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Lithium Iron (II) Silicate, Li2FeSiO4, is a promising cathode material for Li-ion battery applications. Its carbon composite Li2FeSiO4/C was synthesized by a simple dry ball-milling process combined with high- temperature treatment, using citric acid as carbon source, and characterized by temperature-dependence. Powder X-ray diffraction shows that it crystallizes in a monoclinic structure with (P21/n) symmetry. 57Fe Mössbauer effect studies in the temperature range 16.5–298 K were carried out. The temperature dependence of the isomer shifts was used to estimate the effective vibrating mass, Meff, yielding a value of ~87 g mol−1 for Fe in the FeO42-- moiety. This is due to the significant covalency of the Fe-0 bond in the orthosilicate composite. The temperature dependence of the recoil-free fraction (spectral areas), when combined with the effective vibrating mass calculation, yields the “Mössbauer lattice temperature” of θM = 165 K Low temperatures reveals that paramagnetic Li2FeSiO4/C becomes antiferromagnetic at 16.5 K.
Following the 2005 Kyoto protocol, developed countries made commitments to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, mostly by integrating renewable energy technologies into their power production systems. It is a more challenging procedure for third world countries, including Lebanon, that have limited means and potential to achieve such goals. This paper assesses the status of renewable energy systems in developing countries, and concentrates on the solar photovoltaic energy production due to its abundant availability in these countries relatively to other clean energy production methods. Comparisons of developing countries׳ achievements and goals each according to their economical, political and social considerations are conducted. Projects ranging from small scale standalone systems such as microgrids and minigrids to large scale energy production stations will be presented by dividing the countries into categories that share similar constraints and limitations in the integration of such installations. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the state of energy generation based on photovoltaic systems in Lebanon in contrast to other developing countries.
In sodium ion battery, cathode material is the key factor affecting the cycle life, safety and energy density, so the development of high performance embedded sodium cathode material is always the top priorities in this aspect. Among cathode material candidates, the iron-manganese based transition metal oxides attracts lots of attentions due to the relevant high specific capacity (190 mAhg−1); however, their wide application is still hampered by the phase transition at high voltage. In this study, we successfully synthesize a P2-type Na0.6Li0.2Fe0.2Mn0.6O2 through the self-combustion reaction (SCR) method, which shows high stability during cycling. The capacity of the Na0.6Li0.2Fe0.2Mn0.6O2 is 167 mAhg−1 at the current density of 1/15 C, which shows 78% capacity retention over 100 cycles. At 1C current density, the material still maintains a specific capacity of 90 mAhg−1 at 250 cycles. It is suggested that the addition of Li improves the structural stability of the iron-manganese based transition metal oxides and the average working voltage.
Since long-term survivorship is now a reality for an increasingly number of people with a history of cancer, understanding their quality of life (QoL) can inform health care policy as well as help supporting individual patients. This study was aimed to quantify QoL of this specific population in comparison with data provided for both the general population and cancer patients and to assess QoL association with several sociodemographic, clinical, and psychological variables.
Aqueous rechargeable magnesium-ion batteries with low cost of magnesium resources have a potential to meet growing requirements for electric energy storage resulted from the similar electrochemical properties to lithium. The Mg1.1Mn6O12·4.5H2O named as magnesium octahedral molecular sieves (Mg-OMS-1) owns nanobelt structures as a cathode material for aqueous magnesium-ion battery. The morphology and structure of Mg-OMS-1 are measured by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The mechanism of magnesium-ion insertion/deinsertion from this host material and the theory specific capacity of Mg-OMS-1 are determined by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Mg-OMS-1 displays an excellent battery behavior for Mg2+ insertion and deinsertion in the magnesium-salt aqueous electrolyte. The initial discharge capacity of Mg-OMS-1 electrode can reach 248.8 ± 0.5 mAh g−1 at 10 mA g−1 in the 0.2 mol dm−3 Mg(NO3)2 aqueous electrolyte. Even back to 10 mA g−1 after the rate performance, the discharge capacity can achieve 214.1 ± 0.5 mAh g−1. The specific capacity retention rate is 90.4% after cycling 200 times at 100 mA g−1 in the 0.5 mol dm−3 Mg(NO3)2 electrolyte with a columbic efficiency of 99.7 ± 0.1% in the 5 times experiments.
