batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In this work we discuss the mitigation of H2 accumulation upon cycling within a Li-ion battery (LIB) by the use of an hydrogen selective getter (i.e. Suisorb™). This getter has been tested in electrochemical cells constituted by a Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) negative electrode material, a LiFePO4 (LFP) positive electrode material and a common liquid electrolyte (1 M solution of LiPF6 ethylene carbonate/dimethyl-carbonate) absorbed on a Celgard separator. LTO and LFP electrode performance has been analysed in lithium half cells and in full Li-ion configurations by galvanostatic cycling. The gas release within the LIB, assembled without and with the insertion of the getter, has been studied by electrochemical pressure tests to monitor the internal pressure within the cell and by gas chromatography to study the speciation of the gas. The modification of the electrode surface composition has been analysed by photoemission spectroscopy and the alteration in the morphology of the aluminium counter-collectors by electron microscopy. The incorporation of the Suisorb™ getter within LTO/LFP LIBs mitigates the accumulation of molecular hydrogen upon cycling, limits the LiPF6 hydrolysis and LiF formation and decreases the aluminium counter-collector pitting corrosion upon cycling. Furthermore also the battery performance are enhanced by the use of Suisorb™.
The effect of current-collector structure on the performance of a passive micro direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is reported. The system consists mainly of a membrane electrode assembly, two current-collectors, two gaskets and two end-plates. It does not include any pump and the delivery of fuel and air is realized completely by natural convection and diffusion, which significantly decreases the complexity and lowers the cost of the micro DMFC. The performance of the micro DMFC with different current-collectors is tested and compared. The results indicate that the exposure ratio of the anode current-collector should be higher than that of the cathode counterpart to ensure good fuel delivery at the anode and to minimize the contact resistance at the cathode.
The crucial role of gap junctions, which are composed of connexin (CX) protein, in auditory functions has been confirmed by numerous studies. In this study, we investigate the prevalence and phenotype/genotype correlation of connexin (CX) gene family variants in a cohort of children with nonsyndromic hearing loss (HL). A total of 253 unrelated children with nonsyndromic HL were screened for the presence of variants in 6 genes of the CX gene family. The prevalence of CX gene variants in 253 patients was 19.7% (50/253). We found the frequency of a sloping audiometric configuration was significantly higher for children with GJB2 and GJB3 variants than for those with GJB4 and GJC3 variants (Adjusted OR = 4.89, p < 0.001). Conversely, the frequency of a flat audiometric configuration was significantly higher for children with GJB4 and GJC3 variants than for those with GJB2 and GJB3 variants (adjusted OR = 7.76, p < 0.001). The relative frequencies of multiplex families was significantly higher for children with GJB3 variants than for those with GJB2, GJB4, and GJC3 variants (Adjusted OR = 11.33, p = 0.003). Our results suggest the variants of GJC3, GJB4, and GJB3 may be the common genetic risk factor, after variants of GJB2, for the development of nonsyndromic HL in Taiwan. These data can be effectively applied to direct the clinical evaluation of children with CX gene variants.
Tris(trimethylsilyl) borate (TMSB) is used as electrolyte additive to overcome the severe capacity fading of LiCoPO4 cathode at high voltage. The presence of TMSB effectively improves the cyclic stability of LiCoPO4 cathode in Ethylene carbonate (EC)-based electrolyte between 3V and 5V, when the electrolyte contains with 1wt% TMSB shows the best cycle performance. For instance, LiCoPO4 cathode delivers an initial discharge capacity of 144mAhg−1 at 0.1C and with a capacity retention of 76% after 50cycles, while it's only 132mAhg−1 and 45% for that in normal electrolyte without TMSB. The linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) results indicate that TMSB oxidizes preferentially to normal electrolyte and forms a stable SEI film on LiCoPO4 surface at the first cycle which effectively reduces the electrode polarization. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results reveal that the stable SEI film alleviates the growth of SEI layer on the LiCoPO4 surface and relieves the resistance increase to facilitate Li-ion transfer the interface between electrode and electrolyte. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveal that a 20nm film can be observed on the cathode surface after 50cycles as the electrolyte containing with 1wt% TMSB. Moreover, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) patterns confirm that the oxidation products of TMSB participate in the SEI film formation. The enhancement of electrochemical performances is attributed to the thin and steady protective SEI film that originates from TMSB, which stabilizes the interface of the cathode and electrolyte, suppresses the continuous decomposition of normal electrolyte at 5V high voltage and relieves the resistance increase to facilitate Li-ion transfer at the interface during the cycling process.
