batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In this work, we present a novel binary solvent of ethylene glycol/water medium (W/EG 50:50) that play an important role in the formation of the hierarchical meso-structures of bow-tie-like composition units composed of self-assembly lithium iron phosphate (LFP) nano-sheets. Citric acid uses as inorganic carbon source and no other surfactant or template agent is applied. Results show that the crystallinity and the size of the particles depend on the nature of the solvent used. TEM results show that the sample prepared in ethylene glycol (EG-LFP/C) consists of well-distributed nanoparticles of size approximately 50 nm in diameter, which is uniformly embedded in thin carbon layers. The EG-LFP/C composite delivers the first discharge capacity of 166 mAh g−1, i.e. 97.6% of the theoretical capacity, when tested under a discharge rate of 0.1C. This material shows specific discharge capacities as high as 114 mAh g−1 at 10C rates and exhibits a long-term cycling stability with a capacity loss of only 1.4% after 100 cycles. The high rate performance could be attributed to the amount and/or the quality of the thin carbon coating, improved crystallinity as well as high specific surface area and porosity induced by the special bow-tie-like mesostructures.
In this paper, we present a low-dimensional, energy-based model for ferromagnetic hysteresis. It is based on the postulates of Jiles and Atherton for modeling hysteresis losses. As a state space model, the system is a set of two state equations, with the time-derivative of the average applied magnetic field H ˙ as the input, and the average magnetic field H and the average magnetization M as state variables. We show analytically that for a class of time-periodic inputs and initial condition at the origin, the solution trajectory converges to a periodic orbit. This models an observed experimental phenomenon.
The notion of multidimensional poverty is widely conceded and is increasingly engaging the interest of researchers and scholars, however, it is rarely used in explorations of the situation of Vietnam. Using national data from 9399 households in the 2012 Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey, we apply the integrated fuzzy relative approach for poverty, a completely novel methodology in this context, to explore the current patterns of multidimensional deprivation in Vietnam at different levels, including the incidence and intensity of the poverty of migrants’ households. Our findings reveal that these households are most deprived in the basic services dimension, while in the health dimension they are least deprived. A stark disparity exists between ethnic, and educational groups, and that female-headed households are less deprived, except in the durable asset dimension. The results further reveal that the situation of migrants’ households is better than that of their non-migrant counterparts in almost all non-monetary dimensions, but not in the monetary dimension. However, migration of family members leads to improvement in the income of the left behind families in the least developed areas in Vietnam. Our observation exposes differences in the complex nature of poverty in regional Vietnam from that of the current headcount measure of absolute income poverty.
Based on new plasticized inorganic–organic polymer electrolytes [M. Popall, M. Andrei, J. Kappel, J. Kron, K. Olma, B. Olsowski, ‘ORMOCERs as Inorganic–organic Electrolytes for New Solid State Lithium Batteries and Supercapacitors’, Electrochim. Acta 43 (1998) 1155] new flexible foil-batteries in ‘coffee bag arrangement’ were assembled and tested. The electrolyte works as separator and binder for the cathodes. Self-diffusion NMR studies on the system (EC/PC/Li+N(SO2CF3)2 −/ORMOCER®) resulted in cationic transport numbers (t +) of 0.42 for the EC/PC/salt system and 0.35 for the ternary electrolyte, typical for polymer electrolytes. Cycling tests (more than 900 cycles) proved that the unplasticized electrolyte can act as binder in composite cathodes of lithium secondary batteries [2]. Charge/discharge cycles of complete batteries like (Cu/active carbon/ORMOCER®/LiCoO2/Al) with an ORMOCER® as separator electrolyte were measured. The voltage drop of these batteries is very similar to cells with standard liquid electrolytes and the efficiency is close to 100%. Cycling the batteries with a current density of 0.25 mA cm−2 between the voltage limits of 3.1 and 4.1 V results in a charge/discharge capacity (referring to the cathode mass) of 100 mAh g−1 at the beginning and after a slight decrease in a stabilised capacity of 75 mAh g−1 after 15 cycles. These promising results could be optimised by using highly purified components.
