batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Self-assembled lamellar alpha-molybdenum trioxide (α-MoO3) has been prepared using facile polymer (polyvinyl pyrrolidone) assisted solvothermal method. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) studies reveal that the lamellar hexagonal particles are formed by close staking of 20–30 nm thin flakes (nanosheets). When used as lithium-ion battery electrode lamellar α-MoO3 shows superior electrochemical reversibility and excellent rate capability. For example after 50 cycles, a capacity value of 1027 mA h g−1 can be extracted at 0.2C rate while at 2C rate it shows capacity of 700 mA h g−1, which is higher than the theoretical capacity of conventional graphite anode. exsitu XRD and FESEM studies on electrochemically cycled samples show that the crystalline phase irreversibly changes to amorphous phase during the first discharge whereas the particle morphology remains unaltered even after 100 charge–discharge cycles. The superior electrochemical performance of α-MoO3 is attributed to its lamellar-like morphology which allows faster lithium ion diffusion in addition to buffering the volume changes during lithiation/de-lithiation.
Many studies have estimated the effect of circumstances on income acquisition. Perhaps surprisingly, the fraction of inequality attributable to circumstances is usually quite small—in the advanced democracies, approximately 20%. One reason for this is the lack of data on circumstance variables in empirical research. Here, we argue that all behaviors and accomplishments of children should be considered the consequence of circumstances: that is, an individual should not be considered to be responsible for her choices before an age of consent is reached. Using two data sets that contain data on childhood accomplishments, other environmental circumstances and the income as an adult, we calculate that the fraction of income inequality due to circumstances in the US rises from 27 to 43% when accounting for childhood circumstances. In the UK it rises from 18 to 27%.
Since the early 1970s, total knee arthroplasties have undergone many changes in both their design and their surgical instrumentation. It soon became apparent that to improve prosthesis durability, it was essential to have instruments which allowed them to be fitted reliably and consistently. Despite increasingly sophisticated surgical techniques, preoperative objectives were only met in 75% of cases, which led to the development, in the early 1990s, in Grenoble (France), of computer-assisted orthopaedic surgery for knee prosthesis implantation. In the early 2000s, many navigation systems emerged, some including pre-operative imagery (“CT-based”), others using intra-operative imagery (“fluoroscopy-based”), and yet others with no imagery at all (“imageless”), which soon became the navigation “gold standard”. They use an optoelectronic tracker, markers which are fixed solidly to the bones and instruments, and a navigation workstation (computer), with a control system (e.g. pedal). Despite numerous studies demonstrating the benefit of computer navigation in meeting preoperative objectives, such systems have not yet achieved the success they warrant, for various reasons we will be covering in this article. If the latest navigation systems prove to be as effective as the older systems, they should give this type of technology a well-deserved boost.
Given the increased use of room temperature ionic liquid electrolytes in Li-ion batteries, due to their non-flammability and negligible volatility, this study evaluates the lithiation kinetics to understand and improve the rate performance of Li-ion batteries. Lithium titanate spinel is used as a model electrode and the electrolyte is composed of LiTFSI and TFSI-coordinated alkoxy-modified phosphonium ionic liquid. Based on the analysis of activation energies for each process, we report that the charge-transfer reaction at the electrode/electrolyte interface is the rate-limiting step for cell operation. This finding is further supported by the observation that a 50-fold decrease in charge-transfer resistance at higher temperatures leads to a significant performance improvement over that of a traditional organic electrolyte at room temperature. Charge-transfer resistance and electrolyte wetting on the electrode surface are critical processes for optimal battery performance, and such processes need to be included when designing new ionic liquids in order to exceed the power density obtained with the use of current carbonate-based electrolytes.
