistance Rp is of the same order (kΩ cm2). After 24 h immersion the S. sobrinus lead to and Rp of 11.02, while the S. mutans lead to of 5.59 kΩ cm2. SEM/EDS studies on the Wiron®88 samples, with 24 days of immersion, at 37 °C, have confirmed bio-corrosion of the alloy occurring through the dissolution of Ni as Ni2+ and formation of chromium and molybdenum oxides. The bacterial adhesion to the surface is not uniform.
Low cycling stability and poor rate performance are two of the distinctive drawbacks of most electrode materials for sodium (Na) ion batteries due to the large size of the Na ions. The TiO6 octahedrons interconnect with each other by edges or corners to form both layer- and tunnel-structured sodium titanates (NTO). Such open structures make NTO promising anode materials for sodium (Na) ion batteries. Herein, (conduction and binder) additive-free NTO nanotube array chemically engraved on a Ti foil is used as an electrode and exhibits outstanding rate performance and long-term cycling stability. When a current density of 3200mAg−1 (i.e., one complete cycle in one minute) is applied, the array delivers a reversible capacity of 42mAhg−1. Even after 5000 galvanostatic (400mAg−1) cycles, the electrode retains a capacity of 55mAhg−1. These excellent performances are attributed to the open structure and the nano-architecture of the NTO nanotube arrays.
Layered rocksalt type oxides, such as Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2, are widely used as the cathode active materials of lithium-ion rechargeable batteries. Because the nickel ions are associated with the role of the charge compensation at discharge and charge, the 61Ni Mössbauer measurements at 6 K using synchrotron radiation were performed to reveal the role of Ni. The Ni ions of the active materials play two roles for the redox process between the charge and discharge states of lithium-ion batteries. Half of the total Ni ions change to the low-spin Ni 3+ with Jahn-Teller distortion from the Ni 2+ ions of the discharge state. The remainder exhibit low-spin state divalent Ni ions.
This paper aims to demonstrate a novel electrochemical energy storage device, a hybrid Na-ion capacitor with organic electrolyte. Sodium manganese oxide having formula Na0.4MnO2 has been chosen and synthesized as the most suitable battery-type positive electrode, while activated carbon (AC) has been utilized as the capacitor-type negative electrode. Due to the application of propylene carbonate based organic electrolyte, the maximum safe operating voltage of the device has been established as high as 2.7 V, giving rise to a specific capacitance of 17.4 F g−1, significantly higher as compared to the analogous symmetrical EDLC measured in our laboratory based on AC electrodes in the same electrolyte.
In this study we examine the multi-dimensional structure of environmental behavior and its potential domains. Factor analysis reveals six behavioral domains: civic actions, policy support, recycling, transportation choices, behaviors in a household setting and consumerism. We use the Connectedness to Nature and Inclusion of Nature in Self scales to measure connection with nature, the New Environmental Paradigm to measure ecological worldviews, and Environmental Motives Scale to assess people’s environmental concern. We further explore the predictive power of connectedness to nature, ecological worldview, and environmental concern for explaining the diverse behavioral domains. Connectedness to nature and ecological worldview were more predictive of civic actions, recycling, household behaviors, and consumerism than were environmental concerns. In the case of policy support and transportation choices, environmental concerns explained more variance than the other constructs.
We studied the charge and discharge characteristics of commercial LiCoO2-based 18650 cells by using various electrochemical methods, including discharging at constant power, ac impedance spectroscopy, and dc-voltage pulse. At 20°C, these cells deliver 8.7–6.8Wh of energy when discharged at a power range of 1–12W between 2.5 and 4.2V. Ragone plots show that the effect of discharge power on the energy is significantly increased with decreasing of the temperature. For example, energy of the cell is entirely lost when the temperature downs to −10°C and the discharge rate still remains at 10W. Impedance analyses indicate that the total cell resistance (R cell) is mainly contributed by the bulk resistance (R b, including electric contact resistance and electrolytic ionic conductivity), solid electrolyte interface resistance (R sei), and charge-transfer resistance (R ct). Individual contribution of these three resistances to the cell resistance is greatly varied with the temperature. Near room temperature, the R b occupies up to half of the cell resistance, which means that the rate performance of the cell could be improved by modifying cell design such as employing electrolyte with higher ionic conductivity and enhancing electric contact of the active material particles. At low temperature, the R ct, which is believed to reflect cell reaction kinetics, dominates the cell resistance. In addition, galvanosatic cycling tests indicate that the charge and discharge processes have nearly same kinetics. The performance discrepancy observed during charging and discharging, especially at low temperatures, can be attributed to these two factors of: (1) substantially higher R ct at the discharged state than at the charged state; (2) asymmetric voltage limits pre-determined for the charge and discharge processes.
