batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Iron(III) protoporphyrin IX (Fe(III)P), adsorbed either on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) or on hydroxyl-functionalized SWCNT (SWCNT-OH), was incorporated within a Nafion matrix immobilized on the surface of a graphite electrode. From cyclic voltammetric measurements, performed under different experimental conditions (pH and potential scan rate), it was established that the Fe(III)P/Fe(II)P redox couple involves 1e−/1H+. The heterogeneous electron transfer process occurred faster when Fe(III)P was adsorbed on SWCNT-OH (∼11s−1) than on SWCNT (∼4.9s−1). Both the SWCNT-Fe(III)P- and SWCNT-OH-Fe(III)P-modified graphite electrodes exhibit electrocatalytic activity for H2O2 and nitrite reduction. The modified electrodes sensitivities were found varying in the following sequences: S SWCNT-OH-Fe(III)P =2.45mA/M≈ S SWCNT-Fe(III)P =2.95mA/M> S Fe(III)P =1.34mA/M for H2O2, and S SWCNT-Fe(III)P =3.54mA/M> S Fe(III)P =1.44mA/M> S SWCNT-OH-Fe(III)P =0.81mA/M for NO2 −.
This research investigated the relation between individual differences in inhibitory control and emotion regulation. Preschool children (N =53) ages 4–6 (M =5; 0) were assessed on brief batteries of inhibitory control of prepotent responses and emotion regulation. Individual differences in inhibitory control were significantly correlated with children's ability to regulate their emotions. This relation held up even after controlling for age and verbal ability, and persisted for both Emotion Understanding and “online” control of emotional expressions that were negative (Disappointing Gift) or positive (Secret Keeping). Parent report of children's self-control and emotion regulation corroborated the behavioral results. These findings suggest that executive control of attention, action, and emotion are skills that develop in concert in the preschool period. However, there was also evidence of a quadratic relation in which emotion regulation was optimal at intermediate levels of inhibition, highlighting the interplay of both cognitive control and temperament in socio-emotional functioning.
Harden RN. Chronic pain and opiates: a call for moderation. The prescription of opioid analgesics for chronic, nonterminal conditions continues as one of the most controversial and contentious issues in medicine. We have witnessed a full pendulum swing from the complete nihilism of the 1960s and 1970s to the careless zealotry of the 1990s. Neither extreme is good practice, and one hopes we are witnessing the dawn of a more moderate time of a sane and balanced appraisal of risk versus benefit in using these important tools. Overall Article Objective To present the case for thoughtful attention and moderation in prescribing opioids to treat chronic pain conditions.
Nitrous oxide emission (N2O) from applied fertilizer across the different agricultural landscapes especially those of rainfed area is extremely variable (both spatially and temporally), thus posing the greatest challenge to researchers, modelers, and policy makers to accurately predict N2O emissions. Nitrous oxide emissions from a rainfed, maize-planted, black soil (Udic Mollisols) were monitored in the Harbin State Key Agroecological Experimental Station (Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China). The four treatments were: a bare soil amended with no N (C0) or with 225 kg N ha−1 (CN), and maize (Zea mays L.)-planted soils fertilized with no N (P0) or with 225 kg N ha−1 (PN). Nitrous oxide emissions significantly (P < 0.05) increased from 141 ± 5 g N2O-N ha−1 (C0) to 570 ± 33 g N2O-N ha−1 (CN) in unplanted soil, and from 209 ± 29 g N2O-N ha−1 (P0) to 884 ± 45 g N2O-N ha−1 (PN) in planted soil. Approximately 75 % of N2O emissions were from fertilizer N applied and the emission factor (EF) of applied fertilizer N as N2O in unplanted and planted soils was 0.19 and 0.30 %, respectively. The presence of maize crop significantly (P < 0.05) increased the N2O emission by 55 % in the N-fertilized soil but not in the N-unfertilized soil. There was a significant (P < 0.05) interaction effect of fertilization × maize on N2O emissions. Nitrous oxide fluxes were significantly affected by soil moisture and soil temperature (P < 0.05), with the temperature sensitivity of 1.73–2.24, which together explained 62–76 % of seasonal variation in N2O fluxes. Our results demonstrated that N2O emissions from rainfed arable black soils in Northeast China primarily depended on the application of fertilizer N; however, the EF of fertilizer N as N2O was low, probably due to low precipitation and soil moisture.
