batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Superoxide reacts with carbonate solvents in Li–air batteries. Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane is found to catalyze a more rapid superoxide (O2 −) disproportionation reaction than the reaction between superoxide and propylene carbonate (PC). With this catalysis, the negative impact of the reaction between the electrolyte and O2 − produced by the O2 reduction can be minimized. A simple kinetic study using ESR spectroscopy was reported to determine reaction orders and rate constants for the reaction between PC and superoxide, and the disproportionation of superoxide catalyzed by Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane and Li ions. The reactions are found to be first order and the rate constants are 0.033 s−1 M−1, 0.020 s−1 M−1 and 0.67 s−1 M−1 for reactions with PC, Li ion and Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, respectively.
Background Neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia (SZ) are established and the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS) investigated such measures as endophenotypes in family-based (COGS-1) and case-control (COGS-2) studies. By requiring family participation, family-based sampling may result in samples that vary demographically and perform better on neurocognitive measures. Methods The Penn computerized neurocognitive battery (CNB) evaluates accuracy and speed of performance for several domains and was administered across sites in COGS-1 and COGS-2. Most tests were included in both studies. COGS-1 included 328 patients with SZ and 497 healthy comparison subjects (HCS) and COGS-2 included 1195 patients and 1009 HCS. Results Demographically, COGS-1 participants were younger, more educated, with more educated parents and higher estimated IQ compared to COGS-2 participants. After controlling for demographics, the two samples produced very similar performance profiles compared to their respective controls. As expected, performance was better and with smaller effect sizes compared to controls in COGS-1 relative to COGS-2. Better performance was most pronounced for spatial processing while emotion identification had large effect sizes for both accuracy and speed in both samples. Performance was positively correlated with functioning and negatively with negative and positive symptoms in both samples, but correlations were attenuated in COGS-2, especially with positive symptoms. Conclusions Patients ascertained through family-based design have more favorable demographics and better performance on some neurocognitive domains. Thus, studies that use case-control ascertainment may tap into populations with more severe forms of illness that are exposed to less favorable factors compared to those ascertained with family-based designs.
A Stochastic Model for the Unit Commitment (SUC) problem of a hybrid microgrid for a short period of 24 h is presented. The microgrid considered in the problem is composed of a wind turbine (WT), a photovoltaic plant (PV), a diesel generator (DE), a microturbine (MT) and a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS). The problem is addressed in three stages. First, based on the historical data of the demanded power in the microgrid, an ARMA model is used to obtain the demand prediction. Second, the 24-h-ahead SUC problem is solved, based on generators’ constraints, renewable generation and demand forecast and the statistical distribution of the error in the demand estimation. In this problem, a spinning reserve of the dispatchable units is considered, able to cover the uncertainties in the demand estimation. In the third stage, once the SUC problem has been solved, a case study is established in real time, in which the demand estimation error in every moment is known. Therefore, the objective of this stage is to select the spinning reserve of the units in an optimal way to minimize the cost in the microgrid operation.
Manganese oxide-based nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (MnO/N-rGO) electrocatalyst was developed by a simple sol–gel process with aqueous KMnO4 and sucrose by adding nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide. The physical characterizations were systematically evaluated by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrochemical and oxygen reduction properties of the electrocatalyst and support were studied by employing cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry techniques on a rotating-disk electrode in alkaline (0.1 M KOH) solution and compared with commercial Pt/C catalysts. The synthesized catalyst possesses a high oxygen reduction activity and the rotating ring-disk electrode results illustrate a 3.8 e− transfer process. Stability tests performed for 10,000 potential cycles exhibited that the MnO/N-rGO catalyst is more durable than Pt/C catalyst. MnO/N-rGO as cathode catalyst in a single alkaline fuel cell studies gave a peak power density of 44 mW cm− 2 at 40 °C. Durability by accelerated stress test (AST) in fuel cell mode demonstrated MnO/N-rGO as alternative hybrid cathode catalyst which has excellent stability and durability of 67% more than commercial Pt/C.
