batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This paper is to assess the current trend, implementation and future possibilities of solar home systems (SHS) at the non-electricity provided study area in Bangladesh. The study also suggests an applicable plan to solve the problems and assure the proper availability and using compatibility of SHS to the poor and helpless rural people. The study area of the research is Lechraganj Char Union, Harirampur subdistrict of Manikganj district in Bangladesh. The trends and implementation strategies of solar home system (SHS) would be available in the Section 3.1 and Section 3.2; the future possibilities described in the Section 4. One of the major rational of this research is to provide a sample plan of SHS implementations, future propagation process, prospects and issues to be solved can be useful for the whole non grid zones of the country Bangladesh. This could bring more country progress by renewable technology and the lower order citizens of the country by the supply of electricity and also future analysis of SHS. The primary data sources to shape the paper were- personal field observation, field documentation, taking photographs, qualitative household survey, household questionnaire survey, in-depth interview, FGD etc. Secondary data sources were from different books, articles, journals, magazines, newspaper, Government and NGO Organizations, unpublished reports and thesis etc. Various cartographic techniques as like- Produced tables, flow charts, pie-diagrams, graphs, histograms were used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of implementation of SHS in Harirampur Subdistrict. Proper direction by the government authority and NGOs can improve the current condition and support the off grid citizens of Bangladesh for the penetrating them under the coverage of SHS technology.Further assessment on the implementation of SHS, quality of SHS devices, environmental impacts of SHS, detailed economic advantages can be done for the proper expansion of SHS.
Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) was used as a cosolvent to reformulate the nonflammable electrolyte of 1M LiPF6/EC+DEC+DMMP (1:1:2wt.) in order to improve the safety characteristics of lithium-ion batteries. The flammability, cell performance, low-temperature performance and thermal stability of the DMMP-based electrolyte were compared with the electrolyte of 1M LiPF6/EC+DEC (1:1wt.). The nonflammable electrolyte exhibits good oxidation stability at the LiCoO2 cathode and poor reduction stability at the mesocarbon microbead (MCMB) and surface-modified graphite (SMG) anodes. The addition of vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC) to the DMMP-based electrolyte provided a significant improvement in the reduction stability at the carbonaceous electrodes. Furthermore, it was found that the addition of DMMP resulted in optimized low-temperature performance and varied thermal stability of the electrolytes. All of the results indicated the novel DMMP-based electrolyte is a promising nonflammable electrolyte to resolve the safety concerns of lithium-ion batteries.
There is growing concern for the lake environment because polluted sediments may cause ecotoxicological effects. In the current study, persistent organochlorine compounds (OCPs), including hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and cyclodienes, were analyzed in core sediments taken from Huoshaohei Lake, Xihulu Lake, Wanghua Lake and Keqin Lake, Heilongjiang Province, China. The total OCPs concentrations ranged from 0.92 to 7.09, 0.15 to 9.95, 0.19 to 1.84 and 0.06 to 3.52 ng/g, respectively. The most dominant pollutants were the HCHs, high proportions of γ-HCH isomer indicating the recent input of lindane. The ratios of α-HCH/γ-HCH of four lakes are all lower than that in technical HCH mixtures indicating that there was input of lindane in the past several years, and the mean ratios of (DDE+DDD)/DDTs are all <0.5, suggesting recent release of DDT compounds. Compared with the corresponding ecological environmental quality guidelines from Ingersoll and base on the model of risk based corrective action environmental health risk assessment, the sediments from the four lakes poses a lower potential hazard to human health and the environment but still should be taken into account.
