batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The renewed interest in two-dimensional materials, particularly transition metal dichalcogenides, has been explosive, evident in a number of review and perspective articles on the topic. Our ability to synthesize and study these 2D materials down to a single layer and to stack them to form van der Waals heterostructures opens up a wide range of possibilities from fundamental studies of nanoscale effects to future electronic and optoelectronic applications. Bottom-up and top-down synthesis and basic electronic properties of 2D chalcogenide materials have been covered in great detail elsewhere. Here, we bring attention to more subtle effects: how the environmental, surface, and crystal defects modify the electronic band structure and transport properties of 2D chalcogenide nanomaterials. Surface effects such as surface oxidation and substrate influence may dominate the overall transport properties, particularly in single layer chalcogenide devices. Thus, understanding such effects is critical for successful applications based on these materials. In this review, we discuss two classes of chalcogenides – Bi-based and Mo-based chalcogenides. The first are topological insulators with unique surface electronic properties and the second are promising for flexible optoelectronic applications as well as hydrogen evolution catalytic reactions.
The demand of silver is ever increasing with the advance of the industrialized world, whereas worldwide reserves of high grade silver ores are retreating. However, there exist large stashes of low and lean grade silver ores that are yet to be exploited. The main impression of this work was to draw attention to the most advance technologies in silver recovery and recycling from various sources. The state of the art in recovery of silver from different sources by hydrometallurgical and bio-metallurgical processing and varieties of leaching, cementing, reducing agents, peeling, electro-coagulants, adsorbents, electro-dialysis, solvent extraction, ion exchange resins and bio sorbents are highlighted in this article. It is shown that the major economic driver for recycling of depleted sources is for the recovery of silver. In order to develop an nature-friendly technique for the recovery of silver from diverse sources, a critical comparison of existing technologies is analyzed for both economic viability and environmental impact was made in this amendment and silver ion toxicity is highlighted.
Abstract： Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are extremely attractive because of their high theoretical capacities, energy densities, and cost-effectiveness, as well as the environmental friendliness of elemental sulfur. However, the commercialization of Li-S batteries is impeded by fast capacity fading and harsh self-discharge. To overcome these issues, effort has been dedicated to improving performance by designing the electrode structure and composition, which is often expensive and complex. In this study, modification of the separator by a combination of commercial titanium monoxide and multiwall carbon nanotubes (TiO/MWCNTs) was first designed, which is a low-cost and simple preparation process. The cooperative effect of TiO and MWCNTs capacitates the feedback of the Li-S cell with a relatively high premier discharge capacity of 1527.2 mAh g−1, and excellent cycling stability is obtained up to 1000 cycles at 0.5 C with a negligible fading rate of 0.057% per cycle. And the self-discharge behavior was improved obviously. When the time of rest was extended to 96 h, the capacity attenuation of the cell with the TiO/MWCNT coating was only 12.4%. The use of a TiO/MWCNT-coated separator is a feasible method for the commercial success of high-performance Li-S batteries.
Predicting the lifetime of lead-acid batteries in applications with irregular operating conditions such as partial state-of-charge cycling, varying depth-of-discharge and different times between full charging is known as a difficult task. Experimental investigations in the laboratory are difficult because each application has its own specific operation profile. Therefore, an experimental investigation is necessary for each application and, moreover, for each operation strategy. This paper presents a lifetime model that allows comparison of the impact of different operating conditions, different system sizing and different battery technologies on battery lifetime. It is a tool for system designers and system operators to select appropriate batteries, to do a proper system design (sizing of the battery, power generators and loads), and to implement an optimized operation strategy (end-of-charge voltage, frequency of full charging, gassing periods, maximum depth-of-discharge). The model is a weighted Ah throughput approach based on the assumption that operating conditions are typically more severe than those used in standard tests of cycling and float lifetime. The wear depends on the depth-of-discharge, the current rate, the existing acid stratification, and the time since the last full charging. The actual Ah throughput is continuously multiplied by a weight factor that represents the actual operating conditions. Even though the modelling approach is mainly heuristic, all of the effects that are taken into account are based on a detailed analysis and understanding of ageing processes in lead-acid batteries. The ‘normal’ user can adapt the model to different battery types simply from the data sheet information on cycle lifetime and float lifetime.
