batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The objective of this study was to develop a new personal sampler for viable airborne microorganisms and to evaluate its performance under controlled laboratory conditions and in a field. In the sampler, air is bubbled through a porous medium submerged in a liquid layer, as has earlier been demonstrated to be highly efficient for air purification. The prototype had the physical collection efficiency >95% for particles >0.32μm in aerodynamic diameter during 8h of continuous operation. The pressure drop across the sampler was below 1700Pa, much lower than that of most conventional bioaerosol samplers. The collection liquid losses due to evaporation and aerosolization did not exceed 18% in 8h and the culturability of sampled microorganisms remained high: the recovery rate of stress-sensitive gram-negative P. fluorescens bacteria was 61±20%; for stress-resistant B. subtilis bacteria and A. versicolor fungal spores it was 95±9% and 97±6%, respectively. Six identical personal samplers were tested simultaneously on a simplified human manikin in an office environment. The culturable microbial concentration data obtained during 2, 4 and 8-h sampling were not affected by the sampling time. Inter-sample variation did not exceed 30%. The laboratory and field evaluations have demonstrated that the new sampler is capable of long-term personal sampling of airborne culturable microorganisms. The estimation of the detection limits has indicated that the sampler is capable of monitoring microbial exposure in the environments with the bacterial concentrations above 15CFU/m3 and fungal concentrations above 5CFU/m3 when using a sampling time of 8h.
Thermoelectric generator (TEG) has drawn significant for the waste heat recovery systems. In this study, a prototype has been developed for the working principle suitable to the thermoelectric generator systems. The exhaust system of diesel engine is used and benefited from the exhaust gas heat to heat the surface. In addition, thermoelectric cooling system is used for the cooling effect that is required under different temperatures. In experiments, internal combustion diesel engines are used in five different engine speeds and two different engine loads for each speed level. Electric connection of the 40-piece thermoelectric modules mounted on the octagon structure made from Aluminium 6061 material is made in series. Performance of TEG systems has been examined in terms of changing speed and engine load. The performance of TEG systems has been examined in terms of changing speed and load in the engine. In the system, with the assistance of fluent programme in the Ansys Workbench 12.0 and at the same time having the Calculating Fluid Dynamic (CFD) programme, the temperature and flow analysis is performed.
SnO2 is promising as anode material for Lithium ion batteries(LIBs) due to its high specific capacity and low opening potential. However, its poor electronic conductivity as well as serious volume effect significantly restrict its application in LIBs. In this work, a facile hydrothermal method assisted with microwave is performed to realize the composite of SnO2 and graphene within only 30minutes without any chelating agents. It is highly time-efficient with relatively high SnO2 loading of 89.97wt.%. Ultrasmall nano-particles of SnO2 well disperse on the surface of the graphene with average particle size of 3–8nm and larger surface area of 417.45m2 g−1. Simultaneously, high charge/discharge capacity of 969.4/978.6mAhg−1 is obtained after 100 cycles at 200mAg−1. Even increasing the current density to 1Ag−1, high reversible charge/discharge capacities of 740.0/747.0mAhg−1 are still remained after 200 cycles. In addition, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are performed to further study the composite material prepared by facile microwave hydrothermal method. It is considered to be a high efficient way to obtain SnO2/graphene composite with excellent electrochemical properties as anode material for applications.
