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Recent research into lithium ion battery storage particles has seen the development of many models to predict lithiation stresses generated during operation, and their effects on performance. Due to computational considerations most of the particles studied have idealized geometry with smooth surfaces, such as spheres. In reality, storage particles used in battery electrodes are acicular and have sharp edges and corners. In order to study the effect of these edges and corners on the generation of lithiation stress, we perform a parameter study on the development of lithiation strain and the resulting stress in cubic-shaped particles. We use a previously developed coupled stress-diffusion model, as well as three non-dimensional parameters, to quantify the stress response of cubic-shaped particles as a function of their material properties. Our results show that a change in material properties can lead to differences in both the value of maximum stress as well as its location in the particle. Both lithium insertion into and extraction from the particle are considered.
Household air pollution from solid fuels is a leading risk factor for morbidity and mortality worldwide. Pregnant women’s exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), two components of solid-fuel smoke, is associated with adverse birth outcomes. Even with improved solid-fuel stoves, exposure to PAHs and VOCs remains high. Therefore, cleaner cooking fuels need to be prioritized.
The Raman spectra of a suite of geological mineral specimens which are relevant to Martian planetary exploration are reported under different conditions of spectral resolution at a fixed laser excitation wavelength of 1064nm. As found with an earlier study of biomolecular systems, the observed Raman spectra are significantly altered under different conditions of spectral resolution; in particular, the discrimination between several minerals no longer becomes possible as the spectral resolution decreases beyond 16cm−1. These results have important implications for the construction and evaluation of miniaturised Raman spectrometers for space flight missions and incorporation into instrumentation for landers and rovers being proposed for missions to Mars in the next decade.
This article examines the visions on nanosciences and nanotechnologies (N&N) disseminated by a group of Brazilian scientists to legitimize this emergent field of research. For this purpose we analyzed reports on N&N published by the Journal of Science, edited daily by the Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science, from 2002 to 2007, covering the period in which the main events in domestic N&N research policy took place. Our analysis shows that researchers on N&N are spreading visions of progress, efficiency and competitiveness related to the advances in this field, giving little attention to issues such as potential risks, and economic, social and ethical implications of these technologies.
An effective battery thermal management (BTM) system is required for lithium-ion batteries to ensure a desirable operating temperature range with minimal temperature gradient, and thus to guarantee their high efficiency, long lifetime and great safety. In this paper, a heat pipe and wet cooling combined BTM system is developed to handle the thermal surge of lithium-ion batteries during high rate operations. The proposed BTM system relies on ultra-thin heat pipes which can efficiently transfer the heat from the battery sides to the cooling ends where the water evaporation process can rapidly dissipate the heat. Two sized battery packs, 3 Ah and 8 Ah, with different lengths of cooling ends are used and tested through a series high-intensity discharges in this study to examine the cooling effects of the combined BTM system, and its performance is compared with other four types of heat pipe involved BTM systems and natural convection cooling method. A combination of natural convection, fan cooling and wet cooling methods is also introduced to the heat pipe BTM system, which is able to control the temperature of battery pack in an appropriate temperature range with the minimum cost of energy and water spray.
The current research priorities about spinel lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) mainly focus on the improvement of specific capacity and rate capacity due to the intrinsic issues of Li4Ti5O12, such as low specific capacity and poor electrical conductivity, which limit the practical application of Li4Ti5O12 anodes in lithium-ion batteries. Herein, it is demonstrated that the Li4Ti5O12 with improved performance can be obtained by proper hierarchical structure construction and TiO2 in-situ decoration. In consequence, it delivers a high reversible specific capacity of 162.5 and 148.6mAhg−1 at 50 and 200mAg−1 after 900 and 2400 cycles, respectively. In addition, a capacity of 110.8mAhg−1 could be retained at a high rate of 20C even after 5000 cycles, exhibiting improved rate property and ultra-long life. This work may pave the way to facilely prepare advanced Li4Ti5O12-based anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.
