batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In this work, (1−x)CdO–xSnO2 nanocomposites (≤ 0.15) have been synthesized via hydrothermal route. The structural study reveals that CdO nanostructures possess crystalline phase and cubic structure. The CdO–SnO2 nanocomposites possess both cubic and orthorhombic structure with good crystallinity. The crystallite size in the nanocomposites was found to be in the range of 9.6–19.6 nm. Field emission scanning electronic microscopy and high-resolution tunnelling microscopy analysis confirm the presence of both cubic and orthorhombic structures which is also confirmed from X-ray diffraction studies. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies confirm that CdO–SnO2 nanocomposites possess the characteristics band of both CdO and SnO2 nanostructures. The UV–visible absorption studies confirm that the optical absorption band in CdO–SnO2 nanocomposites possesses both blue and red shift as compared to that of CdO nanostructures. Photoluminescence spectroscopy studies reveal the appearance of strong emission peak at 513, 469 and 369 nm corresponding to green, blue and violet emission spectrum, respectively, in CdO–SnO2 nanocomposites. The FTIR studies confirm the presence of hydroxyl and water functional group due to atmospheric water vapours and chemical bonding in CdO and CdO–SnO2 nanocomposites. Raman spectroscopy confirms the presence of Raman bands of both CdO and SnO2 phases in the CdO–SnO2 nanocomposites.
Cognitive impairment is common in first-episode psychosis (FEP); however, the relationship between duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and neurocognition remains controversial, and no studies have examined the relationship between DUP and social cognition. This study involved secondary data analysis of baseline data from a randomised controlled trial of supported employment; 122 out 146 young people with FEP met inclusion criteria for this study. Results showed that DUP was not associated with neurocognitive or social cognitive performance. Results do not provide support for the neurotoxicity hypothesis of psychosis.
An emerging body of literature points to the prominent role of the frontal lobes in the retrieval of verbs, whereas production of common and proper nouns arguably is mediated primarily by posterior and anterior temporal regions, respectively. Although the majority of studies examining the neuroanatomic distinctions between verb and noun retrieval have relied on action naming tasks (naming depicted activities, e.g., running) as indicators of verb retrieval abilities, recent studies have utilized an action (verb) verbal fluency measure, the Action Fluency Test (AFT), to assess verb retrieval. Findings from these studies suggest that action fluency is sensitive to the integrity of fronto-subcortical neural circuitry and that it is a valid measure of executive and language functions. The AFT is an easily administered executive function measure, but no normative data for the AFT or other action fluency tasks has been published. This study was undertaken to provide initial AFT normative data for a sample of 145 healthy elderly subjects. As education is significantly correlated with AFT scores, the normative data are stratified by educational level.
A hydroponic experiment was carried out to localize lead accumulation in tobacco roots and leaves. Plants were grown for seven days in Hoagland's solution supplemented with different concentrations of lead nitrate [Pb(NO3)2]: 0.0 (control), 10μM, 100μM, and 500μM. Growth was inhibited in plants treated with 100μM, and 500μM. Light and electron microscopic studies showed that lead accumulated mainly in cell walls and vascular tissues of roots of plants exposed to 100μM, and 500μM lead nitrate. In contrast, roots exposed to 10μM lead nitrate did not show any detectable accumulation of lead in the roots. The TEM images confirmed the presence of lead outside the epidermis of the roots in the form of electron dense clusters of fine needles. No lead was detected in the leaves. However, plants exposed to 100μM lead nitrate were characterized by the presence of ferritin clusters in the chloroplasts. This suggests a protective mechanism by the plant to prevent oxidative damage caused by Pb. Plants exposed to 500μM lead nitrate showed mesophyll cells containing altered chloroplasts with disrupted thylakoid systems.
The effect of annealing temperature T ann on mixed proton transport and charge transfer-controlled oxygen reduction in gas diffusion electrodes used in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) was investigated in 1M H2SO4 solution using AC-impedance spectroscopy and potentiostatic current transient technique. For this purpose, the gas diffusion electrodes were annealed at different temperatures ranging from 140° to 180°C in order to control the proton transport resistance distribution across the active catalyst layer (ACL). For the annealed gas diffusion electrodes with different proton transport resistance distributions, the measured impedance spectra exhibited a straight line inclined at a constant angle higher in absolute value than 45° to the real axis at high frequencies, followed by a depressed arc at low frequencies. From the quantitative analysis of the measured impedance spectra based upon the transmission line model (TLM) modified with the proton transport resistance distribution, it was found that as T ann increased, the average proton transport resistance R ave and the standard deviation σ of the proton transport resistance distribution increased as well. Furthermore, as T ann rose, the charge transfer resistance R ct increased and simultaneously the double layer capacitance C dl decreased due to the smaller electrochemical active area A ea. From the analysis of the cathodic current transients measured during nitrogen blowing, it was noted that as T ann increased, the current decayed more rapidly with time, suggesting that the larger values of R ave and σ kinetically impede proton transport through the Nafion membrane within the ACL due to the wider RC time constant distribution.
