Patent GB-1070993-A (GB)
Title: Process for polymerizing ª‰-lactams
IPC: C08G69/22
Filed: 1965-03-18
Abstract: A homo- or co-polymer of an N-unsubstituted b -lactam is carried out in a 2-phase dispersion, one phase of which is the lactam and the other phase of which is an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon, and in the presence of a derivative of a homo- or co-polymer of a C2- 8 olefine having a M.W. of 1000-100,000 and containing one negative or neutral hydrophilic group per 25-500 carbon atoms.  The lactam may be substituted at either of the 2 non-carbonyl carbon atoms by substituents containing up to a total of 9 aliphatic carbon atoms or 1 aromatic radical and up to 6 aliphatic carbon atoms or the 2 lactam-ring carbon atoms may also be members of another ring. b -lactams specified include 4,4 - dimethyl - azetidinone, 4 - methyl-azetidinone, 3,3-dimethyl azetidinone, n-octyl-azetidinone, 4 - isopropyl - azetidinone, 4-vinyl-azetidinone and the compound of formula <FORM:1070993/C3/1> Co-monomers may be other b -lactams or higher lactams. Hydrocarbons specified include heavy gasoline, light gasoline, and octane.  The polyolefines may be straight or branched chain and the hydrophilic groups may be attached directly to the main chain or grafted on as side chains. Polyolefines specified include, polypropylene-dimethylsulphonamide an ethylene/propylene copolymer-dimethyl sulphonamide, an ethylene/propylene copolymer-sodium sulphonate, polypropylene-dibutylsulphonamide, a carbonyl substituted atactic polypropylene and polyethylene phosphon-bis(N-dimethylamide).  Other hydrophilic groups specified include sulphonic, sulphuric, carboxylic, phosphonic, phosphoric or phosphic acid or a salt or ester thereof, amine oxide, phosphine oxido, sulphoxide or acylamino. Hydrophilic agents containing active hydrogen may act as chain terminators but this may be avoided by replacing the active hydrogen by a C1- 18 alkyl group or a phenyl radical carrying a C1- 18 alkyl group.  0.01-10% polyolefine may be used.  The reactants may be added simultaneously to a glass, enamelled or stainless steel reaction vessel, which may be lined with a hydrocarbon polymer, e.g. polyethylene or polypropylene, or a fluorine containing polymer.  Alternatively the lactam phase may be added to the hydrocarbon phase. The dispersion may be formed by stirring, atomizing and sub- or ultrasonic vibration. The hydrocarbon may form the outer phase throughout the reaction or may be the inner phase initially and the outer phase later. The reaction may be carried out at - 15 DEG  to + 120 DEG  C. with an anionic catalyst, e.g. the potassium salt of pyrrolidone, the sodium salt of caprolactam, PLNa, or LiH, and an initiator, e.g. an N-acyl compound or N. Sulphonyl compound of a lactam, e.g. oxalyl pyrrolidone, or the initiator may be prepared in situ by adding an acylating or sulphonating agent to the reaction mixture.  Alternatively the reaction may be carried out at 100-240 DEG  C. in the presence of water or hexamethylene diamine adipate.  A solvent completely miscible with the lactam and only partially miscible with the hydrocarbon may be added, e.g. dimethyl sulphoxde, dimethyl formamide, N-methyl pyrrolidone or tetramethylene sulphone.  A fluorohydrocarbon may be added to the hydrocarbon phase.  A thickening agent may be present.  The reaction may be continuous. In Example 1 polyisobutylene is added.