Question: The equivalence between lost mechanical energy and increases in temperature was discovered by an English physicist, mathematician and brewer, born where?

Context paragraphs:
Stefan–Boltzmann constant: The Stefan–Boltzmann constant (also Stefan's constant), a physical constant denoted by the Greek letter "σ" (sigma), is the constant of proportionality in the Stefan–Boltzmann law: "the total intensity radiated over all wavelengths increases as the temperature increases", of a black body which is proportional to the fourth power of the thermodynamic temperature.  The theory of thermal radiation lays down the theory of quantum mechanics, by using physics to relate to molecular, atomic and sub-atomic levels.  Slovenian physicist Josef Stefan formulated the constant in 1879, and it was later derived in 1884 by Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann.  The equation can also be derived from Planck's Law, by integrating over all wavelengths at a given temperature, which will represent a small flat black body box.  "The amount of thermal radiation emitted increases rapidly and the principal frequency of the radiation becomes higher with increasing temperatures".  The Stefan–Boltzmann constant can be used to measure the amount of heat that is emitted by a blackbody, which absorbs all of the radiant energy that hits it, and will emit all the radiant energy.  Furthermore, the Stefan–Boltzmann constant allows for temperature (K) to be converted to units for intensity (W m), which is power per unit area.

Ultrasound energy: Ultrasound energy, simply known as ultrasound, is a type of mechanical energy called sound characterized by vibrating or moving particles within a medium.  Ultrasound is distinguished by vibrations with a frequency greater than 20,000 Hz, compared to audible sounds that humans typically hear with frequencies between 20 and 20,000 Hz.  Ultrasound energy requires matter or a medium with particles to vibrate to conduct or propagate its energy.  The energy generally travels through most mediums in the form of a wave in which particles are deformed or displaced by the energy then reestablished after the energy passes.  Types of waves include shear, surface, and longitudinal waves with the latter being one of the most common used in biological applications.  The characteristics of the traveling ultrasound energy greatly depend on the medium that it is traveling through.  While ultrasound waves propagate through a medium, the amplitude of the wave is continually reduced or weakened with the distance it travels.  This is known as attenuation and is due to the scattering or deflecting of energy signals as the wave propagates and the conversion of some of the energy to heat energy within the medium.  A medium that changes the mechanical energy from the vibrations of the ultrasound energy into thermal or heat energy is called viscoelastic.  The properties of ultrasound waves traveling through the medium of biological tissues has been extensively studied in recent years and implemented into many important medical tools.

Combined cycle: In electric power generation a combined cycle is an assembly of heat engines that work in tandem from the same source of heat, converting it into mechanical energy, which in turn usually drives electrical generators.  The principle is that after completing its cycle (in the first engine), the temperature of the working fluid engine is still high enough that a second subsequent heat engine may extract energy from the waste heat that the first engine produced.  By combining these multiple streams of work upon a single mechanical shaft turning an electric generator, the overall net efficiency of the system may be increased by 50–60%.  That is, from an overall efficiency of say 34% (in a single cycle) to possibly an overall efficiency of 51% (in a mechanical combination of two cycles) in net Carnot thermodynamic efficiency.  This can be done because heat engines are only able to use a portion of the energy their fuel generates (usually less than 50%).  In an ordinary (non combined cycle) heat engine the remaining heat (e.g., hot exhaust fumes) from combustion is generally wasted.

James Prescott Joule: James Prescott Joule FRS HFRSE DCL LLD ( ; (24 December 1818 11 October 1889) was an English physicist, mathematician and brewer, born in Salford, Lancashire.  Joule studied the nature of heat, and discovered its relationship to mechanical work (see energy).  This led to the law of conservation of energy, which led to the development of the first law of thermodynamics.

Heat engine: In thermodynamics, a heat engine is a system that converts heat or thermal energy—and chemical energy—to mechanical energy, which can then be used to do mechanical work.  It does this by bringing a working substance from a higher state temperature to a lower state temperature.  A heat "source" generates thermal energy that brings the working substance to the high temperature state.  The working substance generates work in the "working body" of the engine while transferring heat to the colder "sink" until it reaches a low temperature state.  During this process some of the thermal energy is converted into work by exploiting the properties of the working substance.  The working substance can be any system with a non-zero heat capacity, but it usually is a gas or liquid.  During this process, a lot of heat is lost to the surroundings, i.e. it cannot be used.

Turbo-electric transmission: Turbo-electric transmission uses electric generators to convert the mechanical energy of a turbine (steam or gas) into electric energy and electric motors to convert it back into mechanical energy to power the driveshafts.

Electric motor: An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.  The reverse of this is the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy and is done by an electric generator, which has much in common with a motor.

Vapor pressure: Vapor pressure or equilibrium vapor pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a closed system.  The equilibrium vapor pressure is an indication of a liquid's evaporation rate.  It relates to the tendency of particles to escape from the liquid (or a solid).  A substance with a high vapor pressure at normal temperatures is often referred to as "volatile".  The pressure exhibited by vapor present above a liquid surface is known as vapor pressure.  As the temperature of a liquid increases, the kinetic energy of its molecules also increases.  As the kinetic energy of the molecules increases, the number of molecules transitioning into a vapor also increases, thereby increasing the vapor pressure.

Thermal neutral zone: A thermal neutral zone (TNZ) is essentially an endotherm's temperature tolerance range.  Within the TNZ the basal rate of heat production is in equilibrium with the rate of heat loss to the external environment.  The endotherm does not have to use large amounts of energy to control its temperature within the thermal neutral zone, the organism adjusts to the temperatures within the zone through different responses requiring little energy.  It can show postural changes where it changes its body shape or moves and exposes different areas to the sun/shade, and through radiation, convection and conduction, heat exchange occurs.  Vasomotor responses allow control of the flow of blood between the periphery and the core to control heat loss from the surface of the body.  Lastly, the organism can show insulation adjustments; a common example being “goosebumps” in humans where hair follicles are raised by pilomotor muscles, also shown in animals’ pelage and plumage.  This allows heat to be trapped between hairs.  Below the thermal neutral zone there is the zone of LCT (lower critical temperature) and above there is the zone of UCT (upper critical temperature).  The organism reaches the LCT when the Ta (ambient temp.)  decreases.  When an organism reaches this stage the metabolic rate increases significantly and thermogenesis increases the Tb (body temp.)  If the Ta continues to decrease far below the LCT hypothermia occurs.  When the Ta reaches too far out of the UCT the rate heat gain and heat production become higher than the rate of heat dissipation (heat loss through evaporative cooling), resulting in hyperthermia.

Mechanical energy: In the physical sciences, mechanical energy is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy.  It is the energy associated with the motion and position of an object.  The principle of conservation of mechanical energy states that in an isolated system that is only subject to conservative forces the mechanical energy is constant.  If an object is moved in the opposite direction of a conservative net force, the potential energy will increase and if the speed (not the velocity) of the object is changed, the kinetic energy of the object is changed as well.  In all real systems, however, nonconservative forces, like frictional forces, will be present, but often they are of negligible values and the mechanical energy's being constant can therefore be a useful approximation.  In elastic collisions, the mechanical energy is conserved but in inelastic collisions, some mechanical energy is converted into heat.  The equivalence between lost mechanical energy (dissipation) and an increase in temperature was discovered by James Prescott Joule.

Supporting paragraphs: Mechanical energy James Prescott Joule
Answer: Salford, Lancashire