baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent EP-0054119-A3 (EP)
IPC: H05K3/42
Filed: 1981-10-09
Abstract: Bei der Herstellung mehrlagiger Leiterplatten mit starren 
und flexiblen Bereichen werden entweder nur starre Lagen 
mit einer max. Dicke von 0,1 mm verwendet oder bei 
dickeren starren Lagen nach dem stromlosen Metallisieren 
die flexiblen Bereiche durch streifenförmigen Materialabtrag 
im Grenzbereich starr-flexibel und Schlitzung zwischen flexi­
blen Bereichen und abzutrennenden Teilen elektrisch isoliert, 
so daß entweder die Galvanikabdeckung (Ristonfolie) von 
der Stufe starr-flexibel nicht beschädigt wird oder infolge der 
Inselstruktur im flexiblen Bereich ein Reißen der Galvanikab­
deckung ohne Folgen bleibt und außerdem gezielt Abflußöff­
nungen für die Badflüssigkeiten geschaffen werden.
Patent EP-0082999-A3 (EP)
Title: Speed-power scaling for mos circuit
IPC: H01L29/78
Filed: 1982-12-09
Abstract: The power consumption and corresponding speed of an integrated circuit is scaled by means of adjusting the channel width for MOS transistors. A transistor (12) is initially fabricated with a channel (24) having a width W1. The channel (24) receives a depletion type implant (30) to make the transistor (12) lightly depleted. An enhancement implant (32) is applied to the channel (24) to cover a selected area (24a). The enhancement implant (32) is made substantially stronger than the depletion implant (30). This results in a first section (24a) of the channel (24) having a large threshold voltage while the second section (24b) of channel (24) has a relatively small pinch-off voltage. The size of the second section (24b) is selectively controlled to scale the source-drain current of transistor (12) and the corresponding power consumption of the transistor (12). The method of applying the first and second implants (30, 32) can be easily incorporated into conventional ROM fabrication without the need for additional manufacturing steps.
Patent EP-0086457-A3 (EP)
Title: Preparation of transition metal complexes
IPC: C07F17/00
Filed: 1983-02-10
Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of complex compounds of the transition metals which is characterized in that transition metals are reacted with magnesium, to which a catalytic quantity of anthracene and/or magnesium anthracene has been added as activator, in the presence of complexing ligands.
Patent EP-0091002-A3 (EP)
IPC: C08F18/00
Filed: 1983-03-22
Abstract: Verfahren zur Peroxidvernetzung unter Verwendung von 
Trialkylcitraten als Aktivatoren und Koagenzien.
Patent EP-0106942-A3 (EP)
IPC: G09G3/28
Filed: 1983-07-07
Abstract: A driving system for a plasma panel display which uses 
VFETs for output switches controls the transition time of an 
output waveform 95 to a constant time. Transformerless 
circuitry (110, 130) for communicating low voltage digital 
logic signals across a floating boundary to VFET control 
circuitry is provided. Low voltage control circuitry (120, 140) 
is isolated from high voltage sources by semiconductor 
circuitry which eliminates the need for transformer isolation 
techniques. In an alternative embodiment, the transition of 
an output waveform is controlled at a constant slew rate.
Patent EP-0108392-A3 (EP)
IPC: A47G23/02
Filed: 1983-11-02
Abstract: Die Erfindung betrifft ein Regal, insbesondere ein offe­
nes Gläserregal, mit mindestens in unterschiedlicher vertika­
ler Höhe anordenbaren horizontalen Regalelementen. Unter 
raumsparenden Aspekten wird dabei gemäß der Erfindung 
ein Säulenregal konzipiert, wobei die einzelnen horizontalen 
Säulenelemente um bzw. an einer zentralen Befestigungssä­
ule angeordnet sind.
Patent EP-0105814-A3 (EP)
IPC: A61L2/10
Filed: 1983-09-05
Abstract: An apparatus for cleanly preserving toothbrushes com­
prises a preservation chamber (2) and a machine chamber 
(4). The preservation chamber (2) includes a sterilization 
lamp (5), a dry hot air blowing hole (10), a door (3) for taking 
the toothbrushes in or out, means (12) for supporting 
toothbrushes in vertical position and an exhaust port (13). 
