Question: In what year did the archaeologist that conducted early 20th century excavations at The Fortress of Al-Ukhaidir, die?

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Rockdale (Fallston, Maryland): Rockdale, also known as The Robinson/Stirling Place, is a historic home and farm complex located at Fallston, Harford County, Maryland, United States.  It is a farm developed from the late 18th century through the early 20th century.  The dwelling is in three parts.  The east room of the east wing is the earliest section dating from the 18th century.  The largest or main portion of the dwelling dates from between 1815 and 1830.  The north wing, a bay centered in the south façade of the second story, and a small conservatory, date from the very early 20th century.  The main house is five bays in length, two and a half stories, of stone construction, stuccoed and scored.  The home is surrounded by several outbuildings, trees, and other plantings, and the remains of formal gardens and garden structures developed in the early 20th century.  It was the residence of William E. Robinson (1860-1935), an entrepreneur in the local canning industry.

History of ecology: Ecology is a new science and considered as an important branch of biological science, having only become prominent during the second half of the 20th century.  Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics.  Its history stems all the way back to the 4th century.  One of the first ecologists whose writings survive may have been Aristotle or perhaps his student, Theophrastus, both of whom had interest in many species of animals and plants.  Theophrastus described interrelationships between animals and their environment as early as the 4th century BC.  Ecology developed substantially in the 18th and 19th century.  It began with Carl Linnaeus and his work with the economy of nature.  Soon after came Alexander von Humboldt and his work with botanical geography.  Alfred Russel Wallace and Karl Möbius then contributed with the notion of biocoenosis.  Eugenius Warming’s work with ecological plant geography led to the founding of ecology as a discipline.  Charles Darwin’s work also contributed to the science of ecology, and Darwin is often attributed with progressing the discipline more than anyone else in its young history.  Ecological thought expanded even more in the early 20th century.  Major contributions included: Eduard Suess’ and Vladimir Vernadsky’s work with the biosphere, Arthur Tansley’s ecosystem, Charles Elton's "Animal Ecology", and Henry Cowles ecological succession.  Ecology influenced the social sciences and humanities.  Human ecology began in the early 20th century and it recognized humans as an ecological factor.  Later James Lovelock advanced views on earth as a macro-organism with the Gaia hypothesis.  Conservation stemmed from the science of ecology.  Important figures and movements include Shelford and the ESA, National Environmental Policy act, George Perkins Marsh, Theodore Roosevelt, Stephen A. Forbes, and post-Dust Bowl conservation.  Later in the 20th century world governments collaborated on man’s effects on the biosphere and Earth’s environment.

John Garstang: John Garstang (5 May 1876 – 12 September 1956) was a British archaeologist of the ancient Near East, especially Anatolia and the southern Levant.  He was the younger brother of Professor Walter Garstang, FRS, a marine biologist and zoologist.  Garstang is considered a pioneer in the development of scientific practices in archaeology as he kept detailed records of his excavations with extensive photographic records, which was a comparatively rare practice in early 20th century archaeology

Randlev and Hesselbjerg: The archaeological sites Randlev and Hesselbjerg refer to two closely related excavations done throughout the 20th century near the village of Randlev in the Odder Municipality of Denmark, three kilometers southeast of the town of Odder.  Randlev is known primarily for its Romanesque church constructed sometime around 1100 A.D. Hesselbjerg refers to the large Viking-Age cemetery discovered on the Hesselbjerg family farm and the site Randlev refers to the nearby settlement from the same period.  Although both Randlev and Hesselbjerg were contemporaneous and encompass a similar area, Hesselbjerg refers more specifically to the 104 graves discovered prior to the later excavation at the site Randlev, which pertains to the Viking Age (approximately 850 A.D. – 1050 A.D.) settlement.  The settlement consisted of a farm complex that was likely active during the ninth and tenth centuries; finds from the site such as silver hoards and elaborate jewelry indicate that the farm was likely prosperous, a conjecture which is supported by the extremely fertile land surrounding the area.  Artifacts were found in the vicinity of the Hesselbjerg and Randlev sites as early as 1932 when a local farmer discovered a silver hoard, but serious excavations were not conducted until 1963.  These excavations ended in 1970; however, Moesgård Museum returned to the site in 1997 and continued analysis until 2010.

