batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
La0.7Sr0.3Mn0.7Co0.3O3-coated spinel LiMn2O4 with excellent cycle stability and high rate capability is successfully prepared by a sol–gel method. The 3 wt.% La0.7Sr0.3Mn0.7Co0.3O3-coated LiMn2O4 shows the optimum electrochemical performance. It can deliver 101 mAh g−1 at 10 C even after 100 cycles with a capacity retention of 93.5%. In contrast, the bare LiMn2O4 delivers 83.6 mAh g−1 at the same condition, only 84.5% capacity left. The rate capability of 3 wt.% La0.7Sr0.3Mn0.7Co0.3O3-coated LiMn2O4 is also obviously enhanced, especially at high rates (10 C, 20 C and 30 C). It can deliver 74.3 mAh g−1 at 30 C which is much higher than that of the bare sample (47.2 mAh g−1). The bare and coated LiMn2O4 samples are studied with various techniques. Both powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements demonstrate the existence of the La0.7Sr0.3Mn0.7Co0.3O3, and it has no influence on the crystal structure of the pristine LiMn2O4. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows that La0.7Sr0.3Mn0.7Co0.3O3 coating layer with good crystallinity can cover the surface of LiMn2O4 to form a core–shell structure. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) demonstrate that the coating layer can improve the kinetics of electrodes.
In our study, for ion–polymer interaction in gel-type polymer electrolyte (GPE), two kinds of ions were used. GPE systems were composed of Mg or Li salt, organic solvent (γ-BL), and polymer matrix prepared by chemical crosslinking of NBR with poly(ethylene glycol)methylethermethacrylate (PEGMEM) having polar group (CH2 CH2 O) in the side chain of monomer. GPE consisting of Li+ ion had higher ionic conductivity than that of Mg2+ ion at below 100wt.% of electrolyte content (1M salt/γ-BL). On the other hand, GPE consisting of Mg2+ ion had higher ionic conductivity than that consisting of Li+ ion at over 120wt.% of electrolyte content (1M salt/γ-BL). The maximum liquid electrolyte content was 200wt.% for all GPE systems. And the highest ionic conductivity of 3.3 × 10−2 Scm−1 was achieved for the case of Mg2+-GPE with 200wt.% of liquid electrolyte contents at 20°C. The interaction between ionic species and polymer matrix in GPE was investigated by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Also, cyclic voltammogram of Mg2+-GPE confirmed the electrochemical property of divalent cation with two electron-transfer reactions.
The pursuit of energy density has driven electric vehicle (EV) batteries from using lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes in early days to ternary layered oxides increasingly rich in nickel; however, it is impossible to forgo the LFP battery due to its unsurpassed safety, as well as its low cost and cobalt-free nature. Here we demonstrate a thermally modulated LFP battery to offer an adequate cruise range per charge that is extendable by 10 min recharge in all climates, essentially guaranteeing EVs that are free of range anxiety. Such a thermally modulated LFP battery designed to operate at a working temperature around 60 °C in any ambient condition promises to be a well-rounded powertrain for mass-market EVs. Furthermore, we reveal that the limited working time at the high temperature presents an opportunity to use graphite of low surface areas, thereby prospectively prolonging the EV lifespan to greater than two million miles.
In this research, a numerical simulation has been conducted to investigate one of the important factors for the efficient design of a maintenance-free (MF) lead-acid battery lid. Baffles and splashguards on the battery vent plug and inside the double lid are generally utilized to reduce the electrolyte loss, in the form of electrolyte droplets, during lifetime of maintenance-free batteries. Gas flow inside the battery cell and double lid is initially solved by finite volume method (FVM); then discrete phase model, in a Lagrangian reference frame, is employed to trace the electrolyte particles formed by bursting gas bubbles on the electrolyte surface and electrolyte splashing and agitating. In addition, appropriate physical models for the boundary conditions of the released gases, electrolyte droplets interaction with the lid walls and the flame arrestor are considered.
