baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20120035087-A (KR)
Title: Controllable sterilization-filter system in aquarium
Inventor: YOON JEONG HYO
IPC: C02F1/44
Filed: 2010-10-04
Abstract: PURPOSE: A controllable sterilization-filter system in an aquarium is provided to remove virus and disease-causing germ by using chlorine. CONSTITUTION: A controllable sterilization-filter system in an aquarium comprises an aquarium(4), an inlet tube(1), an inlet(6), a suction tube(2), preprocessing and postprocessing air gap adjustment fiber yarn filters(3,7), a circulating pump, a copper rod, a positive electrode, a negative electrode, an electrode bath, a filter and electrode bath, an electric panel, and an outlet pipe. The inlet tube transfers water to the preprocessing air gap adjustment fiber yarn filter. The inlet inhales the moss and contaminant attached to the bottom of a water tub or wall. The copper rod controls the chlorine. The electrode bath processes virus and disease-causing germ. The filter and electrode bath process particulate and disease-causing germ of the water tub.
Patent KR-20110037901-A (KR)
Title: Cubical tag
Inventor: SON YOUNG SUK
IPC: G06K19/06
Filed: 2010-10-06
Abstract: PURPOSE: A cubical tag is provided to improve the security level by inserting 3D patterns between sheets. CONSTITUTION: A cubical tag comprises a first sheet(10), a transparent or translucency second sheet(20), and 3D pattern forming unit(15). The 3D pattern forming unit forms a 3D pattern between the first and the second sheet. A reader checks data value corresponding to the 3D pattern. The first sheet and the second sheet are closely adhere to each other. The 3D pattern forming unit forms the 3D pattern by being spread randomly between the first and the second sheet.
Patent KR-20120036383-A (KR)
Title: Functional clothing and method for preparing the same
Inventor: WON HYE EUN
IPC: A41H43/00
Filed: 2010-10-08
Abstract: PURPOSE: Functional clothes and a manufacturing method thereof are provided to enable a wearer to comfortably act without restriction by the clothes. CONSTITUTION: Functional clothes are constituted as follows. The functional clothes comprise a front panel part, a rear panel part, a belt part, and a yoke part of trousers. To the armpit of the top clothes and bottom of trousers, separate cloth is attached.
Patent KR-20120036545-A (KR)
Title: Hinge assembly for home bar door
Inventor: KIM HYEON JUNG
IPC: F25D23/02
Filed: 2010-10-08
Abstract: PURPOSE: A hinge assembly of a refrigerator home-bar is provided to mount a spring into a twisted state and generate a compression restoring force by a rotation of a shaft, thereby smoothly opening a home-bar door at a constant angle range by a restoring force. CONSTITUTION: A hinge assembly of a refrigerator home-bar comprises a case(10), a shaft(20), a fixing plate(40), a spring(30), a first friction unit, a second friction unit, and a cover(70). The case is fixed inside of a home-bar door. The first friction unit is arranged in a side of the shaft, thereby being contained inside of the case to be rotated. One end part of the spring is fixed to a side of the shaft and the other end part of the spring is fixed to a side of the fixing plate. The second friction unit is installed on the top of the fixing plate and face contacted to the first friction unit of the shaft. The cover covers the case.
Patent KR-20120036611-A (KR)
Title: Seat for vehicle
Inventor: SEONG SANG SEOK
IPC: B60N2/20
Filed: 2010-10-08
Abstract: PURPOSE: A seat for a vehicle is provided to protect a passenger effectively by reducing an impact load which affects the upper body of the passenger. CONSTITUTION: A seat for a vehicle comprises a seat cushion bracket(10), a recliner(20), a front pin(30), a rear pin(40), and a shock absorbing plate(50). The seat cushion bracket comprises a forward-backward guide hole(11) and fixed one side of a seat cushion. The upper part of the recliner is fixed to the bottom side of the seat back and the lower part of the recliner is fixed to overlap with the seat cushion bracket. The recliner comprises a forward-backward guide hole(21c) in the lower part overlapping with the seat cushion bracket. The front pin is fixed to the lower part of the recliner in order to pass through the guide hole of the seat cushion. The rear pin is fixed on the seat cushion bracket in order to pass through the guide hole of the recliner. The shock absorbing plate is closely fixed to the lower part of the recliner by the front pin and the rear pin to cover the guide hole. The shock absorbing plate is formed so that a plurality of windows(51) are arranged in the site overlapping with the guide hole.