The dissolution process of Mn from LiMn2O4 cathode into an electrolyte solution accompanied on electrochemical cycling at various temperature was studied for the first time by in situ methods using a combination of total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) analysis and a capillary technique. When the in situ cell was cycled at 50°C, the Mn concentrations measured on the 5th, 10th and 15th cycles were determined to be 11, 56 and 393ppm, respectively. The concentration of Mn in the cell was shown to be the highest at the center of both electrodes. It was also found that dissolution of Mn from the cathode material takes place during the charge rather than the discharge process. Mn K-XANES (X-ray absorption near-edge structure) spectra of the electrolyte solution revealed that Mn exists as Mn2+.
Many neurons release classical transmitters together with neuropeptide co-transmitters whose functions are incompletely understood. Here we define the relationship between two transmitters in the olfactory system of C. elegans, showing that a neuropeptide-to-neuropeptide feedback loop alters sensory dynamics in primary olfactory neurons. The AWC olfactory neuron is glutamatergic and also expresses the peptide NLP-1. Worms with nlp-1 mutations show increased AWC-dependent behaviors, suggesting that NLP-1 limits the normal response. The receptor for NLP-1 is the G protein-coupled receptor NPR-11, which acts in postsynaptic AIA interneurons. Feedback from AIA interneurons modulates odor-evoked calcium dynamics in AWC olfactory neurons and requires INS-1, a neuropeptide released from AIA. The neuropeptide feedback loop dampens behavioral responses to odors on short and long timescales. Our results point to neuronal dynamics as a site of behavioral regulation and reveal the ability of neuropeptide feedback to remodel sensory networks on multiple timescales.
Li4Ti5O12/AB/MWCNTs material was fabricated through a facile solid-state reaction. The structure and morphology of Li4Ti5O12/AB/MWCNTs material were determined by XRD and SEM. The electrical conductivity of the composite is improved by imbedding Li4Ti5O12 particles into the conductive AB/MWCNTs network. The electrochemical properties of the Li4Ti5O12/AB/MWCNTs composite was measured by charge–discharge tests, cyclic voltammogram (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Compared with the pristine Li4Ti5O12 sample, Li4Ti5O12/AB/MWCNTs material exhibits an excellent high rate performance and cycling performance, which is due to the decrease of particle size and the increase of electrical conductivity of the material. The discharge capacities were 116 and 102mAhg−1 at the charge–discharge rates of 20 and 30C, respectively. After 1000 cycles at 2C, the discharge capacity of the composite maintained 163mAhg−1.
This article describes a direct current (DC) isolated network that is infed with distributed generation from renewable sources and cogeneration units. The sources are connected to the network via DC/DC converters to keep the voltage within a defined range and to ensure the required power flow. The consumption is directly connected to the DC network, without any DC/DC converter. The storage is located at a single point in the network. A simulation analysis based on a DC-network model shows that it is possible to operate a DC network with standard elements used for the generation side as well as for the consumption side. The key elements are the DC/DC converters, which control the voltage of the network and optimize the operation of the sources.
A rarely studied motive for engaging in face-to-face arguing is to display one’s identity. One way people can manage their impressions is to give reasons (arguments) for their commitments. This appears to be the first study to focus on this reason for arguing. 461 undergraduates recalled an episode in which they had argued to display own identity. They filled out trait measures as well as instruments describing the episode. Identity display arguments do not require controversy, are not very emotional episodes, can partly serve many communication goals, and are polite. People who have high predilection to argue for identity display are both self- and other-oriented, although the correlations with self-oriented measures are stronger. This study not only describes episodes containing arguments for identity display, but also indicates the balance between self- and other-orientations that are involved.
