batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Poor stability of lithium metal anodes in liquid electrolytes hinders its practical application in rechargeable batteries with very high energy density. Herein, we present an approach to tackle the intrinsic problems of Li metal anodes from the standpoint of separators. By a facile and versatile method based on mussel-inspired surface chemistry, a hybrid polydopamine/octaammonium POSS (PDA/POSS) coating was spontaneously formed on the surface of PE separators through the self-polymerization and strong adhesion feature of dopamine. This ultrathin PDA/POSS coating endows PE separators with different surface characteristics while keeping its microporous structure almost unchanged. The altered surface characteristics influence the separator/electrolyte interaction, and lead to remarkable enhanced ionic conductivity (from 0.36 mS cm−1 to 0.45 mS cm−1) and Li+ ion transference number (from 0.37 to 0.47) of PE separators as well as the improved stability of lithium/electrolyte interface, which effectively decreases the electrode polarization and suppresses the lithium dendrites formation, contributing to superior C-rates capability and cycling performance of cells.
Surface structures of the bare and AlPO4-coated LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 particles in two electrolytes after 90°C for 4h storage were investigated using transmission electron microscope (TEM). The structure of bare LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 particles in common electrolyte has been destructed from the layered structure with space group R-3m at interior region to a rock-salt phase (Fm-3m) at edge of the surface layer of the cycled particles, while AlPO4-coated LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 particles in common electrolyte has been transformed into a spinel phase (Fd-3m) on the surfaces of the cycled particles. However, the surface structure of bare LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 particles in functional electrolyte has not been changed. The results showed that functional electrolyte can more effectively improve thermal stability of LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 cathode cells than the AlPO4 coating.
Cho et al. reported that coating LiCoO2 with oxides can improve the capacity retention of LiCoO2 cycled to 4.4V. Since that time, a number of other groups have confirmed that finding. This review article summarizes some of this early work and then focuses on work from our laboratory that helps clarify the role of the coating in cells charged to 4.5V. We confirm that 30% higher energy density than that accessed by LiCoO2 normally used in a commercial cell (upper cut-off potential of 4.2V) can be obtained with excellent capacity retention. An in situ XRD study proves that the mechanism for the improvement in capacity retention by coating proposed by Cho et al. is incorrect. Further experiments described here identify the suppression of impedance growth in the cell as the key reason for the improvement caused by coating. Other methods that are also able to suppress the impedance growth associated with repeated charging to 4.5V have been developed to improve the energy density of LiCoO2 without sacrificing capacity retention. Good capacity retention cannot be attained for cycling LiCoO2 above 4.5V with respect to Li metal, presumably because of the structural changes between the O3 phase and the H1-3 phase that occur near 4.55V.
To describe the feasibility and acceptability of a 6-month web-based multidomain lifestyle training intervention for community-dwelling older people and to test the effects of the intervention on both function- and lifestyle-related outcomes.
Progressive visual complaints related to visuospatial disorders, and less often to visuoperceptual disorders, may be the presenting and isolated manifestation of a focal degeneration in the posterior cortical areas, called posterior cortical atrophy (PCA). PCA is a clinical syndrome corresponding to a focal variant of Alzheimer's disease in 80% of cases. The predominant dysfunction in the occipitoparietal pathways results in predominant visuospatial disorders, manifesting primarily as dorsal simultanagnosia, alone or associated with other symptoms of Balint's syndrome. PCA is rare and affects young patients who are fully aware of their deficits. Diagnosis of PCA is often delayed, due to insidious onset and development of symptoms, and to poor awareness of the condition in the medical community. An earlier diagnosis requires both better knowledge of PCA among ophthalmologists and neurologists and better recognition of visual complaints, leading to simple bedside tasks that can tackle the syndrome.
