Question: What 2006 criminal case led by Mike Nifong was the basis of an episode of "Law & Order"?

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Alejandra Matus: Alejandra Matus Acuña is a Chilean journalist and writer.  In 1999 she published "El libro negro de la justicia chilena" (lit.  "The Black Book of Chilean Justice").  The available copies of the book were confiscated one day before the planned release and Matus was accused by Servando Jordán, minister of the Supreme Court of Chile, of the delict of "desacato" ("contempt") invoking the article 6-B of the Ley de Seguridad del Estado (State Security Law).  This prompted Matus to apply for –and receive– political asylum in the United States.  The case led to the "desacato" article to be removed from the law with the new Ley de Prensa (Press Law) that was signed on May 25 of 2001 which allowed Matus to return to Chile.  Despite the new law the book continued to be banned until October 2001 when Corte de Apelaciones removed the ban.

St. John's lacrosse case: The St. John's lacrosse case was a 1990 criminal case in which some members of the St. John's University men's lacrosse team were accused of raping an African American female.  The St. John's Lacrosse rape case was a sports scandal that caused significant controversy within the school, amongst feminists, New York City, and the lacrosse community.  This case was a predecessor to the Duke lacrosse case.  The case was the basis of a "Law & Order" episode called "Out of Control".

Sathavathani Sheikh Thambi Pavalar: Sheikh Thambi Pavalar (Tamil: செய்கு தம்பி பாவலர் ) (1874–1950) was a Tamil poet, scholar and an Indian independence activist.  He was born on 31 July 1874 as the third son of Pakeer Meeran sahib and Ameena.  He had his earlier education at Edalakudy.  He was also a good orator.  He learned Arabic language in his early age and was a disciple of Sankaranarayana Pattariar, a Tamil scholar lived in Kottar.  He was well versed in ‘Kamba Ramayana’.  In the year 1859, he worked as the editor of two Tamil magazines namely ‘Yatharthavadhi’ and ‘Islamic Mithran’ in Chennai.  He wrote and published books - Kottatru Pillai Tamil, Alahappa Kovai, Pathirruppaththu Anthathi, Deavalogathu criminal case, Vedantha vivahara criminal case and also wrote commentaries of ‘Seerapuranam’, which contained 5,027 poems.

Criminal Case (video game): Criminal Case (commonly abbreviated as "CC") is a detective-themed hidden object game released on November 15, 2012 for Facebook.  An iOS version was released worldwide on August 28, 2014, followed by an Android version on April 15, 2015.  Developed and published by French indie studio Pretty Simple, "Criminal Case" has over ten million average monthly users.  "Criminal Case" has become a very popular game since the start of 2013 and also has been highly competitive with "Candy Crush Saga", the most popular game on Facebook with over 46 million average monthly users.  On December 9, 2013, "Criminal Case" was crowned the Facebook Game of the Year 2013, surpassing "Candy Crush".

Adolf Beck case: The Adolf Beck case was a notorious incident of wrongful conviction by mistaken identity, brought about by unreliable methods of identification, erroneous eyewitness testimony, and a rush to convict the accused.  As one of the best known causes célèbres of its time, the case led to the creation of the English Court of Criminal Appeal in 1907.

Insanity defense: The insanity defense, also known as the mental disorder defense, is a defense by excuse in a criminal case, arguing that the defendant is not responsible for their actions due to an episodic or persistent psychiatric disease at the time of the criminal act.  This is contrasted with an excuse of provocation, in which defendant is responsible, but the responsibility is lessened due to a temporary mental state.  It is also contrasted with a finding that a defendant cannot stand trial in a criminal case because a mental disease prevents them from effectively assisting council, from a civil finding in trusts and estates where a will is nullified because it was made when a mental disorder prevented a testator from recognizing the natural objects of their bounty, and from involuntary civil commitment to a mental institution, when a person is found to be gravely disabled or to be a danger to themselves or to others.

Martha Gonzalez: Martha Sulay González (or Marta Solay González) (1971 – June 11, 2007) was a Colombian woman whose case led to significant reforms in abortion law in that country: as a direct response to the Gonzalez case, the Constitutional Court decriminalized abortion under specific circumstances - most notably, the circumstance of significant risk to the mother's life.

Winny copyright infringement case: Winny copyright infringement criminal case in Japan was a Japanese criminal case in which Isamu Kaneko, the developer of P2P file-sharing program Winny, was indicted for aiding in copyright infringement.  This was the first case in which a computer program developer faced a criminal charge for assisting in the copyright infringement of the program's users.  In 2006, the Kyoto District Court found Kaneko guilty and fined him ¥1.5 million.  On appeal, the Osaka High Court in 2009 overturned the lower court's decision, acquitting Kaneko.  Finally, in 2011, the Supreme Court of Japan upheld the acquittal, holding that Kaneko did not intentionally induce infringement and was therefore not responsible for the users' unlawful actions.

Duke lacrosse case: The Duke lacrosse case was a 2006 criminal case in which three members of the Duke University men's lacrosse team were falsely accused of rape.  The case evoked varied responses from the media, faculty groups, students, the community, and others.  The case's resolution sparked public discussion of racism, media bias, and due process on campuses, and ultimately led to the resignation and disbarment of the lead prosecutor, Durham County District Attorney Mike Nifong.

Ex parte Crow Dog: Ex parte Crow Dog, 109 U.S. 556 (1883) , is a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States that followed the death of one member of a Native American tribe at the hands of another on reservation land.  Crow Dog was a member of the Brulé band of the Lakota Sioux.  On August 5, 1881 he shot and killed Spotted Tail, a Lakota chief; there are different accounts of the background to the killing.  The tribal council dealt with the incident according to Sioux tradition, and Crow Dog paid restitution to the dead man's family.  However, the U.S. authorities then prosecuted Crow Dog for murder in a federal court.  He was found guilty and sentenced to hang.  The Supreme Court held that unless authorized by Congress, federal courts had no jurisdiction to try cases where the offense had already been tried by the tribal council.  Crow Dog was therefore released.  This case was the first time in history that an Indian was held on trial for the murder of another Indian.  The case led to the Major Crimes Act in 1885, which placed some major crimes (initially seven, now 15) under federal jurisdiction if committed by an Indian against another Indian on a reservation or tribal land.  This case was the beginning of the plenary power legal doctrine that has been used in Indian case law to limit tribal sovereignty.

Supporting paragraphs: St. John's lacrosse case Duke lacrosse case
Answer: The Duke lacrosse case