Micro gas turbine units are reliable and versatile units for on-site combined heat and power production (CHP). Compared to internal combustion engines, CHP units based on micro gas turbines offer several advantages, among which the compactness, the high power-to-weight ratio, the lower pollutant emissions and maintenance costs. Depending on the specific type of gas turbine, also fuel flexibility could be better than diesel engines, as the fuel is continuously burnt in a hot environment and there is not possible mixing among fuel and lubricating oil. Within the framework of the EU-Russian Federation FP7 cooperative and specifically the Bioliquids-CHP project, a Garrett GTP 30–67 liquid fuel (diesel) micro gas turbine was characterised with diesel and then tested with different first generation biofuels, such as vegetable oil and biodiesel. An in-house test bench was designed, engineered, instrumented and built. In this research work, exhaust emissions from experimental campaign on the micro gas turbine run with diesel oil and biofuels are presented. Emissions were measured at various load. The experiments demonstrated that the MGT can be successfully operated with these biofuels, with emissions comparable to the standard diesel oil. The experiences gained on the operation of the micro gas turbine on first generation biofuels will serve as a basis for modifying the MGT to be operated with bio-oil from fast pyrolysis.
Throughout the world application of vehicle and infrastructure based intelligent transportation systems have been increased over the last decade. Most of these advanced intelligent technologies are only used in urban areas. Successful introduction of such intelligent technologies can enhance the level of safety, security and efficiency of transportation system in rural communities and support country's growth. In this research, a techno-economic feasibility evaluation of a smart street light (SSL) system, in the context of rural areas in India, has been carried out. In order to evaluate the proposed SSL system we have considered a case study of the remotely located Khurhaan village in the state of Bihar, India. The result suggested that adopting SSL over the conventional street light system gives a cost saving of 91,506 annually.
This paper presents the results of an investigation into the initial stage of the discharge voltage response of valve-regulated lead–acid (VRLA) batteries. This region is dominated by the phenomenon known as the coup de fouet which manifests itself as a voltage dip followed by a recovery. The research focuses on two parameters found within the coup de fouet region, namely, the trough and the plateau voltage. It is found that these parameters are influenced by the operating conditions and the sate-state-of health (SoH) of the battery. The operating conditions considered are discharge rate, ambient temperature, depth of previous discharge, charge duration, and float voltage. The coup de fouet parameters corresponding to high rate discharges, as well as discharges conducted at low temperatures, have reduced magnitudes compared with those conducted at lower rates or higher temperatures. This behaviour mirrors the availability of capacity when the battery is discharged under the same operating conditions. The float voltage is found to have a direct relationship with the trough and plateau voltages, whereas an indirect relationship between charge duration and the trough and plateau voltages is observed. The influence of variations in discharge depth on the coup de fouet is more complex. For consecutive discharge depths below approximately 10% of rated capacity, the coup de fouet becomes distorted and exhibits a second voltage dip. For consecutive discharges of greater depth, this does not occur. The influence of the degradation in battery SoH due to accelerated thermal ageing, water replenishment post-accelerated thermal ageing, and field ageing is investigated. The coup de fouet parameters associated with the discharge of batteries with low SoH have a reduced magnitude compared with those associated with the discharge of batteries with a high SoH.
Upper limb nerve injuries are common, and their treatment poses a challenge for physicians and surgeons. Experimental models help in minimum exploration of the functional characteristics of peripheral nerve injuries of forelimbs. This study was conducted to characterize the functional recovery (1, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days) after median and ulnar nerve crush in mice and analyze the histological and biochemical markers of nerve regeneration (after 21 days). Sensory–functional impairments appeared after 1 day. The peripheral nerve morphology, the nerve structure, and the density of myelin proteins [myelin protein zero (P0) and peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22)] were analyzed after 21 days. Cold allodynia and fine motor coordination recovery occurred on the 10th day, and grip strength recovery was observed on the 14th day after injury. After 21 days, there was partial myelin sheath recovery. PMP22 recovery was complete, whereas P0 recovery was not. Results suggest that there is complete functional recovery even with partial remyelination of median and ulnar nerves in mice.
Diluents composed of H2O and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were added to 1-ethyl-3-methylimmidazolium dicyanamide (EMI-DCA), yielding an electrolyte system that is potentially applicable for Zn–air batteries. H2O is critical for enhancing both the electrolyte conductivity and Zn/Zn(II) redox kinetics, but impairs Zn/Zn(II) redox reversibility and cyclability. DMSO has the ability to stabilize the electrolyte from H2O decomposition and is beneficial for maintaining Zn/Zn(II) redox reversibility and cyclability. Improved Zn/Zn(II) redox kinetics and reversibility, together with good cyclability up to 200 cycles, was achieved in EMI-DCA + H2O + DMSO in a mole ratio of 1:1.1:2.3.