We synthesized polycrystalline Ti2Nb10O29 nanofibers (NFs) via a simple post-annealing process of as-electrospun polymeric NFs as an anode material for Li-ion batteries (LIBs). During the first discharge/charge process, the Ti2Nb10O29 NFs annealed at 900°C exhibited insertion/extraction capacities of up to 344 and 304mAhg−1, corresponding to 19.1 and 16.7mol Li+ per formula unit, respectively. This material exhibited excellent rate capability (93mAhg−1 at 15Ag−1) and a higher average diffusion coefficient (DLi =∼1.5×10−12 cm2 s−1) than Ti2Nb10O29 powder (∼6.9×10−13 cm2 s−1). This performance can be attributed to the unique nanostructure of firmly interconnected, highly crystalline Ti2Nb10O29 nano-grains, which facilitates the Li+ and electron transport. The kinetics obtained from current-voltage curves indicate a mixture of diffusion-limited and capacitive processes. The suggested electro-spinning/post annealing approach can effectively provide a simple route towards high-quality Ti2Nb10O29 NF-based anodes for high-performance LIBs.
In natural two-dimensional (2D) materials (such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides and transition metal carbides), energy and power density are inevitably hindered by Li ion diffusion perpendicular to the compact atomic layer. At the same time, their cycling stability is affected by side reactions due to the large specific surface area and high activity of surface atoms. Here we report the preparation of a new 2D carbon rich framework called fluoride graphdiyne (F-GDY). The experiments, together with theoretical calculations, show that extraordinarily high reversible capacity (1700 mA h g−1) and extremely stable cycle performance (9000 cycles) are achieved by the reversible transition between C–F semi-ionic bonds and ionic bonds at the plateaus of 0.9 V. This bottom-up strategy offers a versatile approach to the rational design of ultra-stable flexible 2D materials through solution-based processability for application in the efficient electrodes of high performance rechargeable batteries.
Carbon-coated LiMn0.4Fe0.6PO4 composites (LiMn0.4Fe0.6PO4/C) were synthesized for use as cathode materials in lithium batteries. The composites were synthesized by a mechanical activation process that consists of high-energy ball milling for 10h, followed by thermal treatment at different temperatures. The structure, particle size and surface morphology of these cathode active materials were investigated by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis, energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), high-resolution Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The firing temperature was observed to affect morphology, particle size, elemental distribution, structure of the residual carbon, and consequently the electrochemical properties of the composites. LiMn0.4Fe0.6PO4/C synthesized at 600°C possessed the most desirable properties and it exhibited the best performance when used as cathode in lithium batteries at room temperature. The cell, comprising cathode of this composite, exhibited the initial discharge capacities of 144.5mAhg−1 (85.0% of theoretical capacity) and 122.0mAh g−1 (71.8%), respectively, at 0.1 and 1 C-rates. The cathode showed good cycle stability without substantial capacity fade up to 50 cycles.
Nafion®-stabilized Pt nanoparticle colloidal solution is synthesized through ethylene glycol reduction. Pt/Nafion® added with carbon black as electric conduction material (labeled Pt/Nafion®-XC72) shows excellent electrochemical property compared with Pt/C. After a 300-cycle discharging durability test, the cell performance of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with the Pt/Nafion®-XC72 and Pt/C catalysts indicates a 29.9% and 92.2% decrease, respectively. The charge transfer resistances of Pt/Nafion®-XC72 and Pt/C increase by 27.2% and 101.9%, respectively. The remaining electrochemically active surface area of Pt is about 61.7% in Pt/Nafion®-XC72 and about 38.1% in Pt/C after the durability test. The particle size of Pt/C increases from about 5.1 nm to about 10.8 nm but only from 3.6 nm to 5.8 nm in the case of Pt/Nafion®-XC72. These data suggest that Pt/Nafion®-XC72 as a catalyst can enhance the durability of PEMFCs compared with Pt/C.
