Question: Were Pavel Alexandrov and Valentin Turchin were both what?

Context paragraphs:
Greer Field at Turchin Stadium: Greer Field at Turchin Stadium is a baseball stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana.  It is the on-campus home the Tulane University Green Wave college baseball team.  The stadium was named for Robert Turchin, a World War II veteran and 1943 graduate of Tulane, and his wife, Lillian Turchin, who headed the drive in 1990 to build it.  In 2008, at the official reopening, "Greer Field" was added to the name in honor of Phil Greer, chair of the Board of Tulane.

Madame Turchin: Nadine Lvova Turchin (November 26, 1826 – July 17, 1904) was the wife of Union Brig. Gen. John Basil Turchin.  During the American Civil War, she traveled with her husband on his military campaigns and at times acted as his surrogate in command of his troops.  She kept a detailed diary that remains a leading eyewitness account of her husband's colorful career.  She became widely known in the army as "Madame Turchin."

Ivan Turchin: Ivan Vasyliovych Turchin (Ukrainian: Ivan Vasyliovych Turchin ; December 24, 1822 – June 18, 1901) better known by his Anglicised name of John Basil Turchin, was a Union army brigadier general in the American Civil War.  He led two critical charges that saved the day at Chickamauga and was among the first to lead soldiers up Missionary Ridge.

Alexandroff extension: In the mathematical field of topology, the Alexandroff extension is a way to extend a noncompact topological space by adjoining a single point in such a way that the resulting space is compact.  It is named for the Russian mathematician Pavel Alexandrov.

Pavel Urysohn: Pavel Samuilovich Urysohn (Па́вел Самуи́лович Урысо́н ) (February 3, 1898 – August 17, 1924) was a Soviet mathematician of Jewish origin who is best known for his contributions in dimension theory, and for developing Urysohn's Metrization Theorem and Urysohn's Lemma, both of which are fundamental results in topology.  His name is also commemorated in the terms Urysohn universal space, Fréchet–Urysohn space, Menger–Urysohn dimension and Urysohn integral equation.  He and Pavel Alexandrov formulated the modern definition of compactness in 1923.

Nerve of a covering: In topology, the nerve of an open covering is a construction of an abstract simplicial complex from an open covering of a topological space "X" that captures many of the interesting topological properties in an algorithmic or combinatorial way.  It was introduced by Pavel Alexandrov.  and now has many variants and generalisations, among them the Čech nerve of a cover, which in turn is generalised by hypercoverings.

Andrei Tverdokhlebov: Andrei Nikolayevich Tverdokhlebov (Russian: Андре́й Никола́евич Твердохле́бов , 30 September 1940, Moscow – 3 December 2011, Pennsylvania, United States) was a Soviet physicist, dissident and human rights activist.  In 1970, he founded - along with Valery Chalidze and Andrei Sakharov - the Committee on Human Rights in the USSR.  In 1973, Tverdokhlebov - along with Valentin Turchin - founded the first chapter of Amnesty International in the Soviet Union.  He also helped found Group 73, a human rights organization that helped political prisoners in the Soviet Union.  He was the author/editor of several samizdat publications while in the Soviet Union, which were compiled in the book, "In Defense of Human Rights", published by Khronika Press, New York, in 1975.

Valentin Turchin: Valentin Fyodorovich Turchin (Russian: Валенти́н Фёдорович Турчи́н , 14 February 1931 in Podolsk – 7 April 2010 in Oakland, New Jersey) was a Soviet and American cybernetician and computer scientist.  He developed the Refal programming language, the theory of metasystem transitions and the notion of supercompilation.  He was as a pioneer in Artificial Intelligence and a proponent of the global brain hypothesis.

Pavel Alexandrov: Pavel Sergeyevich Alexandrov (Russian: Па́вел Серге́евич Алекса́ндров ), sometimes romanized Paul Alexandroff or Aleksandrov (7 May 1896 – 16 November 1982), was a Soviet mathematician.  He wrote about three hundred papers, making important contributions to set theory and topology.

Metacompilation: Metacompilation is a computation which involves metasystem transitions (MST) from a computing machine "M" to a metamachine "M' " which controls, analyzes and imitates the work of "M".  Semantics-based program transformation, such as partial evaluation and supercompilation (SCP), is metacomputation.  Metasystem transitions may be repeated, as when a program transformer gets transformed itself.  In this manner MST hierarchies of any height can be formed.  The Fox paper reviews one strain of research which was started in Russia by Valentin Turchin's REFAL system in the late 1960s-early 1970s and became known for the development of supercompilation as a distinct method of program transformation.  After a brief description of the history of this research line, the paper concentrates on those results and problems where supercompilation is combined with repeated metasystem transitions.

Supporting paragraphs: Pavel Alexandrov Valentin Turchin
Answer: Soviet