batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)–TiO2 film electrodes were fabricated by casting the mixture of HRP solution and aqueous titania nanoparticle dispersion onto pyrolytic graphite (PG) electrodes and letting the solvent evaporate. The HRP incorporated in TiO2 films exhibited a pair of well-defined and quasi-reversible cyclic voltammetric peaks at about −0.35V versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE) in pH 7.0 buffers, characteristic of HRP–Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple. The electron exchange between the enzyme and PG electrodes was greatly enhanced in the TiO2 nanoparticle film microenvironment. The electrochemical parameters such as apparent heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (k s) and formal potential (E°′) were estimated by fitting the data of square wave voltammetry with nonlinear regression analysis. The HRP–TiO2 film electrodes were quite stable and amenable to long-time voltammetric experiments. The UV-Vis spectroscopy showed that the position and shape of Soret absorption band of HRP in TiO2 films kept nearly unchanged and were different from those of hemin or hemin–TiO2 films, suggesting that HRP retains its native-like tertiary structure in TiO2 films. The electrocatalytic activity of HRP embedded in TiO2 films toward O2 and H2O2 was studied. Possible mechanism of catalytic reduction of H2O2 with HRP–TiO2 films was discussed. The HRP–TiO2 films may have a potential perspective in fabricating the third-generation biosensors based on direct electrochemistry of enzymes.
Two-dimensional elemental topological insulators including silicene, germanene and stanene are currently the hottest topics in condensed matter physics. We first review the recent progress on electronic and topological properties of their monolayers from a fundamental viewpoint. Next, we describe their experimental realizations by epitaxial growth and their actual physical properties. We start with the description of the topological nature of generic Dirac systems and then apply it to silicene by introducing the spin and valley degrees of freedom. Based on them, we classify all topological insulators in the general honeycomb system. We discuss topological electronics based on honeycomb systems. We introduce the topological Kirchhoff law, which is a conservation law of topological edge states. A field effect topological transistor is proposed based on the topological edge states. We show that the conductance is quantized even in the presence of random distributed impurities. Monolayer topological insulators will be a key for future topological electronics and spin-valleytronics. The outstanding example of the realization of such monolayer Si, Ge and Sn novel artificial allotropes is the canonical 3 × 3 reconstructed epitaxial silicene phase grown in situ under ultra-high vacuum on the silver (111) surface. Its realization in 2012 has preceded the synthesis of germanene, followed by that of stanene, respectively on Au(111) and Bi2Te3 substrates. Further growth of Si and Ge over monolayer epitaxial silicene and germanene leads to layered thin films displaying Dirac fermion characteristics. Amazingly, Si deposition onto Ag(110) templates yields massively parallel, pentasilicene-like nanoribbons, a novel form of one-dimensional silicon. Field Effect Transistors have been already fabricated both with single and multi-layer silicene channels, clearly demonstrating potential applications in electronics of silicene and such related materials, which are directly compatible with the current, ubiquitous, Si-based technology. Finally, enticing prospects are outlined.
Boreal peatlands have significant emissions of non-methane biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). Climate warming is expected to affect these ecosystems both directly, with increasing temperature, and indirectly, through water table drawdown following increased evapotranspiration. We assessed the combined effect of warming and water table drawdown on the BVOC emissions from boreal peatland microcosms. We also assessed the treatment effects on the BVOC emissions from the peat soil after the 7-week long experiment. Emissions of isoprene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, other reactive VOCs and other VOCs were sampled using a conventional chamber technique, collected on adsorbent and analyzed by GC–MS. Carbon emitted as BVOCs was less than 1% of the CO2 uptake and up to 3% of CH4 emission. Water table drawdown surpassed the direct warming effect and significantly decreased the emissions of all BVOC groups. Only isoprene emission was significantly increased by warming, parallel to the increased leaf number of the dominant sedge Eriophorum vaginatum. BVOC emissions from peat soil were higher under the control and warming treatments than water table drawdown, suggesting an increased activity of anaerobic microbial community. Our results suggest that boreal peatlands could have concomitant negative and positive radiative forcing effects on climate warming following the effect of water table drawdown. The observed decrease in CH4 emission causes a negative radiative forcing while the increase in CO2 emission and decrease in reactive BVOC emissions, which could reduce the cooling effect induced by the lower formation rate of secondary organic aerosols, both contribute to increased radiative forcing.