Tris(trimethylsilyl)borate (TMSB) is applied to suppress the self-discharge of charged LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (LNCM) under high potential. The contribution of TMSB is understood via physical and electrochemical characterizations. It is found that the charged LNCM under 4.5V suffers serious self-discharge: potential drops to 0.5V and crystal structure collapses, but this self-discharge is effectively suppressed by applying TMSB in a standard (STD) electrolyte. Different from the failure from cycling, which is caused mainly by the electrochemical oxidation decomposition of electrolyte, the self-discharge results from the interaction between charged LNCM and electrolyte. TMSB is preferentially oxidized in comparison with STD electrolyte, generating a solid electrolyte interphase film on LNCM, which avoids the direct contact between LNCM and electrolyte and thus suppresses the self-discharge of the charged LNCM.
High-rate performances of a lithium-ion battery after storage at elevated temperature are investigated electrochemically by means of three-electrode system. The high-rate capability is decreased significantly after high-temperature storage. A 3C discharge capacities after room-temperature storage and 60°C storage are 650 and 20mAh, respectively. Lithium-ion diffusion in lithium cobalt oxide cathode limits the battery's capacity and the results show that storage temperature changes this diffusion behavior. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that many defects are directly observed in the cathode after storage compared with the fresh cathode; the structural defects block the diffusion within the particles. Electrochemical impedance and polarization curve indicate that mass-transfer (diffusion) dominates the discharge capacity during high-rate discharge.
The mechanism of the increasing of resistance of lithium-ion batteries using Li(Ni,Co)O2 based material as positive electrode materials was investigated. The increase in resistance of cells with Li(Ni,Co)O2 material and artificial graphite was observed in cycling test at 60°C. It was found that the increasing of resistance was mainly attributed to that at positive electrode by ‘reconstructed method’. In order to examine the mechanism of the increasing of resistance of positive electrode, the morphological changes of positive particles and local structure of Li(Ni,Co)O2 material were investigated. The clearance and crack were observed at grain boundary inside particle after cycle by FIB (focused ion beam) technique. The change of local structure around Co-atom was observed during charge–discharge process at 60°C by in situ XAFS (X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopic) analysis method. It was considered that the morphological and local structural changes of positive material cause the increasing of resistance.
The possibility of using a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) to accurately recognise and predict the onset of Parkinson’s disease tremors in human subjects is discussed in this paper. The data for training the RBFNN are obtained by means of deep brain electrodes implanted in a Parkinson disease patient’s brain. The effectiveness of a RBFNN is initially demonstrated by a real case study.
Commercially available lithium ion batteries (LIBs) of the 18650 cell format were aged with different cycling protocols. After cell opening and electrolyte extraction, the obtained electrolyte was characterized with respect to the occurring organic aging products. Therefore, gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with standard liquid injection as well as solid phase microextraction (SPME) was applied. The composition of the pristine electrolyte and the main decomposition products have already been discussed in a preceding study. However, the SPME method provides access to study aging products, which are present in lower concentrations. Structural elucidation was done for several signals of interest. For ongoing validation of previously unknown compounds, selected standards were synthesized in order to compare fragment patterns and retention times. Three carbonates with butoxy-moieties were identified, although the longest carbon chain in the constituents of this specific electrolyte are the C2 chains of ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) and ethylene carbonate (EC). Furthermore, the longest chain in standard carbonate based electrolytes in general is the C3-chain of propylene carbonate (PC). Thus, the formation of a carbon-carbon bond during cycling of LIB electrolytes has to be considered. In addition to the well-known transesterification reactions the occurrence of this type of reaction leads to a variety of new carbonate based decomposition products. Hence, their presence has to be taken into account with respect to possible influences on the interphases formed at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces.
Catholyte in all-vanadium redox-flow battery (VRFB) which consists of vanadium salts dissolved in sulphuric acid is known to be stabilized by phosphoric acid to slow down the thermal aging at temperatures higher than 40 °C. To reveal the role of phosphoric acid, the thermally-induced aggregation is investigated using variable-temperature 51V, 31P, 17O, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The results indicate that the thermal stabilization of vanadium(V) electrolyte is attained by the involvement of monomeric and dimeric vanadium(V) species in the reaction with phosphoric acid which is concurrent to the formation of neutral hydroxo-aqua vanadium(V) precipitation precursor. The dimers are stabilized by counter ions due to association reaction or if such stabilization is not possible, precipitation of vanadium pentoxide is favored. The evolution of particles size distributions at 50 °C in electrolyte samples containing 1.6 M vanadium and 4.0 M total sulphate and the pathways of precipitate formation are discussed. The optimal total phosphate concentration is found to be of 0.15 M. However, the induction time is assumed to be dependent not only on the total phosphate concentrations, but also on the ratio of total vanadium(V) to sulphate concentrations.
