Patent GB-831741-A (GB)
Title: Method and apparatus for analysing the spatial distribution of a variable quantity or function
Inventor: TAYLOR WILFRED KENELM
IPC: G06V10/75
Filed: 1955-02-14
Abstract: 831,741. Recognizing characters or other shapes. NATIONAL RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION. Feb. 14, 1956 [Feb. 14, 1955], No. 4385/55. Class 106 (1). Apparatus for recognizing characteristic patterns in the distribution of a variable quantity comprises means for simultaneously deriving signals each representing the magnitude of the quantity at one of a plurality of zones in the distribution, adding means for combining all the signals in sets in accordance with a predetermined plan, a plurality of amplifiers, one for each set, and feedback means common to all the amplifiers for increasing the relative contrast in their outputs and means for effecting a selective response to the set or sets of signals having a maximum value. The quantity may be the light intensity over a surface containing a shape; e.g. an outline or character to be recognized. The shape to be recognized is projected on to a plurality of photo-cells P1- P9, Fig. 4A, arranged as shown or in a honeycomb array. Outputs from the cells pass to individual amplifiers A1-A9, Fig. 4, and the amplifier outputs pass to nine terminals O which are shown in Fig. 5 interconnected by an array of resistors. Each terminal 0 is connected by a feed-back resistor Rf with the feedback terminals F (shown as a circle) associated with adjacent terminals 0. These feed-back terminals are connected to the amplifier inputs, as shown in Fig. 4, to provide negative feed-back and the arrangement is such that if the magnitude of the signal at a point is the same as the magnitude of neighbouring points, the feed-back cancels the input signal to the amplifier and no output is produced. A maximum output is produced from points where a change in the signal distribution occurs, the neighbouring areas then being different so tnat there is a large difference between inputs from the photocell and the feed-back. The terminals O in the first resistance array are connected to a further set of amplifiers B1-B9, the outputs of which are connected to another resistor array which may be identical. Feed-back connections are provided as before and the second stage serves to increase the difference of output between points corresponding to zones of change and other points. The points of maximum change in the example shown are at the corners or ends of the strokes of the " T." Maximum outputs are therefore obtained on leads corresponding to cells P2, P7 and P9. Recognition circuit.-The circuit in Fig. 6 examines combinations of three of the nine output leads 1-9 to determine which combination has the highest value, this being an indication of the character sensed. Combinations of leads are connected through adding resistors RA to amplifiers C1-C8, the outputs of which are connected to pairs D1, D2 of amplifiers of a special kind. These are designed to respond to the value of the input signal and also to the time for which it is applied, to produce not only an increased output but also an increased gain. In the form of Fig. 9 the valves V1, V2 form a pulse generator producing pulses at a frequency proportional to the input signal. The positivegoing pulses are clipped by diode D2 and applied to cathode follower V3. The bias on diode D2 is derived through cathode follower V4 from a low-loss capacitor C, which is charged by the current pulses passing through the diode D3. As the charge increases the bias on diode D2 increases to alter the positive value at which the pulses are clipped. The output from the cathode follower increases correspondingly. The capacitor C may retain its charge for about an hour but where longer periods are required the gain may be adjusted by potentiometers manually or automatically set. The setting of the gain of the amplifiers D1, D2 determines to which character or shape the apparatus shall respond. Amplifiers D1 may be put out of action by closing switch T to earth their inputs through diodes S. Likewise amplifiers D2 may be put out of action by switch L. If the shape " T " is applied to the photo-cells the leads 2, 7 and 9 corresponding to the corners have a maximum signal. These are connected through adding resistors to amplifier C3 which accordingly produces a maximum output. Switch L is closed to disable amplifiers D2 and the third amplifier D1 responds to the output of amplifier C3 to set its gain at a high value compared with the others. The shape may be impressed upon the photo-cell array in different orientation to set other amplifiers D1. For example if the shape were inverted leads corresponding to photo-cells P1, P3 and P8 would have the maximum signals, amplifier C8 would receive the greatest total and the eighth amplifier D1 would be set. The same procedure is adopted with another character or shape L, the switch T being closed and switch L open. After the conditioning both switches L and T are open and a greater output will be obtained on the line L or T according to the character sensed. The unit 3B magnifies the contrast between the outputs on the two lines. The apparatus therefore " learns " a shape and later is able to recognize it. There may be many more photo-cells and the apparatus may be set to recognize a larger variety of shapes. In one application the apparatus senses letters in turn from a printed page and the recognition outputs cause recordings of corresponding letters to be played. In another application the apparatus is used to recognize aircraft shapes, friendly aircraft producing a signal on one lead and enemy aircraft a signal on another lead. The latter signal may operate an anti-aircraft gun. Single dimensional distribution.-The same principle may be applied to a single dimensional distribution of a quantity, the apparatus being designed to recognise the form of the distribution. In Fig. 13 speech is received in a microphone M and split up into its composite frequencies by filters F, the outputs of which are applied to units 1A, 1B similar to those of Figs. 4 and 5 except that only one row of the resistor array is necessary in each. The output may operate indicators, telephone switch gear or a typewriter in response to the sound spoken. In Fig. 14 a character is scanned by a flying spot e.g. from a cathode-ray tube, and the reflected light passed to a photo-cell P to give a series of output signals. These are staticized on condensers by a distributer S to provide the input to a one-dimensional resistor array which as before produces signals on lines 1-9, Fig. 15, indicating the distribution of the signals along the line of condensers. All possible combinations of the lines B1 are connected through adding resistors R1 to amplifiers C and the recognition output is derived from the signals generated as described with reference to Fig. 6. To increase the contrast magnification, the lines are each connected through inverters AR to another set of lines B2 and connections are made from such of these as correspond to lines not connected in the first set B1 to reduce the input signal to the amplifiers C.