batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A 64-channel amplifier system for the recording of extracellular signals with planar metal microelectrodes is presented. Gold metal microelectrodes on glass wafers were fabricated using standard photolithographic techniques. The measurement system was divided into a headstage preamplifier and a main amplifier. The inherent noise of the extracellular recording system was minimized by using an independent battery supply. The metal electrodes were directly connected to the gates of low noise junction field effect transistors (JFETs) using a specially designed electronic circuit. With this set-up, it was possible to record extracellular signals with planar metal microelectrodes without any surface modification for impedance reduction. A feedback circuit in the first amplification stage compensated slow drifts of the gold microelectrodes, which made online sampling of all 64 channels with a sampling rate of 10 kHz possible. Recordings were taken from rat cardiac myocytes cultured on fibronectin coated sensor chips. The system exhibited a good signal-to-noise ratio. It was able to detect the signal propagation within the cardiac cell layer and it could be used for pharmacological investigations involving the heart.
While the surface atomic structure of RuO2 has been well studied in ultra high vacuum, much less is known about the interaction between water and RuO2 in aqueous solution. In this work, in situ surface X-ray scattering measurements combined with density functional theory (DFT) were used to determine the surface structural changes on single-crystal RuO2(110) as a function of potential in acidic electrolyte. The redox peaks at 0.7, 1.1 and 1.4 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) could be attributed to surface transitions associated with the successive deprotonation of –H2O on the coordinatively unsaturated Ru sites (CUS) and hydrogen adsorbed to the bridging oxygen sites. At potentials relevant to the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), an –OO species on the Ru CUS sites was detected, which was stabilized by a neighboring –OH group on the Ru CUS or bridge site. Combining potential-dependent surface structures with their energetics from DFT led to a new OER pathway, where the deprotonation of the –OH group used to stabilize –OO was found to be rate-limiting.
Emotion prediction is a method that recognizes the human emotion derived from the subject’s psychological data. The problem in question is the limited use of heart rate (HR) as the prediction feature through the use of common classifiers such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and Random Forest (RF) in emotion prediction. This paper aims to investigate whether HR signals can be utilized to classify four-class emotions using the emotion model from Russell’s in a virtual reality (VR) environment using machine learning.
Polyaniline tends to degrade with cycling in aqueous electrolytes and it can be alleviated using gel electrolytes. A low-cost solid-state supercapacitor of high energy density and good cyclic stability is fabricated with a facile method. The electrodes of the supercapacitor are made of a freestanding composite film of polyaniline and acid-treated carbon particles using phytic acid as a crosslinker, and the gel electrolyte is composed of sulfuric acid and polyvinyl alcohol. The electrochemical performances of the as-fabricated supercapacitor are investigated with cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Our results show that a maximum capacitance of 272.6F/g (3.63F/cm2) at a current density of 0.63A/g can be achieved by the supercapacitor, which is significantly higher than most solid-state ones reported in the literature. The ability to achieve a high-capacitance supercapacitor with good cyclic stability is mainly attributed to excellent infiltration of the gel electrolyte into the electrodes. The developed lightweight, thin, flexible, and environmental friendly supercapacitor would have potential applications in various energy storage devices, such as wearable electronics and hybrid electric vehicles.
In this paper we report on the characteristics of a polymer Li-ion battery based on a unique combination of innovative electrode and electrolyte materials. In particular, the electrolytic separator of this system is based on gelled membranes prepared by the electrospinning technique. Electrospinning of polymer fibers is usually realized by applying a strong electric field to a polymer solution in an appropriate solvent. Typical membranes (mats) consist of nanometre size fibers and have porosities of 56–85%. Here we describe the fabrication, physical chemistry and electrochemical properties of PVdF (poly(vinylidene difluoride))-based electrospun membranes and their use as gelled electrolyte in Li-ion battery. Moreover, we describe the performances of a battery formed by sandwiching a gelled membrane with a nanoscale engineered Sn–C based anode and a lithium nickel manganese oxide spinel cathode. The battery so obtained has an appealing performance in terms of energy density, power capability, cycle life and safety.
Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on issues commonly encountered by, or of concern to, investigators in the clinical research environment. These issues include those related to– informed consent for standard and research care, types of advance directives and other surrogate decision making requirements, the involvement of children in research, maintenance of adequate medical records, protection of confidentiality, liability of clinical researchers, conflicts of interest, and authorship and rights in data. The most predominant legal liability issue in clinical research relates to the presence or absence of adequate informed consent. Understanding of these legal issues in clinical research is very necessary.