The machine chamber (4) includes a fan heater (20) for 
blowing dry hot air, a fan motor (15) and a time switch (16).
Patent EP-0118014-A3 (EP)
IPC: G01N33/00
Filed: 1984-01-30
Abstract: Zur Konditionierung einer Atmosphäre auf einen Gleich­
gewichtszustand ihres C-Gehalts wird parallel ihr Sauer­
stoff- und ihr Kohlendioxidgehalt gemessen und aus den 
Meßwerten der C-Gehalt C₁ (O₂) und C₂ (CO₂) berechnet. C₁ 
(O₂) folgt dem effektiven C-Gehalt C eff  mit sehr kleiner, C₂ 
(CO₂) mit größerer Zeitkonstante. Die asymptotische Annä­
herung an den Gleichgewichtszustand (GZ) wird mit Hilfe 
einer Differenzbildung ΔC = C₁ - C₂, die genen Null geht, 
überwacht, so daß dann weitere Schritte im Prozeßablauf 
eingeleitet werden können.  
     Die Meßeinrichtung wird bei metallurgischen Wärmebe­
hand-lungsöfen, insbesondere Aufkohlungsöfen, eingesetzt, 
zur Überwachung der Konditionierung der Ofenatmosphäre 
und zur Regelung des Eintrags eines C-haltigen Reaktion­
spartners mit C₁ (O₂) als Istwert.
Patent EP-0135074-A3 (EP)
Title: Single rod hook for jacquard weave machines and machine produced therewith
IPC: D03C1/20
Filed: 1984-07-27
Abstract: A single rod hook for a double-lift, open-shed jacquard weave machine of the type comprising mobile grippers which intersect each other, has its upper nibs formed as the two teeth, with their facing surfaces inclined, of a single bifurcated projecting appendix in which they join together at the same height. Said appendix is disposed in a diametrically opposite position to the lower nibs. A jacquard weaving machine using hooks of the aforesaid type has its hooks controlled with a composite movement of rotation and flexure.
Patent EP-0143915-A3 (EP)
Title: Device for a printing press with a forme cylinder and an offset cylinder
IPC: B41F13/00
Filed: 1984-09-06
Abstract: A device for adjusting the plate or blanket cylinders in a rotary printing press automatically moves the cylinders to predetermined positions for clamping or unclamping the plate or blanket. A memory stores predetermined set values for cylinder position, which are addressed by a triggering unit in response to operation selections. An angle coder senses the actual value of the cylinder position which is compared to the set values obtained from the memory to generate a control signal for adjusting a cylinder drive motor. In a preferred embodiment, the memory also stores the direction for rotating the cylinders as well as a number of cylinder movement steps for plate and blanket clamping and unclamping sequences.
Patent EP-0144659-A3 (EP)
IPC: A01C3/02
Filed: 1984-10-19
Abstract: Vorrichtungen zum Rühren, Belüften und Abpumpen 
von Flüssigkeiten bestehen aus einer Pumpe, einem Tauch­
motor zum Antrieb der Pumpe, mindestens einer der Pumpe 
nachgeschalteten Mischkammer, mindestens einem aus der 
Mischkammer herausführenden Ejektor sowie einer an die 
Mischkammer angeschlossenen Steigleitung. Um den Ge­
samtkomplex des Rührens, Belüftens und Abpumpens von 
Flüssigkeiten vorrichtungstechnisch wesentlich zu vereinfa­
chen, ist bei einem herkömmlichen Tauchbelüfter eine 
Absperreinrichtung (13) vorgesehen, mit der der Durchgang 
durch den Ejektor (11) während des Betriebs der Pumpe (2) 
wahlweise absperrbar ist, während gleichzeitig die Verbin­
dung von der Pumpe zur Steigleitung (1) freibleibt. Durch 
diese Maßnahme erhält der Tauch belüfter zusätzlich zu 
seiner Rühr- und Belüftungsfunktion auch noch die Aufgabe 
des Abpumpens zugewiesen. Wenn der Durchgang durch 
den Ejektor (11) versperrt wird, fördert die Pumpe (2) die 
Flüssigkeit durch die Steigleitung (1) nach oben, durch die 
sonst Luft angesaugt und in der Mischkammer mit dem 
Flüssigkeitsstrahl vermischt wird.
