baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent PT-109389-A (PT)
Title: Sistema de preparação de bebidas aromáticas com disposição de descarga de bebidas optimizada e processo de operação do referido sistema
Inventor: RUI MIGUEL NABEIRO
IPC: B67D1/04
Filed: 2016-05-16
Abstract: A PRESENTE INVENÇÃO REVELA UM SISTEMA (1) DE PREPARAÇÃO DE BEBIDAS, EM PARTICULAR BEBIDAS AROMÁTICAS TAL COMO CAFÉ EXPRESSO E SIMILARES, COMPREENDENDO UM DISPOSITIVO DE PRESSURIZAÇÃO DE ESCOAMENTO (9) QUE FORNECE UM ESCOAMENTO PRESSURIZADO (FS) A PELO MENOS UM TIPO DE DISPOSITIVO (2) DE EXTRAÇÃO QUE DESCARREGA UMA BEBIDA (BD), PELO MENOS UMA DISPOSIÇÃO DE DESCARGA DE BEBIDA (3) QUE PROPORCIONA DESCARGA DE BEBIDA SEGUNDO UMA DIREÇÃO OPOSTA À DA FORÇA DA GRAVIDADE, E PELO MENOS UM TIPO DE RECIPIENTE DE BEBIDA (4), POR EXEMPLO DO TIPO COPO, CHÁVENA OU SIMILAR, SENDO QUE O REFERIDO SISTEMA (1) APRESENTA PELO MENOS UMA ABERTURA DE INTRODUÇÃO (8), CONFIGURADA PARA INTRODUÇÃO DE PORÇÕES (7) DE SUBSTÂNCIA EDÍVEL, DISPOSTA JUNTO À REFERIDA DISPOSIÇÃO DE DESCARGA DE BEBIDA (3), DE MODO QUE AMBAS SÃO ACESSÍVEIS NUMA SUPERFÍCIE EXTERIOR COMUM DE CAIXA DE APARELHO (6), APRESENTANDO UMA ALTURA (H), DO REFERIDO APARELHO (5) DE PREPARAÇÃO DE BEBIDAS. A PRESENTE INVENÇÃO REVELA AINDA UM PROCESSO DE PREPARAÇÃO DE BEBIDAS QUE SE CARACTERIZA POR INCLUIR UM PASSO CONFIRMAÇÃO DA CORRETA COLOCAÇÃO DE UM RECIPIENTE DE BEBIDA (4) EM ENGRENAGEM NA DISPOSIÇÃO DE DESCARGA DE BEBIDAS (3) E APRESENTAÇÃO DE CORRESPONDENTE INFORMAÇÃO.
Patent PT-115072-A (PT)
Title: Combinador inteligente multi estágio controlado digitalmente
Inventor: RUI MIGUEL HENRIQUES DIAS MORGADO DINIS
IPC: H03F1/32
Filed: 2018-10-11
Abstract: SÃO DESCRITOS CIRCUITOS E MÉTODOS PARA USO NA COMBINAÇÃO DE SINAIS DE SINAIS MODULADOS EM AMPLITUDE E FASE. UM CIRCUITO USA UM COMBINADOR MULTI ESTÁGIO CONTROLADO DIGITALMENTE, UM MAPEADOR DISCRETO DA FASE DE SINAL E UM CIRCUITO DE CONTROLE DIGITAL DO COMBINADOR COM N SINAIS DE ENTRADA. OS N SINAIS RESULTANTES NA SAÍDA DOS AMPLIFICADORES DE POTÊNCIA POSSUEM FASES QUE PERTENCEM A UM ALFABETO COM M FASES DISCRETAS E QUE SÃO FORNECIDOS AO COMBINADOR DE MÚLTIPLOS ESTÁGIOS. AS FASES DOS N SINAIS DE ENTRADA SÃO DISCRETIZADAS NUM GERADOR DE SINAIS DIGITAIS DE CONTROLE EM N CONJUNTOS DE SINAIS DE CONTROLE DIGITAL PARA CONTROLAR NXM CONJUTOS DE COMUTADORES, NOS QUAIS OS SINAIS SÃO SELECIONADOS DE ACORDO COM A FASE E ENVIADOS PARA O COMBINADOR CORRESPONDENTE ENTRE OS M COMBINADORES POSSÍVEIS. CADA UM DOS COMBINADORES DO CONJUNTO DE M COMBINADORES COMBINA ESSES SINAIS. UM SEGUNDO ESTÁGIO COM UM COMBINADOR CONTROLADO DIGITALMENTE COMBINA EM DOIS SUBCONJUNTOS DE SINAIS RESULTANTES DO PRIMEIRO ESTÁGIO DO COMBINADOR. OS SINAIS RESULTANTES DO PRIMEIRO ESTÁGIO E AS SAÍDAS RESULTANTES DO SEGUNDO ESTÁGIO DO COMBINADOR SÃO ENTÃO COMBINADOS NUM TERCEIRO ESTÁGIO CONTROLADO DIGITALMENTE. OS AMPLIFICADORES DE SINAL EMPREGUES ANTES DO COMBINADOR PODEM SER AMPLIFICADORES COMUTADOS PARA FORNECER AMPLIFICAÇÃO DE ALTA EFICIÊNCIA DOS SINAIS.