Reading-related skills of youth with intellectual disability (ID) were compared with those of typically developing (TD) children of similar verbal ability level. The group with ID scored lower than the TD group on word recognition and phonological decoding, but similarly on orthographic processing and rapid automatized naming (RAN). Further, phonological decoding significantly mediated the relation between group membership and word recognition, whereas neither orthographic processing nor RAN did so. The group with ID also underperformed the TD group on phonological awareness and phonological memory, both of which significantly mediated the relation between group membership and phonological decoding. These data suggest that poor word recognition in youth with ID may be due largely to poor phonological decoding, which in turn may be due largely to poor phonological awareness and poor phonological memory. More focus on phonological skills in the classroom may help students with ID to develop better word recognition skills.
Electrodeposition of Cu–Li alloy from 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIm][BF4]) ionic liquid was investigated. The cyclic voltammetry behaviors of [BMIm][BF4] containing Cu(II), Li(I), and mixtures of Cu(II) and Li(I) were studied at a copper working electrode, separately. The Cu–Li alloy produced by direct current electrodeposition was characterized by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The function of 2-butyne-1,4-diol was studied by linear sweep voltammetry. The result shows that the 2-butyne-1,4-diol could improve Li content in deposit, and make the Cu–Li alloy deposits denser and finer.
Al-substituted Ni(OH)2 samples with Al3+/Ni2+ mole ratio of 0%, 10% and 20% have been prepared by a very facile chemical co-precipitation method. The microstructure of the prepared samples are analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The results reveal that the pure Ni(OH)2 sample is β-Ni(OH)2 with nanosheets hierarchical structure; the sample with 10% Al is mixed phase α/β-Ni(OH)2 with hybrid nanosheets/nanoparticles hierarchical structure; the sample with 20% Al is α-Ni(OH)2 with irregular nanoparticles hierarchical structure. The lithium storage performances of the prepared samples are characterized by cyclic voltammograms (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and charge–discharge tests. The results demonstrate that Al substitution could improve the lithium storage performances of nickel hydroxide. In particular, the mixed phase α/β-Ni(OH)2 with 10% Al exhibited the highest electrochemical activity, the best rate performance, and superior cycling stability. For example, after 30 charge/discharge cycles under a current density of 200 mA g−1, the mixed phase α/β-Ni(OH)2 with 10% Al can still deliver a specific discharge capacity of 964 mAh g−1, much higher than of for the α-Ni(OH)2 with 20% Al (681 mAh g−1) and the pure Ni(OH)2 (419 mAh g−1).
Nowadays, there is an increasing demand for energy in the world. With an energy system still based on fossil fuels, a paradigm shifts towards clean energy production based on available renewable resources is necessary. Hydrogen is a high-quality energy carrier that can be used with great efficiency and is expected to acquire a great importance in the next generation of fuels. This study aims to analyze the potential environmental impacts associated with the steam reforming of alcoholic waste from distilleries to produce clean electricity by using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology. The main findings from this study reported that the global environmental profile is better than other alternatives more common as sanitary landfill or incineration. In terms of some impact categories as Abiotic and Ozone Depletion, Acidification and Eutrophication, steam reforming of alcoholic waste performed better profiles than other processes that produce hydrogen from diverse feedstocks.
The reequilibration of supersatured Pb-Cd-Ag alloys was studied by several experimental methods: hardness measurements, optical and electron microscopy, electron microprobe. Two structural states were considered: as-cast alloy, rehomogenised alloy. Lead-cadmium-silver alloys with 2 or 3.2 weight% Cd and 0.07, 0.15 or 0.3 weight% Ag were studied. The explored temperatures were 20, 80 and 100 °C. Globally, a small addition of silver results in an increase in hardness. For the Pb 3.2%Cd 0.15%Ag alloy, the microstructure is charcterized by the formation of coarse Ag5Cd8 cristals during soldification. With an increase in the Ag level in the Pb 2%Cd X%Ag (X = 0.07, 0.15, 0.3) the quantity of eutectic increases.