This paper presents a novel synthetic approach to synthesizing metal phosphides. Both bulk and supported Ni2P, Cu3P, MoP, and InP were synthesized by thermal decomposition of their metal oxide and hypophosphite precursors. Mechanistic studies of Ni2P were carried out using a separated-bed tube reactor, and the result indicates that NiO is reduced by PH3 (produced from decomposition of NaH2PO2) at 300°C. Ni2P hollow spheres were successfully synthesized by this method, which indicates that it is possible to synthesize metal phosphides with special morphology by using metal oxides with special morphology as precursors.
Solar water splitting directly converts solar energy into H2 fuel that is suitable for storage and transport. To achieve a high solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency, elaborate strategies yielding a high photocurrent in a tandem configuration along with sufficient photovoltage should be developed. We demonstrated highly efficient solar water splitting devices based on emerging low-cost Sb2Se3 photocathodes coupled with semitransparent perovskite photovoltaics. A state-of-the-art Sb2Se3 photocathode exhibiting efficient long-wavelength photon harvesting enabled by judicious selection of junction layers was employed as a bottom absorber component. The top semitransparent photovoltaic cells, i.e., parallelized nanopillar perovskites using an anodized aluminum oxide scaffold, allowed the transmittance, photocurrent, and photovoltage to be precisely adjusted by changing the filling level of the perovskite layer in the scaffold. The optimum tandem device, in which similar current values were allocated to the top and bottom cells, achieved an STH conversion efficiency exceeding 10% by efficiently utilizing a broad range of photons at wavelength over 1000 nm.
Simple, green and cost effective method is used for the synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles, wherein remnant water (ideally kitchen waste) collected from soaked Bengal gram beans (Cicer arietinum L.) extract is reacted with TiCl4. Biosynthesized TiO2 (Bio-TiO2) nanoparticles with uniform size distribution (free of aggregation even after calcination) were obtained as a result of the stabilizing molecules naturally present in the extract. The morphology, crystal structure and phase composition, specific surface area and pore size distribution of Bio-TiO2 were systematically investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and BET surface area measurement system. Li-insertion properties were evaluated as anodes in the half-cell configuration (Li/Bio-TiO2) and it is found to demonstrate reversible insertion of 0.61 mol at a current density of 33 mA g−1. The half-cell displayed a good cyclability and retained 98% of its initial reversible capacity even after 60 galvanostatic cycles.
A lithium-ion battery employing a novel phase change material (PCM) thermal management system was designed for an electric scooter. Passive thermal management systems using PCM can control the temperature excursions and maintain temperature uniformity in Li-ion batteries without the use of active cooling components such as a fan, a blower or a pump found in air/liquid-cooling systems. Hence, the advantages of a compact, lightweight, and energy efficient system can be achieved with this novel form of thermal management system. Simulation results are shown for a Li-ion battery sub-module consisting of nine 18650 Li-ion cells surrounded by PCM with a melting point between 41 and 44°C. The use of aluminum foam within the PCM and fins attached to the battery module were studied to overcome the low thermal conductivity of the PCM and the low natural convection heat transfer coefficient. The comparative results of the PCM performance in the presence of Al-foam and Al-fins are shown. The battery module is also simulated for summer and winter conditions. The effect of air-cooling on the Li-ion battery was also studied. These simulation results demonstrate the successful use of the PCM as a potential candidate for thermal management solution in electric scooter applications and therefore for other electric vehicle applications.
A novel ordered mesoporous carbon hybrid composite, CoO/CMK-3, is prepared by an infusing method using Co(NO3)2·6H2O as the cobalt source. The products are characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and N2 adsorption–desorption analysis techniques. It is observed that the CoO nanoparticles are loaded in the channels of mesoporous carbon. The mesopore structure of CMK-3 is destroyed gradually with increasing of the CoO content. The electrochemical properties of samples as the anode materials for lithium-ion batteries are studied by galvanostatic method. The results show that the CoO/CMK-3 composites have higher reversible capacities (more than 700mAhg−1) and better cycle performance in comparison with the pure mesoporous carbon (CMK-3). Based on the above results, a mechanism is proposed to explain the reason of such a substantial improvement of electrochemical performance in the CoO/CMK-3 composites.
Lithium metal is a promising anode candidate for the next-generation higher energy density batteries. In this work, a detailed study is carried out to clearly explore the influence of separator wettability on ionic conduction and interface properties for lithium-metal anode batteries. Firstly, polyphenol and polyamine are facilely assembled on the surface of polyethylene (PE) separator with the assistant of periodate. Wettability and electrolyte uptake of the polyphenol-polyamine treated PE separator improves significantly, which resulted in the increase of ionic conductivity and lithium-ion transference number (from 0.37 to 0.49). Subsequently, galvanostatic measurements and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) are performed on Li symmetric cells to investigate the effect of separator wettability on interface properties. It is found that the modified PE separator favors the electrochemical process by providing lower interfacial resistance, better interface compatibility, and more uniform deposition of Li+, which correspondingly mitigate the formation of Li dendrites. Finally, lithium-metal anode cells (LiCoO2 (LCO)/Li) assembled with different separators are tested, and superior battery performance is displayed in case of the polyphenol-polyamine treated substrate. These results are expected to be instructive for the design of more durable Li electrodes.