In this study, it was the first report that Bacillus sp. CCZU11-1 was used for the biotransformation of 1,3-propanediol cyclic sulfate (1,3-PDS) and its derivatives. The catalytic performance of Bacillus sp. sulfatase in the biotransformation of 1,3-PDS was significantly improved by biocatalyst permeabilization and immobilization. Using cell permeabilization, the hydrolytic activity of the whole-cell biocatalyst was increased by 3.5-fold after 1.5 h of pretreatment with 10 % (v/v) toluene at 30 °C and pH 7.0. Biotransformation of 20 mM 1,3-PDS for 24 h, 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) could be obtained in the yield of 97.4 % under the optimized reaction condition. Additionally, the immobilized biocatalysts, permeabilized cells entrapped in calcium alginate, and cross-linked enzyme aggregates were further employed to biotansform 1,3-PDS. Moreover, the total operational time of the immobilized biocatalysts could reach above 240 h with high conversion rate (>90 %).
Three-dimensional (3D) SnS2/graphene aerogels (SnS2/G-As) have been successfully fabricated via an in situ macroscopy self-assembly of graphene sheets which embedded SnS2 nanoplates in a hydrothermal process, and then freeze-drying to maintain the 3D monolithic architectures. The graphene sheets in high concentration will be easily restacked into 3D architectures driven by combined hydrophobic and π–π stacking interactions during hydrothermal reduction process, meanwhile SnS2 facilitate stabilizing such novel graphene networks. The obtained SnS2/G-As show interconnected graphene networks, large surface area and large numbers of macropores. The novel 3D architectures in SnS2/G-As, which can provide rich sites for absorbing lithium ions and facilitate electrolyte contact as well as ionic diffusion, combined with the synergistic effect between the layered SnS2 and the graphene make SnS2/G-As achieve high reversible capacity (656 mA h g−1 with a coulombic efficiency of over 95% after 30 cycles) and excellent rate capability (240 mA h g−1 at the rate of 1000 mA g−1) when used as an anode in rechargeable LIBs.
In the US, Liming Dai, Professor of Materials Engineering at the University of Dayton, and fellow scientists, have taken a step towards creating efficient fuel cells that are more affordable to mass-produce than those based on platinum.
First principles calculations are employed to understand the effects of Al substitution on the electronic structure, ion dynamics properties, as well as structural stability of Na3V2-xAlx (PO4)3 cathode material. The results reveal that Al doping decreases the band gap energy and transforms the material from indirect to direct band gap electronic structure. Several Na-ion diffusion routes in the crystal structure are proposed and the one with lowest migration energy is identified, which shows one-dimensional transport characteristics along c-axis direction via a curved trajectory. The Al doping increases the Na ion migration energy and thus unfavorable for Na ion diffusion in the crystal. The opposite effects of Al doping on electronic and Na ionic conduction lead to the occurrence of an optimal Al doping level, at which the best electrode reaction kinetics can be expected. The experimental works of the synthesized Na3V2-xAlx (PO4)3 with x = 0–0.4 confirm the theoretical predictions. The sample Na3V1.8Al0.2(PO4)3 with appropriate Al doping exhibits the smallest electrode polarization and superior rate performance. Because of the enhanced binding energy with Al doping as indicated by computation work, the Na3V1.8Al0.2(PO4)3 material displays much stable long-term cycling performance compared to the pristine sample at different temperatures.
1 M LiPF6 dissolved in oligo(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether with a molecular weight, 500 g mol−1 (OEGDME500, 1 M LiPF6), was investigated as an electrolyte in experimental Al–Li/LiFePO4 cells. More than 60 cycles were achieved using this electrolyte in a Li-ion cell with an Al–Li alloy as an anode sandwiched between two LixFePO4 electrodes (cathodes). Charging efficiencies of 96–100% and energy efficiencies of 86–89% were maintained during 60 cycles at low current densities. A theoretical investigation revealed that the specific energy can be increased up to 15% if conventional LiC6 anodes are replaced by Al–Li alloy electrodes. The specific energy and the energy density were calculated as a function of the active mass per electrode surface (charge density). The results reveal that for a charge density of 4 mAh cm−2 about 160 mWh g−1 can be reached with Al–Li/LiFePO4 batteries. Power limiting diffusion processes are discussed, and the power capability of Al–Li/LiFePO4 cells was experimentally evaluated using conventional electrolytes.