One of the most remarkable aspects of our species is that while we show surprisingly little genetic diversity, we demonstrate astonishing amounts of cultural diversity. Perhaps most impressive is the diversity of our technologies, broadly defined as all the physical objects we produce and the skills we use to produce them. Despite considerable focus on the evolution of technology by social scientists and philosophers, there have been few attempts to systematically quantify technological diversity, and therefore the dynamics of technological change remain poorly understood. Here we show a novel Bayesian model for examining technological diversification adopted from palaeontological analysis of occurrence data. We use this framework to estimate the tempo of diversification in American car and truck models produced between 1896 and 2014, and to test the relative importance of competition and extrinsic factors in shaping changes in macro-evolutionary rates. Our results identify a four-fold decrease in the origination and extinction rates of car models, and a negative net diversification rate over the last 30 years. We also demonstrate that competition played a more significant role in car model diversification than either changes in oil prices or gross domestic product. Together our analyses provide a set of tools that can enhance current research on technological and cultural evolution by providing a flexible and quantitative framework for exploring the dynamics of diversification.
The bi-component ZnO/ZnCo2O4 nanocomposites are prepared via a facile and scalable synthesis method by controlling the ratio of Zn to Co in the synthesis stage. The ZnO/ZnCo2O4 nanocomposites built from the interconnecting porous nanosheets possess loose porous nanostructures with abundant open space and electroactive surface sites. When evaluated as an anode material for lithium ion batteries, the ZnO/ZnCo2O4 nanocomposite electrode exhibits high capacity, good cycling stability (1086mAhg−1 at 100mAg−1 after 80 cycles and 847mAhg−1 at 500mAg−1 after 200 cycles), and excellent rate capability (∼538mAhg−1 at 3200mAg−1), which is superior to most of the previously-reported ZnO-based or ZnCo2O4-based electrode materials. The superior electrochemical performances of the ZnO/ZnCo2O4 nanocomposites are attributed to the loose porous structure, which can buffer the volume expansion and increase the contact area between the electrode and electrolyte. Moreover, a strong synergistic effect between the Zn and Co occurs during the lithiation/delithiation process, where the Zn and Co are acting as mutually beneficial matrix ions to effectively alleviate the large mechanical stress caused by the severe volume change, and thus bring about high and stable capacity.
Determining the changing rate of water consumption through altering parameters such as water tariffs can help water companies select appropriate water policies. This paper is intended to find the proper relation between the water price elasticity of demand and some social, economic and climatic variables that are released annually by international organizations like the United Nations Development Program and the World Bank. By using genetic algorithm, different combinations of water price elasticity of demand and variables like gross domestic product, per capita gross domestic product, gross national income, precipitation, human development index, average temperature and household size have been analyzed. It was found that the absolute price elasticity of water demand has positive relationships with precipitation and price of water. It has also been found that the gross national income, average percent of consumers who have secondary education and human development index have a negative relation with the absolute price elasticity of water demand.
The effect of lithium iodide (LiI: 0–85wt%) on the electrochemical behavior of agarose-based polymer electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) was investigated. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) were employed to characterize the interactions between polymer matrix and salt and the morphology of the agarose electrolytes, respectively. From the AC impedance spectra study, it was determined that the conduction behavior of the agarose-based polymer electrolyte matches the “salt-in-polymer” like behavior of low LiI content (0–25wt%) and “polymer-in-salt” like behavior of high LiI content (25–85wt%). Detailed analysis of characteristic electrochemical processes occurring in DSSC with these agarose electrolytes was also obtained by employing the EIS technique. The impedance spectra showed that the electron lifetime of DSSC was shortened with increasing LiI concentration, while the charge transfer resistance and charge recombination resistance were reduced when LiI concentration was increased.
In this work we compare electrochemical cycling stability of Fe containing Li rich phase Li1.2Ni0.13Fe0.13Mn0.54O2 (Fe–Li rich) with the well-known Co containing Li rich composition Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 (Co–Li rich). During the first charge, the activation plateau corresponding to removal of Li2O from the structure is smaller (removal of 0.6 Li) in the case of Fe–Li rich compared to Co–Li rich composition (0.8 Li removal). Consequently, the Fe compound shows better capacity retention; for example, after 100 cycles Fe–Li rich compound exhibits 20% capacity degradation where as it is about 40% in the case of Co–Li rich phase. The electrochemical and microscopy studies support the fact that compared to Co–Li rich compound, the Fe–Li rich composition display smaller voltage decay and reduced spinel conversion. XPS studies on charged/discharged Fe–Li rich samples show participation of Fe+3/Fe+4 redox during electrochemical cycling which is further supported by our first principles calculations. Also the temperature dependent magnetic studies on charge-discharged samples of Fe–Li rich compound point out that magnetic behavior is sensitive to cation oxidation states and Ni/Li disorder.