We present a new algorithm that improves the prediction accuracy of the maximum charge and discharge power capabilities, i.e. state of power (SOP), of a battery state estimator (BSE) using an equivalent-circuit representation of a battery. For short time (high frequency) operation, lithium ion traction batteries are often dominated by ohmic and interfacial kinetic resistance, and conventional equivalent circuits employing resistors and capacitors (RC circuits) work well to characterize the system. However, for longer times, diffusion resistance becomes important and conventional BSEs based on RC elements fail to provide useful power predictions. In order to take into account diffusion in the SOP prediction, we propose to incorporate a nonlinear resistance into the power prediction formulas that are otherwise based on an RC circuit formulation; The diffusion effect is addressed with this nonlinear resistance whose value is proportional to the square root of time. The new approach is implemented in a vehicle-simulation environment (a hardware-in-the-loop setup) to predict the SOP of a lithium-ion battery. Simulation results demonstrate that this revised estimator provides much more accurate power prediction without compromising the regression performance of the original BSE.
The paper presents the user experience evaluation of Squeeze Me, an interactive cover for tablet and smartphone that enables continuous and expressive interaction with electronic devices. The cover has been used to implement ”Squeeze to zoom”, a mobile application to zoom in and out while taking a photograph from a tablet. The experience of use was evaluated in the short and medium term, comparing the Squeeze Me interaction modality with classic modalities for zooming in and out commonly available on tablets and smartphones. The evaluation process was conducted using AttrakDiff [3] a questionnaire that measures hedonic stimulation and identity, as well as pragmatic qualities and attractiveness of software products. Participants were asked to try out different interaction modalities for comparison in the short-term (67 people) and over 4 weeks (8 people). Results obtained in the short-term evaluation reveal that “Squeeze to zoom” was awarded higher values than the classic “Slide to zoom” in the hedonic quality-stimulation and attractiveness dimensions, whilst it obtained lower values in the pragmatic quality and hedonic quality-identity. However, the experience of use changed over time. During the longitudinal study, the usability of “Squeeze to zoom” improved whilst the attractiveness of “Slide to zoom” decreases significantly. Furthermore results reveal that “Squeeze to zoom” is significantly more appreciated for its hedonic qualities and the effect is maintained over time. This study highlights the importance of evaluating the experience of use over time, a practice that is almost ignored in the literature on Experience Design.
Li-ion conducting quasi solid-liquid electrolytes (QS-LEs) containing ionic liquid EMIMTFSI, lithium salt LiTFSI and ordered mesoporous MCM-41 (Mobil Composition of Matter no. 41) have been synthesized and characterized by N2-sorption, SEM, TEM, DSC, TGA, and complex impedance spectroscopy techniques. The results show that the synthesized QS-LE has good thermal stability (∼360°C; onset temperature) and a wide electrochemical window ∼5.23V. The ionic conductivity is increases with increasing the amount of Li-IL (LIL) solution and attains a value of ∼6.37×10−4 Scm−1 at 30°C and 1.60×10−3 Scm−1 at 70°C for QS-LE containing high amount of LIL solution. The high ionic conductivity is attributed to the enormous adsorption of LIL solution on the external surface and in the ordered mesopores channels of the MCM-41. A high total ionic transference number (∼0.99) and cationic transference number (tLi + ∼0.35) for QS-LE containing high amount of LIL solution have also been obtained. Furthermore, the QS-LE displays outstanding electrochemical properties (specific capacity ∼153mAhg−1 at C/10 rate; and good high rate capability ∼100mAhg−1 and 83mAhg−1 at 1C and 2C rate respectively) and battery performance with LiFePO4 cathodes.