Patent EP-0147814-A3 (EP)
IPC: C04B20/10
Filed: 1984-12-20
Abstract: Zur Erhöhung der Druckfestigkeit von geblähtem Perlit 
wird in dessen Oberfläche ein Metalloxid eingelagert, dessen 
Metall eines der Elemente Nummer 22 bis 29 des periodi­
schen Systems ist. Diese Matalloxide können auch mit 
Aluminiumoxid Doppeloxide bilden. Ferner können die 
Metalloxide teilweise durch Calciumaluminatspinell ersetzt 
sein. Zur Herstellung des geblähten Perlits wird der Rohperlit 
vor dem Blähen mit feinverteiltem Metalloxid und ggf. 
Aluminiumoxid sowie ggf. auch Calciumoxid, vorzugsweise 
in einer Menge von etwa 2 Gew.%, vermischt. Vorteilhaft ist 
es, die Mischung mit einer wässrigen Flüssigkeit leicht 
anzufeuchten. Besonders geeignet ist eine 50% ige wässrige 
Natrium- oder Monoaluminiumphosphatlösung, eine Borax­
lösung oder Wasserglas in einer Menge von 2 bis 3 ml auf 
100 g Trockenmischung. Das Blähen kann in herkömmlicher 
Weise unter Verwendung herkömmlicher Vorrichtungen 
stattfinden.
Patent EP-0117640-A3 (EP)
Title: Diverter valve with integral backflow preventer
IPC: E03C1/10
Filed: 1984-01-27
Abstract: A diverter valve is provided with an integral backflow 
preventer in the form of a vacuum breaker. In one embodiment, a 
diverter valve, for example for a bath, comprises a body (38) 
having a lower opening (40) for connection to a water supply and 
two outlet openings (42, 44). A tube (70) fits into the body (38) and 
is rotatable to allow a lateral opening (72) in the tube to be 
selectively aligned with one or other of the outlets (42, 44). Water 
supplied through the inlet (40) flows through an inner tube (66) to 
a chamber (48) defined between the two tubes (66, 70) and 
thence through opening (72) in the outer tube (70). When the 
water supply is cut off, a float valve (106) closes the top of the 
tube (66) and the chamber (48) is in communication with the 
atmosphere through an air port (103) in a cap (80) fixed to the top 
of the outer tube (70). When water flows through the inlet (40) the 
valve (106) is raised to open the inner tube (66) and to close the 
air port (103). An alternative embodiment for use in a bidet is 
described, and other applications of the valve are mentioned.
Patent EP-0117108-A3 (EP)
Title: Method for improving cold flow of fuel oils
IPC: C10L1/14
Filed: 1984-02-13
Abstract: Cold flow of fuel oils is improved by adding esters of addition products of epoxides of specifically limited nitrogen-containing compounds with linear saturated fatty acids or a combination of the esters and polymers of one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of olefins, alkyl esters of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids and vinyl esters of saturated fatty acids to fuel oils.
Patent EP-0121436-A3 (EP)
IPC: A24D3/14
Filed: 1984-03-30
Abstract: For the removal of harmful and hazardous substances, 
particularly suspected carcinogens, contained in tobacco 
smoke, a tobacco filter is proposed which contains a 
phthalocyanine compound, with or without a highly water-­
absorbing material, in the conventional material of a tobacco 
filter.
Patent EP-0127342-A3 (EP)
IPC: C07K1/00
Filed: 1984-05-02
Abstract: This invention relates to a novel acylation process which 
comprises using as the acylating agent an o-­
hydroxy-substituted aromatic oxime ester represented by the 
general formula (I) 
  
and mixing said acylating agent with an amine substance 
represented by the general formula (III)  
  
to form a compound represented by the general formula (IV)
Patent EP-0134667-A3 (EP)
IPC: F16H61/30
Filed: 1984-07-13
Abstract: A locking mechanism for a valve of the type having a 
slide or spool (12) longitudinally shiftable to two operative 
positions by a valve shift control such as a pilot operator 
(32-71) is provided. The locking mechanism includes a lock 
pin (72) having a tapered end (74) which may be biased to a 
projecting position or released by a lock control assembly 
(72A, 72B and 72C). When released by the lock control, the 
pin may be forced to the retracted, or non-locking, position 
thereof by the contact of the slide with the tapered end of the 
lock pin under the urging of the valve shift control minimiz­
ing or eliminating the need for separate lock pin retraction 
mechanisms.
