Patent GB-1259170-A (GB)
Title: Permselective membranes of synthetic organic nitrogen-linked aromatic polymers suitable for separating components of aqueous solutions
IPC: C08G18/38
Filed: 1969-08-27
Abstract: 1,259,170. Permselective membrane; desalination apparatus. E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO. 27 Aug., 1969 [4 Sept., 1968; 8 Aug., 1969], No. 42574/69. [Also in Division B5] A process for the permselective separation of components in a solution, especially an aqueous salt solution, comprises:- (a) contacting one surface of a membrane according to the invention with the solution, and (b) recovering from the other side of the membrane liquid which has passed through the membrane and which contains a reduced amount of one component of the solution. Where the membrane is in the form of a hollow fibre, the liquid referred to in (b) is recovered from the inside of the membrane. The membrane of the invention is a permselective, polymeric membrane comprising at least one synthetic, organic, nitrogen-linked, arcuate, linear condensation polymer represented by the formula -(LR) n - wherein (a) each L independently is a divalent linking group of the formula  or vice versa; each X independently is O or S; each Z independently is H, lower alkyl, or phenyl; (2) i and j are each 1 or 2 and k, 1, and m are each 0, 1, or 2; provided that i+j+k+ 1+m#8; (b) each R independently is a divalent organic radical, both of whose terminal atoms are carbon atoms (see Division B5). The L groups may be amides, hydrazides, acyl hydrazides, ureas, semi-carbazides, or oxamides or N-alkyl substituted analogues of any one thereof, or mixtures of two or more of the aforementioned groups. All the terminal atoms of R that are bonded to L may be carbon atoms and may be members of aromatic nucleii. A number of preferred structures of both L groups and R groups are listed. The membrane, which may 'be in the form of a hollow fibre, may be made by extracting an unextracted membrane composed of:- (a) 25-80%, based on the weight of solvent and polymer, of the condensation polymer of formula -(LR) n -, referred to above. (b) 20-75% of organic polar solvent for the polymer, based on the weight of solvent and polymer, (c) 0-30% by volume of dissolved salt, based on the polymer, and (d) 0-25% of water, based on the weight of polymer, with a rinse medium which (a) is miscible with the organic solvent (b) dissolves the salt,  (c) is essentially chemically inert toward the polymer, and  (d) is essentially a non-solvent for the polymer at a temperature of from -20 to 50C, for a time sufficient to extract 75-100% of the salt. After extraction with the rinse medium, the membrane is suitably stored in contact with water. The unextracted membrane is suitably made by forming a dope containing the polymer and solvent, and partially drying the formed dope. Preferably, the desalination membrane is asymmetric, comprising a skin layer having a Crystal Violet surface-dyeability of less than 0.5 overlying a substrate having a p-nitro aniline dyeability of at least 0.7. As shown, (Fig. 5) a permeator 100 comprises a liquid light tubular casing assembly 101, suitably of steel, through which the feed passes as shown, the permeate product leaving at 108. The membranes comprise a plurality of very small fibres packed in groups 110, each group being enclosed in a porous sleeve member 112, and the assembly of groups being enclosed in a further porous sleeve member 113. A conduit 109 may be provided for the passage of a sweep liquid. An alternative form of permeater is shown in Fig. 9. The shell 60 is packed with U-shaped bundles of hollow fibres 64, the open ends 65 of which exit through a single pressure tight epoxy cast end member 16. Feed is pumped in at 61; permeate passing through the fibre walls exits from ends 65 of the fibres and outlet 72, while liquid rejected by the hollow fibre walls leaves at 62.