This review summarizes key imaging studies that were presented in the American Heart Association Scientific Sessions 2016 related to the fields of nuclear cardiology, cardiac computed tomography, cardiac magnetic resonance, and echocardiography. This bird’s eye view will inform readers about multiple studies from these different modalities. We hope that this general overview will be useful for those that did not attend the conference as well as to those that did since it is often difficult to get exposure to many abstracts at large meetings. The review, therefore, aims to help readers stay updated on the newest imaging studies presented at the meeting.
All-solid-state Li-ion batteries are currently attracting considerable research attention as they present a viable opportunity for increased energy density and safety when compared to conventional liquid electrolyte-based devices. The Li-rich anti-perovskite Li3−xOHxCl has generated recent interest as a potential solid electrolyte material, but its lithium and proton transport capabilities as a function of composition are not fully characterised. In this work, we apply a combination of ab initio molecular dynamics and 1H, 2H and 7Li solid-state NMR spectroscopy to study the mobility of lithium ions and protons in Li3−xOHxCl. Our calculations predict a strongly exothermic hydration enthalpy for Li3OCl, which explains the ease with which this material absorbs moisture and the difficulty in synthesising moisture-free samples. We show that the activation energy for Li-ion conduction increases with increasing proton content. The atomistic simulations indicate fast Li-ion diffusion but rule out the contribution of long-range proton diffusion. These findings are supported by variable-temperature solid-state NMR experiments, which indicate localised proton motion and long-range Li-ion mobility that are intimately connected. Our findings confirm that Li3−xOHxCl is a promising solid electrolyte material for all-solid-state Li-ion batteries.
The design of the actuating mechanism of a biologically inspired flapping wing UAV is addressed. Several configurations able to reproduce the desired flapping-wing kinematics are analyzed and an optimization study is conducted to select the best configuration. The optimization results are used as the starting point for the design of the different structural components of the flapping mechanism. During the mechanism design stage, the linkages are optimized to match the desired wing’s motion during a flapping cycle. A structural and durability analysis is then conducted to verify that the mechanism and its components are able to withstand the aerodynamic and inertial loads.
A new funnel-type autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) docking system that can be connected to a cabled ocean observatory network is developed to charge AUVs undersea. The main features of the system include non-penetrating power and data transfer without any auxiliary actuators, auto-orientation adjustment of the entrance, magnetic clamping of the AUV, and ultra-short baseline (USBL) and computer vision integrated navigation. A homing control method based on cross-track error for USBL navigation is proposed. Its design goal is to rapidly eliminate cross-track errors and change the behavior of the AUV smoothly without losing USBL signal in lateral current. The prototype system was tested in a water pool. Light tracking, docking, and clamping were successful. The battery of the AUV was effectively charged by the non-penetrating power transfer component at 144W, during which the non-penetrating data transfer component worked properly.
The electrodeposition of lead from very alkaline media has been studied by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry under stationary and convective conditions. Experimental parameters like lead concentration and temperature have been varied. From NaOH 6M the metal deposition takes place at about −0.90V versus SCE far from the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) which is seen at −1.30V, but both processes are favoured by the lead content increase and the NaOH concentration decrease. The analyses of the chronoamperometric responses support the view of a 3D growth and suggest a substantial influence of lead concentration on the type of nucleation. Progressive nucleation is observed for the deposition from solutions with low content in lead but as this concentration increases a tendency towards instantaneous nucleation is revealed. The voltammetry with the rotating platinum disc electrode has confirmed that the lead electrodeposition is a mass transfer controlled process, and also allowed the estimation of diffusion coefficients.
Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) plays a vital role in renewable energy conversion for the development of hydrogen-based energy sources. Lately, heterostructures through hybridizing MXenes with two-dimensional materials have been successfully fabricated and attract much attention due to the exceptional performance as electrodes for Li ion storage and electrocatalysts for HER. Herein, we constructed heterostructures of CoNx-graphene (CoNx-G, x = 2 and 4) supported by MXenes (Ti3C2F2 and Ti3C2O2) monolayer as highly active electrocatalysts for HER. The theoretical results show that the CoN2-G/Ti3C2O2 heterostructure exhibits a high performance for HER with an over-potential (Ƞ) of only 0.33 V, and the rate-limiting step is determined to be the initial water dissociation process in alkaline media. The outstanding performance of CoN2-G/Ti3C2O2 is strongly attributed to the interfacial coupling between CoN2-G and the MXene substrate. Our finding demonstrates that the sluggish hydrogen evolution process in alkaline media can be facilitated by taking advantage of the fast charge transfer kinetics and interfacial coupling of MXenes.