Patent RU-94009068-A (RU)
Inventor: SHISHKIN A A
IPC: A61F13/20
Filed: 1994-03-14
Abstract: FIELD: medical aids. SUBSTANCE: tampax can be used as for introducing medicinal preparations, and as comfortable hygienic subjects used during regular bleeding. The basic factor of quality of the tampax is its degree of absorption concerning volume of secretion and time of keeping of secretion. EFFECT: improved quality of tampax.
Patent RU-94009999-A (RU)
Inventor: GERKHARD LEBERT
IPC: F02C7/04
Filed: 1994-03-25
Abstract: FIELD: aeronautical engineering. SUBSTANCE: aircraft has two jet engines; air is fed to these engines directly through diffuser (diffuser of this aircraft is shortened); air sucked from boundary layer is evacuated to common flow of air sucked by engines through suction slots by means of combined device which consists of ejectors and diffusers; this device is located in tail section of fuselage. EFFECT: enhanced efficiency.
Patent RU-94015302-A (RU)
Inventor: VERBOV V F
IPC: G08B13/18
Filed: 1994-04-25
Abstract: FIELD: burglar alarm devices applicable in guarding of various objects. SUBSTANCE: burglar alarm device includes radiation source, optical divider, two deflectors, deflector drive, two pairs of identical spherical reflectors, two radiation receivers, unit for data processing and presentation. The principle of operation is based on formation by means of the above specified members of the fence - detection boundary in which the main optical axes of two pairs of spherical reflectors are crossed at definite angle to create thus the three sections of trespasser detection:central, left-hand and right-hand from the central one. Crossing of the detection sections is registered by the respective radiation receivers and presented on the information board. EFFECT: higher accuracy in determination of the place of trespassing.
Patent RU-94015375-A (RU)
Inventor: AKENT EV A A
IPC: G06F17/60
Filed: 1994-04-26
Abstract: FIELD: radio engineering. SUBSTANCE: device detects and corrects coefficient for distribution of packet flow to earth and space communication channels. In addition device calculates optimal length of transmitted packet according distribution coefficient which is selected at given moment. Optimal packet length calculation unit 5 is introduced to accomplish the goal of invention. Input of unit 5 receives signals from outputs of data transmission devices about speed of data transmission, number of bits per packet, number of checking bits, time for running through communication channel. This unit outputs signal to data transmission devices in order to change packet format. It also outputs signal to input of unit 1 which calculates load for correction of load distribution in network. EFFECT: decreased time for message delivery under complex signal-noise conditions using communication priorities. 2 cl, 8 dwg
Patent RU-94015544-A (RU)
Inventor: ZHURAVLEV S G
IPC: C02F3/02
Filed: 1994-04-27
Abstract: FIELD: chemical machine-building industries. SUBSTANCE: device is furnished with monitors of concentrations of various ingredients of sewage, sensors connected to a computer, which controls operation of pulse infrasonic generator producing pulses of a different spectrum acting on ionic bonds of different chemical compounds of sewage fed to different reservoirs. The personal computer is coupled to sewage feed and return actuators by means of a liquid level detector and flowmeter. EFFECT: enhanced efficiency.