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a promising technology for removal of ions from saline water upon applying a voltage between two electrodes. In this work, chemically exfoliated MoS2 (ce-MoS2) has been explored as electrode material for CDI. The ce-MoS2 nanosheets demonstrate a good cycling stability, high ion quality removal capacity of 8.81mg/g, and ion volume removal capacity of 16.51mg/cm3 at 1.2V applied voltage in 400mM NaCl solution. Comparison with that of carbon materials and bulk MoS2, the ce-MoS2 nanosheets remain good removal capacity even at a low concentration of 50mM salt. These results suggest that ce-MoS2 can be a promising candidate for CDI. The sound performance of ce-MoS2 in CDI can be attributed to the unique two-dimensional (2D) thin sheet structure of 1T phase. The large layer-to-layer space and sound electric conductivity help ion intercalation and ion transportation, and the abundant negative charges on the surface of ce-MoS2 sheets enhance the electrostatic attraction of ion.
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an environmentally friendly technology for electricity harvesting from a variety of substrates. Microorganisms used as catalysts in the anodic chamber, which are termed as electricigens, play a major role in the operation of MFCs. This review provides an introduction to the currently identified electricigens on their taxonomical groups and electricity producing abilities. The mechanism of electron transfer from electricigens to electrode is highlighted. The performances of pure culture and mixed communities are compared particularly. It has been proved that the electricity generation capacity and the ability to adapt to the complex environment of MFC systems constructed by pure microbial cultures are less than the systems constructed by miscellaneous consortia. However, pure cultures are useful to clarify the electron transfer mechanism at the microbiological level and further reduce the complexity of mixed communities. Future research trends of electricigens in MFCs should be focused on screening, domestication, modification and optimization of multi-strains to improve their electrochemical activities. Although the MFC techniques have been greatly advanced during the past few years, the present state of this technology still requires to be combined with other processes for cost reduction.
In this work we present a new method using LA-ICP-MS to quantitatively determine the lithium content in aged graphite electrodes of a lithium ion battery (LIB) by performing total depth profiling. Matrix matched solid external standards are prepared using a solid doping approach to avoid elemental fractionation effects during the measurement. The results are compared and matched to the established ICP-OES technique for bulk quantification after performing a microwave assisted acid digestion. The method is applied to aged graphite electrodes in order to determine the lithium immobilization (= “Li loss”) in the solid electrolyte interphase after the first cycle of formation. For this, different samples including a reference sample are created to obtain varying thicknesses of the SEI covering the electrode particles. By applying defined charging voltages, an initial lithiation process is performed to obtain specific graphite intercalation compounds (GICs, with target stoichiometries of LiC30, LiC18, LiC12 and LiC6). Afterwards, the graphite electrode is completely discharged to obtain samples without mobile, thus active lithium in its lattice. Taking the amount of lithium into account which originates from the residues of the LiPF6 (dissolved in the carbon components containing electrolyte), it is possible to subtract the amount of lithium in the SEI.
Compared with younger people, older people have a higher risk of adverse health outcomes when presenting to emergency departments. As the population ages, older people will make up an increasing proportion of the emergency department population. Therefore it is timely that consideration be given to the quality of care received by older persons in emergency departments, and to consideration of those older people with special needs. Particular attention will be focused on important groups of older people, such as patients with cognitive impairment, residents of long term care and patients with palliative care needs. This project will develop a suite of quality indicators focused on the care of older persons in the emergency department.
Flexible metal–gas batteries have become increasingly attractive for use in wearable electronics in the recent years due to their large theoretical energy density and superior adaptability to irregular geometric surfaces, such as the human body. With continuous improvements in design strategies and assembly technologies, the fabrication of various advanced flexible metal–gas batteries has been attempted. In spite of these efforts, the synchronous integration of high flexibility, safety, comfort, and high performance into flexible metal–gas batteries with specifically functionalized configurations still remains a formidable challenge. To resolve these dilemmas, the redesign of cathode catalysts, gel polymer electrolyte, and battery configurations/components has been investigated. In this paper, we review the recent technical advances together with the major dilemmas facing currently available flexible metal–gas batteries, highlighting how flexible cathodes and gel polymer electrolytes with various structures and components can affect the electrochemical performance and functionality of flexible metal–gas batteries. Flexible Zn–air, Li–O2/air, and Li–CO2 batteries are mainly exemplified to elucidate their promising potential. Finally, based on our considerations, unresolved technical hurdles and future research perspectives involving flexible metal–gas batteries for wearable electronics are proposed.