In this paper, a new wide conversion ratio step-up and step-down converter is presented. The proposed converter is derived from the conventional Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC) topology and it is integrated with a capacitor–diode voltage multiplier, which offers a simple structure, reduced electromagnetic interference (EMI), and reduced semiconductors' voltage stresses. Other advantages include: continuous input and output current, extended step-up and step-down voltage conversion ratio without extreme low or high duty-cycle, simple control circuitry, and near-zero input and output ripple currents compared to other converter topologies. The low charging/discharging current ripple and wide gain features result in a longer life-span and lower cost of the energy storage battery system. In addition, the “near-zero” ripple capability improves the fuel cell durability. Theoretical analysis results obtained with the proposed structure are compared with other bi-direction converter topologies. Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the performance of the proposed bi-directional converter.
Perovskite oxides have received considerable attention as useful electro-catalysts for Li-air batteries due to their properties of excellent catalytic activity, electrical conductivity, and durability. The nanostructure can enhance the electrochemical performance of perovskite oxides by enlarging the catalytic active sites. In this study, nano-size Nd0.67Sr0.33CoO3-δ (NSC) perovskite particles with a particle size of 20–50 nm and a specific surface area of 12.759 m2 g−1 were successfully synthesized by a microemulsion method. The NSC perovskite particles exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activity particularly in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with a high limiting current density of 33.68 mA cm-2 at 0.9 V vs. (Hg/HgO). This excellent catalytic activity can be ascribed to the existence of Co3+ and the enlarged surface area. Co3+ provides catalytically active site by forming Co3+/4+ redox couple and the enlarged surface increases active sites for reactants and catalyst particles. In this regard, nano-size NSC particles prepared by the microemulsion route provide excellent and stable electrochemical performance in the hybrid Li-air battery.
Small-scale solar PV–water electrolyzer systems are suggested for remote combined heat and power (CHP) applications. A residential solar PV–electrolyzer system is developed and coupled with a high temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system (PV–FC) for supplying the electricity demand. It is possible for the PV system to generate electricity in excess of the demand during off-peak hours. The surplus electricity is used by the water electrolyzer for hydrogen production. The hydrogen produced is stored in a storage tank. The fuel cell is fed with the hydrogen generated by the electrolyzer. The PV–FC system is coupled with a heat recovery unit, which provides the residential area with thermal energy, to improve energy utilization. The heat recovery unit consists of a heat recovery steam generator and an absorption chiller utilizing the thermal energy of the SOFC flue gas for heating and cooling purposes. Determining system operational parameters is important for the design and implementation of the CHP system in a residential area. Therefore, the residential CHP system is assessed here based on energy and exergy. The hourly demand of the residential area is taken into consideration for component selection and sizing, and energy and exergy efficiencies of the developed system are presented.
River discharge has an important influence on the chemistry of Arctic shelf seas and surface waters. In this study, we examined the changes in nutrient, trace metal, dissolved organic matter, dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, and radium isotope distributions across the Mackenzie River delta and estuary in June 2016, and estimated trace element and isotopes fluxes from the Mackenzie River to the Western Arctic Ocean. While inorganic nutrient, dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, trace metal, and radium levels remained fairly constant through the delta, dissolved organic matter concentrations were 2–3.5 times higher at the mouth of the river, reflecting inputs from the delta. In the estuarine mixing zone, radium isotope ratios indicated that both desorption from suspended sediments and benthic inputs affected solute concentrations. Similarly, most of the measured trace metals (Ba, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni) exhibited non-conservative addition in the freshwater-saltwater transition zone, while Pb was removed and U was mixed conservatively. Inorganic nutrients were affected by both addition and removal processes in the estuary. Dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity exhibited net removal, likely due to a combination of biological uptake, gas exchange, CaCO3 precipitation, and surface ion exchange processes. Approximately 45% and 60% of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen, respectively, were removed rapidly at low salinities, in contrast with previous studies suggesting conservative mixing through Arctic estuaries. This study highlights the need to take deltaic and estuarine processes into account when determining the flux of riverine solutes to the coastal ocean.
The volumetric performance of electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices, other than gravimetric performance, is attracting increasing attention due to the fast development of electric vehicles and smart devices. Carbon-based electrodes have advanced the fast development of EES devices while being limited by their low volumetric performance because of their porous structure and the resulting low density. This paper aims to clarify the importance of the volumetric performance and review the most recent progress in advanced EES devices with a high volumetric performance. Strategies for improving the volumetric performance, particularly with carbon-based materials, are also proposed here. The transformation of normal low-density carbons to high-density ones through the assembly of different building blocks is highlighted as a promising remedy for this issue, and their applications in next-generation EES devices (Li–S, Li–air, Na-ion, etc.) are also discussed.