Carbon nanotubes have received a great attention in the last years thanks to their remarkable structural, electrical, and chemical properties. Nowadays carbon nanotubes are increasingly found in terrestrial and aquatic environment and potential harmful impacts of these nanoparticles on humans and wildlife are attracting increasing research and public attention. The effects of carbon nanotubes on aquatic organisms have been explored by several authors, but comparatively the information available on the impact of these particles on soil organisms is much less. Earthworms have traditionally been considered to be convenient indicators of land use impact and soil fertility. The aim of this work was to study the integrated response of a suite of biomarkers covering molecular to whole organism endpoints for the assessment of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) effects on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to spiked soil. Results showed that cellular and biochemical responses, such as immune cells morphometric alterations and lysosomal membrane destabilization, acetylcholinesterase inhibition and metallothionein tissue concentration changes, showed high sensitivity to MWCNTs exposure. They can improve our understanding and ability to predict chronic toxicity outcomes of MWCNTs exposure such as reproductive alterations. In this context although more investigation is needed to understand the mechanistic pathway relating the biochemical and cellular biomarker analyzed to reproductive alterations, the obtained results give an early contribution to the future development of an adverse outcomes pathways for MWCNTs exposure.
Overcharge safety is the most crucial problem facing especially large-sized lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) packs owing to the inevitable inhomogeneity of charge-state for each cell. We propose a fresh safety strategy to avoid overcharging, i.e. the use of a solid-state anti-overcharge additive to perform an intrinsic overcharge protection. The mechanism is triggered from a solid-state composite cathode obtained by typically mixing a pre-selected transition-metal oxide with a certain cathodes thus constituting a composite cathode. The effectiveness of this strategy is demonstrated with an example of LiCoO2/CuO (95:5 by weight) composite, which exhibits high-potential (up to 5 V vs. Li+/Li) and long-period (month-level) anti-overcharge performance. It is found that the additive does not hurt the electrochemical cycling performance under normal operational conditions. This novel safety strategy is simple and flexible, which may open a new window to develop safer LIBs systems.
Supercapacitors are known to suffer from relatively low energy density and stability, which hampers their substitution for existing batteries. Here, we report an outstanding positive electrode platform for supercapacitor having both high energy density and high power density as well as good stability, by fabricating a low resistance Ohmic contact between Ni(OH)2 active materials and a 3-D current collector, nanoporous gold (NPG). The Ni(OH)2/NPG electrode was optimized by finely adjusting the portion of two different parts of the deposited Ni(OH)2, one part in direct contact with the NPG and the other part on top of the NPG. The optimized Ni(OH)2/NPG electrode exhibited 2223F/cm3 of volumetric capacitance (considering both the active material and the current collector) at a current density of 5A/g, values which are beyond the theoretical capacitance value, and the device retained 90% capacitance of the initial value at 500A/g and after 30,000 cycles, respectively. This electrode showed an excellent energy density of 98Wh/kg and power density of 50kW/kg in a Ni(OH)2/NPG//MnO2/NPG two electrode supercapacitor system. The excellent performance of the Ni(OH)2/NPG electrode is attributed not only to the increased surface area of the Ni(OH)2 active materials, but also to the favorable path for charge transport created between the Ni(OH)2 and the gold electrode due to the presence of Ohmic contact, which eventually leads to the good kinetic properties and good stability.
A well-characterized method has not yet been established to reproducibly, efficiently, and safely isolate large numbers of clinical-grade multipotent human neural stem cells (hNSCs) from embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Consequently, the transplantation of neurogenic/gliogenic precursors into the CNS for the purpose of cell replacement or neuroprotection in humans with injury or disease has not achieved widespread testing and implementation.
Cage-like LiFePO4 microspheres are synthesized by a solvothermal reaction–calcination process, using Fe(NO3)3·9H2O as iron source and ethylene glycol/water as co-solvent medium. The microsphere is the assembly of LiFePO4 nanoparticles with an open porous structure, thus the carbon coating can be easily introduced on the surface of the nanoparticles by the chemical vapor deposition of C2H4 during calcination process. When used as the cathode materials for the lithium-ion batteries, the resultant cage-like LiFePO4/C microsphere shows high capacity and good cycle stability (160 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C over 300 cycles), as well as good rate capability (120 mAh g−1 at 10 C). The desirable electrochemical performance can be attributed to high rate of ionic/electronic conduction and the high structural stability arising from the interconnected open pores, carbon-coated nanoparticles and microsized structure.
Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is an important electrode reaction for several power sources. However, the reaction is sluggish and expensive noble-metal catalyst are generally needed. The high price of the noble metals has severely hindered the wide application of the related power sources. Therefore, it is a significant challenge to develop the low-cost and efficient non-precious metal electrocatalysts (NPMC) towards ORR. Herein, a typical biomass waste-pine needles has been used as precursor to prepare a porous carbon material, exhibiting superior catalytic activity toward ORR. An onset and half wave potential of ~ 0.96 and 0.72 VRHE were obtained in the alkaline solution, respectively. Furthermore, the activity of obtained NPMC can be further improved when it is mixed with the commercial carbon black. Our present results demonstrated that the biomass, such as pine needles, can be employed as promising carbon precursors for NPMC toward ORR.
The formation of mossy lithium and lithium dendrites so far prevents the use of lithium metal anodes in lithium ion batteries. To develop solutions for this problem (e.g., electrolyte additives), operando measurement techniques are required to monitor mossy lithium and dendrite formation during electrochemical cycling. Here we present a novel battery cell design that enables operando electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. It is shown that time-resolved operando EPR spectroscopy during electrochemical cycling of a lithium-metal/LiFePO4 (LFP) cell provides unique insights into the lithium plating/dissolution mechanisms, which are consistent with ex situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. To demonstrate the viability of the operando EPR method, two cells using different electrolytes were studied. When using an electrolyte containing fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) additive, a higher reversibility of the lithium anode and reduced formation of micro-structured (mossy/dendritic) lithium were observed.
This article contrasts three dimensions of economic voting, namely valence, positional and patrimony voting. Whereas the first two dimensions have been frequently explored, the patrimony variable has scarcely been tested as an explanatory variable of voting behaviour. It measures the electors' assets (both risky and non-risky), and seeks to capture the elector's wealth at election time. Using the 2011 post-election survey carried out in Portugal following the June elections, the data show that comparing of the three dimensions, valence is the most important. It was found that patrimony variables, although not significant in a comprehensive vote model, are important explanatory factors of party identification, itself a key variable of vote choice in Portugal.
Sub-micron Li1.4Al0.4Ti1.6(PO4)3 (LATP) ceramic powder is synthesized by a co-precipitation method which can be applied for mass production. A pure Nasicon phase is confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis and the primary particle size of the product is 200–500nm. The sinterability of LATP is investigated and the relative density of 97% reached at a sintering temperature as low as 900°C for 6h. The bulk lithium ionic conductivity of the sintered pellet is 2.19×10−3 Scm−1, and a total conductivity of 1.83×10−4 Scm−1 is obtained.
With the objective of identifying the hurdles currently preventing a widespread application of fuel cell technology in passenger cars an assessment of technical and economic parameters is carried out. Patent and publication analysis is used to assess current status of fuel cell technology regarding its position on technology life cycle. S-curve methodology leads to the conclusion that further scientific activity is to be expected but for today's low-temperature PEM fuel cell technology might level by 2015. Technical analysis identifies power density and platinum loading as parameters for which further improvements are necessary in order to satisfy future customer needs. A detailed cost evaluation suggests that in future for high production volumes (approx. 1 million vehicles cumulative) significantly lower costs for fuel cell stacks (12–40$kW−1) and systems (35–83$kW−1) will be viable. Reducing costs to such a level will have to be the main focus for upcoming research activities in order to make fuel cell driven road vehicles a competitive alternative.
Monofluorinated solvents exert the polar effect on various properties. We have investigated the electrolytic properties of fluoromethyl methyl carbonate (FMMC, monofluorinated dimethyl carbonate) and its application to lithium rechargeable batteries. We describe the dependence of electrolytic conductivity on the temperature, the molar concentrations of three lithium salts, and the molar fractions of the binary solvents. The conductivities of the FMMC solutions were higher than those of the dimethyl carbonate (DMC) counterparts at low concentrations of the lithium salts but lower at high concentrations. The threshold concentration, below which monofluorination evoked the increase in the conductivity, depended on the degree of ionic dissociation of the lithium salt. The anodic stability of FMMC was higher than that of DMC. The deintercalation and intercalation of Li+ in a LiCoO2 cathode proceeded more stably in an ethylene carbonate (EC)–FMMC (molar ratio 1:1) binary solution containing 1moldm−3 LiPF6 than in the EC–DMC counterpart. The cycling efficiency of a lithium anode and the performance of Li/LiCoO2 coin cells were investigated by using the EC–chain carbonate binary solutions. The use of FMMC as the co-solvent improved the charge–discharge characteristics.
