batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Mesoporous spinel Li4Ti5O12 nanoparticles with the diameter of around 40nm and the average pore size of about 8nm were prepared by a rapid microwave-assisted hydrothermal method followed by low-temperature calcination. Electrochemical tests reveal that the Li4Ti5O12 mesoporous nanoparticle electrode exhibits high discharge capacities of 174, 165, 157, 148, 137 and 123mAhg−1 at 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 40C, respectively. The electrode still delivers a capacity of 90mAhg−1 even at the highest rate of 60C (~10,000mAg−1), corresponding to a time of 60s to fully discharge/charge the materials. Moreover, the capacity of the Li4Ti5O12 mesoporous nanoparticle electrode can be completely recovered to 174mAhg−1 when the discharge rate returns to 1C after continuous 10cycles at 60C. This electrode also exhibits outstanding long-term cycling stability with only 1.8% capacity degradation for each 100cycles at 60C, and the electrode is still able to deliver the reversible charge capacities of 95mAhg−1 after 500cycles. These superior electrochemical properties result from its favorable morphology with interconnected nanoparticles and uniform mesoporous, which significantly decreases the contact resistance, shortens the lithium diffusion distances and provides more locations for lithium surface storage.
Aluminium–air cells are high-energy density (<400 W h kg−1) primary batteries developed in the 1960s. This review shows the influence of the materials, including: aluminium alloy, oxygen reduction catalyst and electrolyte type, in the battery performance. Two issues are considered: (a) the parasitic corrosion of aluminium at open-circuit potential and under discharge, due to the reduction of water on the anode and (b) the formation of a passive hydroxide layer on aluminium, which inhibits dissolution and shifts its potential to positive values. To overcome these two issues, super-pure (99.999 wt%) aluminium alloyed with traces of Mg, Sn, In and Ga are used to inhibit corrosion or to break down the passive hydroxide layer. Since high-purity aluminium alloys are expensive, an alternative approach is to add inhibitors or additives directly into the electrolyte. The effectiveness of binary and ternary alloys and the addition of different electrolyte additives are evaluated. Novel methods to overcome the self-corrosion problem include using anionic membranes and gel electrolytes or alternative solvents, such as alcohols or ionic liquids, to replace aqueous solutions. The air cathode is also considered and future opportunities and directions for the development of aluminium–air cells are highlighted.
Direct borohydride fuel cells (DBFCs), with a series of perovskite-type oxides La1−x Sr x CoO3 (x =0.1–0.5) as the cathode catalysts and a hydrogen storage alloy as the anode catalyst, are studied in this paper. The structures of the perovskite-type catalysts are mainly La1−x Sr x CoO3 ( x =0.1–0.5) oxides phases. However, with the increase of strontium content, the intensities of the X-ray diffraction peaks of the impure phases La2Sr2O5 and SrLaCoO4 are gradually enhanced. Without using any precious metals or expensive ion exchange membranes, a maximum current density of 275mAcm−2 and a power density of 109mWcm−2 are obtained with the Sr content of x =0.2 at 60°C for this novel type of fuel cell.
In situ and ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were carried out on lithiated graphite electrodes at different states of charge. Data were collected from both sides of electrode. We found macroscopic inhomogeneities in the lithium concentration along the electrode thickness even when the electrode was allowed to rest for 24h. The electrode side facing the lithium counter electrode in the coin type half-cell displays higher lithium concentration as compared to the side opposed to the XRD window. Residual stage 2 compound is found in the supposedly fully lithiated and fully delithiated electrode. It seems that the differences in the chemical potential between stage 2 and stage 1 is too small to average the lithium composition through chemical diffusion at ambient temperature in reasonable times.
