batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In an electric vehicle (EV), thermal runaway, vibration or vehicle impact can lead to a potential failure of lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery packs due to their high sensitivity to ambient temperature, pressure and dynamic mechanical loads. Amongst several factors, safety and reliability of battery packs present the highest challenges to large scale electrification of public and private transportation sectors. This paper reviews mechanical design features that can address these issues. More than 75 sources including scientific and technical literature and particularly 43 US Patents are studied. The study illustrates through examples that simple mechanical features can be integrated into battery packaging design to minimise the probability of failure and mitigate the aforementioned safety risks. Furthermore, the key components of a robust battery pack have been closely studied and the materials have been identified to design these components and to meet their functional requirements. Strategic battery pack placement technique is also discussed using an example of Nissan LEAF battery packaging design. Finally, the disclosed design solutions described in this paper are compared with the Chevrolet Volt battery pack design to reveal the basic mechanical design requirements for a robust and reliable battery packaging system.
Pico-hydro (pH) and photovoltaic (PV) hybrid systems incorporating a biogas generator have been simulated for remote villages in Cameroon using a load of 73kWh/day and 8.3kWp. Renewable energy systems were simulated using HOMER, the load profile of a hostel in Cameroon, the solar insolation of Garoua and the flow of river Mungo. For a 40% increase in the cost of imported power system components, the cost of energy was found to be either 0.352€/kWh for a 5kW pico-hydro generator with 72kWh storage or 0.396€/kWh for a 3kWp photovoltaic generator with 36kWh storage. These energy costs were obtained with a biomass resource cost of 25€/tonne. The pH and PV hybrid systems both required the parallel operation of a 3.3kW battery inverter with a 10kW biogas generator. The pH/biogas/battery systems simulated for villages located in the south of Cameroon with a flow rate of at least 92l/s produced lower energy costs than PV/biogas/battery systems simulated for villages in the north of Cameroon with an insolation level of at least 5.55kWh/m2/day. For a single-wire grid extension cost of 5000€/km, operation and maintenance costs of 125€/yr/km and a grid power price of 0.1€/kWh, the breakeven grid extension distances were found to be 12.9km for pH/biogas/battery systems and 15.2km for PV/biogas/battery systems respectively. Investments in biogas based renewable energy systems could thus be considered in the National Energy Action Plan of Cameroon for the supply of energy to key sectors involved in poverty alleviation.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy was used to characterize the local structural environment of the vanadium ions in Mg doped Li3V(2-2x/3)Mgx(PO4)3; x = 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, (LVP) in a functioning battery. For all three compositions the x-ray absorption near-edge structure spectra show evidence for only two spectroscopically distinguishable species when the potential is cycled between 3 and 4.5 V. These are attributed to octahedral V3+ and V4+ in LVP. If the potential is increased above 4.5 V a third species that is consistent with V5+ in a distorted, possibly tetrahedral environment is formed. For x = 0.30 and x = 0.45 this species disappears when the potential is lowered. In contrast, for x = 0.15 a fourth species is formed on reduction. This new species is consistent with V4+ in a distorted tetrahedral environment and may explain the loss of capacity in the 15% sample during cycling. Although the potential shows discrete plateaus, consistent with formation of mixed-valence species, these are not seen in the x-ray absorption. Rather, we see apparent deviations from Faraday's law that are consistent with a lag in oxidation of the bulk vanadium.
While rechargeable batteries are critical for fighting the climate crisis, they are not free of environmental and social impacts. Here, we provide a robust, holistic, and accessible framework for researchers to use to assess these impacts for any battery material. The framework addresses four key issues present during the battery manufacturing process: (i) total energy use and emissions, (ii) toxicity, (iii) habitat destruction, and (iv) social impact. This article also includes example impact assessments for three battery chemistries that are being intensely pursued for current and future energy storage applications: (i) LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811)-graphite, (ii) LiFePO4 (LFP)-graphite, and (iii) aqueous Na-ion. Based on the results of these assessments, we offer the following recommendations for making batteries more environmentally and socially responsible. First, given the human rights issues related to its extraction, cobalt usage must be eliminated entirely. To reduce energy use and emissions, the N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) solvent should be eliminated. To reduce battery toxicity significantly, low toxicity electrolyte salts and non-toxic binders should be used. Iron and manganese-based cathodes are less toxic, less energy-intensive alternatives to cobalt and nickel-based cathodes. Lastly, to preserve habitat, sodium should be used over lithium for grid storage and cellulose separators over polyethylene separators for all applications.
