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Alkanethiol bridged, 3-(11-mercaptoundecyl)[3](1,1′) ferrocenophane and 3-(11-mercaptoundecyl)[5](1,1′) ferrocenophane were synthesized and their electrochemical behaviour in aqueous sulphuric acid electrolyte investigated. It is found that these compounds, chemisorbed on a gold substrate, undergo reversible electrochemical oxidation/reduction. The anodic and cathodic peak potentials are independent of the acid concentration in the range 1.0×10−2 to 1.0×10−7 M but change linearly with the acid concentration in the range 1–5M. While this behaviour is similar to that for other ferrocenes like [3](1,1′) ferrocenophane and [5](1,1′) ferrocenophane the materials are much more chemically stable in aqueous sulphuric acid media. The presence of thiol group enhances the retainability of the bridged ferrocene while maintaining its chemical stability. The possibility of applying this observation for determining state-of-charge of lead-acid battery is discussed.
This paper reports the investigation results of the energy payback time (EPBT) and greenhouse-gas payback time (GPBT) of a rooftop BIPV system (grid-connected) in Hong Kong to measure its sustainability. The 22kWp PV array is facing south with inclined angle of 22.5°. The hourly solar irradiance and ambient air temperature from 1996 to 2000 were used as weather data input. The annual power output was found to be 28,154kWh. The embodied energy for the whole system in the lifespan was 205,816kWh, including 71% from PV modules and 29% from balance of system (BOS). The percentage of embodied energy for silicon purification and processing reached 46%. The EPBT of the PV system was 7.3years, and the GPBT was estimated to be 5.2years considering fuel mixture composition of local power stations. This paper also discussed the EPBTs for different orientations, ranging from 7.1years (optimal orientation) to 20.0years (west-facing vertical PV façade). The results show that the ‘sustainability’ of a PV system is affected by its installation orientation and location. Choosing locations and orientations with higher incident solar irradiance is one key for the sustainability of BIPV technology applications.
Despite evidence linking dopamine D3 receptors to the etiology of Parkinson's disease and l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia, the potential therapeutic utility of D3 receptor ligands remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether the selective D3 receptor antagonist, S33084, affects development and expression of abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs), a behavioural correlate of dyskinesia, in rats hemi-lesioned with 6-hydroxydopamine and chronically treated with l-DOPA. The ability of S33084, alone or in combination with l-DOPA, to attenuate 6-hydroxydopamine induced motor deficits was also investigated employing a battery of behavioural tests. Acute administration of S33084 (0.64 mg/kg, s.c.) did not attenuate the induction of AIMs in dyskinetic rats upon challenge with l-DOPA (6 mg/kg, s.c.). Moreover, S33084 (0.64 mg/kg) did not prevent the development of AIMs affecting axial, limb and orolingual muscles when chronically administered together with l-DOPA (6 mg/kg for 21 days). However, both acute and chronic administration of S33084 enhanced l-DOPA-induced contralateral turning, suggesting potential antiparkinsonian properties. Furthermore, S33084 (0.01–0.64 mg/kg) dose-dependently attenuated parkinsonian disabilities, including bradykinesia, in drag and rotarod tests, although, in these procedures, the combination of S33084 with l-DOPA did not produce synergistic effect. It is concluded that sustained D3 receptor blockade does not blunt l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in hemiparkinsonian rats. However, D3 receptor antagonism may be associated with antiparkinsonian properties. The clinical relevance of these observations will be of interest to explore further.
An electrochemical–thermal model is developed to predict electrochemical and thermal behaviors of commercial LiFePO4 battery during a discharging process. A series of temperatures and lithium ion concentrations dependent parameters relevant to the reaction rate and Li+ transport are employed in this model. A non-negligible contribution of current collectors to the average heat generation of the battery is considered. Simulation results on rate capability and temperature performance show good agreement with the literature data. The behavior of Li+ distribution at pulse-relaxation discharge, the variation of electrochemical reaction rate and thermal behavior at a constant current discharge are studied. Results of pulse-relaxation discharge describe the dynamic change of Li+ concentration distribution in liquid and solid phases, which is helpful to analysis the polarization of the battery. In constant current discharge processes, the electrochemical reaction rate of positive electrode has a regular change with the time and the position in the electrode. When discharge finished, there is still a part of the LiFePO4 material has not been adequately utilized. At low rate, the discharge process accompanies endothermic and exothermic processes. With the rate increasing, the endothermic process disappears gradually, and only exothermic process left at high rate.