Patent RU-94021163-A (RU)
Inventor: SINOTIN A P
IPC: B29D30/24
Filed: 1994-06-07
Abstract: FIELD: tire production. SUBSTANCE: drum has inner and outer hubs and inner and outer sectors pivotally connected through ribs to form groups. Sectors are mutually collapsible one with respect to the other. Inner sectors are pivotally connected with outer hub through levers. Each outer sector is pivotally connected with inner hub through rib and with outer hub through lever. Angle of each group of sectors and mutual relative position of identical kinematic pairs on sectors, inner and outer hubs is. When assembled, sectors define three-surfaced prism with spherical side surfaces. EFFECT: simplified collapsibility of drum and enhanced reliability in operation.
Patent RU-94022955-A (RU)
Inventor: MURANOV S V
IPC: F04C3/00
Filed: 1994-07-06
Abstract: FIELD: mechanical engineering. SUBSTANCE: machine has housing with spherical inner space and input and output shafts. Input shaft is rigidly connected to first piston made in form of spherical semiring getting into corresponding circular space of spherical rotor. Output shaft is rigidly connected to second piston made similar to first one and installed in crosswise manner relative to first piston on opposite side of spherical rotor in corresponding circular space. EFFECT: simplified design.
Patent RU-94028229-A (RU)
Inventor: CHERNYSH G S
IPC: A61H39/00
Filed: 1994-08-11
Abstract: FIELD: medicine. SUBSTANCE: method involves applying natural field stimulating internal reserves of human organism and positively influencing its functions. Minerals or mineral natural products possessing curative properties are used to produce remedy. To increase their activity, the external part is treated with ionizing radiation to increase concentration of metastable defects of various types from minimum value of 10to required therapeutic concentrations of 1-2%. In case paramagnetic centers being available in crystals, concentration is expressed in terms of spin/g in the range of 10to 2-10.. EFFECT: enhanced effectiveness of treatment.
Patent RU-94028398-A (RU)
Title: Waste-heat vortex-electric power plant
Inventor: MOSOLOV V G
IPC: F03D3/04
Filed: 1994-07-25
Abstract: FIELD: electrical and power engineering; wind-electric power plants. SUBSTANCE: waste and natural heat afford desired draught in tube and vortex generator converts upflow air stream into vortex flow whose velocity is several times higher than that of upflow stream; windwheel blades are arranged at optimal angle on vertical shaft within tube directly within reach of vortex flow so that wind-electric plant power rises tens of times. Environmentally friendly, low- , medium- , and high-power plant occupying small area and capable of operating as part of power system or as self-contained power supply can be built around slow-speed generator and the wind-electric plant. EFFECT: enlarged functional capabilities.
Patent RU-94031421-A (RU)
Inventor: SHEVTSOV V I
IPC: A61D1/00
Filed: 1994-04-25
Abstract: FIELD: veterinary science. SUBSTANCE: proposed apparatus comprises supports connected by reposition assemblies, vertebrae positioners mounted on supports, and fixtures. Supports are made in form of pair of rigidly interconnected II-shaped brackets. Vertebrae positioners are secured to each of brackets in parallel to each other, each bracket carrying at least three positioners and two of them being arranged cross-wise. Reposition assemblies are made in form of cantilevers having threaded shanks, connecting elements and curved threaded rods which are interconnected in succession so as to be movable in relation to each other. EFFECT: apparatus permits to restore integrality of damaged spinal column and all normal anatomic relationships in animals.
