Question: Who used the term "band of brothers" originally from Shakespeare's play about the King of England, in reference to his captains at the Battle of the Nile?

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Thomas Jenkins (headmaster): Thomas Jenkins was the headmaster of the King Edward VI Grammar School in Stratford-upon-Avon in England starting in 1575.  As such, his claim to fame is that William Shakespeare is considered likely to have been one of his students.  No school records from the period survive; however, Jenkins is believed to have been of Welsh extraction, and a Welsh schoolmaster Sir Hugh Evans features in Shakespeare's play "The Merry Wives of Windsor".  Jenkins would have taught Shakespeare Latin grammar and literature.  It has been speculated that Jenkins taught, and awakened in Shakespeare, an interest in the legendary history of the British Isles, and as such influenced Shakespeare to create plays featuring this material, such as "King Lear" and "Cymbeline".

Neelwafurat.com: Neelwafurat.com (Arabic نيل و فرات.كوم) is an Internet e-commerce website, similar to amazon.com, which serves primarily the Middle East and Arab World.  The company sells books, magazines, films and software.  It was founded and launched in 1998, and was part of a large boom in Arab World use of e-commerce.  The name Neelwafurat is a term referring to the Nile and Euphrates rivers (neel means "Nile", "wa" is a phonetic spelling of the specific letter waw, and furat means "Euphrates").  This is a reference to the Amazon.com connection with the Amazon River.

British Marine Art (Romantic Era): Marine art was especially popular in Britain during the Romantic Era, and taken up readily by British artists in part because of England's geographical form (an island).  This article deals with marine art as a specialized genre practised by artists who did little or nothing else, and does not cover the marine works of the leading painters of the period, such as, and above all, J.M.W. Turner.  The tradition of British marine art as a specialized genre with a strong emphasis on the shipping depicted began in large part with the artists Willem Van de Velde the Elder and his son, called the Younger in the early 18th century.  The Van Veldes, originally from Holland, moved to England to work for King Charles II).  By the 17th century, marine art was commissioned mostly by merchant seamen and naval officers and created by marine art specialists (rather than artists in general).  In part, marine art served as a visual portrayal of Britain's power on the sea and as a way of historically documenting battles and the like.  As British sea captains began to recognize the ability of marine artists to bring Britain's success on the sea to the public on land, some took on an active role in supporting this type of artwork.  For example, marine artist Robert Cleveley was hired Captain William Locker to work in HMS Thames as a clerk, and Captain Locker, interested in employing artists, is believed to have played a significant role in encouraging Cleveley to work as a marine painter.  Captains would act as marine artists' patrons, commissioning them to paint portraits of themselves and pictures depicting important battles.  A few significant marine artists who were supported in this way by naval officers are (among others) Nicholas Pocock, Thomas Luny, and George Chambers.  William Hodges, for example, who was trained to draw at William Shipley's Academy (studying under Richard Wilson), was hired by the Admiralty to finish his pictures from Cook's 1772 voyage for publication upon reaching home in 1775.  Captains also commissioned artists to paint portraits of their ships.

Henry V (play): Henry V is a history play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written around 1599.  It tells the story of King Henry V of England, focusing on events immediately before and after the Battle of Agincourt (1415) during the Hundred Years' War.  In the First Quarto text, it was entitled "The Cronicle History of Henry the fift", which became "The Life of Henry the Fifth" in the First Folio text.

The Scottish Play: The Scottish Play and The Bard's Play are euphemisms for William Shakespeare's "Macbeth".  The first is a reference to the play's Scottish setting, the second a reference to Shakespeare's popular nickname.  According to a theatrical superstition, called the "Scottish curse", speaking the name "Macbeth" inside a theatre will cause disaster.  A variation of the superstition also forbids quoting it within a theatre except as part of an actual rehearsal or performance of the play.

Relative change and difference: In any quantitative science, the terms relative change and relative difference are used to compare two quantities while taking into account the "sizes" of the things being compared.  The comparison is expressed as a ratio and is a unitless number.  By multiplying these ratios by 100 they can be expressed as percentages so the terms percentage change, percent(age) difference, or relative percentage difference are also commonly used.  The distinction between "change" and "difference" depends on whether or not one of the quantities being compared is considered a "standard" or "reference" or "starting" value.  When this occurs, the term "relative change" (with respect to the reference value) is used and otherwise the term "relative difference" is preferred.  Relative difference is often used as a quantitative indicator of quality assurance and quality control for repeated measurements where the outcomes are expected to be the same.  A special case of percent change (relative change expressed as a percentage) called "percent error" occurs in measuring situations where the reference value is the accepted or actual value (perhaps theoretically determined) and the value being compared to it is experimentally determined (by measurement).

Short S.80: The Short S.80 was an early British floatplane built by Short Brothers for Frank McClean to undertake an aerial expedition up the Nile to investigate the cataracts between Aswan and Khartoum.  After a successful flight to Khartoum it was returned to England, where it was used for training by the RNAS.  When built it was the largest successful aircraft that had been constructed in Britain.  It was also known as the Short Nile Pusher Biplane Seaplane.

Peak coal: The term Peak coal is used to refer to the point in time at which coal production and consumption reaches its maximum, after which, it is assumed, production and consumption will decline steadily.  The term was originally used in connection with M. King Hubbert's Hubbert peak theory, in which the finite nature of the resource determines a constraint on production.  However, since the expansion of renewable energy particularly in electricity generation, the term is now commonly used with reference to a peak in coal demand, which may already have occurred.

Nelson's band of brothers: "Band of brothers" was a phrase used by Rear-Admiral Horatio Nelson to refer to the captains under his command just before and at the Battle of the Nile in 1798.  The phrase, taken from Shakespeare's St Crispin's Day Speech of "Henry V", later came to be more generally applied to his relationship with the captains and men under his command, such as at the Battle of Trafalgar.

Crazy Ivan: Crazy Ivan is a cold war term used in the US to describe two different concepts.  The most common usage was the name given to a maneuver used by Soviet submarines to clear their baffles to see if they were being followed.  The second use was a catch-all term for the possibility of a rogue Soviet leader committing to military action, typically in reference to a limited launch of ICBMs against the US.  The term Red October was sometimes used to describe the second concept, a reference to the 1984 Tom Clancy novel "The Hunt for Red October" in which a rogue Soviet submarine commander appears to threaten to launch a nuclear strike on the US.  The novel uses the first version of the term as a plot point.

Supporting paragraphs: Nelson's band of brothers Henry V (play)
Answer: Rear-Admiral Horatio Nelson