The electric generation systems on islands are based generally on fossil fuel. This fact and its supply make the electricity cost higher than in systems used in the continent. In this article, we present a review of the renewable energy generation systems on islands. To do it we analysed 77 islands from 45 different countries. This work will allow us to know how the implementation of renewable energy sources could help these islands in developing a renewable and sustainable energy sector, including a reduction of electricity generation cost. This paper shows the results from a study case of the application of renewable energy technology in Cozumel Island, Mexico. This Island is located in front of the Riviera Maya area. The analysis was made through long- term statistical models. A deterministic methodology was used to perform time-series simulations. The simulations shows that for the year 2050 a feasible integration of a system based on wind/PV can be achieved on the Island, reducing the electricity price from 0.37US$/kWh to 0.24US$/kWh (2050 scenario). With this scenario, the government will achieve its targets in renewable energy and in the reduction of the emissions of CO2. This will allow reaching a sustainable electricity sector.
The use of a dual channel implantable pulse generator (IPG) for deep brain stimulation during de novo implantation is now routine in many centers. When the generator batteries of bilateral single channel generators expire, the issue of whether to exchange two single channel generators for one dual channel generator arises. This presents many debatable clinical, practical and fiscal issues. We discuss these issues and describe the “one for two” technique we have adopted for exchanging IPGs.
In order to improve the properties of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the graphite anode in lithium-ion batteries, different electrolyte additives are used, such as lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB), vinylene carbonate, and fluoroethylene carbonate. It is known that LiBOB increases the SEI resistance, but there is very little fundamental knowledge about the influence of LiBOB on the structure of the SEI as well as on ion and molecule transport mechanisms in the SEI. Here, we study SEIs grown at the interface between a planar glassy carbon electrode and battery electrolytes containing different amounts of LiBOB. The SEIs are characterized by a combination of FIB-SEM, AFM, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and redox probe experiments. The transport of Li+ ions and of redox molecules becomes slower with increasing LiBOB concentration in the electrolyte, but like observed for a LiBOB-free electrolyte, the effective diffusion coefficients of Li+ ions and ferrocene molecules in the SEIs are virtually identical and show the same temporal evolution after voltammetric SEI formation. This gives strong indication that both Li+ ions and molecules are transported in the liquid electrolyte phase inside the pores of the SEI and thus challenges the common view of a solid-electrolyte-type Li+ transport mechanism in SEIs.
The past two decades have seen an increasing usage of lithium-ion (Li-ion) rechargeable batteries in diverse applications including consumer electronics, power backup, and grid-scale energy storage. To guarantee safe and reliable operation of a Li-ion battery pack, battery management systems (BMSs) should possess the capability to monitor, in real time, the state of health (SOH) of the individual cells in the pack. This paper presents a deep learning method which utilizes deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) for cell-level capacity estimation based on the voltage, current, and charge capacity measurements during a partial charge cycle. The unique features of DCNN include the local connectivity and shared weights, which enable the model to accurately estimate battery capacity using the measurements during charge. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first attempts to apply deep learning to the online capacity estimation of Li-ion batteries. Ten-year daily cycling data from eight implantable Li-ion cells and half-year cycling data from 20 18650 Li-ion cells were utilized to verify the performance of the proposed deep learning method. Compared with traditional machine learning methods such as shallow neural networks and relevance vector machine (RVM), the proposed deep learning method is demonstrated to produce higher accuracy and robustness in the online estimation of Li-ion battery capacity.