Essentially all of the present commercial rechargeable lithium batteries use lithium-carbons as the negative electrode reactant. However, the announcement of Fujifilm in 1997 of the potential use of convertible oxides called attention to the possibility of alternatives, and a variety of different materials and approaches has been investigated in an number of laboratories. Recent work on the potential of the use of metal–metalloid alloys has led to the recognition of several potentially attractive possibilities. Among the most interesting are a group of materials containing silicon, a boro-silicide, several silicides, and SiO. In all of these cases an irreversible reaction takes place during the first lithium loading. The result is the formation of fine particles of amorphous elemental silicon in a matrix related to the precursor. Upon further cycling, lithium reversibly reacts with this amorphous silicon. The resulting specific capacities can reach attractive values, depending upon the weight of the precursor. Their relatively flat potential profiles at low potentials make them of interest for application as negative electrodes.
A Li/SOCl2 bobbin-type cell, connected in parallel with an electrochemical capacitor, is investigated in order to overcome the voltage delay problem at high-rate discharge. In spite of the high internal resistance of the Li/SOCl2 cell due to the passivation, the voltage delay is suppressed. Impedance measurements, in which the cell is separated from the capacitor, explain the suppression process clearly. The electrochemical capacitor operates as a high-current buffer and voltage-delay suppressor for the Li/SOCl2 bobbin-type cell.
The current study experimentally investigates the performance of two identical pairs of photovoltaic (PV) panels, the first being clean and the second being artificially polluted with three different, commonly met in urban and other environments, air pollutants (i.e. red soil, limestone and carbonaceous fly-ash particles). The PV-panels under comparison are both operating under the same environmental conditions, being nearby located and adjusted at the same inclination. The effect of pollution deposition on PVs’ power output, energy yield and conversion efficiency is examined, considering also various pollutants’ mass depositions on the PV-panels’ surfaces. According to the results obtained, a considerable reduction of PVs’ energy performance is recorded, depending both on particles’ composition and origin and on the total mass accumulated on the PV-panels’ surfaces. Based on the results, the highest reduction is caused by the deposition of red soil particles, followed by the deposition of limestone and finally by the carbon-based ash.
Structural change and the charge compensation mechanism of lithium-rich layered cathode (Li1.23Fe0.15Ni0.15Mn0.46O2) in charged and discharged states were investigated. Selected area electron diffraction analysis revealed that in discharged state, an initial structure composed of a single phase of monoclinic layered rock-salt changed to a mixture of hexagonal layered rock-salt and spinel-like structures. In charged state, the spinel-like phase became dominant as transition-metal ions migrate. 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and Soft-XAS showed that the valence of Fe and Ni ions approximately changed from Fe3+ to Fe3.2+ and Ni2+ to Ni3.5+ during charge-discharge, although Mn ions remained as Mn4+. Various oxidation states of oxide ions such as superoxide, peroxide, and hole states have also been detected in charged state. Considering that actual discharge capacity was 255 mAh/g, the contribution to charge compensation from the valence change of Fe and Ni ions was extremely small, and it only contributed to about one-third of total capacity. Therefore, the mechanism to yield high capacity of the Li1.23Fe0.15Ni0.15Mn0.46O2 cathode relates strongly to the redox reaction of oxide ions. Moreover, the decrease in capacity during charge-discharge cycling was mainly due to the irreversible redox reaction of Mn, Fe, and oxide ions.