Three dimensional (3D) nano-LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4@C/CNT composite was successfully synthesized by an oleylamine-assisted solvothermal method. The prepared composite showed excellent electrochemical performance, especially superior high rate capability. It could deliver a specific discharge capacity of 103.1 mAh/g, even at 80 C. The superior high rate performance of the as-prepared LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4@C/CNT electrode is attributed to its unique 3D conducting network: (1) the prepared LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4@C active particles were in nano-scale with a size of 30–50 nm; (2) LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4 nanoparticles were uniformly coated by amorphous carbon with a thickness of 3 nm; (3) the graphitized conductive CNTs were dispersed homogenously among the LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4@C active particles. The synergistic effect of the nanoscale amorphous carbon coated LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4@C active particles and the graphitized CNTs reduces the diffusion path of the lithium ions and benefits the transference ability of electron.
For exploring promising energy storage devices beyond lithium ion batteries, aluminum ion batteries (AIBs) are desirable cells with high energy-to-price ratios because of abundant natural resources, the higher energy density of aluminum and elimination of unexpected safety risks. Nevertheless, an ideal rechargeable AIB configuration with ultrahigh capacity is still fundamentally pursued. For fundamentally promoting the most promising chalcogen or chalcogenide-based AIB positive electrode materials, here rechargeable tellurium (Te) nanowire positive electrodes are demonstrated to construct novel tellurium–aluminum batteries. The cell configuration allows Te nanowires for delivering an ultrahigh discharge capacity ∼1026 mA h g−1 (with a specific current of 0.5 A g−1) along with an initial 1.4 V discharge voltage, competitive with the record-setting energy density of the documented AIBs. For essentially tackling the dramatic capacity loss in tellurium positive electrodes, the mechanism of impacting the rechargeable ability is linked to the production of soluble tellurium chloroaluminate compounds upon both chemical dissolution and electrochemical conversion processes. As a consequence, the cell configuration is proved to substantially suppress the unexpected shuttle effects induced by soluble tellurium chloroaluminate compounds via employing reduced graphene oxide to support the tellurium positive electrodes as well as utilizing functionalized carbon nanotube membranes to modify the separators. The implication of the results suggests a nice plateau for massively promoting the rechargeable ability of AIBs, advancing remarkable routes for achieving ultrahigh capacity and energy density.
Carbon coated Fe3O4 nanocomposite (Fe3O4/C) is synthesized via a simple sol–gel route and a subsequent carbon CVD process, with Fe2O3 xerogel as intermediate product. The nanoporous Fe2O3 xerogel is reduced to Fe3O4 during the CVD process. The prepared Fe3O4/C composite presents a well-distributed nanostructure composing of Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated with carbon layer. The electrode exhibits a stable reversible capacity of over 850 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, excellent cycling performance and good rate capability. Both of the nano-scale particle size of Fe3O4 and the carbon layer contribute to the excellent electrochemical performance of Fe3O4/C. An increase in electrode capacity with cycling is observed for the prepared Fe3O4/C composite when cycled at 50 °C, which is similar to other reported transition metal oxides. The preparation process of Fe3O4/C composite is facile, mild and productive.
Metal-based smart windows allow for light and heat transmission control but suffer from poor metal ion diffusion over large areas. Here, the authors demonstrate a 100 cm2 window that is uniformly switchable from clear to black in 60 s by combining reversible metal electrodeposition with ion insertion.
Choosing a camera for use in the dermatology office is difficult, particularly in the case of a digital camera because the market is constantly evolving. This article explains the features that should be taken into account, including camera type, sensor, lens and macro capability, aperture priority mode, screen, viewfinder, operating speed, flash, battery, memory card, and image format. The most recent advances in the field of digital photography relevant to the dermatologist are discussed.
New inks based on lithium iron phosphate and graphite for cathode and anode, respectively, were developed for printable lithium-ion batteries using the “green solvent” N,N′-dimethylpropyleneurea (DMPU) and poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF, as a binder. The results were compared with the ones from inks developed with the conventionally used solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, NMP. The rheological properties of the PVDF/DMPU binder solution shows a more pronounced shear thinning behavior than the PVDF/NMP solution. Cathode inks prepared with 2.25 mL and 2.50 mL of DMPU for 1 g of electrode mass show an apparent viscosity of 3 Pa s and 2 Pa s for a shear rate of 100 s−1, respectively, being therefore processable by screen-printing or doctor blade techniques. The electrodes prepared with DMPU and processed by screen-printing show a capacity of 52 mAh g−1 at 2C for the cathode and 349 mAh g−1 at C/5 for the anode, after 45 charge-discharge cycles. The electrochemical performance of both electrodes was evaluated in a full-cell and after 9 cycles, the discharge capacity value is 81 mAh g−1, showing a discharge capacity retention of 64%. The new inks presented in this work are thus suitable for the development of printed batteries and represent a step forward towards more environmental friendly processes.