Patent RU-94031460-A (RU)
Inventor: BELYJ D M
IPC: H02K35/02
Filed: 1994-08-26
Abstract: FIELD: electrical engineering; wave-electric generators. SUBSTANCE: converter stator is hollow cylinder and its movable member is annular foal embracing stator and mounted on its side surface by means of pre-twisted cable sections uniformly distributed over stator circumference and with loose ends attached to stator near one of its ends. EFFECT: improved design. 1 cl, 1 dwg
Patent RU-94032423-A (RU)
Inventor: BEKH A D
IPC: G07D5/08
Filed: 1994-09-07
Abstract: FIELD: instruments, devices which are actuated by coins and tokens. SUBSTANCE: device has device has oscillator, inductance coils, which are located coaxial, magnetic circuit, coin guide between inductance coils, actuating unit and indicator. In addition device has frequency divider, generator of current pulse inducted in coin to be identified, counter of output pulses having given amplifier, pulse- duration detector. Frequency divider and pulse generator are inserted between oscillator and one inductance coil. Two other inductance coils are connected in opposing and are connected to counter of input pulses having given amplifier. They are also connected to first input of pulse-duration detector, which output is connected to inputs of actuating unit. Output of oscillator is connected to second input of duration detector. EFFECT: increased functional capabilities, increased precision for detection. 1 dwg
Patent RU-94035509-A (RU)
Inventor: KUZ MIN EH N
IPC: F16F15/08
Filed: 1994-09-22
Abstract: FIELD: mechanical engineering. SUBSTANCE: protecting device has flexible members and supporting member with a ring projection mounted between the flexible members. Damping and fixing bushings are mounted in the opening made in the supporting member. An additional bushing passes through the openings of damping bushings. The flange of the additional bushing is mounted with and axial spaced relation between the end faces of the ring projection and fixing bushing. The bearing bushing with flanges passes through the opening in the additional bushing with a radial spaced relation. The flanges press the flexible members to the supporting member. The protecting device is secured to the base by way of a fastening member through the opening in the bearing bushing. EFFECT: enhanced protecting capability. 2 cl, 1 dwg
Patent RU-94036773-A (RU)
Inventor: FANNI NORRIS
IPC: C12N9/99
Filed: 1993-01-07
Abstract: FIELD: biochemistry, molecular biology. SUBSTANCE: variant of domain I of human protease inhibitor of Kunitz type has the following amino acid sequence: X-Cys-Ala- -Phe-Lys-Ala-Asp-X-Gly-X-Cys-X, X, X, X, X, X-Phe-Phe-Phe-Asn-Ile-Phe- -Thr-Arg-Glu-Cys-Glu-Glu-Phe-X-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Cys-X, X, X-Gln-Asn- -Arg-Phe-X-Ser-Leu-Glu-Glu-Cys-X, X-Met-Cys-Thr-Arg-X(sequence D N1) where Xmeans H or 1-7 natural amino acid residues for exception Cys; every of X-Xindependently means natural amino acid residue and Xmeans OH or 1-5 natural amino acid residues for exception Cys; condition: at least one of amino acid residues X-Xdistincts of the corresponding amino acid residue of natural sequence. EFFECT: improved method of inhibitor preparing.
Patent RU-94040902-A (RU)
Inventor: DZHEJMS V MORRISON
IPC: G02C5/04
Filed: 1994-11-21
Abstract: FIELD: rim of glasses. SUBSTANCE: rim of glasses has two parts to hold lenses enabling motion. The parts are connected to joint member allowing adjusting the distance between two holding parts. The holding parts are marked and have ports for assuring reliable appropriate position of the lenses in them. These parts are prepared individually for having non-round appearance even in case when the lenses are round. EFFECT: higher convenience.
Patent RU-94041210-A (RU)
Inventor: GI ROZALIA OZHEN VAN LOMMAN
IPC: A61K31/415
Filed: 1993-02-19
Abstract: FIELD: pharmaceutical industry. SUBSTANCE: present invention relates the vasoconstrictive (benzodioxane, benzofuran or benzopyran) alkylamino-alkyl-substituted quanidines of formula (1), pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof and stereochemically isomeric forms thereof, wherein X is O, CHor single bond; Ris hydrogen or C-C-alkyl; Ris hydrogen, C-C-alkyl, C-C- alkenyl or C-C-alkynyl; Ris hydrogen or C-C-alkyl; or Rand Rtaken together form divalent radical of formula:     - wherein m is 4 or 5; or Rand Rtaken form divalent radical of formula: -CH=CH- or formula     - wherein n is 2.3 or 4; or Ris bond when Rand Rtaken together form divalent radical of formula: -CH=CH=CH=, -CH=CH-N= or -CH=N-CH=; Ris hydrogen or C-C-alkyl; Alkis divalent C-C-alkanediyl radical, A represents divalent radical of formula (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e) in which each Ris hydrogen or C-C--alkyl, in which each Ris hydrogen or C-C-alkyl Alkrepresents C-C- alkanediyl or C-C-- cycloalkanediyl, and each p is 0.1 or 2; provided that it is not [2-[(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)-methyl] - amino] ethyl-guanidine. Pharmaceutical drugs are suitable as vasoconstrictive agents. The invention describes compositions comprising above-mentioned guanidine derivatives as active ingredients, processes for preparing said guanidine derivatives and novel N- cyanoguanidine intermediate compounds, and use thereof as drugs. EFFECT: improved properties of the title compounds.
