batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Executive dysfunction has been postulated as the core deficit in ADHD, although many deficits in lower order cognitive processes have also been identified. By obtaining an appropriate baseline of lower order cognitive functioning light may be shed on as to whether executive deficits result from problems in lower order and/or higher order cognitive processes. We examined motor inhibition and cognitive flexibility in relation to a baseline measure in 816 children from ADHD and control families. Multiple children in a family were tested in order to examine the familiality of the measures. No evidence was found for deficits in motor inhibition or cognitive flexibility in children with ADHD or their nonaffected siblings: Compared to their baseline speed and accuracy of responding, children with ADHD and their (non)affected siblings were not disproportionally slower or inaccurate when demands for motor inhibition or cognitive flexibility were added to the task. However, children with ADHD and their (non)affected siblings were overall less accurate than controls, which could not be attributed to differences in response speed. This suggests that inaccuracy of responding is characteristic of children having (a familial risk for) ADHD. Motor inhibition and cognitive flexibility as operationalized with mean reaction time were found to be familial. It is concluded that poorer performance on executive tasks in children with ADHD and their (non)affected siblings may result from deficiencies in lower order cognitive processes and not (only) from higher order cognitive processes/executive functions.
The delivery of technology-enhanced home care is growing in most industrialized countries. The objective of our study was to document, from the patient's perspective, how the level of user-friendliness of medical technology influences its integration into the private and social lives of patients. Understanding what makes a technology user-friendly should help improve the design of home care services.
Lithium sulfur battery is promising as one of the next generation high performance electrochemical systems because of its high energy density and outstanding cost effectiveness. In this work, the hollow structured manganese dioxide modified by polymeric multilayers (PM) is proposed as the sulfur host for lithium sulfur batteries. In the polymeric multilayer-coated S@MnO2 cathode material (S@MnO2@PM), the MnO2 shell shows the capability in trapping the polysulfide intermediates and suppressing the shuttling caused by their dissolution into electrolyte, and the polymeric multilayers improves the Li+ ion transfer in the composites besides the trapping of polysulfides. The S@MnO2@PM composite exhibits good long-term cyclability due to the synergetic effect of polymeric multilayer and manganese dioxide with hollow porous structure, retaining a discharge capacity of 481 mAh·g−1 at 0.2 C after 1000 cycles. This demonstration indicates that polymeric multilayers coating on S@MnO2 facilitates the charge transfer and improves the cycling stability of lithium sulfur batteries.
The thermal dissipation technique is widely used to estimate transpiration of individual trees and forest stands, but there are conflicting reports regarding its accuracy. We compared the rate of water uptake by stems of six tree species in potometers with sap flow (FS) estimates derived from thermal dissipation sensors to evaluate the accuracy of the technique. To include the full range of xylem anatomies (i.e., diffuse-porous, ring-porous, and tracheid), we used saplings of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides), white oak (Quercus alba), American elm (Ulmus americana), shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata), and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). In almost all instances, estimated FS deviated substantially from actual FS, with the discrepancy in cumulative FS ranging from 9 to 55%. The thermal dissipation technique generally underestimated FS. There were a number of potential causes of these errors, including species characteristics and probe construction and installation. Species with the same xylem anatomy generally did not show similar relationships between estimated and actual FS, and the largest errors were in species with diffuse-porous (Populus deltoides, 34%) and tracheid (Pinus taeda, 55%) xylem anatomies, rather than ring-porous species Quercus alba (9%) and Ulmus americana (15%) as we had predicted. New species-specific α and β parameter values only modestly improved the accuracy of FS estimates. However, the relationship between the estimated and actual FS was linear in all cases and a simple calibration based on the slope of this relationship reduced the error to 1–4% in five of the species, and to 8% in Liquidambar styraciflua. Our calibration approach compensated simultaneously for variation in species characteristics and sensor construction and use. We conclude that species-specific calibrations can substantially increase the accuracy of the thermal dissipation technique.