Lithium intercalation properties of Li3VO4 are investigated for a possible application as a new anode material for lithium-ion batteries. A single phase Li3VO4 powders are successfully synthesized in an oxygen atmosphere by a two-step heating process and solution-based method. A structure with corner-shared VO4 and LiO4 tetrahedrons can reversibly intercalate lithium ions and exhibits a stable frame structure after cycling. The average discharge potential is lower than Li4Ti5O12. While the sample obtained from the solid-state reaction shows initial instability and stabilizes by the continuous cycling, the sample synthesized by precipitation exhibits excellent cyclability. 190 mAh g−1 of charge capacity is observed after 100th cycle at 1.0 C-rate.
To meet the high requirements of future lithium secondary batteries based on lithium metal anodes for large-scale applications, we develop a cost-effective and environmentally friendly water-based method to prepare inorganic/polymer composite coating layers on commercial hydrophobic polyolefin-based microporous separators. To this end, we utilize a plasma-treatment technique. After the plasma treatment, the surface of the polyethylene (PE) separators changes from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, and the pore structures of the separators widen. These changes improve the affinity of the PE separators for polar liquid electrolytes and their ionic conductivities compared to those of bare PE and other ceramic-coated control systems. The polar functional groups derived from plasma treatment interact with the hydroxyl groups of water-soluble polymeric binders in the ceramic (Al2O3) coating layers, thereby improving the adhesion strength between the PE substrate and the ceramic coating layer. This improvement impedes hydrophobic recovery phenomena. As a result, plasma-treated ceramic-coated separators (plasma CCSs) exhibit superior power capability and cycle performance (plasma CCS maintained 94.7% of the initial discharge capacity up to the 1000th cycle at C/2, whereas bare PE’s remained high only up to the 300th cycle) in unit cells based on lithium metal anodes.
The inverse design problem technique presented in this paper is intended for optimizing the shape of the gas channel at the cathode side in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The technique uses the desired current densities located on a carbon plate near the outlet of the channel at the cathode side as a starting point. The desired current density distributions can be obtained by modifying the current density distributions of the existing PEMFC with rectangular gas channels. The geometry of the redesigned gas channel is generated using a B-spline curve method, which enables the shape of the fuel channel to be completely specified using only a small number of control points, thus applying the technique of parameter estimation for the inverse design problem. Results show that by utilizing the redesigned optimal gas channel, the total current of the PEMFC can be increased, and at the same time the phenomenon of saturated water accumulation in the channel can be greatly reduced.
As a type of commonly used active material additives, the grain size and structure of four basic lead sulfate (4BS) can seriously affect its performance. 4BS with smaller grain size and higher electrochemical activity can have a good additive effect. In this paper we prepare a type of 4BS nano-rods. By comparing the different sintering temperatures, it can be found that when the sintering is 400°C, the 4BS can be prepared successfully and form nano-rod like crystal structure. The diameter can be controlled below 100nm. CV and EIS results display that 4BS nano-rods has the higher electrochemical activity and active material conversion rate. When the 4BS nano-rods are added to the active material, large crystal structure is not present and stable active material skeleton can be formed. That can make it have the higher active material specific capacity and long cycle life. The charge and discharge results show that when the discharge current rate was 0.1C, 0.25C, 0.5C and 1C, the specific capacity of the positive active material with 4BS nano-rods can reach 80.71mAhg−1, 75.67mAhg−1, 67.70mAhg−1 and 62.96mAhg−1. With the increase of the current density, the specific capacity and the discharge voltage are not obviously decreased. After 100 cycles, the specific capacity was also only decreased by less than 20% of its initial capacity.
The objective of the study was to examine the cognitive profile of Spanish patients with a first episode of schizophrenia (FESz) and to compare that to the profile of patients with a chronic schizophrenia (CSz) and non-psychiatric (NP) control subjects. The study included 106 FESz, 293 CSz, and 210 NP, assessed with the Spanish version of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). The MCCB cognitive profile in a Spanish sample of FESz was similar to the cognitive profile of CSz with some discrepancies in select domains. The scores of both patient samples were about 1–2 SD below the scores of non-psychiatric control subjects.
