baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent IE-42492-B1 (IE)
Title: Preparation of penam derivatives
IPC: C07D499/21
Filed: 1975-11-17
Abstract: 1506518 Tetrazolylpenam derivatives PFIZER Inc 27 Nov 1975 [29 Nov 1974] 48886/75 Heading C2C [Also in Division C3] Novel penam compounds of the formula wherein R is a hydrogen atom, C 1-12 alkyl, C 3-7 cycloalkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, naphthyl, substituted naphthyl, furyl, thienyl or pyridyl, or C 2-12 alkenyl, each substituted group containing one or two substituents, each of which is a Cl, Br, I, OH, NO 2 , C 1-4 alkoxy or C 1-4 alkyl ; Y is a group of the formula wherein R 1 is R 2 or a tetrazolylpenam nitrogen protecting group, R 2 is H, C 3-8 alkanoyloxymethyl, C 4-9 alkanyloxyethyl, silyl, phthalidyl or a group of the formula wherein each of R 4 , R 5 and R 6 is H, Cl, Br, F, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, or phenyl, and salts of those compounds wherein R 1 and R 2 are H atoms may be prepared by reacting an optionally R 1 or R 2 substituted 6-amino-2,2-dimethyl- 3-(5-tetrazolyl)penam with an aldehyde of the formula RCHO. A 6-acylamino-2,2-dimethyl-3(5-tetrazolyl)- penam is obtained by acylating an imine of Formula III with a compound of Formula R 3 COX to form an imine of Formula (IV) and hydrolysing the imine to form the product of Formula (V) Detailed preparations of intermediates (I) via the corresponding 6 - triphenylamino - 2,2- dimethyl - 3(5 - tetrazolyl)penams is also described.
Patent IE-44135-B1 (IE)
Title: Solar energy collector
Inventor: FLAVIANO FAREFALETTI CASALI
IPC: F24S23/74
Filed: 1976-12-02
Abstract: 1509476 Solar heaters EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY (EURATOM) 3 Dec 1976 [4 Dec 1975] 50595/76 Heading F4U A solar collector for heating a fluid comprises an evacuated transparent cylindrical container 8 through which passes a U-shaped tube 1 for circulating the fluid to be heated, the straight portions of the tube being parallel to the container axis. Associated with each straight portion of the tube there is a mirror 7 having a cross-section formed of two partial ellipses. In an alternative embodiment, Fig. 3 (not shown), the container is provided with a straight tube which passes through the ends of the container. The tube 1 may be a stainless steel tube blackened by varnish or provided with a coating of metal oxide. The container is formed of glass. The straight tube, Fig. 3 (not shown), may alternatively be formed of glass and the fluid may be a black liquid.
Patent IE-42618-B1 (IE)
Title: New pharmaceutical compositions containing piperidyl-indole derivatives
IPC: A61K31/445
Filed: 1975-12-09
Abstract: 1529330 Acid addition salts of 3-(41-piperidyl)- indoles ROUSSEL-UCLAF 1 Dec 1975 [9 Dec 1974 23 Oct 1975] 02344/78 Divided out of 1529329 Heading C2C The invention comprises acid addition salts of the compounds when R is H or C 1-5 alkoxy and R 1 and R 2 . are H or C 1-5 alkyl and their preparation by reacting bases of the above formula with the desired free acids. The compounds of the invention are stated to have antidepressant, antiparkinsonian and anti-emetic properties.
Patent IE-54745-B1 (IE)
Title: Elastomeric waterproof laminate
IPC: A41D31/02
Filed: 1983-11-18
Abstract: @ This invention provides a waterproof and breathable elastomeric polytetrafluoroethylene layered article or fabric for use in rainwear or other protective articles. The layered article can for example, exhibit elastomeric properties of stretch to break of 275% in the machine direction, and 145% in the transverse direction and a total stretch recovery of at least 39% after being stretched to 75 % extension for 100 cycles. The waterproof and breathable elastomeric polytetrafluoroethylene layered article can be bonded to a stretch fabric to form a composite fabric which is durable and possesses a moisture vapor transmission rate exceeding 1000 gms/m<sup>2</sup>/day, and preferably above about 2000 gms/m<sup>2</sup>/day.
