batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Cobalt is usually post-added as CoO or Co(OH)2 to nickel hydroxide at the positive electrode (nickel oxide electrode) of alkaline batteries, to form a conductive network. In the present work, we focus on the transformation of CoO and Co(OH)2 phases when oxidized at 90°C. The Co3O4 phase is the majority product of such a reaction, with CoOOH as a secondary product. It is shown that the Co3O4 phase results from the reaction of the CoOOH phase, formed by electrochemical oxidation of Co(OH)2, with Co2+ species in the electrolyte, which is made possible by temperature. This process requires a global migration of the cobalt phases towards the current collector.
Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of LiNi0.8Co0.2O2/Li half-cell and mesocarbon microbead (MCMB)/Li half-cell are studied at very low scan rates. The thermal behaviors of these two half-cells and LiNi0.8Co0.2O2/MCMB full-cell cycled at different current levels are studied with electrochemical-microcalorimeter technique in terms of reversible and irreversible heat generation. The calculated results show excellent agreement with the experimental data at low and moderate current levels (≤C/4). The quantitative heat contributions of the cathode and anode to the overall cell heat generation are also determined.
A simple and low temperature hydrothermal synthesis approach has been developed to prepare sulfur coated SnO2–graphene nanocomposites as an anode material for lithium–ion batteries. The electrochemical performance of the composites was characterized by galvanostatic charge–discharge tests, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. Results show that the composite material exhibits a reversible capacity of 819mAhg−1 after 200 cycles at 500mAg−1 and an excellent rate capability of 580mAhg−1 at a high current density of 4000mAg−1. The extraordinary performance could be ascribed to the positive synergistic effect of the combination of the nanosized particles of SnO2, the excellent conductivity of graphene and the effects of the coating layer of sulfur.
The high fluidity and flammability characteristics of the conventional organic liquid electrolyte make it vulnerable for the currently employed commercial lithium batteries to suffer from potential safety risks and premature cell failure. Replacing liquid electrolytes with inorganic solid-state versions coupled with the employment of Li metal anodes is believed to be ideal for next generation energy storage systems with both high security and high energy density. However, even though several promising solid-state electrolytes possess extremely high ionic conductivity, the issues related to a poor electrode/electrolyte interface are a critical constraint. Herein, interface engineering based on current fundamental understanding, challenges, and opportunities of the interface chemistry between inorganic solid-state electrolytes and electrode materials are presented. Firstly, we focus on the interfacial configuration characteristics and mechanisms, pointing out that the unsatisfactory interfacial compatibility and stability, and the dendrite problem are the main drawbacks in achieving high-performance cells, where the interface contact/wettability, constant interfacial reactions, inadequate interfacial Li+ stripping/plating process, and Li dendrite formation/propagation mechanism will be individually reviewed. Then, the recent research status and trends in ameliorating the electrode/electrolyte interface are systematically examined, including the efforts for component optimization and the architectural design of bulk anodes, electrolytes, cathodes, and the interface engineering construction between them. Moreover, several progressive applications and future research directions of interface chemistry will be proposed, aiming to present a comprehensive and enlightening overview for interface engineering that are relevant for the integration of applicable solid-state Li metal batteries.
Ternary chalcogenides have drawn intense interest as promising alternative anode materials for Li-storage systems benefiting from their high specific capacity. Herein, the electrochemical performance of a new ternary chalcogenide LiInSe2 used for lithium ion anode has been reported for the first time. Furthermore, in view of carbon-coating treatment, the optimized anode LiInSe2@C for Li-ion batteries exhibits enhanced capacitive behavior and high rate capability. LiInSe2@C presents a high reversible capacity of 409.1 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1 and a reversible capacity of 270 mA h g−1 after 1000 cycles at 1000 mA g−1. Further analyses evidence that the outstanding rate performance stems from fast electrochemical kinetics, enhanced by the pseudocapacitive effect and improved electronic/ionic conductivity. These results elucidate the attractive lithium storage performance of LiInSe2 compound, and would offer a practical polestar to explore novel ternary chalcogenide for energy storage.
Regulation of gene expression by non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), is increasingly being examined in a variety of disciplines. Here we evaluated changes in miRNA expression following metallic nanoparticle (NP) exposure in a mouse neuronal co-culture model. Exposure to manganese (Mn) NPs resulted in oxidative stress, inflammation, and toxicity. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) following an 8 h exposure to Mn NPs (low and high doses) revealed several miRNA candidates that modulate NP induced responses. The lead candidate identified was miR-155, which showed a dose dependent decrease in expression upon Mn exposure. Introduction of a miR-155 mimic into the co-culture to restore miR-155 expression completely abrogated the Mn NP-induced gene and protein expression of inflammatory markers TNF-α and IL-6. Taken together, this study is the first report where global NP-induced miRNA expression changes were used to identify and then modulate negative impacts of metallic NP exposure in a neuronal model. These findings demonstrate that unique miRNA expression profiles provide novel targets for manipulating gene and protein expression, and therefore provide the potential of modifying cellular responses to NP exposure.