With the rapid growing number of automobiles, new energy vehicle is becoming one of approaches to mitigate the dependence of the auto industry on petroleum so as to reduce pollutant emissions. The Chinese government has promulgated a number of policies from the perspectives of industrial development, development plans, demonstration projects, fiscal subsidies and tax incentives with an aim to promote the new energy vehicle industry. This paper presents a comprehensive and critical review of the policy framework for new energy vehicles. The analysis shows that electric vehicle has been assigned a top priority in the future development of the automobile industry in China. Policy guidance and planning has played a vital role to the growth of new energy vehicle industry. However, this industry faces significant challenges related to technologies, industrial chain and social factors. Some core technologies are still in its infancy. Similarly, the market share of new energy vehicles is very small in spite of the preferential policies. The construction of supporting facilities and infrastructures has to be accelerated in order to accommodate the growing demands. There is a long way to go for the industrialization and popularization of new energy vehicles in China.
The fuel cell hybrid vehicle provides an efficient and low-emission alternative for the internal combustion engine vehicle. The energy management strategy (EMS) commands the power split between the power sources and is crucial to the hybrid vehicles. In this work, we propose an adaptive EMS based on Pontryagin's Minimal Principle for a fuel cell/battery hybrid vehicle, in which the co-state adaptation is performed by driving cycle prediction. In order to improve the co-state estimation accuracy, an improved Markov based velocity prediction is proposed considering the driving behavior under different driving patterns. Moreover, the driving pattern is recognized online based on a support vector machine method, which is optimized by particle swarm optimization. We build a combined driving cycle to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy, simulation results under three cases show that the proposed strategy can foresee the driving behaviors and update the co-state reasonably. Comparing with the rule-based EMS, the proposed strategy achieves a better fuel economy with a hydrogen consumption reduction by 4% and a relatively low average power change rate of fuel cells. Moreover, it achieves a close performance to the offline optimal algorithms.
Sodium-based batteries are being considered to replace Li-based batteries for the fabrication of large-scale energy storage devices. One of the main obstacles is the lack of safe and conductive solid Na-ion electrolytes. A Na-ion polymer based on the (4-styrenesulfonyl(trifluromethylsulfonyl) imide anion, Na[STFSI], has been prepared by a radical polymerization process and its conductive properties determined. In addition, a number of multi-component polymers were synthetized by co-reaction of two monomers: Na[STFSI] and ethyl acrylate (EA) at different ratios. The structural and phase characterizations of the polymers were probed by various techniques (DSC, TGA, NMR, GPC, Raman, FTIR and Impedance spectroscopy). Comparative studies with blends of the homopolymers Na[PSTFSI] and poly(ethylacrylate) (PEA) have also been performed. The polymers are all thermally stable up to 300°C and the ionic conductivity of EA copolymers and EA blends are about 1-3 orders of magnitude higher than that of Na[PSTFSI]. The highest conductivity measured at 100°C was found for Na[PSTFSI-blend-5EA] at 7.9×10−9 Scm−1, despite being well below its Tg. Vibrational spectroscopy indicates interaction between Na+ and the EA carbonyl groups, with a concomitant decrease in the sulfonyl interaction, facilitating Na+ motion, as well as lowering Tg.
Finding the optimal size and locations for Photovoltaic (PV) units has been a major challenge for distribution system planners and researchers. In this study, a framework is proposed to integrate Geographical Information Systems (GIS), mathematical optimization, and simulation modules to obtain the annual optimal placement and size of PV units for the next two decades in a campus area environment. First, a GIS module is developed to find the suitable rooftops and their panel capacity considering the amount of solar radiation, slope, elevation, and aspect. The optimization module is then used to maximize the long-term net profit of PV installations considering various costs of investment, inverter replacement, operation, and maintenance as well as savings from consuming less conventional energy. A voltage profile of the electricity distribution network is then investigated in the simulation module. In the case of voltage limit violation by intermittent PV generations or load fluctuations, two mitigation strategies, reallocation of the PV units or installation of a local storage unit, are suggested. The proposed framework has been implemented in a real campus area, and the results show that it can effectively be used for long-term installation planning of PV panels considering both the cost and power quality.