The layered LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 was synthesized by wet-chemical method and characterized by X-ray diffraction and SQUID magnetometry. The powders adopted the α-NaFeO2 structure. The ferromagnetism observed below Tc=140K is attributed to the linear Ni2+(3a)–O–Mn4+(3b)–O–Ni2+(3a) magnetic paths, from which we derive that 7% of the nickel occupies the (3a) Wyckoff position in place of Li, constituting a Ni2+(3a) defect. The analysis of the magnetic properties in the paramagnetic phase in the framework of the Curie–Weiss law agrees well with the combination of Ni2+ (S =1) and Mn4+ (S =3/2) spin-only values. Results of structural and magnetic properties of chemically delithiated sample are consistent with the electronic state Mn4+/Ni4+ and the high-spin configuration for Ni4+ ions. The LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 electrode sintered at 900°C delivers a capacity 166mAh/g at 0.1C rate which is capacity retention of 95%.
The World Health Organization estimates that smoking poses one of the greatest global health risks in the general population. Rates of current smoking among people living with HIV (PLHIV) are 2–3 times that of the general population, which contributes to the higher incidence of non-AIDS-related morbidity and mortality in PLHIV. Given the benefit of smoking cessation, strategies to assist individuals who smoke to quit should be a primary focus in modern HIV care. Tobacco harm reduction focuses on reducing health risk without necessarily requiring abstinence. However, there remains uncertainty about the safety, policy and familiarity of specific approaches, particularly the use of vaporised nicotine products. Evidence suggests that vaporised nicotine products may help smokers stop smoking and are not associated with any serious side-effects. However, there is the need for further safety and efficacy data surrounding interventions to assist quitting in the general population, as well as in PLHIV specifically. In addition, official support for vaping as a harm reduction strategy varies by jurisdiction and this determines whether medical practitioners can prescribe vaporised products and whether patients can access vaporised nicotine products. When caring for PLHIV who smoke, healthcare workers should follow general guidelines to assist with smoking cessation. These include: asking the patient about their smoking status; assessing the patient’s readiness to quit and their nicotine dependence; advising the patient to stop smoking; assisting the patient in their attempt to stop smoking through referral, counselling, pharmacotherapy, self-help resources and/or health education; and arranging follow-up with the patient to evaluate their progress.
Sputter glancing angle deposition (GLAD) technique was used to fabricate 50 and 200 nm long tilted Pt nanorods on glassy carbon electrodes with weight loadings of 0.042 and 0.117 mg cm−2, respectively. GLAD-tilted Pt nanorod electrodes were investigated as potential electrocatalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells utilizing cyclic voltammetry (CV) and rotating-disk electrode (RDE) techniques in aqueous perchloric acid (HClO4) to determine their oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activities and stabilities. The CV results demonstrate that the tilted Pt nanorods electrocatalyst exhibits more positive oxide reduction peak potential compared to conventional carbon supported Pt particles (Pt/C), indicating that tilted GLAD Pt nanorods are less oxophilic than Pt/C. In addition, the multiple CV cycles in acidic electrolyte showed that tilted Pt nanorods are significantly more stable than Pt/C. Furthermore, specific ORR activities of tilted Pt nanorods determined by RDE technique were analyzed and compared to literature values of Pt/C and vertically aligned Pt nanorod electrodes. The room temperature RDE results revealed that tilted Pt nanorods demonstrate higher area-specific activity than that of Pt/C catalyst. The enhanced ORR activity of tilted Pt nanorods is due to their large crystallite size and possible dominance of the preferred crystal orientations for ORR. However, the tilted Pt nanorods showed lower mass-specific activity than Pt/C electrocatalyst caused by the large diameters of the tilted Pt nanorods. Overall ORR activity and stability of tilted Pt nanorods were found to be comparable to those of vertical ones.