Patent RU-94042797-A (RU)
Inventor: FOMINA N A
IPC: B66F7/08
Filed: 1994-12-02
Abstract: FIELD: garage equipment. SUBSTANCE: car pneumatic lift has base and load platform interconnected by hinged lever mechanism of Nuremberg scissor type, power mechanism made of flexible pneumatic shells connected to compressed air source through pneumatic distributor and located between base and axles of hinged lever mechanism. Opposite axles of hinged levers are interconnected by hollow hermetically sealed crossmember. Rigidly connected to crossmember by their upper end faces are flexible pneumatic shells. Holes are made in crossmember and above indicated end faces to communicate pneumatic shell spaces through crossmember and to deliver compressed air through hole in lower end face of one of pneumatic cushions. Base has axles for fitting the wheels when necessity arises to move lift to other site. EFFECT: enlarged operating capabilities.
Patent RU-94046039-A (RU)
Inventor: KOVACH D ULA
IPC: C10L10/00
Filed: 1994-11-18
Abstract: FIELD: automobile fuel production. SUBSTANCE: additive contains, along with at least one organic solvent, at least one saturated alifatic chlorohydrocarbon and at least one sodium-containing organic compound at such a ratio that sodium amount is not larger than that corresponding to chlorine equivalent. Additive is added to liquid fuel in amount producing chlorohydrocarbon concentration in fuel to be 0.001-0.2% by volume. EFFECT: essentially reduced harmful exhaust.
Patent RU-95103374-A (RU)
Inventor: ZAKURAEV V V
IPC: B23Q15/12
Filed: 1995-03-07
Abstract: FIELD: machining. SUBSTANCE: method involves measuring power W consumed for cutting process and average temperature T in cutting zone; measuring power W $$$ consumed for material shear deformation in the process of chipping and temperature T $$$ in assumed shear plane; calculating, by data obtained, thermodynamic criteria characteristic of cutting power and cutting temperature ratio and similar criteria for assumed shear plane - specific ratio of shear power and temperature in shear zone; determining ratio of thermodynamic criteria, calculated by total cutting power, and thermodynamic criteria, calculated by shear power, in accordance with formula: $$$. Obtained value of $$$ is compared with predetermined value. In case deviation is detected, working mode is corrected by sequential or simultaneous changing of cutting speed and feeding speed. EFFECT: increased efficiency in providing optimum cutting mode and wider controlling capacities.
Patent RU-95106425-A (RU)
Inventor: MEKHUZLA N A
IPC: C12G3/06
Filed: 1995-04-25
Abstract: FIELD: wine-making industry. SUBSTANCE: composition has the following components, per 1000 dal wine: light volatile fraction of aromatic substances obtained at an aqueous-spirituous infusion distillation from mixture of dried milled plant components used for aromatized wine "Vermouth" 80-120 l; common wormwood extract 10-25 kg; lemon aromatic principle 10-25 kg; caramelized sugar 5-15 kg; yeast oil 25-35 kg; citric acid 10-20 kg; sugar 780-820 kg; dry white grape wine 180-220 l, and aqueous-spirituous liquid - the rest. EFFECT: enhanced quality of product, enlarged assortment.
Patent RU-95107414-A (RU)
Inventor: KUZNETSOV L A
IPC: B21B38/02
Filed: 1995-05-10
Abstract: FIELD: sheet rolling, test and measurement of characteristics of actual nonflatness of rolled products, namely amplitude and period of buckles of strip. SUBSTANCE: gear has computing and storing unit, instrument amplitude converter, instrument period converter, rod to measure amplitude of buckles of strip, rack which are anchored on chassis for movement along measuring rule. EFFECT: improved authenticity of measurements. 1 cl, 7 dwg
Patent RU-95107639-A (RU)
Inventor: PANIN L E
IPC: B01D39/00
Filed: 1995-05-12
Abstract: FIELD: water purification. SUBSTANCE: as filter material, zeolite-containing tuff from Anadyr' deposit is used. EFFECT: provided purification of water from microorganisms on different zeolite fractions and filter bed heights, at various pH values and filtration rates.