Young nest-bound birds often face a diversity of ectoparasites that typically feed on blood and can negatively affect nestling morphological and physiological traits, including hemoglobin concentration. While hemoglobin concentration can be correlated with nestling performance, such as body mass, it is unknown whether variation in hemoglobin is the direct proximate factor responsible for variation in morphology, or if nestling traits simply co-vary with hemoglobin concentration due to a number of similar factors influencing both traits. If hemoglobin concentration does directly influence the phenotype of nestlings, then the reduction in nestling hemoglobin concentration by ectoparasites may cause other negative effects commonly associated with parasitism. By experimentally reducing the hemoglobin concentration of nestling Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) using phenylhydrazine hydrochloride (PHZ), we tested whether reduced hemoglobin concentration could be the mechanism that causes changes in nestling morphology and behavior in response to increased parasitism. Parasite loads were manipulated in conjunction with the PHZ treatment. Nestlings injected with PHZ displayed no change in hemoglobin concentration 2 days post-injection, whereas control nestlings showed the typical increase that occurs during early development. By 6 days post-injection, the parasite, but not PHZ, treatment significantly affected hemoglobin concentration. Both treatments interacted to affect begging intensity, while size and growth rate of nestlings were only affected by the parasite load manipulation. This study demonstrates the potential use of PHZ in nestlings to tease apart the effects of parasitism and reduced hemoglobin, but the results suggest incorporating a second injection of PHZ to better replicate the pattern of hemoglobin reduction created by hematophagous ectoparasites.
The costs associated with the treatment of medical device and surgical site infections are a major cause of concern in the global healthcare system. To prevent transmission of such infections, a prophylactic surface system that provides protracted release of antibacterial silver ions using low intensity direct electric current (LIDC; 28 μA system current at 6 V) activation has been recently developed. To ensure the safety for future in vivo studies and potential clinical applications, this study assessed the biocompatibility of the LIDC-activated interdigitated silver electrodes-based surface system; in vitro toxicity to human epidermal keratinocytes, human dermal fibroblasts, and normal human osteoblasts, and antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was evaluated. The study concluded that the technological applications of the surface system for medical devices and surgical tools, which contact human tissues for less than 1.5 h, are expected to be self-sterilizing without causing toxicity in vivo.
Coordinated transcriptional modulation of large gene sets depends on the combinatorial use of cis-regulatory motifs in promoters. We postulate that promoter content similarities are diagnostic for co-expressing genes that function coherently during specific cellular responses. To find the co-expressing genes we propose an ab initio method that identifies motif families in promoters of target gene groups, map these families to the promoters of all genes in the genome, and determine the best matches of each of the target group gene promoters with all other promoters. When the method was tested in rice starting from a group of co-expressing Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) genes, we obtained a promoter similarity-based network that contained candidate genes that could plausibly complement the function of LEA genes. Importantly, 73.36% of 244 genes predicted by our method were experimentally confirmed to co-express with the LEA genes in maturing rice embryos, making this methodology a promising tool for biological systems analyses.
An investigation is reported on O2 electrogeneration at β-PbO2 electrodes in HClO4, H2SO4 and CF3SO3H (TFMSA) using steady-state and impedance measurements. It is established that desorption of reaction intermediates is rate limiting in all the cases examined, and it is proposed that elementary reactions leading to oxygen evolution take place at a surface consisting of crystal line (PbO2) and hydrous [PbO(OH)2] zones. Contribution of the latter becomes particularly pronounced at high potentials, probably on account of PbO2 dissolution and re-deposition in the form of Pb(OH)4 that subsequently evolves to give PbO(OH)2. This process is indicated as a possible cause of an inflexion point in the Tafel plots between 1.95 and 2.0 V SCE. Different important factors are found to affect the electrochemical process: (i) pre-treatment of the electrode, which makes electrodes more active by reason of an increase of the hydrous zones; (ii) the temperature at which electrodeposition of PbO2 is carried out has an effect on the hydration state of the surface and hence the electrocatalytic activity; (iii) electrolyte anions, particularly SO4 2− and CF3SO3 −, are adsorbed and inhibit both water discharge and desorption of reaction intermediates; besides, they undergo oxidation at the more positive potentials; (iv) fluoride added to the electrolyte is strongly adsorbed and suppresses and/or modifies the structure of the hydrous layer with the consequence that water discharge is inhibited in the lower potential range and, prevalently at the more positive potentials, desorption of oxygen intermediates is strongly retarded; and (v) a low electrolyte temperature also inhibits O2 evolution mainly by inhibition of the desorption of reaction intermediates in the whole potential range examined, in contrast to the selective effect of fluoride.