Partial substitution of Mn in lithium manganese oxide spinel materials by Cu and Ni greatly affects the electrochemistry and the cycle life characteristics of the cathode. Substitution with either metal or a combination of both metals in the spinel lattice structure reduces the 3.9–4.2V potential plateaus associated with the conversion of Mn3+ to Mn4+. Higher potential plateau associated with oxidation of the substituted transition elements is also observed. These substituents also significantly alter the onset of Jahn–Teller distortions in the 3V potential plateau. Synchrotron based in situ X-ray absorption (XAS) was used to determine the exact nature of the oxidation state changes in order to explain the overall observed capacities at different potential plateaus. The studies on LiCu0.5Mn1.5O4 show single phase behavior in the 4–5V potential region with a good cycle life. Lower cycle life characteristic observed in cycling LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and LiNi0.25Cu0.25Mn1.5O4 versus Li metal are ascribed to coexistence of several phases in this potential region. However, LiCu0.5Mn1.5O4 shows onset of Jahn–Teller distortions in the 3V potential plateau, in contrast to LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and LiNi0.25Cu0.25Mn1.5O4 cathode materials.
Previously, we reported that oxidative stress caused by sulfur amino acid deficiency (SD) induces B cell translocation gene-1 (Btg-1), which belongs to the Apro family, in hepatocytes. In view of the impairment of immune function by protein restriction that causes SD, this study investigated whether SD or other oxidative stress inhibits iNOS and cytokine expression and induces Btg-1 in macrophages and explored the causal relationship of Btg-1 induction and repression of the genes. When macrophages were incubated in sulfur amino acid-deprived medium, lipopolysaccharide induction of iNOS, TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 was significantly decreased compared to control. Because AP-1 and NF-κB are the common transcription factors that regulate the genes encoding iNOS and cytokines, we examined AP-1 and NF-κB DNA binding activities and transactivation of the iNOS gene containing the DNA binding elements. Induction of the reporter gene pGL-miNOS-1588 comprising the −1.6 kb iNOS promoter in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages was inhibited 30–70% by SD or treatment with pro-oxidants, including tert-butylhydroxyquinone, buthionine sulfoximine, and 3-morpholinosydnonimine. Oxidative stress increased Btg-1 mRNA. SD-induced oxidative stress activated Btg-1 in macrophages, as evidenced by nuclear translocation of endogenous or green fluorescent protein-tagged Btg-1, which localized in the cytoplasm in the resting state. Expression of Btg-1 inhibited lipopolysaccharide-inducible AP-1 and NF-κB activities, repressing transactivation of the target gene pGL-miNOS-1588. These results provide evidence that oxidative stress induced by SD or pro-oxidants inhibits the expression of iNOS and cytokines in macrophages with Btg-1 activation and that the gene repression by oxidative stress may result from Btg-1-mediated inhibition of AP-1 and NF-κB activities.
Reduced levels of the cellular antioxidant glutathione are associated with premature skin aging, cancer and impaired wound healing, but the in vivo functions of glutathione in the skin remain largely unknown. Therefore, we analyzed mice lacking the modifier subunit of the glutamate cysteine ligase (Gclm), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of glutathione biosynthesis. Glutathione levels in the skin of these mice were reduced by 70 %. However, neither skin development and homeostasis, nor UVA- or UVB-induced apoptosis in the epidermis were affected. Histomorphometric analysis of excisional wounds did not reveal wound healing abnormalities in young Gclm-deficient mice, while the area of hyperproliferative epithelium as well as keratinocyte proliferation were affected in aged mice. These findings suggest that low levels of glutathione are sufficient for wound repair in young mice, but become rate-limiting upon aging.
A polymer electrolyte based on microporous poly(vinylidene fluoride–co-hexafluoropropane) (PVdF–HFP) film was studied for use in lithium ion batteries. The microporous PVdF–HFP (Kynar 2801) matrix was prepared from a cast of homogeneous mixture of PVdF–HFP and solvents such as ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC). After evaporation of DMC and EMC, a sold film of the PVdF–HFP and the EC mixture was obtained. EC-rich phase started its formation in the PVdF–HFP/EC film at EC content of about 60 wt.% based on the total weight of PVdF–HFP and EC. The formation of the new phase resulted in the abrupt increase of the porosity of the PVdF–HFP matrix from 32 to 62%. The ionic conductivity of the film soaked in 1 M LiPF6–EC/DMC=1/1 was significantly increased from order of 10−4 S/cm to order of 10−3 S/cm at the EC content of 60 wt.%. Thermal and spectroscopic investigations showed that most of the EC interact with PVdF–HFP with the EC content being below 60 wt.%. MCMB/polymer electrolyte/LiCoO2 cells employing the microporous PVdF–HFP polymer film showed stable charging/discharging characteristics at 1C rate and good rate capability.