Patent EP-0129475-A3 (EP)
Title: Magnetic tachometer for disk drives
IPC: G11B5/54
Filed: 1984-06-14
Abstract: A magnetic tachometer for generating a signal as a function of the velocity of a transducer positioning arm in a disk drive. The tachometer is formed by a pair of fixed parallel coils separated by a distance sufficient to allow a magnet, attached to a counterbalance portion of the rotary positioning arm, to move therebetween and thus to generate a voltage as a function of the velocity of the magnet. The coils are each wound over a thin armature member which is saturated by the magnet's magnetic field and they are differentially coupled to produce common mode rejection.
Patent EP-0157169-A3 (EP)
IPC: F16D55/224
Filed: 1985-02-27
Abstract: The anti-rattle spring (44) provides for resilient loading 
between a pin mounted friction element carrier (39) and a pin 
(40) of a disc brake assembly (10). The disc brake assembly 
(10) includes a friction element carrier (39) having two ear tabs 
(33, 35) with apertures (36, 37) therein. The apertures (36, 37) 
receive axial pins (40) inserted therethrough for mounting the 
friction element carrier (39) to the disc brake assembly (10). 
One aperture (36) communicates with a positioning recess 
(43) disposed in the ear tab (33), the positioning recess (43) 
providing an area for positioning the anti-rattle spring (44) rela­
tive to the aperture (36) and friction element carrier (39). The 
anti-rattle spring (44) comprises a body portion (46) defining a 
loop with legs (50, 54) extending outwardly therefrom, one leg 
(50) being bent over in a U-shaped portion received in the po­
sitioning recess (43) and having a projection part (61) extend­
ing from one end of an aperture (57) to engage the surface of 
the friction element carrier (39), and the other leg (54) having a 
trough-shaped portion (55) extending toward the center of the 
aperture (36). The trough-shaped portion (55) engages the pin 
(40) inserted into the one aperture (36) and is bent downwardly 
to be positioned over the positioning recess (43). The resilient 
loading between the friction element carrier (39) and pin (40) 
eliminates any noise-generating movement during the braking 
cycle and travel over uneven terrain.
Patent EP-0158811-A3 (EP)
Title: Guide, in particular for extensible parts of furniture
IPC: A47B88/493
Filed: 1985-03-09
Abstract: One of two drawable furniture parts have an outer rail made from a triangular hollow section having a lengthwise slot for receiving an inner rail. The outer rail is mounted on an inner rail and rides on a triangular array of balls. The inner rail is made of two superposed U sections whose inside legs are flatly welded together and have their edge portions bent apart to form a track for the upper row of balls. The two lower rows of balls are received in the triangular hollow section below the bent edge portions.
Patent EP-0180783-A3 (EP)
Title: Polymerization of bicyclic amide acetals and polyisocyanates in the presence of moisture
IPC: C08G18/00
Filed: 1985-10-04
Abstract: A process for the preparation of novel polymeric products which involves the reaction of mixtures of bicyclic amide acetals and polyisocyanates with moisture is described.
Patent EP-0187004-A3 (EP)
IPC: C11D3/00
Filed: 1985-12-13
Abstract: The invention provides a carpet cleaning composition and 
dispensing means which use foam producing surfactants, sol­
vents, propellants, builders and water. Other adjuncts may be 
added, such as fragrances, dyes, and fabric softeners.  
     The invention also provides a method for cleaning soiled 
fabrics having fibers containing soiling particles which com­
prises:  
(a) applying to said fibers an aqueous, solvent/surfactant 
admixture having a solvent with consistent evaporation rate in 
ambient air;  
(b) collapsing without abrasion said mixture into said 
fibers and emulsifying and segregating said soiling particles 
during a controlled residence time; and  
(c) evaporating said solvent so as to form said admixture 
into a foam, elevating said soiling particles substantially to the 
surface of said fibers; and compositions directed to the same.
Patent EP-0178257-A3 (EP)
Title: Niveau à bulle avec graduation de mesure de distance
IPC: G01B3/02
Filed: 1985-09-30
Abstract: Pour faciliter le marquage d'axes, le niveau à bulle (1) 
comporte un corps (2) avec un ou deux curseurs (10, 20). Les 
curseurs sont allongés et mobiles avec frottement dans la 
direction de la longueur du corps. Le corps (2) porte une 
graduation (30) partant par exemple du milieu (6) du corps. 