As a prototypical photocatalyst, TiO2 is a material of scientific and technological interest. In photocatalysis and other applications, TiO2 is often reduced, behaving as an n-type semiconductor with unique physico-chemical properties. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of the fundamental properties and applications of excess electrons in reduced, undoped TiO2. We discuss the characteristics of excess electrons in the bulk and at the surface of rutile and anatase TiO2 focusing on their localization, spatial distribution, energy levels, and dynamical properties. We examine specific features of the electronic states for photoexcited TiO2, for intrinsic oxygen vacancy and Ti interstitial defects, and for surface hydroxyls. We discuss similarities and differences in the behaviors of excess electrons in the rutile and anatase phases. Finally, we consider the effect of excess electrons on the reactivity, focusing on the interaction between excess electrons and adsorbates.
Stable operation of rechargeable lithium-based batteries at low temperatures is important for cold-climate applications, but is plagued by dendritic Li plating and unstable solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI). Here, we report on high-performance Li metal batteries under low-temperature and high-rate-charging conditions. The high performance is achieved by using a self-assembled monolayer of electrochemically active molecules on current collectors that regulates the nanostructure and composition of the SEI and deposition morphology of Li metal anodes. A multilayer SEI that contains a lithium fluoride-rich inner phase and amorphous outer layer effectively seals the Li surface, in contrast to the conventional SEI, which is non-passive at low temperatures. Consequently, galvanic Li corrosion and self-discharge are suppressed, stable Li deposition is achieved from −60 °C to 45 °C, and a Li | LiCoO2 cell with a capacity of 2.0 mAh cm−2 displays a 200-cycle life at −15 °C with a recharge time of 45 min.
To supply continuous energy to the load, the stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) systems in most of the cases require energy buffer where common choice becomes lead acid batteries. However, supplying a large burst of current even for small time duration may result in battery destruction and life degradation. An alternate solution to this problem is to use ultracapacitor (UC) alone or in conjunction with the batteries. Due to non-linear behavior, ultracapacitors are difficult to model. In this paper, the Averaging Point Method (APM) is proposed to model the ultracapacitor. The Averaging Point Method takes into account the dynamic behavior of the ultracapacitor, generally neglected by different researchers. The ultracapacitor is modeled with nonlinear and linear factors, temperature dependency and time-dependent behavior of UC capacitance. Quantities of tests were conducted at 10F, 150F, 200F, 350F, 470F 2.7V ultracapacitors, furthermore on 20F 12V UC utilizing distinctive rating solar panels to charge UCs. Different hybrid storage applications using ultracapacitor battery combination are also discussed with relative merits and demerits of both storage devices. The extensive reproduction work completed utilizing MATLAB/Simulink® programming demonstrates a lot of similitudes between the recreations and exploratory results. The proposed model is valuable to comprehend UC conduct when associated with PV panels as an additional vitality cradle.
A novel Li-ion polymer battery (Li-IonPB) based on LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 as a cathode and an alternative composite anode (CA) is proposed for future application in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). A micro-Li-ion polymer cell is prepared in situ inside the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) sample pan, and the exothermic heat development is compared with that of the micro-lithium-solid polymer electrolyte cell. The thermal decomposition of both cells is further investigated from a qualitative point of view.