With wide application of electric vehicles and large-scale in energy storage systems, the requirement of secondary batteries with higher power density and better safety gets urgent. Owing to the merits of high theoretical capacity, relatively low cost and suitable discharge voltage, much attention has been paid to the transition metal sulfides. Recently, a large amount of research papers have reported about the application of transition metal sulfides in lithium ion batteries. However, the practical application of transition metal sulfides is still impeded by their fast capacity fading and poor rate performance. More well-focused researches should be operated towards the commercialization of transition metal sulfides in lithium ion batteries. In this review, recent development of using transition metal sulfides such as copper sulfides, molybdenum sulfides, cobalt sulfides, and iron sulfides as electrode materials for lithium ion batteries is presented. In addition, the electrochemical reaction mechanisms and synthetic strategy of transition metal sulfides are briefly summarized. The critical issues, challenges, and perspectives providing a further understanding of the associated electrochemical processes are also discussed.
MoO3 has been reported as attractive candidate of anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. In this article, a facile one-pot citric-nitrate method is proposed to synthesize MoO3/C nano-composite, which is of general applicability for other oxide/carbon anode materials. The synthesized MoO3/C presents a core–shell structure feature with a thin carbon layer coating on the surface of nano-crystalline MoO3. The MoO3/C anode exhibits superior electrochemical performance, a specific capacity of about 500 mAh g−1 in the voltage range of 0.01–3.0 V vs. Li/Li+ can be maintained after 100 cycles.
The chemical–physical properties of a ternary solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) system consisting of poly(ethylene oxide) and two salts, namely lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and the ionic liquid N-methyl-N-butyl-pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Pyr14TFSI), are reported in this work. The ternary phase diagram shows the composition limits of the thermodynamically stabilized amorphous phase where the polymer electrolyte achieved the maximum conductivity. The important conductivity threshold of 10−3 Scm−1 at 40°C is exceeded for these compositions. Two reasons for the high conductivity are identified; the decreased overall coordination to the Li+-ion and a T g as low as −67°C. Also presented is the thermal stability characterization of such polymer electrolytes. The amorphous phase seems to be thermodynamically unfavored; however, the recrystallization process is slow.
Objective Behavioral interventions designed to improve functioning of older patients with schizophrenia and other chronic psychotic disorders have the potential to significantly increase patients' independence and quality of life. This study evaluated a psychosocial intervention designed to improve everyday living skills of middle-aged and older outpatients with chronic psychotic disorders. Methods A total of 240 patients with a DSM-IV-based chart diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder participated in a 24-week, randomized controlled trial comparing a behavioral group intervention called “Functional Adaptations and Skills Training” (FAST; n =124) to a time-equivalent attention-control (AC; n =116) group focused on improving functional skills. Results Compared to participants randomized to AC, those in the FAST intervention demonstrated significant improvement in everyday living skills (p =.046) and social skills (p =.003), but not medication management skills (p =.268). Conclusions Results suggest that middle-aged and older patients with psychotic disorders may benefit from participation in interventions designed specifically to improve functional skills.
A novel cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, carbon-coated Li3V2(PO4)3 particles which anchored onto graphene sheets (Li3V2(PO4)3@C/graphene) have been prepared by a modified Pechini method. It is first proposed that the graphene oxide can act as a chelating agent in the reaction process. The nanocomposite is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and element analysis. The composite shows excellent C-rate performance, delivered capacities of 104, 91 and 85mAhg−1 at 5, 30 and 50C in the voltage range of 3.0–4.3V, respectively. Moreover, the cycling performance is also improved in higher voltage range of 3.0–4.8V. The capacity retention is 83% with the capacity of 131mAhg−1 at 10C after 100 cycles. The outstanding features are desirable and enable the material to be an excellent cathode for lithium-ion batteries.