Networked microgrids (NMGs) are beneficial and economical for both microgrids’ owners and consumers as this structure could potentially play a significant role in energy efficiency, power system reliability and sustainability. Renewable energy sources (RESs) and sharp fluctuations in load consumption impose new challenges in solving operational problems in smart distribution grids. As a result, deterministic methods are not able to provide a precise analysis of microgrids operation and planning. Therefore, stochastic algorithms are used as powerful tools in ensuring reliable solutions especially in operation problems. In this paper, daily optimal scheduling problem of NMGs considering intermittent behavior in generation and load is investigated in a proposed energy management system (EMS). Two demand response programs (DRPs) based on time of use (TOU) and real time pricing (RTP) are integrated into the optimal scheduling model and the developed model is solved using a metaheuristic algorithm under uncertainties of RESs and loads. The numerical simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed model through comparison with solution from stochastic optimization.
Age-related impairment in synaptic plasticity, like long-term potentiation (LTP), has been repeatedly reported. We had shown that late stages of LTP in the rat dentate gyrus can be modulated by emotional factors, but this is impaired by aging. In the present study we have searched for possible impairments in emotional and spatial memory tasks that may correspond to the impaired reinforcement observed at the cellular level. We have trained young and aged animals in a battery of tests: exploration (open field) object recognition, anxiety (plus maze) fear conditioning and spatial memory (Morris' water maze (MWM)). The open field, anxiety, and novelty recognition showed no age differences except a reduced velocity in aged rats. Emotional and contextual memories were preserved, but acquisition was slightly impaired. Age-dependent impairments appeared in spatial memory, evaluated in terms of latency and distance to reach the hidden escape platform in the water maze task, but these were not related with impairments in other tests, in particular there was no relation between spatial and emotional memory impairments. Age-related impairments in different paradigms were caused by different independent factors that did not correlated with each other.
The objective of this research is to analyze the performance of a passive hybrid powerplant control system to be implemented in a lightweight unmanned aerial vehicle capable to ascend up to the high troposphere (10,000 m). The powerplant is based on a high-temperature PEM fuel cell connected in parallel to a set of lithium-polymer batteries and regulated by two power diodes. Test performed in steady state demonstrates that the use of the hybrid system increases the efficiency of the stack by more than 7% because the voltage at the main DC bus is limited by the batteries. The robustness of the passive control system is proved in a long-term test in which random perturbations of ±15% are applied to the average power that would be demanded during the ascent flight. The hybridization of the stack with the batteries eliminates sudden peaks in the current generated by the stack, which are responsible for prompt degradation phenomena that drastically reduce its useful lifetime. The study demonstrates that with the passive hybrid powerplant it is possible to reach the target height with the gas storage system considered in the application, contrary to what happens with the simple power plant.
We herein report the synthesis of ternary nanocomposites consisting of polyaniline (PANI), activated carbon, and TiO2(B) components, which involves the preparation of activated carbon/TiO2(B) nanowires (ACTB) using sonochemical–hydrothermal method, and their subsequent composites with PANI via in situ polymerization. The morphology and structure of ACTB/PANI ternary nanocomposites are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Morphology analysis shows that the porous network layer of PANI homogeneously coated on the outer surface of ACTB support. The electrochemical properties of the ternary nanocomposite as the electrode material for electrochemical capacitors are examined by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge test in an organic electrolyte (1.0M LiClO4 in propylene carbonate). The results show that the ternary nanocomposites have a specific capacitance as large as 286Fg−1 in the potential range from −3 to 3V (vs. SCE) at a charge–discharge current density of 1.0Ag−1, which is a significant improvement compared to those of the three separate components, demonstrating that the ACTB/PANI nanocomposites are promising materials for supercapacitor electrode.
