batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A new experimental technique was developed for detecting structure changes at electrode/electrolyte interface of lithium cell using X-ray reflectometry and two-dimensional model electrodes with a restricted lattice-plane. The electrodes were constructed with an epitaxial film of LiCoO2 synthesized by pulsed laser deposition method. The orientation of the epitaxial film depends on the substrate plane; the 2D layer of LiCoO2 is parallel to the SrTiO3 (111) substrate ( ( 0 0 3 ) LiCo O 2 / / ( 1 1 1 ) SrTi O 3 ) , while the 2D layer is perpendicular to the SrTiO3 (110) substrate ( ( 1 1 0 ) LiCo O 2 / / ( 1 1 0 ) SrTi O 3 ) . The anisotropic properties were confirmed by electrochemical measurements. Ex situ X-ray reflectivity measurements indicated that the impurity layer existed on the as-grown LiCoO2 was dissolved and a new SEI layer with lower density was formed after soaking into the electrolyte. In situ X-ray reflectivity measurements indicated that the surface roughness of the intercalation (110) plane increased with applying voltages, while no significant changes in surface morphology were observed for the intercalation non-active (003) plane during the pristine stage of the charge–discharge process.
Nowadays UPS manufacturers demand batteries with very high specific power and relatively low specific energy, because most mains failures can be defined as “microfailures”, usually of the order of seconds. Due to this fact, it is not necessary to provide energy but power. Within a 3-year EU funded project, a new AGM valve-regulated lead–acid battery with weight and volume substantially reduced, as well as a substantial improvement in its reliability, is under development. These aspects can provide the achievement of a more efficient, safe and economic energy supply. Battery specific power is practically related to electrode area, so that its increase, and therefore an electrode thickness reduction, appear essential to achieve the project objectives. Furthermore, it is necessary to achieve a similar reduction in the conventional glass microfibre separator. But such thin material should have improved mechanical properties and can make the battery more prone to develop short circuits across the separator. In order to avoid this problem, a new microporous polyethylene membrane has been developed and tested, with excellent mechanical properties, high porosity and low pore size. For these reasons, the final separator configuration includes a combination of both materials, improved non-woven glass microfibre and the polyethylene membrane. Batteries are designed and assembled by Tudor (Exide Technologies) as battery manufacturer and will be tested in real conditions by MGE UPS Systems as end user. Daramic for the membrane and Bernard Dumas for the glass microfibre mat, have developed and supplied the separators, while the Inorganic Chemistry Department of Córdoba University carries out fundamental research studies on very thin electrodes.
This article examines the problem of estimating the aggregate load imposed on the power grid by the battery health-conscious charging of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The article begins by generating a set of representative daily trips using (i) the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) and (ii) a Markov chain model of both federal and naturalistic drive cycles. A multi-objective optimizer then uses each of these trips, together with PHEV powertrain and battery degradation models, to optimize both PHEV daily energy cost and battery degradation. The optimizer achieves this by varying (i) the amounts of charge obtained from the grid by each PHEV, and (ii) the timing of this charging. The article finally computes aggregate PHEV power demand by accumulating the charge patterns optimized for individual PHEV trips. The results of this aggregation process show a peak PHEV load in the early morning (between 5.00 and 6.00a.m.), with approximately half of all PHEVs charging simultaneously. The ability to charge at work introduces smaller additional peaks in the aggregate load pattern. The article concludes by exploring the sensitivity of these results to the relative weighting of the two optimization objectives (energy cost and battery health), battery size, and electricity price.
In this work, we report the synthesis of a novel hybrid electrochromic composite through nucleation and growth of ultrathin tungsten oxide nanowires on graphene oxide sheets using a facile solvothermal route. The competition between the growth of tungsten oxide nanowires and the reduction of graphene oxide sheets leads to the formation of sandwich-structured tungsten oxide-reduced graphene oxide composite. Due to the strongly coupled effect between the ultrathin tungsten oxide nanowires and the reduced graphene oxide nanosheets, the novel electrochromic composite exhibited high-quality electrochromic performance with fast color-switching speed, good cyclic stability, and high coloration efficiency. The present tungsten oxide-reduced graphene oxide composite represents a new approach to prepare other inorganic-reduced graphene oxide hybrid materials for electrochemical applications.