For lithium ion batteries (LIBs), a high cell capacity, which requires both a high capacity and a high loading mass of active materials, is crucial for practical application. However, how to fabricate efficient anodes with high cell capacity and high areal capacity remains a challenge. To solve this issue, we design a structure of porous building block composed of multi-functional carbon integrated rGO-Fe3O4@C composites. The carbon shell of Fe3O4@C derived from polydopamine (PDA) acts as an artificial solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film to avoid the excessive SEI formation, within which there are sufficient lithium ion diffusion pathways derived from the spaces between Fe3O4 nanocrystals. The carbon derived from the in-situ polymerized polyacrylamide and rGO act as a glue to integrate the as-obtained Fe3O4@C composites to form the porous building blocks. Due to the compact stacking of building blocks, the composite electrode achieves a high active material loading mass of 5.94mg (5.25mgcm−2), while maintains a satisfying capacity (685mAhg−1 after the 100th cycle at 0.5Ag−1) and good rate performance (440mAhg−1 at 3C). Therefore, a high cell capacity (4.02mAh) and a high areal capacity (3.6mAhcm−2) at 2.62mAcm−2 in a single CR2032 coin cell are achieved.
Increasing levels of demand for electrical power for vehicles have prompted a considerable level of research into higher voltage systems. This has resulted in the definition of preliminary standards for 36/42V systems. The implementation costs for these systems are high and this has led to improvements in 12/14V power architectures. In particular, alternator power outputs at 14V have increased and the need for lower emission levels and fuel economy is stimulating a demand for stop-and-go systems. In this type of application, the engine is stopped each time the vehicle comes to a halt, and is restarted when the accelerator is pressed again. The duty cycle that this applies to the battery is quite onerous with many shallow discharge cycles. Flooded lead-acid batteries are unable to meet the requirements and valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries are essential to meet the demands applied. The background to stop-and-go battery applications is considered and test results on practical batteries are presented to show that under a simulated duty cycle, good performance can be achieved. There is also a need for a higher level of battery management for stop-and-go systems. A practical approach to battery condition monitoring to assess the state-of-charge and state-of-health of the battery is described.
Food allergy is an IgE-mediated hypersensitive reaction estimated to affect up to 4% of infants and adults in developed countries. Proteins termed allergens are mostly responsible for food allergic reactions, consisting of mild to severe systemic reactions. Proteomics include multi-dimensional separation and protein identification by mass spectrometry, followed by data analysis by bioinformatic tools. Proteomics have increasingly been used in the allergy field to (i) identify the genetic and phenotypic variability of allergens in crops, (ii) obtain well-characterised allergens as reported within the EC-funded Integrated Project EuroPrevall, (iii) detect and quantify allergens, either in their native form or in forms resulting from food processing, in complex foods such as bread, cookies, etc., as considered by the EC-funded MoniQA project. These approaches are helping to improve food allergy diagnosis, therapy, and allergenic risk assessment. In the future, the development of more cost effective and sensitive technologies will further enhance the value of proteomics to the allergy field allowing routine use of this approach. We review the applications of proteomics in the field of food allergy.
Safety issues have been a long-standing obstacle impeding the large-scale deployment of rechargeable batteries especially for those with organic electrolytes. Here the authors report fire-extinguishing organic electrolytes, which enable long-term cycling Li-ion and Na-ion batteries.
Here three kinds of graphene preparation strategies, namely, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), Wurtz-type reductive coupling reaction and chemical exfoliation, respectively, have been developed to synthesize large-scale high-quality graphene for improving the electrochemical properties of LiFePO4 (LFP) cathodes. The flexible graphene sheets as effective conduction channels possess larger surface area to load more LFP nanoparticles (NPs). The amount of the 5wt% graphene additive greatly reduces the contact resistance between LFP NPs, and dramatically enhances the electrical conductivity and electrochemical performances of the cathodes. Particularly, when the large-size, defect-free and highly crystalline CVD graphene sheets are used to modify LFP cathodes, the capacities reach up to 132mAhg−1 and 80mAhg−1 at 1C and 20C discharge rates, and the corresponding capacity decay rates are 3.1% and 6.5% after 100 cycles, respectively. The excellent performance shows that the graphene-modified LFP is promising cathodes for high rate lithium ion batteries.
H+/Li+ ion exchange and structural stability of the high ionic conductivity Nb-doped Zr-garnet Li6.75La3Nb0.25Zr1.75O12 (LLNZO) are investigated in this study. Relationships between ion exchange and Li-population per unit cell, which are necessary to establish the practical framework of garnet electrolytes, are deduced for garnet oxides within ion-exchange process. H+/Li+ ion exchange of cubic LLNZO powder is performed continuously in distilled water and products with various exchange levels are obtained via this simple method. FTIR spectra show the evolution of H–O bonding through the ion-exchange process. A maximum of 74.8% exchange of Li+ by H+ was found, consistent with a preferential replacement of octahedrally coordinated Li. The cubic garnet phase is maintained throughout all levels of proton exchange observed. The formation of garnet-type solid solution of Li6.75−xHxLa3Nb0.25Zr1.75O12 is indicated by well-resolved lattice fringes as well as the linear evolution of crystal lattice parameters with the ion exchange level. The reverse ion exchange of H+ by Li+ is successfully achieved in Li+ containing aqueous solutions, demonstrating its high structural stability and good compatibility for promising applications in lithium batteries.