Chaque curseur (10, 20) porte au moins un repère (11, 12, 21, 
22). Par déplacement des curseurs, on donne à une paire de 
repères (11, 21; 21, 22) l'écartement voulu par l'entre-axe et 
le niveau (1) est prêt à servir pour tracer les axes.
Patent EP-0199112-A3 (EP)
IPC: C08G18/00
Filed: 1986-03-22
Abstract: Compositions containing an organic polyisocyanate 
and a fatty polyol are provided. The fatty polyols may 
be derived from an epoxidized fatty alcohol that has 
been reacted with a polyfunctional-hydroxy compound. 
The compositions are preferably salt-free and are useful 
in preparing a variety polyurethane materials.
Patent EP-0201878-A3 (EP)
IPC: H03K17/082
Filed: 1986-05-07
Abstract: Eine Schaltung, bei der sich ein n-Kanal MOS-Transistor 
(T1) zwischen Last (R L ) und Plus-Pol einer Betriebsspan­
nungsquelle befindet, hat folgenden Treiberkreis: Parallel 
zum Schalttransistor (T1) und zur Last (R L ) ist jeweils ein 
RC-Glied (R1 C1 bzw. R2 C2 ; R1, R2R L ) geschaltet. Beide 
Kondensatoren haben einen gemeinsamen Anschluß (S1) 
auf Gate-Potential und sind spannungsbegrenzt (U C1 , U C2  ≦ 
12V). Das Gate liegt am Ausgang eines Inverters (Inv), der 
zwischen Source-Potential U S1  und U S1  + U C1  geschaltet 
werden kann. Parallel zu C1 liegt eine Diodenstrecke (D3 D4) 
und parallel zu C2 liegt ein Oszillator (Osz) mit einem 
Gegentaktausgang, der über einen Kondensator (C3) zwi­
schen D3 und D4 geführt ist. Eine solche Ansteuerung 
benötigt keine externe Hilfsspannung, erlaubt einen stati­
schen und dynamischen Schaltbetrieb sowie beliebig hohe 
Betriebsspannungen und läßt sich mit herkömmlichen Tech­
niken weitgehend integrieren.  
     Hauptanwendungsgebiet: Schaltnetzteile, Tiefsetzstel­
ler, Motorsteuerungen, Einschalten von Lasten in der Steue­
rungstechnik und im Kraftfahrzeug.
Patent EP-0210538-A3 (EP)
Title: Device for the current supply to an electric apparatus for personal use
IPC: H01R33/00
Filed: 1986-07-16
Abstract: For heating, a cordless iron (2) can be placed on a heating understructure (40) adapted to be connected to an electrical power supply system via a power supply cord (8). For this purpose, the power supply cord (8) has at its one end a power plug (14) adapted to be connected to the power supply system and at its other end a socket connector (18) adapted to be connected to the heating understructure (40). If the iron is to be heated constantly, the socket connector (18) can be disconnected from the heating understructure (40) for connection to the iron (2) direct.
Patent EP-0188379-A3 (EP)
IPC: H04B10/20
Filed: 1986-01-16
Abstract: A multi-star fiber optic network includes a series of two 
or more passive transmission stars disposed in different 
local areas, each star serving terminal devices in its local 
area. A pair of repeaters between each successive star of the 
series receive optical signals on one channel and transmit 
the information on at least one different channel, thereby 
avoiding repeated reflections between successive stars. 
Wavelength multiplexing, frequency modulation, and ampli­
tude modulation techniques may be employed to provide the 
different channels, one of which may be baseband channel. 
Modified amplitude modulation techniques may be em­
ployed to provide directional enable or inhibit signals on 
different channels.
Patent EP-0234122-A3 (EP)
IPC: C07K16/30
Filed: 1986-12-23
Abstract: A method for identifying and using antibodies which are 
directed against tumor-associated glycolipid antigens and 
which are capable of activating serum complement or anti­
body dependent cellular cytotoxicity. These antibodies find 
use in the therapy of tumors. Administration of the antibodies 
results in lysis of the tumor cells in vivo.
