batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The LiMn2O4-Polypyrrole electrochemical cell has been shown to extract LiCl from natural brine at low voltage with high selectivity, low energy consumption (5–10Wh·mol−1) and good stability. The intercalation/de-intercalation of Li+ ions in LixMn2O4 (0≤x≤1) has been studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at different potentials and lithium ion concentrations using a modified Randles equivalent electrical circuit for the interface of LixMn2O4 in natural brine from Salar de Olaroz (Jujuy, Argentina). The RCT exhibits two minima at potentials which correspond to x=0.25 and x=0.75 (half filled adsorption sites) respectively and a linear lithium ion concentration dependence of (Li+)−0.5 consistent with a lithium ion transfer adsorption model proposed by Bruce.
Physical therapy consists mainly in the execution of rehabilitation processes that aim to help overcome injuries, as well as develop, maintain, or restore maximum body movement. Knee rehabilitation is one kind of physical therapy that requires daily exercises which could be considered monotonous and boring by the patients, discouraging their improvement. This is coupled with the fact that most physical therapists assess exercise performance through verbal and visual means with mostly manual measurements, making it difficult to constantly verify and validate if patients perform the exercises correctly. This article describes a physical therapy monitoring system that uses wearable technology to assess exercise performance and patient progress. This wearable device is able to measure and transfer the movement’s data from the patient’s limb to a mobile device. Moreover, the user interface is a game, which provides an entertaining approach to therapy exercising. In this article, it is shown that the developed system significantly increases daily user engagement in rehabilitation exercises, through a gameplay that matches physical therapy requirements for knee rehabilitation, as well as offering useful quantitative information to therapists.
Lyons’s (Philosophy of Science 70 (5): 891–901 2003, Spontaneous Generations: A Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science 9 (1): 146–150 2018) axiological realism holds that science pursues true theories. I object that despite its name, it is a variant of scientific antirealism, and is susceptible to all the problems with scientific antirealism. Lyons (Philosophy of Science 70 (5): 891–901 2003, Spontaneous Generations: A Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science 9 (1): 146–150 2018) also advances a variant of surrealism as an alternative to the realist explanation for success. I object that it does not give rise to understanding because it is an ad hoc explanans and because it gives a conditional explanation. Lyons might use axiological realism to account for the success of a theory. I object that some alternative axiological explanations are better than the axiological realist explanation, and that the axiological realist explanation is teleological. Finally, I argue that Putnam’s realist position is more elegant than Lyons’s.
The interest in porous clay and its modification has been exponentially increasing. The outstanding properties of clay were evident due to high thermal and chemical resistance, as well as high porosity. By virtue of these reasons, modified clay was therefore prepared from many synthetic routes for significant enhancement on specific surface area and porosity. The application of modified clay was versatile in many areas of industrial commercialization. It was related to catalyst support, separation technology, electronic device as well as food packaging. To use modified clay with higher efficiency, it was consequently designed as composite based materials. Small amount of modified clay from chemical synthetic route was therefore integrated into polymer matrix. To be challenge on the use of modified clay based composite, it was investigated for being as energy storage materials. Due to high thermal resistance along with excellent specific surface area and porosity, modified clay was therefore gained many interests. Modified clay based composite will be employed as energy based material with additional feature of flexibility.