Patent IE-74235-B1 (IE)
Title: A software testing apparatus
Inventor: RYAN TIMOTHY
IPC: G06F11/00
Filed: 1994-09-28
Abstract: The apparatus (1) has stored test instructions (10) for testing of a number of application software suites both during development on an in-house host system or running on remote target systems. Target system codes and list files (5 and 6) allow automatic access to a correct sub-software. The sub-structure (8 (a)) has levels which ensure access to the most recent program modifications and allow storage of programs for all target systems without the requirement for a very large storage capacity. Thus development, early and final stage testing, and support for new version or release testing of software on target systems can be carried out uniformly, quickly and correctly .
Patent IE-74257-B1 (IE)
Title: A carbon monoxide alarm device
Inventor: BYRNE MICHAEL
IPC: G08B21/00
Filed: 1996-02-23
Abstract: An alarm (1) has a senor (6) which is driven through a rail (54) and transistors Q1 and Q2. A capacitor (C3) and a current source (58) are used to determine actual rail voltage by reference to calibration data stored in an EEPROM (61). The 1C (57) sets pulse duration according to the rail voltage for consistent sensor heating. Temperature is also measured by charging C3 through a thermistor TH1, and the sensor resistance value adjusted accordingly. The 1C (57) operates a red light intermittently for low CO levels. A horn is sounded for higher levels .
Patent LU-100486-B1 (LU)
Title: Automatic water sampler apparatus
Inventor: BARNICH FRANÇOIS
IPC: G08B21/12
Filed: 2017-10-20
Granted: 2019-04-25
Abstract: The invention is directed to an automatic water sampler apparatus (100) which comprises at least one movable injection unit (10.3, 20.3) that can be positioned in order to inject the sample in a specific vial disposed on a tray (104) of the apparatus, the tray (104) being on the base of the apparatus. The positioning is done by two positioning units (106). The input unit of said apparatus comprises at least one water collector, but can also comprise four or more water collectors. The invention is also directed to a method of sampling water from a predetermined water body, where a plurality of samples can be collected thanks to said automatic water sampler apparatus (100).
Patent MD-543-B1 (MD)
Title: The method of selective ligumento-capsulotomie with cogenital innate pigeon-toed with children
Inventor: MOROZ PETRU
IPC: A61B17/56
Filed: 1994-12-21
Abstract: Inventia se refera la medicina, si anume la ortopedie si traumatologie, in particular la metoda de tratament al piciorului stramb la copii. Esenta metodei propuse consta in aceea ca aparatul ligamento-capsular al articulatiei tibiotarsiene si celei talocalcaneene este sectionat numai pe partea posterioara, pastrand integritatea
Patent MD-464-B1 (MD)
Title: Electromobil drive
Inventor: BOSTAN ION
IPC: B60K7/00
Filed: 1995-07-10
Abstract: Inventia se refera la constructia de masini si poate fi utilizata in electromobile. Scopul inventiei consta in reducerea masei si sporirea fiabilitatii. Mecanismul de actionare, a electromobilului include un corp 5, in care este amplasat un satelit cu doua coroane 6, intre coroanele  caruia este amplasat un inel 10, pe suprafata cilindrica e
Patent NO-301602-B1 (NO)
Inventor: BERTHON FRANCIS
IPC: E05C19/06
Filed: 1992-03-25
Abstract: The device comprises a frame (1) and a removable grating (2) which is hinged along an axis X-X of the frame, which grating consists of a series of bars connected in pairs, by at least one tie and running perpendicularly to the hinge axis X-X of the grating (2). The grating (2) furthermore comprises two intermediate bars (19A, 19B) connected to the other bars of the grating by their ends opposite the hinge axis X-X and the free ends of which interact, by elastic bending of the bars (19A, 19B) in the plane of the grating, with means (13, 14), arranged on the frame (1), for holding the grating (2) in the open and closed position. <IMAGE>
Patent NO-303235-B1 (NO)
Inventor: STIGBERG CARL E
IPC: D21F3/02
Filed: 1992-09-24
Abstract: A belt for use on a long nip press for dewatering a fibrous web includes a base fabric, woven from machine-direction and cross-machine directions yarns and taking the form of an endless loop. The base fabric many be woven from monofilaments yarns of a synthetic polymeric resin in either a single- or a multi-layer weave. At least one side of the base fabric, namely, that side which will be on the inside of the belt in its endless loop form, and which slides over the arcuate pressure shoe component of the long nip press during its operation, is coated with a polymeric resin, such as polyurethane, to render it impervious to liquids, especially lubricating oil. The coating is reinforced with a flexible layer of reinforcing fiber which may take the form of a woven sheet or may be in single filament form in single or multiple layers thereof. When in single filament form, each layer includes filaments disposed adjacent and substantially parallel to one another. The reinforcing fiber may be of a synthetic polymeric resin or of metal. In either case, the reinforcement renders the coating less susceptible to cracking and to damage from foreign objects while the belt is in use on the long nip press. <IMAGE>
Patent NO-304795-B1 (NO)
Inventor: ENHSEN ALFONS
IPC: C07J43/00
Filed: 1994-05-06
Abstract: Tetrazole bile acid derivatives of the formula I  G1 - X - G2      I in which G1, G2 and X have the stated meanings, and processes for their preparation are described. The compounds have valuable pharmacological properties and can therefore be used as medicines.