In order to improve the electrochemical performance of Si as an anode material for Li ion secondary batteries, a biphasic layer composed of Co and Co3O4 was coated on Si particles by sol–gel method. Compared to Si, Co–Co3O4 coated Si showed the drastic improvement in several electrochemical properties, such as initial coulombic efficiency (55%→88%), cyclic efficiency and cycle life. The comparison between Co–Co3O4 coated Si and heat-treated Si without the coating let us know that the improvement of electrochemical properties only results from Co–Co3O4 coating layer. Little changed cyclic properties (cyclic efficiency and cycle life) of Co–Co3O4 coated Si even at a higher charge–discharge rate insinuated that Co–Co3O4 coating layer plays a crucial role in maintaining the electronic contacts between particles and conducting parts. When trying to measure a thickness variation of the electrodes each containing Si and Co–Co3O4 coated Si as active materials, it was notified that Co–Co3O4 coating layer can accommodate the volume expansion of Si during Li+ insertion, which has its original thickness almost recovered after Li+ extraction.
Since the last decade, research activities in the area of nano-materials have been increased dramatically. More than a 1000 of journal articles in this area have been published within the last 3 years. Materials scientists and researchers have realized that the mechanical properties of materials can be altered at the fundamental level, i.e. the atomic-scale. Carbon nanotubes (hereafter called ‘nanotubes’) have been well recognized as nano-structural materials that can be used to alter mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of polymer-based composite materials, because of their superior properties and perfect atom arrangement. In general, scientific research related to the nanotubes and their co-related polymer based composites can be distinguished into four particular scopes: (i) production of high purity and controllable nanotubes, in terms of their size, length and chiral arrangement; (ii) enhancement of interfacial bonding strength between the nanotubes and their surrounding matrix; (iii) control of the dispersion properties and alignment of the nanotubes in nanotube/polymer composites and (iv) applications of the nanotubes in real life. Although, so many remarkable results in the above items have been obtained recently, no concluding results have so far been finalized. In this paper, a critical review on recent research related to nanotube/polymer composites is given. Newly-adopted coiled nanotubes used to enhance the interfacial bonding strength of nanocomposites are also discussed. Moreover, the growth of nanotubes from nanoclay substrates to form exfoliated nanotube/nanoclay polymer composites is also introduced in detail.
Improving patients' health status is one of the major goals in COPD treatment. Questionnaires could facilitate the guidance of patient-tailored disease management by exploring which aspects of health status are problematic, and which aspects are not. Health status consists of four main domains (physiological functioning, symptoms, functional impairment, and quality of life), and at least sixteen sub-domains. A prerequisite for patient-tailored treatment is a detailed assessment of all these sub-domains. Most questionnaires developed to measure health status consist of one or a few subscales and measure merely some aspects of health status. The question then rises which aspects of health status are measured by these instruments, and which aspects are not covered. As it is one of the most frequently used questionnaires in COPD, we evaluated which aspects of health status are measured and which aspects are not measured by the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ).
A theory is proposed to explain and predict the electrochemical process during reaction between lithium ions and electrode materials. In the model, the process of reaction is proceeded into two steps, surface adsorption and diffusion of lithium ions. The surface adsorption is an instantaneous process for lithium ions to adsorb onto the surface sites of active materials. The diffusion of lithium ions into particles is determined by the charge-discharge condition. A formula to determine the maximum specific capacity of active materials at different charging rates (C-rates) is derived. The maximum specific capacity is correlated to characteristic parameters of materials and cycling – such as size, aspect ratio, surface area, and C-rate. Analysis indicates that larger particle size or greater aspect ratio of active materials and faster C-rates can reduce maximum specific capacity. This suggests that reducing particle size of active materials and slowing the charge-discharge speed can provide enhanced electrochemical performance of a battery cell. Furthermore, the model is validated by published experimental results. This model brings new understanding in quantification of electrochemical kinetics and capacity performance. It enables development of design strategies for novel electrodes and future generation of energy storage devices.