Na0.67-x K x Mn0.72Ni0.14Co0.14O2 (x =0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05) layered cathodes were prepared as the cathode of sodium-ion batteries by a co-precipitation method. The effects of K+ doping were investigated, as the doping amount of K+ could change the structure and finally influence the electrochemical performances. The appropriate content of K+ could expand the Na+ diffusion channel and improve both the cycleability and rate performance. The Na0.66K0.01Mn0.72Ni0.14Co0.14O2 composite showed enhanced cycle performance with an initial capacity of 141mAhg−1 and 112mAhg−1 maintained after 100 cycles at 2.0C rate. Meanwhile, the pristine Na0.67Mn0.72Ni0.14Co0.14O2 (without K+ doping) showed a lower initial capacity of 112mAhg−1 with 67mAhg−1 retained after 100 cycles at 2.0C. What’s more, the Na0.66K0.01Mn0.72Ni0.14Co0.14O2 sample delivered a high reversible capacity of 88.4mAhg−1 even at 8.0C, which was much higher than that of Na0.67Mn0.72Ni0.14Co0.14O2 (35mAhg−1). These results demonstrated that the K+ doping could be a feasible strategy to enhance the performance of layered cathode for sodium ion battery.
A new type of electrochromic device that uses electrodeposition of lead(II) oxide in combination with hydrogel-stabilized water-based electrolyte has been investigated. Operation of selected devices was examined using a series of electrochemical techniques (cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy), along with UV–Vis transmittance spectroscopy. Presented devices with use of electrodeposited PbO from aqueous solution exhibited very short response time of 15 s. Data obtained from experiments showed high difference between bleached and tinted state while low potential required for color change (+1.7 V). All tested devices were unsealed and performed electrochromic effect for several cycles with unchanged repeatable cycling ability. Best characteristics, achieving good repeatability, high transmittance in bleached state and good coloration in tinted state, along with good stability, were obtained with device using a cross-linked random copolymer hydrogel N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAM) and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) with a 85:15 unit molar ratio (DMAM/NIPAM), in combination with water-based Pb2+/Ni2+ electrolyte and PbO as working electrode and NiO as counter electrode. Constructed devices showed stable color in tinted state and ability to self-bleach when short-circuited. This type of electrochromic cells could be used as a more time-stable and lower cost alternative for existing intercalation-type electrochromic devices.
In this paper, an ontology-driven multi-agent based energy management system (EMS) is proposed for monitoring and optimal control of an integrated homes/buildings and microgrid system with various renewable energy resources (RESs) and controllable loads. Different agents ranging from simple-reflex to complex learning agents are designed and implemented to cooperate with each other to reach an optimal operating strategy for the mentioned integrated energy system (IES) while meeting the system’s objectives and related constraints. The optimization process for the EMS is defined as a coordinated distributed generation (DG) and demand response (DR) management problem within the studied environment and is solved by the proposed agent-based approach utilizing cooperation and communication among decision agents. To verify the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed multi-agent based EMS, several case studies are carried out and corresponding results are presented.
The effects of mechanical stress on lithium-ion battery life are investigated by monitoring the stack pressure and capacity of constrained commercial lithium-ion pouch cells during cycling. Stack stress is found to be a dynamic quantity, fluctuating with charge/discharge and gradually increasing irreversibly over long times with cycling. Variations in initial stack pressure, an important controllable manufacturing parameter, are shown to produce different stress evolution characteristics over the lifetime of the cells. Cells manufactured with higher levels of stack pressure are found to exhibit shorter cycle lives, although small amounts of stack pressure lead to increased capacity retention over unconstrained cells. Postmortem analysis of these cells suggests a coupling between mechanics and electrochemistry in which higher levels of mechanical stress lead to higher rates of chemical degradation, while layer delamination is responsible for the capacity fade in unconstrained cells. Localized separator deformation resulting in nonuniform lithium transport is also observed in all cells.