Investigation of early transmission failure from animal-borne, satellite transmitters should reveal vital information about the reliability of the technology, and the risk of application to the animal. Current technology available to the investigator does not provide firm evidence for causes of transmitter blackout.
Lower energy bills and desirable spherical powder are only two of the advantages of centrifugal atomisation…
The properties of the monoclinic lithium vanadium phosphate, Li3V2(PO4)3 (LVP), are investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrochemical methods. Electrochemical measurements conducted in half cells with Li3V2(PO4)3 as the cathode material and lithium metal as the anode have shown that this material exhibits an excellent reversibility when the charge extracted is confined to that equivalent to two lithiums per formula unit. The extraction of the last lithium is observed at a potential >4.6V versus Li/Li+ and involves a significant overvoltage. Upon discharge, a solid solution behavior is observed after which the two-phase regime for the last lithium insertion reappears. Furthermore, XRD has shown that the original structure is recovered. Cycling performance as well as rate capability are also presented for rocking-chair batteries based on LVP and graphite.
The electroactive LiFePO4/C nano-composite has been synthesized by an emulsion drying method. During burning-out the oily emulsion precipitates in an air-limited atmosphere at 300°C, amorphous or low crystalline carbon was generated along with releasing carbon oxide gases, and trivalent iron as a cheap starting material was immediately reduced to the divalent one at this stage as confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, leading to a low crystalline LiFePO4/C composite. Heat-treatment of the low crystalline LiFePO4/C in an Ar atmosphere resulted in a well-ordered olivine structure, as refined by Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction pattern. From secondary electron microscopic and scanning transmission electron microscopic observations with the corresponding elemental mapping images of iron and phosphorous, it was found that the LiFePO4 powders are modified by fine carbon. The in situ formation of the nano-sized carbon during crystallization of LiFePO4 brought about two advantages: (i) an optimized particle size of LiFePO4, and (ii) a uniform distribution of fine carbon in the product. These effects of the fine carbon on LiFePO4/C composite led to high capacity retention upon cycling at 25 and 50°C and high rate capability, resulting from a great enhancement of electric conductivity as high as 10−4 Scm−1. That is, the obtained capacity was higher than 90mAh (g-phosphate)−1 by applying a higher current density of about 1000mAg−1 (11C) at 50°C.
Lead telluride and its alloys have been extensively studied for medium temperature thermoelectric applications due to decent figure-of-merit (ZT) at temperature close to 900K. However, little emphasis has been given to improve the ZT near room temperature. In this investigation, we report a systematic study of Cr doping in PbTe1−y Se y with y=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 0.85, and 1. We found the peak ZT temperature increased with increasing concentration of Se. The highest ZT of ~0.6 at room temperature in Te-rich Cr0.015Pb0.985Te0.75Se0.25 was obtained due to a lowered thermal conductivity and enhanced power factor resulted from high Seebeck coefficient of about −220µVK−1 and high Hall mobility ~1120cm2 V−1 s−1 at room temperature. A room temperature ZT of ~0.5 and peak ZT of ~1 at about 573–673K is shown by Se-rich sample Cr0.01Pb0.99Te0.25Se0.75. This improvement of the room temperature ZT improved the average ZT over a wide temperature range and could potentially lead to a single leg efficiency of thermoelectric conversion for Te-rich Cr0.015Pb0.985Te0.75Se0.25 up to ~11% and Se-rich Cr0.01Pb0.99Te0.25Se0.75 up to ~13% with cold side and hot side temperature at 300K and 873K, respectively, if matched with appropriate p-type legs.
