Question: Monetae cudendae ratio is a paper on coinage by which Renaissance- and Reformation-era mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe?

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Aristarchus of Samos: Aristarchus of Samos ( ; Greek: Ἀρίσταρχος ὁ Σάμιος , "Aristarkhos ho Samios"; c. 310 – c. 230 BC) was an ancient Greek astronomer and mathematician who presented the first known model that placed the Sun at the center of the known universe with the Earth revolving around it (see Solar system).  He was influenced by Philolaus of Croton, but Aristarchus identified the "central fire" with the Sun, and he put the other planets in their correct order of distance around the Sun.  Like Anaxagoras before him, he suspected that the stars were just other bodies like the Sun, albeit further away from Earth.  He was also the first one to deduce the rotation of earth on its axis.  His astronomical ideas were often rejected in favor of the incorrect geocentric theories of Aristotle and Ptolemy.  Nicolaus Copernicus had attributed the heliocentric theory to Aristarchus.

Milutin Milanković: Milutin Milanković (, pronounced ] ; 28 May 1879 – 12 December 1958) was a Serbian mathematician, astronomer, climatologist, geophysicist, civil engineer and popularizer of science.  Milanković gave two fundamental contributions to global science.  The first contribution is the "Canon of the Earth’s Insolation", which characterizes the climates of all the planets of the Solar system.  The second contribution is the explanation of Earth's long-term climate changes caused by changes in the position of the Earth in comparison to the Sun, now known as Milankovitch cycles.  This explained the ice ages occurring in the geological past of the Earth, as well as the climate changes on the Earth which can be expected in the future.  He founded planetary climatology by calculating temperatures of the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere as well as the temperature conditions on planets of the inner Solar system, Mercury, Venus, Mars, and the Moon, as well as the depth of the atmosphere of the outer planets.  He demonstrated the interrelatedness of celestial mechanics and the Earth sciences, and enabled consistent transition from celestial mechanics to the Earth sciences and transformation of descriptive sciences into exact ones.

John A. Eddy: John Allen "Jack" Eddy (March 25, 1931 – June 10, 2009) was an American astronomer who published professionally under the name John A. Eddy but much of the content referencing him can be found under his nickname Jack which he preferred to use.  In 1976 Dr. Eddy published a landmark paper in Science titled "The Maunder Minimum" where, using the Nineteenth Century works of Edward W. Maunder and Gustav Spörer, he identified a 70-year period from 1645 to 1715 as a time when solar activity all but stopped.  In making the case for the anomaly, he gathered and interpreted data from a wide variety of sources, including first-hand accounts from extant historical observations of the Sun going back to the telescopic observations of Galileo and other contemporary scientists of the 17th and early 18th centuries; from historical reports of the aurora borealis observed in past centuries in Europe and the New World; from visual observations of sunspots seen with the unaided eye at sunrise and sunset in dynastic records from the Orient; from existing descriptions of the eclipsed Sun; and from measurements of carbon-14 in dated tree-rings.  In the last of these, which can be used as a proxy indicator of solar activity, he found evidence of other similar periods of solar quiescence in the distant past, the most recent an even longer 90-year span, from about 1460 until 1550, which he named the Spörer Minimum.  Both the Maunder and Spörer minima fell during the coldest parts of the Little Ice Age, which suggested a meaningful connection between the longer term behavior of the Sun and of the Earth’s mean surface temperature.  In advancing the theory that the Sun is a variable star Eddy observed: "It has long been thought that the Sun is a constant star of regular and repeatable behavior.  Measurements of the radiative output, or solar constant, seem to justify the first assumption, and the record of periodicity in sunspot numbers is taken as evidence of the second.  Both records, however, sample only the most recent history of the Sun."

And yet it moves: "And yet it moves" or "Albeit it does move" (Italian: E pur si muove or Eppur si muove ] ) is a phrase attributed to the Italian mathematician, physicist and philosopher Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) in 1633 after being forced to recant his claims that the Earth moves around the immovable Sun rather than the converse during the Galileo affair.

Milü: The name Milü (; "detailed (approximation) ratio"), also known as Zulü (Zu's ratio), is given to an approximation to π (pi) found by Chinese mathematician and astronomer, Zǔ Chōngzhī (祖沖之).  Using Liu Hui's algorithm (which is based on the areas of regular polygons approximating a circle), Zu famously computed π to be between 3.1415926 and 3.1415927 and gave two rational approximations of π , and , naming them respectively Yuelü 约率 (approximate ratio) and Milü.

Copernican heliocentrism: Copernican heliocentrism is the name given to the astronomical model developed by Nicolaus Copernicus and published in 1543.  It positioned the Sun near the center of the Universe, motionless, with Earth and the other planets rotating around it in circular paths modified by epicycles and at uniform speeds.  The Copernican model departed from the Ptolemaic system that prevailed in Western culture for centuries, placing Earth at the center of the Universe, and is often regarded as the launching point to modern astronomy and the Scientific Revolution.

Paul Wittich: Paul Wittich (c.1546 – 9 January 1586) was a German mathematician and astronomer whose Capellan geoheliocentric model, in which the inner planets Mercury and Venus orbit the sun but the outer planets Mars, Jupiter and Saturn orbit the Earth, may have directly inspired Tycho Brahe's more radically heliocentric geoheliocentric model in which all the 5 known primary planets orbited the Sun, which in turn orbited the stationary Earth.

Monetae cudendae ratio: Monetae cudendae ratio (also spelled Monetæ cudendæ ratio; English: On the Minting of Coin or On the Striking of Coin; sometimes, Treatise on Money) is a paper on coinage by Nicolaus Copernicus (Polish: Mikołaj Kopernik).  It was written in 1526 at the request of Sigismund I the Old, King of Poland, and presented to the Prussian Diet.

Rare Earth (book): Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe is a 2000 popular science book about xenobiology by Peter Ward, a geologist and paleontologist, and Donald E. Brownlee, an astronomer and astrobiologist, both faculty members at the University of Washington.  The book is the origin of the term 'Rare Earth Hypothesis' which, like the book, asserts the concept that complex life is rare in the universe.  The book was eventually succeeded by a follow-up book called "The Life and Death of Planet Earth", also by Ward and Brownlee, which talks about the Earth's long term future and eventual demise under a warming and expanding Sun, showing readers the concept that planets like Earth have finite lifespans, and complex life is not just rare in space, but also rare in time, and is more likely to die out within a short time on geological timescales, while microbes dominate most of the planet's history.

Nicolaus Copernicus: Nicolaus Copernicus ( ; Polish: "Mikołaj Kopernik" ; German: "Nikolaus Kopernikus; Niklas Koppernigk" ; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance- and Reformation-era mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe, likely independently of Aristarchus of Samos, who had formulated such a model some eighteen centuries earlier.

Supporting paragraphs: Monetae cudendae ratio Nicolaus Copernicus
Answer: Nicolaus Copernicus