batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Transition metal oxide-based aqueous supercapacitors rarely possess the ability of high potential windows (1.8–2.4 V), which tremendously restricts the possibility of constructing supercapacitors devices with superior energy density. Therefore, a novel strategy is conceived to synthesize a hierarchical Co3O4/MnO2 composite material which broadens the window voltage of the supercapacitors greatly. The MnO2 nanosheets are covered on the surface of Co-MOF-drived Co3O4 nanocages. The morphology and coverage density of MnO2 can be adjusted by the amount of KMnO4. The optimized electrode Co3O4/MnO2-3 exhibits excellent specific capacitance (292 F g−1 at 4 A g−1) and remarkable cycling stability (87.4% retention after 5000 cycles) in 1 M Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte when the working voltage extends to 1.4 V (vs Ag/AgCl). Furthermore, Asymmetric aqueous supercapacitors assembled with Co3O4/MnO2 as the cathode and activated carbon as the anode displays maximal window voltage of 2.4 V with negligible oxygen evolution reaction, high energy density (46.2 W h kg−1) and excellent cycling stability (84.5% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles). The LED is successfully lit by only one device without any other energy assistance.
The efficient use of local renewable energy sources is a key factor to reach the EU's targets on climate change and renewable energy. In this review, the available technologies to convert solar energy into electrical and thermal energy are investigated. Photovoltaic panels, thermal collectors, heat pumps, solar cooling and energy storage systems are analyzed with a particular attention to their market availability for small-scale applications. Different ways to provide heating, cooling and sanitary hot water from solar source are analyzed and compared from an efficiency, economic and environmental perspective.
Although transition metal oxides anodes have attracted lots of attention, there are still many problems to be resolved. Complicated fabrication process, high cost and poor electrochemical performances are the most important ones, together hindering transition metal oxides anodes for practical use. Herein, we provide a new approach to fabricate a binder-free and conductive-additive-free TiO2/WO3-W integrative anode material through the nanosecond laser ablation and dip-coating technology, which simplifies the entire anode preparation process with no need for a conventional tape-casting procedure. Using this method, great time cost, machine cost and labor cost related to mixing and tape-casting process can be saved on the basis of good electrochemical performances. The prepared TiO2/WO3-W integrative anode realizes a first Coulombic efficiency of 75.6% and attains to a stable capacity within the first five cycles. It can still maintain a capacity of 600 mAh g−1 in the range of 0.01–3 V vs. Li+/Li at a current rate of 0.2 C after 500 cycles. This work offers a new way to achieve a fast fabrication of the integrative anode for lithium ion battery, which is universal for other transition metals (such as Fe, Cu, Ni, Co, Mo, W etc.).
Methyl butyrate (MB) has been investigated as a co-solvent for lithium-ion battery electrolytes to improve the performance at low temperature (−10 to −30 °C). The cycling performance of graphite/LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cells with 1.2 M lithium tetrafluorooxalatophosphate (LiFOP) in 2:2:6 EC/EMC/MB was compared to 1.2 M LiPF6 in both 3:7 EC/EMC and 2:2:6 EC/EMC/MB. The LiFOP/MB electrolyte has a good operational temperature window and comparable cycling performance to the LiPF6 electrolyte at both room temperature and low temperature (−10 °C). However, after accelerated aging the LiFOP/MB electrolyte has worse performance at very low temperature (−30 °C) compared to LiPF6 electrolytes. Ex-situ surface analysis was conducted by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy to provide insight into the performance differences.
