Question: Throwim Way Leg is a book written by Australian zoologist and climate change activist Timothy Fridtjof "Tim" Flannery (born 28 January 1956) is an Australian mammalogist, palaeontologist, environmentalist and global warming activist, he was the Chief Commissioner of which organization, a Federal Government body providing information on climate change to the Australian public?

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Climate Change Science Program: The Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) was the program responsible for coordinating and integrating research on global warming by U.S. government agencies from February 2002 to June 2009.  Toward the end of that period, CCSP issued 21 separate climate assessment reports that addressed climate observations, changes in the atmosphere, expected climate change, impacts and adaptation, and risk management issues.  Shortly after President Obama took office, the program's name was changed to U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) which was also the program's name before 2002.  Nevertheless, the Obama Administration generally embraced the CCSP products as sound science providing a basis for climate policy.  Because those reports were mostly issued after the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and in some cases focused specifically on the United States, they were generally viewed within the United States as having an importance and scientific credibility comparable to the IPCC assessments for the first few years of the Obama Administration.

Business action on climate change: Business action on climate change includes a range of activities relating to global warming, and to influencing political decisions on global-warming-related regulation, such as the Kyoto Protocol.  Major multinationals have played and to some extent continue to play a significant role in the politics of global warming, especially in the United States, through lobbying of government and funding of global warming skeptics. Business also plays a key role in the mitigation of global warming, through decisions to invest in researching and implementing new energy technologies and energy efficiency measures.  (See also individual and political action on climate change.)

Climate change adaptation: Climate change adaptation is a response to global warming and climate change, that seeks to reduce the vulnerability of social and biological systems to relatively sudden change and thus offset the effects of global warming.  Even if emissions are stabilized relatively soon, global warming and its effects should last many years, and adaptation would be necessary to the resulting changes in climate.  Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since those countries are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming.  That is, the capacity and potential for humans to adapt (called adaptive capacity) is unevenly distributed across different regions and populations, and developing countries generally have less capacity to adapt (Schneider "et al.", 2007).  Furthermore, the degree of adaptation correlates to the situational focus on environmental issues.  Therefore, adaptation requires the situational assessment of sensitivity and vulnerability to environmental impacts.  Adaptive capacity is closely linked to social and economic development (IPCC, 2007).  The economic costs of adaptation to climate change are likely to cost billions of dollars annually for the next several decades, though the amount of money needed is unknown.  Donor countries promised an annual $100 billion by 2020 through the Green Climate Fund for developing countries to adapt to climate change.  However, while the fund was set up during COP16 in Cancún, concrete pledges by developed countries have not been forthcoming.  The adaptation challenge grows with the magnitude and the rate of climate change.

History of climate change science: The history of the scientific discovery of climate change began in the early 19th century when ice ages and other natural changes in paleoclimate were first suspected and the natural greenhouse effect first identified.  In the late 19th century, scientists first argued that human emissions of greenhouse gases could change the climate.  Many other theories of climate change were advanced, involving forces from volcanism to solar variation.  In the 1960s, the warming effect of carbon dioxide gas became increasingly convincing.  Some scientists also pointed out that human activities that generated atmospheric aerosols ("e.g.," "pollution") could have cooling effects as well.  During the 1970s, scientific opinion increasingly favored the warming viewpoint.  By the 1990s, as a result of improving fidelity of computer models and observational work confirming the Milankovitch theory of the ice ages, a consensus position formed: greenhouse gases were deeply involved in most climate changes and human caused emissions were bringing discernible global warming.  Since the 1990s, scientific research on climate change has included multiple disciplines and has expanded.  Research has expanded our understanding of causal relations, links with historic data and ability to model climate change numerically.  Research during this period has been summarized in the Assessment Reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

Climate change denial: Climate change denial, or global warming denial, is part of the global warming controversy.  It involves denial, dismissal, unwarranted doubt or contrarian views contradicting the scientific opinion on climate change, including the extent to which it is caused by humans, its impacts on nature and human society, or the potential of adaptation to global warming by human actions.  Some deniers do endorse the term, but others often prefer the term climate change skepticism.  However several scientists researching this phenomenon have noted that "skepticism" is a misnomer and an inaccurate description when referring to those who deny anthropogenic global warming.  In effect, the two terms form a continuous, overlapping range of views, and generally have the same characteristics: both reject, to a greater or lesser extent, mainstream scientific opinion on climate change.  Climate change denial can also be implicit, when individuals or social groups accept the science but fail to come to terms with it or to translate their acceptance into action.  Several social science studies have analyzed these positions as forms of denialism and pseudoscience.

Throwim Way Leg: Throwim Way Leg is a book written by Australian zoologist and climate change activist Tim Flannery.  It documents Flannery's experiences conducting scientific research in the highlands of Papua New Guinea and Indonesian Western New Guinea.  The book describes the flora and fauna of the island and the cultures of the various tribes.  The title is an anglicised spelling of the New Guinean Pidgin "Tromoi Lek," to go on a journey.

Tim Flannery: Timothy Fridtjof "Tim" Flannery (born 28 January 1956) is an Australian mammalogist, palaeontologist, environmentalist and global warming activist.  He was the Chief Commissioner of the Climate Commission, a Federal Government body providing information on climate change to the Australian public.  On 23 September 2013, Flannery announced that he would join other sacked commissioners to form the independent Climate Council, that would be funded by the community.

Climate change: Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time (i.e., decades to millions of years).  Climate change may refer to a change in average weather conditions, or in the time variation of weather within the context of longer-term average conditions.  Climate change is caused by factors such as biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics, and volcanic eruptions.  Certain human activities have been identified as primary causes of ongoing climate change, often referred to as "global warming".

Climate change policy of the United States: Global climate change was first addressed in United States policy beginning in the early 1960s.  The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines climate change as "any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time."  Essentially, climate change includes major changes in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, as well as other effects, that occur over several decades or longer.  Climate change policy in the US has transformed rapidly over the past twenty years and is being developed at both the state and federal level.  The politics of global warming and climate change have polarized certain political parties and other organizations.  This article focuses on climate change policy within the United States, as well as exploring the positions of various parties and the influences on policy making and environmental justice repercussions.

Climate change and gender: Climate change and gender is concerned with gender differences in the context of climate change and the complex and intersecting power relations arising from it.  By altering the ecosystems of the planet, climate change, and more specifically global warming, directly impacts the human race.  These effects vary for different segments of the population, specifically for people of different genders.  In many cases, women are more vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change because of their lower social status in most countries.  Many impoverished women, especially those in the developing world, are farmers and depend on the natural environment for subsistence and income.  By further limiting their already constrained access to physical, social, political, and fiscal resources, climate change often burdens women more than men.

Supporting paragraphs: Throwim Way Leg Tim Flannery
Answer: Climate Commission