A solid-state photo-rechargeable capacitor (photocapacitor) is obtained here by coupling a dye-sensitized solar cell and a ruthenium oxide based electrochemical capacitor. This integrated system permits direct storage of energy generated by sunlight within a single optoelectronic microelectrochemical device. It utilizes three planar electrodes arranged sequentially to include a polymer hole conductor (poly-(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl)), between the titanium oxide photoanode modified with dye (E)-3-(5-(4-(Bis(20,40-dibutoxybiphenyl-4-yl)amino)phenyl)thiophen-2-yl)-2-cyanoacrylic acid (D35) and the intermediate silver electrode as well as two hydrous ruthenium oxide layers (separated by protonically conducting Nafion™ membrane) between the intermediate (silver) and the external (counter) electrode. Upon integration of the capacitor and dye-sensitized solar cell into a single photocapacitor hybrid device, the following parameters were obtained under simulated 100 mW cm−2 solar illumination: specific capacitance, 407 F g−1 (3.26 F cm−2); energy and power densities, 0.17 mWh cm−2 and 0.34 mW cm−2 and coulombic efficiency, 88%. These data together with results of experiments performed at different light intensities (10–100 mW cm−2) are consistent with very good performance of the optoelectronic device under various light conditions.
Agricultural residues as sugarcane straw and bagasse are burned in boilers for generation of energy in sugar and alcohol industries. However, excess of those by-products could be used to obtain products with higher value. Pulping process generates cellulosic pulps and lignin. The lignin could be oxidized and applied in effluent treatments for heavy metal removal. Oxidized lignin presents very strong chelating properties. Lignins from sugarcane straw and bagasse were obtained by ethanol–water pulping. Oxidation of lignins was carried out using acetic acid and Co/Mn/Br catalytical system at 50, 80, and 115 °C for 5 h. Kinetics of the reaction was accomplished by measuring the UV-visible region. Activation energy was calculated for lignins from sugarcane straw and bagasse (34.2 and 23.4 kJ mol−1, respectively). The first value indicates higher cross-linked formation. Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy data of samples collected during oxidation are very similar. Principal component analysis applied to spectra shows only slight structure modifications in lignins after oxidation reaction.
Layered-layered type xLi2MnO3·(1−x)LiMnO2 (x = 0.91, 0.78, 0.67, 0.54, 0.42, and 0.32) nanorods with a diameter of 100–200 nm and length of 400–1000 nm are prepared through a pyrolysis reduction process of monoclinic Li2MnO3 (m-Li2MnO3) nanorods. All the synthesized xLi2MnO3·(1−x)LiMnO2 nanorods exhibit the main characteristic diffraction peaks of m-Li2MnO3 in addition to some weak peaks attributable to m-LiMnO2 especially for those composites with x < 0.67. When used as cathode material of Li-ion battery, those xLi2MnO3·(1−x)LiMnO2 nanorods show an initial charge/discharge profile similar to the Li-rich solid solution in the voltage window of 2.0–4.8 V. The m-LiMnO2 portion in those synthesized composites can significantly enhance the reversible capacity but lower the cyclic stability, while the m-Li2MnO3 portion can improve the cyclic stability due to its retardation effect of the layered-to-spinel transformation during the charge/discharge processes, and thus xLi2MnO3·(1−x)LiMnO2 nanorods with x = 0.54 exhibits the best cyclic and rate performance since it contains appropriate m-Li2MnO3/m-LiMnO2 contents to balance the reversible capacity and Jahn-Teller effect. The present findings demonstrate an effective strategy for the development of low-cost pure Mn-based Li-rich layered cathode materials with adjustable reversible capacity, cyclic and rate performance by tailoring the composition.