In this study, we demonstrate up to 30% increase in power density of carbon paper electrodes for vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) by introducing perforations into the structure of electrodes. A CO2 laser was used to generate holes ranging from 171 to 421 μm diameter, and hole densities from 96.8 to 649.8 holes cm−2. Perforation of the carbon paper electrodes was observed to improve cell performance in the activation region due to thermal treatment of the area around the perforations. Results also demonstrate improved mass transport, resulting in enhanced peak power and limiting current density. However, excessive perforation of the electrode yielded a decrease in performance due to reduced available surface area. A 30% increase in peak power density (478 mW cm−2) was observed for the laser perforated electrode with 234 μm diameter holes and 352.8 holes cm−2 (1764 holes per 5 cm2 electrode), despite a 15% decrease in total surface area compared to the raw un-perforated electrode. Additionally, the effect of perforation on VRFB performance was studied at different flow rates (up to 120 mL min−1) for the optimized electrode architecture. A maximum power density of 543 mW cm−2 was achieved at 120 mL min−1.
Using a magnesiothermic reduction process, the successful conversion of hierarchically organized meso/macroporous silica monoliths to self-supporting macroporous silicon networks comprising interparticle mesoporosity has been demonstrated. By careful variation of reaction time and temperature, the final network structure can be controlled to a large degree. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy images indicate that the cellular silicon structure is built up from aggregated 1–15 nm sized crystalline silicon particles aggregated to struts that form macropores of approximately 2 µm diameter.
The two associations, CFK Valley e. V. and Carbon Composites e. V. (CCeV), are merging to form the world's largest network for fiber-based, multi-material lightweight design under the name Composites United e. V. It will comprise some 400 members and international representatives in Switzerland, Austria, Belgium, Japan, South Korea, China and India. The new organization will be based in Berlin (Germany), with existing offices in Augsburg and Stade (Germany) being retained and overseeing the association's technical management. The merger was approved on February 28, 2019, when the general assemblies of both organizations unanimously gave approval without any dissenting votes. For historical reasons, the associations focus on different industries, but both partners consider the new synergies as economically expedient and politically desirable.The Managing Directors of CFK Valley, Gunnar Merz (left) and  CCeV, Alexander Gundling (right)© CCeV
In this paper, we survey two kinds of mathematics-based battery models intended for use in hybrid and electric vehicle simulation. The first is circuit-based, which is founded upon the electrical behaviour of the battery, and abstracts away the electrochemistry into equivalent electrical components. The second is chemistry-based, which is founded upon the electrochemical equations of the battery chemistry.
The pony-size Cu nanoparticles confined in mesoporous C-N were directly synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method using floating Cu atoms. The mesoporous C-N with high surface area not only stabilized the dispersed Cu nanoparticles but also improved the electrocatalytic activity of the Cu by changing the electronic structure of Cu. Combining the strong interaction between Cu nanoparticles and mesoporous C-N and the quantum size effect of Cu nanoparticles, the obtained Cu@C-N exhibited the catalytic activity superior to the reported Cu nanoparticles-based catalysts and commercial Pt/C-JM catalyst with a half-wave potential of 0.84 V for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media. Additionally, it also showed remarkable catalytic stability and excellent methanol-tolerant property during the ORR process.
Abstract Fitness tracking bands are systems applicable to the ubiquitous monitoring of human health. These systems connect to the body for analyzing the body’s metabolism effects and record one or more physiological parameters. The recorded data is then transmitted to a base station, which may be a PC, smartphone, or other electronic embedded device. To understand the data, a user has to be acquainted with the metabolism effects of the body, but in most the cases the user is not. Moreover, the devices use secondary methods to measure metabolism effects, which do not give proper analysis of the body during a workout. In addition, a few of the devices are wired or are made up of smart fabrics, which make the user uncomfortable and increase the cost of the system. The designed system must have some important features for users, such as being easy to use, long lasting, and socially acceptable. The power consumption of the system is also a critical factor for realizing all of the aforementioned features of the system. The physical size of the battery required determines the device size and operating lifetime, which in turn affects its ease of use and sets the usability index of the device to an acceptable level.
Many factors have been associated with the development of schizophrenia, yet few studies have looked at these same factors in individuals considered at risk for schizophrenia, but who have not yet reached diagnostic threshold. The rate of obstetrical complications was assessed as part of a comprehensive battery in subjects at risk (N =52), or in the first episode of schizophrenia (N =18), and in normal comparison subjects (N =43). The rate of obstetrical complications was increased in the at risk (46%) and first episode (39%) samples compared to the normal comparison (19%) group, however, follow-up analyses were only significant between the at risk and normal comparison subjects. Obstetrical complications may be an important risk factor in identifying vulnerable subjects and ultimately may, along with other risk factors, be part of an algorithm for determining likelihood of developing schizophrenia.