Patent GB-1277013-A (GB)
Title: Improvements in or relating to detection devices for scanning systems
IPC: G06T7/00
Filed: 1968-05-01
Abstract: 1277013 Image analysis; pulse thresholding circuits; pulse discriminating IMAGE ANALYSING COMPUTERS Ltd 29 April 1969 [1 May 1968] 20612/68 Headings H3P H3W and H4F In an image analysis system the amplitude variations of the video signal are converted into a two-state signal by delaying the video signal in delays 10 and 12, Fig. 1, selecting the highest 14 and the lowest 16 amplitude values of the input and delayed video signals at each instant, and deriving therefrom a reference voltage lying between these values, e.g. the mean value 18, which is compared 20 with one of the delayed video signals, one of two gates 22, 24 being opened depending on whether the delayed video signal is above or below the reference voltage. The two gates 22, 24 allow passage of a signal corresponding either to the whitest or to the darkest picture point to an adding stage 26. The output from 26 comprises a video signal with abrupt changes in place of what were originally slow changes, and is fed to a detector 28 having a fixed (but adjustable) reference voltage. The delays 10 and 12 each have a delay time t equal to the " rise time " of the system which is primarily caused by the scanning spot size, i.e. delay t corresponds to an element of line scan. The " rise time " is used to mean the time occupied by the amplitude change in the video signal as the spot scans across a boundary between two distinctly contrasting areas both larger than the spot. More than two delays may be used so that the system operates correctly on parts of the video signal whose rise time is larger than t, e.g. features whose edges are not perpendicular to the scan direction. The above system greatly reduces detection decision inaccuracy caused by background variation or shading. More than one detector 28 may be used when a band of optical density information is required. In a second embodiment, Fig. 3, the reference voltage is derived not merely from adjacent points in the same line but also from nearby points in preceding and succeeding lines, the delays 30 having one line scan delay periods. This arrangement removes the directional dependence of the system. Three such arrangements of Fig. 3 could be connected together by two frame scan period delays, the focus of the system being altered between each successive frame. This reduces the risk of slightly defocused regions of high contrast features being detected as grey features. In a third embodiment, Fig. 4, the surrounding density variations are analysed so that features not exactly in focus may be rejected. Four t delays 32 are used, and the second and fourth video signals are subjected to logic criteria in equality modules 33 which demand that they should equal or exceed a certain percentage of the darkest or whitest points (determined by 35 and 37) in order that a detected video signal can appear at the output of the system. To this end gates 39 and 41 are provided. Thus if the condition is not satisfied at any time when the detected video would normally be passed to the output (i.e. the video supplied to comparator 20 just equals or just exceeds the reference voltage) then a gating bi-stable circuit 34 is not operated and no output is supplied from the system since a gate 36 is closed. A detector 38 resets the bi-stable at the end of a detected video signal. To increase the sensitivity of the detection device to features which satisfy a particular size criterion for example that the feature extends by more than a given distance in the scan direction, two additional video signals are obtained from the original video signal by means of two delays 60 and 62, Fig. 6, these signals being added 64 to the original signal and passed to a detector (not shown). This arrangement increases the amplitude of features which extend for three or more picture elements in the line direction. In addition, the video signal from successive line scans (t equals one line scan period) as well as from points in a single line can be combined, an appropriate number of delays being employed. In this way the sensitivity of the system to straight lines is enhanced, small breaks therein being filled in. This arrangement of Fig. 6 may be extended by using four delays 66, Fig. 7, the original and the first three delayed signals being connected to an adder 68 and the last four delayed signals to an adder 70, the first and last signal in each group being phase inverted. This gives four times the sensitivity to features of exactly two picture elements width in the line scan direction. By building up a matrix of such delay devices in which each row comprises a circuit as shown in Fig. 7 and in which the input signal for each successive row is delayed by one line scan period, and by combining the signals from the five rows in the same way as the five signals in each line, a preferential sensitivity to features two picture elements wide in the line scan direction and two line scan spacings high in the frame scan direction is achieved. When the scanning spot overlaps the intersection between a white and a black region, the amplitude excursion of the video signal will indicate a grey instead of a black region. To compensate for this the circuit of Fig. 8 is designed to hold the decision of a detection circuit for the duration of one or more line scan periods or a portion of a line scan period and to compare it with the detection decision of a region of the image in the following or a subsequent line scan or later in the same line scan. If, for example, the adjacent region in the next line scan is also detected as grey then the original decision is assumed to be correct and is allowed by logic circuitry, but if it is detected as black then it is assumed to be incorrect. As shown in Fig. 8, three inputs derived from three detected signal outputs from a detection device which applies two fixed reference voltages to a video signal so that three different amplitude levels can be detected and a detected signal generated for video signal amplitudes which exceed both (B), are less than both (W) or between the two (X), i.e. grey. The B and W signals are delayed 80 and 82 each by two line scan periods and the X signal is delayed 84 by one line scan period. Logic circuit 86 prevents the passage of an X signal to output 88 from any point in a line scan for which the adjacent point in the preceding line is detected as white and that in the following line is detected as black or vice versa. This avoids all false grey detected signals in the output g. The delays may comprise delay lines or shift registers.