To save the risk during the pregnancies in remote areas (where women cannot approach the doctors in the urban areas for proper check-ups), the authors have proposed an IoT based remote monitoring of pregnant ladies where the data is collected at the cloud server. Machine learning techniques will be applied on the trimesters’ attributes to find out the reasons of mortality rate of the babies. The use of these advanced technologies in pregnant women care environment can absolutely eradicate the pregnancy complications and harmful incidents. An initial work towards this study is to assess mortality risk prediction in pregnant ladies using machine-learning algorithms for proper prediction and treatment on time. A dataset of 10,000 pregnant women is analysed in this study. Classification algorithms are used to check the death rate of new born babies based on the mother’s age. The survival ratio is presented by applying the various algorithms. Two class SVM model is presented as the most accurate prediction model which outperformed over boosted decision tree, average perceptron, decision forest, locally deep SVM, Bayes point machine, decision forest and logistic regression. Age of the mother and frequency of the pregnancy without proper gap (i.e. less than 3 years) make impact on the mortality rate of the babies. Among the various algorithms, the AUC value of decision forest is augmented at 91.4% whereas two class SVM shows significantly improved performance to 96.6%. The authors have proposed machine learning-based final model, death rate of infants, frequency of pregnancy and age of the mother were interrelated as notable risk factors for mortality in Indian ladies along with other issues.
An explosion of a lithium–thionyl-chloride (Li–SOCl2) battery during production (assembly) leads to serious worker injury. The accident cell batch had been in a dry-air intermediate storage room for months before being readied with thionyl chloride electrolyte. Metallic lithium can react with atmospheric nitrogen to produce lithium nitride. Nodules of lithium nitride were found to be present on the lithium foil in other cells of the accident batch. The investigation attributed the explosion to the formation of porous lithium nitride during intermediate storage and a violent exothermal decomposition with the SOCl2–LiAlCl4 electrolyte triggered by welding. The literature is silent on hazards of explosion of Li–SOCl2 cells associated with the presence of lithium nitride. The silence is intriguing. Possible causes may be that such explosions are very rare, that explosions go unpublished precisely as this case initially did, or a combination of the two.
Natural abundance and low cost of sodium resources bring forward the sodium-ion batteries as a promising alternative to widely-used lithium-ion batteries. However, insufficient energy density and low cycling stability of current sodium-ion batteries hinder their practical use for next-generation smart power grid and stationary storage applications. Electrospun carbon microfibers have recently been introduced as a high-performance anode material for sodium-ion batteries. However, electrospinning is not feasible for mass production of carbon microfibers due to its complex processing condition, low production rate and high cost. Herein, we report centrifugal spinning, a high-rate and low-cost microfiber production method, as an alternative approach to electrospinning for carbon microfiber production and introduce centrifugally-spun carbon microfibers (CMFs) and porous carbon microfibers (PCMFs) as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. Electrochemical performance results indicated that the highly porous nature of centrifugally-spun PCMFs led to increased Na+ storage capacity and improved cycling stability. The reversible capacity of centrifugally-spun PCMF anodes at the 200th cycle was 242 mAh g−1, which was much higher than that of centrifugally-spun CMFs (143 mAh g−1). The capacity retention and coulombic efficiency of the centrifugally-spun PCMF anodes were 89.0% and 99.9%, respectively, even at the 200th cycle.
For lithium ion batteries (LIBs), low electronic conductivity of CuO leads to rapid capacity decay and poor structural stability. Herein, we successfully fabricate three-dimensional CuO nanoflake arrays coated Cu foam by facile and efficient electrochemical oxidation. When being applied as anode material for LIBs, the CuO electrodes deliver stable reversible capacities of 523.9 mA h g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, 376.1 mA h g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 and 322.7 mA h g−1 at 2.0 A g−1 with high coulombic efficiency (>99%) after 100 cycles. A long cycle life of up to 400 cycles at 2.0 A g−1 is also achieved with the retention capacity of 193.5 mA h g−1. Moreover, the electrode exhibits excellent rate capability and can regain its original capacities as reversing to the low current densities. Noticeably, on-line differential electrochemical mass spectrometry and in situ Raman measurements confirm the formation of solid electrolyte interface film and the conversion mechanism for the CuO electrodes, respectively. The superior lithium storage performance can be attributed to the favorable nanoflake structures with high surface area and the perfect electrical contact between CuO and Cu substrate.