Ruthenium oxide/graphene (RuO2/GR) hybrid materials for high performance electrochemical capacitor have been prepared by a solution-phase assembly technology between RuO2 nanosheets and GR nanosheets at room temperature. The high dispersion of RuO2 and GR nanosheets maintains a high structural stability for the hybrid material, and causes an obvious synergistic effect between the RuO2 and GR nanosheets. A specific capacitance of 479 F g−1 has been obtained for the hybrid material with RuO2 mass content of 40% (abbreviated as RuGR46), and a high specific capacitance of 998 F g−1 obtained for RuO2 in the electrode. The utilization of RuO2 in the RuGR46 hybrid material increases by adding GR, and the capacitance of RuGR46 is quite comparable to that of the pristine RuO2·xH2O while 60 wt% of RuO2 can be saved. A symmetrical electrochemical capacitor based on the RuGR46 electrode is assembled with 0.5 mol L−1 H2SO4 solution as the electrolyte in a voltage of 0–1.2 V. It can give a high energy density of 20.28 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 600 W kg−1. Moreover, it presents a high power density (14.03 Wh kg−1 at 12 kW kg−1) and excellent cycle performance.
Solar energy is often chosen as the enabling technology for many off grid, rural electrification projects. In many situations photovoltaic systems (PV) prove to be a highly effective means of meeting essential needs such as lighting for homes, schools and community centres, as well as remote telecommunication, fresh drinking water and vaccine refrigeration. Throughout the Pacific-island region, countries such as the Philippines have experimented with small scale rural energy projects for over three decades. There are lack of adequate ‘individual’ technical training and appropriate social preparation activities has often resulted in project failures due to poor maintenance, abuse, poor installation, and lack of understanding by the system owner, operator or local technician. This research was aimed at investigating the importance of individual training in capacity building programs for solar home system (SHS) technology transfer projects. The focus is on the analysis of the effectiveness of the individual training component in various projects in the Philippines. A survey has been undertaken which included a series of SHS site visits and individual surveys with system owners and operators, and Focus Group Discussions with other project stakeholders. Survey results show that adequate user and local technician training is an important factor in successfully implementing rural electrification through PV power systems. However, for training to be successful there must be a consensus of what the target performance behaviors should be and how they should be measured. The most basic requirements for successful training are that the training reaches to the right people at the right time and delivers the right content.
In this paper, SnO2@C/MWCNTs‑lithium fluoride (LiF) composite electrode was prepared. Carbon-coated SnO2 (SnO2@C) was prepared by spray drying method with water-soluble asphalt as the carbon source and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as conductive agent. The electronic conductivity of the new type of anode was significantly enhanced and the volume expansion of SnO2 was refrained. LiF was utilized to enhance the stability of the SEI film and improve the coulombic efficiency and capacity retention rate of electrode. After 200 cycles, the SnO2@C/MWCNTs-LiF anode still maintain 70.1% capacity retention rate. And the specific capacity hold at 274 mAh/g at 2400 mA/g compared with 136 mAh/g of SnO2@C/MWCNTs anode. The results demonstrated that the addition of LiF can stabilize the SEI film and improve the electrochemical performance of the lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).
To clarify the prevalence of mental diseases including personality disorders in a sample of German prisoners regarding delinquency and gender specificity.
Nano-clusters of noble metals Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt and Au have been supported on γ-Al2O3, C and SiO2, of which the catalytic activities have been investigated for hydrolysis of NH3BH3. Among these catalysts, the Ru, Rh and Pt catalysts exhibit high activities to generate stoichiometric amount of hydrogen with fast kinetics, whereas the Pd and Au catalysts are less active. Support effect has been studied by testing the hydrogen generation reaction in the presence of Pt supported on γ-Al2O3, VULCAN® carbon and SiO2, and it is found that Pt on γ-Al2O3, which has the smallest particle size, is the most active. Concentration dependence of the hydrogen generation from aqueous NH3BH3 solutions has been investigated in the presence of Pt/γ-Al2O3 by keeping the amount of Pt/γ-Al2O3 catalyst unchanged, which exhibits that the hydrogen release versus time (mlH2 min−1) does not significantly change with increasing the NH3BH3 concentration, indicating that the hydrogen release rate is not dependent on the NH3BH3 concentration and the high activity of the Pt catalyst can be kept at high NH3BH3 concentrations. Activation energies have been measured to be 23, 21 and 21kJmol−1 for Ru/γ-Al2O3, Rh/γ-Al2O3 and Pt/γ-Al2O3 catalysts, respectively, which may correspond to the step of B–N bond breaking on the metal surfaces. The particle sizes, surface morphology and surface areas of the catalysts have been obtained by TEM and BET experiments.
