batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) is a potential polymer for replacing Nafion in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRBs). However, at a high degree of sulfonation, SPEEK displays high swelling, poor mechanical stability, and high vanadium crossover. In this study, to improve membrane performance, composite membranes of SPEEK and finely ground microporous AMH-3 (G-AMH-3) are prepared with various G-AMH-3 contents and investigated. The physicochemical and mechanical properties, vanadium permeability, and VRB single cell performance of these SPEEK/G-AMH-3 composite membranes are evaluated using various characterization techniques. Interactions between SPEEK and G-AMH-3, and the permselective property of G-AMH-3, result in the composite membranes exhibiting good mechanical properties and low vanadium crossover. Optimal composite membranes gave a VRB that produced a higher charge–discharge capacity, higher cell efficiency, and better capacity retention than that using Nafion. These results indicate that SPEEK-based composite membranes with improved membrane performance, lower vanadium crossover, and good single cell performance were successfully prepared by incorporating G-AMH-3.
The species-electrochemical transport phenomena in a free-breathing cathode of a printed-circuit-board (PCB)-based fuel cell have been studied numerically. A perforated current collector is attached to the porous cathode that breathes the fresh air through an array of circular holes. Parametric studies include the breathing-hole diameter (d) and the cathode-layer thickness (δ). Gas flow in the porous cathode is governed by the Darcy equation with constant porosity and permeability. Electrochemical reaction on the surfaces of the porous matrices is depicted via the Butler–Volmer equation. The multi-species diffusive transports in the porous cathode are described using the Stefan–Maxwell equation. The charge transports in the porous matrices are dealt with the Ohm's law. The coupled equations are solved by a finite-element-based CFD technique. Results show that the mean flow of the gaseous mixture directs outward from the porous cathode to ambient. In addition, the species diffusion dominates the mass transports in the free-breathing cathode. Furthermore, the enhancement of species diffusion compromises the increase of Ohmic resistance shows the optimal breathing-hole diameter around d =2.1mm that provides the best electrochemical performance.
Stroke is a major global health concern which affects the health related quality of life (HRQOL). As the prevalence of stroke is increasing especially in lower-middle income countries, it is vital to identify the factors associated with the HRQOL of affected individuals.
Computerized cognitive assessments may improve Alzheimer’s disease (AD) secondary prevention trial efficiency and accuracy. However, they require validation against standard outcomes and relevant biomarkers.
Lithium-rich layered Li[Li0.2Ni0.15Mn0.55Co0.1-xAlx]O2 (0≤x<0.1) cathode materials have been synthesized by a sol-gel method followed by high temperature annealing at two stages of 850°C and 900°C, respectively. Thermal gravity analysis (TGA), Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) characterizations prove that the materials have a typical α-NaFeO2 structure, uniform particle size and smooth surface. Electrochemical performance has been investigated by charge-discharge test and the results show that the initial discharge capacity of Li[Li0.2Ni0.15Mn0.55Co0.1-xAlx]O2 (0≤x<0.1) decreases slightly with the increasing content of Al, but the cycling performance and rate performance have been significantly improved. The optimum amount of Al for the Co is x=0.05 in consideration of the higher specific capacity and good cyclability. As a consequence, the doped material(x=0.05) delivers an initial discharge capacity of 231.7mAh·g−1 at 25°C with the first columbic efficiency of 75% and 275.8mAh·g−1 at 55°C with the first columbic efficiency of 89%, respectively, both at 0.1C within the cut-off voltage range of 2.0 and 4.8V, which is higher than that of non-substituted material. After 30 cycles, the specific capacity retains 219.1mAh·g−1 with a capacity retention of 98% for 25°C, and 248.2mAh·g−1 with a capacity retention of 96% for 55°C at 0.5C within the potential range from 2.0 to 4.8V. These demonstrate that suitable amount of Al3+ substitute for Co3+ in Li[Li0.2Ni0.15Mn0.55Co0.1]O2 facilitates the improvement of the structural stability of materials.
