Question: Dark Girls is a 2012 documentary film by American filmmakers Bill Duke and D. Channsin Berry, it also reports on a new version of the 1940s black doll experiment by who, which were African-American psychologists who as a married team conducted important research among children and were active in the Civil Rights Movement?

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Colonel Stone Johnson: Colonel Stone Johnson (September 9, 1918 – January 19, 2012) was an African-American activist in the Civil Rights Movement.  A railway worker and union representative by trade, he got involved in the civil rights movement in Birmingham, Alabama in the mid 1950s, working with Fred Shuttlesworth.  He started a civil rights organization called the Civil Rights Guards that protected homes and business involved in the movement, usually while armed.

Jonathan Daniels: Jonathan Myrick Daniels (March 20, 1939 – August 20, 1965) was an Episcopal seminarian and civil rights activist.  In 1965 he was assassinated by a shotgun-wielding construction worker, Tom Coleman, who was a special county deputy, in Hayneville, Alabama while in the act of shielding 17-year-old Ruby Sales.  He saved the life of the young black civil rights activist.  They both were working in the Civil Rights Movement in Lowndes County to integrate public places and register black voters after passage of the Voting Rights Act that summer.  Daniels' death generated further support for the Civil Rights Movement.

Bobo doll experiment: The Bobo doll experiment was the collective name of experiments conducted by Albert Bandura in 1961 and 1963 when he studied children's behavior after watching an adult model act aggressively towards a Bobo doll, a toy that gets up by itself to a standing position when it is knocked down.  There are different variations of the experiment.  The most notable experiment measured the children's behavior after seeing the model get rewarded, get punished, or experience no consequence for beating up the bobo doll.  The experiments are empirical approaches to test Bandura's social learning theory.  The social learning theory claims that people learn through observing, imitating, and modeling.  It shows that people not only learn by being rewarded or punished (behaviorism), but they can also learn from watching somebody else being rewarded or punished (observational learning).  These experiments are important because they sparked many more studies on the effects of observational learning.  The studies not only give us new data, but this data has practical implications, e.g. how children can be influenced from watching violent media.

Kenneth and Mamie Clark: Kenneth Bancroft Clark (July 14, 1914 – May 1, 2005) and Mamie Phipps Clark (April 18, 1917 – August 11, 1983) were African-American psychologists who as a married team conducted important research among children and were active in the Civil Rights Movement.  They founded the Northside Center for Child Development in Harlem and the organization Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited (HARYOU).  Kenneth Clark also was an educator and professor at City College of New York, and first black president of the American Psychological Association.

Dark Girls: Dark Girls is a 2012 documentary film by American filmmakers Bill Duke and D. Channsin Berry.  It documents colorism based on skin tone among African Americans, a subject still considered taboo by many black Americans.  The film contains interviews with notable African Americans including Viola Davis.  It also reports on a new version of the 1940s black doll experiment by Kenneth and Mamie Clark, which proved that black children had internalized racism by having children select a white or a black doll (they typically chose white) based on questions asked.  In the updated version, black children favored light-skinned dolls over dark-skinned dolls.

Adelbert Ames Jr.: Adelbert Ames Jr. (August 19, 1880 – July 3, 1955) was an American scientist who made contributions to physics, physiology, ophthalmology, psychology, and philosophy.  He pioneered the study of physiological optics at Dartmouth College, serving as a research professor, then as director of research at the Dartmouth Eye Institute.  He conducted important research into aspects of binocular vision, including cyclophoria and aniseikonia.  Ames is perhaps best known for constructing illusions of visual perception, most notably the Ames room and the Ames window.  He was a leading light in the Transactionalist School of psychology and also made contributions to social psychology.

Doris Derby: Doris Derby is an activist, documentary photographer and retired adjunct associate professor of anthropology at the Georgia State University.  She was active in the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement, and her work discusses the themes of race and identity of African-Americans.  She was a working member of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (S.N.C.C.), as well as co-founder of the Free Southern Theater, and the founding director of the Office of African-American Student Services and Programs (O.A.A.S.S.P.).  Her photography has been exhibited throughout the United States.  Two of her photographs are in "Hands on the Freedom Plow: Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC", to which she also contributed an essay about her experiences in the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement.  Derby lives in Atlanta, Georgia with her husband, actor Bob Banks.  They are active leaders in their community and members of local and national organizations.

Septima Poinsette Clark: Septima Poinsette Clark (May 3, 1898 – December 15, 1987) was an American educator and civil rights activist.  Clark developed the literacy and citizenship workshops that played an important role in the drive for voting rights and civil rights for African Americans in the Civil Rights Movement.  Septima Clark's work was commonly under appreciated by Southern male activists.  She became known as the "Queen mother" or "Grandmother" of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States.  Martin Luther King, Jr. commonly referred to Clark as "The Mother of the Movement".  Clark's argument for her position in the Civil Rights Movement was one that claimed "knowledge could empower marginalized groups in ways that formal legal equality couldn't."

Black Power movement: The Black Power movement was a political movement to achieve a form of Black Power and the many philosophies it contains.  The movement saw various forms of activism some violent and some peaceful, all hoping to achieve black empowerment.  The Black Power movement also represented socialist movements, all with the general motivation of improving the standing of black people in society.  Originated during the Civil Rights Movement, some doubted the philosophy of the movement begging for more radical action, taking influences from Malcolm X.  The cornerstone of the movement was the Black Panther Party, a Black Power organization dedicated to socialism and the use of violence to achieve it.  The Black Power movement developed amidst the criticisms of the Civil Rights Movement in the early 1960s, and over time and into the 1970s, the movement grew and became more violent.  After years of violence, many left the movement and the police began arresting violent actors in the movement.  The Black Power movement also spilled out into the Caribbean creating the Black Power Revolution.

Long Civil Rights Movement: Long Civil Rights Movement is an argument advanced by American historian Jacquelyn Dowd Hall.  It was proposed in the article "The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past" within "The Journal of American History" in 2005.  Dowd had used the term in an earlier article titled, "Broadening Our View of the Civil Rights Movement" within the journal "The Chronicle of Higher Education" in 2001.  Since 2005, the long civil rights movement argument has attracted substantial attention from scholars and academics that study the Civil Rights Movement.

Supporting paragraphs: Dark Girls Kenneth and Mamie Clark
Answer: Kenneth and Mamie Clark