Anomalous self-experiences (ASEs) are prevalent in schizophrenia, but its underpinnings are not completely understood. Given the likely complex substrate of the experience of the self, neurocognitive functions requiring coordinate cerebral activity may relate to ASEs. Moreover, cognitive deficits functioning may be involved in the link between self-experience disturbances and some aspects of social dysfunction in schizophrenia. We have assessed ASEs in 41 schizophrenia patients (11 first episodes) using the Inventory of Psychotic-Like Anomalous Self-Experiences (IPASE), and the general cognition using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS). Besides, social cognition was assessed using two complementary tools Meyer, Salovey and Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) and GEOPTE (Grupo Español para la Optimización del Tratamiento de la Esquizofrenia). The results revealed that Self-awareness/presence and Somatization IPASE scores were inversely explained by motor speed in the BACS; Consciousness IPASE scores were inversely explained by problem solving performance in the BACS. These data reveal a significant relationship between certain domains of general cognition and anomalous self-experiences, that may be useful in further investigation on the substrates of ASEs.
SnS nanoparticles (SnS NPs) electrostatically anchored on a 3D N-doped graphene (3DNG) network exhibit the best cycling performance reported so far for SnS-based anodes. The stronger affinity of 3DNG to SnS NPs and to the discharge product compared to pure graphene is the fundamental reason for achieving a stable electrode architecture during cycling.
A novel carbon/sulfur composite has been fabricated by means of thermal and hydro-thermal treatments to serve as the cathode in Li–S batteries. The carbon matrix consists of graphene nanosheet (GS) and multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT). The “GS/MWCNT@S” composite allows for infiltration of electrolyte into the cathode, assists in entrapment of polysulfide intermediates, and accommodates some of the stress and volume expansion that occurs during charge–discharge processes. In addition, the uniform distribution of sulfur in the conductive carbon matrix promotes utilization of the active materials. A Li–S cell containing the GS/MWCNT@S cathode delivered a capacity of 1290.8mAh/g and exhibited stable specific capacities up to 612.1mAh/g after 200 cycles at 0.1C. These results demonstrate that this cathode material is a promising candidate for rechargeable lithium batteries with high energy density.
We report a binder-free three-dimensional (3D) macro-mesoporous electrode architecture via self-assembly of 3nm NiO nanodots on macroporous nickel foam for high performance supercapacitor-like lithium battery. This electrode architecture provides a hierarchically 3D macro-mesoporous electrolyte-filled network that simultaneously enables rapid ion transfer and ultra-short solid-phase ion diffusion. Benefitting from the structural superiority owing to the interconnected porous hierarchy, the electrode exhibits supercapacitor-like high rate capabilities with high lithium battery capacities during the discharge-charge process: a very high capacity of 518mAhg−1 at an ultrahigh current density of 50Ag−1. It exceeds at least ~10 times than that of the state-of-the-art graphite anode, which shows only ~50mAhg−1 at ~2 to 3Ag−1 as anode for Li-ion batteries. The preparation method of 3D interconnected hierarchically macro-mesoporous electrode presented here can provide an efficient new binder-free electrode technique towards the development of high-performance supercapacitor-like Li-ion batteries.