Sanyo Electric Co is to begin production of HIT (Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin-layer) PV modules at Sanyo Energy Mexico plant beginning in the summer of 2003. Sanyo, in moving ahead with expansion of PV module sales in North America, will produce PV modules at Sanyo Energy (Mexico) with Sanyo Energy (USA) in charge of sales. Previously rechargeable batteries were made and sold from this facility, and Sanyo will now use that sales infrastructure for PV modules. Favourable cost merits for distribution and shipment to both America’s west and east coasts, local procurement of parts and materials and inexpensive labour costs in comparison with the US, make production in Monterrey attractive. Sanyo’s HIT PV module has been chosen to provide 482kW worth of solar power for the system total of 675kW to be installed on the Moscone Center, in San Francisco. For more information contact: Derek Wentz. Tel: +81-3-3837-6206. Sanyo Electric Co. Ltd, USA.
The carbon neutral process for energy conversion is of utmost importance, in this context photovoltaics, especially dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are a viable alternative. Few terawatts of carbon free renewable energy can be produced by DSSCs. However the judicious use of platinum group free metals may further enhance the limit of energy production by making it further cost effective. In this context a metal free sensitizer and electrocatalyst related to DSSCs are reviewed for their merits. The current state-of-the-art sensitizer as well as carbon based materials for its chemistry and photovoltaic characterization are discussed. The present article combines recent progress and its emerging behavior from our laboratories and from other groups working on this perennial topic.
The intrinsic anion oxidation potential (ΔE v) and lithium ion pair dissociation energy (ΔE d) are two important properties for predicting the potential use of new lithium salts for battery electrolytes. In this work several cyano substituted fluoroalkylated benzimidazole and imidazole anions have been investigated computationally to obtain ΔE v and ΔE d. Varying the number and position of cyano substituents results in large effects on the electrochemical stability of the anion and on the possible lithium ion pair configurations. The lengthening of the fluoroalkyl group introduces several new stable ion pair configurations and a small increase in anion oxidation stability. The most promising fluoroalkylated anions in the present work are the 4,5,6,7-tetracyano-2-fluoroalkylated benzimidazolides (TTB and PTB), with oxidation potentials suitable for high voltage Li-ion battery applications (<4.2V) and much improved ΔE d compared to PF6 −—a benchmark for commercially available anions. Further improvements in ΔE d, with maintained stability towards oxidation, are obtainable by replacing the fluoroalkyl group by an additional cyano group, but possibly demanding increased synthesis efforts.
The relationship between odor concentrations (olfactometry) and chemical concentrations (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS) was studied for the odorous air compositions of a rendering plant, a sanitary landfill and an industrial area with large petroleum and petrochemical industries. Samples taken from the university campus located in a non-industrial and non-urban area were also studied for several organic components for comparison. Ambient air samples were taken into special bags by using an odor sampling device designed for field sampling of odors. In the laboratory odorous chemicals in the samples were transferred into adsorbent tubes and analyzed using a combination of thermal desorption and GC-MS. Results point to different characteristics of the odorous gases and air in and around the urban and industrial sources. Among the 64 specific compounds studied, 49 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected in rendering plant, 53 VOCs were detected in sanitary landfill and 44 VOCs were detected in petroleum and petrochemical industries. The compounds measured in the odorous gas composition are the alkanes, alkenes, carbonyls, arenes, chlorinated and other halogenated compounds and organic chlorides as well as the volatile fatty acids.
γ-Butyrolactone (BL) has been mixed to the room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) 1-butyl 3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIBF4) (ratio: 3/2, v/v) in the presence of lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) for use as electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries. This mixture exhibits a larger thermal stability than the reference electrolyte EC/DEC/DMC (2/2/1)+LiPF6 (1M) and can be considered as a new RTIL as no free BL molecules are present in the liquid phase. The cycling ability of this electrolyte has been investigated at a graphite, a titanate oxide (Li4Ti5O12) and a cobalt oxide (Li x CoO2) electrodes. The ionic liquid is strongly reduced at the graphite electrode near 1V and leads to the formation of a blocking film, which prevents any further cycling. The titanate oxide electrode can be cycled with a high capacity without any significant fading. Cycling of the positive cobalt oxide electrode was unsuccessfully owing to an oxidation reaction at the electrode surface, which prevents the intercalation or de-intercalation of Li ions in and from the host material. Less reactive cathode material than cobalt oxide must be employed with this RTIL.