Hybrid energy systems are being utilized for supplying electrical energy in urban, rural and remote areas to overcome the intermittence of solar and wind resources. A hybrid renewable energy system incorporates two or more electricity generation options based on renewable energy or fossil fuel unit. The techno-economic analysis of the hybrid system is essential for the efficient utilization of renewable energy resources. Due to multiple generation systems, hybrid system analysis, is quite complex and requires to be analyzed thoroughly. This requires software tools for the design, analysis, optimization, and economic viability of the systems. In this paper, 19 softwares with their main features and current status are presented. The softwares studied are HOMER, Hybrid2, RETScreen, iHOGA, INSEL, TRNSYS, iGRHYSO, HYBRIDS, RAPSIM, SOMES, SOLSTOR, HySim, HybSim, IPSYS, HySys, Dymola/Modelica, ARES, SOLSIM, and HYBRID DESIGNER. The research work related to hybrid systems carried out using these softwares at different locations worldwide is also reviewed. The main objective of the paper is to provide the current status of these softwares to provide basic insight for a researcher to identify and utilize suitable tool for research and development studies of hybrid systems. The capabilities of different softwares are also highlighted. The limitations, availability and areas of further research have also been identified.
Investigation of electrode/electrolyte interface of 5V spinel material LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4 was carried out in the presence of glutaric anhydride additive, using combined magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy. After exposure to LiPF6 in EC/DMC liquid electrolyte, oxidation state of +III or lower has been evidenced by EELS for Mn ions, indicating that the presence of glutaric anhydride additive in the electrolyte, not only modifies the interphase, but does not prevent chemical reactions with the active material. Further investigation of the influence of the additive upon storage and cycling was performed using combined 7Li and 19F MAS NMR. The native interphase formed by simple contact of the active material with the electrolyte is partially destroyed at high potential but the new appearing interphase is overall increasing upon cycling, independently from the presence of glutaric anhydride. The use of glutaric anhydride is nevertheless beneficial as it clearly restrains the formation of lithiated interphasial species and alters the interphase composition since the formation of fluorophosphates is promoted, lowering the relative amount of resistive LiF. Although resistive LiF can be formed in significant amount, it is removed by the DMC rinsing while fluorophosphates display a stronger adherence to the active material.
In order to get homogeneous layered oxide Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 as a lithium insertion positive electrode material, we applied the metal acetates decomposition method. The oxide compounds were calcined at various temperatures, which results in greater difference in morphological (shape, particle size and specific surface area) and the electrochemical (first charge profile, reversible capacity and rate capability) differences. The Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 powders were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), charge/discharge cycling, cyclic voltammetry and SEM. XRD experiment revealed that the layered Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 material can be best synthesized at temperature of 800°C. In that synthesized temperature, the sample showed high discharge capacity of 190mAhg−1 as well as stable cycling performance at a current density of 0.2mAcm−2 in the voltage range 2.3–4.6V. The reversible capacity after 100 cycles is more than 190mAhg−1 at room temperature.
Bicycling at night is more dangerous than in the daytime and poor conspicuity is likely to be a contributing factor. The use of reflective markings on a pedestrian's major joints to facilitate the perception of biological motion has been shown to greatly enhance pedestrian conspicuity at night, but few corresponding data exist for bicyclists. Twelve younger and twelve older participants drove around a closed-road circuit at night and indicated when they first recognized a bicyclist who wore black clothing either alone, or together with a reflective bicycling vest, or a vest plus ankle and knee reflectors. The bicyclist pedalled in place on a bicycle that had either a static or flashing light, or no light on the handlebars. Bicyclist clothing significantly affected conspicuity; drivers responded to bicyclists wearing the vest plus ankle and knee reflectors at significantly longer distances than when the bicyclist wore the vest alone or black clothing without a vest. Older drivers responded to bicyclists less often and at shorter distances than younger drivers. The presence of a bicycle light, whether static or flashing, did not enhance the conspicuity of the bicyclist; this may result in bicyclists who use a bicycle light being overconfident of their own conspicuity at night. The implications of our findings are that ankle and knee markings are a simple and very effective approach for enhancing bicyclist conspicuity at night.