As research continues to document differences in the prevalence of mental health problems such as depression across racial/ethnic groups, the issue of measurement equivalence becomes increasingly important to address. The Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) is a widely used screening tool for child and adolescent depression. This study applied a differential item functioning (DIF) framework to data from a sample of 6th and 8th grade students in the Seattle Public School District (N = 3,593) to investigate the measurement equivalence of the MFQ. Several items in the MFQ were found to have DIF, but this DIF was associated with negligible individual- or group-level impact. These results suggest that differences in MFQ scores across groups are unlikely to be caused by measurement non-equivalence.
One-way electric car-sharing systems are expected to be an integral part of future transportation systems, playing an important role in reducing traffic congestion and carbon emissions. Owing to limited battery capacities and the lengthy charging process, an electric car-sharing system may not achieve the high vehicle utilization that a non-electric car-sharing system can achieve. We investigate two approaches to vehicle management, in order to circumvent battery constraints and to improve vehicle utilization rates in one-way electric car-sharing systems. In the first approach, we optimize vehicle assignment decisions, and in the second approach, we further allow vehicle relays, enabling users to complete longer trips by sequentially taking two vehicles. We propose a novel space–time–battery network flow model to determine optimal assignment and relay decisions. With an extra dimension for tracking each vehicle’s battery level, the proposed model is a single-commodity network flow model that is computationally amiable. To meet the requirement of quick responses, we propose an efficient algorithm that exploits an innovative diving heuristic to solve the resulting integer program. Numerical results show that when vehicle assignment and relays are optimized in an electric car-sharing system, we may achieve a comparable vehicle utilization rate as in a non-electric car-sharing system. In particular, optimizing vehicle assignment is essential when most trips are short trips, and vehicle relays are critical when users demand more long trips.
Due to the inherent aleatory uncertainties in renewable generators, the reliability/adequacy assessments of distributed generation (DG) systems have been particularly focused on the probabilistic modeling of random behaviors, given sufficient informative data. However, another type of uncertainty (epistemic uncertainty) must be accounted for in the modeling, due to incomplete knowledge of the phenomena and imprecise evaluation of the related characteristic parameters. In circumstances of few informative data, this type of uncertainty calls for alternative methods of representation, propagation, analysis and interpretation. In this study, we make a first attempt to identify, model, and jointly propagate aleatory and epistemic uncertainties in the context of DG systems modeling for adequacy assessment. Probability and possibility distributions are used to model the aleatory and epistemic uncertainties, respectively. Evidence theory is used to incorporate the two uncertainties under a single framework. Based on the plausibility and belief functions of evidence theory, the hybrid propagation approach is introduced. A demonstration is given on a DG system adapted from the IEEE 34 nodes distribution test feeder. Compared to the pure probabilistic approach, it is shown that the hybrid propagation is capable of explicitly expressing the imprecision in the knowledge on the DG parameters into the final adequacy values assessed. It also effectively captures the growth of uncertainties with higher DG penetration levels.
Electrolyte poisons comprised of diols and diamines are investigated for the intended function of exacerbating internal resistance in lithium-ion batteries upon short circuit failure, to quickly arrest uncontrolled joule heat generation in the earliest stages. The competing dynamics of powerful short circuit currents and electrolyte poisoning interactions are evaluated via simultaneous nail penetration and poison injection of LIR2450 format LiCoO2/graphite 120 mAh coin cells. To forcibly increase electrolyte impedance, diols serve to hinder charge-carrying ion mobility by raising solution viscosity, while diamines disrupt solvent permittivity by rapidly polymerizing the ethylene carbonate solvent. Diamines demonstrate great potency, and are suitable for integration into battery cells within chemically-inert, breakable containers, rigged for release upon mechanical activation. Mixtures of 1,2-ethanediol and 1,2-ethanediamine show synergistic poisoning effects, decreasing peak temperature accrued by 70% when introduced simultaneously upon nail penetration. With the innate presence and abundance of diols and diamines in electric vehicle heat exchangers, they may be employed for multifunctional applications.