High specific surface area (SSA ∼2000m2/g) porous KOH-activated microwave exfoliated graphite oxide (‘a-MEGO’) electrodes have been tested in a eutectic mixture of ionic liquids (1:1 by weight or molar ratio N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (PIP13-FSI) and N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (PYR14-FSI)) as electrolyte for supercapacitor applications. By optimizing the carbon/electrolyte system, outstanding capacitive performance has been achieved with high capacitance (up to 180F/g) and wide electrochemical window (up to 3.5V) over a wide temperature range from −50°C to 80°C. This is the first demonstration of a carbon–ionic liquid system capable of delivering capacitance in excess of 100F/g below room temperature. The excellent electrochemical response of the proposed couple shows that optimization of the carbon/electrolyte interface is of great importance for improving capacitive energy storage.
A reduction in industrial activity that mirrors the projected reduction in economic growth to below double figures in China has led to a sharp decline in demand for cobalt leading to the mothballing of one of the world's richest cobalt mines situated in the Democratic Republic of Congo, reported the Financial Times in London. Cobalt miner, Camec (Central African Mining & Exploration Company plc), suspended activity at the Mukondo mine, with chief executive Andrew Groves remarking that, “it is almost as if there is a buyers' strike”, particularly as just six months ago, Chinese buyers were purchasing record quantities of cobalt and sending it to Chinese factories for processing. Cobalt is a versatile element finding uses across a spectrum of industries from aerospace, through chemicals to magnetics. It is vital component of superalloys widely used in modern turbofan jets, the rechargeable batteries that are key to future electric car technology, permanent magnets in loudspeakers, hearing systems and coatings for video tapes, as well as the hardmetal tooling industry and in defence in the shape of kinetic penetrator anti-tank ammunition. In a statement, the company called the decision: “A swift reaction to a sudden steep decline in cobalt demand from China, as well as a further decline in the copper price.” According to Reuters, the import price of cobalt in eastern China fell 16 % mid-November and reportedly fell again to almost $12 per pound by 21 November. Cobalt's price crash mirrors other industrial metals including aluminium, zinc, nickel and copper; the mining of which has also suffered suspension. Camec's Mukundo mine may resume production in early 2009 if prices recover.
Electric vehicles (EVs) suffer from significant driving range loss in subzero temperature environments due to reduced energy and power capability of Li-ion batteries as well as severe battery degradation due to Li plating. Preheating batteries to room temperature is an essential function of an effective battery management system. The present study employs an electrochemical–thermal coupled model to simulate, for the first time, the process of heating Li-ion batteries from subzero temperatures. Three heating strategies are proposed and compared using battery power, namely self-internal heating, convective heating and mutual pulse heating, as well as one strategy (AC heating) using external power. Their advantages and disadvantages are discussed in terms of capacity loss, heating time, system durability, and cost. For heating using battery power, model predictions reveal that Li-ion batteries can be heated from −20°C to 20°C at the expense of only 5% battery capacity loss using mutual pulse heating with high-efficiency dc–dc converter, implying considerable potential for improved driving range of EVs in cold weather conditions. Moreover, the heating time can be reduced to within 2min by increasing cell output power using convective heating and mutual pulse heating. For external power heating, high frequency AC signal with large amplitude is a preferred choice, offering both high heating power and improved battery cycle life.
