batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Publisher Summary In lead-acid secondary batteries the negative plates have a spongy lead as their active material, while the positive plates of the lead-acid cell have an active material of brown lead dioxide. The plates are immersed in an electrolyte of dilute sulphuric acid. There are two types of pates available: tubular and flat. The tubular positive consists of rods of antimonial lead, which are surrounded by sleeves of an inert porous material, such as terylene. The annular spaces in the tubes of the sleeves and around the rods are filled with the active material lead dioxide. In the case of the flat plate design, the plate is made from lead alloy grids with lattices containing lead dioxide. The negative plate of the tubular cell, which must match the electrical capacity of the positive plate to enable efficient chemical reaction to take place, is of a similar design to that of the flat plate positive, but the lattices in this case are filled with a sponge of pure lead. The positive and negative plates are placed into a container, each positive being placed next to a negative and so on. Further, charging is done by A passing a direct current through the cell in the opposite direction to that during discharge, liberating the acid from the plates, i.e. the concentration of acid in the electrolyte increases. This reverses the action of the discharge and restores the battery to its original charged condition. The capacity of the battery varies according to the current at which it is discharged. The higher the current being taken out of the battery, the lower the available capacity.
The anodic behavior of austenitic stainless-steel, SUS304, as a current collector of positive electrode in lithium-ion battery/capacitor has been investigated in organic electrolyte solutions based on a mixed alkyl carbonate solvent with different lithium salts. Stable passivation characteristics were observed for the stainless-steel in the LiPF6 solution, but pitting corrosion or active dissolution proceeded in the solutions containing other anions, BF4 -, (CF3SO2)2N- (TFSA-) and ClO4 -. The mass ratios of the dissolved metal species in the solutions of LiTFSA and LiClO4 were equivalent to that of the alloy composition, which suggests that no preferential dissolution occurs during the anodic polarization in these electrolyte solutions. An HF component formed by decomposition of PF6 - with the contaminate water will act as an F- source for the formation of a surface fluoride layer, that will contribute to the anodic stability of SUS304 in the LiPF6 solution. The anodic corrosion in the LiTFSA solution was suppressed in part by mixing the PF6 salt or adding HF in the electrolyte.
The porous structure of three-dimensional NiO microspheres on titanium carbide (NiO/Ti3C2Tx) is prepared by calcination of Ni-MOF/Ti3C2Tx in the air. The crystalline structure and morphology of the obtained hybrid are characterized with various tools such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface analyzer techniques. As-prepared NiO/Ti3C2Tx hybrid is used for two noteworthy applications in electrochemistry like supercapacitor and non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sensor. NiO/Ti3C2Tx electrode exhibited an enhanced specific capacity of 630.9C g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 in comparison to pure NiO (376.8C g−1). Furthermore, the H2O2 sensing performance of the NiO/Ti3C2Tx modified glassy carbon electrode is evaluated in 0.5 M of NaOH solution and the electrode showed a low detection limit of 0.34 μM with a wider range of linear response 10 μM to 4.5 mM. The higher specific surface area and porosity of NiO/Ti3C2Tx allow more electro-active site for electrochemical redox reactions in the direction of H2O2 sensing and supercapacitor. Moreover, Ti3C2Tx prevents from fouling in 3D porous network and leaching effect, and beneficial for easy access of electrolyte ions and efficient electron transport to the electrode surface resulted in improved electrochemical applications.
Lithium-ion batteries are in widespread use in electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles. Besides features like energy density, cost, lifetime, and recyclability the safety of a battery system is of prime importance. The separator material impacts all these properties and requires therefore an informed selection. The interplay between the mechanical and electrochemical properties as key selection criteria is investigated. Mechanical properties were investigated using tensile and puncture penetration tests at abuse relevant conditions. To investigate the electrochemical performance in terms of effective conductivity a method based on impedance spectroscopy was introduced. This methodology is applied to evaluate ten commercial separators which allows for a trade-off analysis of mechanical versus electrochemical performance. Based on the results, and in combination with other factors, this offers an effective approach to select suitable separators for automotive applications.