Patent NO-325041-B1 (NO)
Inventor: BUENEMANN THOMAS F
IPC: C10M159/00
Filed: 1998-10-15
Abstract: The invention relates to compositions comprising an ester of a polyol and a mixture of fatty acids, wherein at least a part (I) of the esterified fatty acids has a chain length of 512 carbon atoms and another part (II) of the esterified fatty acids has a chain length of 1622 carbon atoms, and wherein the composition has a viscosity of 7000 mm 2 /s or less, when tested according to ASTM (D2531). Such compositions have unexpected good low temperature properties, in particular a good rheology after having been kept for a prolonged time at a low temperature (e.g. at 30° C.). These compositions are suitable for use as (part of) hydraulic fluid in applications at low temperatures
Patent NO-314989-B1 (NO)
Inventor: VELAND BJOERN JARLE
IPC: C01B3/56
Filed: 1999-12-28
Abstract: A method for increasing production in an existing processing plant for converting natural gas into a product, wherein the natural gas is first converted into a synthesis gas in a synthesis gas section, the synthesis gas is reacted in a reactor for synthesis of the product, where non-converted synthesis gas and product are separated into two streams, where a product-rich stream is taken out of the process, while a product-poor stream is recycled as feed to the reactor together with make-up synthesis gas, and where a portion of the recycle stream is taken out of the recycle loop as a purge gas, where the purge gas is separated into hydrogen-rich and hydrogen-poor streams, where hydrogen-rich streams are introduced into steps in the process where it is desirable to have a supplement of hydrogen, and where the residual thermal value of the hydrogen-poor stream is optionally used for heating before it is discharged. A modified processing plant for carrying out the method is also described.
Patent AT-518686-B1 (AT)
Title: Schwerkrafttrenneinrichtung, Schwerkraftrennbehälter und Verfahren zum Trennen einer durchmischten Flüssigkeit
Inventor: KURT C HOLECEK
IPC: B01D17/025
Filed: 2016-05-30
Granted: 2018-03-15
Abstract: Die Erfindung beschreibt ein Verfahren zum Trennen einer durchmischten Flüssigkeit (2), ein Schwerkrafttrenneinrichtung (1) und eine Schwerkraftrennbehälter (3), bei dem über eine Zubringerleitung (12) die Flüssigkeit (2) in einen Phasentrennbehälter (3) zugeführt wird. Im Phasentrennbehälter (3) wird aufgrund der einwirkenden Schwerkraft die durchmischte Flüssigkeit (2) in eine schwerere Phase (6) und eine leichtere Phase (7) der Flüssigkeit (2) aufgetrennt, wobei die schwere Phase (6) der Flüssigkeit (2) im unteren Bereich (13) und die leichte Phase (7) im oberen Bereich (14) des Phasentrennbehälters (3) aufgefangen wird, wobei die Flüssigkeiten (2) der einzelnen Phasen (6,7) über Leitungen (4,5) abgeführt werden. Die Einbringung der zugeführten durchmischten Flüssigkeit erfolgt in etwa auf der Höhe (15) der Phasentrennfläche (16) der beiden Phasen (6,7) der Flüssigkeit (2), vorzugsweise kontinuierlich mit geringer Strömungsgeschwindigkeit, wobei sich die Phasentrennfläche (16) zwischen einer leichteren Phase (7) der Flüssigkeit (2) und einer schwereren Phase (6) der Flüssigkeit (2) ausbildet, wobei die Einbringung der durchmischten Flüssigkeit (2) zwischen zwei horizontalen Verteilerplatten (23,24) erfolgt.