The main causes of global warming are now attributed to the burning of fossil fuels. Saudi Arabia is the world's largest producer and exporter of total petroleum liquids, and one of the largest consumers of total primary energy. The activities which are mainly responsible for significant greenhouse gas emissions are consistently in the upslope. The electricity generation, the solid waste management, and the agricultural sectors are responsible for the highest share of emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O, respectively. The results of current research provided the initial justifications for the renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energy conversion, and hybrid systems. The Master Gas Collection System of Saudi Aramco can be considered as a remarkable step forward in lowering CH4 emissions from the oil and gas fields. The integrated efforts of the public and private sectors are essential for development and implementation of appropriate strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The study provides an overview of Saudi initiatives related to policy, plan, program, and/or project towards the reduction of greenhouse gases and enhancement of carbon capture and storage.
Leachates from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills may contain a huge diversity of contaminants; these wastewaters should be considered as potentially hazardous complex mixtures, representing a potential environmental risk for surface and groundwater. Current MSW landfill wastes regulatory approaches deem exclusively on the physicochemical characterization and does not contemplate the ecotoxicological assessment of landfill leachates. However, the presence of highly toxic substances in consumer products requires reconsideration on the need of more specific ecotoxicological assessments. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of different MSW landfill leachates using a battery of toxicity tests including acute toxicity tests with Daphnia magna and the anuran Xenopus laevis and the in vitro toxicity test with the fish cell line RTG-2. The additional objective was to study the possible correlation between physicochemical properties and the toxicity results obtained for untreated landfill leachates. The results showed that the proposed test battery was effective for the ecotoxicological characterization of MSW landfill leachates. A moderate to strong correlation between the measured physicochemical parameters and the calculated toxicity units was detected for all toxicity assays. Correlation factors of 0.85, 0.86 and 0.55 for Daphnia, Xenopus and RTG-2 tests, respectively, were found. The discriminant analysis showed that certain physicochemical parameters could be used for an initial categorization of the potential aquatic acute toxicity of leachates; this finding may facilitate leachates management as the physicochemical characterization is currently the most common or even only monitoring method employed in a large majority of landfills. Ammonia, alkalinity and chemical oxygen demand (COD), together with chloride, allowed a proper categorization of leachates toxicity for up to 75% of tested samples, with a small percentage of false negatives.
The reducing activity on the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, OH radical scavenging potential, in vitro inhibition of lipid peroxidation and modulation of mutagenicity induced by ter-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH) in Escherichia coli were sequentially screened in 45 species of plants used with medicinal purposes in Cuba, in a search for antioxidant agents which protect DNA against oxidative stress. Five species, e.g. Tamarindus indica L., Lippia alba L., Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr, Rheedia aristata Griseb. and Curcuma longa L. displayed IC50<30μg/ml in the DPPH radical reduction assay and IC50<32μg/ml in lipid peroxidation inhibition testing. Pimenta dioica and Curcuma longa L. showed also a 20% inhibition of the in vitro induced OH attack to deoxyglucose. Further antimutagenesis assay in Escherichia coli IC 188 evidenced that only Pimenta dioica prevents DNA damage by TBH to the test bacteria. A role of antioxidant enzymes is presumed in this case, as judged by a different response in the isogenic Escherichia coli IC 203 deficient in catalase and alkyl hydroperoxide reductase and the discrete inhibition of oxidative mutagenesis also observed when pre-treatment of the extract was assayed. Eugenol, the main constituent of the essential oil of Pimenta dioica, also inhibited oxidative mutagenesis by TBH in Escherichia coli, at concentrations ranging from 150 to 400μg/plate.
The dissolution of transition metals (TMs) from LiMO2 (M = Ni, Co, Mn) cathodes and their subsequent side reactions on the anode and in the electrolyte result in Li-ion battery capacity and power losses. Despite the importance of this process, the lack of adequate analysis methods for tracking the subtle compositional changes at specific locations with nano-meter spatial resolution has prevented the elucidation of its microstructural origin and mechanism. Herein, we studied the dissolution of TMs from a Ni-rich layered cathode and investigated their deposition on a graphite anode and reactions with the electrolyte, with focus on the microstructural aspects. Changes in TM and oxygen contents in Ni-rich LiNi0.87Co0.09Mn0.04O2 (NCM) cathode materials were two-dimensionally visualized on a micro-scale gathering by nano-scale analysis, which enabled high-resolution particle analysis, through transmission electron microscopy coupled with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy. Degraded (capacity retention < 80%) NCM particles featuring grain-boundary cracking caused by repeated volume expansion/contraction upon charge/discharge exhibited compositions similar to that of pristine particles, whereas sectionalized chemical composition mapping revealed that broken and pulverized NCM particles, i.e., those very heavily fractured and broken in such a way as to directly expose the particle surface to the electrolyte, exhibited decreased TM contents. Therefore, TM dissolution was concluded to occur at the cathode material–electrolyte interface and be one of the main reasons of electrode material degradation.