A facile and efficient electrostatic-assembly method to fabricate ball-milling-silicon@carbon/reduced-graphene-oxide composite (bmSi@C/rGO) has been developed. In the fabrication process, chitosan (CTS), as a charged bridge, connected ball milling silicon (bmSi) and graphene oxide (GO), and then was transformed into carbon coating by heat treatment. The carbon coated ball milling silicon (bmSi@C) particles were distributed evenly between the sheets of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Therefore, the carbon coating and the wrinkled graphene sheets formed a superior conductive matrix and a buffer zone. The composite used as anode material exhibited high reversible capacity of 935.77mAhg−1 and 71.9% capacity retention after 100 cycles. The excellent electrochemical properties are attributed to the well-designed structure, in which both the carbon layer and the rGO play an important role for improving the whole electrical conductivity and preventing the silicon from pulverization.
An illustrated review of reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) as an electrode material is presented. Early uses of RVC were largely restricted to small-scale (<1 cm3) electroanalytical studies in research laboratories. RVC properties of a high ratio of surface area to volume and minimal reactivity over a wide range of process conditions, combined with low cost and easy handling, have resulted in a steady diversification of its applications both in research laboratories and in industry. The physical structure of RVC (in terms of pores per linear inch, strut length, strut thickness and area of the trigonal strut) is examined for 10, 30, 60 and 100 ppi (pores per linear inch) grades using scanning electron microscopy. The accurate measurement of these geometrical values presents both theoretical (in terms of definition of trigonal strut area, beginning and end of single strand) and practical problems (large differences in strut length and thickness in individual samples). Data are presented to show the relationships between geometrical properties. Applications include electroanalytical studies and sensors, metal ion removal, synthesis of organics and Fenton’s reagent, H2O2 production and batteries/fuel cells.
Background Individuals with schizophrenia are impaired in their ability to recognize emotions based on vocal cues and these impairments are associated with poor global outcome. Basic perceptual processes, such as auditory pitch processing, are impaired in schizophrenia and contribute to difficulty identifying emotions. However, previous work has focused on a relatively narrow assessment of auditory deficits and their relation to emotion recognition impairment in schizophrenia. Methods We have assessed 87 patients with schizophrenia and 73 healthy controls on a comprehensive battery of tasks spanning the five empirically derived domains of auditory function. We also explored the relationship between basic auditory processing and auditory emotion recognition within the patient group using correlational analysis. Results Patients exhibited widespread auditory impairments across multiple domains of auditory function, with mostly medium effect sizes. Performance on all of the basic auditory tests correlated with auditory emotion recognition at the p < .01 level in the patient group, with 9 out of 13 tests correlating with emotion recognition at r = 0.40 or greater. After controlling for cognition, many of the largest correlations involved spectral processing within the phase-locking range and discrimination of vocally based stimuli. Conclusions While many auditory skills contribute to this impairment, deficient formant discrimination appears to be a key skill contributing to impaired emotion recognition as this was the only basic auditory skill to enter a step-wise multiple regression after first entering a measure of cognitive impairment, and formant discrimination accounted for significant unique variance in emotion recognition performance after accounting for deficits in pitch processing.
Nardilysin (NRDc) enhances the shedding of ectodomains from neuronal membrane proteins. The null mutant described here reveals that nardilysin is necessary for myelination in both central and peripheral nervous system.
A series of cathode spinel materials with the nominal composites Li1+x Mn2−x O4−z have been studied with respect to capacity fading at room temperature upon cycling, both before and after elevated temperature storage. It was found that capacity fading is closely related to oxygen defect degree. The greater the oxygen deficiency, the poorer the cycling performance. Two major factors exist controlling the oxygen deficiency. One factor is oxygen loss at high synthesis temperature or upon cycling to high upper voltage, which increases the oxygen defect degree in samples. The other is Mn dissolution into the electrolytes accompanied by decrease in the oxygen deficiency. The latter one is supported by low temperature DSC and XRD data indicating that the temperature-dependent phase transition from cubic to lower symmetry becomes slight for oxygen defect samples after 60°C storage.