Nano-crystalline Li4Ti5O12 with an average size of 18nm was in situ grown on graphene sheets using ionic liquid of C12H23ClN2 [Omim]Cl as the exfoliated agent. Such unique nanostructure provides a high electrode/electrolyte area for the electron transport and the nanosized Li4Ti5O12 leads to a short path for the lithium ion transfer. When used as an anode material for lithium-ion battery, the Li4Ti5O12/graphene nanostructure exhibits excellent reversibility (159mAhg−1 at 0.5C after 100 cycles) and high-rate performance (162mAhg−1 at 0.2C, 148.5mAhg−1 at 20C).
LiPF6/LiBOB blend salt-based electrolytes were investigated as potential candidates for high-power lithium-ion batteries, especially for transportation applications. It was demonstrated that both the power capability and the cycling performance of the lithium-ion cells could be attenuated by controlling the concentration of LiBOB in blend salt electrolytes. The power capability of the lithium-ion cells decreases with the concentration of LiBOB, while the capacity retention of the cells at 55°C increases with the LiBOB concentration. When electrolytes with no more than 0.1M LiBOB was used, the MCMB/LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2 cells have excellent capacity retention at 55°C, while their impedance meets the requirement set by the FreedomCar Partnership. The similar performance improvement on the MCMB/LiMn2O4 cells was also observed with the blend salt electrolyte.
In order to shed some light into the importance of the anodic reaction in reversible aluminium batteries, we investigate here the electrodeposition of aluminium in an ionic liquid electrolyte (BMImCl-AlCl3) using different substrates. We explore the influence of the type of anodic material (aluminium, stainless steel and carbon) and its 3D geometry on the reversibility of the anodic reaction by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge. The shape of the CVs confirms that electrodeposition of aluminium was feasible in the three materials but the highest peak currents and smallest peak separation in the CV of the aluminium anode suggested that this material was the most promising. Interestingly, carbon-based substrates appeared as an interesting alternative due to the high peak currents in CV, moderate overpotentials and dual role as anode and cathode. 3D substrates such as fiber-based carbon paper and aluminium mesh showed significantly smaller overpotentials and higher efficiencies for Al reaction suggesting that the use of 3D substrates in full batteries might result in enhanced power. This is corroborated by polarization testing of full Al-batteries.
High concentration magnesium borohydride/tetraglyme electrolyte for rechargeable magnesium batteries is simply prepared by dissolving inorganic magnesium salt Mg(BH4) in tetraglyme (TG) ether solvent with good safety. 90 °C heating treatment is performed in the preparation process and LiBH4 as a chelating agent is added to improve the electrochemical performance. Mg deposition–dissolution performance and the electrochemical window of the electrolyte on non-inert stainless steel (SS), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) electrodes and inert platinum (Pt) electrode are systematically studied by cyclic voltammetry and constant current discharge–charge measurements. 0.5 mol L−1 heated Mg(BH4)2/LiBH4/TG ([LiBH4] = 1.5 mol L−1) solution shows good electrochemical performance with 2.4 V (vs. Mg RE) anodic stability on stainless steel, close to 100% Mg deposition/dissolution efficiency and high cycling reversibility. Furthermore, the reversible electrochemical process of Mg intercalation into Mo6S8 cathode with excellent cycling performance in the electrolyte indicates the feasible application in rechargeable magnesium batteries.
As the demand for energy is rapidly growing worldwide ahead of energy supply, there is an impulse need to develop alternative energy-harvesting technologies to sustain economic growth. Due to their unique optical and electrical properties, one-dimensional (1D) electrospun nanostructured materials are attractive for the construction of active energy harvesting devices such as photovoltaics, photocatalysts, hydrogen energy generators, and fuel cells. 1D nanostructures produced from electrospinning possess high chemical reactivity, high surface area, low density, as well as improved light absorption and dye adsorption compared to their bulk counterparts. So, research has been focused on the synthesis of 1D nanostructured fibers made from metal oxides, composites, dopants and surface modification. Furthermore, fine tuning these NFs has facilitated fast charge transfer and efficient charge separation for improved light absorption in photocatalytic and photovoltaic properties. The recent trend in exploring these electrospun nanostructures has been promising in-terms of reducing costs and enhancing the efficiency compared to conventional materials. This review article presents the synthesis of 1D nanostructured fibers made via electrospinning and their applications in photovoltaics, photocatalysis, hydrogen energy harvesting and fuel cells. The current challenges and future perspectives for electrospun nanomaterials are also reviewed.