Tin foil should have outstanding volumetric capacity as a Li-ion battery anode; however, it suffers from an unacceptable initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 10–20%, which is much poorer than that of Si or SnO2 nanoparticles. Herein, we demonstrate that bare Sn catalyzes liquid electrolyte decomposition at intermediate voltages to generate gas bubbles and Leidenfrost gas films, which hinder lithium-ion transport and erode the solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. By metallurgically pre-alloying Li to make LixSn foil, the lower initial anode potential simultaneously suppresses gassing and promotes the formation of an adherent passivating SEI. We developed a universally applicable roll-to-roll mechanical prelithiation method and successfully prelithiated Sn foil, Al foil and Si/C anodes. The as-prepared LixSn foil exhibited an increased ICE from 20% to 94% and achieved 200 stable cycles in LiFePO4//LixSn full cells at ∼2.65 mA h cm−2. Surprisingly, the LixSn foil also exhibited excellent air-stability, and its cycling performance sustained slight loss after 12 h exposure to moist air. In addition to LiFePO4, the LixSn foil cycled well against a lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NMC) cathode (4.3 V and ∼4–5 mA h cm−2). The volumetric capacity of the LixSn alloy in the LFP//LixSn pouch cell was up to ∼650 mA h cm−3, which is significantly better than that of the graphite anode on a copper collector, with a rate capability as high as 3C.
The present investigation addresses the problem of evaluating the endurance of hybrid electric aircraft and discusses the effect of battery specifications and the engine working points on fuel economy. In particular, the endurance per unit mass of fuel of a hybrid power system is calculated by assuming a constant power-level flight performed with alternate cycles of battery charging and discharging (ON-OFF strategy). The computation of the fuel economy requires accurate models for the time, the power and the energy associated with battery charging and discharge processes. In order to reach this goal, two approaches proposed in literature to evaluate electric endurance were discussed, amended and validated through comparison with experimental data. A model for constant-current/constant voltage battery charge was also presented and validated with literature experimental data. In order to explain how these models can be applied to real applications, a parallel hybrid power system was sized and analyzed for a medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle. Lithium polymer batteries and two stroke diesel engines were considered and three different hybridization degrees were analyzed. The results showed a trade-off between electric flight time and overall endurance per unit mass of fuel and an improvement up to 12% in fuel consumption with respect to a non-hybrid case with the same engine.
With the recent advent of inductive charging systems all major automotive manufacturers develop concepts to wirelessly charge electric vehicles. Efficient designs require virtual prototyping that accounts for electromagnetic and thermal fields. The coupled simulations can be computationally very costly. This is because of the high frequencies in the electromagnetic part. This paper derives a mixed frequency-transient model as approximation to the original problem. We propose a co-simulation such that the electromagnetic part is simulated in the frequency domain while the thermal part remains in time domain.
One of the main goals in lithium ion battery electrode design is to increase the power density. This requires insight in the relation between the complex heterogeneous microstructure existing of active material, conductive additive and electrolyte providing the required electronic and Li-ion transport. FIB-SEM is used to determine the three phase 3D morphology, and Li-ion concentration profiles obtained with Neutron Depth Profiling (NDP) are compared for two cases, conventional LiFePO4 electrodes and better performing carbonate templated LiFePO4 electrodes. This provides detailed understanding of the impact of key parameters such as the tortuosity for electron and Li-ion transport though the electrodes. The created hierarchical pore network of the templated electrodes, containing micron sized pores, appears to be effective only at high rate charge where electrolyte depletion is hindering fast discharge. Surprisingly the carbonate templating method results in a better electronic conductive CB network, enhancing the activity of LiFePO4 near the electrolyte-electrode interface as directly observed with NDP, which in a large part is responsible for the improved rate performance both during charge and discharge. The results demonstrate that standard electrodes have a far from optimal charge transport network and that significantly improved electrode performance should be possible by engineering the microstructure.
MoO2 synthesized through reduction of MoO3 with ethanol vapor at 400°C was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Its electrochemical performance as an anode material for lithium ion battery was tested by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and capacity measurements. During the reduction process, the starting material (MoO3) collapsed into nanoparticles (∼100nm), on the nanoparticles remains a carbon layer from ethanol decomposition. Rate capacity and cycling performance of the as-prepared product is very satisfactory. It displays 318mAhg−1 in the initial charge process with capacity retention of 100% after 20 cycles in the range of 0.01–3.00V vs. lithium metal at a current density of 5.0mAcm−2, and around 85% of the retrievable capacity is in the range of 1.00–2.00V. This suggests the application of this type of MoO2 as anode material in lithium ion batteries.