The nationwide implementation of the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Specification for bridges has resulted in greater reliability of bridges, more efficient designs, and a more uniform factor of safety. Now the Load and Resistance Factor Rating (LRFR) system is building on these advances to improve the safety of bridges through the use of state-of-the-art rating methodology for bridge loads.
The proneural genes of achaete–scute (ac–sc) family that encodes the bHLH class transcription factors play a variety of roles in neurogenesis. In Hydra, the ac–sc homologue CnASH is involved in nematocyte differentiation. In the present study, we found that sensory neurons in the tentacles expressed CnASH, in addition to differentiating nematocytes in the body column of Hydra. Neuron precursors that migrated to the tentacle base did not express CnASH, and it took 1 day for them to become CnASH-expressing neurons. Thus, the CnASH-positive cells at the tentacle base appeared to be sensory cells at early stages of differentiation. Furthermore, the CnASH-positive neurons distributed from the base to the tip of tentacles suggest that the gene is also involved in maintenance of the differentiated state. In addition, we found that the sensory neurons in the tentacles consist of at least two subpopulations. The comparison of the CnASH expression with Nv1 expression in sensory cells that is detected by monoclonal antibody Nv1 showed that at least Nv1-positive/CnASH-positive and Nv1-negative/CnASH-positive sensory neurons existed in the tentacles.
Electrolyte engineering is critical for developing Li metal batteries. While recent works improved Li metal cyclability, a methodology for rational electrolyte design remains lacking. Herein, we propose a design strategy for electrolytes that enable anode-free Li metal batteries with single-solvent single-salt formations at standard concentrations. Rational incorporation of –CF2– units yields fluorinated 1,4-dimethoxylbutane as the electrolyte solvent. Paired with 1 M lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, this electrolyte possesses unique Li–F binding and high anion/solvent ratio in the solvation sheath, leading to excellent compatibility with both Li metal anodes (Coulombic efficiency ~ 99.52% and fast activation within five cycles) and high-voltage cathodes (~6 V stability). Fifty-μm-thick Li|NMC batteries retain 90% capacity after 420 cycles with an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.98%. Industrial anode-free pouch cells achieve ~325 Wh kg−1 single-cell energy density and 80% capacity retention after 100 cycles. Our design concept for electrolytes provides a promising path to high-energy, long-cycling Li metal batteries.
Since mudsnails are able to avoid contaminated sediment and that the contaminants in sediment are not uniformly distributed, the mudsnail Peringia ulvae was exposed to cadmium (Cd) spiked sediment and assessed for avoidance response in a heterogeneous contamination scenario. Four Cd concentrations were prepared and disposed in patches on dishes, which were divided in 25 fields (six fields for each sediment concentration); 24 organisms were deployed in the central field, with no sediment. Observations were made at 2, 4 and 6 h (corresponding to immediate response), 8, 10 and 12 h (very short term), and 24 h (short term). A trend to avoid contaminated patches was observed in the immediate and very short term. After 24 h exposure, the organisms exposed to the highest level of contamination seemed to have lost the ability to move and avoid contaminated patches. In a contamination scenario in which non- and contaminated sediment patches are heterogeneously distributed, local mudsnail populations can simply rearrange their locality without needing to move to a different habitat. Such less contaminated patches can become donor areas in a future recolonization scenario.
Ferrite MFe2O4 (M = Fe, Co, Ni) tubular microstructures were successfully synthesized through a simple two-step strategy. The tubular FeOOH microstructures were first obtained by a heating reflux route. Then, tubular ferrite MFe2O4 (M = Fe, Co, Ni) microstructures were produced by a solvothermal method. The as-prepared products were characterized by the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and EDS mapping. Experiments showed that as-obtained ferrite catalysts demanded the overpotentials of −201∼-359 mV or ∼340–432 mV to afford the current density of −/+10 mA cm−2 for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) or oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with long-term durability for 50 h in 1.0 M KOH solution. Among them, NiFe2O4 tubular microstructures presented the best electrocatalytic activities for HER and OER due to the largest BET specific surface area, the highest electrochemical active surface area and the smallest charge-transfer resistance. Obviously, the present ferrite tubular microstructures have potential application as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for full water splitting.