This study investigates how allomaternal care (AMC) impacts human development outside of energetics by evaluating relations between important qualitative and quantitative aspects of AMC and developmental outcomes in a Western population. This study seeks to determine whether there are measurable differences in cognitive and language outcomes as predicted by differences in exposure to AMC via formal (e.g., childcare facilities) and informal (e.g., family and friends) networks. Data were collected from 102 mothers and their typically developing infants aged 13–18 months. AMC predictor data were collected using questionnaires, structured daily diaries, and longitudinal interviews. Developmental outcomes were assessed using the Cognitive, Receptive Language, and Expressive Language subtests of the Bayley III Screening Test. Additional demographic covariates were also evaluated. Akaike Information Criterion (AIC)-informed model selection was used to identify the best-fitting model for each outcome across three working linear regression models. Although AMC variables had no significant effects on Receptive and Expressive Language subtest scores, highly involved familial AMC had a significant medium effect on Cognitive subtest score (β = 0.23, p < 0.01, semi-partial r = 0.28). Formal childcare had no effect on any outcome. This study provides preliminary evidence that there is a measurable connection between AMC and cognitive development in some populations and provides a methodological base from which to assess these connections cross-culturally through future studies. As these effects are attributable to AMC interactions with networks of mostly related individuals, these findings present an area for further investigation regarding the kin selection hypothesis for AMC.
In present article, temperature dependent surface morphological modification and its subsequent influence on electrochemical performance of hexagonal WO3 (h-WO3) thin films has been investigated. The nanostructured h-WO3 films are synthesized on carbon cloth substrate using simple hydrothermal method. It is observed that h-WO3 thin films prepared at temperature of 413, 433 and 453K display nanogranule-like, nanoplate-like and nanorod-like suface morphology. The X-ray diffraction study discloses the prominent orientation along (001) and (200) planes which reveals the preferential growth direction of h-WO3 along c and a-axis, respectively. The h-WO3 film prepared at 453K shows good surface area, pore volume and uniform pore size distribution. The electrochemical measurements exhibit high specific capacitance of 694Fg−1, energy density of 25 Wh Kg−1 and long term cycling performance (87 % capacitance retention after 2,000 cycles) for h-WO3 thin film. The results indicate that h-WO3 nanorods could be a promising electrode material for high performance energy storage devices.
Layered materials Na0.67+3xNi0.33LixTi0.67-xO2 with Li-substitution as x = 0, 0.05 and 0.11 have been synthesized and investigated as “bi-functional” electrodes for symmetric sodium ion cells. The samples with lithium substitution up to 0.11 are confirmed to be a single phase without impurities and introducing lithium into the transition metal layer increases the interlayer space of the layered materials. It is found that O3-type NaNi0·33Li0·11Ti0·56O2 exhibits two electrochemical working windows, 0.4–0.8 V and 3.1–3.75 V, for sodium ion storage. The as-proposed material thus can be employed as both positive and negative electrodes. As positive electrode, it shows a high working voltage of ca. 3.75 V versus Na+/Na and an initial capacity of 91 mAh g−1 with 19% capacity loss after 100 cycles. When utilized as negative electrode, it delivers a low average voltage of ca. 0.65 V versus Na+/Na, along with a reversible capacity of 125 mAh g−1 and 76% capacity retention after 200 cycles. A symmetric full cell based on the O3-type NaNi0·33Li0·11Ti0·56O2 “bi-functional” electrode has been developed. The cell exhibits a high voltage of 3.1 V and an energy density of 100 W h kg−1 based on the total mass of active electrode materials.
The dependence on morphology of the supercapacitive characteristics of manganese dioxide nanospheres (NSs) and nanorods (NRs) was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and a series of electrochemical techniques. Because the nanosized pores in MnO2 NSs resulted in high surface area, MnO2 electrodes made of NSs had higher specific capacitance (SC) than those made of NRs at current densities less than 2.0 A g−1. However, at current densities over 2.0 A g−1, the power density of MnO2 electrodes composed of NRs was better than that of NSs. The high surface area and nanosized pores in MnO2 NSs increase the number of redox active sites, which leads to high specific capacitance. On the other hand, the small pore size in MnO2 NSs restricts the rates of charge and discharge, thus limiting their power density.