The electrochemical performance of LiCoPO4 (LCP) as a high-voltage positive electrode for lithium-ion batteries is significantly improved by using the aqueous binder sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The CMC not only provides a uniform electrode surface as shown by scanning electron microscopy and elemental mapping, but also suppresses the degradation of LiCoPO4 by scavenging HF in the electrolyte solution as demonstrated by FT-IR. In comparison with other water-soluble binders such as sodium alginate (ALG) and polyacrylic acid sodium salt (PAA), the homogeneous distribution of CMC within the electrodes accompanied by high accessibility of carboxylate groups in CMC are shown to be crucial factors to achieve enhanced performance with an excellent capacity retention of 94% after 20 cycles at a rate of C/10.
We describe a 59-year-old woman, M.T., with a progressive language impairment and neuroimaging findings of decreased perfusion (SPECT) and focal atrophy (MRI) in the left temporal region. The most prominent feature of her cognitive profile was a profound and progressive impairment in naming. In spite of this, she performed normally on tests of semantic processing and phonological output. Her spontaneous speech was fluent with preserved syntax and articulation but with notable word-finding problems. All other cognitive abilities were relatively stable and intact. These features are not typical of either fluent or non-fluent forms of neurodegenerative language disturbance. The cognitive mechanisms that may underlie this case are discussed.
A mathematical model is developed and used to investigate the effects of axially distributed current collection on the performance of an anode-supported tubular solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The physical model considers coupled fluid and thermal transport within the tube, reactive porous-media flow within the electrodes, electrochemical charge-transfer, thermal transport within the MEA structure, and an electric circuit to represent the current-collection system. Four examples are used to illustrate the model and evaluate current-collection strategies. All the examples consider a particular Ni–YSZ | YSZ | LSM–YSZ tube, but with different current collection. The inlet fuel stream is a syngas mixture that results from steam reforming of dodecane. Results show that current collection can strongly affect local performance (i.e., composition, temperature, and current density profiles) along the length of the tube as well as overall performance (i.e., efficiency and utilization).
In this study, newly designed cathode material LiFeP1-xSixO4, with silicon mixed in LiFePO4 is investigated using the density functional theory. Its most optimized structure is the olivine structure of the Pnma space group. Bonding length show the anti-site defect which hinders Li diffusivity is prevented in the LiFeP1-xSixO4. Lithium migration energy barriers in the (010) path of LiFeP1-xSixO4 (x = 0, 0.5, and 1) are calculated by using nudged elastic band calculations, and the average values are determined as 0.180, 0.245, and 0.280 eV for LiFePO4, LiFeP0.5Si0.5O4, and LiFeSiO4, respectively. This signifies that the Li ionic diffusivity is degraded thermodynamically, which is contrary to that indicates by the calculated bonding length, however, the difference is negligibly small. Furthermore, the intercalation voltage increases up to 4.97 V, depending on the Si ratio to P, and is much higher than that of the pristine cathode materials LiFePO4 (∼3.47 V) enabling voltage optimization by Si substitution. The energy density is proportional to the intercalation voltage, hence the energy density is increased, respectively. Finally, the Total density of states show that the electronic conductivity of LiFeP1-xSixO4 (x = 0–1) is better than that of LiFePO4.