This work reports the facile surface coating of lithium-rich Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 cathode material by nano-SnO2 for lithium ion batteries. Thus-obtained nano-SnO2 coated Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 (denoted as NTO-LMO) material is characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. It is revealed that the SnO2 layer with a thickness of 4–8 nm is uniformly coated on the surface of Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2. This NTO-LMO material exhibits outstanding rate capability and cyclic stability in comparison with pristine material, which should be ascribed to the nano-SnO2 coating layer that limits the side reactions and produces a thin and stable solid electrolyte interface film. More importantly, in contrast to the conventional surface coatings that usually reduce the reversible capacity of active materials, the discharge capacity of our NTO-LMO material increases by 38 mAh g−1 at the current density of 30 mA g−1, which is attributed to the enhanced activation of Li2MnO3 component. The oxygen vacancies in nano-SnO2 coating layer are revealed to facilitate the transfer of high valence state oxygen through the coating layer and be responsible for the promoted activation of Li2MnO3. These insightful findings are very helpful to developing effective strategies for the surface modification of Li-rich oxide materials.
The error-related negativity (ERN) is a negative deflection in the event-related potential (ERP) occurring approximately 50 ms after error commission at fronto-central electrode sites and is thought to reflect the activation of a generic error monitoring system. Several studies have reported an increased ERN in clinically anxious children, and suggest that anxious children are more sensitive to error commission—although the mechanisms underlying this association are not clear. We have previously found that punishing errors results in a larger ERN, an effect that persists after punishment ends. It is possible that learning-related experiences that impact sensitivity to errors may lead to an increased ERN. In particular, punitive parenting might sensitize children to errors and increase their ERN. We tested this possibility in the current study by prospectively examining the relationship between parenting style during early childhood and children’s ERN approximately 3 years later. Initially, 295 parents and children (approximately 3 years old) participated in a structured observational measure of parenting behavior, and parents completed a self-report measure of parenting style. At a follow-up assessment approximately 3 years later, the ERN was elicited during a Go/No-Go task, and diagnostic interviews were completed with parents to assess child psychopathology. Results suggested that both observational measures of hostile parenting and self-report measures of authoritarian parenting style uniquely predicted a larger ERN in children 3 years later. We previously reported that children in this sample with anxiety disorders were characterized by an increased ERN. A mediation analysis indicated that ERN magnitude mediated the relationship between harsh parenting and child anxiety disorder. Results suggest that parenting may shape children’s error processing through environmental conditioning and thereby risk for anxiety, although future work is needed to confirm this hypothesis.
This work shows that newly developed primed aluminum current collector for positive electrodes allows to vastly improve the electrochemical performance compared to bare aluminum foil for full cells assembled with a C-coated LiFePO4 positive electrode, a graphite negative electrode and a standard carbonate/LiPF6 based electrolyte. Moreover, it is discovered that using a primed collector allows to drastically reduce the carbon additive content in the C-LiFePO4 electrode down to zero, while maintaining a very low impedance and excellent rate capability (80 mAh/g at 5C rate) and cyclability (60% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 2C rate). Comparatively, the same electrode shows no cyclability in the same testing conditions if a bare aluminum foil is used as the collector. Improving the energy density while maintaining good power capability of a Li-ion cell was thus achieved by using an adapted primed current collector. Such performance originates from a significant reduction of the contact resistance at the current collector – electrode interface through the multiplication of electrical contact points and/or the modification of their nature. In complement, this work shows that the carbon coating of the C-LiFePO4 particles is sufficient to ensure a good electrical conductivity within the electrode.
Plastic crystallinity of lithium salt, [LiB(OCH2CH2OCH3)4] (1), and its solid-state ionic conductivity are disclosed. The addition of small amounts of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) to borate 1 led to the drastic increase of the ionic conductivity and lithium transport number of the electrolyte.
Sodium-based batteries have emerged as promising alternatives to Li-based batteries for future safe, high energy-density energy storage. They are expected to be cheaper, due to the greater abundance of Na and likely reduction in raw material costs. In this study, we investigate the properties of superconcentrated sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide (NaFSI) mixtures with the ionic liquid (IL) methylpropylpyrrolinium (C3mpyr) FSI in the presence of ethylene carbonate (EC) in the liquid and gel states. Ionic conductivity and thermal stability are evaluated through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. NaFSI is soluble in the IL up to 55 mol% Na; adding EC (30wt.%) to the IL almost doubles the ionic conductivity at ambient temperature. The temperature dependence of conductivity is well described by the Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher equation. NMR spectroscopy and Pulse Field Gradient NMR diffusion were employed to investigate transport in these electrolyte systems, while the chemical interactions were also studied using ATR-FTIR. Stable plasticized gel electrolytes were observed, even at 30wt. % EC; the formation of the gel does not significantly affect the liquid-like ion dynamics in these materials, as shown by DSC and FTIR analysis. The Na+ transference number of Na0.55[C3mpyr]0.45[FSI]+30wt.% EC was up to 0.32, and deposition and dissolution of sodium metal were observed in cyclic voltammetry around 0V vs. Na/Na+. Moreover, the suitability of the prepared electrolyte is preliminarily verified in half-cells at room temperature using Na3V2(PO4)3 as a cathode. The cells delivered capacity of 52.4 mAhg−1 at C/20.