Patent KR-20120037719-A (KR)
Title: Light emitting device and method for fabricating the light emitting device
Inventor: JEONG HWAN HEE
IPC: H01L33/44
Filed: 2010-10-12
Abstract: PURPOSE: A light emitting device and a manufacturing method thereof are provided to improve stability and minimize damage in a manufacturing process. CONSTITUTION: A light emitting structure(120) includes a first conductive semiconductor layer(122), an active layer(124), and a second conductive semiconductor layer(126). A passivation layer(180) surrounds a part of the light emitting structure. A conductive support layer(170) surrounds a part of the light emitting structure and the passivation layer. A barrier layer(110) is located on a part of the first conductive semiconductor layer, the passivation layer, and the conductive support layer. A difference of work functions between the barrier layer and the first conductive semiconductor layer is 50 eV or more.
Patent KR-20120043836-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM EUNG KOOG
IPC: B02C18/16
Filed: 2010-10-27
Abstract: 본 발명은 음식물 쓰레기 분쇄장치에 관한 것으로, 음식점 또는 일반 가정의 싱크대에 설치되어, 발생된 음식물 쓰레기를 직방체 구조를 가지는 분쇄장치에 의해 잘게 분쇄한 후 수거부의 건조부에 의해 건조처리한 음식물 쓰레기를 분쇄장치에서 분리가능한 수거통에 의해 배출하므로 위생적 처리가 가능하면서, 음식물 쓰레기를 순차적으로 분쇄하여 신속하게 음식물 쓰레기를 분쇄할 수 있는 음식물 쓰레기 분쇄장치에 관한 것이다. 
이를 위한 본 발명의 음식물 쓰레기 분쇄장치는, 싱크대로부터 물과 음식물 쓰레기가 투입되는 투입부와; 상기 투입부의 하부에 형성되며, 투입되어 임시 저장된 음식물 쓰레기를 다수의 분쇄용 회전칼날에 의해 1차로 분쇄하는 1차 분쇄부와; 상기 1차 분쇄부의 직하에 구성되어 분쇄된 음식물 쓰레기를 이송함과 동시에 재차 분쇄하는 2차 분쇄부와; 상기 2차 분쇄부의 분쇄과정에서 발생된 음식물 쓰레기의 잔류수분과 투입부를 통해 투입된 물을 배출하는 배수부와; 상기 2차 분쇄부의 하단에 연통된 배출로을 통해 음식물 쓰레기를 배출하여 저장하는 수거부; 및 상기 수거부의 일측에 히터를 구성하여 저장된 음식물 쓰레기를 열 건조하는 건조부와; 상기 음식물 쓰레기를 분쇄하는 제1,2 분쇄부를 직방형태로 구성하여 상기 제1,2 분쇄부를 각각 체인으로 연결하여 동력을 전달하는 동력부;로 이루어진 것이다.
Patent KR-20120044621-A (KR)
Title: Measuring apparatus for truck
Inventor: KIM TAE SOO
IPC: G01G19/08
Filed: 2010-10-28
Abstract: PURPOSE: A measuring apparatus for a vehicle is provided to reduce a session and costs because passing a measuring device is not necessary after loading cargo and to safely drive because cargo can be stably loaded in a loading box by confirming an axle-load weight after loading. CONSTITUTION: A measuring device for a vehicle comprises a jack cylinder(100) and axle load weight device(50). The axle load weight device is installed in the lower part of the jack cylinder. The jack cylinder perpendicularly fixes a fixture(10) of a square box in the lower part of a frame of a vehicle. A slider of a square box is inserted in the lower part of the fixture. A hydraulic cylinder(30) is fixed and installed inside of the fixture.
Patent KR-20110046377-A (KR)
IPC: H04W84/12
Filed: 2010-10-28
Abstract: PURPOSE: A transmission opportunity protection method of a data frame in a wireless LAN system is provided to increase throughput in a wireless LAN system and to optimize packet length and network environment. CONSTITUTION: A first transmission protection section(405) is set up according to a low transmission mode in a wireless LAN system. A data frame is combined within a predetermined transmission protection section. A second transmission protection section is set up according to a mode of the highest transmission rate. A data frame is transmitted within a predetermined protection section.