Since aluminium is one of the most widely available elements in Earth’s crust, developing rechargeable aluminium batteries offers an ideal opportunity to deliver cells with high energy-to-price ratios. Nevertheless, finding appropriate host electrodes for insertion of aluminium (complex) ions remains a fundamental challenge. Here, we demonstrate a strategy for designing active materials for rechargeable aluminium batteries. This strategy entails the use of redox-active triangular phenanthrenequinone-based macrocycles, which form layered superstructures resulting in the reversible insertion and extraction of a cationic aluminium complex. This architecture exhibits an outstanding electrochemical performance with a reversible capacity of 110 mA h g–1 along with a superior cyclability of up to 5,000 cycles. Furthermore, electrodes composed of these macrocycles blended with graphite flakes result in higher specific capacity, electronic conductivity and areal loading. These findings constitute a major advance in the design of rechargeable aluminium batteries and represent a good starting point for addressing affordable large-scale energy storage.
In this research, an autonomous power module for the purification of brackish water (TDS=5482mg/L) with high concentration of arsenic (2.04mg/L) was successfully designed, constructed and tested. The energy supply for the module is provided by solar power and includes an electrical energy storage system composed of lithium ion batteries. The purification process combines ion exchange and adsorption technologies (column filtration system) with an electrodialysis (ED) system. Different configurations or process sequences were studied to determine the best operating conditions of the system. The salt removal efficiency and specific electricity consumption (SEC) were determined at each stage. It was found that the process that combines all technologies is more efficient than just using ED for the removal of arsenic and salts. The ion exchange step removes the divalent cations, whereas most of the arsenic is adsorbed in the adsorption column system increasing the removal efficiency in the electrodialysis stage. This combined process reduces the time of desalination and the consumption of electricity during the ED. The lowest specific electricity consumption was 2.16kWh/m3 for the ED and 5.46kWh/m3 for the global system. Salt removal exceeded 95% and in the majority of tests, the arsenic removal was more than 99.9%. The power module with the water purification system has a versatile design that allows working with different salts concentration either for the treatment of water from river or underground, effectively removing arsenic. Our proposed solution is an alternative to the conventional technologies for arsenic removal and the results of this study should be useful for the design of other large-scale water desalination systems.
A NiO–graphene hybrid is synthesized by a liquid phase deposition method. As an anode material for lithium ion batteries, the cyclic stability and rate capability of NiO is significantly improved after the incorporation of graphene sheets. The NiO–graphene hybrid electrode delivers a capacity of 646.1mAhg−1 after 35cycles at a current density of 100mAg−1, corresponding to 86.3% capacity retention. When the current density is increased to 400 and 800mAg−1, it still maintains a capacity of 509 and 368.5mAhg−1, respectively. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of NiO electrodes with and without graphene are investigated by galvanostatic intermittent titration technique. The relationship between the rate and voltage hysteresis is also discussed. The polarization of both the electrodes in all cases obeys ohmic rule in the present rate range. The incorporation of graphene sheets can partly reduce the voltage polarization thereby the voltage hysteresis with increasing the current density. However, the extrapolation to zero current ends up in an approximate residual voltage for both the NiO electrodes.