This paper describes the material flows and emissions in all the life stages of CdTe PV modules, from extracting refining and purifying raw materials through the production, use, and disposal or recycling of the modules. The prime focus is on cadmium flows and cadmium emissions into the environment. This assessment also compares the cadmium environmental inventories in CdTe PV modules with those of Ni–Cd batteries and of coal fuel in power plants. Previous studies are reviewed and their findings assessed in light of new data.
Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have been considered as promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries due to potassium's high natural abundance of 2.09 wt% (vs. 0.0017 wt% for Li) and K/K+ having a low redox potential of −2.93 V (vs. −2.71 V for Na/Na+). However, PIB electrodes still suffer huge challenges due to the large K-ion radius and slow reaction dynamics. Herein, we report a high-capacity Sb@CSN composite anode with Sb nanoparticles uniformly encapsulated by a carbon sphere network (CSN) for PIBs. First-principles computations and electrochemical characterization confirm a reversible sequential phase transformation of KSb2, KSb, K5Sb4, and K3Sb during the potassiation/depotassiation process. In a concentrated 4 M KTFSI/EC + DEC electrolyte, the Sb@CSN anode delivers a high reversible capacity of 551 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1 after 100 cycles with an extremely slow capacity decay of only 0.06% per cycle from the 10th to 100th cycle; when at a high current density of 200 mA g−1, the Sb@CSN anode still maintains a capacity of 504 mA h g−1 after 220 cycles. The Sb@CSN anodes demonstrate one of the best electrochemical performances for all K-ion battery anodes reported to date. The exceptional performance of Sb@CSN should be attributed to the efficient encapsulation of small Sb nanoparticles in the conductive carbon network as well as the formation of a robust KF-rich SEI layer on the Sb@CSN anode in the concentrated 4 M KTFSI/EC + DEC electrolyte.
Management of metal pollution associated with E-waste is widespread across the globe. Currently used techniques for the extraction of metals from E-waste by using either chemical or biological leaching have their own limitations. Chemical leaching is much rapid and efficient but has its own environmental consequences, even the future prospects of associated nanoremediation are also uncertain. Biological leaching on the other hand is comparatively a cost effective technique but at the same moment it is time consuming and the complete recovery of the metal, alone by biological leaching is not possible in most of the cases. The current review addresses the individual issues related to chemical and biological extraction techniques and proposes a hybrid-methodology which incorporates both, along with safer chemicals and compatible microbes for better and efficient extraction of metals from the E-waste.
Spinel-layered composites of Li1.5MnTiO4+δ were studied for their use as high-energy, low-cost, and environmentally benign cathode materials. The bulk particles showed an attractive specific capacity of up to 250 mAh g−1 at C/10. To improve the performance of this cathode at a high C-rate, a spinel-layered Li1.5MnTiO4+δ nanorod was successfully synthesized using a β-MnO2 nanorod template. The nanorod, which had an average diameter of 200 nm and a length of 1 μm, showed specific capacity as high as the bulk particle at C/10. However, owing to a one-dimensional nanostructure with a large effective contact area for Li+ diffusion, the nanorod sample exhibited enhanced capacities 11% (170 mAh g−1) and 167% higher (80 mAh g−1) at 1C and 10C rates, respectively, compared to the bulk particles. Moreover, both samples showed good cycle stability and capacity retention of over 85% after 100 cycles at 1C.
Understanding the physical mechanisms by which blast waves interact with their surroundings is paramount to protecting the safety of armed service personnel and equipment. This study evaluates and discusses modern technology used in blast pressure measurement as it relates to primary blast injuries such as traumatic brain injury. Factors influencing primary blast injury were established as peak overpressure, impulse, number, and frequency of shock impacts based on a literature review. A simulated confined-corridor breaching environment was used to establish the potential for variability in these key parameters depending on location in a confined blast environment. Wearable blast pressure monitors were compared experimentally to not only laboratory grade pressure transducers but also simulated and empirically modeled blast pressure and impulse predictions at scaled distances between 3.1 and
This study demonstrates that tris(trimethylsilyl)borate (TMSB) additive in the electrolyte can dramatically improve the cycling performance of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2/graphite cell at higher voltage operation. And the effects of this additive are characterized by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the voltage range of 3.0–4.4 V, LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2/graphite cell with TMSB in the electrolyte retains about 92.3% of its initial capacity compared to the cell without additive in the electrolyte that retains only 28.5% of its initial capacity after 150 cycles, showing the promising prospect of TMSB at higher voltage. The enhanced cycling performance is attributed to the thinner film originated from TMSB on the LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 and the combination of TMSB with PF6 − and F− in the electrolyte, which not only protects the undesirable decomposition of EC solvents but also results in lower interfacial impedance.