The optimal experimental conditions (sintering time is 4 h, the sintering temperature is 650 °C, and the mass percentage of citric acid and pickled iron oxide red is 80.25%) for the synthesis of LFP/C cathode materials were determined by orthogonal experiments. To further improve electrochemical performance, Cl-doped LiFePO4/C cathode material was successfully synthesized by high-temperature solid phase method using pickling iron oxide red and citric acid as the iron source and carbon source, respectively. The experimental results reveal that it is a practical method to prepare LiFePO4/C cathode material by pickling iron oxide red as raw material to reduce production cost. It is also proved that Cl doping can effectively change the microstructure, improve the structural stability and improve its rate performance, cycle performance and ion diffusion rate of LiFePO4. The initial capacity of Cl-doped LiFePO4/C electrode achieves 164.1 mAh g− 1 at 0.1C, which is about 96.53% of the theoretical capacity (170 mAh g− 1). The Cl-doped LiFePO4/C electrode material can achieve the reversible capacity of 105.3 mAh g− 1 with the capacity retention rate of 91.5% after 500 cycles at 10C, which is much higher than that of undoped LiFePO4/C (62.7%) electrode materials.
Supercapacitive behaviour of a novel functional material, nickel (II) octa [(3,5-biscarboxylate)-phenoxy] phthalocyanine (NiOBCPPc) upon covalent integration with phenylamine functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT-phenylamine) is reported for the first time. The supercapacitive behaviour of the hybrid (NiOBCPPc-SWCNT-phenylamine) was investigated using galvanostatic charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Using a more reliable galvanostatic charge–discharge method, the NiOBCPPc-SWCNT-phenylamine hybrid exhibited superior geometrical capacitance (∼186mFcm−2) compared to either NiOBCPPc (∼54mFcm−2) or SWCNT-phenylamine (∼74mFcm−2) at a current density of 138μAcm−2. The NiOBCPPc-SWCNT-phenylamine gave excellent stability of over 1000 charge–discharge continuous cycling.
Core-shell type olivine solid solutions, LiFe1/3Mn1/3Co1/3PO4/C, are synthesized via a very simple and rapid microwave heating route with different carbon sources. The obatined LiFe1/3Mn1/3Co1/3PO4/C materials are characterized thoroughly by various analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy instrument. The particle sizes and distribution of the carbon layer of BP2000 carbon black coated LiFe1/3Mn1/3Co1/3PO4 (LiFe1/3Mn1/3Co1/3PO4/BP) are more uniform than that obtained from acetylene black (LiFe1/3Mn1/3Co1/3PO4/AB) and Super P (LiFe1/3Mn1/3Co1/3PO4/SP). Moreover, the LiFe1/3Mn1/3Co1/3PO4/BP nanocomposite shows superior electrochemical properties such as high discharge capacity of 160mAhg−1 at 0.1C, excellent cyclic stability (143mAhg−1 at 0.1C after 30 cycles) and rate capability (76mAhg−1 at 20C), which are better than other two samples. Cyclic voltammetric and electrical tests disclose that the Li-ion diffusion, the reversibility of lithium extraction/insertion and electrical conductivity are significantly improved in LiFe1/3Mn1/3Co1/3PO4/BP composite. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy illustrates that LiFe1/3Mn1/3Co1/3PO4/BP composite electrode possesses low contact and charge-transfer impedances, which can lead to rapid electron transport during the electrochemical lithium insertion/extraction reaction. It is believed that olivine solid solution LiFe1/3Mn1/3Co1/3PO4 decorated with carbon from appropriate carbon source is a promising cathode for high-performance lithium-ion batteries.
Large-scale aligned CuO nanosheets on conductive carbon cloth were successfully synthesized by a facile two-step approach include magnetron sputtering and solution immersion. The in-situ growth mechanism for the CuO nanostructures is proposed. When tested as anodes for lithium-ion batteries, the CuO nanosheets delivers an initial capacity of 711.2mAhg−1 at 500mAg−1 and maintained 88% after 100 cycles. Even at 2000mAg−1, a stable capacity as high as 448.9mAhg−1 could be achieved. The obtained high performance is due to (1) 2D sheet-like structure with short diffusion length, fast electron transfer and efficient accommodation of volume expansion (2) carbon cloth substrate with high flexibility and conductivity (3) intermediate copper layer with enhanced mechanism adhesion (4) 3D hierarchical structure with large contact area between active material and electrolyte. Achieved electrochemical performance by directly growing ordered CuO nanosheets on conductive carbon cloth makes them promising anode for flexible LIB application.