While models of autism spectrum conditions (ASC) are emerging at the genetic level of analysis, clear models at higher levels of analysis, such as neuroanatomy, are lacking. Here we examine agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC) as a model at the level of neuroanatomy that may be relevant for understanding self-referential and social-cognitive difficulties in ASC.
The fabrication of Co2P-Co (Co-P composites) hollow nanospheres with graphene sheets decoration through one-pot solution approach is demonstrated and their potential as the anode materials for lithium ion batteries is assessed. A large specific capacity of 929mAhg−1 can be retained for Co-P/graphene nanocomposites at 100mAg−1 after 200 cycles. When cycled at a large current density of 2.0C, the Co-P/graphene nanocomposites deliver a decent reversible capacity of 567mAhg−1, which is much higher than the theoretical capacity of traditional graphite anode (372mAhg−1). The obviously enhanced lithium storage properties of Co-P/graphene nanocomposites are put down to the dual modification of graphene sheets and metal Co as well as their hollow structures.
In this study, a new type of carbon support materials for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) was evaluated. Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) grown on activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were prepared through catalytic growth to yield CNF/ACF materials. CNFs were synthesized by using CH4 with Ni catalysts dispersed on ACFs. The as-prepared samples were characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM images revealed a three-dimensional CNF network grown on the ACF surface. High-temperature treatment effectively reinforced the CNF/ACF structure and led to increased electrochemical performance and durability of Pt catalysts in PEMFC operations. The accelerated degradation test (ADT) was used for stability evaluations of Pt catalysts. The ECSA loss from heat-treated Pt/CNF/ACF at 900°C was calculated to be 39.1%, whereas the ECSA loss from the non-heat-treated Pt/CNF/ACF rose to 56.3%. The results suggest that the higher corrosion resistance of the carbon support could come from the higher degree of graphitization through high-temperature heat treatment of CNF/ACF. This unique structure of the CNF grown on ACF can supply effective anchor sites for the stabilization of Pt particles. As a result, the heat-treated CNF/ACF is expected to be a promising carbon support to improve the cell performances of PEMFCs.
Cycle life prolongation and discharge capacity regeneration have drawn enormous attention in the field of vanadium flow batteries (VFBs). Among all the methods, mixing the positive and negative electrolytes is the most efficient, but the study about the proper time and the effect of the mix method is relatively deficient. In this study, different mix times and current densities are chosen to explore the benefits and limitations of the mix method, also the mechanism of discharge capacity behavior is discussed. Through the mix method, not only the cycle number has been extended significantly, but also the voltage and energy efficiencies are recovered. Although the contribution of the mix method is restrained by the average valence of the mixed electrolytes, it can be alleviated by electrolysis. The mix method is economic, uncomplicated and can be employed in industrial applications.
Three-dimensional (3D) structure-based tin disulfide/vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays (VACNTs) composites have been successfully fabricated via a facile hydrothermal method for self-assembly with the help of nebulization-assisted infiltration. The SnS2 particles are anchored on the surface of the VACNTs and the number of these nanoparticles increases as the nebulization time increase. The novel 3D structure-based SnS2/VACNTs sample with the SnS2 content of 67 wt% exhibits excellent electrochemical performance, including high capacity (738 mA h g−1 at 50 mA g−1 after 1st cycle), good cycle stability (551 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1after 100 cycles), and excellent rate capability (223 mA h g−1 at 2000 mA g−1) when used as an anode in lithium ion batteries. The high electrochemical performance can be attributed to the synergistic effect of SnS2 and the unique microstructure of VACNTs, which provide the rapid pathways for ionic and electronic transport ascribing to their well-directed 1D conductive electron paths and well defined regular pore structures. The VACNTs serve as not only conductive additives to improve the conductivity of SnS2 in the composites, but also as buffer matrix to restrain the volume change of SnS2 and stabilize the electrode structure during the alloying/dealloying process.
Silicon and related materials have recently received considerable attention as potential anodes in Li-ion batteries for their high theoretical specific capacities. To overcome the problem of volume variations during the Li insertion/extraction process, in this work, Si/C composites with low carbon content were synthesized from cheap coarse silicon and citric acid by simple ball milling and subsequent thermal treatment. The effects of ball milling time and calcination temperature on the structure, composition and morphology of the composites were systematically investigated by the determination of specific surface area (BET) and particle-size distribution, X-ray diffraction (XRD), O2-TPO, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The capacity and cycling stability of the composites were systematically evaluated by electrochemical charge/discharge tests. It was found that both the initial capacity and the cycling stability of the composites were dependent on the milling and calcination conditions, and attractive overall electrochemical performance could be obtained by optimizing the synthesis process.