Indian cities are often characterized by poorly rendered services including waste management—the most ignored of all basic services, on account of various reasons. The situation worsens with increasing population pressure in urban centers. Kanpur is one such metropolitan city of North India, having an inefficient, outdated and unscientific waste management system. This paper attempts to assess the existing state of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in Kanpur city with the aim of identifying the main obstacles to its efficiency and the prospects for improvisation of the solid waste management system in the city. The existing solid waste management system in the city is found to be highly inefficient. Primary and secondary collection, transportation and open dumping are the only activities practiced that too in a non-technical manner. This paper systematically assesses the obstacles in the existing solid waste management system in Kanpur city and also tries to assess the potentials for its improvisation.
To test the role of caspase 3 in apoptosis and in overall cell lethality caused by the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine, we compared the responses of MCF-7c3 cells that express a stably transfected CASP-3 gene to parental MCF-7:WS8 cells transfected with vector alone and lacking procaspase-3 (MCF-7v). Cells were exposed to increasing doses (0.15–1 μM) of staurosporine for periods up to 19 h. Apoptosis was efficiently induced in MCF-7c3 cells, as demonstrated by cytochrome c release, processing of procaspase-3, procaspase-8, and Bid, increase in caspase-3-like DEVDase activity, cleavage of the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, DNA fragmentation, changes in nuclear morphology, and TUNEL assay and flow cytometry. For all of these measures except cytochrome c release, little or no activity was detected in MCF-7v cells, confirming that caspase-3 is essential for efficient induction of apoptosis by staurosporine, but not for mitochondrial steps that occur earlier in the pathway. MCF-7c3 cells were more sensitive to staurosporine than MCF-7v cells when assayed for loss of viability by reduction of a tetrazolium dye. However, the two cell lines were equally sensitive to killing by staurosporine when evaluated by a clonogenic assay. A similar distinction between apoptosis and loss of clonogenicity was observed for the cancer chemotherapeutic agent VP-16. These results support our previous conclusions with photodynamic therapy: (a) assessing overall reproductive death of cancer cells requires a proliferation-based assay, such as clonogenicity; and (b) the critical staurosporine-induced lethal event is independent of those mediated by caspase-3.
Composite membranes based on the protic plastic crystal N,N-dimethylethylenediammonium triflate [DMEDAH][TFO] and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanofibers have been developed for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) under non-humidified conditions. The effect of addition of 5mol% triflic acid or 5mol% of the base N,N-dimethylethylenediamine on the thermal and transport properties of the material is discussed. The acid-doped plastic crystal reports more than double the ionic conductivity of the pure plastic crystal. The effects of doping the plastic crystal and the composites, with acid or base, on the ionic conductivity and fuel cell performance are reported. Composite membranes based on PVDF nanofibers and [DMEDAH][TFO] were tested in a single PEMFC. The results show the potential of these composite membranes to be used as electrolytes in this electrochemical application without external humidification.
A spinel lithium nickel manganese oxide (LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4) cathode material is synthesized with a modified oxalate co-precipitation method by controlling pH value of the precursor solution and introducing excessive Li source in the precursor. All the samples synthesized through this method are of Fd3m phase with a small amount of P4 3 32 phase. It is found that pH value of the precursor solution considerably affects the morphology, stoichiometry and crystallographic structure of the target material, thereby resulting in different amounts of Mn3+ (i.e., different degree of disorder). 5% excessive Li source in the precursor may compensate for the lithium loss during the high-temperature sintering process and eliminate the LixNi1-xO impurity phase. Under the optimized synthesis conditions, the obtained high-purity LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel exhibits enhanced electrochemical performances. A reversible capacity of ca. 140 mAh g−1 can be delivered at 0.1C and the electrode retains 106 mAh g−1 at 10C rate. When cycled at 0.2C, a capacity retention of more than 98% is obtained in the initial 50 electrochemical cycles.