A simple methodology is developed for the in-situ preparation of flexible, three-dimensional ordered macroporous (3DOM) TiO2 electrodes with greatly enhanced mass transfer. The 3DOM electrode is fabricated using a polystyrene colloidal crystal templated carbon cloth, and provides significant improvements over conventional nanoparticle electrodes without the use of binder or other additive. When evaluated as an anode in a Li-ion battery, the 3DOM electrode provides outstanding high rate performance. The electrode provides a specific capacity of 174mAhg−1 at a current density of 2Ag−1, which is 2.6 times greater than that achieved with a nanoparticle electrode (68mAhg−1). The 3DOM electrode also achieves excellent cycling stability, with a capacity retention of 94.8% (181mAhg−1) over 1000 cycles at 10C (1.7Ag−1) compared to 93.7% (67mAhg−1) for the nanoparticle electrode. To the best of our knowledge, the performance of our 3DOM electrode is among the highest of binder-free, flexible TiO2 electrodes. We believe that this methodology is highly useful and is easily transferable to other materials and applications
Smart wearables for health monitoring, prevention, and patient support play a significant role in today’s treatment and home rehabilitation. The effectiveness of rehabilitation in acute cruciate ligament (CL) rupture is dependent upon patient adherence to personalised Home Exercise Programmes (HEPs) and development of self-efficacy. This paper presents the research, preliminary design stages and a formative evaluation of a digital wearable system for monitoring, tracking, guiding and motivating users during HEP. The aim of the prototype is to support patients’ rehabilitation program by reducing the risk of re-injury during the process and motivate them to adhere to their HEPs by monitoring, providing constructive feedback, encouraging understanding and thus promoting self-efficacy. The digital infrastructure is composed of three main parts, a physical product of two smart bracelets for sensing data from the patient’s knee, a smartphone application for the user to interact with and a web-based service for collecting, storing, analysing, and sharing data. The evaluation of the wearable system was based on a randomised group of 15 subject participants.
In batteries associated with waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), battery systems can be found with a higher content of valuable and critical raw materials like cobalt and rare earth elements (REE) relative to the general mix of portable batteries. Based on a material flow model, this study estimates the flows of REE and cobalt associated to WEEE and the fate of these metals in the end-of-life systems. In 2011, approximately 40Mg REE and 325Mg cobalt were disposed of with WEEE-batteries. The end-of-life recycling rate for cobalt was 14%, for REE 0%. The volume of waste batteries can be expected to grow, but variation in the battery composition makes it difficult to forecast the future secondary raw material potential. Nevertheless, product specific treatment strategies ought to be implemented throughout the stages of the value chain.
Metallic phase (1T) MoS2 has attracted enormous attention as an appealing energy storage material for batteries, supercapacitors, and catalysts. However, a facile fabrication method is lacking and the intensive understanding of its sodium storage mechanism is absent. Herein, ultrathin 1T MoS2 nanosheets (1–2 layers) are directly fabricated via and are investigated as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries. Interestingly, the as-prepared 1T MoS2 nanosheets demonstrate a high reversible capacity of 450 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1 and outstanding cycling stability with a high capacity retention ratio of 94% after 200 cycles at 1 A g−1, which is far superior to that of the 2H phase counterpart. Density function theory (DFT) calculations show that, in addition to significantly enhanced electronic conductivity, 1T MoS2 also possesses much more sodium philicity and faster Na atom mobility in comparison with the 2H phase. More importantly, as revealed by ex-situ Raman, in-situ X-ray diffraction, and DFT calculations, the 1T MoS2 is more capable of suppressing the dissolution of S species from the material structure compared with the 2H phase, leading to excellent cycling stability. The facile and easily scalable method as well as the deep mechanism analysis will provide a very important reference for the development of high-performance MoS2 anodes and other SIB electrode materials.
Little is known about how components of executive function (EF) jointly and uniquely predict different aspects of academic achievement and how this may vary across cultural contexts. In the current study, 119 Chinese and 139 American preschoolers were tested on a battery of EF tasks (i.e., inhibition, working memory, and attentional control) as well as academic achievement tasks (i.e., reading and mathematics). Results demonstrate that although working memory performance in both cultures was comparable, Chinese children outperformed American children on inhibition and attentional control tasks. In addition, the relation between components of EF and achievement was similar in the two countries. Working memory uniquely predicted academic achievement, with some intriguing patterns in regard to tasks requiring complex processing. Inhibition uniquely predicted counting but did not uniquely predict calculation. Attentional control predicted most aspects of achievement uniformly and was the most robust predictor for reading in both countries. In sum, the data provide insight into both cultural variability and consistency in the development of EF during early childhood.