We have recently demonstrated that rodents treated intranasally with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) suffered impairments in olfactory, cognitive and motor functions associated with time-dependent disruption of dopaminergic neurotransmission in different brain structures conceivably analogous to those observed during different stages of Parkinson’s disease (PD). On the other hand, the proanthocyanidin-rich fraction (PRF) obtained from the bark of Croton celtidifolius Baill (Euphorbiaceae), a tree frequently found in the Atlantic forest in south Brazil, has been described to have several neurobiological activities including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which may be of interest in the treatment of PD. The present data indicated that the pretreatment with PRF (10 mg/kg, i.p.) during five consecutive days was able to prevent mitochondrial complex-I inhibition in the striatum and olfactory bulb, as well as a decrease of the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the olfactory bulb and substantia nigra of rats infused with a single intranasal administration of MPTP (1 mg/nostril). Moreover, pretreatment with PRF was found to attenuate the short-term social memory deficits, depressive-like behavior and reduction of locomotor activity observed at different periods after intranasal MPTP administration in rats. Altogether, the present findings provide strong evidence that PRF from C. celtidifolius may represent a promising therapeutic tool in PD, thus being able to prevent both motor and non-motor early symptoms of PD, together with its neuroprotective potential.
Because toxicants rarely occur alone in the environment, a major challenge in risk assessment is to address the combined effects of chemicals on aquatic organisms. This work is aimed at investigating the joint toxicity action of binary mixtures of cadmium and arsenate on Gammarus pulex. Individuals were exposed during 240 h to four single arsenate or cadmium concentrations and binary mixtures of these metals according to a complete factorial plane. Observed mortality in binary mixtures was compared to observed mortality in single arsenate or cadmium exposures. In addition, interactive effects (antagonistic, additive or synergistic) were evaluated using a predictive model for the theoretically expected interactive effect of chemicals. For all the tested concentration combinations, we observed an antagonist ‘between-metals’ interaction on G. pulex mortality. This antagonistic effect was more marked for the lowest than for the highest (i.e. 1502.0 μgAsV L−1 and 28.5 μgCd L−1) tested concentrations of individual metals in binary mixtures. Metal concentrations in body tissues were evaluated and were significantly lower in binary mixtures than in single metal exposures at similar concentration, especially for combinations corresponding to the highest concentrations of both metals (1502.0 μgAsV L−1 and 28.5 μgCd L−1). Results were discussed in terms of (1) mechanisms of uptake and bioconcentration and (2) relationships between metal concentration in gammarid body and observed toxicity.
δ-MgCl2 has relevant applications in the field of electrochemical energy storage and Ziegler–Natta catalysis. Here, we clarify the short-range structural peculiarities that make the disordered phase δ-MgCl2 extremely chemically active relative to the higher lattice energy phases, α-MgCl2 and β-MgCl2. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results are included. These findings, demonstrate the existence of [MgCl2] n nanoribbons and active nanosurfaces in δ-MgCl2 and provide new insight about the nature of the bonding in the allotropic forms of MgCl2.
Recently, MoO2 has been widely studied as an anode material owing to its high theoretical capacity and stability. In this study, nano-sized MoO2 is successfully fabricated on three-dimensional porous carbon (3DPC) using a simple hydrothermal method followed by calcination. The composite exhibits higher surface area (171.6 m2 g−1) than that of bulk MoO2 (81.4 m2 g−1). For the first time, the novel MoO2/3DPC composite is tested in both sodium and potassium ion batteries. The MoO2/3DPC composite exhibits improved electrochemical performance than that of bulk MoO2 powder. In Na+ half cells, the specific charge capacity in the first cycle of the MoO2/3DPC composite at 0.1 A g−1 is ∼463 mAh g−1 and a reversible capacity of ∼367 mAh g−1 can be maintained after 200 cycles. In K+ half cells, the initial charge capacity is ∼350 mAh g−1 at 0.05 A g−1. In addition, a reversible charge capacity of as high as 213 mAh g−1 can be maintained after 200 cycles. The synergistic effect of 3DPC and nano-sized MoO2 improves the electrochemical performance. The unique 3D structure of porous carbon can increase the electrical conductivity and alleviate the absolute stress/strain. Results demonstrate that the MoO2/3DPC composite is one of the promising candidates for Na+/K+ storage.
