system: You are a contract-analysis assistant performing a span-extraction task. You are given an excerpt from a commercial contract and the name of a clause type to locate within it.

Return the exact text of the requested clause, copied verbatim from the excerpt — identical wording and punctuation, with no paraphrasing, summarising, explanation, or added commentary.

The excerpt is one window of a much longer contract and often will not contain the requested clause. If the requested clause does not appear in this excerpt, respond with exactly: Not found.

Output only the extracted clause text, or the exact string `Not found.` — nothing else.

user: Contract excerpt:
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Exhibit 10.20 Pages where confidential treatment has been requested are stamped 'Confidential Treatment Requested and the Redacted Material has been separately filed with the Commission,' and the confidential section has been marked as follows: [***]. Collaboration Agreement between Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research and Ceres, Inc. CERES-IGER Collaboration Agreement Page 1 of 75 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. RESEARCH PROJECTS 3 2. MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE 7 3. EXCLUSIVITY 8 4. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 11 5. USE AND COMMERCIALIZATION RIGHTS 14 6. ENFORCEMENT OF JOINT INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 16 7. CONFIDENTIALITY 16 8. PUBLICATIONS 18 9. PUBLICITY 18 10. RECORDS AND AUDITS 19 11. INDEPENDENT CONTRACTOR 19 12. CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 19 13. WARRANTIES 20 14. TERM AND TERMINATION 23 15. DISPUTE RESOLUTION AND APPLICABLE LAW 25 16. NOTICES 26 17. GENERAL 27 18. SPECIAL CONDITIONS IN CONNECTION WITH DEFRA AGREEMENT NF 0426 28 EXHIBIT A 30 DEFINITION OF COLLABORATION CROPS 30 EXHIBIT B 31 PREFERRED FORM OF RECEIPT FORM 31 EXHIBIT C 32 PREFERRED FORMS OF VARIETY EVALUATION AGREEMENT 32 EXHIBIT D 50 EXTERNAL FUNDING EXHIBIT E 50 51 EXISTING AGREEMENTS 51 EXHIBIT F 56 PRODUCTION AND COMMERCIALIZATION ACTIVITIES 56 EXHIBIT G 57 MODEL LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR NON-TRANSGENIC VARIETIES / NON-UK 57 EXHIBIT H 74 CERTAIN REMUNERATION PRINCIPLES 74 CERES-IGER Collaboration Agreement Page 2 of 75 COLLABORATION AGREEMENT THIS AGREEMENT is made this 1st day of April, 2007 ("Effective Date"), by and between INSTITUTE OF GRASSLAND AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH ("IGER"), a company limited by guarantee, registered in England No. 473456 and a registered Charity No. 272150, having an office at Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, United Kingdom and CERES, INC. ("CERES"), a Delaware corporation, having an office at 1535 Rancho Conejo Blvd., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States of America. WHEREAS, the Parties wish to establish a research program for undertaking specific, collaborative projects after the Effective Date, to further the scientific research and commercial objectives of CERES as well as the scientific research objectives of IGER; WHEREAS, the research programs contemplated by this Agreement and its schedules are consistent with and in furtherance of IGER research programs; WHEREAS, CERES and IGER recognize that rights to intellectual property conceived or reduced to practice in the performance of the Parties' collaboration can be a strong incentive for CERES to risk money and other resources needed to develop proprietary products for wide commercialization; NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein and of other good and valuable consideration, the Parties have agreed and do hereby agree as follows: 1.1 CERES and IGER anticipate that from time to time they may undertake and conduct certain joint and collaborative research projects (individually a "RESEARCH PROJECT" and collectively "RESEARCH PROJECTS"). The Parties acknowledge and agree that the RESEARCH PROJECTS will involve the contributions, whether financial or otherwise, of both Parties. The specific terms and respective obligations of the Parties for each RESEARCH PROJECT will be negotiated by the Parties and reflected in a schedule ("SCHEDULE") signed by authorized representatives of both Parties. Any such fully executed SCHEDULE shall become a part of this Agreement and subject to the terms of this Agreement. Each Party shall diligently perform its activities in any given RESEARCH PROJECT. 1.2 All rights in property, tangible or intangible, used in the RESEARCH PROJECTS shall remain with the Party providing such property, unless otherwise agreed between the Parties in this Agreement, a SCHEDULE or a separate agreement. 1.3 RESEARCH PROJECTS will relate to crop species defined in EXHIBIT A to this Agreement ("COLLABORATION CROPS"). 1.4 Each SCHEDULE will at least contain the following: 1. RESEARCH PROJECTS. • research activities to be performed by each Party in detail CERES-IGER Collaboration Agreement Page 3 of 75 1.5 Unless a SCHEDULE provides for more frequent formal reporting, each Party shall provide to the other Party a detailed, written annual report on its activities in each RESEARCH PROJECT, as described in each SCHEDULE. In addition, upon the request of either Party at any time, the Parties will discuss the RESEARCH PROJECTS, their status, the progress and results achieved, and they will make available each RESEARCH PROJECT principal investigator (and other employees as needed, in the discretion of the respective RESEARCH PROJECT principal investigators) at mutually agreeable times, as needed, for such discussions; provided however, such contacts and discussions shall be reasonable in frequency and duration so as not to be disruptive to the respective research activities of each Party or the research activities of the RESEARCH PROJECTS. Each
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Extract the exact clause related to "Effective Date" from the excerpt above.

assistant: 1st day of April, 2007 (