The US healthcare industry is poised on the verge of a massive expansion of its information technology infrastructure. Healthcare information technology (IT) is permeating numerous areas of healthcare delivery and fundamentally changing the nature of many healthcare jobs. When a comparable expansion in HIT use occurred in the office environment in the 1980s, little attention was paid to ergonomic design principles for computer work and the consequence was an increase in work-related musculoskeletal disorders throughout the 1990s. There are already signs of similar problems among certain groups of healthcare professionals. Consequently, it is vital that when the implementation of HIT is undertaken attention is paid to computer ergonomics programs. This review presents evidence that current patterns of HIT use may pose increased risks of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. It summarizes some of the main ergonomic design principles enshrined in standards that mitigate such problems. It points to the future expansion of ergonomics programs beyond the traditional workplace and into the realms of telecommuting. Results from this review can be used to optimize the implementation of future HIT initiatives in ways that will benefit user performance while minimizing their injury risks. Relevance to industry This review describes the rapid proliferation of HIT applications and the importance of ergonomic considerations in mitigating injury risks and optimizing the implementation of HIT systems.
High top-/bottom-soil ratios, or high values of “enrichment factors” (EFs), are used as a proof for major anthropogenic impact on the geochemistry of the Earth surface. The idea behind calculating such ratios is that soils taken at depth or “average crust” can provide the geochemical background for the soils collected at the Earth surface. However, a soil profile is not a closed system, element exchange between the different layers, depending on and varying with the chemical properties of the different elements, and their turnover in the biosphere is the essence of soil formation. High top-/bottom-soil ratios, or EFs, may thus highlight the geochemical de-coupling of the lithosphere from the biosphere rather than contamination. This is demonstrated by using regional data from 258 soil O- and B-horizon samples collected from the Czech Republic (76,800km2). Results show no relationship between the ratios and the magnitude of anthropogenic emissions. The visible relationship between element concentrations and sources in a map of the spatial distribution of the elements is lost when maps for the top-/bottom-soil ratio or EFs are constructed. The value of the data lies in the spatial elemental distribution, and not in ratios calculated based on misconceptions.
We measure stresses that develop in sputter-deposited amorphous Ge thin films during electrochemical lithiation and delithiation. Amorphous LixGe electrodes are found to flow plastically at stresses that are significantly smaller than those of their amorphous LixSi counterparts. The stress measurements allow for quantification of the elastic modulus of amorphous LixGe as a function of lithium concentration, indicating a much-reduced stiffness compared to pure Ge. Additionally, we observe that thinner films of Ge survive a cycle of lithiation and delithiation, whereas thicker films fracture. By monitoring the critical conditions for crack formation, the fracture energy is calculated using an analysis from fracture mechanics. The fracture energies are determined to be Γ = 8.0 J m−2 for a-Li0.3Ge and Γ = 5.6 J m−2 for a-Li1.6Ge. These values are similar to the fracture energy of pure Ge and are typical for brittle fracture. Despite being brittle, the ability of amorphous LixGe to flow at relatively small stresses during lithiation results in an enhanced ability of Ge electrodes to endure electrochemical cycling without fracture.
Background It has been suggested that the effect of cognitive remediation (CR) on functioning is mediated by the improvement in neurocognitive domains; especially executive function. However, the correlations are generally moderate and this has prompted the search for other mediators including negative symptoms (NS). Aims To investigate whether the effect of CR on functioning could be mediated by executive function and/or NS. Method In a previous study, 62 outpatients with schizophrenia were randomized to 32 group sessions of REPYFLEC CR or leisure activities. Functioning (Life Skills Profile; LSP), NS (PANSS) and executive function (Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome; BADS) were measured at baseline and post-therapy. To assess how the effect of REPYFLEC CR is expressed in functioning at post-treatment, an autoregressive mediation model was employed. Results There was a significant effect of the REPYFLEC CR compared with the control group in improving BADS total score and PANSS NS. There was also a significant association between NS and functioning while executive function was not significantly related to functioning. Finally, there was a significant intervention effect on functioning mediated by NS but not by executive function. Conclusion It is apparent that improving executive function does not lead directly to improved functional outcome and that NS might be closely linked to functioning in the context of our study.