Patent KR-20110049705-A (KR)
Title: A system and method for providing quality-of-services in a multi-event processing environment
Inventor: ZOU CHENDONG
IPC: G06F15/16
Filed: 2010-11-02
Abstract: PURPOSE: A system and method for providing qos in a multi event processing environment are provided to supply a framework for calling and identifying a QoS function in a multi even processing environment having an event processing application which is driven at the same time. CONSTITUTION: An event listener interface(911) connects an even processing application and distinguish a QoS function which is applicable to the event processing unit. An event service interface(912) accessed from the event listener interface and provides the QoS function to th event processing application. The QoS function separates events related to avoid competition state between the event processing applications.
Patent KR-20120046556-A (KR)
Title: Flame retardant expandable polystyrene polymerized beads having good insulation property and method for preparing the same
Inventor: KIM YU HO
IPC: C08L25/06
Filed: 2010-11-02
Abstract: PURPOSE: Flame-retarding expandable polystyrene-based polymerized beads comprises excellent flame retardance with excellent thermal insulating ability, to have excellent producibility because of not needing separate process steps, to have excellent processability, easy to control size, and to increase carbon particle contents. CONSTITUTION: Flame-retarding expandable polystyrene-based polymerized beads comprise a mixed resin(A) containing a styrene based resin and a char formable thermoplastic resin, and mixed particles containing inorganic foamed particles and carbon filer dispersed into the mixed resin. A foaming agent is impregnated into the mixed resin. A manufacturing method of the beads comprises a step of manufacturing dispersion by mixing 65-95 weight% of a styrenic monomer, 1-10 weight% of char generating thermoplastic resin, 3-29 weight% of an inorganic foaming agent particle, and 0.01-30 weight% of carbon filler, and a step of polymerizing the dispersion.
Patent KR-20120061066-A (KR)
Title: Adsorbent for simultaneous removal of sulfur compounds and nitrogen compounds in C4 oil from FCC process and preparation method the same
Inventor: KIM JAE CHANG
IPC: B01J20/18
Filed: 2010-11-04
Abstract: PURPOSE: An absorbent for simultaneously eliminating sulfur compounds and nitrogen compounds from C4 oil in a fluidized catalytic cracking(FCC) process is provided to effectively implement sulfur compound and nitrogen compound eliminating process. CONSTITUTION: An absorbent for simultaneously eliminating sulfur compounds and nitrogen compounds from C4 oil in an FCC process includes activated charcoal and/or hydrogen or alkali earth metal substituted zeolite. Alkali metals or alkali earth metals are immersed in the activated charcoal. The content of the activated charcoal is in a range between 10 and 50 weight%, and the content of the zeolite is in a range between 50 and 90 weight% based on the total weight of the absorbent. The absorbent absorbs sulfur compounds and nitrogen compounds at room temperature and is capable of being regenerated at a temperature between 30 and 200 degrees Celsius.
Patent KR-20120053248-A (KR)
Title: New use of tanshnone iia
Inventor: KIM SUNG HOON
IPC: A61K31/343
Filed: 2010-11-17
Abstract: PURPOSE: A composition containing tanshinone IIA is provided to effectively suppress androgen and prostate specific antigen. CONSTITUTION: A composition for anti-androgen contains tanshinone IIA as an active ingredient. The composition is used for preventing or treating alopecia, acne, prostate cancer, or prostatitis. The tanshinone IIA is extracted from roots or rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza GGE. The composition is a pharmaceutical or food composition. A composition for suppressing prostate specific antigen contains tanshinone IIA as an active ingredient. A composition for preventing or treating alopecia, acne, prostate cancer, or prostatitis contains tanshinone IIA as an active ingredient.