Patent EP-0245683-A3 (EP)
IPC: C08K5/51
Filed: 1987-04-27
Abstract: Gegenstand der vorliegenden Erfindung sind thermo­
plastische Formmassen, bestehend aus halogenfreien Poly­
diorganosiloxan-Polycarbonat-Blockcopolymeren, Styrol-­
Maleinsäureanhydrid-Copolymerisaten, Phosphorverbin­
dungen der Formel (I) 
  
und Tetrafluorethylenpolymerisaten und gegebenen­
fallsweiteren bekannten Zusätzen.
Patent EP-0259869-A3 (EP)
IPC: G06F11/00
Filed: 1987-09-10
Abstract: In a preferred embodiment (fig. 6), an identification 
circuit comprises an input terminal (40), an output 
terminal (43), a combined counter and comparator circuit 
(39) with counter input terminals (38), an OR gate 
circuit (42) and a trigger circuit consisting of an 
inverter (44) and a multivibrator (41). The said com­
ponents are connected as appears from Fig. 6, so that 
rapid identification of an identification code repre­
sented by the signals on the counter input terminals 
(38) can be obtained with just a single input and a 
single output terminal. The output terminal on the gate 
circuit (42) may be kept at a high impedance by means of 
a signal on the input terminal (40) so that a signal may 
be applied to the output terminal (43), said signal re­
setting the counter via the trigger circuit (44, 41). 
After resetting of the counter, the output signal from 
the gate circuit (42) follows an input signal on the 
input terminal (40) until reception of a number of input 
signals corresponding to the identification code on the 
code terminals (38). The invention also concerns an 
integrated circuit, in particular for use in connection 
with a plate having rows and columns of mechanical coup­
ling means for cooperation with a plurality of elements 
which can be mounted in various positions on the plate. 
The circuit is characterized in that the housing of the 
circuit is formed as such a building element and is 
moreover provided with electric contact areas to provide 
electric contact with electrically conducting areas in 
the plate.
Patent EP-0263377-A3 (EP)
IPC: H04J3/06
Filed: 1987-09-25
Abstract: A pulse swallower (41) utilizes a local feedback loop (51 and 
52) on its output flip-flop (49) enabling it to extinguish its 
high level output after one cycle of the clock signal being 
applied as an input. The other input to the pulse swallower is 
the swallower signal which initiates a pulse swallow cycle for 
eliminating a single clock pulse of the input clock (42) from 
appearing at the clock output (44). This configuration of a 
pulse swallower enables correct operation, or single pulse 
swallowing, to occur at frequencies of up to one-over-four τ 
(1/4 τ ) which is higher than that of conventional pulse 
swallowers.
Patent EP-0262616-A3 (EP)
IPC: B42D3/12
Filed: 1987-09-25
Abstract: Eine Vorrichtung in Form eines Bucheinbandes enthält 
einen auswechselbaren Block (8) von bedruckten oder 
beschriebenen Blättern (18), eine Speichereinheit für Ton­
signale in Form eines Tonbandabspielgerätes (22) mit den 
dazugehörigen Lautsprechern (5, 6) oder Kopfhörern einschließ­
lich einer Tonbandkassette (11) sowie eine Steuereinheit zur 
Zuordnung der Tonsignale zu den Text- und Bildinhalten, 
wobei je nachdem, welche Seite des Blockes aufgeschlagen 
wird, die zugehörige Stelle des Tonbandes angesteuert 
wird.
Patent EP-0278051-A3 (EP)
IPC: G11B33/02
Filed: 1987-10-07
Abstract: Vorrichtung zur Wiedergabe von in einem Speicher, 
auf einem Magnetband oder einer Magnetscheibe gespeicherten 
Informationen, insbesondere Sprach- oder Bildinformationen, 
mit einem im wesentlichen kastenförmigen Gehäuse, in dem ein 
Abspielgerät, ein Lautsprecher, ein Bildschirm und eine 
Energieversorgung untergebracht sind, wobei das Gehäuse 
(10) mit einem aufklappbaren Deckel (11) versehen ist und 
der geschlossene Deckel (11) mit dem Schaltteil (12) eines 
das Abspielgerät bzw. die Wiedergabe von Informationen ein­
schaltenden elektrischen Schalters in Berührungslage ange­
ordnet ist.