Various amounts of ethylene glycol (EG) were used during the preparation of LiFePO4/C composite by hydrothermal method. The effects of EG on the structure, morphology, and the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/C were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, surface area measurement, and electrochemical testing methods. The results showed that the ratio of the EG/water of the reaction medium for the electrode preparation has significant effects on the morphology and the crystallinity of the particles. The results also showed that the LiFePO4/C prepared with the optimized EG/water ratio (7/93) exhibited the best electrochemical performance. In particular, this electrode exhibited the best specific discharge capacity of 168.8 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C rate because of its uniform particle distribution, its large specific surface area, and its best crystallinity which is favorable for high Li-ion diffusion during redox reaction.
State of Health (SOH) estimation of lithium ion batteries is critical for Battery Management Systems (BMSs) in Electric Vehicles (EVs). Many estimation techniques utilize a battery model; however, the model must have high accuracy and high computational efficiency. Conventional electrochemical full-order models can accurately capture battery states, but they are too complex and computationally expensive to be used in a BMS. A Single Particle (SP) model is a good alternative that addresses this issue; however, existing SP models do not consider degradation physics. In this work, an SP-based degradation model is developed by including Solid Electrolyte Interface (SEI) layer formation, coupled with crack propagation due to the stress generated by the volume expansion of the particles in the active materials. A model of lithium ion loss from SEI layer formation is integrated with an advanced SP model that includes electrolytic physics. This low-order model quickly predicts capacity fade and voltage profile changes as a function of cycle number and temperature with high accuracy, allowing for the use of online estimation techniques. Lithium ion loss due to SEI layer formation, increase in battery resistance, and changes in the electrodes' open circuit potential operating windows are examined to account for capacity fade and power loss. In addition to the low-order implementation to facilitate on-line estimation, the model proposed in this paper provides quantitative information regarding SEI layer formation and crack propagation, as well as the resulting battery capacity fade and power dissipation, which are essential for SOH estimation in a BMS.
A metal-rich form of Ni-selenide, nickel subselenide, Ni3Se2 has been investigated as a potential oxygen evolution electrocatalyst under alkaline conditions for the first time. The Ni3Se2 phase has a structure similar to the sulfur mineral heazlewoodite, which contains metal–metal bonding. The electrocatalytic activities of Ni3Se2 towards OER were seen to be at par with or even superior to the transition metal oxide based electrocatalyst in terms of onset overpotential for O2 evolution as well as overpotential to reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2 (observed at 290 mV). The electrocatalytic Ni3Se2 films were grown by electrodeposition on conducting substrates and the deposition parameters including the pH of the electrolytic bath, deposition potential, and substrate composition were seen to have some influence on the catalytic activity. So far, Ni3Se2 films deposited on the Au-coated Si substrate was seen to have the lowest overpotential. Annealing of the as-deposited electrocatalytic films in an inert atmosphere, enhanced their catalytic efficiencies by decreasing the overpotential (@10 mA cm−2) as well as increasing the current density. The structure and morphology of these films has been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Catalytic activities were investigated through detailed electrochemical studies under alkaline conditions, including linear sweep voltammetry, chronoamperometric studies at constant potential, electrochemical surface area determination and calculation of the Tafel slope. The Faradaic efficiency of this catalyst has been estimated by reducing the evolved O2 in a RRDE set-up which also confirmed that the evolved gas was indeed O2. In addition to low overpotentials, these Ni3Se2 electrodeposited films were seen to be exceptionally stable under conditions of continuous O2 evolution for an extended period (42 h).
