Question: Who/what had the control during this time? 

Context paragraphs:
Birth control movement in the United States: The birth control movement in the United States was a social reform campaign from 1914 to around 1945 that aimed to increase the availability of contraception in the U.S. through education and legalization.  The movement began in 1914 when a group of political radicals in New York City, led by Emma Goldman, Mary Dennett, and Margaret Sanger, became concerned about the hardships that childbirth and self-induced abortions brought to low-income women.  Sanger, in particular, simultaneously sought to connect birth control to the organized eugenics movement, regularly appealing to the authority of eugenic scientists Karl Pearson, Charles Davenport, and others in her "Birth Control Review" from the early 1920s Such figures sought to prevent population segments they deemed genetically 'undesirable' from reproducing.  While seeking legitimacy for the birth control movement partly through the approval of organized eugenics, Sanger and other activists also worked on the political front.  Since contraception was considered to be obscene at the time, the activists targeted the Comstock laws, which prohibited distribution of any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious" materials through the mail.  Hoping to provoke a favorable legal decision, Sanger deliberately broke the law by distributing "The Woman Rebel", a newsletter containing a discussion of contraception.  In 1916, Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, but the clinic was immediately shut down by police, and Sanger was sentenced to 30 days in jail.

Clinical Research Bureau: The Clinical Research Bureau was the first permanent birth control clinic in the United States.  It was created as a result of the birth control movement in the United States, which fought against anti-contraception laws.  Several years after a 1918 New York appeals court ruling which permitted physicians to prescribe contraceptives, Margaret Sanger decided to open a second birth control clinic, this time staffed with physicians to make it legal under the court ruling (Sanger's first clinic employed nurses, and was shut down by police soon after opening).  The second clinic, called the Clinical Research Bureau (CRB), opened on January 2, 1923.  To avoid police harassment, the clinic was not publicized, and it operated under the pretense of conducting scientific research.  The existence of the clinic was finally announced to the public in December 1923, but this time there were no arrests or controversyconvincing the activists that, after ten years of progress, birth control had finally become widely accepted in America.  The CRB was the first legal birth control clinic in the United States, and quickly grew into the leading contraceptive research center in the world.  In 1928, the CRB was renamed to Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau.

Treaty of Karlowitz: The Treaty of Karlowitz was signed on 26 January 1699 in Sremski Karlovci, in modern-day Serbia, concluding the Austro-Ottoman War of 1683–97 in which the Ottoman side had been defeated at the Battle of Zenta.  It marks the end of Ottoman control in much of Central Europe, with their first major territorial losses after centuries of expansion, and established the Habsburg Monarchy as the dominant power in Central and southeast Europe.

Ross' π lemma: Ross' π lemma, named after I. Michael Ross, is a result in computational optimal control.  Based on generating Carathéodory-π solutions for feedback control, Ross' π -lemma states that there is fundamental time constant within which a control solution must be computed for controllability and stability.  This time constant, known as Ross' time constant, is proportional to the inverse of the Lipschitz constant of the vector field that governs the dynamics of a nonlinear control system.

Variable structure control: Variable structure control (VSC) is a form of discontinuous nonlinear control.  The method alters the dynamics of a nonlinear system by application of a high-frequency "switching control".  The state-feedback control law is "not" a continuous function of time; it "switches" from one smooth condition to another.  So the "structure" of the control law "varies" based on the position of the state trajectory; the method switches from one smooth control law to another and possibly very fast speeds (e.g., for a countably infinite number of times in a finite time interval).  VSC and associated sliding mode behaviour was first investigated in early 1950s in the Soviet Union by Emelyanov and several coresearchers.