In recent years, online consumer reviews (OCRs) have developed into a popular topic of qualitative and quantitative marketing research. Depending on the platform they arise from, OCRs can be composed of an overall star rating, explicit pros and cons, free text comments and a recommendation indicator. This paper examines whether these components provide consistent information regarding the evaluated product. Insights about the internal consistency of this form of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) can be useful in consumer-oriented marketing strategies, complaint management as well as product development and improvement. By using a regression analysis framework the correlative relationships between star rating and recommendation are studied, as well as the effects that posted advantages and disadvantages, stated either explicitly or implicitly, have on these two types of product evaluations. The available results clearly support the view of OCRs as a consistent database for marketing research concerning eWOM. However, they also show that a combined consideration of all components can remarkably increase the information obtainable from this data source.
Low engagement and high attrition are common challenges in web-based interventions. Typical measures of engagement reported in the literature are not meaningful for describing participant activity within the intervention and can be misleading. This research aimed to develop a more meaningful method of measuring engagement in an online cognitive rehabilitation program whilst monitoring treatment fidelity.
Star-shaped polymers are synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization using poly-(methoxy-poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate) (PPEGMA) as a hydrophilic segment and poly {10-[(4-cyano-4′-biphenyl) oxy] decatyl methacrylate} (PMALC) as a hydrophobic liquid crystalline segment. Lamellar morphology is also achieved by cooperative assembly of hydrophobic mesogen-containing polymethacrylates and the amorphous hydrophilic PPEGMA nanoscale aggregation, especially after liquid crystal thermal annealing. In addition, the sequential effect, that is, the position difference of the liquid crystalline segments in the copolymer electrolytes causes two quite different morphologies. The liquid crystalline segments arranged in the star polymer inner sphere makes it difficult for the mesogens to interact with each other efficiently, which leads to a discontinuous molecular packing. However highly ordered domains can be formed in the electrolytes with mesogens in the star copolymer exterior, which can provide a more favorable morphology for the ions transportation. As a result, incorporation of the liquid crystalline segments into the copolymer has improved ionic conductivity of electrolytes, especially for the 3PPEGMA-PMALC with the mesogen arranged in the outside of star copolymer sphere. Ionic conductivity of 3PPEGMA-PMALC annealed at liquid crystalline state is 1.0 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 25 °C, which is higher than that of 3PPEGMA electrolytes without mesogen groups.
The deterioration mechanism of the storage characteristics of nickel-metal hydride batteries for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) has been investigated. The deterioration in the storage characteristics during charge–discharge cycling is caused by the microscopic short circuit in the separator which is influenced by the deposits from the positive and negative electrode elements such as zinc, cobalt and manganese. Based on the elucidated deterioration mechanism, the deterioration in the storage characteristics of nickel-metal hydride batteries was suppressed by employing a hydrogen-absorbing alloy with higher oxidation resistance for the negative electrode.
Magnesium/air batteries are a possible high-energy density power source that, to date, have not received strong commercial interest due to issues with the corrosion of the magnesium and evaporation of the electrolyte. In this work we report on the use of ionic liquid based electrolytes to stabilise the metal/electrolyte interface and their impact on the electrochemical performance. Galvanostatic measurements indicate that the water content of the ionic liquid electrolyte plays an important role in the cell discharge characteristics. Surface characterisation using EIS, ATR-FTIR and powder diffraction examined the unique properties of the surface film formed on the magnesium anode.