Batteries are an attractive grid energy storage technology, but a reliable battery system with the functionalities required for a grid such as high power capability, high safety and low cost remains elusive. Here, we report a solid electrolyte-based molten lithium battery constructed with a molten lithium anode, a molten Sn–Pb or Bi–Pb alloy cathode and a garnet-type Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO) solid electrolyte tube. We show that the assembled Li||LLZTO||Sn–Pb and Li||LLZTO||Bi–Pb cells can stably cycle at an intermediate temperature of 240 °C for about one month at current densities of 50 mA cm−2 and 100 mA cm−2 respectively, with almost no capacity decay and an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.98%. Furthermore, the cells demonstrate high power capability with current densities up to 300 mA cm−2 (90 mW cm−2) for Li||LLZTO||Sn–Pb and 500 mA cm−2 (175 mW cm−2) for Li||LLZTO||Bi–Pb. Our design offers prospects for grid energy storage with intermediate temperature operations, high safety margin and low capital and maintenance costs.
We have measured the fracture energy of lithiated silicon thin-film electrodes as a function of lithium concentration using a bending test. First, silicon thin-films on copper substrates were lithiated to various states of charge. Then, bending tests were performed by deforming the substrate to a pre-defined shape, producing a variation of the curvature along the length of the electrode. The bending tests allow determination of the critical strains at which cracks initiate in the lithiated silicon. Using the substrate curvature technique, we also measured the elastic moduli and the stresses that develop in the electrodes during electrochemical lithiation. From these measurements, the fracture energy was calculated as a function of lithium concentration using a finite element simulation of fracture of an elastic film on an elastic–plastic substrate. The fracture energy was determined to be Γ = 12.0 ± 3.0 J m−2 for amorphous silicon and Γ = 10.0 ± 3.6 J m−2 for Li3.28Si, with little variation in the fracture energy for intermediate Li concentrations. These results provide a guideline for the practical design of high-capacity lithium ion batteries to avoid fracture. The experimental technique described in this paper also provides a simple means of measuring the fracture energy of brittle thin-films.
Battery electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles require electric energy storage systems that exhibit high energy and power density, as well as good cycle life. Batteries possess good energy density, whereas ultracapacitors possess high power density and cycle life. The complementary features of batteries and ultracapacitors can be advantageously combined to create an integrated system that exhibits high performance with low weight and adequate battery lifetime, at an affordable cost. This paper presents simulation studies on the benefits of adding ultracapacitors to a fuel cell battery hybrid transit bus operating on two standardized driving schedules (Manhattan Bus Cycle and UDDS). Simulations were conducted using our LFM powertrain simulator which was developed in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The energy storage systems considered here include battery only, as well as various combinations of batteries and ultracapacitors. Simulation results show that the addition of ultracapacitors greatly improves performance parameters such as battery C-rates, energy throughput, and energy storage heat generation at comparable cost and weight.
Modified activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were used as the electrodes of an electric double-layer capacitor and showed an enhanced capacitance effect after a RF-plasma treatment. The capacitance and the surface functional groups of the ACFs were studied. For the plasma-treated ACFs having a specific surface area of 1500m2 g−1, the capacitance increased by 28% compared to the untreated sample and the highest electric capacitance value of 142Fg−1 was achieved with an oxygen feed concentration of 10vol.%. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area was 2103m2 g−1, which was 34% higher than that of the untreated sample. The pore volume was similarly increased to 483.1cm3 g−1 STP, and from the pore distribution plot, quantities of mesopores of 10nm or less and micropores also increased. However, in order to enhance the capacitance, the quinone functional group had a significant influence in addition to the BET surface area. The correlation between the capacitance and the number of quinone functional groups was confirmed because quinone is an electron acceptor.
