Patent GB-1299852-A (GB)
Title: Improvements in or relating to radar systems for moving targets
IPC: G01S13/32
Filed: 1961-08-18
Abstract: 1299852 Radar TELEFUNKEN PATENTVERWERTUNGS GmbH 18 Aug 1961 [20 Ang 1960] 29985/61 Heading H4D In a radar system wherein desired targetreflected signals are selected and separated from other incoming signals by selection conjointly dependent on both the range and the velocity of the desired signals, means are provided for transmitting a spectrum of frequencies in which individual adjacent frequencies are spaced by at least 2V max /#, where V max  is the maximum target radial velocity and # is the carrier wavelength. In Fig. 1 a carrier frequency f 0 , for example of 10<SP>10</SP> c./s., is produced by generator 1 and modulated in a phase modulator 2 by a frequency f 1 , for example 48 kc./s., produced in a generator 3, the modulation being such that only the three frequencies f 0  and f 0 f 1  are produced and having the effect of a frequency modulation of f 0  by f 1 . The output of modulator 2 is pulse modulated in unit 5 at frequency f 2  produced in generator 4; f 2  could be 150 kc./s. and the pulses of 0À1 microsecond length. At the receiver the range of a target is measured by measuring the phase difference between the frequency modulation f 1  of received signals and the phase of generator 3 and by measuring the phase difference of the pulse modulation f 2 ; each of these measurements is indeterminate to the extent of an integral number of cycles, but the combined measurement is unambiguous. Received signals are converted to intermediate frequency, by a local oscillator 9 and mixer 8, and fed to a phase modulator 10 to which the frequency f 1  from generator 3 is also applied via an adjustable phase shifter 11. The output of phase modulator 10 is fed to a coincidence unit 12 to which the frequency f 2  is also applied from generator 4 via an adjustable phase shifter 13 and pulse former stage 14. The controls for phase shifters 11 and 13 are mechanically coupled to one another via a drive unit 15 giving a control ratio f 1  f 2  so that the time delay introduced by phase shifter 11 for frequency f 1  is always the same as that introduced by phase shifter 13 for frequency f 1 . Outputs from the unit 12 are taken to a demodulator 16 and display instrument 17 and to a discriminator 18, filter 19 tuned to frequency f 1 , and display instrument 20. In use the phase shifter 13 is adjusted for maximum deflection of instrument 17, and if instrument 20 does not now show a deflection the setting of phase shifter 11 is also correct and the range can be read off a scale on the mechanical adjustment shaft of the phase shifter. The new range selected signal is fed from unit 12 to a tunable Doppler frequency filter 21 tuned to some desired Doppler frequency, e.g. 2000 c/s., and from these to a demodulator 22 and display instrument 23. Oscillator 9 is adjusted until instrument 23 reads a maximum and the output of unit 21, which is now selected for range and velocity, is fed to utilization apparatus 24 for deriving directional information with regard to the target, for example by scanning the aerial system. In another arrangement, Fig. 6, the frequencies f 1  and f 2  in the transmitter are derived from the carrier frequency generator 1 by frequency dividers 25 and 26; a further frequency divider 27 produces a frequency fg of, for example, 6 kc./s. At the receiver a generator 33 produces a frequency f 0  which is converted to f 1 , f 2  and f g  by frequency dividers 28-30. A phase shifter 32 between units 33 and 28 allows the range to be selected in the same way as in Fig. 1, and the measurement of range is achieved by comparator 34 which measures the phase difference between the frequencies f g  produced by units 27 and 30. The range selected signal passes to a mixer 35, where it is mixed with an output from unit 33, and a Doppler frequency filter 21. Generator 33 can be varied in frequency, for example by 40 kc./s. for a transmitted wavelength of 3 cm. and a maximum target velocity of 600 m./sec., and is controlled by an error signal from a discriminator 36 so that its frequency follows frequency changes caused by changes in target velocity. As before, the output of filter 21 is fed to utilization apparatus 24. In a modification, Fig. 7, unit 28 feeds a second unit 31a which produces waveform 139 at the same time as unit 31 produces waveform 138. This controls a second coincidence stage 12a which feeds a mixer 35a, a Doppler filter 21a and a phase shifter 38 which phase shifts the signal by 90 degrees. The outputs of units 21 and 38 are added in unit 40, and the outputs of unit 40 and unit 21 are fed to a phase detector 37, the output of which is an error signal proportional to the difference between range of target and what may be termed the stored range in frequency divider 28. This error signal is used, via an integrator 41, to control generator 33 in such manner that the error signal is reduced to zero at the output of phase detector 37. This arrangement has the advantage that the information from the target can be obtained intermittently whereas the arrangement of Fig. 6 requires continuous information. The apparatus can be used for observing low flying targets for military purposes or in an automatic or blind landing system.