Dredged material management is a key issue for the protection of aquatic environments. The in situ approach using caged bioindicator species has been chosen lately as a new methodology for the assessment of dredged material. In a tier testing approach, neutral red retention (NRR) assay has been applied as a screening tool to detect adverse changes in health status associated with contamination. Nevertheless, to authors’ knowledge, little is known about the application and validation of this technique in sediment bioindicator species and under field conditions. Caged Ruditapes decussatus and Carcinus maenas were exposed during 28 days to potentially contaminated sediments at three sites in Algeciras Bay (SW Spain) and one site in Cádiz Bay (SW Spain). Lysosomal membrane stability was measured over time in haemolymph samples of exposed clams and crabs using the NRR assay. Sediment characterization of the study sites was performed in parallel. NRR time did not vary significantly (p > 0.05) over time in organisms from Cádiz Bay. Conversely, significant differences (p < 0.05) in NRR time were found in clams and crabs exposed to sediments from Algeciras Bay, which exhibited a 30–70% decrease in haemocyte lysosome membrane stability compared to day 0. Statistical analysis showed a strong correlation between the drop of haemocyte lysosome membrane stability, in both crabs and clams, and the presence of metals (p < 0.05) and PAHs (p < 0.01) in the studied sediments. The results obtained confirmed the use of NRR assay as a suitable and sensitive method to be used in the assessment of sediment quality using as bioindicator species the clam R. philippinarum and the crab C. maenas.
Many countries around the world are considering using solar energy technologies in their future energy planning. The intermittency and unpredictability nature of solar power generation, which can influence the power quality and reliability of the power grid especially at large-scale solar energy systems, constitute a drawback for use of solar technology. Precise research and investigations are needed to overcome this weakness helping solar power be used in power network in large scale. The variation in sun radiation may lead to over-production of electricity from solar PV generators at one time, and lack of production to satisfy the energy demand at another time. As a result, solar PV systems demonstrate a low-level of reliability in power systems. However, an energy storage technology would play a significant role in increasing the reliability of solar power generation systems. The objectives of this study are: firstly to review the issues in relation to grid-integration of solar PV systems, secondly, to review a range of storage devices that could technically and economically be used in association with solar PV energy in order to increase the solar energy penetration level with appropriate reliability in weak electric systems, and finally to present a model for solar PV system combined with battery and super-capacitor.
The kinetic behaviors of Li-ion insertion/extraction in LiV3O8 thin film have been investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), potentiostatic intermittent titration (PITT) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) method. This LiV3O8 thin film with a mixed amorphous-nanocrystalline microstructure was fabricated by RF sputtering. For the first time, the intrinsic kinetics of LiV3O8 thin film electrode is obtained. The D L i + value is about 10−13 cm2/s in mixed amorphous-nanocrystalline microstructure LiV3O8 thin film. Different to crystalline LiV3O8 thin film, the D L i + values do not change a lot with the increase of cell potential which is due to the absence of structural phase transition behavior in mixed microstructure LiV3O8 thin film during Li+ insertion/extraction process. This is also the reason for excellent capacity retention performance of LiV3O8 film with a mixed microstructure.
This study has developed an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) method for the in situ investigation of the influence of positive plate compression on the electrochemical behaviour of lead-acid batteries during charge/discharge cycling. The EIS data for a fully charged and fully discharged battery are internally consistent with the expected kinetics of a battery in the opposite states of charge, and demonstrate that EIS measurements may be recorded with a high level of reproducibility. Furthermore, this study has necessitated the development of a special cell incorporating horizontally orientated battery plates that can be subjected to elevated pressure through the stacking of lead bricks on top of the cell, as well as a physically robust reference electrode system that can withstand the application of pressure. For this purpose, a platinum-wire pseudo-reference electrode has been developed, and has been shown to exhibit sufficient electrode stability over the period of an EIS recording, enabling the measurement of reproducible and meaningful EIS data. Additionally, the influence of positive plate compression on the behaviour of the lead-acid battery has been investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Clearly, the experimental data show that plate compression enhances significantly the kinetics and concomitant performance of the lead-acid battery, and this is related to the enhanced reactivity of the active material, as rationalized by using the agglomeration-of-spheres (AOS) model.