Discharge properties of more than 40 Li–LiCoO2 solid-state thin-film batteries with cathode film thickness from 50nm to 4μm have been examined with respect to the lithium diffusion in the cathode. For all but the thinnest cathodes or very low current densities, the discharge capacity from 4.2 to 3.0V is limited by the lithium diffusivity in Li x CoO2 and the ultimate formation of a resistive layer at the interface as x approaches 1.0. Measurements of the equilibrium open circuit potential and ac impedance upon deep discharge support this model. Promoting a higher diffusion for the 0.96<x<1.0 phase would greatly enhance the energy achievable by the thin-film batteries. The lithium diffusion rate in the cathode films is observed to be sensitive to subtle variations in the synthesis conditions when crystallized at temperatures ≤700°C.
Propargyl methanesulfonate (PMS) is chosen as an electrolyte additive to study the interfacial performance between the electrolyte and spinel lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12, LTO) electrode. The result displays that PMS can improve cyclability of Li/LTO cell. Very interestingly, a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film is formed above 1.0V in the voltage range of 3.0–0V. The observations are explained in terms of PMS include triple-bonded compounds and SO3. The triple-bonded compounds were able to produce a characteristic SEI with dense and low impedance, which can effectively suppress the decomposition of electrolyte, HF generation and LiF formation upon cycling. The SO groups may acts as the weak base site to hinder the reactivity of PF5. Accordingly, the incorporation of PMS into the electrolyte can remarkably enhance the cyclic performance of the Li/LTO cell.
The Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief Version (SPQ-B), which includes cognitive-perceptual, interpersonal, and disorganized domains, was developed as a concise, self-report measure of schizotypy. This analysis was conducted to: (1) determine the internal consistency reliability of SPQ-B total and subscale scores, (2) use confirmatory factor analysis to assess the three-factor model as well as a single-factor solution, and (3) examine a measure of concurrent criterion validity of SPQ-B scores. The study was conducted at a large, urban, university-affiliated, public-sector health system in the southeastern United States. Data were obtained from 118 participants, including 61 biological relatives of patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or schizophreniform disorder, and 57 non-psychiatric controls. Relatives and controls did not differ significantly on SPQ-B total or subscale scores (or on the full 74-item SPQ total or subscale scores). Internal consistency reliability was adequate for the total SPQ-B score and the interpersonal subscale but was less than ideal for the cognitive-perceptual and disorganized subscales. Regarding the confirmatory factor analysis, though the three-factor solution yielded reasonably good fit to the data, the single-factor solution provided equal fit. Correlations between the three subscales ranged from .63 to .74. With regard to criterion validity, correlations between the SPQ-B total and subscale scores and schizotypy scores derived from a semi-structured, interview-based assessment revealed correlations generally ranging from .40 to .60. The SPQ-B may be a useful brief screening measure of schizotypy, though some limitations in its psychometric properties were evident in this sample. It may be advisable to use total SPQ-B scores rather than subscale scores in some situations, or to use factor analytic techniques to study the instrument's latent structure in specific samples.
We investigated whether pre-operative MRI measures of focal brain atrophy could predict cognitive decline occurring after deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). For that purpose, we prospectively collected data of 42 consecutive patients with PD who underwent bilateral STN-DBS. Normalized brain structure volumes and cortical thicknesses were measured on pre-operative T1-weighted MRI. Patients were tested for their cognitive performances before surgery and 1 year after. After controlling for age, gender, pre-operative disease severity, change in dopaminomimetic dose after surgery and contact location, we found correlations: (1) between the variation of the total Mattis dementia rating scale (MDRS) score and left lateral ventricle volume (p = 0.032), (2) between the variation of the initiation/perseveration subscore of the MDRS and the left nucleus accumbens volume (p = 0.042) and the left lateral ventricle volume (p = 0.017) and (3) between the variation of the backward digit-span task and the right and left superior frontal gyrus thickness (p = 0.004 and p = 0.007, respectively). Left nucleus accumbens atrophy was associated with decline in the initiation/perseveration subscore with the largest effect size (d = − 1.64). Pre-operative left nucleus accumbens volume strongly predicted postoperative decline in the initiation/attention subscore (AUC = 0.92, p < 0.001, 96.3% sensitivity, 80.0% specificity, 92.9% PPV and 92.9% NPV). We conclude that the morphometric measures of brain atrophy usually associated with cognitive impairment in PD can also explain or predict a part of cognitive decline after bilateral STN-DBS. In particular, the left accumbens nucleus volume could be considered as a promising marker for guiding surgical decisions.