Question: What disease does Minkowski Prize and Oskar Minkowski have in common?

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Testicular sarcoidosis: Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease of unknown cause that results in the formation of non-caseating granulomas in multiple organs.  The prevalence is higher among blacks than whites by a ratio of 20:1.  Usually the disease is localized to the chest, but urogenital involvement is found in 0.2% of clinically diagnosed cases and 5% of those diagnosed at necropsy.  The kidney is the most frequently affected urogenital organ, followed in men by the epididymis.  Testicular sarcoidosis can present as a diffuse painless scrotal mass or can mimic acute epididymo-orchitis.  Usually it appears with systemic manifestations of the disease.  Since it causes occlusion and fibrosis of the ductus epididymis, fertility may be affected.  On ultrasound, the hypoechogenicity and ‘infiltrative’ pattern seen in the present case are recognized features.  Opinions differ on the need for histological proof, with reports of limited biopsy and frozen section, radical orchiectomy in unilateral disease and unilateral orchiectomy in bilateral disease.  The peak incidence of sarcoidosis and testicular neoplasia coincide at 20–40 years and this is why most patients end up having an orchiectomy.  However, testicular tumours are much more common in white men, less than 3.5% of all testicular tumours being found in black men.  These racial variations justify a more conservative approach in patients of Afro-Caribbean descent with proven sarcoidosis elsewhere.  Careful follow-up and ultrasonic surveillance may be preferable in certain clinical settings to biopsy and surgery, especially in patients with bilateral testicular disease.

Coronary artery ectasia: Coronary artery ectasia is a rare disease that occurs in only 0.3-4.9% of people in North America.  Coronary artery ectasia is characterized by the enlargement of a coronary artery to 1.5 times or more than its normal diameter.  The disease is commonly asymptomatic and is normally discovered when performing tests for other conditions such as coronary artery disease, stable angina and other acute coronary syndromes.  Coronary artery ectasia occurs 4 times more frequently in males than in females and in people who have risk factors for heart disease such as smokers.  While the disease is commonly found in patients with atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease, it can occur by itself and in both cases it can cause health problems.  The disease can cause the heart tissue to be deprived of blood and die due to decreased blood flow, and blockages due to blood clots or spasms of the blood vessel.  This blood flow disruption can cause permanent damage to the muscle if the deprivation is prolonged.  Coronary artery ectasia also increases the chance of developing large weak spots in the affected coronary arteries, or aneurysms that can rupture and result in death.  The damage can result in angina which is pain in the chest and is a common complaint in these patients.

Rhabdomyosarcoma: Rhabdomyosarcoma, or RMS, is an aggressive and highly malignant form of cancer that develops from skeletal (striated) muscle cells that have failed to fully differentiate.  It is generally considered to be a disease of childhood, as the vast majority of cases occur in those below the age of 18.  It is commonly described as one of the "small, round, blue cell tumours of childhood" due to its appearance on an H&E stain.  Despite being a relatively rare cancer, it accounts for approximately 40% of all recorded soft tissue sarcomas.  RMS can occur in any site on the body, but is primarily found in the head, neck, orbit, genitourinary tract, genitals, and extremities.  There are no clear risk factors for RMS, but the disease has been associated with some congenital abnormalities.  Signs and symptoms vary according to tumor site, and prognosis is closely tied to the location of the primary tumor.  Common site of metastasis include the lungs, bone marrow, and bones.  There are many classification systems for RMS and a variety of defined histological types.  Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common type and comprises about 60% of cases.  Patient outcomes vary considerably, with 5 years survival rates between 35% and 95% depending on the type of RMS involved, so clear diagnosis is critical for effective treatment and management.  Unfortunately, accurate and quick diagnosis is often difficult due to the heterogeneity of RMS tumors and a lack of strong genetic markers of the disease.  Treatment usually involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.  Sixty percent to 70% of newly diagnosed patients with nonmetastatic disease can be cured using this combined approach to therapy.  Despite aggressive multimodality treatment, less than 20% of patients with metastatic RMS are able to be cured of their disease.