Nano-sized spinel Li4Ti5O12 powders were synthesized by a sol–gel process. The cubic spinel structure without impurity phase of the synthesized Li4Ti5O12 powders was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The average grain size of the synthesized powders was found to be around 39nm. In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has been performed on the Li4Ti5O12 electrode to investigate its change in the oxidation state and the local environment of the electrode during charging and discharging processes. The X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) analysis showed that the absorption edge energy shifts towards lower and higher energy, respectively, during discharge and charge processes, indicating the reversibility of the electrode is quite good. It was worthy to note that the discharging capacity and the charging capacity obtained for the nano-sized Li4Ti5O12 electrode in the potential range of 0.01–1.75V are 255 and 242mAhg−1, respectively. However, the specific charge capacity obtained in the potential range of 1.0–2.0V is 126mAhg−1. The spinel Li4Ti5O12 electrode maintains the cubic spinel structure for repeated cycling resulting in good cyclability and the capacity retention.
Anatase titania nanotube arrays were fabricated by means of anodization of Ti foil and annealed at 400°C in respective CO and N2 gases for 3h. Electrochemical impendence spectroscopy study showed that CO annealed arrays possessed a noticeably lower charge-transfer resistance as compared with arrays annealed in N2 gas under otherwise the same conditions. TiO2 nanotube arrays annealed in CO possessed much improved lithium ion intercalation capacity and rate capability than N2 annealed samples. At a high charge/discharge current density of 320mAg−1, the initial discharge capacity in CO annealed arrays was found to be as high as 223mAhg−1, 30% higher than N2 annealed arrays, ∼164mAhg−1. After 50 charge/discharge cycles, the discharge capacity in CO annealed arrays remained at ∼179mAhg−1. The improved intercalation capacity and rate capability could be attributed to the presence of surface defects like Ti–C species and Ti3+ groups with oxygen vacancies, which not only improved the charge-transfer conductivity of the arrays but also possibly promoted phase transition.
Poor insight is a ubiquitous phenomenon in psychosis with great repercussions on clinical practise and the outcomes of patients. Poor insight comprises “state” and “trait” components. This paper targeted predictors of global insight and insight dimensions at baseline in the drug-naïve status of first-episode psychosis patients and during a 6-month follow up after episode remission. Seventy-seven consecutive and previously unmedicated patients with first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (FESSD) completed baseline and 6-month insight, premorbid, symptomatological and neuropsychological assessments. Insight measures served as dependent variables for a set of hierarchical multiple regression models. Premorbid personality abnormalities and duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) significantly predicted ‘state’ and ‘trait’ insight global scores. Duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) significantly predicted ‘state’ insight, measured as refusal of treatment at baseline. Moreover, premorbid personality abnormalities and DUP with minor contributions of demographic variables, cognitive functioning and psychopathological dimensions predicted ‘trait insight’, defined as insight after remission of the psychosis episode ‘Insight improver’ FESSD patients showed better late adolescent premorbid adjustment, lower personality disturbances (sociopathic, schizoid and schizotypy dimensions), shorter DUP, and lower positive, negative and disorganisation symptoms and better cognitive performance on the Trail Making B test at the 6-month follow-up assessment. Premorbid personality abnormalities and DUP were predictors of ‘state’ and ‘trait’ insight, both at global scores and dimension levels. Moreover, insight improvement in patients with FESSD was related to premorbid abnormalities (in both adjustment and personality), shorter DUP, fewer positive and negative symptoms and better performance in cognitive tests at the 6-month follow up.
