Kriyosfer

Kriyosfer (Antik Yunanca: κρύος cryos "soğuk", "don" veya "buz" ve σφαῖρα sphaira, "küre, top") Dünya yüzeyinde suyun kar ve buz gibi katı formda bulunduğu; deniz buzu, göl buzu, nehir buzu, kar örtüsü, buzullar ve diğer buz tabakaları ve donmuş toprak (permafrostu da içerir) bölümlerinin hepsine birden verilen isimdir. Hidrosfer ile geniş bir örtüşme içindedir. Kriyosfer bulutlar, yağış, hidroloji, atmosfer ve okyanus dolaşımı üzerindeki etkisi ile küresel iklim sisteminin ayrılmaz bir parçasıdır.Brown, R. D., and P. Cote, 1992: Inter annual variability in land fast ice thickness in the Canadian High Arctic, 1950-89. Arctic, 45, 273-284.Flato, G. M., and R. D. Brown, 1996: Variability and climate sensitivity of landfast Arctic sea ice. J. Geophys. Res., 101(C10), 25,767-25,777.Groisman, P. Ya, T. R. Karl, and R. W. Knight, 1994b: Changes of snow cover, temperature and radiative heat balance over the Northern Hemisphere. J. Climate, 7, 1633-1656.Hughes, M. G., A. Frei, and D. A. Robinson, 1996: Historical analysis of North American snow cover extent: merging satellite and station-derived snow cover observations. Proc. 53rd Eastern Snow Conference, Williamsburg, Virginia, 21-31.Huybrechts, P., 1990: The Antarctic ice sheet during the last glacial inter glacial cycle: a three-dimensional experiment. Annals of Glaciology, 14, 115-119.IPCC, 1996: Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change.Houghton, J. T., L. G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell (eds.), Contribution of WGI to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 572 pp.Ledley, T. S., 1991: Snow on sea ice: competing effects in shaping climate. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 17,195-17,208.Ledley, T. S., 1993: Variations in snow on sea ice: a mechanism for producing climate variations. J. Geophys. Res., 98(D6), 10,401-10,410.Lynch-Stieglitz, M., 1994: The development and validation of a simple snow model for the GISS GCM. J. Climate, 7, 1842-1855.Martin, S., K. Steffen, J. Comiso, D. Cavalieri, M. R. Drinkwater, and B. Holt, 1992: Microwave remote sensing of polynyas. In: Carsey, F. D. (ed.), Microwave remote sensing of sea ice, Washington, DC, American Geophysical Union, 1992, 303-311.Meier, M. F., 1984: Contribution of small glaciers to global sea level rise. Science, 226, 1418-1421.Parkinson, C. L., J. C. Comiso, H. J. Zwally, D. J. Cavalieri, P. Gloersen, and W. J. Campbell, 1987: Arctic Sea Ice, 1973-1976: Satellite Passive-Microwave Observations, NASA SP-489, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C., 296 pp.Paterson, W. S. B., 1993: World sea level and the present mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet. In: W.R. Peltier (ed.), Ice in the Climate System, NATO ASI Series, I12, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 131-140.Robinson, D. A., K. F. Dewey, and R. R. Heim, 1993: Global snow cover monitoring: an update. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 74, 1689-1696.Steffen, K., and A. Ohmura, 1985: Heat exchange and surface conditions in North Water, northern Baffin Bay. Annals of Glaciology, 6, 178-181.Van den Broeke, M. R., 1996: The atmospheric boundary layer over ice sheets and glaciers. Utrecht, Universities Utrecht, 178 pp. Van den Broeke, M. R., and R. Bintanja, 1995: The interaction of katabatic wind and the formation of blue ice areas in East Antarctica. J. Glaciology, 41, 395-407.Welch, H. E., 1992: Energy flow through the marine ecosystem of the Lancaster Sound region, Arctic Canada. Arctic, 45, 343.Global Outlook for Ice and Snow Assessment on the state and future of the Cryosphere, by the UN Environment Programme, June 2007ResearchChannel – Cryospheric Response to Climate Change. A video produced by the University of Washington, March 2008