The testing methods to estimate the life cycles of lithium ion batteries for a short period, have been developed using a commercialized cell with LiCoO2/hard carbon cell system. The degradation reactions with increasing cycles were suggested to occur predominantly above 4V from the results of operating voltage range divided tests. In the case of the extrapolation method using limited cycle data, the straight line approximation was useful as the cycle performance has the linearity, but the error is at most 40% in using the initial short cycle data. In the case of the accelerated aging tests using the following stress factors, the charge and/or discharge rate, large accelerated coefficients were obtained in the high charge rate and the high temperature thermal stress.
Cells of Daniell-type with copper–zinc electrochemical couples and sodium β″-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) were constructed. The cathode consisted of copper in contact with its ions (Cu/Cu2+) while zinc in contact with its ions (Zn/Zn2+) constituted the anode. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) containing 1M NaBF4 was used as the liquid electrolyte. The configuration of the cell constructed can be written as follows: Zn(s)/ZnCl2(DMSO)(0.1M),NaBF4(1M)/BASE/NaBF4(1M),CuCl2(DMSO)(0.1M)/Cu(s) The cell was subjected to charge–discharge cycles at 100°C. The BASE discs were found to be stable even after the cell was subjected to several electrochemical charge–discharge cycles. Cells were also constructed using BASE discs with porous BASE surface layers introduced to lower the interfacial resistance. Cells with surface modified BASE exhibited a lower resistance in comparison to those using unmodified BASE. XRD and SEM analyses indicated that no detectable degradation of BASE discs occurred after cell testing. Preliminary cell tests were also conducted with NaCF3SO3 in place of NaBF4.
In this work carbon coated lithium iron phosphate (C-LiFePO4)/polypyrrole (PPy) composite preparation has been carried out using electrochemical techniques. This composite has been deposited on a stainless steel mesh in order to use it as a cathode in a lithium-ion battery. When an oxidation potential is applied to the working electrode, the pyrrole monomer is polymerized and the C-LiFePO4 particles are incorporated into the polymer matrix and bound to the polymer and mesh. An experimental procedure was performed in order to understand how the composite formation is carried out and what the oxidation state of the composite material is during the charge–discharge process. As the electrochemical method of synthesis has a big influence in the electrochemical properties of the polymer, the use of consecutive potential steps has been studied in order to improve the charge-storage capacity of the composite material. The influence on the final composite properties of the oxidation-deposition time and potential and the effect of the number of cycles has been analyzed. An improvement of about 20% has been achieved using short oxidation times (3s) at 0.9V vs. Ag/AgCl. The reasons for this improvement are discussed and analyzed using different experimental techniques.
Second life for Li-ion batteries is an extensive research area for batteries used in electric vehicles. In this paper the concept is extended for Li-ion cells obtained from discarded consumer electronics. 152 notebook batteries were disassembled, obtaining 1034 cells and recovering 5.44 kW h of storage capacity. A methodology is proposed to transform notebook batteries into characterized cells, and calculate the cost of second life cells. Concerns are addressed about the selection of cells and design of a second life battery. Finally, a method is proposed to select notebook batteries containing cells with more than 70% capacity, by using data saved in their Battery Management System and test results to train a selection algorithm.