Maternal immune activation (MIA) induced by lipopolysaccharides or polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid injections can induce behavioral abnormalities in adult mouse offspring. Here, we used the soluble tachyzoite antigen from Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite that infects approximately two billion people, to induce MIA in mice. The adult male offspring showed autism-relevant behaviors and abnormal brain microstructure, along with a pro-inflammatory T-cell immune profile in the periphery and upregulation of interleukin-6 in brain astrocytes. We show that adoptive transfer of regulatory T (Treg) cells largely reversed these MIA-induced phenotypes. Notably, pathogen-activated maternal Treg cells showed greater rescue efficacy than those from control donors. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified and characterized a unique group of pathogen-activated Treg cells that constitute 32.6% of the pathogen-activated maternal Treg population. Our study establishes a new preclinical parasite-mimicking MIA model and suggests therapeutic potential of adoptive Treg cell transfer in neuropsychiatric disorders associated with immune alterations.
The use of MEMS implantable drug delivery pump device enables one to program the desired drug delivery profile in the device for individualized medicine treatment to patients. In this study, a MEMS drug delivery device is prepared and employed for in vivo applications. 12 devices are implanted subcutaneously into Kunming mice for evaluating their long term biocompatibility and drug-delivery efficiency in vivo. All the mice survived after device implantation surgery procedures. Histological analysis result reveals a normal wound healing progression within the tissues-to-device contact areas. Serum analysis shows that all measured factors are within normal ranges and do not indicate any adverse responses associated with the implanted device. Phenylephrine formulation is chosen and delivered to the abdominal cavity of the mice by using either the implanted MEMS device (experimental group) or the syringe injection method (control group). Both groups show that they are able to precisely control and manipulate the increment rate of blood pressure in the small animals. Our result strongly suggests that the developed refillable implantable MEMS devices will serve as a viable option for future individualized medicine applications such as glaucoma, HIV-dementia and diabetes therapy.
Recent advances in MRI have provided the opportunity to map changes in hemodynamics that correspond to cognitive and sensory operations. These advances in noninvasive, low-risk, imaging environments have extended the traditional role of medical imaging into new domains that include investigations into the interplay between brain anatomy, physiology, and function. This interplay is mandatory for examination of the complex effects of diffuse damage caused by traumatic brain injury. Functional MRI (fMRI) provides relatively high-resolution indirect assessment of neuronal activity. Three main factors interact to affect the quality of fMRI data that is acquired: (1) MRI hardware, (2) the paradigm (or experimental) design, and (3) subject cooperation. This article focuses on paradigm design and subject cooperation.
The contribution of endogenous nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) to neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism has been evaluated in haloperidol-treated mice. Pharmacological blockade of N/OFQ receptors (NOP) via systemic administration of 1-[(3R,4R)-1-cyclooctylmethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-4-piperidyl]-3-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H benzimidazol-2-one (J-113397, 0.01–10 mg/kg i.p.) or central injection of [Nphe1,Arg14,Lys15]N/OFQ-NH2 (UFP-101, 10 nmol i.c.v.) attenuated (0.8 mg/kg) haloperidol-induced motor deficits as evaluated by a battery of behavioral tests providing complementary information on motor parameters: the bar, drag and rotarod tests. A combined neurochemical and behavioral approach was then used to investigate whether the substantia nigra reticulata could be involved in antiakinetic actions of J-113397. Microdialysis combined to the bar test revealed that haloperidol (0.3 and 0.8 mg/kg i.p.) caused a dose-dependent and prolonged elevation of immobility time (i.e. akinesia) which was associated with an increase in nigral glutamate and a reduction in GABA release. Conversely, J-113397 (1 mg/kg) alone reduced glutamate and elevated nigral GABA release, and when challenged against haloperidol, counteracted its behavioral and neurochemical effects. Microdialysis coupled to behavioral testing also demonstrated that NOP receptor knockout mice were resistant to haloperidol (0.3 mg/kg) compared to wild-type mice, lack of response being associated with a reversal of glutamate release facilitation into inhibition and no change in nigral GABA release. This study provides pharmacological and genetic evidence that endogenous N/OFQ contributes to haloperidol-induced akinesia and changes of amino acid transmission in mice. Moreover, it confirms the view that NOP receptor antagonists are capable of reversing akinesia across species and genotypes and may prove effective in relieving neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism.