batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In this work, a kind of flower-like ZnAl LDH/CNTs composite is fabricated by in-situ growth method. The as-prepared material is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM),transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nitrogen adsorption and desorption curves. The results of XRD and FTIR prove that ZnAl LDH growing on carbon nanotubes have been synthesized with the classic hexagonal flaky structure. Morphological analysis also clearly shows that ZnAl LDH grows vertically on the surface of carbon nanotubes and forms a kind of unique flower-like structure. The special structure not only enables CNTs to constitute high conductive network, enhancing the conductivity of the material to suppress its electrochemical polarization, but also provides more active sites for the uniform distribution of zinc species, which can reduce the stacking phenomenon of traditional ZnAl LDH sheets and increase its specific surface area. Moreover, ZnAl LDH/CNTs composite exhibits outstanding electrochemical performance, including stable discharge voltage platform, high specific capacity and superior cycle stability. Although 800 cycles have been achieved, the specific capacity of the electrode of ZnAl LDH/CNTs still remains 336.35 mAh g−1 at 1C current density, with a retention rate of 94.38%. This work provides a kind of novel and attractive hydrotalcite material for zinc–nickel secondary battery.
Research indicates a robust association between personality and substance use and misuse. The high prevalence and pervasive detrimental impacts of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and smoking of tobacco necessitate more studies designed to identify factors closely associated with these outcomes in specific populations. The analyses reported in the present paper concern the relative utilities of five measures of personality and personality pathology rated by three sources (self, informant, and interviewer) in predicting AUD and regular smoking in a representative sample of 987 older adults, an understudied and uniquely vulnerable population. All measures and sources contributed to the predictions, with notable parallels as well as some important differences identified across substances and sources of information. In particular, low agreeableness robustly predicted AUD and smoking across self- and informant-reports. High interviewer-rated borderline personality pathology also strongly predicted AUD. Model fit indices suggested that measures of personality and personality pathology have stronger utility in predicting AUD as compared to regular smoking. These findings have important implications for the assessment of older adults in research and clinical settings and for the understanding of enduring risk factors for substance misuse later in life. Multi-source personality information is valuable for generating a complete picture of the relationship between personality and substance misuse.
A solid state battery based on polyaniline (PANI), Zinc (Zn) and a gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) is reported for the first time. Poly (ethylene oxide)–zinc sulphate-nanoclay-H2O based GPE was used as the separator. The GPEs with a varying composition of salt were evaluated for their electrochemical performance. The highest conductivity at ambient temperature for the GPEs was found to be 5.54 × 10−4 S cm−1. Cyclic voltammetry and impedance studies, with the Zn/GPE/Zn cell, showed reversibility with respect to Zn/Zn2+ couple. The battery showed a capacity of 43.9 Ah kg−1 of PANI and a coulombic efficiency higher than 100%. However, a decrease in capacity was observed for the system during the cycling.
We describe our recent progress on a novel method to prepare Ti1.4V0.6Ni hydrogen storage alloy covered with nanostructured Co3O4 by utilizing zelolitic imidazolate framework 67 (ZIF-67) as the template. Ti1.4V0.6Ni@C@Co3O4 composite is prepared through a dopamine self-polymerization and a facile precipitation reaction with the subsequent thermal treatment. This specific composite structure combines the high conductivity of carbon together with the promising catalytic property of nanostructured Co3O4, therefore the enhanced electrochemical activity and stability are realized. As a result, Ti1.4V0.6Ni@C@Co3O4 composite electrode possesses a capacity conservation rate of 56.1% after 300 charging/discharging cycles, remarkably larger than that of Ti1.4V0.6Ni (25.3%). Moreover, a study of the kinetics demonstrates that nanostructured Co3O4 coating accelerates the charge-transfer reaction of the electrode. These results prove that coating with carbon and nanostructured Co3O4 is a potential method for enhancing electrochemical hydrogen storage properties of hydrogen storage alloys.
A novel locally and densely sulfonated dianhydride with four sulfonic acid groups, 1,6,7,12-tetra[4-(sulfonic acid)phenoxy]perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (SPTDA), was successfully synthesized by direct sulfonation of the parent dianhydride, 1,6,7,12-tetraphenoxyperylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTDA). Sulfonated copolyimides were prepared from SPTDA, nonsulfonated dianhydride 4,4′-binaphthyl-1,1′,8,8′-tetracarboxylic dianydride, 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether (a) or dodecane-1,12-diamine (b). The synthesized copolymers, with the –SO3H group on the polymer side chain, possess high molecular weights and high viscosities, and they form tough, flexible membranes. The copolymer membrane with an ion exchange capacity of 2.69mequiv.g−1 had a proton conductivity of 0.126Scm−1 at 20°C and 0.292Scm−1 at 100°C; the latter is much higher than that of Nafion® 117 under the same conditions. The mechanical properties of the copolymer membranes were almost unchanged after accelerated water stability testing at 140°C for 100h; this indicates excellent hydrolytic stability of the synthesized copolyimides.
Phospho-olivine LiFePO4 cathode materials were prepared by hydrothermal reaction at 150°C. Carbon black was added to enhance the electrical conductivity of LiFePO4. LiFePO4-C powders (0, 3, 5 and 10wt.%) were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). LiFePO4-C/solid polymer electrolyte (SPE)/Li cells were characterized electrochemically by charge/discharge experiments at a constant current density of 0.1mAcm−2 in a range between 2.5 and 4.3V vs. Li/Li+, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and ac impedance spectroscopy. The results showed that initial discharge capacity of LiFePO4 was 104mAhg−1. The discharge capacity of LiFePO4-C/SPE/Li cell with 5wt.% carbon black was 128mAhg−1 at the first cycle and 127mAhg−1 after 30 cycles, respectively. It was demonstrated that cycling performance of LiFePO4-C/SPE/Li cells was better than that of LiFePO4/SPE/Li cells.
Multi-mode hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have become popular in recent years because of their high efficiency and excellent overall performance. However, the introduction of multiple operating modes has led to some issues, e.g., mode shift problems, which are not observed in conventional HEVs with a single mode. Similar to a gear shift map in conventional vehicles, the mode shift map in multi-mode HEVs needs to be properly designed. In this study, the energy management algorithm of a multi-mode HEV is optimized using dynamic programming (DP) considering the mode shift frequency and energy losses. A mode shift map is then extracted from the operating points of the DP results using the support vector machine (SVM). By combining the derived mode shift map and the equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS), a real-time control strategy is proposed for the online energy management of the multi-mode HEV. The results of a case study show the effectiveness of the proposed mode shift map and energy management strategy.
Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) using hard carbon as negative electrode hold the promise of being low cost alternative to lithium ion batteries (LiBs). However, the Na+ storage mechanism in hard carbons is not fully understood yet and the attribution of Na storage in the sloping and plateau regions of the sodiation/desodiation curves remains still controversial. The current work employs N2, Kr and CO2 gases to correctly assess the changes in hard carbon porosity induced by different pyrolysis temperature of cellulose. The sloping capacity was found to decrease with the decrease of the specific area of ultramicropores measurable only by CO2 adsorption, while the plateau capacity demonstrated an opposite behavior. The high temperature derived carbons (> 1400°C) present no porosity which disqualifies the attribution of plateau region to the adsorption of Na+ in the nanopores but rather the insertion between the pseudo-graphitic domains. Temperature programmed desorption coupled with mass spectrometry (TPD-MS) was performed to determine the nature and the quantity of oxygen surface functional groups followed by oxygen chemisorptions to assess the amount of carbon edge defects expressed by active surface area (ASA) values. A decrease in the amount of oxygen groups and active surface area with the increase of the pyrolysis temperature was observed which is accompanied by a decrease of the sloping capacity. These results shed light in the storage mechanisms, the sloping region being ascribed mainly to the interaction of Na+ with carbon edge defects and adsorption in the microporosity while the plateau region assigned to the intercalation of Na+ in the pseudo-graphitic nanodomains.