The use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) is increasing and currently >600 NPS have been reported. However, limited information on neuropharmacological and toxicological effects of NPS is available, hampering risk characterization. We reviewed the literature on the in vitro neuronal modes of action to obtain effect fingerprints of different classes of illicit drugs and NPS. The most frequently reported NPS were selected for review: cathinones (MDPV, α-PVP, mephedrone, 4-MEC, pentedrone, methylone), cannabinoids (JWH-018), (hallucinogenic) phenethylamines (4-fluoroamphetamine, benzofurans (5-APB, 6-APB), 2C-B, NBOMes (25B-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, 25I-NBOMe)), arylcyclohexylamines (methoxetamine) and piperazine derivatives (mCPP, TFMPP, BZP). Our effect fingerprints highlight the main modes of action for the different NPS studied, including inhibition and/or reversal of monoamine reuptake transporters (cathinones and non-hallucinogenic phenethylamines), activation of 5-HT2receptors (hallucinogenic phenethylamines and piperazines), activation of cannabinoid receptors (cannabinoids) and inhibition of NDMA receptors (arylcyclohexylamines). Importantly, we identified additional targets by relating reported effect concentrations to the estimated human brain concentrations during recreational use. These additional targets include dopamine receptors, α- and β-adrenergic receptors, GABAAreceptors and acetylcholine receptors, which may all contribute to the observed clinical symptoms following exposure. Additional data is needed as the number of NPS continues to increase. Also, the effect fingerprints we have obtained are still incomplete and suffer from a large variation in the reported effects and effect sizes. Dedicated in vitro screening batteries will aid in complementing specific effect fingerprints of NPS. These fingerprints can be implemented in the risk assessments of NPS that are necessary for eventual control measures to reduce Public Health risks.
Several ‘Advanced Rechargeable Battery Technologies’ (ARBT) have been evaluated in terms of various energy, environmental, economic, and technical criteria. Their suitability for different applications, such as electric vehicles (EV), consumer electronics, load levelling, and stationary power storage, have also been examined. In order to gain a sense of perspective regarding the performance of the ARBT [including Lithium-Ion batteries (LIB), Li-Ion Polymer (LIP) and Sodium Nickel Chloride (NaNiCl) {or ‘ZEBRA’} batteries] they are compared to more mature Nickel–Cadmium (Ni–Cd) batteries. LIBs currently dominate the rechargeable battery market, and are likely to continue to do so in the short term in view of their excellent all-round performance and firm grip on the consumer electronics market. However, in view of the competition from Li-Ion Polymer their long-term future is uncertain. The high charge/discharge cycle life of Li-Ion batteries means that their use may grow in the electric vehicle (EV) sector, and to a lesser extent in load levelling, if safety concerns are overcome and costs fall significantly. LIP batteries exhibited attractive values of gravimetric energy density, volumetric energy density, and power density. Consequently, they are likely to dominate the consumer electronics market in the long-term, once mass production has become established, but may struggle to break into other sectors unless their charge/discharge cycle life and cost are improved significantly. ZEBRA batteries are presently one of the technologies of choice for EV development work. Nevertheless, compared to other ARBT, such batteries only represent an incremental step forward in terms of energy and environmental performance.
Environmental and safety aspects of seasonal storage of baled municipal solid waste to be used as fuel for energy production (waste fuel), was investigated and experiments were carried out on burning of bales. The flammability, combustion processes and emissions were studied by simulating, in small-scale, potential effects of a possible fire in full-scale bale storage area. Despite the high water content and the high density of the bales, after setting fire, the bales burned well, even though no risk for self-ignition exists. The following parameters of the combustion product were measured continuously: O2, CO2, CO, SO2, NO, NO2, NO x , THC, smoke gas rate and the temperature of the smoke. Soot particles in the smoke were collected and analysed for Hg, Pb, Cd, As, Ni, Cr, Mn, Cu, Co, Sb and V concentrations. The analysis of the moisture content, concentrations of Hg, Cd, HCl, HF, HBr, NH3, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), chlorinated and brominated dioxins (PCDD/F and PBrDD/F, respectively) were carried out. It was found that the PCDD/F levels (TEQs) varied according to the system used: 12.53 ng (I-TEF-88)/Nm3; 14.09 ng (I-TEF-99)/Nm3; 13.86 ng (Eadons)/Nm3. The PAH concentration was 3.04 μg/Nm3. The contents of the metals in the smoke (with the exceptions of Pb and Cd with mean values of 1.74 and 0.36 mg/m3, respectively) were below the limit values established by the Swedish Ministry of Environment for emissions from incineration plants [Swedish Ministry of Environment, (2002:1060), Förordning 2002:1060 om avfallsförbränning. Available from http://www.notisum.se/rnp/SLS/LAG/20021060.HTM]/EU-directive [(2000/76/EC), Directive 2000/76/EC, of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 December 2000 on the Incineration of Waste. http://www.Scotland. gov.uk/library5/environment/iecda.pdf]. The HCl concentration was 10 times higher than the limit value (mean value of 99 mg/m3).