This work describes an effective method to synthesize structurally uniform composite of nickel oxide/benzenesulfonic functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes composite (NiO/f-MWCNTs) using benzenesulfonic MWCNTs as the substrate. Benzenesulfonic group here is bifunctional both for solubilizing MWCNTs into aqueous solution and for tethering Ni2+ precursor onto MWCNTs surfaces to facilitate the follow-up chemical deposition of NiO by supplying surface binding and anchoring groups. The composite has a uniform surface dispersion and large coverage of NiO onto f-MWCNTs, which is characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscope, cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements. The NiO/f-MWCNTs composite improved the utilization of electrochemical capacitive materials and delivered capacity of 384F/g at the constant current of 0.20A/g due to f-MWCNTs as substrate.
The kinetic stabilization of the cathode/electrolyte interface is essential to enhance cycle life and safety of lithium-ion batteries at high voltage application. The addition of only 2 wt.% Mg powder to the cathode slurry were found to significantly increase the cycle life of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2/Li half cells upon cycling to 4.6 V vs. Li/Li+, in terms of higher capacity retention, less parasitic reactions and less self-discharge. The presence of dissolved Mg2+ cations in the electrolyte during formation of the cell lead to an increased hydrolysis of the conducting salt LiPF6 and the formation of stable and effective LiPFxOy/Mg(PFxOy)2 species on the charged cathode surface.
The need for high energy density batteries becomes increasingly important for the development of new and clean energy technologies, such as electric vehicles and electrical storage from wind and solar power. The search for new energetic materials of primary and secondary batteries with higher energy density has been highlighted in recent years. This review surveys recent advances in the research field of high energy density electrode materials with focus on multi-electron reaction chemistry of light-weight elements and compounds. In the first section, we briefly introduce the basic strategies for enhancement of the energy density of primary batteries based on multi-electron reactions. The following sections present overviews of typical electrode materials with multi-electron chemistry and their secondary battery applications in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes. Finally, the challenges and ongoing research strategies of these novel electrode materials and battery systems for high density energy storage and conversion are discussed.
Batteries are presently pervasive in portable electronics, electrified vehicles, and renewable energy storage. These indispensable engineering applications are all safety-critical and energy efficiency-demanding such that batteries must be meticulously monitored and manipulated, where effectively estimating the internal battery states is a key enabler. The primary goal of this paper is to present a concise, understandable overview of existing methods, key issues, technical challenges, and future trends of the battery state estimation domain. More specifically, for the first time, the state of the art in State of Charge (SOC), State of Energy (SOE), State of Health (SOH), State of Power (SOP), State of Temperature (SOT), and State of Safety (SOS) estimation is all elucidated in a tutorial yet systematical way, along with existing issues exposed. In addition, from six different viewpoints, some future important research opportunities and evolving trends of this prosperous field are disclosed, in order to stimulate more technologically innovative breakthroughs in SOC/SOE/SOH/SOP/SOT/SOS estimation.
Automobiles with electric motor are becoming increasingly attractive alternative to the car with combustion engine, considering the effects on the environment as well as economic factors such as gradual increasing price of fluid fossil fuels and others. The European Union and therefore all member countries try to produce the least possible impact of activities on the environment in which we live. Transport is a sector of the national economy, which largely affects the environment. An effort to reduce the impact of road transport is therefore logical. The actual trend is the promotion of electric cars and the gradual replacement of combustion vehicles with “electro mobiles”. The aim of the paper is to analyze the impact of production, operation and fluidation of automobiles with electric and with combustion engines on the environment and economic interpretation of their effects on the economy. Direct and indirect effects of individual automobile types on the environment, with emphasis on air pollution, are described in the paper. The economic analysis is aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of investment comparing electric powered and combustion engine powered cars, considering the use by individuals and companies.
