Patent GB-937491-A (GB)
Title: Improvements in or relating to a device for determining the direction of the ground speed of a moving body
IPC: G01S1/30
Filed: 1959-12-07
Abstract: 937,491. Radio-navigation. O. M. GAUDILLERE, P. F. GAUDILLERE, and C. M. BERNARD. Dec. 7, 1959 [Dec. 19, 1958], No. 41437/59. Class 40 (7). A radio-navigation system comprises two spaced ground stations transmitting signals of different but closely adjacent frequencies and, on a mobile craft, a receiving system for deriving the beat frequency between the signals (now Doppler modified) received from the ground stations together with means including known devices for deriving the speed of the craft and an approximation of the " course angle " (i.e. compass heading), for computing a more accurate value of such " course angle." By continuously comparing such value with previously ascertained and recorded values of the "course-angle" for all positions on a particular course an error may be derived and utilized to reset the compass and to control the steering mechanism of the craft to maintain it on such course. As described, the ground stations, which are located at spaced positions such as A, B (Fig. 1) consist of two electromagnetic wave transmitters E A , E B  (Fig. 2), radiating signals of different but closely adjacent frequency p and q, respectively, the difference frequency p-q of which is maintained constant by means of a control circuit E C . The signals may comprise unmodulated carrier waves or carrier waves modulated in amplitude or frequency by sinusoidal waves of frequencies p and q respectively. The field pattern produced by such transmitters consists of a family of curves ("isophase lines") approximating to hyperbolµ having foci at points A and B (Fig. 1), on all points, on each of which, and at any instant, the signals from the two transmitters are in phase. Each isophase line " sweeps " the area between the points A, B at a velocity (along line AB) Vo = c . p-q/p+q (where c = the propagation velocity of electromagnetic waves) thus " sweeping " the area at a frequency f=p - q. At any given point M where <AMB= 2# the " sweeping " velocity of the isophase line (along the normal to the tangent at this point) is Vo equal to V = and if point M moves with sin # velocity v along a line forming an angle α with the direction of the isophase velocity it approaches A with the velocity v cos (α- #) and approaches B with velocity v cos (α+#). If now the mobile craft (moving point M) is provided with means 1 (Fig. 2), for receiving the transmitted signals p and q, the latter, which now have apparent frequencies p<SP>1</SP> and q<SP>1</SP>, respectively, due to the Doppler effect, combine to produce a difference frequency f<SP>1</SP> equal to the apparent " sweeping " frequency on the craft. This frequency f<SP>1</SP> is shown to be equal to #(1- v/V sin α) so that α = arc sin V/v #-#<SP>1</SP>/#. If   now, the course angle R is known approximately (from a compass reading) and the velocity v derived by known means the angle α may be calculated since the value of V may be derived if the approximate position of the mobile craft is known. Also the angle γ which the direction of V makes with the meridian at this position may also be calculated. Alternatively, V and γ may be derived from a chart such as shown in Fig. 1. A closer approximation to the value R is then obtained as R= α+γ. This is obtained by feeding the approximate value for R either manually or automatically to a dead reckoning device 3 (Fig. 2) together with the velocity v (derived in unit 2 by known apparatus, e.g. log, kinemometer, Doppler Radar or inertia operated means) to derive the co-ordinates x, y of the craft. From the latter the values of V and γ are derived (block 4) the former being utilized in block 5 together with v and f for deriving the angle α to which, the angle γ is added in block 6 to produce a new value for R. By thus constantly measuring the velocity v and using this and the value R derived, e.g. from the reading of a magnetic or gyroscopic compass a more exact value for R is derived which may be employed to re-set the compass. The mobile craft need only be equipped with the devices 1 and 2 for deriving f<SP>1</SP> and v, respectively, and the functions performed by the calculating devices 3, 4, 5 and 6 effected by manual calculation. Fig. 3 shows the form of the ground station when the transmission comprises unmodulated continuous waves. As shown, the control unit Ec receives the frequencies h, q (which may differ by a number of kilocycles) from the transmitters E A  and E B  respectively, derives the difference frequency p-q in unit 9, compares the latter with a stable frequency f in comparator 10 and utilizes any output from the comparator to control a modulator 12 which transmits via 13 a control signal for reception by one of the transmitters E A , E B , in this case E A , the receiver 7a of which controls a frequency correcting circuit 7b for oscillator 7 such that the difference frequency p-q is held equal to the stable frequency f. When the ground stations have the latter form the receiver on the mobile craft consists of a receiver 14 (Fig. 4) for the frequencies p<SP>1</SP>, q<SP>1</SP>, a difference circuit 15 producing the beat frequency f<SP>1</SP> which is supplied to a frequency meter 16. The output of the latter may be read on an indicator 17 and additionally fed over conductor 18 to the calculator 5 of Fig. 2. When the ground transmitters radiate amplitude or frequency modulated waves the carrier frequencies are distinctly separated whilst the difference between the modulation frequencies p-q is maintained at a low value of generally less than one cycle per second. In this case, the required difference frequency is maintained by deriving the modulation frequencies p and q as integer sub-multiples of one of the carrier frequencies and, as shown in Fig. 5, where the frequencies p, q are derived   as F 1 /n and F 1 /n<SP>1</SP> (where F 1  is the carrier frequency   of the E A  transmitter and n and n<SP>1</SP> are integers) employing the carrier F 1 , as received at station E B , to control the frequency of oscillator 26 (operating at a nominal F 1 ) from which the modulation frequency q is derived by division in 27 by the factor n<SP>1</SP>. The mobile craft in this ease is provided with a twin channel receiver for deriving the modulation frequencies p<SP>1</SP>, q<SP>1</SP> which may be supplied to separate frequency meters (Fig. 6, not shown) or converted into narrow pulses, the time between successive coincidences of which is indicated on a meter and may also be fed to calculator 5 of Fig. 2 (Fig. 7, not shown). For controlling the navigation of the mobile craft values of V and α previously determined for the whole route are recorded on a tape which is "read " under the control of the output of an integrator continuously supplied with the velocity v. The tape signals together with the signals from the integrator are then supplied to a computer   which supplies # (1 - v/V Sin α) or T(1 + v/V Sin α) the comparisons of which with f<SP>1</SP> or T<SP>1</SP> produces an error signal when the craft departs from the correct course. Manual or automatic piloting means may then be employed to reduce such error signal to zero. Specification 738,756 is referred to.