The load-following capability of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell was studied by measuring the cell voltage response to a sinusoidal current load with large amplitude and varying frequency. A mathematical model was developed, incorporating mass transport and capacitive effects as well as the membrane resistance. The model was capable of separating the faradaic and capacitive currents and predicting the observed hysteresis. At frequencies of the sinusoidal current load below 1 Hz, no appreciable hysteresis in the polarisation curve was observed. When increasing the frequency above 1 Hz, a hysteresis appeared at current densities below 0.2 A cm−2. The model related this hysteresis to capacitive effects. When using air as the cathode feed, hysteresis in the current density range 0.5 A cm−2 and higher appeared above 1 Hz compared to 100 Hz for pure oxygen. The model revealed that hysteresis observed in this current density range was caused by oxygen transport limitations.
The development of marine water quality criteria (WQC) in China has been insufficient because data on the toxicity of pollutants for marine organisms based on the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method are lacking. The Chinese aquatic environmental quality standards, including those for seawater, were derived from the developed countries. Therefore, establishing Chinese marine WQC is crucial for identifying the sensitivity of marine species in China and will improve their protection from threats. Mercury (Hg) is one of the primary pollutants commonly exceeding Chinese seawater quality standards. Several countries have developed their marine WQC for inorganic Hg in the past decades, but no study has been conducted in China. In this study, 45 acute toxicity and 14 chronic toxicity data of inorganic Hg on the marine species which inhabit in China were obtained mainly from the ECOTOX database, the CNKI, and the Google Scholar. The acute and chronic hazardous concentrations for 5% of the species (HC5) were calculated based on the best-fit distribution model Sweibull. The criteria for maximum and continuous concentrations of 1.30 and 0.66 μg/L, respectively, for inorganic Hg to protect marine organisms in China were derived by halving the HC5 values. The criteria were comparable to those of the United States, Australia, and the European Union countries, indicating the general applicability of WQCs developed based on the classical SSD method using different species groups. This study may provide valuable information for assessing marine ecological risk in China.
In this study, the effects of exposing the rotifer Philodina roseola to the pesticide carbofuran were investigated. Its range of sensitivity to potassium dichromate, the acute toxicity of active ingredient carbofuran and of carbofuran dosed as its commercial form, Furadan® 350 SC were determined. Chronic toxicity of carbofuran dosed as Furadan® 350 SC on P. roseola survival and fecundity were also studied. The sensitivity of P. roseola to K2Cr2O7 ranged from 29.52 to 64.67 mg L−1, averaging 47.10 mg L−1. The 48-h EC50 were 13.36 ± 2.63 mg L−1 for carbofuran and 89.32 ± 6.52 mg L−1 for commercial form. Chronic toxicity tests showed that the survival of this rotifer was not affected by the carbofuran dosed as Furadan® 350 SC at the concentrations tested and that at 1.56 and 3.12 mg L−1 their fecundity was higher than in the absence of this commercial product, characterizing the hormesis phenomenon. The sensitivity profile of several species to carbofuran indicated that P. roseola is more susceptible to this pesticide than the fish Clarias batrachus, the bacterium Vibrio fischeri, the protozoan Paramecium caudatum and the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus, although the acute toxicity of carbofuran dosed as Furadan® 350 SC to P. roseola is much lower than that of active ingredient carbofuran. The results also imply that the exacerbated use of pesticides and the constant, accelerated expansion of agricultural activity will make aquatic non-target species even more vulnerable. Furthermore, the relevant role of benthic organisms in aquatic environments justifies the inclusion of P. roseola and other benthic species in toxicity screening for risk assessment, regarding this environmental compartment.