Lithium transport through fractal Li1−δ CoO2 film electrode was investigated in a 1M lithium perchlorate (LiClO4)–propylene carbonate (PC) solution by analysis of current transient based upon fractal theory. For this purpose, two kinds of Li1−δ CoO2 films were deposited by rf magnetron sputtering method on the substrates with different roughnesses. From the analysis of AFM image by the triangulation method, it was found that two Li1−δ CoO2 film electrodes have the self-similar scaling properties with different spatial outer cut-off ranges. From the analysis of the potentiostatic current transient, it was recognised that the cell-impedance-controlled constraint at the electrode surface is changed to the real potentiostatic boundary condition (diffusion-controlled constraint) when the applied potential step exceeds a critical value and simultaneously the internal cell resistance is below a certain value in the region of single-β-phase. In addition, from the comparison between the cathodic current transients obtained from two fractal Li1−δ CoO2 film electrodes, it was experimentally confirmed that the current transient shows the generalised Cottrell behaviour before the temporal outer cut-off of fractality, followed by a linear relationship with the slope of −0.5 after the temporal outer cut-off of fractality, when the real potentiostatic boundary condition is maintained at the electrode surface.
This paper presents an environmental and an economic Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) for conventional and electric vehicle technologies, focusing mainly on the primary energy source and the vehicle operation phase Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. A detailed analysis of the electricity mix was performed, based on the contribution of each type of primary energy source and their variation along a year. Three mixes were considered, with different life cycle GHG intensity: one mainly based in fossil sources, a second one with a large contribution from nuclear and a third one with a significant share of renewable energy sources. The conventional vehicle technology is represented by gasoline and diesel International Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs), while the electric technology is represented by Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) and Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). Real world tests were performed for representative compact and sub-compact EVs. The use profile of the vehicle was based on data acquired by a real time data acquisition system installed in the vehicles. The results show that a mix with a large contribution from Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) does not always translate directly into low GHG emissions for EVs due to the high variability of these sources. The driving profile under different scenarios was also analyzed, showing that an aggressive style can increase the energy consumption by 47%. The tests also showed that the use of climate control can increase the energy consumption between 24 and 60%. Compared with other technologies, EVs can be more sustainable from an environmental and economic perspective; however, three main factors are required: improvement of battery technology, an eco-driving attitude and an environmental friendly electricity mix.
The leather tanning industry is perceived as responsible of a significant consume of natural resources and output of wastes such as high concentration of organics, salts and heavy metals such as chromium, both in solid and liquid form as a result. Now as ever the future of tanneries strongly depends on the increase of their awareness that a sustainable industry for the future means embracing a forward-looking philosophy of the leather making process through optimal resource management within the tannery. This study reports the characterization of some chemicals used in a large tanning district area in terms of COD, BOD, aromaticity (UV280) and double bond (UV254) absorbance measurements, toxicity on fresh and saline water as well as terrestrial species, GC-MS scanning. The study provides a consistent set of information on tannin-associated concentration-related trends and suggests novel criteria in defining control quality for evaluating environmental impact of leather tanning industry.
Complex spinel titanate Li2MTi3O8 (M = Co, Zn, Co0.5Zn0.5) nanowires have been synthesized via a simple synthetic route using titanate nanowires as a precursor. The nanowires are highly crystalline and have been used for the first time as the anode material in a rechargeable lithium-ion battery. The battery has exhibited a highly reversible charge-discharge capacity and excellent cycling stability, even at a current density as high as 3.2 A g−1. This result can be attributed to the intrinsic characteristics of spinel Li2MTi3O8 nanowires. A three-dimensional network could provide a diffusion space for lithium ion insertion into and extraction from the anode material, resulting in very good cycle performance, even at a high rate.