Question: In his youth, Porter Sargent's family moved to a ranch in which city in California, among the professors who influenced him were Nathaniel Shaler, he was an American paleontologist and geologist who wrote extensively on the theological and scientific implications of the theory of evolution?

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Edward Drinker Cope: Edward Drinker Cope (July 28, 1840 – April 12, 1897) was an American paleontologist and comparative anatomist, as well as a noted herpetologist and ichthyologist.  He was a founder of the Neo-Lamarckism school of thought.  Born to a wealthy Quaker family, Cope distinguished himself as a child prodigy interested in science; he published his first scientific paper at the age of 19.  Though his father tried to raise Cope as a gentleman farmer, he eventually acquiesced to his son's scientific aspirations.  Cope married his cousin and had one child; the family moved from Philadelphia to Haddonfield, New Jersey, although Cope would maintain a residence and museum in Philadelphia in his later years.

George Gaylord Simpson: George Gaylord Simpson (June 16, 1902 – October 6, 1984) was a US paleontologist.  Simpson was perhaps the most influential paleontologist of the twentieth century, and a major participant in the modern synthesis, contributing "Tempo and mode in evolution" (1944), "The meaning of evolution" (1949) and "The major features of evolution" (1953).  He was an expert on extinct mammals and their intercontinental migrations.  He anticipated such concepts as punctuated equilibrium (in "Tempo and mode") and dispelled the myth that the evolution of the horse was a linear process culminating in the modern "Equus caballus".  He coined the word "hypodigm" in 1940, and published extensively on the taxonomy of fossil and extant mammals.  Simpson was influentially, and incorrectly, opposed to Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift.

Marshall Kay: Marshall Kay (November 10, 1904 – September 4, 1975) was a geologist and professor at Columbia University.  He is best known for his studies of the Ordovician of New York, Newfoundland, and Nevada, but his studies were global and he published widely on the stratigraphy of the middle and upper Ordovician.  Kay's careful fieldwork provided much geological evidence for the theory of continental drift.  He was awarded the Penrose Medal in 1971.  Less well known is his work for the Manhattan project, as a geologist searching for manganese deposits.  Marshall's son Robert Kay of Cornell University and son-in-law Robert Berner of Yale University are also geology professors.  His son Richard Kay of Duke University is a biological anthropologist and vertebrate paleontologist.

Shaler Cliffs: Shaler Cliffs ( ) is a rock cliffs 2 miles (3.2 km) east-southeast of Charpentier Pyramid, rising to 1,000 m in the north part of Herbert Mountains, Shackleton Range.  Photographed from the air by the U.S. Navy, 1967, and surveyed by British Antarctic Survey (BAS), 1968-71.  In association with the names of glacial geologists grouped in this area, named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) after Nathaniel S. Shaler (1841-1906), American geologist, joint author with geographer William Morris Davis of Glaciers (Boston, 1881) and of papers on glacial geology, 1884-92.

Rhachitomi: Rhachitomi is a group of temnospondyl amphibians that includes all temnospondyls except edopoids and dendrerpetontids.  It was established as a clade name by German paleontologist Rainer R. Schoch in 2013, although the name had first been established in 1919 by British paleontologist D. M. S. Watson to encompass an evolutionary grade of temnospondyls leading to the group Stereospondyli.  American paleontologist Alfred Romer used the term in a similar sense, grouping most Permian and Triassic temnospondyls under Rhachitomi.  A similar name that appeared earlier in the scientific literature is Rachitomi, which was named by American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope in 1882.  Rachitomi was commonly used in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century to include early amphibians such as "Eryops" and "Archegosaurus" that had rhachitomous vertebrae.  Many early tetrapods have vertebrae that are split into two parts below the notochord: a pleurocentrum and an intercentrum.  In rhachitomous vertebrae, the intercentrum is large and semicircular, while the pleurocentrum divided into two smaller paired elements.  Schoch defined Rhachitomi as a node-based taxon to include four major and well-supported clades of temnospondyls: Dvinosauria, Eryopidae, Stereospondyli and a clade formed by Zatracheidae and Dissorophoidea.  Not all members of Rhachitomi have rhachitomous vertebrae; the largest subgroup, Stereospondyli, lacks pleurocentra.  Below is a cladogram from Schoch's analysis showing the placement of Rhachitomi within Temnospondyli:

Nathaniel Shaler: Nathaniel Southgate Shaler (February 20, 1841 – April 10, 1906) was an American paleontologist and geologist who wrote extensively on the theological and scientific implications of the theory of evolution.

Porter Sargent: In his youth, Sargent's family moved to a ranch in San Bernardino, California.  In 1892, he became principal of a San Bernardino grammar school.  The next year he went to study at Harvard University, where he obtained his bachelor's (1896) and masters (1897).  Among the professors who influenced him were William James, Nathaniel Shaler, Charles Eliot Norton, and William Gilson Farlow.  After graduation, Sargent taught school in Cambridge, and did graduate research on neurology, publishing 10 scientific papers, but quitting before he received his doctorate.  For a decade beginning in 1904, Sargent ran a travel school for boys, in which he led tours to Europe and other parts of the world.

Allison R. Palmer: Allison Ralph (Pete) Palmer (9 January 1927 in Bound Brook, New Jersey) is an American paleontologist and geologist.  His work has focused on the Cambrian period.  He has had a career of nearly fifty years as a geologist with the United States Geological Survey and universities.  The author of some 137 scientific articles, his research has been important in understanding of the origin and evolution of life on Earth.

Phreatophasma: Phreatophasma is an extinct genus of tetrapod from the Middle Permian of European Russia.  It includes only one species, Phreatophasma aenigmatum, which is itself known from a single femur found in a mine near the town of Belebei in Bashkortostan.  "Phreatophasma" comes from a fossil assemblage that is latest Ufimian to earliest Kazanian in age under the Russian stratigraphic scheme, correlating with the Roadian Age (earliest Middle Permian, about 270 million years ago) under the international stratigraphic timescale.  Because the species is based on a single specimen with few diagnostic anatomical features, uncertainty remains as to where it belongs in tetrapod phylogeny; originally interpreted in 1954 as an enigmatic "theromorph" synapsid (hence its species name "aenigmatum") by Soviet paleontologist Ivan Yefremov, "Phreatophasma" was later described as a therapsid "incertae sedis" by American paleontologist Alfred Romer in 1956 and then as a member of a basal synapsid family called Caseidae starting with Everett C. Olson in 1962.  Olson's classification was later supported by Canadian paleontologist Robert Reisz in 1986 and American paleontologist Robert L. Carroll in 1988.  Ivakhneneko "et al." (1997) and Maddin "et al." (2008) both considered "Phreatophasma" an indeterminate synapsid.

Donald Prothero: Donald Ross Prothero (February 21, 1954) is an American paleontologist, geologist, and author who specializes in mammalian paleontology.  His research has been in the field of magnetostratigraphy, a technique to date rock layers of the Cenozoic era and its use to date the climate changes which occurred 30-40 million years ago.  He is the author or editor of more than 30 books and over 250 scientific papers, including five geology textbooks.

Supporting paragraphs: Porter Sargent Nathaniel Shaler
Answer: San Bernardino