Rechargeable energy storage systems with merits of durable, powerful, and inexpensive are urgently desired along with the rapid development in portable electronics and electric vehicles. Herein, a facile electrochemical method is employed to prepare a free-standing exfoliated graphite (EG) electrode with significantly enhanced surface area and pore volume. Then a binder-free composite electrode is fabricated by a double-phase (DP) electrochemical deposition of vertical arrays of Ni(OH)2 throughout the EG hydrogel electrode in an organic electrolyte. The obtained composite, Ni(OH)2@EG-DP, exhibits battery-type capacitive behavior and much higher capacity than its counterparts fabricated either by single-phase electrochemical deposition or with non-exfoliated graphite foil. Ni(OH)2@EG-DP also exhibits remarkable rate capability and cycling stability, due to the well-dispersed ultrathin Ni(OH)2 nanoplatelets and the graphene-like expanded gallery of EG, enabling the efficient transportation of both electrons and ions. When coupling with an active carbon anode, the assembled asymmetric supercapacitor shows 84.5% capacity retention after 20000 cycles at 8 A g−1, and a high energy density of 34.7 Wh kg−1 at the power density of 15 kW kg−1. This work opens an avenue towards the efficient construction of free-standing three-dimensional (3D) conductive substrates and high-performance 3D hybrid electrodes using electrochemistry.
Rational design of efficient and durable anode materials is particularly momentous for high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). According to this concept, an effective strategy to prepare MoS2/N, S co-doped graphene by electrochemical exfoliation combining hydrothermal route is presented. Due to N and S atoms co-doping to graphene sheets, the three-dimensional interconnection of few-layered MoS2 and graphene, which contribute to relieving the restacking of the two components, accelerating the electrons transport and improving Li/Na storage capacity. As an anode in LIBs, the MoS2/NSG-AG demonstrates an up to reversible capacity of 1012 mAh g−1 after cycling 300 times at 0.5 A g−1 and good rate performance with a capability of 1300.7, 1215.2, 1106.3, 1005.5, 892.7 and 727.7 mAh g−1 at 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.5 A g−1, respectively. Furthermore, it delivers a maximum energy density of 890 Wh kg−1 along with the power density of 130 W kg−1. Meanwhile, when used in SIBs, it displays a good reversible capacity of 320.9 mAh g−1 after cycling 500 times at 0.5 A g−1. The prominent electrochemical performance could be due to the three-dimensional network formed by interconnection of MoS2 and graphene, co-doping of N and S, considerable surface area and rich mesoporous as well as the expanded layer spacing of graphene and MoS2. Therefore, this is a facile strategy to obtain high-performance hetero-structured anode and make it great potential applications in LIBs and SIBs.
Based on the conversion and alloying reactions, antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) with a theoretical discharge specific capacity of 946 mAh g−1 is a hopeful anode material for lithium/sodium ion batteries. Nevertheless, the poor electronic conductivity of Sb2S3 and the serious volume expansion during alloying reaction bring about the rapid capacity fading, which severely hinder its practical application. The design of morphology/structure and/or combining with carbon materials is the common strategies to address these issues. Herein, a simple electrospinning technology coupled with hydrothermal reaction is employed to synthesize the Sb2S3/carbon-silicon oxide (Sb2S3/CS) nanofibers for the first time. The obtained Sb2S3/CS nanofibers show superior lithium/sodium storage properties. Specifically, the Sb2S3/CS electrode maintains a high discharge specific capacity of 566 mAh g−1 under 200 mA g−1 after 200 cycles in lithium-ion batteries. For sodium storage, the Sb2S3/CS electrode obtains a discharge specific capacity of 321 mAh g−1 under 200 mA g−1 over 200 cycles. One-dimensional Sb2S3/CS nanofibers with good electronic conductivity accelerate the transport of ions and electrons, and effectively buffer the volume change of Sb2S3 nanoparticles during electrochemical reaction process, bringing about the excellent electrochemical properties.