Rational construction of high-performance electrode materials is crucial for advancement of sodium ion batteries (SIBs). In this work, for the first time, we explore the sodium ion storage performance of hydrogen molybdenum bronze (HMB). To perfect its performance, we controllably sandwich HMB into conductive vertical graphene (VG) skeleton and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) shell forming free-standing VG/HMB/PEDOT composite arrays with the help of powerful successive electrodeposition methods. HMB is completely compatible with VG and PEDOT, and intimately combined with them. Due to the unique integrated porous structure and omnibearing conductive network, the designed VG/HMB/PEDOT composite arrays show high sodium ion storage capacities (385mAhg−1 at 200mAg−1) and superior long-term cycling stability (320mAhg−1 at 200mAg−1 after 500 cycles) when used as anode of SIBs, much better than the VG/HMB and HMB/PEDOT counterparts. Our proposed fabrication strategy offers a new route for designing high-performance electrodes for applications in electrochemical energy storage and electrocatalysis.
This work aims at providing a guide for the calculation of investment and operation costs of a process to treat diluted streams of heavy metal ions. This process is composed of two stages: (1) a metal concentration stage by polymer supported ultrafiltration; (2) a polymer regeneration and metal recovery by electrodeposition. First of all, the most relevant parameters to be used in the process design will be correlated with the key working variables. Next, these parameters will be related with the cost of the main investment of the plant, providing Williams equations based on both literature and suppliers’ budgets. Finally, a detailed costs calculation for the most representative values of the working variables will be presented as example.
This paper presents new results on the assessment of sustainability indicators for renewable energy (RE) systems (solar PV, wind, phosphoric acid fuel cell, and solid oxide fuel cell). Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model and hybrid Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis/Additive Ratio Assessment (SWARA/ARAS) method are used in this study. Five sustainability criteria (resource, environmental, economic, social and technology) and fourteen sub-categories (area, material, energy-construction, energy-fuel, CO2-construction, CO2-fuel, capital-construction, capital-fuel, delivered cost of energy, current installed capacity, growth rate, capacity factor, system efficiency, and lifetime) are included in this analysis. The extended SWARA and ARAS hybrid method in addition to three energy experts are used in this study for the calculation of sustainability indicators. The final result of this process of ranking the four renewable energy technologies using SWARA-ARAS hybrid method based on the five sustainability criteria and the fourteen subcategories is: (1) wind energy systems (land-based), (2) solid oxide fuel cell, (3) phosphoric acid fuel cell, and (4) solar energy systems (poly-silicon). The MCDM model integrated with the hybrid SWARA/ARAS method is found to be a useful methodology for the sustainability assessment of renewable energy systems, sustainable energy development and decision-making for policy makers.
We employ a comparative phylogenetic analysis to gain insight into the recent evolutionary history of Macaca fascicularis, the long-tailed macaque. Mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal topologies both show that, in general, the deepest intraspecific bifurcations separate Indochinese and Sundaic forms of this species. Sumatran populations, however, are an exception: they carry one Y-chromosomal lineage that clusters with continental populations, and another that clusters with insular stocks. This discovery provides insight into two events in the history of M. fascicularis. First, the presence of the ‘continental’ Y-lineage on Sumatra is one of the strongest lines of evidence to date for recent (Late Pleistocene) gene flow between Indochinese and Sundaic populations. Second, since Sumatra is the only region known to carry ‘continental’ YDNA and ‘insular’ mtDNA, it is considered the most likely source of the Mauritian macaques—an important biomedical research stock that appears to carry this mtDNA/YDNA combination exclusively.
A system using a high-speed and high-precision X-ray inspection system for testing internal short circuits in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) was firstly developed for the safety test on LIBs. X-ray transmission moving images of the anode and cathode were obtained in the layered LIB structure. The nail-penetration test was chosen to test for the presence of an internal short circuit. This system would allow direct observation of smoke generation inside outside the battery, ballooning of the pouch, as well as changing layered structures of electrodes in real time. Since the results of a conventional nail-penetration test are indicated only by smoke generation, fire, or explosion, this new system allows electrode changes in the pouch to be observed for the first time. This system is expected to lead to great developments in the safety of LIBs.