Question: Tomkyns Hilgrove Turner escorted what key to translating hieroglayphs from Egypt to England?

Context paragraphs:
Robert Furman: Robert Ralph Furman (August 21, 1915 – October 14, 2008) was a civil engineer who during World War II was the chief of foreign intelligence for the Manhattan Engineer District directing espionage against the German nuclear energy project.  He participated in the Alsos Mission, which conducted a series of operations with the intent to place all uranium in Europe into Allied hands, and at the end of the war rounded up German atomic scientists to keep them out of the Soviet Union.  He personally escorted half of the uranium-235 necessary for the Little Boy atomic bomb to the Pacific island of Tinian.  He was also a key figure overseeing the construction of The Pentagon building.  After the war he founded Furman Builders Inc., a construction company that built hundreds of structures, including the Potomac Mills shopping mall in Woodbridge, Virginia.

Rosetta Stone: The Rosetta Stone is a granodiorite stele, found in 1799, inscribed with three versions of a decree issued at Memphis, Egypt in 196 BC during the Ptolemaic dynasty on behalf of King Ptolemy V.  The top and middle texts are in Ancient Egyptian using hieroglyphic script and Demotic script, respectively, while the bottom is in Ancient Greek.  As the decree has only minor differences between the three versions, the Rosetta Stone proved to be the key to deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs.

Mummia: Mummia, mumia, or originally mummy referred to several different preparations in the history of medicine, from "mineral pitch" to "powdered human mummies".  It originated from Arabic "mūmiyā" "a type of resinous bitumen found in Western Asia and used curatively" in traditional Islamic medicine, which was translated as "pissasphaltus" (from "pitch" and "asphalt") in ancient Greek medicine.  In medieval European medicine, "mūmiyā" "bitumen" was transliterated into Latin as "mumia" meaning both "a bituminous medicine from Persia" and "mummy".  Merchants in apothecaries dispensed expensive mummia bitumen, which was thought to be an effective cure-all for many ailments.  Beginning around the 12th century when supplies of imported natural bitumen ran short, mummia was misinterpreted as "mummy", and the word's meaning expanded to "a black resinous exudate scraped out from embalmed Egyptian mummies".  This began a period of lucrative trade between Egypt and Europe, and suppliers substituted rare mummia exudate with entire mummies, either embalmed or desiccated.  After Egypt banned the shipment of mummia in the 16th century, unscrupulous European apothecaries began to sell fraudulent mummia prepared by embalming and desiccating fresh corpses.  During the Renaissance, scholars proved that translating bituminous mummia as mummy was a mistake, and physicians stopped prescribing the ineffective drug.  Lastly, artists in the 17th and 18th centuries used ground up mummies to tint a popular oil-paint called mummy brown.

Arab's Gulf: The Arab's Gulf, also known as the Arab Gulf or Arab Bay (all translating the Arabic name Khalij el-Arab, خليج العرب), is a large bay to the west of Alexandria in Egypt.  It is not to be confused with the "Arabian Gulf" (a historic name for the Red Sea) or the Arabian Sea.

Order of battle at the Battle of the Nile: The Battle of the Nile was a significant naval action fought during 1–3 August 1798.  The battle took place in Aboukir Bay, near the mouth of the River Nile on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt and pitted a British fleet of the Royal Navy against a fleet of the French Navy.  The battle was the climax of a three-month campaign in the Mediterranean during which a huge French convoy under General Napoleon Bonaparte had sailed from Toulon to Alexandria via Malta.  Despite close pursuit by a British fleet of thirteen ships of the line, one fourth rate and a sloop under Sir Horatio Nelson, the French were able to reach Alexandria unscathed and successfully land an army, which Bonaparte led inland.  The fleet that had escorted the convoy, consisting of thirteen ships of the line, four frigates and a number of smaller vessels under Vice-Admiral François-Paul Brueys D'Aigalliers, anchored in Aboukir Bay as Alexandria harbour was too narrow, forming a line of battle that was protected by shoals to the north and west.

Dona Nati (1939): Dona Nati was one of three identical cargo ships built in 1939 by Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico, San Marco, Trieste, Italy, for the De la Rama S.S. Co.  Inc., Iloilo, Philippines intended for service between the Philippines West Coast and North America.  The ship was engaged in normal commerce until it became a key player in events in the Philippines after December 7, 1941 and the Japanese invasion of the islands.  "Dona Nati" had arrived in Manila along with the ships "President Grant", "John Lykes", "Cape Fairweather", and "American Leader" in a convoy escorted by the USS "Boise" (CL-47) on December 4, 1941.  She had escaped to Australia where she became particularly notable as being one of only three ships to successfully run the Japanese blockade in attempts to supply the forces cut off in the Philippines.  The ship was retained under Army control and on April 28, 1943 was one of twenty-eight vessels forming the fleet available to the Southwest Pacific command under General MacArthur.

HMS Medway (1928): HMS "Medway" was the first purpose-built submarine depot ship constructed for the Royal Navy.  She was built by Vickers Armstrong at Barrow-in-Furness during the late 1920s.  The ship served on the China Station before the Second World War and was transferred to Egypt in early 1940.  Ordered to evacuate Alexandria in the face of the German advance after the Battle of Gazala in May 1942, "Medway" sailed for Lebanon at the end of June, escorted by a light cruiser and seven destroyers.  Her strong escort could not protect her; on 30 June a German submarine torpedoed and sank her.

Blackwood (publishing house): William Blackwood and Sons was a Scottish publishing house and printer founded by William Blackwood in 1804.  It played a key role in literary history, publishing many important authors, for example John Buchan, George Tomkyns Chesney, Joseph Conrad, George Eliot, E. M. Forster, John Galt, Thomas de Quincey, Charles Reade, Margaret Oliphant, John Hanning Speke and Anthony Trollope, both in books and in the monthly "Blackwood’s Magazine".

Aswan Dam: The Aswan Dam, or more specifically since the 1960s, the Aswan High Dam, is an embankment dam built across the Nile in Aswan, Egypt, between 1960 and 1970.  Its significance largely eclipsed the previous Aswan Low Dam initially completed in 1902 downstream.  Based on the success of the Low Dam, then at its maximum utilization, construction of the High Dam became a key objective of the government following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952; with its ability to control flooding better, provide increased water storage for irrigation and generate hydroelectricity the dam was seen as pivotal to Egypt's planned industrialization.  Like the earlier implementation, the High Dam has had a significant effect on the economy and culture of Egypt.

Tomkyns Hilgrove Turner: General Sir (Tomkyns) Hilgrove Turner GCH (12 January 1764 – 6 May 1843) is best known as the officer who escorted the Rosetta Stone from Egypt to England.

Supporting paragraphs: Tomkyns Hilgrove Turner Rosetta Stone
Answer: Rosetta Stone