Question: The 1996 book by Henry Louis Gates and Cornel West is a commentary and criticism on an influential essay first pulished in what year?

Context paragraphs:
Black orientalism: Black orientalism is an intellectual and cultural movement found primarily within African-American circles.  While similar to the general movement of Orientalism in its negative outlook upon Western Asian - especially Arab - culture and religion, it differs in both its emphasis upon the role of the Arab slave trade and the Coolie slave trade in the historic dialogue between sub-Saharan Africa and the Arab - and greater Muslim - world, as well as a lack of colonial promotion over the Middle East region as was promoted by European orientalism in the same region.  The term "black orientalism" was first used by Kenyan academic Ali Mazrui in his critique of Henry Louis Gates, Jr.'s documentary "Wonders of the African World".  Supporters of this movement include writers such as Chinweizu.

Finding Your Roots: Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates Jr. is a PBS television series hosted by Henry Louis Gates Jr.  The first season aired on PBS from March 25 to May 20 of 2012.  It was broadcast in the 8–9 p.m time slot (EDT).  The series returned for a second season on September 23, 2014 and finished on November 25, 2014.  Season three began airing on January 5, 2016, concluding on March 8, 2016.  Season four is set to air on October 3, 2017.

The Signifying Monkey: The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of African-American Literary Criticism is a work of literary criticism and theory by American scholar Henry Louis Gates Jr. first published in 1988.  The book traces the folkloric origins of the African-American cultural practice of “signifying” and uses the concept of Signifyin(g) to analyze the interplay between texts of prominent African-American writers, specifically Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison, Zora Neale Hurston and Ishmael Reed.

The Future of the Race: The Future of the Race is a 1996 book by prominent African-American scholars Henry Louis Gates and Cornel West.  It is both commentary and criticism on W. E. B. Du Bois' essay "The Talented Tenth" .  The Vintage Books edition includes the original text by Du Bois.

The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross: The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross is an award-winning six-part Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) public television series written and presented by Harvard University scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr. It aired for the first time in the fall of 2013, beginning with episode 1, "The Black Atlantic (1500-1800)", on October 22, from 8-9 p.m. ET on PBS, and every consecutive Tuesday through to episode 6, "A More Perfect Union (1968-2013)", on November 26.  The companion book to the series, "The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross" (SmileyBooks, 2013), was co-authored by Gates and historian Donald Yacovone.  The two-DVD set of the series was released in January 2014.

God's Trombones: God's Trombones: Seven Negro Sermons in Verse is a 1927 book of poems by James Weldon Johnson patterned after traditional African-American religious oratory.  African-American scholars Henry Louis Gates and Cornel West have identified the collection as one of Johnson's two most notable works, the other being "Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man".

The Talented Tenth: The Talented Tenth is a term that designated a leadership class of African Americans in the early 20th century.  The term was created by Northern philanthropists, then publicized by W. E. B. Du Bois in an influential essay of the same name, which he published in September 1903.  It appeared in "The Negro Problem", a collection of essays written by leading African Americans.

Harriet E. Wilson: Harriet E. Wilson (March 15, 1825 – June 28, 1900) is considered the first female African-American novelist, as well as the first African American of any gender to publish a novel on the North American continent.  Her novel "Our Nig, or Sketches from the Life of a Free Black" was published anonymously in 1859 in Boston, Massachusetts, and was not widely known.  The novel was discovered in 1982 by the scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr., who documented it as the first African-American novel published in the United States.  The novel, "The Bondwoman's Narrative" by Hannah Crafts, published for the first time in 2002, may have been written before Wilson's book.

Joe Nickell: Joe Nickell (born December 1, 1944) is an American prominent skeptic and investigator of the paranormal.  He has helped expose such famous forgeries as the purported diary of Jack the Ripper.  In 2002 he was one of a number of experts asked by scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr. to evaluate the authenticity of the manuscript of Hannah Crafts' "The Bondwoman's Narrative" (1853–1860), possibly the first novel by an African-American woman.  At the request of document dealer and historian, Seth Keller, Nickell analyzed documentation in the dispute over the authorship of "The Night Before Christmas", ultimately supporting the Clement Clarke Moore claim.

Piedmont, West Virginia: Piedmont is a town in Mineral County, West Virginia, US.  It is part of the 'Cumberland, MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area'.  The population was 876 at the 2010 census.  Piedmont was chartered in 1856 and the town is the subject of "Colored People: A Memoir" by Piedmont native Henry Louis Gates, Jr.

Supporting paragraphs: The Future of the Race The Talented Tenth
Answer: 1903