The materials that are used to make electrodes and their internal structures significantly affect microbial fuel cell (MFC) performance. In this study, we describe a carbon nanotube (CNT)–sponge composite prepared by coating a sponge with CNTs. Compared to the CNT-coated textile electrodes evaluated in prior studies, CNT–sponge electrodes had lower internal resistance, greater stability, more tunable and uniform macroporous structure (pores up to 1 mm in diameter), and improved mechanical properties. The CNT–sponge composite also provided a three-dimensional scaffold that was favorable for microbial colonization and catalytic decoration. Using a batch-fed H-shaped MFC outfitted with CNT–sponge electrodes, an areal power density of 1.24 W m−2 was achieved when treating domestic wastewater. The maximum volumetric power density of a continuously fed plate-shaped MFC was 182 W m−3. To our knowledge, these are the highest values obtained to date for MFCs fed domestic wastewater: 2.5 times the previously reported maximum areal power density and 12 times the previously reported maximum volumetric power density.
Radiation effects induced by gamma rays on battery performance were investigated by measuring the capacity and resistance of a series of battery coin cells in-situ directly under gamma radiation and ex-situ. An experimental setup was developed to charge and discharge batteries directly under gamma radiation, equipped with precise temperature control, at The Ohio State University Nuclear Reactor Lab. Latent effects induced by gamma radiation on battery components directly influence their performance. Charge and discharge capacity and overall resistance throughout a time span of several weeks post irradiation were monitored and compared to control groups. It was found that exposure to gamma radiation does not significantly alter the available capacity and the overall cell resistance immediately, however, battery performance significantly decreases with time post irradiation. Also, batteries exposed to a higher cumulative dose showed close-to-zero capacity at two-week post irradiation.
The present investigation reports, the synthesis of manganese oxide (α-Mn2O3) nanobundles using thermal decomposition and its physicochemical characterization. The α-Mn2O3 nanobundles have been prepared using manganese oxalate dihydrate powders as precursor in the presence of oleylamine and triphenylphosphine as solvent and capping agent. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis demonstrated Mn2O3 nanobundles compose of nanospheres with diameter 30nm. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Manganese oxide nanocrystals have been prepared under different condition. The controlled experimental results showed that the use of oleylamine and triphenylphosphine as the solvent and capping agent in the chemical process played important role in the formation of the final products.
Three-dimensional (3D) network structure has been envisioned as a superior architecture for lithium ion battery (LIB) electrodes, which enhances both ion and electron transport to significantly improve battery performance. Herein, a 3D carbon nano-network is fabricated through chemical vapor deposition of carbon on a scalably manufactured 3D porous anodic alumina (PAA) template. As a demonstration on the applicability of 3D carbon nano-network for LIB electrodes, the low conductivity active material, TiO2, is then uniformly coated on the 3D carbon nano-network using atomic layer deposition. High power performance is demonstrated in the 3D C/TiO2 electrodes, where the parallel tubes and gaps in the 3D carbon nano-network facilitates fast Li ion transport. A large areal capacity of ~0.37mAh·cm−2 is achieved due to the large TiO2 mass loading in the 60µm-thick 3D C/TiO2 electrodes. At a test rate of C/5, the 3D C/TiO2 electrode with 18nm-thick TiO2 delivers a high gravimetric capacity of ~240mAhg−1, calculated with the mass of the whole electrode. A long cycle life of over 1000 cycles with a capacity retention of 91% is demonstrated at 1C. The effects of the electrical conductivity of carbon nano-network, ion diffusion, and the electrolyte permeability on the rate performance of these 3D C/TiO2 electrodes are systematically studied.