Sliding mode control: In control systems, sliding mode control, or SMC, is a nonlinear control method that alters the dynamics of a nonlinear system by application of a discontinuous control signal (or more rigorously, a set-valued control signal) that forces the system to "slide" along a cross-section of the system's normal behavior.  The state-feedback control law is not a continuous function of time.  Instead, it can switch from one continuous structure to another based on the current position in the state space.  Hence, sliding mode control is a variable structure control method.  The multiple control structures are designed so that trajectories always move toward an adjacent region with a different control structure, and so the ultimate trajectory will not exist entirely within one control structure.  Instead, it will "slide" along the boundaries of the control structures.  The motion of the system as it slides along these boundaries is called a "sliding mode" and the geometrical locus consisting of the boundaries is called the "sliding (hyper)surface".  In the context of modern control theory, any variable structure system, like a system under SMC, may be viewed as a special case of a hybrid dynamical system as the system both flows through a continuous state space but also moves through different discrete control modes.

Stochastic control: Stochastic control or stochastic optimal control is a subfield of control theory that deals with the existence of uncertainty either in observations or in the noise that drives the evolution of the system.  The system designer assumes, in a Bayesian probability-driven fashion, that random noise with known probability distribution affects the evolution and observation of the state variables.  Stochastic control aims to design the time path of the controlled variables that performs the desired control task with minimum cost, somehow defined, despite the presence of this noise.  The context may be either discrete time or continuous time.

Municipality of Beltinci: The Municipality of Beltinci (] ; Slovene: "Občina Beltinci" ) is a municipality in the Prekmurje region of northeastern Slovenia.  Its seat is the settlement of Beltinci.  The municipality has 8,256 inhabitants.  It was a sanjak under the name "Balatin" that initially belonged to the Budin Eyalet, and later the Kanije Eyalet, during Ottoman rule before the Treaty of Karlowitz.

Trainmaster Command Control: Trainmaster Command (TMCC) is Lionel's electronic control system for O scale 3-rail model trains and toy trains that mainly ran from 1994 to 2006.  Conceptually it is similar to Digital Command Control (DCC), the industry's open standard used by HO scale and other 2-rail DC trains.  It has one advantage over DCC, in that TMCC-equipped locomotives can run simultaneously with non-TMCC locomotives and Lionel Legacy engines as well as LionChief and LionChief Plus equipped locomotives.  The latter require a dedicated remote controller.  MTH Corporation's DCS controller can be configured to control TMCC locomotives, and all four systems (TMCC, Legacy, LionChief/LionChief+ and DCS) can be operated on the same track simultaneously.  Each simply requires a constant track voltage (18 volts).  TMCC/Legacy "broadcasts" it's signal to the antenna on the locomotives which listen for signals that first identify the particular locomotive by number and then it issues given commands as to speed, direction, sounds, lighting and other features.  DCS performs similar functions but transmits a carrier over the rails which are picked up through the locomotive's electrical pickup contacts.  While TMCC/Legacy and DCS remote controls relay operator commands to a device that transmits them to the train (Command Base or Track Interface Unit), LionChief/LionChief+ also issue remote control commands but the remote and locomotive are married and each locomotive requires a separate remote control.  This system requires no additional wiring as the control is directly "narrowcast" to the locomotive in the same way as a television remote control or garage door opener functions.  In 2017, Lionel released a universal remote for LionChief+ that will learn addresses for up to three locos at a time, simplifying the operation of multiple trains.

Cybernetical physics: Cybernetical physics is a scientific area on the border of cybernetics and physics which studies physical systems with cybernetical methods.  Cybernetical methods are understood as methods developed within control theory, information theory, systems theory and related areas: control design, estimation, identification, optimization, pattern recognition, signal processing, image processing, etc.  Physical systems are also understood in a broad sense; they may be either lifeless, living nature or of artificial (engineering) origin, and must have reasonably understood dynamics and models suitable for posing cybernetical problems.  Research objectives in cybernetical physics are frequently formulated as analyses of a class of possible system state changes under external (controlling) actions of a certain class.  An auxiliary goal is designing the controlling actions required to achieve a prespecified property change.  Among typical control action classes are functions which are constant in time (bifurcation analysis, optimization), functions which depend only on time (vibration mechanics, spectroscopic studies, program control), and functions whose value depends on measurement made at the same time or on previous instances.  The last class is of special interest since these functions correspond to system analysis by means of external feedback (feedback control).

Supporting paragraphs: Municipality of Beltinci Treaty of Karlowitz
Answer: Ottoman