Greenhouse gas emissions from anthropogenic sources are believed to be the main cause of global warming and climate change. Furthermore, fossil fuels are forecasted to remain the dominant source of energy in the near future. Therefore, capture and sequestration of greenhouse gases and in particular carbon dioxide is likely to be a major pathway toward environmental protection and energy sustainability. Such clarity has stimulated an intense and diverse range of research into various capture and mitigation technologies, which race with global warming in real-time. Quantification of the performance improvement rates of these technologies can inform decision-makers’ long-term investment strategies, and help researchers to identify technical bottlenecks and research potential. The present research estimates the yearly performance improvement rate of CO2 capture, non-CO2 GHG capture, and GHG mitigation technologies, using a novel method based on patent data and the corresponding citation network. Our findings suggest that membrane-based, condensation/rectification-based, and adsorption-based carbon capture are the most promising technologies. Furthermore, the average CO2 capture technologies are likely to improve slightly faster than solar, wind, and battery technologies, indicating their important role in future electrical grids. Unfortunately, subterranean or submarine CO2 storage was identified as a slow-growing technological domain and potentially a bottleneck in the future sustainable carbon chain, which requires further efforts.
Effective therapies for treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been described in the literature, particularly cognitive and behavioral interventions, and have consistently demonstrated a reduction in PTSD symptoms. However, the applied versions of cognitive and behavioral treatments offered in most programs diverge from the forms of therapy investigated in research protocols. These differences are elucidated and a model incorporating cognitive and behavioral interventions is presented, minimizing the discrepancy, yet accommodating most patient, institutional, and therapist needs. The therapies are offered in a program designed to treat women experiencing PTSD as a result of sexual trauma. The program is flexible and can be adapted to populations of either gender or nonveterans, and can be modified to meet specific program needs without compromising treatment approaches.
Mildly expanded graphite (MEG) was synthesized by using perchloric acid as both intercalating agent and oxidizing agent. Its performance as anode material for lithium ion battery was investigated. SEM, XRD, TEM, nitrogen adsorption and TGA/DSC were used to characterize the sample. Charge/discharge tests show that the MEG exhibits a rate capacity as high as 397mAh/g at 0.2C and 250mAh/g at 1.6C.
This research studied one aspect of pragmatic language processing, the ability to understand metaphorical language, to determine whether patients with Parkinson disease (PD) are impaired for these abilities, and whether cognitive resource limitations/fronto-striatal dysfunction contributes to these deficits. Seventeen PD participants and healthy controls (HC) completed a series of neuropsychological tests and performed a metaphor comprehension task following the methods of Gernsbacher and colleagues [Gernsbacher, M. A., Keysar, B., Robertson, R. R. W., & Werner, N. K. (2001). The role of suppression and enhancement in understanding metaphors. Journal of Memory and Language, 45, 433–450.] When participants in the PD group were identified as “impaired” or “unimpaired” relative to the control group on a measure of verbal working memory span, we found that only PD participants with impaired working memory were simultaneously impaired in the processing of metaphorical language. Based on our findings we argue that certain “complex” forms of language processing such as metaphor interpretation are highly dependent on intact fronto-striatal systems for working memory which are frequently, although not always, compromised during the early course of PD.
Municipal solid waste management in the capital city of Indonesia, Jakarta, is examined from a point of view of researchers and waste management practitioners. Major impediments to waste management in Jakarta include non-involvement of stakeholders in planning and decision-making, unskilled staff undertaking the duty, the absence of long-term waste management strategies, and weak coordination between authorities and neighbourhood association workers who undertake primary collection. It was revealed that lack of resources is seen as the least important of all impediments. The success of managing solid waste in Jakarta cannot be separated from the presence and the role of a neighbourhood association, which performs waste collection on a daily basis as well as keeping their respective areas clean by employing their own waste service workers. A neighbourhood-based waste management strategy is a promising solution for Jakarta, because it is more applicable and suitable for Jakarta’s context compared to community-based waste management. The performance of this approach is examined and the improvement for wider adoption is discussed for a long-term solution.
The data of a city space is very large. In the city, there are tens of the thousands of sensors of video, audio and image at the same time. Real-time communication and reception of relevant information are carried out. Real-time monitoring of key areas and key persons and real-time warning information, of course, these operations are in the protection of the privacy and the security monitoring object under the premise of intelligent application analysis. To solve this challenge, this paper proposes the multimedia based intelligent network big data optimization model. To make the game decision between service behavior and ethnic behavior and to achieve a comparison between the specific behaviors in the action domain, two behavior comparison criteria need to be defined. The data level includes the data layer memory module and the forwarding module. The data layer memory module is used to store the content of the service, and the forward module is used to forward the data. Forward when the data flows through the module, the data layer memory modules can be according to the requirements of component control level and store the corresponding service content, and further described the service identification and service information notices to component level control. The intelligent multimedia information processing technology used in multimedia sensor networks should take into account two factors: one is the complexity of the processing, the computing power of the multimedia sensor nodes is limited, and the overly complicated processing technology is not suitable; and the second is the multimedia sensor network features and application requirements. The proposed method dealt with the challenges well, the validation proves the robustness.