The predictive validity of symptom criteria for different subtypes of ADHD among children who were impaired in at least one setting in early childhood was examined. Academic achievement was assessed seven times over 8 years in 125 children who met symptom criteria for ADHD at 4–6 years of age and in 130 demographically-matched non-referred comparison children. When intelligence and other confounds were controlled, children who met modified criteria for the predominantly inattentive subtype of ADHD in wave 1 had lower reading, spelling, and mathematics scores over time than both comparison children and children who met modified criteria for the other subtypes of ADHD. In some analyses, children who met modified criteria for the combined type had somewhat lower mathematics scores than comparison children. The robust academic deficits relative to intelligence in the inattentive group in this age range suggest either that inattention results in academic underachievement or that some children in the inattentive group have learning disabilities that cause secondary symptoms of inattention. Unexpectedly, wave 1 internalizing (anxiety and depression) symptoms independently predicted deficits in academic achievement controlling ADHD, intelligence, and other predictors.
There is a compelling need for innovative design concepts in energy storage devices such as flexible and stretchable batteries that can simultaneously provide electrochemical and mechanical functions to accommodate nonconventional applications including wearable and implantable devices. In this study, we report on the design and fabrication of a stretchable spiral thin-film lithium ion battery that is capable of large out-of-plane deformation of 1300% while exhibiting simultaneous electrochemical functionality. The spiral battery is fabricated using a flexible solid polymer nanocomposite electrolyte film that offers enhanced safety and stability compared to the conventional organic liquid-based electrolyte. The spiral lithium ion battery exhibits robust mechanical stretchability over 9000 stretching cycles and an energy density of 4.862 mWh/cm3 at ∼650% out-of-plane deformation. Finite element analysis of the spiral battery offers insights about the nature of stresses and strains during battery stretching.
The high penetration of both Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and Demand Response (DR) in modern power systems requires a sequence of advanced strategies and technologies for maintaining system reliability and flexibility. Real-time electricity markets (RTM) are the non-discriminatory transaction platforms for providing necessary balancing services, where the market clearing (nodal or zonal prices depending on markets) is very close to real time operations of power systems. One of the primary functions of RTMs in modern power systems is establishing an efficient and effective mechanism for small DER and DR to participate in balancing market transactions, while handling their meteorological or intermittent characteristics, facilitating asset utilization, and stimulating their active responses. Consequently, RTMs are dedicated to maintaining the flexibility and reliability of power systems. This paper reviews advanced typical RTMs respectively in the North America, Australia and Europe, focusing on their market architectures and incentive policies for integrating DER and DR in electricity markets. In this paper, RTMs are classified into three groups: Group I applies nodal prices implemented by optimal power flow, which clears energy prices every 5min. Group II applies zonal prices, with the time resolution of 5-min. Group III is a general balancing market, which clears zonal prices intro-hourly. The various successful advanced RTM experiences have been summarized and discussed, which provides a technical overview of the present RTMs integrating DER and DR.
As toxicology in the 21st century progresses towards a future which aims at avoiding the use of in vivo testing, the endpoint of skin sensitisation can now be found in the front line. Accordingly, it was appropriate for several industry sectors to meet and review what has been learned from the currently most widely used in vivo method, the local lymph node assay (LLNA), and to consider the status of progress as we attempt to move beyond that test. No toxicology test is perfect, an experience brought into focus by issues of false positives and, to a lesser extent, false negatives in the LLNA. Use of weight of evidence arguments for classification and labelling, as well as for risk assessment was emphasised and it was also noted that a sufficient body of evidence now exists for conduct of methods other than the LLNA for carefully defined chemical classes. In terms of in vitro alternatives, progress towards methods which will deliver mainly hazard identification is being made, with some entering the final stages of validation, whereby (Q)SAR tools still need improvement to be used on a large scale in practise. As various other challenges also remain, e.g. testing lipophilic substances, as well as the development of non-animal methods which deliver reliable information on potency for risk assessment, these will remain a topic for continuing research and development.