MoOx films composed of agglomerated nanoparticles were synthesized by potentiostatic electrodeposition on stainless steel collectors for charge storage electrodes working in aqueous electrolyte (1M H2SO4) and negative potential window. The agglomerated nanoparticles were amorphous in nature and possess mixed valance state. By optimizing the charge density applied during electrodeposition, the electrodes delivered maximum specific capacity of 228Cg−1 (507Fg−1) at 1Ag−1 for the sample electrodeposited at −0.3Ccm−2. This film showed very good rate capability and retained around 48% of specific capacity at 10Ag−1. The galvanostatic charge discharge cycling stability test showed 87% of initial capacity retained after 900 cycles, suggesting good stability behaviour. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements evidenced lower equivalent series resistance for the sample electrodeposited at −0.3Ccm−2 among the tested samples, revealing its better electrochemical performance. Aging of the electrode with higher specific capacity was also investigated by performing EIS after different cycles; the results revealed an increment on the overall resistance, thus clarifying the capacity degradation.
The public has access to a range of mobile applications (apps) for disasters. However, there has been limited academic research conducted on disaster apps and how the public perceives their usability. This study explores end-users’ perceptions of the usability of disaster apps. It proposes a conceptual framework based on insights gathered from thematically analyzing online reviews. The study identifies new usability concerns particular to disaster apps’ use: (1) content relevance depends on the app’s purpose and the proximate significance of the information to the hazard event’s time and location; (2) app dependability affects users’ perceptions of usability due to the life-safety association of disaster apps; (3) users perceive advertisements to contribute to their cognitive load; (4) users expect apps to work efficiently without unnecessary consumption of critical phone resources; (5) appropriate audio interface can improve usability, as sounds can boost an app’s alerting aspect; and, finally (6) in-app browsing may potentially enhance users’ impression of the structure of a disaster app. As a result, this study argues for focussed research and development on public-facing disaster apps. Future research should consider the conceptual framework and concerns presented in this study when building design guidelines and theories for disaster apps.
Air pollution exposure and places where the exposures occur may differ in cities in the developing world compared with high-income countries. Our aim was to measure personal fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure of students in neighborhoods of varying socioeconomic status in Accra, Ghana, and to quantify the main predictors of exposure. We measured 24-hour PM2.5 exposure of 56 students from eight schools in four neighborhoods. PM2.5 was measured both gravimetrically and continuously, with time-matched global positioning system coordinates. We collected data on determinants of exposure, such as distances of homes and schools from main roads and fuel used for cooking at their home or in the area of residence/school. The association of PM2.5 exposure with sources was estimated using linear mixed-effects models. Personal PM2.5 exposures ranged from less than 10 μg/m3 to more than 150 μg/m3 (mean 56 μg/m3). Girls had higher exposure than boys (67 vs 44 μg/m3; P-value=0.001). Exposure was inversely associated with distance of home or school to main roads, but the associations were not statistically significant in the multivariate model. Use of biomass fuels in the area where the school was located was also associated with higher exposure, as was household’s own biomass use. Paved schoolyard surface was associated with lower exposure. School locations in relation to major roads, materials of school ground surfaces, and biomass use in the area around schools may be important determinants of air pollution exposure.
Coating is commonly used to improve electrode performance in batteries, but it is challenging to achieve and maintain complete coverage of electrode particles during cycling. Here the authors present a coating-and-infusion approach on Ni-rich cathodes that effectively retards stress corrosion cracking.
The layered Li[Ni(1−x)/3Mn(1−x)/3Co(1−x)/3Mo x ]O2 cathode materials (x =0, 0.005, 0.01, and 0.02) were prepared by a solid-state pyrolysis method (700, 800, 850, and 900°C). Its structure and electrochemical properties were characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS, cyclic voltammetry, and charge/discharge tests. It can be learned that the doped sample of x =0.01 calcined at 800°C shows the highest first discharge capacity of 221.6mAhg−1 at a current density of 20mAg−1 in the voltage range of 2.3–4.6V, and the Mo-doped samples exhibit higher discharge capacity and better cycle-ability than the undoped one at room temperature.