This paper reviews the current status of soft robots in biomedical field. Soft robots are made of materials that have comparable modulus of elasticity to that of biological systems. Several advantages of soft robots over rigid robots are safe human interaction, ease of adaptation with wearable electronics and simpler gripping. We review design factors of soft robots including modeling, controls, actuation, fabrication and application, as well as their limitations and future work. For modeling, we survey kinematic, multibody and numerical finite element methods. Finite element methods are better suited for the analysis of soft robots, since they can accurately model nonlinearities in geometry and materials. However, their real-time integration with controls is challenging. We categorize the controls of soft robots as model-based and model-free. Model-free controllers do not rely on an explicit analytical or numerical model of the soft robot to perform actuation. Actuation is the ability to exert a force using actuators such as shape memory alloys, fluid gels, elastomers and piezoelectrics. Nonlinear geometry and materials of soft robots restrict using conventional rigid body controls. The fabrication techniques used for soft robots differ significantly from that of rigid robots. We survey a wide range of techniques used for fabrication of soft robots from simple molding to more advanced additive manufacturing methods such as 3D printing. We discuss the applications and limitations of biomedical soft robots covering aspects such as functionality, ease of use and cost. The paper concludes with the future discoveries in the emerging field of soft robots.
In this paper, operating benefits from demand-side load management are evaluated for a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell Power Plant (FCPP). For reliability modeling and evaluation of the PEM FCPP, a state-space generation model for a stand-alone PEM fuel cell that calculates the system availability and the expected energy not supplied (EENS) index has been developed. A systematic technique and detailed computer simulation software for a stand-alone PEM fuel cell station reliability assessment have been built. The suggested technique can be used for practical engineering applications to provide information for stand-alone FC generating station planning, design, and operation. The simulation results are obtained using the MATLAB software for a 5kW stand-alone PEM fuel cell that supplies a typical residential house.
About 72 million households in rural India do not have access to electricity and rely primarily on traditional biofuels. This research investigates how rural electrification could be achieved in India using different energy sources and what the effects for climate change mitigation could be. We use the Regional Energy Model (REM) to develop scenarios for rural electrification for the period 2005–2030 and to assess the effects on greenhouse gas emissions, primary energy use and costs. We compare the business-as-usual scenario (BAU) with different electrification scenarios based on electricity from renewable energy, diesel and the grid. Our results indicate that diesel systems tend to have the highest CO2 emissions, followed by grid systems. Rural electrification with primarily renewable energy-based end-uses could save up to 99% of total CO2 emissions and 35% of primary energy use in 2030 compared to BAU. Our research indicates that electrification with decentralised diesel systems is likely to be the most expensive option. Rural electrification with renewable energy tends to be the most cost-effective option when end-uses are predominantly based on renewable energy, but turns out to be more costly than grid extensions when electric end-use devices are predominantly used. This research therefore elaborates whether renewable energy is a viable option for rural electrification and climate change mitigation in rural India and gives policy recommendations.
A hybrid nanocomposite of FeF3·0.5H2O and MWCNTs is synthesized as a high–performance cathode material for room–temperature sodium–ion batteries. The composite exhibits remarkably high capacity (197mAhg−1) and stable cycle performance (148mAhg−1 at the 100th cycle with a 0.05C rate) accompanying with the unique nanostructure of the material and the incorporation of MWCNTs. The addition of MWCNTs not only increases the conductivity of the active material but also plays a role to design a unique morphology where nano-sized FeF3·0.5H2O particles are grown both inside and outside of the MWCNTs. The sodium diffusion coefficient of the composite material is determined by galvanostatic intermittent titration technique during dis/charging and the values are in the range of 10−12–10−14 cm2 s−1 which are lesser than lithium diffusion coefficient of FeF3 (10−10–10−12 cm2 s−1). In situ X–ray diffraction coupled with ex situ high resolution transmission electron microscopy is employed to investigate the phase transition behavior. The results reveal both crystalline and amorphous phases upon Na insertion. Furthermore, ex situ NEXAFS spectroscopy (at the F K–edge and Fe L3–edge) is conducted at different potential steps to determine the change in oxidation state and local structure. NEXAFS spectra reveal the conversion reaction mechanism and reversibility of the material as evidenced by the de/formation of NaF during de/sodiation process. The combined study of in situ XRD and NEXAFS will give valuable information on de/sodiation reactions in FeF3·0.5H2O.