β-V2O5, obtained by a high-temperature high-pressure method, exhibits a layered structure that favours the insertion of Na+. In this work, we report the electrochemical insertion of sodium in high pressure β-V2O5 and its performance as cathode material for sodium-ion batteries. The material shows a first discharge capacity of 132 mAh g−1 in the 3.6–2.0 V range at a C/20 current density and a maximum capacity of 147 mAh g−1 under equilibrium conditions, corresponding to the insertion of 1 Na+ ion per formula unit. The β-V2O5//Na cell delivers a specific energy as high as 370–410 Wh kg−1. The amount of inserted sodium points to the reduction of 50% of the available V5+ ions. After 20 cycles, the discharge capacity retains 86% of the initial capacity. Concerning the reaction mechanism of high pressure β-V2O5 upon sodium insertion/de-insertion, several phase transitions are inferred from the voltage-composition profile. Ex situ XRD reveals the appearance of several NaxV2O5 phases in the 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 compositional range, which are closely related with the non-sodiated high pressure β-V2O5 structure. An irreversible structural transformation occurs during the very first inserted sodium, at the beginning of the first discharge, and the original high pressure β-V2O5 structure is not recovered upon full Na+ extraction. Electrochemical performances are outstanding though.
Hierarchical microstructures assembled with nanostructures can effectively enhance the electrochemical performances of electrode materials for rechargeable Li/Na-ion batteries. Due to the large ionic radius of sodium, this kind of design and synthesis is more important for Na-battery cathodes, which represent a cost-effective alternative for energy storage applications. Here ball-in-ball hierarchical microspheres assembled with micron shaped flakes of the P2-type Na0.7Ni0.18Mn0.64Co0.18O2 have been designed and synthesized via hydrothermal reaction followed by stepwise calcination process. As a cathode material of the Na-ion battery, this novel and uniform hierarchical structure exhibits very high specific capacity and superior rate performance with discharge capacities of 208 mAh g−1 at 0.05 C and 46 mAh g−1 at 10 C, and an excellent cycling stability with about 78% capacity retention at 1 C after 50 cycles. These performances are better than any layered oxide cathode material for reversible Na-ion batteries reported in the literature, prepared via the conventional solid-state method. Combining ex-situ x-ray absorption spectroscopy characterization, x-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy and electrochemical characterization, we demonstrate that the superior performances can be attributed to the unique ball-in-ball hierarchical structure assembled with micron shaped flakes. This configuration could effectively reduce the path of Na ion diffusion, increases the contact area between electrodes and electrolyte and buffers the volume changes during the Na ion insertion/extraction processes.
High capacity electrodes are demanded to increase the energy and power density of lithium ion batteries. However, the cycling and rate properties are severely affected by the large volume changes caused by the lithium insertion and extraction. Structured electrodes with mechanically stable scaffolds are widely developed to mitigate the adverse effects of volume changes. Tin, as a promising anode material, receives great attentions because of its high theoretic capacity. There is a critical value of tin particle size above which tin anodes readily crack, leading to low cyclability. The electrode design using mechanical scaffolds must retain tin particles below the critical size and concurrently enable high volumetric capacity. It is a challenge to guarantee the critical size for high cyclability and space utilization for high volumetric capacity. This study provides a highly conductive TiN nanotubes array with submicron diameters, which enable thin tin coating without sacrificing the volumetric capacity. Such a structured electrode delivers a capacity of 795 mAh g Sn − 1 (Sn basis) and 1812 mAh c m el − 3 (electrode basis). The long-term cycling shows only 0.04% capacity decay per cycle.
A three-step solid state synthesis was used to produce powders of spinel phase Li4Ti5O12 with crystallite size in a few hundred nanometers range. This was followed by surface modification through the deposition of 2–10 nm Ag nanoparticles, as verified by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The electrochemical performance of these Li4Ti5O12/n-Ag composite powders was examined by chronopotentiometry in three-electrode Swagelok cells. These measurements showed excellent high-rate performance and remarkably good cyclability of the fabricated powders. Specifically, capacity retention in excess of 86% after raising the discharge current from 1C to 10C and less than 6% of capacity loss after 50 charge/discharge cycles at 1C current rate were measured.