Patent KR-20120054239-A (KR)
Title: 친환경 오염방지와 초내후성 중성화방지를 위한 금속 부식 방지용 표면 코팅재 및 그 제조방법
Inventor: HAN SEONG IN
IPC: C23C10/60
Filed: 2010-11-19
Abstract: 본 발명은 금속의 부식을 방지하기 위한 표면 코팅재 및 그 제조방법에 관한 것이다. 본 발명의 코팅 물질은 알루미늄 분말 5 ~ 30중량%, 알루미나 분말 50 ~ 70중량%, NH 4 Cl 1 ~ 5중량%, 아연 1 ~ 5중량%,  구리 1 ~ 5중량%,  마그네슘 1 ~ 5중량%, 티타늄 1 ~ 5중량%로 구성된다. 본 발명에 따르면, 모재와 이에 점착되는 외부 오염물질을 서로 격리시킴과 동시에 코팅재의 점착성을 향상시켜 모재의 부식을 방지함으로써 모재의 강도 향상과 내고온성, 내화학성, 내식성 및 방수성이 우수한 금속을 제공할 수 있다.
Patent KR-20120042594-A (KR)
Title: Burn-in device, burn-in system, method of controlling burn-in device, and method of controlling burn-in system
Inventor: YUZURIHARA AKIMASA
IPC: G01R31/30
Filed: 2010-11-22
Abstract: PURPOSE: A burn-in device, a burn-in system, a method for controlling the burn-in device, and a method for controlling the burn-in system are provided to reduce a test time. CONSTITUTION: A test control apparatus(100) comprises a test pattern output circuit(210) and a device selection signal output circuit(220). The device selection signal output circuit outputs a device selection signal in a burn-in board. The test pattern output circuit outputs test pattern data provided to the device under test in the burn-in board. The device selection signal output circuit has a mask setting memory. The device selection signal output circuit prevents the selection of the device under test specified to mask configuration data.
Patent KR-20120055126-A (KR)
Title: Insecticidal mosquito net using mesh fabric
Inventor: PARK YEUN BONG
IPC: A45F3/52
Filed: 2010-11-23
Abstract: PURPOSE: A killing mosquito net using mesh cloth is provided to take a rest safely by killing mosquitoes and insects and prevent insects from entering inside. CONSTITUTION: A killing mosquito net using mesh cloth comprises a surface layer(110), a back layer(120), an intermediate layer(130), and a combat tool(140). A surface layer has a mesh structure which blocks entering of pests. A back layer is included in inner side of the surface layer and has the mesh structure. An intermediate layer is formed into a plurality of pile yarns which interlinks the surface layer and the back layer. The intermediate layer includes the combat tool which conquers pests. The surface layer, the back layer, and the intermediate layer are made of mesh material which is manufactured by using a double raschel technique.
Patent KR-20120055285-A (KR)
Title: Measuring method and device of cortical bone thickness by using pulse-echo ultrasound
Inventor: LEE KANG IL
IPC: A61B8/14
Filed: 2010-11-23
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method and apparatus for measuring the thickness of cortical bone using a pulse-echo ultrasonic wave are provided to accurately diagnose an osteoporosis by measuring the thickness of the cortical bone with an ultrasonic wave radiated to the tibia. CONSTITUTION: An input unit(110) inputs an ultrasonic wave to a bone. A sensing unit(120) senses an echo ultrasonic wave reflected from the bone with a time difference. An operating unit(130) operates the thickness of a cortical bone by using the difference of the reception time of the echo ultrasonic wave sensed by the sensing unit. An output unit outputs an operation result from the operating unit.
Patent KR-20110001993-A (KR)
Title: Financial account managing device
Inventor: KIM JAE HYUNG
IPC: G06Q40/06
Filed: 2010-11-26
Abstract: PURPOSE: A financial account managing device is provided to prevent the secession of customers caused by the expiration of a financial product by processing the profits or refund according to a processing condition. CONSTITUTION: A data storage unit(105) links a refund processing condition data to deposit account information data, and stores the linkage information to a predetermined storage medium(130). A financial account confirmer(110) periodically confirm whether or not refund is transferred to a band account of a client. Based on the linkage with the storage medium, a data extractor(115) extracts the refund processing condition data of the financial product invest money.
