Question: This group encompassed a federation of Alpine tribes, including the Calucones, for about 6 centuries starting around 500 BC.  

Context paragraphs:
Rhaetian people: The Raeti (spelling variants: "Rhaeti", "Rheti" or "Rhaetii"; Ancient Greek: "Ῥαιτοί": transcription "Rhaitoí") were a confederation of Alpine tribes, whose language and culture may have derived, at least in part, from the Etruscans.  From not later than ca. 500 BC, they inhabited the central parts of present-day Switzerland, the Tyrol in Austria, the Alpine regions of northeastern Italy and Germany south of the Danube.

Calucones: The Calucones were a Rhaetian tribe mentioned by a few of the classical sources, but not all.  Pliny the Elder (Book 3 Chapter 24 of Naturalis Historia, published in 77 CE) quotes a monument to the reign of Augustus, the tropeaum Alpium, located in the Rhaetia of his day, stating that Augustus subdued the Alpine peoples from the upper sea to the lower sea, including the Calucones.

Sosicles (statesman): Sosicles was a Corinthian ambassador at the remarkable meeting of the allies of Sparta at around 500 BC, before which the Spartans laid their proposal for restoring Hippias to the tyranny of Athens.  Sosicles remonstrated with indignant vehemence against the measure, and set forth the evils which Corinth had endured under the successive tyrannies of Cypselus and Periander.  His appeal was successful with the allies, and the project was abandoned.

Roman tuba: The "tuba" of ancient Rome is a military signal trumpet, quite different from the modern tuba.  The "tuba" (from Latin "tubus", "tube") was produced around 500 BC.  Its shape was straight, in contrast to the military "buccina" or "cornu", which was more like the modern sousaphone in curving around the body.  Its origin is thought to be Etruscan, and it is similar to the Greek salpinx.  About four feet in length, it was made usually of bronze, and was played with a detachable mouthpiece.

Medieval Latin: Medieval Latin was the form of Latin used in the Middle Ages, primarily: as a medium of scholarly exchange; as the liturgical language of Chalcedonian Christianity and the Roman Catholic Church; and as a language of science, literature, law, and administration.  Despite the clerical origin of many of its authors, medieval Latin should not be confused with Ecclesiastical Latin.  There is no real consensus on the exact boundary where Late Latin ends and medieval Latin begins.  Some scholarly surveys begin with the rise of early Ecclesiastical Latin in the middle of the 4th century, others around 500, and still others with the replacement of written Late Latin by written Romance languages starting around the year 900.

Pre-Samnite language: Pre-Samnite was an ancient language spoken in southern Campania, in Italy.  The name "Pre-Samnite" refers to the fact that the language was spoken in early times in an area that was later colonised by Samnites, who spoke Oscan.  Pre-Samnite is recorded in a few short inscriptions dating from around 500 BC.  The language belongs to the Sabellian group of languages, and may be closely related to Oscan, but shows a number of archaic features which were lost from Oscan.  However, the material is too scanty to enable a precise determination of the relation of Pre-Samnite either to Oscan or to the other Sabellian languages.

Pargat Diwas: Pargat Diwas or (Panjabi: ਪਰਗਤ ਿਦਵਸ ) Valmiki Jayanti is an annual Indian festival celebrated in particular by the Valmiki religious group, to commemorate the birth of the ancient Indian poet and philosopher Valmiki, who is thought to have lived around 500 BC.  The festival date is determined by the Indian lunar calendar, and falls on the full moon (Purnima) of the month of Ashwin, typically in late September or early October.

Deforestation during the Roman period: Deforestation during the Roman period was a result of the geographical expansion of the Roman Empire, with its increased population, large-scale agriculture, and unprecedented economic development.  Roman expansion marks the transition in the Mediterranean from prehistory (around 1,000 BC) to the historical period beginning around 500 BC.  Earth sustained a few million people 8,000 years ago and was still fundamentally pristine, but Rome drove human development in Western Europe and was a leading contributor of the deforestation around the Mediterranean.

Cuthites: The Cuthites were a people living in Samaria around 500 BC, and were to blame for the postponing of the 2nd temple, in the reign of Cyrus the Great.  They did this after the Jewish people returned from Babylonian exile, and first agreed to help them, but after the Jews refused, they lied to king Cyrus who postponed the building process

Classical sculpture: Classical sculpture refers loosely to the forms of sculpture from Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, as well as the Hellenized and Romanized civilizations under their rule or influence from about 500 BC to around 200 AD.  More precisely it refers to Ancient Greek sculpture from around 500 BC to the onset of the Hellenistic style around 323 BC.  It may also refer stylistically to later sculpture done in a Neoclassical or classical style.  Classical sculptures have been popular since the Renaissance.  Only those works that closely follow the canon of classical forms would fall under the term.

Supporting paragraphs: Calucones Rhaetian people
Answer: The Raeti