Question: What is the brand name of the injectable drug for type 2 diabetes that was marketed by a Danish multinational pharmaceutical company with a majority shareholder Novo Holdings A/S?

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EMA401: EMA401 was a drug under development for the treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain.  Trials were discontinued in 2015.  It was initially established as a potential drug option for patients suffering pain caused by postherpetic neuralgia.  It may also be useful for treating various types of chronic neuropathic pains caused by lesions and other diseases affecting the somatosensory system in addition to postherpetic neuralgia.  EMA401 has been implicated in alleviating pains associated with a host of neural abnormalities, ranging from excessive nerve sprouting due to damaged nerve caused by shingles, diabetes, osteoarthritis, HIV and chemotherapy.  EMA401 is a competitive antagonist of angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT R) being developed by the Australian biotechnology company Spinifex Pharmaceuticals.  It is the S-enantiomer form of the racemate drug EMA400.  Analgesic treatments currently available for pain disorders are unsuited for severe chronic neuropathic pains.  EMA401 is more effective and has virtually no central nervous system side effects in comparison to current drugs for pain relief, such as Neurotin and Lyrica.  Pain pathways of the other functional systems have major molecular and mechanistic differences compared to pain pathways of the peripheral nervous system.  EMA401 target proteins, angiotensin II type 2 receptors, are extremely important for nociception within the peripheral nervous system and less so for nociception within other functional systems.  EMA401 is the first drug on the market that targets angiotensin II type 2 receptors (AT R) with high affinity but has a low affinity for angiotensin II type 1 receptors.  Angiotensin II receptor antagonists that have existed in the pharmaceutical market have had higher affinities for angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT R) over type 2 receptors.  AT R are not involved with nociception.  AT R antagonists have been mostly used for the treatment of hypertension.

Melior Discovery: Melior Discovery, Inc. is a private biopharmaceutical company based in Exton, Pennsylvania, USA.  The company specializes in drug repositioning and has established a proprietary phenotypic screening platform that it uses for this purpose.  Melior also offers certain contract research organization (CRO) services comprising animal models representing different disease conditions.  The Company has issued press releases disclosing partnerships with Pfizer, Merck & Co., Johnson & Johnson, and AstraZeneca, all citing the use of the company’s drug repositioning technology.  Melior Discovery has also used its technology to discover its own drug candidates.  In March 2009 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the company’s Investigational New Drug (IND) application for a type 2 diabetes therapeutic candidate, MLR-1023.  In 2013 the company reported a licensing partnership with Bukwang Pharmaceutical Company LTD and the initiation of clinical trials in March 2015.  In June 2016 the company reported positive results from their Phase 2a clinical study in diabetic subjects

Novo Holdings A/S: Novo Holdings A/S (formerly known as Novo A/S) is a holding company in the Novo Group and is fully owned by the Novo Nordisk Foundation.  It is a majority shareholder in Novo Nordisk A/S and Novozymes A/S and manage the Novo Nordisk Foundation's financial assets.  Eivind Kolding succeeded Henrik Gürtler as CEO on 1 May 2014.  Eivind Kolding left Novo A/S in March 2016 and Kasim Katuy took over as CEO for the organisation.

Diabetes in dogs: Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which the beta cells of the endocrine pancreas either stop producing insulin or can no longer produce it in enough quantity for the body's needs.  The condition is commonly divided into two types, depending on the origin of the condition: Type 1 diabetes, sometimes called "juvenile diabetes", is caused by destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas.  The condition is also referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes, meaning exogenous insulin injections must replace the insulin the pancreas is no longer capable of producing for the body's needs.  Dogs can have insulin-dependent, or Type 1, diabetes; research finds no Type 2 diabetes in dogs.  Because of this, there is no possibility the permanently damaged pancreatic beta cells could re-activate to engender a remission as may be possible with some feline diabetes cases, where the primary type of diabetes is Type 2.  There is another less common form of diabetes, diabetes insipidus, which is a condition of insufficient antidiuretic hormone or resistance to it.

Saroglitazar: Saroglitazar (INN, trade name Lipaglyn) is a drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia.  It is approved for use in India by the Drug Controller General of India.  Saroglitazar is indicated for the treatment of diabetic dyslipidemia and hypertriglyceridemia with type 2 diabetes mellitus not controlled by statin therapy.  In clinical studies, saroglitazar has demonstrated reduction of triglycerides (TG), LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol and an increase in HDL cholesterol a characteristic hallmark of atherogenic diabetic dyslipidemia (ADD).  It has also shown favorable Anti-diabetic medication property by reducing the fasting plasma glucose and HBA in diabetes patients.  The recommended dose of saroglitazar is one tablet of 4 mg once a day.

Alogliptin: Alogliptin (trade name Nesina in the US and Vipidia in Europe) is an orally administered anti-diabetic drug in the DPP-4 inhibitor class, developed by Syrrx, a company which was acquired by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company in 2005.  Like other medications for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes, alogliptin does not decrease the risk of heart attack and stroke.  Like other members of the gliptin class, it causes little or no weight gain, exhibits relatively little risk of causing hypoglycemia, and exhibits relatively modest glucose-lowering activity.  Alogliptin and other gliptins are commonly used in combination with metformin in patients whose diabetes cannot adequately be controlled with metformin alone.  In April 2016, the U.S. FDA added a warning about increased risk of heart failure.

Diabetes management: The term "diabetes" includes several different metabolic disorders that all, if left untreated, result in abnormally high concentration of a sugar called glucose in the blood.  Diabetes mellitus type 1 results when the pancreas no longer produces significant amounts of the hormone insulin, usually owing to the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas.  Diabetes mellitus type 2, in contrast, is now thought to result from autoimmune attacks on the pancreas and/or insulin resistance.  The pancreas of a person with type 2 diabetes may be producing normal or even abnormally large amounts of insulin.  Other forms of diabetes mellitus, such as the various forms of maturity onset diabetes of the young, may represent some combination of insufficient insulin production and insulin resistance.  Some degree of insulin resistance may also be present in a person with type 1 diabetes.

Liraglutide: Liraglutide (NN2211) is a derivative of human incretin (metabolic hormone) glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) that is used as a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, binding to the same receptors as does the endogenous metabolic hormone GLP-1 that stimulates insulin secretion.  Marketed under the brand name Victoza, it is an injectable drug developed by Novo Nordisk for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.  In 2015, Novo Nordisk began marketing a separate strength in the U.S. and E.U. under the brand name Saxenda as a treatment for adults who are obese or overweight with at least one weight-related comorbid condition.

Novo Nordisk: Novo Nordisk is a Danish multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Bagsværd, Denmark, with production facilities in eight countries, and affiliates or offices in 75 countries.  Novo Nordisk is controlled by majority shareholder Novo Holdings A/S which holds approximately 25% of its shares and a supermajority (75%) of its voting shares.

Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults: Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA) is a form of diabetes mellitus type 1 that occurs in adulthood, often with a slower course of onset than type 1 diabetes diagnosed in juveniles.  Adults with LADA may initially be diagnosed incorrectly as having type 2 diabetes based on their age, particularly if they have risk factors for type 2 diabetes such as a strong family history or obesity.

Supporting paragraphs: Liraglutide Novo Nordisk
Answer: Victoza