Patent AT-509065-B1 (AT)
Title: Standfuss für einen flüssigkeitsspender
IPC: A47F5/04
Filed: 2010-04-23
Granted: 2011-06-15
Abstract: Bei einem Standfuß für einen Flüssigkeitsspender mit einer eine Auffangschale (4) aufweisenden Tischstandfläche (6), und mit einem davon hochstehenden Stützelement (3) für den Spender (1) weist die Auffangschale (4) eine Ausnehmung in der Tischstandfläche (6) auf, in der eine nach unten ragende Verlängerung (18) des Stützelementes (3) mit einer Bodenauflageplatte (17) befestigt ist.
Patent BG-60916-B1 (BG)
Title: Chemopapayotin and method for its purification
Inventor: BARRETT ALAN J
IPC: C07K14/415
Filed: 1991-10-24
Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition comprising purified chymopapain and a reducing agent is presented. The purified chymopapain in this composition has a specific activity against 1 mM of N- alpha -benzoyl-DL-arginine p-nitroanilide at 40 DEG  C. and pH 6.8 of between 3,000 and 4,500 units per mg, and contains less than 0.2% each of papaya proteinase III (PPIII), papain, and papaya proteinase IV (PPIV).
Patent BR-PI0105870-B1 (BR)
Title: sistema para avaliação funcional do processo mastigatório e estruturas orgânicas inter-relacionadas
Inventor: DENIS REINALDO
IPC: G01N1/00
Filed: 2001-11-14
Abstract: "sistema para avaliação funcional do processo mastigatório e estruturas orgânicas inter-relacionadas". constituído por sensores de ruídos (1) aplicados nas articulações têmporo-mandibulares, de sensores de eletromiografia (2) aplicados junto aos músculos temporal, masseter, pterigóideo medial e lateral e digástrico e transdutores de ultra-sonografia (3) aplicados em áreas específicas da cabeça (4), com as informações coletadas transferidas, juntamente com os dados obtidos pela película sensora dos pontos de carga e intensidade mastigatória (5) e as imagens do aparelho de ultra-sonografia, de ressonância magnética ou outros meios (7), para uma unidade central de processamento com aplicativo apropriado (6), ordenando-os e transmitindo-os pela rede ou gravando-os em mídia magnética ou óptica (8) para arquivo e/ou estudos com a criação de modelos matemáticos virtuais reproduzidos em monitores de computador e/ou em óculos 3d ou outros meios (11) ou para uma unidade computadorizada para confecção de próteses odontológicas (9) ou para um articulador robótico (10), cujo desenvolvimento visa criar condições técnicas para um correto diagnóstico dos problemas e disfunções no processo mastigatório bem como propiciar tratamento adequado a essas desordens funcionais.
Patent BR-PI0211116-B1 (BR)
Inventor: JOLLEY MICHAEL E
IPC: G01N33/58
Filed: 2002-07-10
Abstract: A homogeneous assay for determining the aflatoxin content in agricultural products uses the technique of fluorescence polarization. A solvent is used to extract aflatoxins from a sample of the agricultural product. A mixture is prepared by combining the extract with a tracer and with a monoclonal antibody specific for aflatoxin. The tracer is able to bind to the monoclonal antibody to produce a detectable change in fluorescence polarization. The tracer is prepared by conjugating an aflatoxin oxime to a suitable fluorophore. The fluorescence polarization of the mixture is measured. The aflatoxin concentration of the mixture may be calculated using a standard curve obtained by measuring the fluorescence polarization of a series of aflatoxin solutions of known concentration.