The diabetes mellititus (type 1) condition occur when the beta cell destroy partially due to autoimmune process. The beta cells produce insulin with respect to blood glucose level. The insulin hormone regulates blood glucose in body. The blood glucose increases in body when insulin secretion is low from pancreas, termed as Diabetes mellititus. The Diabetes mellititus causes infection, pain in mouth. The regions in mouth affected by diabetes mellititius include gums, teeth, jaw and tongue. The glucose level increases in saliva which grows harmful bacteria. The bacteria in combination with plaque cause bad breath, gum disease and coating on tongue. The coating and sugar level in tongue alters the temperature of tongue. In this paper we propose to analyze tongue thermal image to diagnose diabetes at early stage.
In this study, a novel process consisting of pyrolysis and physical separation was proposed to comprehensively recycle spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs). The discharge and pyrolysis behaviors of spent LIBs, the recovery of electrolyte from the spent LIBs by low-temperature volatilization, and the recovery of valuable materials from the pyrolytic residues through physical separation were studied in detail. The results indicated that approximately 99.91% of the organic electrolytes was recycled, and the lithium salt (LiPF6) in the batteries was disposed by pyrolysis process. The active materials could be effectively separated from current collectors after the pyrolysis under N2 at 550 °C for 2 h. The pyrolytic gas was mainly composed of light alkenes, and the pyrolytic tar was mainly composed of aromatic long chain alkenes and light alcohols. Pyrolytic residues were recycled by color sorting, high-pressure water cleaning and flotation processes, and about 99.34% of Al, 96.25% of Cu, and 49.67% of cathode active materials were recovered from the spent LIBs. Finally, electrochemical tests indicate that the cathode active materials obtained by the process can be used to produce new batteries.
Layered cobalt oxides are promising cathode materials for sodium ion secondary batteries (SIBs). By combined study of the X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) around the O K-edge and ab initio calculation, we investigated the electronic state of the Na x CoO2 with different oxidization state, i.e, in O3-Na0.91CoO2 (CoO2 −0.91) and P2-Na0.66CoO2 (CoO2 −0.66). The O K-edge spectra in the pre-edge (529–536 eV) region shows significant change with oxidization of Na x CoO2. In O3-Na0.91CoO2, the spectra shows an intense band (B band) at 531 eV. In P2-Na0.66CoO2, the spectral weight of the B band increases and a new band (A band) appears at 530 eV. These spectral changes are qualitatively reproduced by the calculated partial density of states (pDOSs) of O3-NaCoO2 and P2-Na1/2CoO2. These results indicate that the electrons are partially removed from the O 2p state with oxidization of Na x CoO2.
ABSTRACT Lithium-selenium (Li-Se) battery is attractive because it has the potential to provide high energy density. However, the poor cyclic performance caused mainly by the shuttling of polyselenides and volumetric expansion of selenium limits its practical application. In this paper we report on a facile preparation of selenium on nickel foam by a galvanic replacement method, which can be directly used as a cathode for Li-Se battery without any binders or conductive additives. This material can deliver a capacity of 554mAhg−1 (82% of theoretical capacity) and keep a capacity of 137mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at a rate of 0.1C. A coating with graphene oxide as protection layer onto the Se surface can further enhance the electrode performance, achieving a capacity of 665mAhg−1 (98.5% of theoretical capacity) in the first cycle and remains a capacity of 266mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at a rate of 0.1C. The present work demonstrates significant progress in the development of high capacity cathode materials for lithium-selenium battery.
(Li, Al)-co-doped manganese oxide spinel compounds, Li(Li0.1Al0.1Mn1.8)O4 are prepared at temperatures (T), 600, 650 and 750°C by polymer precursor method using polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). The structure and morphology of the porous and sub-micron size particles of the compounds are characterized by the Rietveld refined X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared and Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area techniques. Galvanostatic charge–discharge cycling in the voltage range of 3.5–4.3V vs. Li at various current (C) rates, 0.5–3C at 24°C up to 60 cycles and at 0.5C and at 55°C up to 50 cycles is carried out. The influence of the Li-excess, the type of Al3+ dopant cation and the amount of fuel (polyvinyl pyrrolidone) used in the synthesis on the electrochemical behavior of the spinel in a Li-cell at room (24°C) and at elevated temperature (55°C) has been studied. Results show that at 24°C and at 0.5C, the phases prepared at 600°C (I) and 650°C (II) showed reversible capacities of 79 and 105mAhg−1 and retained 99 (±1)% of the capacity after 50 cycles. At 1C, 2C and 3C rates, II showed stable capacities of 97, 83 and 57mAhg−1, respectively. At 55°C and at 0.5C, II showed a reversible capacity of 114mAhg−1 and retains 92% of it at the end of 50 cycles, signifying the best cathodic performance for a doped-LiMn2O4. Complementary cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectra and ex situ XRD data are described and discussed.