Background Individuals with schizophrenia show deficits in cognitive functioning, as evidenced by deficits on neurocognitive tasks such as the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST). Studies of risk/reward decision-making in individuals with schizophrenia have yielded mixed results, and few studies have examined systematically the relationship between these domains and their relationship with clinical factors. Method Thirty-two smokers with schizophrenia, ten non-smokers with schizophrenia, nine non-psychiatric non-smokers and ten non-psychiatric smokers were administered computerized versions of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the WCST. Smokers were allowed to smoke ad libitum during designated breaks in order to prevent deprivation. Results Subjects with schizophrenia performed significantly worse than non-psychiatric controls on both the IGT and the WCST, and performance on these tasks was significantly correlated across subject groups. Among women with schizophrenia, smokers performed significantly better than non-smokers on the IGT. Conclusions Individuals with schizophrenia perform worse than controls on the IGT, suggesting impairments in risk/reward decision-making. Correlations between IGT and WCST performance suggest a shared element underlying task performance, such as a deficit in set-shifting or perseverance. Further research is needed to establish the relationship between cigarette smoking and IGT performance in schizophrenia.
Energy is a vital resource in modern life. With increasingly limited availability of traditional energy resources, e.g., oil, coal and nuclear, together with environmental concerns, there is raised awareness that energy needs to be both used more efficiently and generated in line with thinking on sustainability. Ready access to ‘clean’ energy is essential if we wish to maintain our current way of life without compromising our wellbeing or the carrying capacity of the planet. This paper aims to analyse the differences and similarities in energy supply and demand between two very different cities. Masdar City, founded in 2008, is a dynamic new Middle-Eastern city being built in a desert environment. Its aim is to be the most sustainable city in the world and offers an exciting opportunity to provide unique insights into the application of different innovative technologies as ‘new-build’ within an urban environment. Birmingham is a well-established post-industrial city that has evolved over fourteen hundred years. It was one of the fastest growing cities in 19th century England (Popp and Wilson, 2009) [1]. To do this a material flow analysis approach has been adopted to provide a framework for the study. The energy-related opportunities and mutual benefits that each city can gain from the experiences of the other are explored and five emergent issues are identified: innovation and experimentation, lock-in, balance, resilience and governance. This work shows how a greater understanding of common issues can lead to more sustainable, resilient and robust cities, able to face the challenges of the next 50 years.
Polynuclear mixed-valent hybrid films of zinc oxide/zinchexacyanoferrate and ruthenium oxide hexacyanoferrate (ZnO/ZnHCF-RuOHCF) have been deposited on electrode surfaces from H2SO4 solution containing Zn(NO3)2, RuCl3 and K3[Fe(CN)6] by potentiodynamic cycling method. Simultaneous cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) measurements demonstrate the steady growth of hybrid film. Surface morphology of hybrid film was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) data confirm existence of zinc oxide and ruthenium oxide hexacyanoferrate (RuOHCF) in the hybrid film. The effect of type of monovalent cations on the redox behavior of hybrid film was investigated. In pure supporting electrolyte, electrochemical responses of RuII/III redox transition occurring at negative potential region resemble with that of a surface immobilized redox couple. The electrocatalytic activity of ZnO/ZnHCF-RuOHCF hybrid film was investigated towards oxidation of epinephrine, dopamine and l-cysteine, and reduction of S2O8 2− and SO5 2− as well as IO3 − using cyclic voltammetry and rotating ring disc electrode (RRDE) techniques.
The structures, gaseous phase hydrogen storage, and electrochemical properties of a series of (Nd0.83Mg0.16Zr0.01)(Ni0.953Al0.046Co0.001) α alloys, where α = 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, and 3.7, before and after annealing (900 °C and 5 h in argon) were studied. Besides the main Nd2Ni7 phase, other secondary phases, such as MgNdNi4, NdNi5, NdNi3, NdNi, and CeNi3, were present in most of the samples and influenced the hydrogen storage properties. After annealing, several changes happened: the stoichiometry of the main Nd2Ni7 phase remained constant at B/A = 3.3 and its abundance increased; the abundances of the major secondary phases decreased but were not totally eliminated (which helped preserve the catalytic effects); both the gaseous phase hydrogen storage and electrochemical capacity increased; the high-rate dischargeability decreased slightly; and the activation became more difficult. A stoichiometry of AB3.5 showed the best compromise among electrochemical capacity, high-rate dischargeability, and ease of activation.