Question: The holonomic brain theory, developed by neuroscientist Karl Pribram initially in collaboration with who, which was American scientist who has been described as one of the most significant theoretical physicists of the 20th century and who contributed unorthodox ideas to quantum theory, neuropsychology and the philosophy of mind?

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Pragmatic theory of information: The pragmatic theory of information is derived from Charles Sanders Peirce's general theory of signs and inquiry.  Peirce explored a number of ideas about information throughout his career.  One set of ideas is about the "laws of information" having to do with the "logical properties of information".  Another set of ideas about "time and thought" have to do with the "dynamic properties of inquiry".  All of these ideas contribute to the pragmatic theory of inquiry.  Peirce set forth many of these ideas very early in his career, periodically returning to them on scattered occasions until the end, and they appear to be implicit in much of his later work on the logic of science and the theory of signs, but he never developed their implications to the fullest extent.  The 20th century thinker Ernst Ulrich and his wife Christine von Weizsäcker reviewed the pragmatics of information; their work is reviewed by Gennert.

History of ecology: Ecology is a new science and considered as an important branch of biological science, having only become prominent during the second half of the 20th century.  Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics.  Its history stems all the way back to the 4th century.  One of the first ecologists whose writings survive may have been Aristotle or perhaps his student, Theophrastus, both of whom had interest in many species of animals and plants.  Theophrastus described interrelationships between animals and their environment as early as the 4th century BC.  Ecology developed substantially in the 18th and 19th century.  It began with Carl Linnaeus and his work with the economy of nature.  Soon after came Alexander von Humboldt and his work with botanical geography.  Alfred Russel Wallace and Karl Möbius then contributed with the notion of biocoenosis.  Eugenius Warming’s work with ecological plant geography led to the founding of ecology as a discipline.  Charles Darwin’s work also contributed to the science of ecology, and Darwin is often attributed with progressing the discipline more than anyone else in its young history.  Ecological thought expanded even more in the early 20th century.  Major contributions included: Eduard Suess’ and Vladimir Vernadsky’s work with the biosphere, Arthur Tansley’s ecosystem, Charles Elton's "Animal Ecology", and Henry Cowles ecological succession.  Ecology influenced the social sciences and humanities.  Human ecology began in the early 20th century and it recognized humans as an ecological factor.  Later James Lovelock advanced views on earth as a macro-organism with the Gaia hypothesis.  Conservation stemmed from the science of ecology.  Important figures and movements include Shelford and the ESA, National Environmental Policy act, George Perkins Marsh, Theodore Roosevelt, Stephen A. Forbes, and post-Dust Bowl conservation.  Later in the 20th century world governments collaborated on man’s effects on the biosphere and Earth’s environment.

Holonomic brain theory: The holonomic brain theory, developed by neuroscientist Karl Pribram initially in collaboration with physicist David Bohm, is a model of human cognition that describes the brain as a holographic storage network.  Pribram suggests these processes involve electric oscillations in the brain's fine-fibered dendritic webs, which are different from the more commonly known action potentials involving axons and synapses.  These oscillations are waves and create wave interference patterns in which memory is encoded naturally, and the waves may be analyzed by a Fourier transform.  Gabor, Pribram and others noted the similarities between these brain processes and the storage of information in a hologram, which can also be analyzed with a Fourier transform.  In a hologram, any part of the hologram with sufficient size contains the whole of the stored information.  In this theory, a piece of a long-term memory is similarly distributed over a dendritic arbor so that each part of the dendritic network contains all the information stored over the entire network.  This model allows for important aspects of human consciousness, including the fast associative memory that allows for connections between different pieces of stored information and the non-locality of memory storage (a specific memory is not stored in a specific location, i.e. a certain neuron).

Dirac Medal: The Dirac Prize is the name of four awards in the field of theoretical physics, computational chemistry, and mathematics, awarded by different organizations, named in honour of Professor Paul Dirac, one of the great theoretical physicists of the 20th century.

Donald O. Hebb: Donald Olding Hebb FRS (July 22, 1904 – August 20, 1985) was a Canadian psychologist who was influential in the area of neuropsychology, where he sought to understand how the function of neurons contributed to psychological processes such as learning.  He is best known for his theory of Hebbian learning, which he introduced in his classic 1949 work "The Organization of Behavior".  He has been described as the father of neuropsychology and neural networks.  A "Review of General Psychology" survey, published in 2002, ranked Hebb as the 19th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.  His views on learning described behavior and thought in terms of brain function, explaining cognitive processes in terms of connections between neuron assemblies.

David Bohm: David Joseph Bohm FRS (December 20, 1917 – October 27, 1992) was an American scientist who has been described as one of the most significant theoretical physicists of the 20th century and who contributed unorthodox ideas to quantum theory, neuropsychology and the philosophy of mind.

Pascual Jordan: Ernst Pascual Jordan (] ; 18 October 1902 – 31 July 1980) was a theoretical and mathematical physicist who made significant contributions to quantum mechanics and quantum field theory.  He contributed much to the mathematical form of matrix mechanics, and developed canonical anticommutation relations for fermions.  While the Jordan algebra is employed for and is still used in studying the mathematical and conceptual foundations of quantum theory, it has found other mathematical applications.

Surrealist automatism: Surrealist automatism is a method of art making in which the artist suppresses conscious control over the making process, allowing the unconscious mind to have great sway.  Early 20th century Dadaists, such as Hans Arp, made some use of this method through chance operations.  Surrealist artists, most notably André Masson, adapted to art the automatic writing method of André Breton and Philippe Soupault who composed with it "Les Champs Magnétiques" (The Magnetic Fields) in 1919. " The Automatic Message" (1933) was one of Breton's significant theoretical works about automatism.

Feynman diagram: In theoretical physics, Feynman diagrams are pictorial representations of the mathematical expressions describing the behavior of subatomic particles.  The scheme is named after its inventor, American physicist Richard Feynman, and was first introduced in 1948.  The interaction of sub-atomic particles can be complex and difficult to understand intuitively.  Feynman diagrams give a simple visualization of what would otherwise be a rather arcane and abstract formula.  As David Kaiser writes, "since the middle of the 20th century, theoretical physicists have increasingly turned to this tool to help them undertake critical calculations", and so "Feynman diagrams have revolutionized nearly every aspect of theoretical physics".  While the diagrams are applied primarily to quantum field theory, they can also be used in other fields, such as solid-state theory.

Albert Einstein: Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist.  Einstein developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics).  Einstein's work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science.  Einstein is best known by the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula "E" = "mc" (which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation").  He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect", a pivotal step in the evolution of quantum theory.

Supporting paragraphs: Holonomic brain theory David Bohm
Answer: David Bohm