With the establishment of the internet of things (IoT) and the rapid development of advanced microsystems, there is a growing demand to develop electrochemical capacitors (ECs) to replace bulky electrolytic capacitors on circuit boards for AC line filtering, and as a storage unit in energy autonomous systems. For this purpose, ECs must be capable of handling sufficiently high signal frequencies, display minimum energy loss through self-discharge and leakage current as well as maintaining an adequate capacitance. Here, we demonstrate ECs based on mechanically flexible, covalently bonded graphite/vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (graphite/VACNTs) hybrid materials. The ECs employing a KOH electrolyte exhibit a phase angle of −84.8°, an areal capacitance of 1.38 mF cm−2 and a volumetric capacitance (device level) of 345 mF cm−3 at 120 Hz, which is among the highest values for carbon based high frequency ECs. Additionally, the performance as a storage EC for miniaturized systems is evaluated. We demonstrate capacitive charging/discharging at μA current with a gel electrolyte, and sub-μA leakage current reached within 50 s, and 100 nA level equilibrium leakage within 100 s at 2.0 V floating with an ionic liquid electrolyte.
A glucose microfluidic fuel cell with outstanding performance at zero flow condition is presented. Polarization tests showed that bimetallic materials based in silver (AuAg/C as anode, PtAg/C as cathode) exhibit tolerance to byproducts and crossover effect. This allowed achieving one of the highest power densities reported for glucose fuel cells, up to a value of 630 μW cm−2 using two separated laminar flows of reactants. Furthermore, the tolerance to crossover effect caused by the selectivity of PtAg/C to oxygen reduction reaction in presence of glucose permitted using a single flow containing a mixture of glucose/oxygen, yielding a performance as high as 270 μW cm−2. Microfluidic fuel cell was further evaluated with a simulated body fluid solution that contained salts commonly present in the human blood plasma, reaching a power of 240 μW cm−2 at zero flow. These results envisage the incorporation of this fuel cell as a portable power source in Lab-on-a-Chip devices without the need of external pumps.
Flexible and freestanding sulfur electrode is of great importance for the fabrication of high-performance flexible lithium-sulfur batteries. However, electrodes with high sulfur loading usually exhibit unsatisfactory mechanical flexibility and inferior electrochemical stability. Herein, we report a high sulfur loading multilayer electrode with good flexibility, which is constructed using reduced graphene oxide and conductive polymer film by a simple multilayer coating method. The prepared electrode possesses high flexibility and electrochemical performance under sulfur loading of 6.1 mg cm−2 and sulfur content of 60% in the entire electrode. The electrode can even release a reversible capacity of 559 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at a rate current density of 2 C, corresponding to a capacity decay rate of 0.057% per cycle. The stable electrochemical properties are due to the fact that conductive polymer films and reduced graphene oxide sheets could effectively inhibit the dissolution and diffusion of the polysulfide compounds.
Construction of well-defined three-dimensional (3D) assembled architectures is an effective strategy to improve the electrochemical reaction kinetics of sodium-ion storage. Herein, 3D hierarchical VS2 microrods assembled by nanosheets comprised of small VS2 nano-grains are controllably synthesized by a facile in-situ chemical etching approach. Results show that the addition amount of ethanol serving as the etching agent has a great influence on the oriented growth and size (thickness-to-diameter ratio) of VS2 nano-grains. Moreover, (001)-oriented VS2 nano-grains with larger thickness-to-diameter ratio expose more layer-edges and unsaturated S-edges, and then dramatically improve the intercalation kinetic, eventually leading to the enhancement of rate performance and cycling capacity. When applied as anode for sodium ion batteries, this material affords a high capacity of 255 and 230 mAhg−1 even at a high rate of 1.0 and 2.0 A g−1, and a reversible capacity of 350 mAhg−1 is still achieved after the following cycling test of 200 cycles at 0.2 A g−1. The controllability and simplicity of the in-situ chemical etching approach, combined with the superior sodium storage properties present a promising strategy for the development of versatile synthesis techniques for energy storage applications.
Research on behavioral HIV risk reduction interventions for injection drug users (IDUs) has focused on primary outcomes (e.g., reduced injection drug use, increased condom use) but has not fully examined the respective roles played by intervention components on these primary outcomes. In this paper, we present a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach in which we specify the causal pathways leading from theory-based intervention components to risk reduction outcomes among a sample of primarily IDUs (n = 226) participating in an inner-city community-based methadone maintenance program. Similar pathways were found leading to both drug- and sexual-related risk reduction outcomes. Findings suggest the importance of targeting participants' risk reduction motivation and behavioral skills versus employing more passive informational strategies. Findings also indicate that our intervention may be optimized by focusing more on participants' risk reduction motivation within the sexual-related content and placing equivalent emphasis on participants' risk reduction knowledge, motivation, and behavioral skills within the drug-related content. By quantifying the specific linkage between intervention components and risk reduction outcomes, our SEM findings offer empirical guidance for optimizing this intervention. This strategy may also serve as a useful theory- and data-driven means to inform the refinement of other behavioral interventions.
ABSTRACT In perspective of the incoming CO2 emission regulation, the on board heat management is becoming even more relevant to assure the engine performance improvement minimizing the impact on the vehicle lay out, cooling drag and cost. The paper highlights the benefit of dual level heat rejection system where, the front module constituted by heat exchangers carrying different fluids (e.g. water-glycol, air, refrigerant fluid…), is replaced by a two coolant-to-air exchangers module and where the charge air cooler and condenser are liquid cooled. This approach allows to review the engine bay design allowing a deeper integration level: the charge air cooler can be integrated in the air intake manifold while the condenser can be placed near the compressor minimising the tube lengths and refrigerant charge. In addition, the coolant thermal inertia reduces the temperature fluctuations of the engine intake air temperature. These effects compensates the introduction of an intermediate temperature level allowing to reduce the overall vehicle fuel consumption in real use and could enable the front aerodynamic improvement. The experimental results show that it is possible to reduce the fuel consumption of up to the 4% when the air conditioning is operating and to reduce the refrigerant charge of up to the 30%. In the paper is described the system concept and the experimental results related to an application on a Fiat 500 are discussed highlighting the benefits and the open issues.
Porous LiFePO4 particles have been investigated as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries by introducing supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). First we produced LiFePO4 through hydrothermal method. Then scCO2 was introduced to change the morphology of the particle. By controlling the experiment parameter, porous LiFePO4 was finally obtained. A solid-to-porous transformation mechanism was supposed based on the dissolution of LiFePO4. Electrochemical measurements showed that porous structure greatly improved the performance of LiFePO4.
In hens the effects of expeller/cakes from rapeseed, linseed, and hemp seed were investigated on feed intake, laying performance and fatty acid composition of egg yolk. A total of 216 individually caged laying hens were allocated to nine dietary treatments (5, 10, 15 % cake) and fed for six laying months. For feed intake, egg mass production and feed-to-egg mass ratio at 15 % dietary cake level a significant lower performance was shown compared with the 5 and 10 % cake level groups. Also interaction was significant for all these parameters, indicating that the cake level acted differently for the three cakes. The egg mass production was lower in the linseed cake than in the hempseed groups and the hens fed the linseed cake needed significantly more feed per kg egg mass compared with both the other cakes tested. Increasing dietary level of all oil seed cakes lowered the yolk percentage and increased the egg white percentage. Increased dietary levels of all three oil seed cakes lowered the percentages of most saturated fatty acids and also the percentages of the monounsaturated fatty acids. The linoleic acid and the linolenic acid as polyunsaturated fatty acids were heightened by increasing the cake levels from 5 to 10 and 15 % in the diet. The results allow the conclusion that compound feeds with up to 10 % of cakes does not negatively influence the laying performance of hens and provides the possibility of the enrichment of yolk fat with polyunsaturated fatty acids.