To suppress the dissolution of polysulfides and maintain a high sulfur utilization of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, double-shelled hollow carbon sphere with a microporous outer carbon shell (m-DSHCS) is designed and fabricated as an efficient sulfur host. Specially, the m-DSHCS with an outer microporous carbon shell and foam-like conductive carbon links is an ideal sulfur host. The foam-like carbon links between the shells and inside the hollow structure can not only provide enough space for sulfur loading and volume expansion, but also facilitate fast electron transfer and Li+ diffusion. Additionally, the outer microporous carbon shell can also serve as an efficient physical barrier to suppress the diffusion of sulfur species derived from inner hollow carbon sphere. When used as cathode material for Li-S batteries, the m-DSHCS/S electrode delivered an outstanding reversible capacities (capacity fading of 0.16% per cycle at 0.2C after 200 cycles and 0.07% per cycle at 1C after 1000 cycles) and superior high-rate capabilities (900 mAh g−1 at 1C and 800 mAh g−1 at 2C) than that of graphene wrapped hollow carbon sphere/sulfur (rGO@HCS/S) electrode (100 cycles at 0.2C with 0.54% capacity fading per cycle, 670 mAh g−1 at 1C and 540 mAh g−1 at 2C).
Miniature temperature/humidity sensors are incorporated into the graphite flowplates of a single cell polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) in order to measure the humidity profile along the serpentine channels of both anode and cathode in real time. The sensors show robust performance and importantly are able to recover after saturation. The key observation is a significant increase in relative humidity along the anode gas channel due to back diffusion of water from cathode to anode. Such measurements may be used to determine the water balance in the cell under a range of operating conditions to facilitate model validation and system optimisation.
Herein, we construct a novel electrocatalyst with Fe–Co dual sites embedded in N-doped carbon nanotubes ((Fe,Co)/CNT), which exhibits inimitable advantages towards the oxygen reduction reaction. The electrocatalyst shows state-of-the-art ORR performance with an admirable onset potential (Eonset, 1.15 V vs. 1.05 V) and half-wave potential (E1/2, 0.954 V vs. 0.842 V), outperforming those of the commercial Pt/C. The ORR test reveals that the performance of the (Fe,Co)/CNT is superior to most of the reported non-precious catalysts in alkaline electrolytes. Furthermore, when employed as a cathode catalyst in a Zn–air battery, the (Fe,Co)/CNT exhibits high voltages of 1.31 V and 1.23 V at discharge current densities of 20 mA cm−2 and 50 mA cm−2, respectively. In addition, the power density and the specific energy density reach 260 mW cm−2 and 870 W h kgZn−1. We discover that the Fe–Co dual sites embedded in N-doped porous carbon are beneficial for the activation of oxygen by weakening the OO bonds.
Off-grid generation options have been simulated for remote villages in Cameroon using a load of 110kWh/day and 12kWp. The energy costs of proposed options were simulated using HOMER, a typical village load profile, the solar resource of Garoua and the flow of river Mungo. For a 40% increase in the cost of imported power system components, the cost of energy was found to be 0.296€/kWh for a micro-hydro hybrid system comprising a 14kW micro-hydro generator, a 15kW LPG generator and 36kWh of battery storage. The cost of energy for photovoltaic (PV) hybrid systems made up of an 18kWp PV generator, a 15kW LPG generator and 72kWh of battery storage was also found to be 0.576€/kWh for remote petrol price of 1€/l and LPG price of 0.70€/m3. The micro-hydro hybrid system proved to be the cheapest option for villages located in the southern parts of Cameroon with a flow rate of at least 200l/s, while the PV hybrid system was the cheapest option for villages in the northern parts of Cameroon with an insolation level of at least 5.55kWh/m2/day. For a single-wire grid extension cost of 5000€/km, operation and maintenance costs of 125€/yr/km and a local grid power price of 0.1€/kWh, the breakeven grid extension distances were found to be 15.4km for micro-hydro/LPG generator systems and 37.4km for PV/LPG generator systems respectively. These results could be used in Cameroon's National Energy Action Plan for the provision of energy services in the key sectors involved in the fight against poverty.