Patent KR-20120057442-A (KR)
Title: A electrode for thermoelectric device and method for manufacturing the same
Inventor: OH SU SUK
IPC: H01L35/34
Filed: 2010-11-26
Abstract: PURPOSE: An electrode for a thermoelectric element and a manufacturing method thereof are provided to improve electric conductance of the thermoelectric element and reliability at a high temperature by improving joining efficiency of thermoelectric element interface. CONSTITUTION: A Cu-Mo alloy pulverized body is formed by filling a carbon mold with Cu-Mo alloy power. A mold in which the Cu-Mo alloy pulverized body is formed is installed in a discharge plasma sintering apparatus chamber. The temperature of the Cu-Mo pulverized body rises and the Cu-Mo pulverized body is pressurized under the vacuum atmosphere. The Cu-Mo pulverized body is pressed and molded by maintaining temperature and pressure of the temperature rising and pressurizing step. A Cu-Mo electrode for a thermoelectric element is formed by rapidly cooling the pressed and molded Cu-Mo pulverized body.
Patent KR-20110066099-A (KR)
Title: Ladder for saving human life
Inventor: KIM SUN HEE
IPC: E06C1/383
Filed: 2010-12-09
Abstract: PURPOSE: An escape ladder for lifesaving is provided to carry easily by folding and unfolding a step part and to escape safely to balconies of the upper and lower floors of a multistoried building in an emergency. CONSTITUTION: An escape ladder for lifesaving comprises an intermediate profile member(110), a step member(120), left and right profile members(130) and a clamp. The left and right profile members connect the steps members vertically to fold step members horizontally or unfold perpendicularly, and the clamp is assembled to the top of the intermediate profile member to be fixed to an external ladder installation part.
Patent KR-20120075570-A (KR)
Title: 통합 재난 관리 활동 인증(측정, 보고, 검증) 시스템 및 방법
Inventor: KWON YOUNG SIK
IPC: G06Q50/26
Filed: 2010-12-15
Abstract: 각 기업들의 재난 방지 대책을 통합적으로 관리 및 유지해 주는 통합 재난 관리 활동 인증 시스템 및 그 방법이 제공된다. 통합 재난 관리 활동 인증 시스템은 각 기업들에 재난 방지 대책용 설문지를 인쇄매체, 스마트폰 및 이-메일 또는 웹에 게시하는 형태로 배포하여 상기 각 기업들로부터 산업 분류 재난 유형별 응답 데이터를 접수 받아 각 기업의 현재 재난 방지 대책을 파악하고 관련 법규를 분석하여 평가 항목을 도출하는 데이터 수집부; 상기 각 기업들의 재난 방지 대책을 산업 분류 재난 유형별로 지수화하여 인증 자격과 비교하여 각 기업들에게 인증 자격을 부여하고 미비한 점들을 통보하여 상기 인증 자격을 획득하게 하고, 상기 인증 자격에 도달한 기업들의 명단 정보를 각 유관 기관에 통보하는 인증/평가부; 및 센서 정보, 재난 관리 활동 정보, 및 상기 인증/평가부로부터의 상기 재난 관리 지속성 정보를 제공받아 모니터링하고 재난 관리 보고서를 생성하여 각 기업에게 배포한 클라이언트 소프트웨어를 통하여 상기 인증/평가부로 피드백하는 모니터링부를 포함한다.
Patent KR-20120067459-A (KR)
Title: Method and apparatus for authenticating per m2m device between service provider and mobile network operator
Inventor: LEE JI CHEOL
IPC: G06F21/20
Filed: 2010-12-16
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method and an apparatus for authenticating M2M(Machine To Machine) terminal service between a service provider and a mobile network operator are provided to perform M2M terminal service authentication and provide a session key by defining an authentication process between a M2M server and a M2M agent. CONSTITUTION: An M2M terminal and an ASN perform a 3 network entry procedure(300). An authentication process is operated(302). An AAA server constitutes an MDID(M2M Device ID), a KEY1, and an MSPID(M2M Service Provider ID) according to a M2M(Machine To Machine) terminal(304). The AAA(Authentication, Authorization and Accounting) server generates a KEY2 and a H1(306). The AAA server provides an R1, the H1, and the KEY2 to a proxy server or an M2M agent(308). The R1, the H1, a V-OPID(Visited Operator ID), an H-OPID(Home Operator ID), the MDID, and a MAID(M2M Agent ID) are provided to an M2M server(312). The M2M server generates the KEY2, the H2, and the R2(314). The M2M server provides the R2 and the H2 to the proxy server or the M2M agent(316). The proxy server or the M2M agent inspects the H2(318).