Ion-conducting polymer electrolyte films based on poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) complexed with potassium bromate (KBrO3) are prepared by a solution-cast technique. Several experimental techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dc-conductivity and transference number measurements are employed to characterise this polymer electrolyte system. The conductivity–temperature plots show two regions in the temperature range of study and transport number data which indicate that the charge transport in this electrolyte system is predominantly due to ions. Using these polymer electrolyte films, solid-state electrochemical cells are fabricated and their discharge characteristics are examined for a constant load of 100kΩ. Several cell parameters associated with the cells are evaluated and reported.
The electrochemical behavior of magnesium (Mg) metal was investigated in tetrahydrofuran (THF)-based solutions containing magnesium bromide (MgBr2) and/or magnesium ethoxide (Mg(OEt)2). THF solutions containing a single solute, MgBr2 or Mg(OEt)2, show no visible faradaic current based on Mg deposition and/or dissolution. However, the electrolyte system containing both solutes, MgBr2 + Mg(OEt)2/THF, gives a reversible current response of Mg deposition and dissolution. The ionic structure of the electrolyte system containing the binary solute was examined by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. It was confirmed that MgBr2 and Mg(OEt)2 are coordinated (solvated) with THF molecules to form an EtOMgBr·4THF complex. The DFT calculations also suggest the possible formation of μ-complexes for the MgBr2/Mg(OEt)2 binary system in THF. The voltammetric responses at the Pt electrode indicate low overpotential and high coulombic efficiency for Mg deposition and dissolution in THF-based solutions containing suitable molar ratios of MgBr2 and Mg(OEt)2. The constant-current charge-discharge cycling of Mg in MgBr2 + Mg(OEt)2/THF electrolyte also shows low overpotential and good cyclability over 300 cycles.
Using cheap organic material as the cathode and abundant sodium as the charge carrier is attractive for sustainable battery technologies. Now, highly reversible four-sodium storage in a nano-sized disodium rhodizonate organic cathode is achieved.
Resumen Introducción Los pacientes con demencia son considerados conductores de alto riesgo. Sin embargo, un gran porcentaje de ellos todavía puede conducir adecuadamente. Objetivo Identificar las pruebas cognitivas que mejor predicen las habilidades de conducción vehicular en personas mayores de 65años. Pacientes y métodos 28 sujetos mayores de 65años con demencia leve y 28 controles sanos fueron evaluados con una extensa batería neuropsicológica y pruebas ecológicas de manejo vehicular que incluyeron una evaluación en un simulador de manejo y la conducción en un circuito controlado de manejo. Resultados Los pacientes con demencia se desempeñaron peor que los controles en el manejo vehicular y tenían respuestas de frenado más lentas en el simulador. Las pruebas cognitivas que mejor correlacionaron con la evaluación de manejo vehicular fueron la fluencia verbal semántica, el Trail Making Test B y la Escala de Detección de Olvidos. Otro conjunto de pruebas que correlacionaron pero de manera parcial fueron el Mini Mental State Examination, la Memoria Lógica, el Trail Making Test A, el Test dígito-símbolo, el test de denominación (Boston), la lista de recuerdo auditivo verbal de Rey, la copia de la figura de Rey Osterrieth, la batería de evaluación frontal (FAB), el Inventario Neuropsiquiátrico (NPI-Q) y el Cuestionario de Actividad Funcional (FAQ). Conclusiones La correlación significativa entre el rendimiento específico en manejo y determinadas pruebas cognitivas respaldan la importancia de incluirlas en la evaluaciones de manejo para poder tomar las decisiones correctas y predecir el riesgo de manejo vehicular en sujetos mayores de 65años.