Sodium metal holds promise as the ultimate anode for high-energy-density Na battery systems. Recent progress has been made in terms of rational design of nanostructured 3D current collectors for dendrite-free Na deposition with limited dimensional changes during cycling. However, critical information such as Na nucleation and growth behavior on these hosts remains elusive. Herein, by using amorphous carbon nanofibers (CNF) as a current collector, we present the first nanoscale-resolution observation of electrochemical Na plating/stripping dynamics via in situ electron microscopies. With the use of solid electrolyte, Na metal was found to grow and dissolve reversibly as nano/micro-particles at all the possible locations around indiviual CNFs and even throughout their network. Notably, inter-fiber Na ion transport was experimentally confirmed, which enables more homogeneous Na deposition deep into the network interior without interfacing the electrolyte; this would be crucial for dendrite-free Na plating, especially in all-solid-state Na batteries. In addition, through a delicately designed in-situ experiment, the CNF interior exhibited a superior Na capacity compared to its graphitized counterpart. Thus, owning to both exterior and interior Na storage of each fiber, CNFs could be a promising host material for building rechargeable composite Na metal anodes with ultrahigh capacity.
Underwater vehicle is one of the most important tools for ocean observation and exploration. The application of ocean thermal energy conversion can greatly extend its duration and range. The challenge in developing the system resides in the proper sizing and integration of the components to enhance the efficiency of energy conversion. This study proposes the ocean thermal energy conversion for underwater vehicles. It utilizes phase change material to collect ocean thermal energy from warm near-surface and converts it into the potential energy stored in a hydraulic accumulator, which is transformed into electrical energy for the power supply by using hydraulic motor, generator and other components. Based on its working principle, the heat to electricity power generation system efficiency model is established, and validated by comparing measurements and predictions for a laboratory system. Factors influencing the efficiency of power generation are thoroughly analyzed. Moreover, primary design guidelines based on commercially available components are deduced from the proposed model. A prototype is developed and a sea trial is conducted to validate performance of the prototype. The results show that the energy harvested by the prototype can reach 6696 J per dive cycle with 6 kg phase-change material. The maximum hydraulic-to-kinetic efficiency of about 70% and maximum kinetic-to-electric efficiency of about 80% were achieved in the system. The maximum and average energy conversion efficiency are respectively 0.55% and 0.396%. Therefore, high efficiency and good performance of prototype were validated which implied a possibility to improve the range and navigation time of underwater vehicles.
This work reports a new chemical pre-lithiation method to fabricate lithium sulfide (Li2S) cathode. This pre-lithiation process is taken place simply by dropping the organolithium reagent lithium naphthalenide (Li+Naph−) on the prepared sulfur cathode. It is the first time realizing the room temperature chemical pre-lithaition reaction attributed by the 3D nanostructured carbon nanotube (CNT) current collector. It is confirmed that the Li2S cathode fabricated at room temperature showing higher capacity and lower hysteresis than the Li2S cathode fabricated at high temperature pre-lithiation. The pre-lithiated Li2S cathode at room temperature shows stable cycling performance with a 600 mAh g−1 capacity after 100 cycles at 0.1 C-rate and high capacity of 500 mAh g−1 at 2 C-rate. This simple on-site pre-lithiation method at room temperature is demonstrated to be applicable for the in-situ pre-lithiation in a Li metal free battery.
Smartphones store sensitive and confidential data, e.g., business related documents or emails. If a smartphone is stolen, such data are at risk of disclosure. To mitigate this risk, modern smartphones allow users to enable data encryption, which uses a locking password to protect the data encryption key. Unfortunately, users either do not lock their devices at all, due to usability issues, or use weak and easy to guess 4-digit PINs. This makes the current approach of protecting confidential data-at-rest ineffective against password guessing attackers. To address this problem we design, implement and evaluate the Sidekick system — a system that uses a wearable device to decouple data encryption and smartphone locking. Evaluation of the Sidekick system revealed that the proposal can run on an 8-bit System-on-Chip, uses only 4 Kb/20 Kb of RAM/ROM, allows data encryption key fetching in less than two seconds, while lasting for more than a year on a single coin-cell battery.
A 50-μm thick lithium manganese oxide (parent material LiMn2O4) battery electrode (positive electrode; cathode) was charged, slightly discharged and then sliced with a scotch tape test-type method. A selected number of slices was then subject to synchrotron soft X-ray emission spectroscopy near the Mn Lα,β emission lines in order to determine changes in the oxidation state of the manganese as a function of sampling depth. The emission spectra showed a minute yet noticeable and systematic chemical shift of up to 0.25eV between the layer near the current collector and the layer near the electrolyte separator. The average manganese oxidation state near the separator was smaller than the average oxidation state in the interior of the electrode, or near the current collector. Since the data provide an oxidation state depth profile of the cathode, a Li+ depth profile can be inferred. This method provides information on the spatial chemical inhomogeneity of electrodes prior to and after electrochemical cycling, and thus can aid in degradation studies.
