Question: Which modern day states were a part of the 14th century Turco-Mongol empire?

Context paragraphs:
The Syrian World: The Syrian World was a short-lived magazine devoted to the celebration and cultural diffusion of Syria, which at the time consisted and referred to the modern day states and territories of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Palestine.  It was the first English-language magazine in the USA, which was established by a Syrian immigrant.  The magazine was headquartered in New York City.

Mali Empire: The Mali Empire (Manding: "Nyeni" or "Niani"; also historically referred to as the Manden Kurufaba, sometimes shortened to Manden) was an empire in West Africa from 1230 to 1670.  The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Musa Keita.  The Manding languages were spoken in the empire.  It was the largest empire in West Africa and profoundly influenced the culture of West Africa through the spread of its language, laws and customs.  Much of the recorded information about the Mali Empire comes from 14th century North African Arab historian Ibn Khaldun, 14th century Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta and 16th century Moroccan traveller Leo Africanus.  The other major source of information is Mandinka oral tradition, through storytellers known as griots.

Mughal emperors: The Mughal emperors, from the early 16th century to the early 18th century, built and ruled the Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent, mainly corresponding to the modern countries of Bangladesh, India and Pakistan.  The Mughals were a branch of the Timurid dynasty.  Their power rapidly dwindled during the 18th century and the last of the emperors was deposed in 1857, with the establishment of the British Raj.  The dynasty had Turco-Mongol roots from a Central Asian area now part of modern-day Uzbekistan, and the emperors claimed direct descent from both Timur (generally known in the West as Tamerlane the Great) and Genghis Khan, through his son Chagatai Khan.

Turco-Mongol tradition: The Turco-Mongol or Turko-Mongol tradition was a cultural synthesis that arose during the early 14th century, among the ruling elites of Mongol Empire successor states such as the Chagatai Khanate and Golden Horde.  These elites adopted Turkic languages and different religions such as Buddhism and Islam, while retaining Mongol political and legal institutions.  Many later Central Asian states drew heavily on this tradition, including the Timurid Empire, the Kazakh Khanate, the Khanate of Kazan, the Nogai Khanate, the Crimean Khanate, and the Mughal Empire.

Founding of modern Singapore: A significant port and settlement, known as Temasek, later renamed Singapura, existed on the island of Singapore in the 14th century.  Vietnamese records indicate possible diplomatic relationship between Temasek and Vietnam in the 13th century, and Chinese documents describe settlements there in the 14th century.  It was likely a vassal state of both the Majapahit Empire and the Siamese at different times in the 14th century.  Around the end of the 14th century, its ruler Parameswara was attacked by either the Majapahit or the Siamese, forcing him to move on to Melaka where he founded the Sultanate of Malacca, Archaeological evidence suggests that the main settlement on Fort Canning was abandoned around this time, although a small-scale trading settlement continued in Singapore for some time afterwards.  Between the 16th and 19th centuries, the Malay archipelago was gradually taken over by the European colonial powers, beginning with the Portuguese conquest of Malacca Sultanate in 1511.  In 1613, the Portuguese burnt down a trading settlement at the mouth of the Singapore River, after which Singapore lapsed into insignificance in the history of the region for two hundred years.

San Francesco, Lodi: San Francesco is a church in Lodi, Lombardy, northern Italy, dating to the late 13th century.  Its main peculiarity are the two "open sky" double mullioned windows in the façade, which are the first example of a model often repeated in northern Italy in the 14th and 15th centuries.

Asaf Jahi Dynasty: The Asaf Jahi (Hindi: आसफ़ जाहि, Urdu: ) was a Turkic dynasty from the region around Samarkand in modern day Uzbekistan.  The family came to India in the late 17th century, and became employees of the Mughal Empire.  As the Mughals, Turco-Mongol origin, were great patron of Persian culture , language, literature: the family found a ready patronage.

Timurid relations with Europe: Timurid relations with Europe developed in the early 15th century, as the Turco-Mongol ruler Timur (Tamerlane) and European monarchs attempted to operate a rapprochement against the expansionist Ottoman Empire.  Although the Timurid Mongols had been Muslim since the early 14th century, a strong hostility remained between them and the Ottoman Turks as well as the Egyptian Mamluks.

Intabulation: Intabulation, from the Italian word "intavolatura", refers to an arrangement of a vocal or ensemble piece for keyboard, lute, or other plucked string instrument, written in tablature.  It was a common practice in 14th–16th century keyboard and lute music.  A direct effect of intabulation was one of the early advantages of keyboards, the ability to render multiple instruments' music on one instrument.  The earliest intabulation is from the mid-14th century Robertsbridge Codex, also one of the first sources of keyboard music still in existence.  Some other early sources of intabulated music are the Faenza and Reina manuscripts (from the 14th century) and the Buxheim manuscript (from the 15th century).  The Faenza manuscript,the largest of these early manuscripts, written circa 1400, contains pieces written or transcribed in the 14th century, such as those by Francesco Landini and Guillaume de Machaut.  More than half of its pieces are intabulations.  The large Buxheim manuscript is dominated by intabulations, mainly of prominent composers of the time, including John Dunstaple, Gilles Binchois, Walter Frye, and Guillaume Dufay.  The term "intabulation" continued to be popular through the 16th century, but fell out of use in the early 17th century, though the practice continued.  The exception is the 16th- and 17th-century Italian keyboard pieces which included both vocal and instrumental music.  Intabulations contain all the vocal lines of a polyphonic piece, for the most part, although they are sometimes combined or redistributed in order to work better on the instrument the intabulation is intended for, and idiomatic ornaments are sometimes added.

Timurid Empire: The Timurid Empire (Persian: تیموریان‎ ‎ ), self-designated as Gurkani (Persian: گورکانیان‎ ‎ , "Gūrkāniyān"), was a Persianate Turco-Mongol empire comprising modern-day Iran, the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, as well as parts of contemporary Pakistan, Syria, and Turkey.

Supporting paragraphs: Turco-Mongol tradition Timurid Empire
Answer: Iran, the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, as well as parts of contemporary Pakistan, Syria, and Turkey