The carbonaceous anode was the final important piece of the jigsaw for the first commercialized rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Its original inventor recounts how the search for a research subject led to the breakthrough.
Hollow spherical NiO particles were prepared using the spray pyrolysis method with different concentrations of precursor. The electrochemical properties of the NiO electrodes, which contained a new type of binder, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), were examined for comparison with NiO electrodes with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder. The electrochemical performance of NiO electrodes using CMC binder was significantly improved. For the cell made from 0.3 mol L−1 precursor, the irreversible capacity loss between the first discharge and charge is about 43 and 24% for the electrode with PVDF and CMC binder, respectively. The cell with NiO–CMC electrode has a much higher discharge capacity of 547 mAh g−1 compared to that of the cell with NiO–PVDF electrode, which is 157 mAh g−1 beyond 40 cycles.
With respect to energy supply, most of the islands depend on importation, mainly from oil and its related products, and others are dependant on weak electricity grid connexions with mainland. Scarce resources are used inefficiently, supplying end-use energy and other life-supporting commodities, like power, heat, cold, transport fuel, water, waste treatment and waste water treatment. It is possible to integrate various flows and decrease the energy intensity, although the task is situation dependant and involves a large number of different systems. RenewIslands methodology for the assessment of alternative scenarios for energy and resource planning is presented here, and applied to several islands. The methodology helps in choosing energy and resource flows integration, based on the island needs, its resources, and the applicable technologies.
is a Development Engineer in the Benteler  Automotive  Research and  Development  department in  Paderborn (Germany).
The effect of temperature in the range of −20°C to 60°C and charge stand periods of 1 day, 7 days and 15 days on the discharge capacity of lithium-ion (Li-ion) polymer cells is investigated quantitatively. Commercial 3.2Ah Li-ion polymer pouch cells with LiCoO2 cathode and graphite anode were used as test systems. The cells were charged at a constant current of 1C until the voltage reached 4.2V, then stored at different temperatures from −20°C to 60°C for charge stand periods of 1 day, 7 days and 15 days and discharged at 1C rate current until the cell voltage reached 3.0V. Although the discharge capacity of these cells at and around room temperature is reasonable, at temperatures below 0°C and above 50°C the performance is poor. At −15°C, −20°C, 40°C, 50°C and 60°C temperatures, the discharge capacities decreased with charge stand periods. The discharge capacities are not affected by the charge stand periods from −10°C to 30°C. To identify the reasons for the poor performance at sub-ambient temperatures, electrochemical impedance studies were carried out on a fresh cell. The impedance data are analyzed using an equivalent circuit and Zman fitting software and the impedance parameters are evaluated. The resistances corresponding to high frequency and low frequency of Nyquist impedance plot exhibit a strong dependence on temperatures. The kinetic parameter namely, apparent exchange current density is calculated and discussed.
Fragrances are a large group of substances and the second most common cause of allergic contact dermatitis in Spain. These potential allergens are extremely common and the general population is subject to continuous exposure on a daily basis. While the fragrance markers included in the current Spanish standard patch test series are good, there is room for improvement. New markers that have emerged in recent years have proven to be of value in standard series used in other countries. Diagnosing fragrance allergy has taken on even greater importance since the European Union added 26 fragrances to its list of mandatory ingredients to be specified on product labels. The aim of this review is to provide an update on allergic contact dermatitis to fragrances. We examine the main sources of exposure and clinical manifestations of this condition and propose a diagnostic and treatment protocol.