The oligo(ethylene oxide) modified layered double hydroxide (LDH) prepared by template method was added as a nanoscale nucleating agent into poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) to form PEO/OLDH nanocomposite electrolytes. The effects of OLDH addition on morphology and conductivities of nanocomposite electrolytes were studied using wide-angle X-ray diffractometer, polarized optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and ionic conductivity measurement. The results show that the exfoliated morphology of nanocomposites is formed due to the surface modification of LDH layers with PEO matrix compatible oligo(ethylene oxide)s. The nanoscale dispersed OLDH layers inhibit the crystal growth of PEO crystallites and result in a plenty amount of intercrystalline grain boundary within PEO/OLDH nanocomposites. The ionic conductivities of nanocomposite electrolytes are enhanced by three orders of magnitude compared to the pure PEO polymer electrolytes at ambient temperature. It can be attributed to the ease transport of Li+ along intercrystalline amorphous phase. This novel nanocomposite electrolytes system with high conductivities will be benefited to fabricate the thin-film type of Li-polymer secondary battery.
Lithium-ion battery elevated upfront cost is considered one of the major barriers hampering the mass market adoption of electric vehicles. In this context, second life use of electric vehicle batteries is one of the solutions explored by the academia and the industry to reduce electric vehicle upfront costs. Per se, the concept of giving a second life to electric vehicle batteries simply consists of reusing the batteries that do not meet any longer the requirements of automotive applications, but which could still be used on less-demanding grid-connected energy storage applications. The present paper reviews the most relevant publications in the field of Lithium-ion battery second life, from economic, technical and environmental perspectives. The main industrial and R&D projects are also described, and the most relevant commercial products available today are briefly reported. The conclusions from the consulted references are critically discussed at the end of each subsection, and, finally, overall conclusions and recommendations are presented.
In this work, we report a LiCoPO4/C core/shell structure to address two key challenges facing the application of lithium cobalt phosphate (LiCoPO4), i.e. sluggish kinetics and poor cycle stability. By carefully controlling the synthetic procedure, we obtain a LiCoPO4 material coated with a homogeneous carbon shell via an in situ approach. The carbon shell not only increases the reversible capacity, but also enhances the capacity retention upon repeated cycles. Electrochemical charge and discharge tests show that the LiCoPO4/C core/shell structure can deliver a high specific capacity of 131mAhg−1 in the voltage range of 3.0–5.2V vs. Li+/Li and maintain 78% of initial capacity after 40 cycles at a low specific current of 17mAg−1. When discharged at 1C, the material still delivers a capacity of 95mAhg−1. The results indicate that the LiCoPO4/C composite is promising for energy storage application. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cyclic voltammetry, and AC impedance are applied to understand its good electrochemical performance.
We report an outstanding electrochemical performance of a gel type lithium ion battery with long cycle life enabled by a dense transparent polymeric single ion conductor. The polymer electrolyte was synthesized by a side chain grafting method with 4-amino-4’-trifluoromethyl bis(benzene sulfonyl)imide grafted on side chains of poly(ethylene-alt-maleic anhydride) with a grafting ratio of 50%. Blending lithiated iononmers with poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) via a solution cast method results in a dense transparent film. The fabricated blend polymer electrolyte film has an ionic conductivity of 0.104 mS cm−1 at room temperature, a tensile strength of 15.5 MPa and percent elongation at break of 5%. A gel type single ion conductive polymeric lithium ion battery was assembled using the blend film as the separator as well as the electrolyte, LiFePO4/C mixed with ionomers as the cathode and a lithium foil as the anode. The battery delivers a reversible discharge capacity of 100 mAh g−1 at 1 C under room temperature for 1000 cycles without obvious decay. The stable cyclic imide and comb-like structure of the polymer is largely responsible for the excellent battery performance. The side chain grafted single ion conducting polymer electrolyte is well suited for large-scale production.