Vacuum deposited silicon film on a Ni foil substrate showed very stable Li charge/discharge performance in PC containing 1M LiClO4. The performance, however, became poorer rapidly with the increase in the film thickness. In an attempt to attain long cycleability with large capacity for the vacuum deposited thicker silicon film, surface morphology of the depositing substrate metal was examined. Filing with a sand paper was quite effective for providing longer cycleability as compared to the pristine Ni foil. Etching with aqueous solution of FeCl3 resulted in giving the surface roughened to a great extent. A 1.1μm thick silicon film deposited on the well-etched substrate maintained the specific capacity over 1500mAhg−1 even after 400 cycles with 1C rate constant current charge/discharge. The most roughened surface could be obtained by depositing electrolytically on a copper foil. The surface revealed a jammed group of tiny pyramid like steeple-crowned caps. A 3.6μm thick silicon film deposited on the copper substrate thus obtained maintained constantly around 2000mAhg−1 during 50 cycles.
Neurodevelopmental maturation takes place in a social environment in addition to a neurobiological one. Characterization of social environmental factors that influence this process is therefore an essential component in developing an accurate model of adolescent brain and neurocognitive development, as well as susceptibility to change with the use of marijuana and other drugs. The creation of the Culture and Environment (CE) measurement component of the ABCD protocol was guided by this understanding. Three areas were identified by the CE Work Group as central to this process: influences relating to CE Group membership, influences created by the proximal social environment, influences stemming from social interactions. Eleven measures assess these influences, and by time of publication, will have been administered to well over 7,000 9–10 year-old children and one of their parents. Our report presents baseline data on psychometric characteristics (mean, standard deviation, range, skewness, coefficient alpha) of all measures within the battery. Effectiveness of the battery in differentiating 9–10 year olds who were classified as at higher and lower risk for marijuana use in adolescence was also evaluated. Psychometric characteristics on all measures were good to excellent; higher vs. lower risk contrasts were significant in areas where risk differentiation would be anticipated.
Two different high-temperature calorimetry methods were used to determine the enthalpy of reaction for the reduction of Co3O4 to CoO. This reaction is particularly interesting for assessing the thermodynamics of the first step of the electrochemical half-cell reaction for conversion anodes based on Co3O4 at very low discharge currents. The enthalpy of reaction for the reduction of Co3O4 to CoO was determined to be ΔrH°=205.14±2.48kJ/mol and ΔrH°=204.46±3.17kJ/mol from transposed temperature drop and high-temperature oxide melt drop solution calorimetry, respectively. Using this data, the enthalpy of reaction for the first step of the half-cell reaction for Co3O4 at very low discharge currents involving the formation of Li2O and CoO was calculated as ΔrH°=−393.60±3.67kJ/mol and ΔrH°=−394.28±4.16kJ/mol from the transposed temperature drop and the high-temperature oxide melt drop solution calorimetry, respectively.
The lithium sulfur batteries (LSBs) are considered as one of the promising next generation energy storage devices due to the high theoretical specific capacity of sulfur (1675 mAh g−1), naturally available, low cost. However, the practical LSBs are impeded by the well-known ‟shuttle effect” combined with other technical drawbacks. The ‟shuttle effect” causes rapid capacity decay, severe self-discharging and low active material utilization. The polysulfide (PS) which has lone pair electrons in each sulfur atom is considered as Lewis base and shows strong affinity to various polar, Lewis acid and catenation interactive materials but very weakly interacts with the non-polar conductive carbons. The ‟shuttle effect” occurs due to the diffusion of high order PS from the cathode to the anode and then low-order PS back to the cathode. The PS is polar and, due to a lone pair of electrons associated with the sulfur atom, is considered a Lewis base. As such, the PS shows a strong affinity with various polar and Lewis acid materials. In addition, a more novel trapping can be performance through a catenation reaction. For LSBs to compete with the state-of-the-art lithium ion batteries (LIBs), the LSB areal capacity need to be ∼6 mAh cm−2 (which is proportional to sulfur loading). To achieve this target the PS shuttling needs to mitigate, which can be achieved through using functional materials. This review addresses the aforementioned phenomena by considering the PS phase interacts with the various functional materials and how this impacts areal capacity and cycling stability of LSBs.