Background This study aims to examine the effects of change in neurocognition on functional outcomes and to examine predictors of change in social functions following a 12-week course of cognitive remediation in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder with severe cognitive impairments. Method Level of social functioning was assessed using a performance based measure of functional capacity (PSP) in patients prior to and after the completion of 12-week cognitive remediation treatment (CRT). Participants completed a neuropsychological battery (MCCB-MATRICS) and clinical measures at both time points. Results 63 subjects with a mean age of 41.4 (SD=12.2) and with 12.2years of education (SD=2.4) were enrolled. There were significant improvements in overall PSP score from baseline to endpoint (p=0.021) as well as in PSP domain A (socially useful activities) (p≤0.001), domain B (personal and social relationships) (p=0.009), and domain D (disturbing and aggressive behaviors) (p=0.003). There was a significant improvement in the composite MCCB score (p=0.020) and the Working Memory (p<0.046). Stepwise logistic regression yielded a significant association for baseline Visual Learning (Wald=6.537, p=0.011, OR=1.195), Speed of Processing (Wald=4.112, p=0.043, OR=0.850) and level of PANSS positive symptoms (Wald=4.087, p=0.043, OR=0.739) with PSP overall improvement. Conclusions Faster speed of processing, better visual and verbal learning and less prominent positive symptoms were associated with greater functional improvement after a systematic cognitive intervention within a rehabilitative setting.
The afferent visual pathway represents the most frequently affected white matter pathway in multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can reveal microstructural or non-overt brain tissue damage and quantify pathological processes. DTI facilitates the reconstruction of major white matter fiber tracts allowing for the assessment of structure-function and damage-dysfunction relationships. In this review, we outline DTI studies investigating the afferent visual pathway in idiopathic optic neuritis (ON), NMOSD, and MS. Since MS damage patterns are believed to depend on multiple factors, i.e., ON (anterior visual pathway damage), inflammatory lesions (posterior visual pathway damage), and global diffuse inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes, comprehensive knowledge on different contributing factors using DTI in vivo may advance our understanding of MS disease pathology. Combination of DTI measures and visual outcome parameters yields the potential to improve routine clinical diagnostic procedures and may further the accuracy of individual prognosis with regard to visual function and personalized disease outcome. However, due to the inherent limitations of DTI acquisition and post-processing techniques and the so far heterogeneous and equivocal data of previous studies, evaluation of the true potential of DTI as a possible biomarker for afferent visual pathway dysfunction is still substantially limited. Further research efforts with larger longitudinal studies and standardized DTI acquisition and post-processing validation criteria are needed to overcome current DTI limitations. DTI evaluation at different levels of the visual pathway has the potential to provide markers for individual damage evaluation in the future. As an imaging biomarker, DTI may support individual outcome prediction during personalized treatment algorithms in MS and other neuroinflammatory diseases, hereby leveraging the concept of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine in the field of clinical neuroimmunology.
Nanostructure control of β-Ni(OH)2 was attempted by adopting hydrothermal treatment for the high specific surface area (high-SSA) β-Ni(OH)2 in the presence of guanidine carbonate. β-Ni(OH)2 nanosheets-linked structures could be synthesized from high-SSA β-Ni(OH)2 owing to the strong effects of guanidine carbonate for keeping or enlarging SSA during hydrothermal treatment. The discharging capacities of the high-SSA sample showed the highest capacity above 80 % at 0.2C. However, the capacities were decreased with decreasing SSA of the β-Ni(OH)2 prepared. It was also found that, at lower SSA, charging/discharging rates below 1C did not affect the discharging capacity, i.e., the almost same capacities for 0.2C and 1C. Cyclic voltammetry revealed that the electrochemical reactions for the charging/discharging were considered to be reversible and smooth at various scanning rates. The rate-determining step of the electrochemical reaction is considered to be regulated by the diffusion of the active species involved for the lower SSA samples. However, for the higher SSA sample (280 m2 g−1) obtained at 200 °C in the presence of 1.0 × 10−1 mol L−1 guanidine carbonate strongly indicates the effects of the rate of surface reaction or electronic conductivity on rate-determining step of charging/discharging of the material.
During the winter months in regions where constant electric power supply cannot be relied upon, power may be derived parasitically from heating stoves. A proportion of heat from these 20–50 kW wood or diesel-heated stoves may be utilized to drive a thermoelectric generator (TEG) consisting of several commercially available low-cost modules. These are Peltier modules operating in a power generating mode and adapted to the low-flux regime coupled with hot side temperatures of 100–300 °C. Two commercially available modules are considered. The generator is then theoretically re-evaluated with the Peltier modules re-designed in order to produce maximum power in a simple and cheap manner allowing easy commercial production using existing technology. A current power target is set at 100 W for a minimum domestic use.