In this paper, waste hollow fiber filter membrane is used as a carbon source and KOH as an activator under an atmosphere of protective argon gas to prepare hollow fiber filter membrane-based porous carbon material ZKC-T via a high-temperature pyrolysis activation method. Hollow fiber filter membrane-based porous carbon ZKC-T was found to consist of amorphous carbon, with an irregular three-dimensional network interconnecting pore structure, specific surface area of up to 2934 m2 g−1, and a reasonable pore size distribution. Cyclic voltammetry and constant current charge and discharge tests showed that the hollow fiber filter-based porous carbon material ZKC-700 has excellent electrochemical performance. The carbon material shows a specific capacitance of up to 289 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 in 6 M KOH electrolyte. In addition, the material shows good cycle stability; after 5000 charge and discharge cycles, the capacitance retention rate is as high as 92.8%. The hollow fiber filter membrane-based porous carbon prepared by this method exhibits excellent electrochemical properties.
Power electronics (PE) are used to control and convert electrical energy in a wide range of applications from consumer products to large-scale industrial equipment. While Si-based power devices account for the vast majority of the market, wide band gap semiconductors such as SiC, GaN, and Ga2O3 are starting to gain ground. However, these emerging materials face challenges due to either non-negligible defect densities, high synthesis and processing costs, or poor thermal properties. Here, we report on a broad computational survey aimed to identify promising materials for future power electronic devices beyond SiC, GaN, and Ga2O3. We consider 863 oxides, sulfides, nitrides, carbides, silicides, and borides that exhibit finite calculated band gaps. We utilize ab initio methods in conjunction with models for intrinsic carrier mobility, and critical breakdown field to compute the widely used Baliga figure of merit. We also compute the lattice thermal conductivity and use it as an additional screening parameter. In addition to correctly identifying known PE materials, our survey has revealed a number of promising candidates exhibiting the desirable combination of high figure of merit and high lattice thermal conductivity, which we propose for further experimental investigations.
The water and carbon cycles are central to the Earth's ecosystem, enabling the sustainable development of human societies. To mitigate the global issues of water shortages and climate change, we report a new electrochemical system that fulfills two functions—seawater desalination and carbon dioxide air-capture—during the charge and discharge processes. The seawater desalination-carbon capture system utilizes a seawater battery platform, consisting of three major compartments (desalination, sodium-collection, and carbon-capture), which are separated by sodium superionic conducting ceramic membranes. It is found that the concentrations of sodium ions and chloride ions in fresh seawater (total dissolved solids ≈ 34,000 ppm) are significantly decreased by the charging of the seawater desalination-carbon capture system, resulting in brackish water (total dissolved solids ≈ 7000 ppm). The discharge process induces the air-capture of ambient carbon dioxide gases through carbonation reactions, which is demonstrated by the carbon dioxide gas removal in this compartment. The hybrid system suggests a new electrochemical approach for both desalination and carbon capture.
Installed capacity of renewable energy resources has increased dramatically in recent years, particularly for wind and photovoltaic solar. Concurrently, the costs of utility-scale electrical energy storage options have been decreasing, making inevitable a crossing point at which it will become economically viable to couple renewable energy generation with utility-scale storage systems. This paper proposes a methodology for calculating Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) for utility-scale storage systems, with the intent of providing engineers, financiers and policy makers the means by which to evaluate disparate storage systems using a common economic metric. We discuss the variables influencing LCOE in detail, particularly those pertinent to electrical energy storage systems. We present results of LCOE calculations for various storage systems, specifically pumped hydro, compressed air, and chemical batteries, which we then compare with a more traditional arbitrage option, the simple-cycle combustion turbine. Federal and State government electrical energy storage tax incentives are considered as well. We also analyze the sensitivities of LCOE to several key variables using Monte Carlo analysis. Considering the downward-sloping cost trends of storage systems and the increased penetration levels of stochastic and non-dispatchable renewable resources, large-scale storage is becoming a significant issue for utilities, thus justifying the development of a levelized costing algorithm.