Patent BR-PI0316159-B1 (BR)
Title: método para um dispositivo de comunicação portátil sem fio
Inventor: NAVEEN AERRABOTU
IPC: H04M3/38
Filed: 2003-11-12
Abstract: "resolução de trava de subsídio pelo ar". são fornecidos métodos (100, 200, 300) em um dispositivo de comunicação portátil sem fio e em rede de comunicação sem fio para resolver a trava de subsídio ao transmitir e receber mensagens pelo ar. quando da entrada de um modo restrito de operação (118, 204), o dispositivo de comunicação portátil sem fio transmite uma solicitação à rede de comunicação sem fio solicitando desativar o modo de operação restrito (120, 212). em resposta, o dispositivo de comunicação portátil sem fio recebe uma mensagem desativando o modo de operação restrito (122, 214).
Patent BR-0316797-B1 (BR)
Inventor: KIRSTEIN HARTMUT
IPC: B21B45/00
Filed: 2003-12-10
Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an installation for hot-rolling strips using a reversible Steckel rolling frame ( 8 ), each side of which is equipped with a respective furnace coiler ( 9, 10 ) and a driving mechanism ( 17,18 ), provided between the furnace coiler ( 9, 10 ) and Steckel rolling frame ( 8 ). The aim of the invention is to crop particularly thin, hot strips. To achieve this, the strip is cropped during the reversible rolling process by a single pair of flying cropping shears ( 20 ), positioned between one of the driving mechanisms ( 17 ) and the Steckel rolling frame ( 8 ). The cropping shears comprise in particular a drum blade.
Patent BR-0317655-B1 (BR)
Inventor: FOCKE HEINZ
IPC: B65B63/02
Filed: 2003-12-03
Abstract: For the production of cigarette groups ( 11 ) having a formation comprising a plurality of vertical rows of cigarettes ( 10 ) arranged one beside the other, after pushing a corresponding number of cigarettes ( 10 ) out of shafts ( 13 ) of a cigarette magazine ( 12 ), a transverse displacement of the cigarettes ( 10 ) is required in order to arrange same in a tightly packed or saddle configuration. At least marginal push rods ( 18 ) for pushing the cigarettes ( 10 ) out of the shafts ( 13 ) of the cigarette magazine ( 12 ) can be displaced transversely together with the cigarettes.
Patent BR-PI9810870-B1 (BR)
Title: Molécula e construto de dna, processos de preparação de uma célula de planta transformada e de produção de uma planta de tabaco transgênica, bem como processo para redução de expressão de um gene de quinolato fosforibosil transferase em uma célula de planta
Inventor: MARK A CONKLING
IPC: C12N/
Filed: 1998-06-10
Abstract: patente de invenção: <b>"regulação de expressão de quinolato fosforibosil transferase"<d>. dna codificando uma enzima de quinolato fosforibosil transferase de planta (qprtase), e construtos compreendendo tal dna, são fornecidos. processos de alteração de expressão de quinolato fosforibosil transferase são fornecidos.
Patent BR-9815832-B1 (BR)
Inventor: HOLBROOK JAMES L
IPC: A23L1/30
Filed: 1998-07-15
Abstract: The present invention is a vegetable protein composition. The vegetable protein composition contains an isoflavone-depleted vegetable protein material and an isoflavone-containing material which is dispersed in the isoflavone-depleted vegetable protein material. The composition may be used in foods to provide the nutritional benefits of the isoflavone-depleted vegetable protein material while providing the health benefits of the isoflavone-containing material. The invention also includes processes for forming such vegetable protein compositions.
Patent CS-273207-B1 (CS)
Title: Device for combing rollers' wire coatings' automatic grinding
Inventor: RIHA OTOKAR
IPC: B24B5/36
Filed: 1987-12-30
Abstract: Device for automatic grinding of wire coatings of combing cylinders of combing machines consists of a carrier, on which there is a telescopic arm equipped on end with a slide, on which there is a longitudinally shiftable support of a grinding wheel. The end of the telescopic arm and the slide are equipped with an adjusting and arresting mechanism.<IMAGE>
Patent CS-245693-B1 (CS)
Inventor: MATUSEK MIROSLAV
IPC: F16D69/02
Filed: 1984-12-29
Abstract: Řešení se týká bezazbestového třecího
materiálu, zejména pro práci za sucha, sestávajícího
ze syntetických pryskyřic, žáruvzdorných
vláken nabázi oxidu hlinitého
a mikroprášku karbidu křemíku.
