Question: What is the birthplace of this ancient Greek philosopher and scientist, who joined Plato's Academy at 17 and for whom Diodorus Cronus formulated an argument in response to his discussion on future contingents?

Context paragraphs:
Justice: Justice is the legal or philosophical theory by which fairness is administered.  The concept of justice differs in every culture.  An early theory of justice was set out by the Ancient Greek philosopher Plato in his work "The Republic".  Advocates of divine command theory argue that justice issues from God.  In the 17th century, theorists like John Locke argued for the theory of natural law.  Thinkers in the social contract tradition argued that justice is derived from the mutual agreement of everyone concerned.  In the 19th century, utilitarian thinkers including John Stuart Mill argued that justice is what has the best consequences.  Theories of distributive justice concern what is distributed, between whom they are to be distributed, and what is the "proper" distribution.  Egalitarians argued that justice can only exist within the coordinates of equality.  John Rawls used a social contract argument to show that justice, and especially distributive justice, is a form of fairness.  Property rights theorists (like Robert Nozick) take a deontological view of distributive justice and argue that property rights-based justice maximizes the overall wealth of an economic system.  Theories of retributive justice are concerned with punishment for wrongdoing.  Restorative justice (also sometimes called "reparative justice") is an approach to justice that focuses on restoring what is good, and necessarily focuses on the needs of victims and offenders.

Speusippus: Speusippus ( ; Greek: Σπεύσιππος ; c. 408 – 339/8 BC ) was an ancient Greek philosopher.  Speusippus was Plato's nephew by his sister Potone.  After Plato's death, Speusippus inherited the Academy and remained its head for the next eight years.  However, following a stroke, he passed the chair to Xenocrates.  Although the successor to Plato in the Academy, he frequently diverged from Plato's teachings.  He rejected Plato's Theory of Forms, and whereas Plato had identified the Good with the ultimate "principle", Speusippus maintained that the Good was merely secondary.  He also argued that it is impossible to have satisfactory knowledge of any thing without knowing all the differences by which it is separated from everything else.

Simmias of Thebes: Simmias of Thebes (Greek: Σιμμίας Θηβαῖος ; fl.  5th–4th century BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher, disciple of Socrates, and a friend of Cebes.  In his "Memorabilia", Xenophon includes him in the inner circle of Socrates' followers.  He appears in Plato's "Phaedo" as a main discussion partner of Socrates alongside Cebes, as well as "Crito", "Phaedrus", and "Epistile" "XIII".

Stilpo: Stilpo (or Stilpon; Greek: Στίλπων , gen.: Στίλπωνος; c. 360 – c. 280 BC ) was a Greek philosopher of the Megarian school.  He was a contemporary of Theophrastus, Diodorus Cronus, and Crates of Thebes.  None of his writings survive, he was interested in logic and dialectic, and he argued that the universal is fundamentally separated from the individual and concrete.  His ethical teachings approached that of the Cynics and Stoics.  His most important followers were Pyrrho, the founder of Pyrrhonism, and Zeno of Citium, the founder of Stoicism.

Aristotle: Aristotle ( ; Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης , , "Aristotélēs"; 384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidice, on the northern periphery of Classical Greece.  His father, Nicomachus, died when Aristotle was a child, whereafter Proxenus of Atarneus became his guardian.  At seventeen or eighteen years of age, he joined Plato's Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty-seven (c. 347 BC).  His writings cover many subjects – including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theater, music, rhetoric, linguistics, politics and government – and constitute the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy.  Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip II of Macedon, tutored Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC.

Philo the Dialectician: Philo the Dialectician (fl.  300 BC) was a dialectic philosopher of the Megarian school.  He is often called Philo of Megara although the city of his birth is unknown.  He is most famous for the disputes he had with his teacher Diodorus Cronus concerning the idea of the possible and the criteria of the truth of conditional statements.

Plato's tripartite theory of soul: Plato's tripartite theory of soul is a theory of psyche proposed by the ancient Greek philosopher Plato in his treatise the "Republic".  In "Republic", Plato asserted that the ("psyche") is composed of three parts; the ("logistykon", logical), the θυμοειδές ("thymoeides", spirited) and the ἐπιθυμητικόν ("epithymetikon", appetitive).  These three parts of the ψυχή also correspond to the three classes of a society.  Whether in a city or an individual, ("dikaiosyne", justice) is declared to be the state of the whole in which each part fulfills its function without attempting to interfere in the functions of others.  The function of the ἐπιθυμητικόν is to produce and seek pleasure.  The function of the λογιστικός is to gently rule through the love of learning.  The function of the θυμοειδές is to obey the directions of the λογιστικός while ferociously defending the whole from external invasion and internal disorder.  Whether in a city or an individual, ("adikia", injustice) is the contrary state of the whole, often taking the specific form in which the spirited listens instead to the appetitive, while they together either ignore the logical entirely or employ it in their pursuits of pleasure.

Diodorus Cronus: Diodorus Cronus (Greek: Διόδωρος Κρόνος ; died c. 284 BCE ) was a Greek philosopher and dialectician connected to the Megarian school.  He was most notable for logic innovations, including his master argument formulated in response to Aristotle's discussion of future contingents.

Crito: Crito ( or ; Ancient Greek: Κρίτων ] ) is a dialogue by the ancient Greek philosopher Plato.  It depicts a conversation between Socrates and his wealthy friend Crito regarding justice (δικαιοσύνη), injustice (ἀδικία), and the appropriate response to injustice.  Socrates thinks that injustice may not be answered with injustice, and refuses Crito's offer to finance his escape from prison.  The dialogue contains an ancient statement of the social contract theory of government.

Stagira (ancient city): Stagira ( ), Stagirus ( ), or Stageira (Greek: Στάγειρα or Στάγειρος ) was an ancient Greek city, located in central Macedonia, near the eastern coast of the peninsula of Chalkidice, and is chiefly known for being the birthplace of Aristotle, who was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.  The city lies approximately 8 km north northeast of the present-day village of Stagira, close to the town of Olympiada.

Supporting paragraphs: Diodorus Cronus Aristotle
Answer: Stagira, Chalkidice