Antonios Keramopoulos: Antonios Keramopoulos (Greek: Αντώνιος Κεραμόπουλος ; Vlasti, 1870 – Athens, 13 May 1960) was a Greek archaeologist.  He conducted numerous excavations studying Mycenean and classical Greek antiquities during the early 20th century, including excavations at the Agora of Athens and at the palace of Mycenae.  He also wrote studies about later Greek history.  Among other things, he became known as a proponent of the theory of an autochthonous Greek origin of the Vlachs in Greece.

Royal palace of Werla: The Royal Palace of Werla (German: "Königspfalz Werla") is located near Werlaburgdorf (municipality: Schladen-Werla) in Lower Saxony.  The grounds of the royal palace cover about 20 hectares rising atop Kreuzberg hill, a 17 m high natural plateau overlooking the Oker river.  In the Early Middle Ages the palace was an important place in the Holy Roman Empire, serving as an important base for the Ottonians in the 10th century in particular.  Although it subsequently lost its political significance to the newly established Imperial Palace of Goslar at Rammelsberg, it developed into an independent settlement with a busy industrial quarter.  In the 14th century it fell into ruin and was completely unknown until its rediscovery in the 18th century.  The core fortress in particular was thoroughly excavated in the 20th century.  Excavations carried out since 2007 have brought new understanding to the hitherto largely unexplored outworks.  Since 2010 the palace complex with foundation and enceinte, as well as earthworks, has been partially reconstructed and is now open to the public as the "Archäologie- und Landschaftspark Kaiserpfalz Werla" (Archaeological and Wilderness Park of the Imperial Palace of Werla).

Al-Ukhaidir Fortress: The Fortress of Al-Ukhaidir or Abbasid palace of Ukhaider is located roughly 50 km south of Karbala, Iraq.  It is a large, rectangular fortress erected in 775 AD with a unique defensive style.  Constructed by the Abbasid caliph As-Saffah's nephew Isa ibn Musa, Ukhaidir represents Abbasid architectural innovation in the structures of its courtyards, residences and mosque.  Excavations at Ukhaidir were conducted in the early 20th century by Gertrude Bell.  Ukhaidir was an important stop on regional trade routes, similar to Atshan and Mujdah.  The complex comprises a primary hall, a large Iwan, a reception hall and servants quarters.  The fortress exemplifies Abbasid architecture in Iraq by demonstrating the "despotic and the pleasure-loving character of the dynasty" in its grand size but cramped living quarters.

Margherita Guarducci: Margherita Guarducci (20 December 1902, in Florence – 2 September 1999, in Rome) was an Italian archaeologist, classical scholar and epigrapher.  She was a major figure in several crucial moments of the 20th century academic community.  A student of Federico Halbherr, she edited his works after his death.  She was the first woman to lead archaeological excavations at the Vatican, succeeding Ludwig Kaas, and completed the excavations on Saint Peter's tomb, discovering relics she asserted were those of Saint Peter.  She has asserted that the inscription on the Praeneste fibula is a forgery.

Archaeological Museum of Savona: The Archaeological Museum of Savona (Museo storico archeologico di Savona) is located in Palazzo della Loggia inside the Priamar Fortress.  It presents the history of the Priamar promontory and the town of Savona.  On the exposition are old collections of objects from around the Mediterranean and artifacts from the 20th century excavations of the fortress and its surrounding (especially ceramic products of the region).  The museum has two floors and inside it is possible to see original excavation pits.

Gertrude Bell: Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell, CBE (14 July 1868 – 12 July 1926) was an English writer, traveller, political officer, administrator, and archaeologist who explored, mapped, and became highly influential to British imperial policy-making due to her knowledge and contacts, built up through extensive travels in Greater Syria, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, and Arabia.  Along with T. E. Lawrence, Bell helped support the Hashemite dynasties in what is today Jordan as well as in Iraq.

Supporting paragraphs: Al-Ukhaidir Fortress Gertrude Bell
Answer: 1926