Patent DE-2527803-B1 (DE)
Title: Flame-proofing additives for plastics - consisting of pentabrombenzyl or tetrabromxylenyl (meth)acrylate ester polymers
Inventor: KLINKENBERG HERBERT DIPL-CHEM
IPC: C08L101/00
Filed: 1975-06-21
Abstract: Polymers or copolymers based on pentabrombenzyl ester or tetrabromxylenyl diester of formula: (in which is 0 or 1; X is pref. Br or opt. Cl; and R is H or CH3), are used as flameproofing matls. for plastics, esp. polyester, ABS, polycarbonate, polyacetal or polyurethane, opt. contg. fillers or reinforcing matls. The cpds. are very heat resistant; compatible with plastics and resistant to volantilisn. so that permanent flame-proofing is achieved; may be added during polymsn. without interfering with the process; and are resistant to solvent extraction.
Patent ES-2049637-B1 (ES)
Title: Procedimiento de preparacion de mezclas de 1-feniletanol y acetofenona.
Inventor: DE FRUTOS ESCRIG PILAR
IPC: B01J23/46
Filed: 1992-05-13
Granted: 1994-12-16
Abstract: PROCEDIMIENTO DE PREPARACION DE MEZCLAS DE 1-FENILETANOL Y ACETOFENONA, PRECURSORES DE ESTIRENO, A PARTIR DE DISOLUCIONES DE HIDROPEROXIDO DE ETILBENCENO CARACTERIZADO POR PONER EN CONTACTO DISOLUCIONES DE HIDROPEROXIDO DE ETILBENCENO EN FASE LIQUIDA CON UN SISTEMA CATALITICO CONSTITUIDO POR DISOLUCION ALCOHOLICA DE AL MENOS UN COMPUESTO DE RUTENIO Y OPCIONALMENTE UNA BASE ORGANICA, A UNA TEMPERATURA COMPRENDIDA ENTRE APROXIMADAMENTE 25 Y 175GC. EL SISTEMA CATALITICO ESTA CARACTERIZADO POR LA ELEVADA ESTABILIDAD Y PRESENTA ACTIVIDAD Y SELECTIVIDAD MEJORADAS EN LA DESCOMPOSICION DEL HIDROPEROXIDO DE ETILBENCENO A 1-FENILETANOL Y ACETOFENONA.
Patent ES-2056016-B1 (ES)
Title: Membranas microporosas de silice, su utilizacion y fabricacion.
Inventor: MUNOZ AGUADO M JOSE
IPC: B01D71/02
Filed: 1992-10-22
Granted: 1995-03-01
Abstract: MEMBRANAS MICROPOROSAS DE SILICE, SU UTILIZACION Y FABRICACION. UNA NUEVA MEMBRANA MICROPOROSA DE COMPOSICION PURAMENTE INORGANICA BASADA ESENCIALMENTE EN PARTICULAS DE SILICE ISOMETRICAS Y DE DISTRIBUCION DE TAMAÑO EXACTAMENTE DEFINIDO. EL MATERIAL ES DE ELEVADA ESTABILIDAD QUIMICA Y TERMICA, Y TIENE, DEPOSITADO COMO TABIQUES EN EL INTERIOR O PELICULAS ULTRAFINAS EN UNA SUPERFICIE DE SOPORTES CERAMICOS, PROPIEDADES DE TAMIZ MOLECULAR. LA MEMBRANA SE PUEDE FABRICAR SIGUIENDO UNO DE ESTOS DOS PROCEDIMIENTOS: A) A PARTIR DE SOLES OBTENIDOS POR ACIDIFICACION DE UN SILICATO SOLUBLE CON UN ACIDO MINERAL, DANDO LUGAR A UNA MEMBRANA ASIMETRICA MULTICAPA AL DEPOSITAR DICHOS SOLES SOBRE UN SOPORTE CERAMICO, Y B) POR FLOCULACION DE SILICE EN EL INTERIOR DE UN SOPORTE CERAMICO, AL PONER EN CONTACTO EL SOPORTE EMBEBIDO EN UN SILICATO SOLUBLE CON UNA SOLUCION DE UNA SAL DE UN METAL DI- O TRIVALENTE, DANDO LUGAR AUN TABIQUE MICROPOROSO POR RELLENADO DEL VOLUMEN POROSO DEL SOPORTE CON SILICE MICROPOROSA.