Kidney disease: Kidney disease, also known as nephropathy or renal disease, is damage to or disease of a kidney.  Nephritis is inflammatory kidney disease.  Nephrosis is noninflammatory kidney disease.  Kidney disease usually causes kidney failure to some degree, with the amount depending on the type of disease.  In precise usage, "disease" denotes the structural and causal disease entity whereas "failure" denotes the impaired kidney function.  In common usage these meanings overlap; for example, the terms "chronic kidney disease" and "chronic renal failure" are usually considered synonymous.  Acute kidney disease has often been called acute renal failure, although nephrologists now often tend to call it acute kidney injury.  About 1 in 8 Americans suffer from chronic kidney disease.

Minkowski Prize: The Minkowski Prize is given by the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), in recognition to research which has been carried out by a person normally residing in Europe, as manifested by publications which contribute to the advancement of knowledge concerning diabetes mellitus.  The Prize honors the name of Oskar Minkowski (1858–1931), a physician and physiologist who was the discoverer of the role of pancreas in the control of glucose metabolism.  It is awarded annually since 1966 and the winner is invited to pronounce a Minkowski Lecture during the EASD Annual Conference.

Benz plane: In mathematics, a Benz plane is a type of 2-dimensional geometrical structure, named after the German mathematician Walter Benz.  The term was applied to a group of objects that arise from a common axiomatization of certain structures and split into three families, which were introduced separately: Möbius planes, Laguerre planes, and Minkowski planes.

Pick's disease: Pick's disease is a term that can be used in two different ways.  It has traditionally been used as a term for a group of neurodegenerative diseases with symptoms attributable to frontal and temporal lobe dysfunction.  Common symptoms that are noticed early are personality and emotional changes, as well as deterioration of language.  This condition is now more commonly called frontotemporal dementia by professionals, and the use of "Pick's disease" as a clinical diagnosis has fallen out of fashion.  The second use of the term (and the one now used among professionals) is to mean a specific pathology that is one of the causes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration.  These two uses have previously led to confusion among professionals and patients and so its use should be restricted to the specific pathological subtype described below.  It is also known as Pick disease and PiD (not to be confused with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or Parkinson's disease (PD)).  A defining characteristic of the disease is build-up of tau proteins in neurons, accumulating into silver-staining, spherical aggregations known as "Pick bodies".

Common disease-common variant: The common disease-common variant (often abbreviated CD-CV) hypothesis predicts that common disease-causing alleles, or variants, will be found in all human populations which manifest a given disease.  Common variants (not necessarily disease-causing) are known to exist in coding and regulatory sequences of genes.  According to the CD-CV hypothesis, some of those variants lead to susceptibility to complex polygenic diseases.  Each variant at each gene influencing a complex disease will have a small additive or multiplicative effect on the disease phenotype.  These diseases, or traits, are evolutionarily neutral in part because so many genes influence the traits.  The hypothesis has held true in the case of putative causal variants in apolipoprotein E, including "APOE" ε4, associated with Alzheimer's disease.  IL23R has been found to be associated with Crohn's disease; the at-risk allele has a frequency 93% in the general population .

Feline hepatic lipidosis: Feline hepatic lipidosis, also known as feline fatty liver syndrome, is one of the most common forms of liver disease of cats.  The disease officially has no known cause, though obesity is known to increase the risk.  The disease begins when the cat stops eating from a loss of appetite, forcing the liver to convert body fat into usable energy.  If this process continues for too long, fat builds up in the cells of the liver, and the disease has officially onset.  Prognosis varies depending on the stage of the disease, with both a high recovery and mortality rate at different stages.  The disease is reversible through intense feeding.  Treatment may involve the insertion of a temporary feeding tube to ensure adequate caloric intake for cats that have stopped eating as a result of this disease.

Oskar Minkowski: Oskar Minkowski ( ; ] 13 January 1858 – 18 July 1931) held a professorship at the University of Breslau and is most famous for his research on diabetes.  He was the brother of the mathematician Hermann Minkowski and father of astrophysicist Rudolph Minkowski.

Supporting paragraphs: Minkowski Prize Oskar Minkowski
Answer: diabetes