The PCB manufacturing process has been applied to the DMFC package which is especially suitable for the planar type DMFC module design. Maintaining the planar DMFC in good operating condition is an important task. This paper discusses the cathode airflow effect on the single cell and also on the 3-cell planar DMFC module. In the single cell study, the research starts from the airflow rate to airflow velocity viewpoint. In the DMFC module study, a 3-cell DMFC module, a substitute of 3-Cell PCB DMFC module, with a parallel flow board are compared. The results indicate that providing suitable cathode airflow velocity is more important than merely considering the airflow rate in the DMFC single or 3-cell DMFC module.
In this article, the method of separation of variables (SOV), as illustrated by Subramanian and White (J Power Sources 96:385, 2001), is applied to determine the concentration variations at any point within a three region simplified lithium-ion cell sandwich, undergoing constant current discharge. The primary objective is to obtain an analytical solution that accounts for transient diffusion inside the cell sandwich. The present work involves the application of the SOV method to each region (cathode, separator, and anode) of the lithium-ion cell. This approach can be used as the basis for developing analytical solutions for battery models of greater complexity. This is illustrated here for a case in which non-linear diffusion is considered, but will be extended to full-order nonlinear pseudo-2D models in later work. The analytical expressions are derived in terms of the relevant system parameters. The system considered for this study has LiCoO2–LiC6 battery chemistry.
This paper is to develop a coordinated control strategy of a ship with hybrid power and evaluate on the energy efficiency and emissions reduction of the case ship. The hybrid power system consists of 4-stoke diesel generator, solar panels and battery packs. A micro-grid power system was structured to offer an optimal combination of the three power sources in terms high efficiency and low emissions of the overall system. The control requirements for the developed micro-grid power system were analysed according to the principles of priority to use renewable energy. A power distribution control strategy was designed by applying the logic threshold method. A system simulation model was established and the simulation was carried out with MATLAB. An experimental test rig was built to evaluate the simulation results and develop the control system. The developed marine micro-grids power system has been applied on a case ship and run stably. Compared with the conventional power system, the performance of emission and economic of the hybrid system is studied with the case ships. The results of case ship and experimental have shown that the developed hybrid micro grid system can be managed effectively by the proposed control strategy. The emission of CO2 is dramatically decreased in any cases and the energy cost is reduced considering for the ship life-cycle.
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) harbor the potential to differentiate into diverse cardiac cell types. Previous experimental efforts were primarily directed at the generation of hiPSC-derived cells with ventricular cardiomyocyte characteristics. Aiming at a straightforward approach for pacemaker cell modeling and replacement, we sought to selectively differentiate cells with nodal-type properties.
In this study, nine types of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibrous membranes with varied fiber diameters and different membrane porosities are prepared by electrospinning followed by hot-pressing. Subsequently, these membranes are explored as Li-ion battery (LIB) separators. The impacts of fiber diameter and membrane porosity on electrolyte uptake, Li+ ion transport through the membrane, electrochemical oxidation potential, and membrane performance as LIB separator (during charge/discharge cycling and rate capability tests of a cathodic half-cell) have been investigated. When compared to commercial Celgard PP separator, hot-pressed electrospun PAN nanofibrous membranes exhibit larger electrolyte uptake, higher thermal stability, wider electrochemical potential window, higher Li+ ion permeability, and better electrochemical performance in LiMn2O4/separator/Li half-cell. The results also indicate that the PAN-based membrane/separator with small fiber diameters of 200–300nm and hot-pressed under high pressure of 20MPa surpasses all other membranes/separators and demonstrates the best performance, leading to the highest discharge capacity (89.5mAhg−1 at C/2 rate) and cycle life (with capacity retention ratio being 97.7%) of the half-cell. In summary, this study has revealed that the hot-pressed electrospun PAN nanofibrous membranes (particularly those consisting of thin nanofibers) are promising as high-performance LIB separators.