Patent KR-20120075154-A (KR)
Title: High strength steel sheet having excellent bulletproof property, and method for producing the same
Inventor: OH SANG MAN
IPC: C22C38/04
Filed: 2010-12-28
Abstract: PURPOSE: A high-strength steel sheet with excellent bulletproof property and a manufacturing method thereof are provided to secure high strength by transforming residual austenite to bainite by setting cooling condition 560 to 580°C. CONSTITUTION: A manufacturing method for a high-strength steel sheet with excellent bulletproof property is as follows. MnS(Mangan Sulphide) is spheroidized by using a molten steel. The spheroidized steel is continuously casted. A slab is composed of C 0.14 to 0.25wt.%, Si 0.20 to 0.40wt.%, Mn 0.10 to 0.50wt.%, P 0 to 0.025wt.%, S 0 to 0.015wt.%, Sol. Al 0 to 0.01wt.%, Mo 0.30 to 0.45wt.%, Cr 1.2 to 2.5wt.%, Cu 0 to 0.25wt.%, Ni 2.0 to 3.5wt.%, Ti 0 to 0.02wt.%, N 0 to 50ppm, H 0 to 0.0002, residual Fe, and inevitable impurities. The slab is reheated in a continuous heating furnace. The reheated slab is hot-rolled. A steel sheet is cut in longitudinal direction. The cut steel sheet is secondly reheated and heat-treated.
Patent KR-20120076718-A (KR)
Title: Eco-friendly forming sheet
Inventor: CHUNG GUN SOO
IPC: C08L101/16
Filed: 2010-12-30
Abstract: PURPOSE: An environment-friendly foam sheet is provided to reduce production process by improving flexibility and not to emit harmful material like toxic gas or endocrine disruptor, improving productivity. CONSTITUTION: An environment-friendly foam sheet is obtained by manufacturing environment-friendly sheet on a substrate sheet by using a biodegradable resin composition. The environment-friendly foam sheet is obtained by a step of forming a resin layer by coating the biodegradable resin composition on the substrate sheet, a step of forming a printed layer on the substrate sheet, and a step of blowing the outcome. The resin layer is formed by T-die extrusion coating the substrate sheet layer with the resin composition. The thickness of the resin layer is 0.01-50 mm. the biodegradable resin composition comprises a biodegradable resin, a chemical blowing agent, and an environment-friendly plasticizer.
Patent KR-20120078758-A (KR)
Title: Semiconductor device
Inventor: CHOI KANG MOO
IPC: G11C7/10
Filed: 2010-12-31
Abstract: PURPOSE: A semiconductor device is provided to secure the operation of a receiving circuit by varying the flight time of a signal after the semiconductor device is manufactured. CONSTITUTION: A first switch(SW1) is arranged between a first wire and a receiving circuit and switches in response to a first control signal. A second switch(SW2) is arranged between a first wire and a second wire connected to the receiving circuit and switches in response to a second control signal. The first and second control signals are selectively activated by corresponding to the flight time of the first signal detected through a test.
Patent KR-20100018042-A (KR)
Title: Solid-state image sensing device
Inventor: HONDA HIROTO
IPC: H01L27/146
Filed: 2008-06-05
Abstract: A solid-state image sensing device has a plurality of pixels, a read-out circuit for reading out electric signals obtained by the photoelectric conversion element, and a signal processing unit for performing signal processing for the electric signal read out from the read-out circuit. The plurality of pixels include a first pixel having a transparent film, a plurality of second pixels each having a first color filter, a plurality of third pixels each having a second color filter, and a plurality of fourth pixels each having a third color filter. The signal processing unit has a color acquisition unit for acquiring a white pixel value and first to third color pixel values, an edge judgment unit, a color separation unit and a single color pixel calculation unit.
Patent KR-20100021524-A (KR)
Title: Method and system for dynamic ack/nack repetition for robust downlink mac pdu transmission in lte
Inventor: SUZUKI TAKASHI
IPC: H04L1/18
Filed: 2007-10-01
Abstract: A method and apparatus for dynamic repetitions of acknowledgement or negative acknowledgement for a downlink medium access control packet data unit transmission 'MAC PDU' requiring multiple acknowledgements or negative acknowledgements, the method having the steps of: receiving the downlink MAC PDU requiring multiple acknowledgements or negative acknowledgements; and utilizing a differentiating factor and scheme, sending the multiple acknowledgements or negative acknowledgements.