Dijkers MP. Quality of life after traumatic brain injury: a review of research approaches and findings. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85(4 Suppl 2):S21–35. Objectives To assess existing knowledge of quality of life (QOL) of people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to make recommendations for methodologic and substantive research in this area. Data sources Published research on QOL of persons with TBI, identified from databases, ancestry search, and the author’s files. Study selection Empirical, theoretical, and methodologic articles relevant to 5 areas: QOL as achievements, QOL as subjective well-being (SWB), QOL as utility, QOL experienced, and QOL measurement instruments applicable to TBI or specifically developed for people with this impairment. Data extraction Selection of QOL indicators, with focus on TBI versus non-TBI differences. Data synthesis Studies of QOL as achievements show that in almost all areas, people with TBI score lower than they did before injury and lower than comparisons groups. There are limited gaps in our knowledge in this area. Research into QOL as SWB shows that after TBI, people typically report, for example, somewhat lower life satisfaction and affect than do comparison groups, and that injury severity is not necessarily a predictor of SWB. There are almost no studies of QOL as utility of life after TBI. Conclusions Major research recommendations include: exploring the ability of TBI subjects to self-report; determining the salience of domains of life for this group; developing utility instruments that are sensitive to differences in deficits in cognition and other health and life domains; and doing qualitative studies that explore the experience of QOL.
Polymer gel electrolytes comprising a sulfur-based ionic liquid (IL), a lithium salt, and butyrolactone (GBL) as an additive hosted in PVdF-HFP matrix were prepared and characterized. The result shows that adding small amount of GBL to the polymer electrolytes can improve the cathodic stability of the electrolytes, which ensures the lithium plating/stripping in the redox process. Furthermore, cyclic voltammograms studies indicate that the polymer electrolytes have well reversible redox process. When the IL component reaches 75 wt%, the polymer electrolyte has higher ionic conductivity than the other samples and it is 6.32 × 10−4 S cm−1. The assembled batteries with the polymer electrolyte have better discharge capacity, and after 100 cycles, the discharge capacity of the battery still retains 148 mAh g−1.
Nickel oxide species, palladium metal and complex Ni–Pd particles were deposited on the glassy carbon electrode by pulsed electrochemical conditions from 0.5MNaOH solution containing 5mM gluconate ion, 0.5mMNi(NO3)2 and/or 2mMPd(NO3)2. The electrodeposition process was performed using the following potentials and pulse durations: E 1 =−1.0V and E 2 =+0.8V vs. SCE, t 1 =50ms and t 2 =50ms for the relevant times of 600s. The nickel oxide particles were deposited during the anodic pulse of potentials, while the palladium particles were deposited during the cathodic sequence of the potential pulses. The Ni–Pd system shows an acceptable character of electrochemical reversibility and a high affinity for oxygen adsorption. The XPS and SEM techniques were used in order to define the surface chemical composition and the actual morphology of the deposited material. An average surface chemical composition of Pd0.5Ni was established and the composite appears formed of well dispersed single globular particles having an average size comprised between 50nm and 150nm of diameter.
The paper describes the current developments of a class of low-cost, light-weight autonomous underwater vehicles for coastal oceanographic applications; the vehicle class is named Fòlaga, the Italian name of an aquatic bird that swims on the water surface and dives to catch fish. The main design characteristics of the most recent vehicle of the class, the Fòlaga III, are reviewed. Navigation and control system design are discussed, with particular attention to the diving phase, which is accomplished as in oceanographic gliders by varying the vehicle buoyancy and attitude. Experimental results show that the PID robust controllers implemented are effective in the diving control phase. Finally, a distributed cooperation algorithm to be applied by a team of Fòlaga-like vehicles in adaptive oceanographic sampling applications is described. The algorithm optimizes area coverage while taking into account the accuracy in the reconstruction of the oceanographic field and inter-vehicle communication through a range constraint. The resulting dynamic programming algorithm can be implemented in a distributed fashion among the team components.
Fry et al. report the first results from a human trial of a CD22-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy providing evidence of efficacy in the treatment of pre–B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia that is immunotherapy-naive or resistant to CD19-directed CAR T cells.