A magnesium semi-fuel cell (Mg-SFC) was investigated as an energetic electrochemical system for low rate, long endurance undersea vehicle applications. This electrochemical system uses a Mg anode, a sea water electrolyte, a Nafion membrane, a carbon paper cathode catalyzed with Pd and Ir, and a catholyte of hydrogen peroxide in a sea water/acid electrolyte. Unique to the approach described here is the use of a magnesium anode together with the introduction of the catholyte in solution with the sea water, thus operating as a semi-fuel cell as opposed to a battery. Five critical operating parameters were optimized using a Taguchi matrix experimental design. Using these optimized conditions, high voltage and high efficiencies were obtained during long duration tests.
In order to improve the electrochemical performance and decrease the volume changes of artificial graphite, Li2SiO3 and Li2CO3 have been in situ prepared to co-modify the graphite by ball milling and heating the precursors of Li4SiO4 and graphite. The as-obtained graphite-based samples were characterized using various techniques, and the effects of Li4SiO4 content were investigated. The results show that the co-modified graphite with 20wt.% Li4SiO4 exhibits the highest reversible capacity and the best cycling performance among the graphite-based samples. Compared to the pristine graphite, the initial reversible capacities of the co-modified graphite with 20wt.% Li4SiO4 respectively increase 10.1%, 16.4%, 28.9%, and 62.4% at the current rates of 0.1, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0C, while the capacity fade ratios respectively decrease 3.8%, 10.0%, and 23.2% at the current rates of 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0C after 50 cycles. Furthermore, co-modification by Li2SiO3 and Li2CO3 decreases the polarization degree as well as the charge transfer reaction and diffusion resistances of pure graphite. Non-destructive stress-strain tests were adopted to real time monitor the macroscopic stress safety properties of the cells, and the results indicate that the combination of Li2SiO3 and Li2CO3 relieves the swelling of the graphite electrode during cycles, and the stress value of the cell surface decreases 34.4% after 50 cycles at the current rate of 1.0C. The relationship between residue stress and capacity fade along with possible reaction mechanisms is discussed. The good results pave a novel facile way to enhance the performance of current energy materials using combined lithium salts via in situ reaction.
Assuming horizontal product differentiation and environmental R&D spillovers in duopoly, we analyze the welfare effects of R&D strategies of firms in symmetric equilibrium. When the degree of product differentiation is sufficiently great, firms benefit from technological spillovers by cooperative environmental R&D, appealing to environmentally aware individuals, thereby leading to higher social welfare. Conversely, when product differentiation is relatively small, firms avoid negative effects of R&D spillovers on the profits by lowering the environmental quality of products cooperatively, thereby resulting in smaller output and lower social welfare. However, firms always have the incentives for cooperating in environmental R&D activities.
Ruthenium doped nanostructured lithium titanates have been synthesized through a reverse microemulsion method with a subsequent sintering process. The as-prepared powders are characterized by the X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope techniques. The results indicate that a solid solution of Li4Ti5 − x Ru x O12 is formed when x was less than 0.1. The electrochemical performances of the as-prepared materials are investigated in a potential range from 0.01 to 2.5 V by charge and discharge characterizations. In that, the as-prepared Li4Ti4.95Ru0.05O12 exhibits an excellent electrochemical performance. The specific discharge capacity remains as 131 mAh g−1 over 100 cycles even cycled at a large density of 17,500 mA g−1 (60 C-rate). While the current density decreases to be 875 mA g−1(3 C-rate), the corresponding specific discharge capacity is kept as high as 259 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles.
Adherence to the thinness model, self-acceptance such as self-esteem is psychological dynamics influencing the young age and emerging adulthood of women life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the girls and young women’ ability to deal with the adherence to thinness model according to their self-body management thought daily self-perception of ownhabits and aptitude. We analysed their emotional patterns and body management to elucidate the Italian phenomenon. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 2287 Italian female distribute in range age 15–25 years old and distributed in girl and young women groups. We conducted a Survey study by snowball sampling technique. Our results showed that girls had higher emotional pattern scores when their weight and shape fit the thinness model: skinny girls felt positively about their body even if when they did not take adequate care of it. Italian girls consider the underweight body mass index an adherence model. Findings suggest the urgent need to plan prevention programme to model healthy behaviours about their daily good practice overcoming social and cultural models based on appearance.