The number of patients who have a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIEDs) that undergo a course of radiotherapy is increasing due to the ageing population. The majority of clinical studies only evaluate any CIED malfunction at the end of a course of irradiation or in a case of there being symptoms of possible malfunction. As a result, little data has been collected on CIED status acquired during an active course of irradiation.
ZnFe2O4 nano particles as an anode material for lithium ion batteries are prepared by the glycine-nitrate combustion method. The mixture of styrene butadiene rubber and sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose (SBR/CMC) with the weight ratio of 1:1 is used as the binder for ZnFe2O4 electrode. Compared with the conventional polyvinylidene-fluoride (PVDF) binder, the SBR/CMC binder is much cheaper and environment benign. More significantly, this water soluble binder significantly improves the rate capability and cycle stability of ZnFe2O4. A discharge capacity of 873.8 mAh g−1 is obtained after 100 cycles at the 0.1C rate, with a very little capacity fading rate of 0.06% per cycle. Studies show that the SBR/CMC binder enhances the adhesion of the electrode film to the current collector, and constructs an effective three-dimensional network for electrons transport. In addition, the SBR/CMC binder helps to form a uniform SEI film thus prohibiting the formation of lithium dendrite. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows that the SBR/CMC binder lowers the ohmic resistance of the electrode, depresses the formation of SEI film and facilitates the charge transfer reactions at the electrode/electrolyte interface. These advantages highlight the potential applications of SBR/CMC binder in lithium ion batteries.
Results are presented from an electrochemical investigation into properties of hydrous MnO2 grown by electrodeposition from aqueous solution. MnO2 grown from MnSO4 solutions mixed with acetate based electrolytes has been studied for electrochemical capacitor applications. The addition of acetates to the electrodeposition solution permits a controllable reduction in the deposition potential from roughly 0.95 to 0.55V under galvanostatic conditions. We can observe some morphological changes in the material under SEM examination when different acetate solutions are used but the capacitance appears to be insensitive to this variable. We have grown material under both potentiostatic and galvanostatic conditions for comparison. We have observed a consistent insensitivity in specific capacitance for material deposited under potentiostatic conditions at 1V in comparison to galvanostatic depositions occurring in the 0.55V range. We have also observed a consistent decrease in specific capacitance from 260 to 50F/g as material thickness increases.
In this paper, an insect biofuel cell (BFC) using trehalose included in insect hemolymph was developed. The insect BFC is based on trehalase and glucose oxidase (GOD) reaction systems which oxidize β-glucose obtained by hydrolyzing trehalose. First, we confirmed by LC-MS that a sufficient amount of trehalose was present in the cockroach hemolymph (CHL). The maximum power density obtained using the insect BFC was 6.07 μW/cm2. The power output was kept more than 10 % for 2.5 h by protecting the electrodes with a dialysis membrane. Furthermore, the maximum power density was increased to 10.5 μW/cm2 by using an air diffusion cathode. Finally, we succeeded in driving a melody integrated circuit (IC) and a piezo speaker by connecting five insect BFCs in series. The results indicate that the insect BFC is a promising insect-mountable battery to power environmental monitoring micro-tools.
Currently, mobile learning is a new trend in medical education. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the use of m-learning in medical education and discuss its effect on student learning process in order to help future medical professionals deliver better care for patients and populations. This was done by conducting a literature search in the databases Web of Science, Scopus, and MEDLINE, and consequently by evaluating the findings of the selected studies. The results of this study confirm that mobile learning is efficient, especially in the acquisition of new knowledge and skills. Nevertheless, so far, the role of mobile learning has been perceived as an appropriate complement to traditional learning. Therefore, more research should be conducted on the efficacy of the use mobile learning in medical education, as well as to explore the unique features of mobile devices for the enhancement of learning outcomes.