Glass–ceramic and glass Li2S–GeSe2–P2S5 electrolytes were prepared by a single step ball milling (SSBM) process. Various compositions of Li4−x Ge1−x P x S2(1+x)Se2(1−x) with/without heat treatment (HT) from x =0.55 to x =1.00 were systematically investigated. Structural analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed gradual increase of the lattice constant followed by significant phase change with increasing GeSe2. HT also affected the crystallinity. Incorporation of GeSe2 in Li2S–P2S5 kept high conductivity with a maximum value of 1.4×10−3 Scm−1 at room temperature for x =0.95 in Li4−x Ge1−x P x S2(1+x)Se2(1−x) without HT. All-solid-state LiCoO2/Li cells using Li2S–GeSe2–P2S5 as solid-state electrolytes (SE) were tested by constant-current constant-voltage (CCCV) charge–discharge cycling at a current density of 50μAcm−2 between 2.5 and 4.3V (vs. Li/Li+). In spite of the extremely high conductivity of the SE, LiCoO2/Li cells showed a large irreversible reaction especially during the first charging cycle. LiCoO2 with SEs heat-treated at elevated temperature exhibited a capacity over 100mAhg−1 at the second cycle and consistently improved cycle retention, which is believed to be due to the better interfacial stability.
Comparative study of Li[CrTi]O4, Li[Li1/3Ti5/3]O4 and Li1/2Fe1/2[Li1/2Fe1/2Ti]O4 was carried out in order to understand zero-strain insertion mechanism. Degree of defect defined by the occupation of lithium ions at 16(d) sites in Fd 3 ¯ m is 0% in Li[CrTi]O4, 17% in Li[Li1/3Ti5/3]O4 and 25% in Li1/2Fe1/2[Li1/2Fe1/2Ti]O4. Electrochemical tests in non-aqueous lithium cells indicated that no fatal damage was observed with respect to XRD even for 25% defect of spinel-framework structure based on lithium titanium oxides. All samples examined here show the character of so-called zero-strain lithium insertion materials while Li1/2Fe1/2[Li1/2Fe1/2Ti]O4 is converted to a rock-salt structure of Li3/2Fe1/2[Li1/2Fe1/2Ti]O4 in which Fe3+ ions at the tetrahedral sites move to the octahedral sites by changing oxidation state on reduction. FT-IR and Raman spectral measurements were also carried out and the factors affecting zero-strain insertion mechanism were discussed.
Wearable solar charging systems are now developing rapidly. However, their insufficient overall efficiency and poor charging rate remain daunting challenges. Herein, we report the rational design of a wearable solar charging unit based on a miniature GaAs solar cell and an ultrafast rechargeable Zn micro-battery. This integrated system demonstrates a high overall efficiency of 23.11%. Upon solar charging for 5 s, the system delivers a continuous supply of power for 110 s at 0.5 mA cm−2, showing favorable fast charging performance characteristics. With the aid of in-depth characterization combined with theoretical simulations, the electrochemical energy storage mechanism of the zinc ion battery is elucidated as the synergy of hydroxyl anion intercalation with surface pseudocapacitive reaction. This work provides an innovative strategy to construct wearable solar charging units with high efficiency and advanced charging capabilities.
Silicon is a promising anode material for next generation lithium secondary batteries. To significantly increase the energy density of state of the art batteries with silicon, new concepts have to be developed and electrode structuring will become a key technology. Structuring is essential to reduce the macroscopic and microscopic electrode deformation, caused by the volume change during cycling. We report pulsed laser structuring for the generation of hierarchical columnar silicon films with outstanding high areal capacities up to 7.5 mAh cm−2 and good capacity retention. Unstructured columnar electrodes form a micron-sized block structure during the first cycle to compensate the volume expansion leading to macroscopic electrode deformation. At increased silicon loading, without additional structuring, pronounced distortion and the formation of cracks through the current collector causes cell failure. Pulsed laser ablation instead is demonstrated to avoid macroscopic electrode deformation by initial formation of the block structure. A full cell with lithiated silicon versus a carbon-sulfur cathode is assembled with only 15% overbalanced anode and low electrolyte amount (8 μl mgsulfur −1). While the capacity retention over 50 cycles is identical to a cell with high excess lithium anode, the volumetric energy density could be increased by 30%.