Question: How many times was Bertha of Savoy's husband excommunicated?

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Nick Christie: Nicholas S. Christie is an American racewalker.  Christie is a multiple time National Champion at the NAIA level and has been the US National Champion for the indoor 3000m Racewalk.  He has competed internationally for the US many times since 2012 and at the national level many times as well.  As of 2013 he is one of the many rising stars that the sport has in the United States as it gains popularity in the nation.  He is also the current national record holder for the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics in the Indoor 3000m racewalk with a time of 11:46.20.

Evan F. Ellis Farmhouse: The Evan F. Ellis Farmhouse is an historic residence located north of Bussey, Iowa, United States.  Evan, his wife Bertha, and their two daughters moved from Illinois and settled on the 120 acre farm they bought in Marion County, Iowa in 1909.  He built this Sears, Roebuck & Co. "Honor Bilt Modern Homes" pre-cut house in 1913.  It was unusual for such a house to be built in a rural area because all the parts would have to be transported a longer distance.  The two-story frame house features a full-length front porch, projecting wall dormers, and it is capped with a hipped roof.  After Evan's (1949) and Bertha's (1959) deaths, their daughter Mary continued to live in the house and run the farm until her death in 1974.  While the family continued to own the farm, the house was rented to tenants until 1983 when Bonnie Vanderlinden Noah, Evan and Bertha's granddaughter, and her husband Jack began restoring the house for them to live in.  The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

Rook and bishop versus rook endgame: The rook and bishop versus rook endgame is a chess endgame where one player has just a rook, bishop and king, and the other player has only a rook and king.  It has been studied many times through the years.  This combination of material is one of the most common pawnless chess endgames.  It is generally a theoretical draw, but the rook and bishop have good winning chances in practice because the defense is difficult.  Ulf Andersson won the position twice within a year, once against a grandmaster and once against a candidate grandmaster; and grandmaster Keith Arkell has won it 18 times out of 18 .  In positions that have a forced win, up to 59 moves are required .  Tony Kosten has seen the endgame many times in master games, with the stronger side almost always winning .  Pal Benko called this the "headache ending" .

Babette von Bülow: Clara Bertha Friederike von Bülow (née Clara Bertha Friederike Eberty; known as Babette von Bülow; September 30, 1850 – March 8, 1927) was a German writer of short stories, comedies and farces under the pen name Hans Arnold.  Born in Cieplice Śląskie-Zdrój, she was the daughter of the lawyer, writer and amateur astronomer Felix Eberty, professor at the University of Breslau and Mary Hasse.  She grew up in Breslau where she studied in a French school and married Lieutenant Colonel Adolf von Bülow on June 10, 1876.  The military career of her husband led them to live in different garrisons such as Hanover in 1893, Erfurt in 1896, Frankfurt Oder in 1900, Potsdam in 1902 and again from 1905 in Erfurt.  She personally knew Theodor Fontane.

Crosswind kite power: Crosswind kite power is power derived from a class of airborne wind-energy conversion systems (AWECS, aka AWES) or crosswind kite power systems (CWKPS) characterized by a kite system that has energy-harvesting parts that fly transverse to the direction of the ambient wind, i.e., to crosswind mode; sometimes the entire wing set and tether set is flown in crosswind mode.  These systems at many scales from toy to power-grid-feeding sizes may be used as high-altitude wind power (HAWP) devices or low-altitude wind power (LAWP) devices without having to use towers.  Flexible wings or rigid wings may be used in the kite system.  A tethered wing, flying in crosswind at many times wind speed, harvests wind power from an area that is many times exceeding the wing’s own area.  Crosswind kite power systems have some advantages over conventional wind turbines: access to more powerful and stable wind resource, high capacity factor, capability for deployment on and offshore at comparable costs, and no need for a tower.  Additionally, the wings of the CWKPS may vary in aerodynamic efficiency; the movement of crosswinding tethered wings is sometimes compared with the outer parts of conventional wind turbine blades.  However, a conventional traverse-to-wind rotating blade set carried aloft in a kite-power system has the blade set cutting to crosswind and is a form of crosswind kite power.  Miles L. Loyd furthered studies on crosswind kite power systems in his work "Crosswind Kite Power" in 1980.  Some believe that crosswind kite power was introduced by P. Payne and C. McCutchen in their patent No. 3,987,987, filed in 1975, however, crosswind kite power was used far before such patent, e.g., in target kites for war-target practice where the crosswinding power permitted high speeds to give practice to gunners.

Inverse gambler's fallacy: The inverse gambler's fallacy, named by philosopher Ian Hacking, is a formal fallacy of Bayesian inference which is an inverse of the better known gambler's fallacy.  It is the fallacy of concluding, on the basis of an unlikely outcome of a random process, that the process is likely to have occurred many times before.  For example, if one observes a pair of fair dice being rolled and turning up double sixes, it is wrong to suppose that this lends any support to the hypothesis that the dice have been rolled many times before.  We can see this from the Bayesian update rule: letting "U" denote the unlikely outcome of the random process and "M" the proposition that the process has occurred many times before, we have

Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy-Nemours: Marie Jeanne of Savoy (Marie Jeanne Baptiste; 11 April 1644 – 15 March 1724) was born a Princess of Savoy and became the Duchess of Savoy by marriage.  First married by proxy to Charles of Lorraine in 1662, Lorraine soon refused to recognise the union and it was annulled.  She married Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy in 1665 who was her kinsman.  The mother of the future Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia who saw the elevation of the House of Savoy to kings, she styled herself as Madama Reale or Madame Royale.  She acted as Regent of Savoy from 1675 in the name of her son Victor Amadeus II, who was her husband's successor.  Her regency officially ended in 1680, but she maintained power until her son banished her from further influence in the state in 1684.  She left a considerable architectural legacy in Turin, and was responsible for the remodelling of the Palazzo Madama, which was her private residence.  At the time of her death she was the mother of the King of Sardinia as well as great grandmother of two other kings, Louis I of Spain and Louis XV of France.

Bertha of Savoy: Bertha of Savoy (21 September 1051 – 27 December 1087), also called Bertha of Turin, a member of the Burgundian House of Savoy, was Queen consort of Germany from 1066 and Empress consort of the Holy Roman Empire from 1084 until 1087 as the first wife of the Salian emperor Henry IV.

Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor: Henry IV (German: "Heinrich IV" ; 11 November 1050 – 7 August 1106) ascended to King of the Germans in 1056.  From 1084 until his forced abdication in 1105, he was also referred to as the King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperor.  He was the third emperor of the Salian dynasty and one of the most powerful and important figures of the 11th century.  His reign was marked by the Investiture Controversy with the Papacy, and he was excommunicated five times by three different popes.  Several civil wars over his throne took place in both Italy and Germany.  He died of illness, soon after defeating his son's army near Visé, in Lorraine, France.

Isabella of Savoy: Isabella of Savoy (11 March 1591 – 28 August 1626) was a daughter of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy and Catherine Michelle of Spain.  Her maternal grandparents where Philip II of Spain and Elisabeth of Valois, her paternal grandparents were Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy and Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry.  She was the Hereditary Princess of Modena, dying before her husband succeeded to the Duchy of Modena in 1628.

Supporting paragraphs: Bertha of Savoy Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Answer: five