This paper studies the synthesis and electrochemical characterization of novel graphene-beaded carbon nanofibers (G/CNFs) as electrode material for use in supercapacitor. The porous G/CNF films were prepared by electrospinning polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solution dispersed with oxidized graphene nanosheets, followed by carbonization at 800 °C in a tubular quartz furnace. The morphology and chemical structure of the porous G/CNF films were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy. The electrochemical behavior of the synthesized G/CNF films as supercapacitor electrodes was characterized by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanotactic charge/discharge, and electrochemical impedance test in a 6 m KOH aqueous electrolyte. Electrochemical measurements revealed that the maximum specific capacitance of the porous G/CNF electrodes reached up to 263.7 F g− 1 at a discharge current density 100 mA g− 1. Furthermore, the supercapacitor exhibited very good cycling stability of energy storage with the retention ratio of 86.9% after 2000 cycles. The high electrochemical performance of the G/CNF electrodes was attributed to the unique nanostructural configuration, high electrical conductivity, and large specific surface area of the graphene nanosheets.
Stem cells isolated from menstrual fluid (MenSCs) exhibit mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs)-like properties including multi-lineage differentiation capacity. Besides, menstrual fluid has important advantages over other sources for the isolation of MSCs, including ease of access and repeated sampling in a noninvasive manner. Such attributes allow the rapid culture of MenSCs in numbers that are sufficient for therapeutical doses, at lower cell passages.
We have investigated the electrochemical characteristics of a series of high capacity xLi2MnO3-(1-x)Li(Mn0.375Ni0.375Co0.25)O2 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) integrated cathodes. Among several interrelated factors (viz. nominal molar content of Li2MnO3 and Li(Mn0.375Ni0.375Co0.25)O2 constituents, activation of Li2MnO3 component, crystallinity of the particles etc) an optimum particle size is argued to be most critical to yield better electrochemical performance of the synthesized cathodes. Through X-ray diffraction in conjunction with micro-Raman spectroscopy and high resolution transmission microscopy analyses we have demonstrated that with the increase of nominal Li2MnO3 contents, the size of the ordered nano-domains (inside the active matrix) and the average size of the composite cathode particles increase systematically. The size of the ordered nano-domains, cathode particles, and electrochemically triggered layer to spinel phase transformation influence the electrochemical characteristics of these cathodes. The average particle size of 0.5Li2MnO3- 0.5Li(Mn0.375Ni0.375Co0.25)O2 particles have been systematically varied by tuning the calcination time temperature combination. The optimized cathode yields a discharge capacity ∼ 300 mAhg−1 with capacity retention about 96% after 50 charge-discharge cycles at 10 mAg−1 rate. The cathode with optimal particle size also exhibits a decent rate capability with room temperature discharge capacity ∼ 200 mAhg−1 at 300 mAg−1 rate.
DLG2, also known as postsynaptic density protein-93 (PSD-93) or chapsyn-110, is an excitatory postsynaptic scaffolding protein that interacts with synaptic surface receptors and signaling molecules. A recent study has demonstrated that mutations in the DLG2 promoter region are significantly associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although DLG2 is well known as a schizophrenia-susceptibility gene, the mechanisms that link DLG2 gene disruption with ASD-like behaviors remain unclear.
Ionic liquids are attractive materials for alternative electrolytes to combat the safety issues associated with conventional organic carbonate-based electrolytes. However, the performance of ionic liquid-based cells is generally not competitive as the high viscosity and low conductivity limits the rate performance. The work presented here demonstrates that the drawbacks in terms of rate capability can be overcome through the use of the high lithium concentration Pyr12O1FTFSI0.6LiFTFSI0.4 electrolyte. Despite an order of magnitude difference in the conductivity and viscosity, this high concentration electrolyte outperforms the lithium-dilute electrolyte with the same components in terms of rate capability in Li metal/LFP cells and LTO/LFP cells. The results suggest that the effective Li ion transport in the concentrated electrolyte is higher than in the dilute solution.