This paper proposes a hierarchical energy management system for multi-source multi-product (MSMP) microgrids. Traditional energy hub based scheduling method is combined with a hierarchical control structure to incorporate transient characteristics of natural gas flow and dynamics of energy converters in microgrids. The hierarchical EMS includes a supervisory control layer, an optimizing control layer, and an execution control layer. In order to efficiently accommodate the systems multi time-scale characteristics, the optimizing control layer is decomposed into three sub-layers: slow, medium and fast. Thermal, gas and electrical management systems are integrated into the slow, medium, and fast control layer, respectively. Compared with wind energy, solar energy is easier to integrate and more suitable for the microgrid environment, therefore, potential impacts of the hierarchical EMS on MSMP microgrids is investigated based on a building energy system integrating photovoltaic and microturbines. Numerical studies indicate that by using a hierarchical EMS, MSMP microgrids can be economically operated. Also, interactions among thermal, gas, and electrical system can be effectively managed.
Lithium rich manganese oxide based materials are emerging as possible high energy density cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. In the present research, we have investigated the first charge/discharge profile behavior of Li1.2Ni0.175Co0.1Mn0.52O2 via in situ Raman spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction studies confirm the presence of cation ordering in the transition metal layers. Scanning electron microscopy shows the homogeneous distribution of highly dense spherical agglomerates of ∼5 μm size. Steady decrease in impedance up to ∼4.5 V followed by a less steep increase as the cell voltage traversed the first charge cycle has been confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy shows that the extraction of lithium takes place from both the transition metal layers as well as lithium layers in the voltage range of 4.1–4.4 V. The oxygen removal becomes severe in the voltage range of 4.55–4.6 V, after which the diffusion of the transition metal ions to the vacant sites takes place.
Management The patient and his spouse were referred for counseling, and the patient was referred for follow-up examinations.
Appropriate recycling of waste to reusable materials is much sought after in the scientific community to control the incessant rising pollution in environment due to insufficient management of waste materials. To address this issue, efforts were directed to obtain SnO2-Fe3O4 nanocomposites from scrap tin plated steel and the use of these composites for the degradation of organic pollutant. We have demonstrated a novel, efficient and facile hydrometallurgy approach for the extraction of iron from waste tin plated steel containers found in plenty in the common waste generated in society. The extracted iron has further been utilized for the preparation of SnO2:Fe3O4 nanocomposites with different compositions (SnO2:Fe3O4 ratio of 93.2:6.8, 85:15, 58:42 and 40:60) using hydrothermal route. The photocatalytic activities of nanocomposite were determined spectroscopically using Rhodamine-B (RhB) as a model dye. Our results indicate that among all the composites with SnO2 (85%):Fe3O4 (15%) exhibits the best photocatalytic efficiency under UV light whereas the composition of SnO2 (93.2%):Fe3O4 (6.28%) is the most efficient in visible light. The above visible light efficiency was supported by density functional theory (DFT) studies which suggest a small amount of pure Fe is present at the Sn sites in the nanocomposite, leading to the reduction in the band gap of the nanocomposite and resulting in absorption in the visible range. Thus, in the present study, we have shown a process of conversion of waste to nanomaterials and its utilization for treatment of organic pollutants.
