Question: Hollow Man was nominated for an Academy Award for Visual Effects in 2001, but lost to a film directed by who?

Context paragraphs:
AACTA Award for Best Visual Effects or Animation: The AACTA Award for Best Visual Effects or Animation (previously Best Visual Effects) is an award presented by the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA) for achievements in visual effects in film, television, documentary and short film.  The award was first presented by the Australian Film Institute (AFI)at the Australian Film Institute Awards (known commonly as the AFI Awards) from 2006-2010, prior to the establishment of the Academy.  In 2014 the award for Best Visual Effects was renamed Best Visual Effects or Animation.  Additionally, this category is now open to any film, television or documentary production, regardless of geography, which has had 100% of its visual effects and animation made in Australia.

Carey Villegas: Carey Villegas is a visual effects artist who was nominated at the 83rd Academy Awards in the category of Best Visual Effects, for the film "Alice in Wonderland".  His nomination was shared with Sean Phillips, Ken Ralston and David Schaub.  Also for Alice in Wonderland, Carey won the 2010 Golden Satellite Award for Best Visual Effects and was nominated for the British Academy Award (BAFTA), Critics Choice Award, Saturn Award, and the Visual Effects Society Award (VES) for "Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects Driven Motion Picture".

Paul Franklin (visual effects supervisor): Paul J. Franklin is an English visual effects supervisor who has worked with visual effects since the 1990s.  He is known for his long-running working relationship with director Christopher Nolan which dates back to "Batman Begins" (2005).  Franklin won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects and the BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects for "Inception" (2010), and won a second Academy Award for Best Visual Effects for "Interstellar" (2014).  He shared the wins with Andrew Lockley, Peter Bebb, and Chris Corbould.  Franklin has also been nominated for an Academy Award for "The Dark Knight" (2008).  He was nominated for BAFTA Awards for "Batman Begins", "The Dark Knight" (2008), and "The Dark Knight Rises" (2012).

Christopher Townsend: Christopher Townsend is a visual effects supervisor.  He has worked in the visual effects industry for over 20 years.  For over a decade, he was an artist and supervisor at Industrial Light and Magic, and in 2007 became a freelance visual effects supervisor.  He worked on "Journey to the Center of the Earth", the first ever stereoscopic motion picture shot and released digitally, "Wolverine", "Ninja Assassin", "" and "".  He was nominated for a BAFTA and an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects for his work on "Iron Man 3", oversaw nearly 3000 shots on "" and was the overall supervisor for "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol.  2".  In 2015 he was given an Honorary Doctor of Arts degree by his alma mater, Coventry University.

John Nelson (visual effects artist): John Nelson (born July 21, 1953 in Detroit, Michigan) is a Visual effects supervisor and a 1976 graduate of the University of Michigan.  He won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 73rd Academy Awards, for his work on the film "Gladiator".  He was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects for supervising the visual effects in the films "I, Robot" and "Iron Man".

John Richardson (special effects designer): John Richardson (born 1946 in England) is a British special effects supervisor.  He is best known for his work on the "James Bond" film series (at least "Casino Royale", "Moonraker", "Octopussy", "A View to a Kill" and "Die Another Day"), all the "Harry Potter" film series (2001-2011), "A Bridge Too Far" (1977) and "Aliens" (1986).  For the latter, he won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 1987 ceremony.  He won the BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects for his work on the film "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2" (2011), for which he was also nominated for an Academy Award at the 2012 ceremony.

Hollow Man: Hollow Man is a 2000 American-German science fiction horror film directed by Paul Verhoeven and starring Kevin Bacon, Elisabeth Shue and Josh Brolin.  Bacon portrays the title character, a scientist who renders himself invisible, only to go on a killing spree after going violently insane, a story inspired by H. G. Wells' novel "The Invisible Man".  The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Visual Effects in 2001, but lost to "Gladiator".

Stan Parks: Stan Parks is a visual effects artist.  He was nominated at the 73rd Academy Awards for his work on the film "Hollow Man".  He shared his nomination with Scott E. Anderson, Craig Hayes and Scott Stokdyk.  This was in the category of Best Visual Effects.

Scanline VFX: Scanline VFX is a visual effects company with offices in Los Angeles, Vancouver and Munich.  The company is known for its proprietary, in-house fluid effects software Flowline, which is used in various fluid effects like water and fire.  Scanline was sole developer for Flowline, for which it received a 2008 Scientific and Technical Achievement Academy Award.  In 2008, the company was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Achievement in Visual Effects for its work on director Clint Eastwood's "Hereafter", for which it was the sole visual effects vendor.  The company works mainly in feature films and TV movies, and offers VFX, 3D animated features and post-production services.

Gladiator (2000 film): Gladiator is a 2000 American epic historical drama film directed by Ridley Scott and written by David Franzoni, John Logan, and William Nicholson.  It stars Russell Crowe, Joaquin Phoenix, Connie Nielsen, Ralf Möller, Oliver Reed (in his final role), Djimon Hounsou, Derek Jacobi, John Shrapnel, and Richard Harris.  Crowe portrays Hispano-Roman general Maximus Decimus Meridius, who is betrayed when Commodus, the ambitious son of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, murders his father and seizes the throne.  Reduced to slavery, Maximus rises through the ranks of the gladiatorial arena to avenge the murders of his family and his emperor.

Supporting paragraphs: Hollow Man Gladiator (2000 film)
Answer: Ridley Scott