Question: What was the name of the essay written in 1919 by a German sociologist, philosopher, jurist, and political economist claiming that the state is the "only human Gemeinschaft which lays claim to the monopoly on the legitimated use of physical force>?

Context paragraphs:
Franz Oppenheimer: Franz Oppenheimer (March 30, 1864 – September 30, 1943) was a German sociologist and political economist, who published also in the area of the fundamental sociology of the state.

Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft: Gemeinschaft (] ) and Gesellschaft (] ), generally translated as "community and society", are categories which were used by the German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies in order to categorize social ties into two dichotomous sociological types which define each other.  Max Weber, who is generally recognized as being a founding figure in sociology, also wrote extensively about the relationship between "Gemeinschaft" and "Gesellschaft".  Weber wrote in direct response to Tönnies.

Science as a Vocation: Science as a Vocation (German: "Wissenschaft als Beruf") is the text of a lecture given in 1917 at Munich University by German sociologist and political economist Max Weber.  The original version was published in German, but at least two translations in English exist.  "Science as a Vocation" is the first of the two "Vocation" lectures Weber delivered.  The second lecture was "Politics as a Vocation" which was delivered in January 1919, also in Munich.

Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act: The Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act (FACE or the Access Act, Pub.  L. No. 103-259, 108 Stat.  694) (May 26, 1994, ) is a United States law that was signed by President Bill Clinton in May 1994, which prohibits the following three things: (1) the use of physical force, threat of physical force, or physical obstruction to intentionally injure, intimidate, interfere with or attempt to injure, intimidate or interfere with any person who is obtaining reproductive health services or providing reproductive health services (this portion of the law typically refers to abortion clinics), (2) the use of physical force, threat of physical force, or physical obstruction to intentionally injure, intimidate, interfere with or attempt to injure, intimidate or interfere with any person who is exercising or trying to exercise their First Amendment right of religious freedom at a place of religious worship, (3) the intentional damage or destruction of a reproductive health care facility or a place of worship.

Legitimation crisis: Legitimation crisis refers to a decline in the confidence of administrative functions, institutions, or leadership.  The term was first introduced in 1973 by Jürgen Habermas, a German sociologist and philosopher.  Habermas expanded upon the concept, claiming that with a legitimation crisis, an institution or organization does not have the administrative capabilities to maintain or establish structures effective in achieving their end goals.  The term itself has been generalized by other scholars to refer not only to the political realm, but to organizational and institutional structures as well.  While there is not unanimity among social scientists when claiming that a legitimation crisis exists, a predominant way of measuring a legitimation crisis is to consider public attitudes toward the organization in question.

Hamlet and His Problems: Hamlet and His Problems is an essay written by T.S. Eliot in 1919 that offers a critical reading of "Hamlet".  The essay first appeared in Eliot's "The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism" in 1920.  It was later reprinted by Faber & Faber in 1932 in "Selected Essays, 1917-1932".  Eliot's critique gained attention partly due to his claim that "Hamlet" is "most certainly an artistic failure".  Eliot also popularised the concept of the objective correlative—a mechanism used to evoke emotion in an audience—in the essay.  The essay is also an example of Eliot's use of what became known as new criticism.

Monopoly on violence: The monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force, also known as the monopoly on violence (German: "Gewaltmonopol des Staates" ), is a core concept of modern public law, which goes back to Jean Bodin's 1576 work "Les Six livres de la République" and Thomas Hobbes' 1651 book "Leviathan".  As the defining conception of the state, it was first described in sociology by Max Weber in his essay "Politics as a Vocation" (1919).  Weber claims that the state is the "only human Gemeinschaft which lays claim to the monopoly on the legitimated use of physical force.  However, this monopoly is limited to a certain geographical area, and in fact this limitation to a particular area is one of the things that defines a state."  In other words, Weber describes the state as any organization that succeeds in holding the exclusive right to use, threaten, or authorize physical force against residents of its territory.  Such a monopoly, according to Weber, must occur via a process of legitimation.

Max Weber: Maximilian Karl Emil "Max" Weber (] ; 21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920) was a German sociologist, philosopher, jurist, and political economist.  His ideas profoundly influenced social theory and social research.  Weber is often cited, with Émile Durkheim and Karl Marx, as among the three founders of sociology.  Weber was a key proponent of methodological antipositivism, arguing for the study of social action through interpretive (rather than purely empiricist) means, based on understanding the purpose and meaning that individuals attach to their own actions.  Unlike Durkheim, he did not believe in monocausality and rather proposed that for any outcome there can be multiple causes.

Ferdinand Tönnies: Ferdinand Tönnies (] ; 26 July 1855, near Oldenswort, Eiderstedt, North Frisia, Schleswig – 9 April 1936, Kiel, Germany) was a German sociologist and philosopher.  He was a major contributor to sociological theory and field studies, best known for his distinction between two types of social groups, Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft.  He co-founded the German Society for Sociology, of which he was president from 1909 to 1933, after which he was ousted for having criticized the Nazis.  Tönnies was considered the first German sociologist proper, published over 900 works and contributed to many areas of sociology and philosophy.

Albert Schäffle: Albert Eberhard Friedrich Schäffle (24 February 183125 December 1903) was a German sociologist, political economist, and newspaper editor.

Supporting paragraphs: Monopoly on violence Max Weber
Answer: "Politics as a Vocation"