A layered LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 solid solution, which is a promising cathode material for secondary lithium batteries, was successfully synthesized by an emulsion drying method. Because electrochemical properties significantly depend on the conditions of the synthesis, the calcination temperature was carefully determined on the basis of X-ray diffraction and TG studies. The prepared cathodes were characterized by means of SEM, BET, X-ray diffraction, Rietveld refinement, cyclic voltammetry and a charge-discharge experiment. From the Rietveld analysis, it was found that powder calcined at 800 °C for 12 h exhibits a well ordered and lower cation mixed layered structure than the others. The cyclic voltammetry experiment shows that phase transformation can be suppressed considerably by increasing the calcination temperature to 800 °C. The highest discharge capacity of 188.4 mA h g−1 was obtained from the sample prepared at 800 °C. Furthermore, a high capacity retention ratio of 88.1% was found for the initial value after 50 cycles at a constant current density of 40 mA g−1 between 2.7 VLi/Li+ and 4.3 VLi/Li+. In the rate capability test, the cathode delivered a higher discharge capacity of 153.1 mA h g−1 at a 4 C (800 mA g−1) rate.
The determination of type of generation technology suitable for an autonomous power system calls for comprehensive planning. In this paper, a systematic approach for determination of optimal mix of resources is presented for an autonomous hybrid power system. The considered constituent resources comprise of diesel, photovoltaic, wind and battery storage. A techno-socio-economic criterion is formulated in order to determine optimum combination of resources. Reliability evaluation forms the basis of planning problem and has been carried out using analytical technique. The proposed formulation has been analyzed for different resource mix configurations for an autonomous power system located in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) has been used to determine optimal component sizing for each of the configuration.
In order to improve the high-rate discharge capability without diminishing the cycle stability, we investigate the substitution of Cu–P for Co on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of the MlNi3.55Co0.75−x Mn0.4Al0.3(Cu0.75P0.25) x (x = 0–0.5) composite alloys. The results obtained by XRD, SEM and EDS show that the MlNi3.55Co0.75Mn0.4Al0.3 alloy consists of a single phase, and the substitutional alloys are composed of multiphase structures. The electrochemical studies reveal that the substitutional alloys can be easily activated within one cycle, but the maximum discharge capacity decreases from 296.8 mA h g−1 (x = 0) to 275 mA h g−1 (x = 0.5). With the increase of Cu–P content, the capacity decay rate D 100 initially decreases from 1.26 mA h g−1 cycle−1 (x = 0) to 0.80 mA h g−1 cycle−1 (x = 0.3), and then increases to 1.19 mA h g−1 cycle−1 (x = 0.5). The overall high-rate discharge capability is significantly improved with increasing Cu–P content, which is in agreement with the monotonous increase of the exchange current density and the hydrogen diffusion coefficient. The best compromise between excellent high-rate discharge capacity and favorable cycle stability of the series alloys is obtained when x = 0.3.
Lithium ion battery and its safety are taken more consideration with fossil energy consuming and the reduction requirement of CO2 emission. The safety problem of lithium ion battery is mainly contributed by thermal runaway caused fire and explosion. This paper reviews the lithium ion battery hazards, thermal runaway theory, basic reactions, thermal models, simulations and experimental works firstly. The general theory is proposed and detailed reactions are summarized, which include solid electrolyte interface decomposition, negative active material and electrolyte reaction, positive active material and electrolyte reaction, electrolyte decomposition, negative active material and binder reaction, and so on. The thermal models or electrochemical–thermal models include one, two and three dimensional models, which can be simulated by finite element method and finite volume method. And then the related prevention techniques are simply summarized and discussed on the inherent safety methods and safety device methods. Some perspectives and outlooks on safety enhancement for lithium ion battery are proposed for the future development.
High-performance and long-cycling rechargeable lithium-ion batteries have been in steadily increasing demand for the past decades. Nevertheless, the two dominant anodes at the moment, graphite and L4T5O12, suffer from a safety issue of lithium plating (operating voltage at ∼ 0.1 V vs. Li+/Li) and low capacity (175 mAh/g), respectively. Here, we report LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 as an alternative anode material which has a working voltage of ∼1.1 V and a capacity as high as 330 mAh/g at the current rate of C/15. Symmetric cells with both electrodes containing LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 can deliver average discharge voltage of 2.2 V. In-situ XRD, HRTEM and first principles calculations indicate that the reaction mechanism of a LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 anode is comprised mainly of conversion. Both the fundamental understanding and practical demonstrations suggest that LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 is a promising negative electrode material for lithium-ion batteries.