Bassoon is a large scaffolding protein of the presynaptic active zone involved in the development of presynaptic terminals and in the regulation of neurotransmitter release at both excitatory and inhibitory brain synapses. Mice with constitutive ablation of the Bassoon (Bsn) gene display impaired presynaptic function, show sensory deficits and develop severe seizures. To specifically study the role of Bassoon at excitatory forebrain synapses and its relevance for control of behavior, we generated conditional knockout (Bsn cKO) mice by gene ablation through an Emx1 promoter-driven Cre recombinase. In these animals, we confirm selective loss of Bassoon from glutamatergic neurons of the forebrain. Behavioral assessment revealed that, in comparison to wild-type littermates, Bsn cKO mice display selectively enhanced contextual fear memory and increased novelty preference in a spatial discrimination/pattern separation task. These changes are accompanied by an augmentation of baseline synaptic transmission at medial perforant path to dentate gyrus (DG) synapses, as indicated by increased ratios of field excitatory postsynaptic potential slope to fiber volley amplitude. At the structural level, an increased complexity of apical dendrites of DG granule cells can be detected in Bsn cKO mice. In addition, alterations in the expression of cellular maturation markers and a lack of age-dependent decrease in excitability between juvenile and adult Bsn cKO mice are observed. Our data suggest that expression of Bassoon in excitatory forebrain neurons is required for the normal maturation of the DG and important for spatial and contextual memory.
Despite recent progress in designing modified separators for lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, detail in optimizing the synergistic effect between chemical and physical immobilization for lithium polysulfides (LiPS) in modified separator hasn't been investigated totally. Here, a nano-TiO2 decorated carbon layer (T-DCL) has been successfully applied to modify separator for the Li-S battery. The results indicate that appropriate weight percentage of nano-TiO2 uniformly distributed in conductive carbon layer is effective to chemically and physically immobilize for LiPS, and promote the electron transfer during discharge/charge process. The performance of the modified Li-S battery with T-DCL separator are significantly enhanced, with a specific capacity of 883 mAh g−1 retained after 180 cycles at 0.1 C and 762 mAh g−1 retained after 200 cycles at 0.5C, which are much higher than that of separators only coated with TiO2 layer or conductive carbon layer. Besides, the separator coated with T-DCL also shows low electrochemical impedance and good lithium anode protection. These results indicate that separator with T-DCL is promising to balance the physical and chemical LiPS trapping effect, and optimize the electrochemical performance for Li-S battery.
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) was used to deposit ZrO2 directly on Li4Ti5O12 electrode to improve its electrochemical performance. The thickness of the deposited ZrO2 was controlled by adjusting ALD cycles from 0 to 1, 2, 5, 10 and 50. The Li4Ti5O12 electrodes with and without ZrO2 coating were characterized by scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscope, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge test. The CV result indicated that ZrO2 coating with 2, 5 and 10 ALD cycles could effectively reduce the electrochemical polarization of the Li4Ti5O12 electrode. Charge-discharge test revealed that the Li4Ti5O12 electrodes with 1-, 2- and 5-cycle ZrO2 coating exhibited higher specific capacity, better cycling performance and rate capability than the pristine Li4Ti5O12 in a voltage range of 0.1–2.5V. However, ZrO2 coating with more than 5 ALD cycles could lead to degraded performance of Li4Ti5O12. Mechanism for the enhanced electrochemical performance of Li4Ti5O12 was explored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and the reason was attributed to the suppressed formation of solid electrolyte interphase and the improved electron transport by ultrathin ZrO2 coating.
Occurrence and behaviour of Paromola cuvieri (Crustacea, Decapoda) were recorded by means of the MEMO lander equipped with two digital cameras and deployed in the cold-water coral community of the Santa Maria di Leuca (Mediterranean Sea). A total of 14 individuals were observed at depths between 547 and 648m; 10 in the coral habitat on coral mounds and 4 off the coral habitat on muddy bottoms. Thirteen specimens recorded were females, one male and all were shown to scavenge the bait. All the specimens carried a sponge on their exoskeleton using the fifth pereiopods. The specimens were distinguishable by the size and shape of the carried sponge. The present observations demonstrate both passive covering behaviour and active behaviour of discouraging approach and attack from competitors or predators, respectively. This study represents the first in situ documentation of Paromola cuvieri behaviour interacting with other deep-sea species in the Mediterranean Sea.