The construction of advanced cathode materials is indispensable and vital for developing high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries. Herein, we develop a facile in-situ route to synthesize three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide supported Li2S/carbon composite (3D-rGO-Li2S/C). The Li2S/C nanoparticles are intimately anchored on the surface of 3D-rGO forming an integrated 3D porous composite. Due to the improved conductivity and reduced polysulfide dissolution, the 3D-rGO-Li2S/C cathode exhibits enhanced electrochemical performances with a high initial capacity of 819 mAh g−1 at 0.1C, as well as good cycling stability with a capacity retention of 415 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 1C. The integrated 3D conductive network is responsible for the enhancement of the electrochemical properties by providing fast ion/electron transfer and high mechanical stability.
The sine wave discussed in Chapter 5 is an example of a periodic function or a function that repeats regularly. When current alternates periodically between positive and negative values it's known as alternating current (AC). AC electricity has some unique properties as we'll soon see.
Effect of the compactness of the lithium chloride layer formed on the carbon cathode on the electrochemical reduction of SOCl2 electrolyte in Li–SOCl2 primary battery was investigated using ac-impedance spectroscopy and potentiostatic current transient technique. From the facts that the straight lines of the Nyquist plots of the ac-impedance spectra and the peak-like runs of the plot of It 1/2 versus log t were observed from the pure carbon cathode, it was suggested that the porous layer of lithium chloride deposited on the pure carbon cathode was relatively compact enough to strongly impede the diffusion of SOCl2 through it, and hence the rate-controlling step for overall SOCl2 reduction is changed from the ‘interfacial reaction between the pure carbon cathode and electrolyte’ to the ‘diffusion of SOCl2 through the porous lithium chloride layer’. On the other hand, any of the straight lines of the Nyquist plots of the ac-impedance spectra and of the peak-like courses of the plot of It 1/2 versus log t can not be found in the Co–phthalocyanine (Pc)-incorporated carbon cathode. Thus, it was concluded that the porous layer of lithium chloride formed on the Co–Pc-incorporated carbon cathode was relatively porous enough to considerably facilitate the diffusion of SOCl2 through it, and hence the overall reduction rate of SOCl2 is governed by the ‘interfacial reaction between the Co–Pc-incorporated carbon cathode and electrolyte’ throughout the whole discharge of the Li–SOCl2 batteries.
This study developed an online suboptimal energy management system by using improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) for engine/motor hybrid electric vehicles. The vehicle was modeled on the basis of second-order dynamics, and featured five major segments: a battery, a spark ignition engine, a lithium battery, transmission and vehicle dynamics, and a driver model. To manage the power distribution of dual power sources, the IPSO was equipped with three inputs (rotational speed, battery state-of-charge, and demanded torque) and one output (power split ratio). Five steps were developed for IPSO: (1) initialization; (2) determination of the fitness function; (3) selection and memorization; (4) modification of position and velocity; and (5) a stopping rule. Equivalent fuel consumption by the engine and motor was used as the fitness function with five particles, and the IPSO-based vehicle control unit was completed and integrated with the vehicle simulator. To quantify the energy improvement of IPSO, a four-mode rule-based control (system ready, motor only, engine only, and hybrid modes) was designed according to the engine efficiency and rotational speed. A three-loop Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) was coded as the best case. The simulation results revealed that IPSO searches the optimal solution more efficiently than conventional PSO does. In two standard driving cycles, ECE and FTP, the improvements in the equivalent fuel consumption and energy consumption compared to baseline were (24.25%, 45.27%) and (31.85%, 56.41%), respectively, for the IPSO. The CO2 emission for all five cases (pure engine, rule-based, PSO, IPSO, ECMS) was compared. These results verify that IPSO performs outstandingly when applied to manage hybrid energy. Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) implementation and a real vehicle test will be conducted in the near future.