The present study deals with genotoxicity assessment of freshwaters using caged carp (Cyprinus carpio). Carps were transplanted from a fish-farm to three differently polluted sites in eastern Croatia. Two polluted sites were situated in the river Drava, downstream from the cities of Belišće and Osijek, while the reference site was in the Nature Park Kopački rit, a preserved wetland area with limited anthropogenic influence. Exposure lasted for 3 weeks and was repeated for 3 years (2002–2004). DNA damage was assessed in erythrocytes of the exposed animals by the Comet assay and micronucleus test (MNT). In order to evaluate possible differences in stress responses to polluted water in situ and in aquaria a laboratory exposure was performed with water from the studied location in the second year of the study. Carp from the sites with high anthropogenic influence (Belišće and Osijek) had higher average DNA damage as expressed in both the MNT and Comet assay. Of the two, the Comet assay appeared to be more sensitive following both caging and aquaria exposures. The results from this study suggest that 3 weeks caging exposure of C. carpio may be a useful strategy to monitor for genotoxic agents in freshwater ecosystems.
Battery performance strongly depends on the choice of the electrolyte-solvent system. Lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) is a highly interesting novel electrolyte. Information on physico-chemical properties of solutions of LiFSI, however, is scarce. Therefore, the density, shear viscosity, and electrical conductivity of solutions of LiFSI in three pure solvents that are interesting for battery applications: dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethylene carbonate (EC), and propylene carbonate (PC), were studied experimentally at temperatures between 273 K and 333 K at 1 bar and concentrations of LiFSI up to 0.45 mol mol−1 in the present work. Empirical correlations of the experimental data are provided. The comparison of the data of this work with the corresponding LiPF6 data underpins the attractiveness of LiFSI as an electrolyte in lithium ion batteries.
Lithium/manganese dioxide primary batteries use heat treated manganese dioxide (HEMD), a defect pyrolusite structure material as the cathode active material. Ion exchange of the structural protons in electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) with lithium before heating results in formation of a lithium containing γ-MnO2. Increased lithium hydroxide concentration and increased temperature lead to increased lithium levels. At 80°C with a combination of LiOH and LiBr, almost all of the structural protons in MnO2 are replaced by lithium resulting in a γ-MnO2 phase substantially free of protons and containing about 1.8% Li. This highly substituted lithium containing MnO2 is reduced at between 3.5 and 1.8V and has a capacity of 250mAhg−1. There are two reduction processes, one at 3.25 and the other at 2.9V. TGA studies reveal two processes during heat treatment. Heating the lithium substituted MnO2 to 350–400°C results in a partially ordered HEMD-like MnO2 (LiMD) phase with higher running voltage and superior discharge kinetics. Continued heating of the lithiated manganese dioxide to 450–480°C under oxygen partial pressure can result in formation of a mixed phase containing both HEMD and a new, ordered MnO2 phase (OMD). The intimately mixed HEMD/OMD composition has a discharge voltage near 2.9V with a capacity about 220mAhg−1. Heating exhaustively lithiated MnO2 to 350–400°C results in formation of the partially ordered LiMD MnO2 phase as with the previous partially lithium substituted MnO2. Additional heating of the highly lithium substituted MnO2 to 450–480°C under oxygen results in formation of the new OMD phase in substantially pure form. Discharge of the new OMD phase shows it has a discharge capacity near 200mAhg−1 between 3.4 and 2.4V versus lithium in a single, well-defined discharge process. OMD demonstrated good cycling against Li with no indication of formation of LiMn2O4 spinel after 80 deep discharge cycles.
Making composites of low-dimension oxides and carbons is one of the most effective strategies towards better energy storage materials. Among various carbons, biomass derived carbons with many distinguishing features show great advantages. We report herein a highly ordered mollusc-shell derived 3D carbon networks (MSDCN) for high-performance composite electrode materials. When Ni(OH)2 is chosen as a conjoined component, the obtained Ni(OH)2/MSDCN composite exhibits a high specific capacity of 81 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 30 A g−1, and shows no obvious capacity fading during long life cycling at 6 A g−1. Symmetric solid-state energy storage devices based on Ni(OH)2/MSDCN are also assembled, which demonstrates a high energy density of 10.7 W h kg−1 at a power density of 0.51 KW kg−1 with good cycling stability over 10000 cycles. Red light-emitting diode (LED, 2 V) can be easily lightened by the prepared solid-state devices. Meanwhile, the successful synthesis of Co3O4 nanocube/MSDCN and MnO2 nanowire/MSDCN composites further reveal the high application potential of the MSDCN for high performance energy storage devices.