With the advent of implantable hearing aids, implementation and acoustic sensing strategy of the implantable microphone becomes an important issue; among the many types of implantable microphone, placing the microphone in middle ear cavity (MEC) has advantages including simple operation and insensitive to skin touching or chewing motion. In this paper, an implantable microphone was implemented and researched feedback characteristic when both the implantable microphone and the transducer were placed in the MEC. Analytical and finite element analysis were conducted to design the microphone to have a natural frequency of 7 kHz and showed good characteristics of SNR and sensitivity. For the feedback test, simple analytical and finite element analysis were calculated and compared with in vitro experiments (n = 4). From the experiments, the open-loop gain and feedback factor were measured and the minimum gain margin measured as 14.3 dB.
Open-circle sea water hydraulics, utilizing surrounding water as a working medium, has become more and more popular in submersible. Axial piston pump with port valves is used frequently in the open-circle water hydraulic system. Port valve is one of the important parts in this type pump. However, there are few literatures about the effect of the port valves’ materials on the noise characteristic of the water pump. In this study, the effect of materials on the noise of the pump was researched through experimental and theory simulation methods. The influences of three kinds of plastics (Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Aliphatic polyamides (NYLON)) and one kind of anti-corrosion stainless steel (316L) are compared. The noise of the pump with the different materials port valve seat ranges from high to low as the order: 316L>NYLON>PEEK>PTFE. The differences would contribute to the collision between valve spool and seat, which is identified by the simulating results. The experimental results showed that the difference of noise between PEEK and PTFE is small. In addition, the lifespan and volumetric efficiency are also taken into considering. The PEEK is selected to use in the seawater pump for a large submersible.
Commercially available global positioning system (GPS) tracking collars for cattle are cost prohibitive for most researchers. This paper presents a low-cost alternative to those collars (Knight GPS tracking collars) and compares their performance to a popular commercially available collar. A list of required materials and detailed instructions on fabrication are available in the supplementary content. Brangus cows (n = 8) were tracked with both LOTEK 3300 and Knight GPS tracking collars for 31 d beginning 14 March 2015 at the Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center 37 km north of Las Cruces, New Mexico. Locations were recorded every 10 min and used to calculate mean slope, elevation, distance from water, distance traveled per d, and elevation for each cow. No differences were detected (P ≥ 0.37) between collar types for location, slope, or distance from water. However, the distance traveled tended (P = 0.08) to be lower for Knight collars (6 171 m d−1) compared with Lotek collars (7 104 m d−1). Lotek collars recorded more (P ≤ 0.001) of the potential locations (99.9%) than the Knight collars (66.2%). Although the Knight collars failed to record all of the potential positions, they still provided a good indication of cattle locations on extensive pastures located in the Chihuahuan Desert.
We used l-(quinoxalin-6-ylcarbonyl)piperidine (CX516) (a modulator of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxasole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor) as a sole agent in a double blind placebo-controlled design in a small series of patients with schizophrenia who were partially refractory to treatment with traditional neuroleptics. The study entailed weekly increments in doses of CX516, from 300 mg tid for week 1 up to 900 mg tid on week 4. Patients were followed with clinical ratings, neuropsychological testing, and were monitored for adverse events. Four patients received 2 to 4 weeks of CX516, two received placebo and two withdrew during the placebo phase. Adverse events associated with drug administration were transient and included leukopenia in one patient and elevation in liver enzymes in another. No clear improvement in psychosis or in cognition was observed over the course of the study. CX516 at the doses tested did not appear to yield dramatic effects as a sole agent, but inference from this study is limited.