Patent RU-95109588-A (RU)
Inventor: RUBTSOV JU I
IPC: E21B43/28
Filed: 1995-06-07
Abstract: FIELD: mining industry. SUBSTANCE: this is ecologically reliable base for heap leaching by toxic and chemically aggressive solutions. Base represents multilayer structure having two water-proofing layers of polyethylene film, rubberized or rubber material, and located between them is drain layer made of gravel or other lumpy or porous material. Circulated through drain layer is decontaminating solution flowing through separate enclosed circuit. Amount of decontaminating material in circulating solution is taken to be sufficient for decontamination of entire toxic matter circulating with technological solutions. Valuable components found in decontaminating solution are removed according to technology adopted for processing of technological solutions. EFFECT: high efficiency. 1 dwg
Patent RU-95109768-A (RU)
Inventor: SHAKHVERDIEV A KH
IPC: E21B43/32
Filed: 1995-06-23
Abstract: FIELD: oil production industry. SUBSTANCE: it can be used for isolation of water-bearing reservoirs, for separation of fluid flows, at deep-pump operation of wells to reduce amplitude of longitudinal rod oscillations. Improved efficiency and wider range of application of compound are achieved due to higher viscosity, ultimate shear strength, thermal stability and reduced density. For aforesaid purpose, compound contains polyacrylamide, chromepotassium alum, expanded perlite or expanded vermiculite and water in following ratio of components, mass%: polyacrylamide, 0.740-1.00; chromepotassium alum, 0.075-0.100; expanded perlite or expanded vermiculite 1.000-14.000; water, the balance. EFFECT: high efficiency.
Patent RU-96102832-A (RU)
Inventor: LUKERCHENKO V N
IPC: B01D3/00
Filed: 1996-02-16
Abstract: FIELD: alcohol industry. SUBSTANCE: beer column has stripping and rectifying sections made in form of successively joined sheet steel cylinders, beer sprinkler connected with pipe union for introduction of mash and located in upper sheet steel cylinder of column stripping section, pipe union for withdrawal from the column of vapor phase, pipe union for return of reflux to column connected with respective pipeline, supporting and fastening members. Installed between trays are drain members, reflux sprinkler, supporting and foam-blocking screen cones with shape-setting members located in adapting sheet steel cylinder located between stripping and rectifying sections of the column. Rectifying section of the column is filled with spiral-prismatic packing poured on supporting screen cone. Reflux sprinkler is located in the column rectifying section above spiral-prismatic packing and made in form of distillate distributor connected with pipeline of return of reflux into column. Shape-setting members are made in form of stiffening ribs whose one ends are rigidly connected to one another in the vertices of supporting and foam-blocking cones, and the other ends are secured to the inner surface of adapting sheet steel cylinder. Foam-blocking cone is removable. Distillate distributor is made in form of two coaxial cylinders with circular bottom in their lower part. Cylinder edges are toothed. Side surface of adapting sheet steel cylinder has process port for access to foam blocking screen cone. EFFECT: higher efficiency. 5 cl, 5 dwg
Patent SA-96170026-A (SA)
Inventor: KUBO TATEO
IPC: B65D41/32
Filed: 1996-05-21
Abstract: السدادة اللدائنية لهذا الاختراع مكونة من تأمين للسدادة مزود بجزء حافة و غشاء حلقي دائم يقوم بتغطية السطح الخارجي لجزء الحافة لتأمين السدادة عدد من القواطع الممتدة محوريا تكون متوزعة على مسافات على جزء حافة تأمين السدادة، و يتم الفصل بين جزء حافة تأمين الدادة و الغشاء ئبه الحلقي بواسطة عدد من الواجهات القاطعة، إلا أنهما يتصلان ببعضهما البعض عن طريق عدد من الحبور القابلة للكسر أو أجزاء واصة لأعلى أو أسفل سطح القاطع. و يلتصق السطح الخارجي لجزء حافة تأمين السدادة و السطح الداخلي للغشاء الحلقي على الواجهة القاطعة. هذه السدادة يمكنها أن تمثل أداة إغلاق ذات درجة عالية الإحكام، كما يمكن فتحها بدون إستخدام أي أداة معينة. إضافة لذلك، فهي تتميز بخصائص فائقة لتوضيح دلائل الفتح.شكل رقم ١