Question: The company Kitty Black Perkins was Chief Designer of Fashions and Doll Concepts for was founded in what year?

Context paragraphs:
Eurydice (Anouilh play): Eurydice is a play by French writer Jean Anouilh, written in 1941.  The story is set in the 1930s, among a troupe of travelling performers.  It combines skepticism about romance in general and the intensity of the relationship between Orpheus and Eurydice with an other-worldly mysticism.  The result is a heavily ironic modern retelling of the classical Orpheus myth.  The play has also been performed under the title Point of Departure, a translation by Kitty Black, and on Broadway as Legend of Lovers, in a 1951 production by the Theatre Guild.

Changhe Z-11: The Changhe Z-11 is a light utility helicopter developed by Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation (CAIC).  According to the Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation website, it is claimed to be the first indigenously-designed helicopter in China.  It is based on the Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil however.  The Z-11 project started in 1989 and the first flight was made in Dec 1994.  In Oct 2000, test flights of Z-11 were completed.  The chief designer of Z-11 is Mr. Wu Ximing (吴希明), who is also the chief designer of three other Chinese helicopters, including the WZ-10.  Under Mr. Wu, the Z-11 became the first Chinese helicopter to be completely designed by CAD/CAM.

Doug Gaffka: Douglas Fredrick "Doug" Gaffka is the design director of Ford Motor Company's "Living Legends" vehicle program, a position he has held since April 2001.  Ford's Living Legends oversees the development of classic Ford nameplates, like the Thunderbird and Mustang, as well as new vehicle design.  Gaffka has been with Ford since 1978, joining the company after graduating from the Center for Creative Studies in Detroit, Michigan with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree the same year.  Since joining the company he has held a number of vehicle design-related positions for Ford's North American operations and has worked in Ford's German and Australian operations.  Gaffka was the chief designer for the Taurus and Sable vehicle programs in 1994, the Mustang in 1999, and the Thunderbird in 2001.  Most recently, Gaffka was the chief designer behind the 2008 Mustang Bullitt and 2010 Mustang.

Rex Pierson: Reginald Kirshaw "Rex" Pierson CBE (9 February 1891 – 10 January 1948) was an English aircraft designer and chief designer at Vickers Limited later Vickers-Armstrongs Aircraft Ltd.  He was responsible for the Vickers Vimy, a heavy bomber designed during World War 1 and the first aircraft to cross the Atlantic non-stop.  He was the chief designer of the Vickers Wellington bomber of World War 2.

Gavin Fisher: Gavin Fisher (born 30 August 1964) was formerly Chief Designer of the Williams Formula One team.  He studied mechanical engineering at University of Hertfordshire, which was famous for its aeronautical engineers, graduating with a first class honors degree.  He was hired by Williams through an advertisement in the media in 1988.  A few months later, Adrian Newey joined Williams from Leyton House and Fisher worked with him until Newey left in 1997 to join McLaren.  Fisher, his pupil, was promoted to the role of chief designer, a role that he held until 2005.

Ivan Mikoyan: Vano "Ivan" Anastasovich Mikoyan (September 1, 1927 – November 25, 2016) was a Soviet Armenian aircraft designer, nephew of designer Artem Mikoyan.  In 1944-1945, he studied at the Aviation Technical School in Stalinabad, then graduated from the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy.  From 1953 he worked in OKB Mikoyan as assistant chief engineer, chief engineer for flight tests, and as the leading designer for MiG-21 family of fighter aircraft.  In 1965 he was appointed as the lead designer on the MiG-23 fighter aircraft, and the technical director of joint state tests after 1968.  Starting in 1973, Ivan was deputy chief designer for the MiG-29 fighter aircraft.  Later, he was an adviser for Russian Aircraft Corporation MiG.

Tonner Doll Company: Tonner Doll Company, Inc. is a collectible doll design and distribution company located in Kingston, New York.  Founded by Robert Tonner in 1991, Tonner Doll designs and markets original doll lines as well as a number of licensed dolls for movies such as "Harry Potter", "Spider-Man 3", and "Twilight".  Its original products include the Tyler Wentworth, Kitty Collier and Antoinette series.

Kitty Black Perkins: Louvenia (Kitty) Black Perkins was Chief Designer of Fashions and Doll Concepts for Mattel's Barbie line for over twenty-five years.  Her designs include "Shani and Friends" (1991) a line of African-American dolls, "Holiday Barbie" (1988, 1989, 1990, 1996), "Fashion Savvy Barbie" (1997), "Bathtime Barbie" and "Brandy" (1999).  Brandy Barbie became one of Mattel's biggest sellers An African-American woman, Kitty was born February 13, 1948 in racially segregated Spartanburg, South Carolina.  The daughter of Luther Black and Helen Goode Black, she is one of seven children.  She graduated from Carver High School, Spartanburg's black High School, which closed when the school system was desegregated in 1970.  In 1967 she moved to California, attending Los Angeles Trade Technical College.  Black graduated with an associate degree in fashion design in 1971.  She worked in non-doll fashion for six years before responding to a blind classified ad from Mattel.  She reports never having had a Barbie doll until she purchased one to prepare for the interview.  She became principal designer for Barbie in 1978.  In 1991 The Los Angeles Times reported that Black-Perkins was responsible for over 100 designs a year, amounting to over one fifth of all of the designs for Barbie.  She has received the doll industry's highest honor, the Doll of the Year (DOTY) award.

Ren Xinmin: Ren Xinmin (; 5 December 1915 – 12 February 2017) was a Chinese aerospace engineer.  He was a specialist in astronautics and liquid rocket engine technology.  Ren was the technical director of the Long March 1 rocket, which was used for the successful launch of Dong Fang Hong I, China's first satellite, and chief designer of Chinese storable propellant rocket engine.  He was also the chief designer for Long March 3 launch vehicle, Fengyun, and SJ (Shijian) series satellites.

Mattel: Mattel, Inc. ( ) is an American multinational toy manufacturing company founded in 1945 with headquarters in El Segundo, California.  In 2014, it ranked #403 on the Fortune 500 list.  The products and brands it produces include Fisher-Price, Barbie dolls, Monster High dolls, Ever After High dolls, Winx Club dolls, Hot Wheels and Matchbox toys, Masters of the Universe toys, American Girl dolls, board games, and WWE toys.  In the early 1980's, Mattel produced video game systems, under its own brands and under license from Nintendo.  The company has presence in 40 countries and territories and sells products in more than 150 nations.  The company operates through three business segments: North America, international, and American Girl.  It is the world's largest toy maker in terms of revenue.  On January 17, 2017, Mattel named Google executive Margo Georgiadis as its next CEO.

Supporting paragraphs: Kitty Black Perkins Mattel
Answer: 1945