Question: The author of Method of Fluxions was born in what year?

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Barbara Arrowsmith Young: Barbara Arrowsmith Young (born November 28, 1951) is a Canadian educator, author, entrepreneur and lecturer.  She is the founder of Arrowsmith School in Toronto and the controversial Arrowsmith Program which forms the basis of the school's teaching method.  In 2012 she published "The Woman Who Changed Her Brain" which combines an autobiographical account of her own severe learning disabilities and the method she developed to overcome them with case studies of learning disabled children who she claims overcame similar problems by using her method.

László Szombatfalvy: László Szombatfalvy (born 1927 in Budapest, Hungary) is a businessman and author living in Stockholm, Sweden.  Szombatfalvy fled to Sweden in 1956 following the Hungarian uprising of that year.  He arrived with two empty hands and worked initially in a variety of jobs including as a magician in the refugee camps, before gradually becoming interested in the stock market.  His interest in stock led to his development of a method of risk calculation for investments for which he became well known on the Swedish stock market.  In the late 1980s his interests turned toward entirely different matters and he withdrew from the market.  Over the past couple of years his attention has focused on the application of his risk assessment method to new fields.

Method of Fluxions: Method of Fluxions is a book by Isaac Newton.  The book was completed in 1671, and published in 1736.  Fluxion is Newton's term for a derivative.  He originally developed the method at Woolsthorpe Manor during the closing of Cambridge during the Great Plague of London from 1665 to 1667, but did not choose to make his findings known (similarly, his findings which eventually became the "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" were developed at this time and hidden from the world in Newton's notes for many years).  Gottfried Leibniz developed his form of calculus independently around 1673, 7 years after Newton had developed the basis for differential calculus, as seen in surviving documents like “the method of fluxions and fluents..." from 1666.  Leibniz however published his discovery of differential calculus in 1684, nine years before Newton formally published his fluxion notation form of calculus in part during 1693.  The calculus notation in use today is mostly that of Leibniz, although Newton's dot notation for differentiation formula_1 for denoting derivatives with respect to time is still in current use throughout mechanics and circuit analysis.

Lupus Protospatharius: Lupus Protospatharius Barensis was the reputed author of the "Chronicon rerum in regno Neapolitano gestarum" (also called "Annales Lupi Protospatharii"), a concise history of the Mezzogiorno from 805 to 1102.  He has only been named as the author since the seventeenth century.  Lupus, along with two other Bariot chronicles, the "Annales barenses" and the "Anonymi Barensis Chronicon", used some lost ancient annals of Bari up to 1051.  William of Apulia appears to have used these same annals.  Lupus also used the lost annals of Matera.  Perhaps most unusual to Lupus is his dating method.  He began his years in September and so places events of the latter half of a given year in the next year.

Adam Carmer: Adam Carmer (born April 3, 1966) is a Las Vegas-based entrepreneur, professor, and author.  He is the original owner and creator of The Freakin' Frog and the founder and curator of The Whisky Attic.  He is the author of the book "The Method", and the inventor of CSTEM, the Carmer Spirits Tasting Enhancement Method, an alternate method for tasting spirits and wine.

Sharon Gannon: Sharon Gannon (born July 4, 1951 in Washington, D.C.) is a yoga teacher, animal rights advocate, musician, author, dancer/choreographer and painter.  Along with David Life, she is the co-founder of the Jivamukti Yoga Method which contributed to the exponential rise in popularity of yoga in the west during the late 20th century.  The Jivamukti Yoga Method distinguishes itself as a path to enlightenment by promoting compassion for all beings, challenging the modern belief that enslaving and exploiting animals and the natural world is our right as the dominant species.  The Jivamukti Yoga Method teaches its students that they must be willing to promote the happiness of all beings without exception if they wish to realize their fullest capacity for joy.  Jivamukti students are encouraged to adopt a diet that eliminates all animal products (vegan) as this is the diet that causes the least amount of harm to the earth and other beings, humans included.  Core to the teachings of Jivamukti Yoga is the concept of shunyata or (emptiness) which is found in the ancient yogic scriptures.  This idea can be simply stated as: everything you see and experience in the world comes from your perception of it.  If you want to change someone or to change the world, you start by changing yourself by changing your views.  When you begin to embrace this concept and put it into practice then you cannot find solace in complaining or blaming others.  You are freed from seeing yourself as a victim of others or of circumstances.  According to Gannon: "How you treat others will determine how others treat you.  How others treat you will determine how you see yourself.  How you see yourself will determine who you are."

Kay Arthur: Kay Lee Arthur (born November 11, 1933) is an international Bible teacher, four-time ECPA Christian Book Award winning author, and co-CEO of Precept Ministries International.  Kay has systematized studying the Bible, developing a set of steps to follow so as to "mine" the details of the given book under study.  Being systematized, it is accessible to lay persons, rather than scholars only.  Her method has been used by thousands, being taught and utilized in small to medium-sized home study groups.  This method does not teach anything as to what the book under study teaches, but guides the process of the student discovering what is within it.  This method relies heavily on inductive study, the process of building the picture from the details.  Her method of Bible study, as well as her Bible teaching, her championing of the Inductive Bible Study Method, and her national and international media broadcasts have inspired many others to study the Bible methodically.

Carmine de Laurentiis: Carmine de Laurentiis was a 19th-Century Italian mandolinist, musical educator, author and composer who taught mandolin and guitar in Naples.  His only well-known student was Carlo Munier.  He wrote a mandolin method, "Metodo per Mandolino", that was published in Milan in 1874, reported the following year in the "Musical World".  The article mentioning Laurentiis' method talked about the decline of the mandolin, calling the mandolin "entirely out of fashion."

Woolsthorpe Manor: Woolsthorpe Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, near Grantham, Lincolnshire, England, is the birthplace and was the family home of Sir Isaac Newton.  He was born there on 25 December 1642 (old calendar).  At that time it was a yeoman's farmstead, principally rearing sheep.

Charles Hayes (mathematician): Charles Hayes (1678–1760) was an English mathematician and chronologist, author of an early book on the method of fluxions.  He was also a long-term official and defender of the Royal African Company, one of the earliest slave-trading companies established in Britain.

Supporting paragraphs: Method of Fluxions Woolsthorpe Manor
Answer: 1642