Question: Distributed cognition is an approach to cognitive science research that deploys models of the extended mind, see the paper, titled what, by Andy Clark and David Chalmers, (1998) is a seminal work in the field of extended cognition?

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Stephen Crain: Stephen Crain is the Director of the ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders (CCD), and a Distinguished Professor at Macquarie University in the Department of Linguistics.  He is a well-known researcher specializing in language acquisition, focusing specifically on syntax and semantics.  Crain views language acquisition as based on language-specific faculties, and he conducts his research in the tradition of Chomskyan generative grammar.  Recently, Crain has proposed that language is based on a universal logical system, and he has begun to explore the neural correlates of language acquisition from a cross-linguistic perspective using magnetoencephalography (MEG).  Crain received a BA in philosophy from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1971 and a PhD in cognitive science with an emphasis in linguistics from the University of California, Irvine in 1980.  Crain was employed as a Professor of Linguistics at the University of Connecticut from 1986 to 1995.  During that time he was also a Senior Scientist at Haskins Laboratories in New Haven Connecticut.  After leaving UConn, he took a position as Professor of Linguistics at the University of Maryland, College Park, from 1995 to 2003 before accepting a position as a Professor of Cognitive Science at Macquarie in 2004, where he has remained since.  He was Deputy Director of the Macquarie Centre for Cognitive Science from 2004 until 2010, and Director of the Centre for Language Sciences from 2007 until 2010.  He led the successful bid for an ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, which is funded from 2011 until 2017.

Paul Thagard: Paul Thagard (born September 28, 1950) is a Canadian philosopher who specializes in philosophy, cognitive science, and the philosophy of science.  Thagard is currently a professor of Philosophy at the University of Waterloo, with cross appointment to Psychology and Computer Science.  He is the director of the Cognitive Science Program.  Thagard is a prolific writer, and has contributed to research in analogy and creativity, inference, cognition in the history of science, and the role of emotion in cognition.

Dynamicism: Dynamicism, also termed the "dynamic hypothesis" or the "dynamic hypothesis in cognitive science" or "dynamic cognition", is a new approach in cognitive science exemplified by the work of philosopher Tim van Gelder.  It argues that differential equations are more suited to modeling cognition than more traditional computer models.  Cf also dynamical systems theory.

Distributed cognition: Distributed cognition is an approach to cognitive science research that deploys models of the extended mind (see, for example, the paper "The Extended Mind") by taking as the fundamental unit of analysis "a collection of individuals and artifacts and their relations to each other in a particular work practice" .  "DCog" is a specific approach to distributed cognition (distinct from other meanings) which takes a computational perspective towards goal-based activity systems.  Dcog frameworks employed were originally developed in the mid-1980s by Edwin Hutchins, who continues to be the leading pioneer and whose research is based at the University of California at San Diego.

Cognitive ecology: Cognitive ecology is the study of cognitive phenomena within social and natural contexts.  It is an integrative perspective drawing from aspects of ecological psychology, cognitive science, evolutionary ecology and anthropology.  Notions of domain-specific modules in the brain and the cognitive biases they create are central to understanding the enacted nature of cognition within a cognitive ecological framework.  This means that cognitive mechanisms not only shape the characteristics of thought, but they dictate the success of culturally transmitted ideas.  Because culturally transmitted concepts can often inform ecological decision-making behaviors, group-level trends in cognition (i.e., culturally salient concepts) are hypothesized to address ecologically relevant challenges.

Distributed language: Distributed language represents an externalist perspective on human cognition.  Instead of tracing communication to individual knowledge of a symbolic system, language-activity is taken to sustain the human world.  Extending work by Humberto Maturana, priority is given to how face-to-face interaction draws on multimodal activity or languaging . [1] As people language together, they gain the skills and knowledge needed to participate in a range of activities in which wordings play a part.  Over time, these activities construct and maintain language as a whole.  Distributed language thus links a biological theory of the origin of language to distributed cognition.  Human cognitive and communicative abilities arise as people do things together while drawing on material, linguistic and other resources.  Language activity is constrained by biology, circumstances, and collective ways of life.  While bodies sustain coordination, our lived realities are extended by the resources of a partly shared collective world.  Thus, language cannot be separated from the artifacts and institutions or the behaviour of the living beings who undertake collaborative (and solo) tasks.  This distributed perspective challenges the mainstream view that language use can be explained by individual competencies and microsocial rules.  To ascribe 'language' to individual organisms is, on the distributed perspective, an error.  Building on cognitive science, the perspective challenges cognitive internalism by presenting language as a prime case of embodied and culturally embedded cognition.  It emphasizes that the heterogeneity of human language does much to shape people, mind and society.

Bayesian cognitive science: Bayesian Cognitive Science (also known as Computational Cognitive Science) is a rapidly growing approach to cognitive science concerned with the rational analysis of cognition through the use of Bayesian inference and cognitive modeling.  The term "computational" refers to the computational level of analysis as put forth by David Marr.

The Extended Mind: The paper The Extended Mind by Andy Clark and David Chalmers (1998) is a seminal work in the field of extended cognition.  In this paper, Clark and Chalmers present the idea of "active externalism" (similar to semantic or "content" externalism), in which objects within the environment function as a part of the mind.  They argue that it is arbitrary to say that the mind is contained only within the boundaries of the skull.  The separation between the mind, the body, and the environment is seen as an unprincipled distinction.  Because external objects play a significant role in aiding cognitive processes, the mind and the environment act as a "coupled system".  This coupled system can be seen as a complete cognitive system of its own.  In this manner, the mind is extended into the external world.  The main criterion that Clark and Chalmers list for classifying the use of external objects during cognitive tasks as a part of an extended cognitive system is that the external objects must function with the same purpose as the internal processes.

Cognitive science: Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes.  It examines the nature, the tasks, and the functions of cognition.  Cognitive scientists study intelligence and behavior, with a focus on how nervous systems represent, process, and transform information.  Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists include language, perception, memory, attention, reasoning, and emotion; to understand these faculties, cognitive scientists borrow from fields such as linguistics, psychology, artificial intelligence, philosophy, neuroscience, and anthropology.  The typical analysis of cognitive science spans many levels of organization, from learning and decision to logic and planning; from neural circuitry to modular brain organization.  The fundamental concept of cognitive science is that "thinking can best be understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and computational procedures that operate on those structures."

Embodied embedded cognition: Embodied embedded cognition (EEC) is a philosophical theoretical position in cognitive science, closely related to situated cognition, embodied cognition, embodied cognitive science and dynamical systems theory.  The theory states that intelligent behaviour emerges from the interplay between brain, body and world.  The world is not just the 'play-ground' on which the brain is acting.  Rather, brain, body and world are equally important factors in the explanation of how particular intelligent behaviours come about in practice.  There are concerns about whether EEC constitutes a novel and substantive approach to cognition or whether it is merely a manifestation of frustration with the classical cognitivist approach.

Supporting paragraphs: Distributed cognition The Extended Mind
Answer: The Extended Mind