The exponentially rising demand for rechargeable energy storage systems along with the market-driven increase of raw materials prices have led to extensive research and development on post lithium-ion battery systems. Among emerging candidates, aluminum-based batteries are particularly appealing due to the abundance of material, low cost, ease of handling in an ambient environment, and high theoretical capacities. To further maximize the benefits of utilizing aluminum, an economical and non-toxic ionic liquid analog, deriving from a mixture of AlCl3 and urea, was employed in an aluminum/natural graphite battery operating at ambient temperature. An average specific capacity of 50 mA h g−1 at 600 mA g−1 (∼12 C) with an average Coulombic efficiency of 96% across 1000 cycles was achieved with ultrasonicated natural graphite flakes. A new electrodeposition mechanism of Al in acidic AlCl3-urea electrolyte is proposed for the first time by taking the contribution of both electroactive cationic (AlCl2 ·(urea)2 +) and anionic (Al2Cl7 −) species into consideration. The concentration of Al2Cl7 − in the electrolyte is suggested to be the limiting factor to the cell-level capacity of AlCl3-urea/graphite battery systems. The results of this study indicate that the practically attainable cell-level specific energy density of AlCl3-urea/graphite battery systems is around 50–60 Whkg−1.
This study investigates the challenges and opportunities pertaining to transportation policies that may arise as a result of emerging autonomous vehicle (AV) technologies. AV technologies can decrease the transportation cost and increase accessibility to low-income households and persons with mobility issues. This emerging technology also has far-reaching applications and implications beyond all current expectations. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the relevant literature and explores a broad spectrum of issues from safety to machine ethics. An indispensable part of a prospective AV development is communication over cars and infrastructure (connected vehicles). A major knowledge gap exists in AV technology with respect to routing behaviors. Connected-vehicle technology provides a great opportunity to implement an efficient and intelligent routing system. To this end, we propose a conceptual navigation model based on a fleet of AVs that are centrally dispatched over a network seeking system optimization. This study contributes to the literature on two fronts: (i) it attempts to shed light on future opportunities as well as possible hurdles associated with AV technology; and (ii) it conceptualizes a navigation model for the AV which leads to highly efficient traffic circulations.
The striatum has been implicated in the regulation of cognitive flexibility. Abnormalities in the anterior dorsomedial striatum (aDMS) are revealed in many mental disorders in which cognitive inflexibility is commonly observed. However, it remains poorly understood whether the aDMS plays a special role in flexible cognitive control and what the regulation pattern is in different neuronal populations. Based on the reversal learning task in mice, we showed that optogenetic activation in dopamine receptor 1-expressing medium spiny neurons (D1R-MSNs) of the aDMS impaired flexibility; meanwhile, suppressing these neurons facilitated behavioral performance. Conversely, D2R-MSN activation accelerated reversal learning, but it induced no change through neuronal suppression. The acquisition and retention of discrimination learning were unaffected by the manipulation of any type of MSN. Through bi-direct optogenetic modulation in D1R-MSNs of the same subject in a serial reversal learning task, we further revealed the function of D1R-MSNs during different stages of reversal learning, where inhibiting and exciting the same group of neurons reduced perseverative errors and increased regressive errors. Following D1R- and D2R-MSN activation in the aDMS, neuronal activity of the mediodorsal thalamus decreased and increased, respectively, in parallel with behavioral impairment and facilitation, but not as a direct result of the activation of the striatal MSNs. We propose that D1R- and D2R-MSN sub-populations in the aDMS exert opposing functions in cognitive flexibility regulation, with more important and complex roles of D1R-MSNs involved. Mental disorders with cognitive flexibility problems may feature an underlying functional imbalance in the aDMS’ two types of neurons.
Location data of four White-tailed Sea Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) (WTSE) from four pairs equipped with GPS data loggers or automated GPS–GSM units and visual behaviour observations were used to record their home range size and territoriality. Between 18 and 571 positions were received from the satellite devices. Extensive excursions were identified by defining the distance to the activity centre and have been removed before home ranges were computed. Home range size varied considerably among the individuals tracked. Minimum convex polygons, with outliers removed, ranged between 2.25 and 19.16 km2 and 95 % kernel contours (calculated in Ranges 8) varied from 2.37 to 12.04 km2 in the Mecklenburg Lake District. Occurrence of territorial behaviour as identified by visual observations changed significantly throughout the year with a maximum in May and a minimum in December. An optimal habitat quality characterized by shallow and fish-rich freshwater lakes with undisturbed nesting areas in surrounding forests is a prerequisite for small home ranges and for the high abundance of breeding birds found within the Mecklenburg Lake district. The year-round territoriality is attributed to a sufficient food supply throughout the seasons, either by mild winters allowing access to fish and/or waterfowl on open waters or, in hard winters, to the availability of carcasses and remains of larger animals from hunting activities when frozen lakes restricte access to prey.