Question: What was the 2014 population size of the Brazilian city where the band  Cavaleiros do Forró formed?

Context paragraphs:
Cavaleiros do Forró: Cavaleiros do Forró is a Brazilian Forró band formed in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte in 2004.  The group has sold more than 2.5 million albums.

Stepwise mutation model: The stepwise mutation model (SMM) is a mathematical theory, developed by Motoo Kimura and Tomoko Ohta, that allows for investigation of the equilibrium distribution of allelic frequencies in a finite population where neutral alleles are produced in step-wise fashion.  The original model assumes that if an allele has a mutation that causes it to change in state, mutations that occur in repetitive regions of the genome will increase or decrease by a single repeat unit at a fixed rate (i.e. by the addition or subtraction of one repeat unit per generation) and these changes in allele states are expressed by an integer (. . . A-1, A, A1, . .  .) .  The model also assumes random mating and that all alleles are selectively equivalent for each locus.  The SMM is distinguished from the Kimura-Crow model, also known as the infinite alleles model (IAM), in that as the population size increases to infinity, while the product of the N (effective population size) and the mutation rate is fixed, the mean number of different alleles in the population rapidly reaches a peak and plateaus, at which time that value is almost the same as the effective number of alleles.

Natal, Rio Grande do Norte: Natal (] , "Christmas") is the capital and largest city of the state Rio Grande do Norte, located in northeastern Brazil.  According to IBGE's July 2014 report, the city had a total population of 862,044, while Greater Natal had 1,485,505 inhabitants.

Flat-headed cat: The flat-headed cat ("Prionailurus planiceps") is a small wild cat patchily distributed in the Thai-Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra.  Since 2008, it has been listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List due to destruction of wetlands in its habitat.  It is suspected that the effective population size could be fewer than 2,500 mature individuals, with no subpopulation having an effective population size larger than 250 adult individuals.

Effective population size: The effective population size is the number of individuals that an idealised population would need to have, in order for some specified quantity of interest to be the same in the idealised population as in the real population.  Idealised populations are based on unrealistic but convenient simplifications such as random mating, simultaneous birth of each new generation, constant population size, and equal numbers of children per parent.  While in some simple scenarios, the effective population size can be equal to the number of breeding individuals in the population, for most quantities of interest and most real populations, the census population size "N" of a real population is usually larger than the effective population size "N".  The same population may have multiple effective population sizes, for different properties of interest, including for different genetic loci.

Cavaleiros do Forró - O Filme ao vivo em Natal: O Filme ao vivo em Natal is the first live album by the Brazilian band Cavaleiros do Forró, released in 2005.  The album was recorded during a single concert performed on November 28, 2004, at Estádio Machadão in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte.

Sample size determination: Sample size determination is the act of choosing the number of observations or replicates to include in a statistical sample.  The sample size is an important feature of any empirical study in which the goal is to make inferences about a population from a sample.  In practice, the sample size used in a study is determined based on the expense of data collection, and the need to have sufficient statistical power.  In complicated studies there may be several different sample sizes involved in the study: for example, in a stratified survey there would be different sample sizes for each stratum.  In a census, data are collected on the entire population, hence the sample size is equal to the population size.  In experimental design, where a study may be divided into different treatment groups, this may be different sample sizes for each group.

Watterson estimator: In population genetics, the Watterson estimator is a method for describing the genetic diversity in a population.  It is estimated by counting the number of polymorphic sites.  It is a measure of the "population mutation rate" (the product of the effective population size and the neutral mutation rate) from the observed nucleotide diversity of a population.  formula_1, where formula_2 is the effective population size and formula_3 is the per-generation mutation rate of the population of interest ( ).  The assumptions made are that there is a sample of formula_4 haploid individuals from the population of interest, that there are infinitely many sites capable of varying (so that mutations never overlay or reverse one another), and that formula_5.

Genetic monitoring: Genetic monitoring is the use of molecular markers to (i) identify individuals, species or populations, or (ii) to quantify changes in population genetic metrics (such as effective population size, genetic diversity and population size) over time.  Genetic monitoring can thus be used to detect changes in species abundance and/or diversity, and has become an important tool in both conservation and livestock management.  The types of molecular markers used to monitor populations are most commonly mitochondrial, microsatellites or single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), while earlier studies also used allozyme data.  Species gene diversity is also recognized as an important biodiversity metric for implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity.

Rural Canada: Rural Canada has many faces and many dimensions (social, cultural, economic, etc.) but the common element of most conceptualizations of "rural" is the spatial dimension.  Rural is primarily low population density, small population size, and distance from high population density and big size.  Not surprisingly, the prevailing definitions of “rural” (in Canada as in most countries) emphasize this spatial dimension.  Rural Canada is usually defined by measures of population density, population size and distance from major agglomerations.

Supporting paragraphs: Cavaleiros do Forró Natal, Rio Grande do Norte
Answer: 862,044