baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent CN-201367644-Y (CN)
Title: 钢管混凝土柱预应力钢梁框架
Inventor: JING JI
IPC: E04B1/18
Filed: 2009-03-10
Granted: 2009-12-23
Abstract: 本实用新型涉及的是一种钢管混凝土柱预应力钢梁框架，属于是土木工程中的套建增层结构，它由钢梁和钢管混凝土柱连接构成，钢梁水平设置在钢管混凝土柱之间，二者在交汇处采用节点固定连接，钢梁的下端面配置预应力筋；钢管混凝土柱由钢管内填入混凝土形成，钢管由上柱钢管与下柱钢管通过连接套连接，连接套与下柱钢管为分体的，连接套外安装上、下加强环板，上加强环板和下加强环板之间安装竖向连接板，钢梁分别与上、下加强环板及竖向连接板固定连接。本实用新型是一种重量轻，自承重性能好的巨型框架结构，能够在原有建筑基础上增层时，把增层的重量传递到自身的框架基础上，实现自承重，施工容易，费用低。
Patent CN-201386804-Y (CN)
Inventor: JINGWANG WANG
IPC: F16K27/02
Filed: 2009-02-13
Granted: 2010-01-20
Abstract: 本实用新型涉及一种蝶阀，特别涉及一种波纹管双向硬密封蝶阀，包括阀体、阀座、蝶板，与蝶板联动连接的阀杆以及带动阀杆旋转的操作机构，所述的蝶板的周向密封工作面为锥斜面，所述的阀座的工作面相应为斜面，其特点是所述的阀座的外周侧与阀体的通道内壁之间形成间隙构成悬浮式结构，在阀体的通道内壁上还设有环形凸台，所述的阀座的端面与环形凸台的端面之间通过波纹管连接，该波纹管的外层与阀座和阀体通道内壁之间的间隙相通，该波纹管的内层与阀体通道相通。本实用新型使用中，无论介质是正向流动还是反向流动，其密封都非常可靠，而且操作也轻便。
Patent CN-201353052-Y (CN)
Inventor: ERRUI CHEN
IPC: A47D7/00
Filed: 2009-01-08
Granted: 2009-12-02
Abstract: 本实用新型涉及一种同步收缩折叠婴儿围床。一种具有同步收放结构置物架的围床，在围床旁侧设有置物架杆，围床包括布套、由若干个节杆通过关节卡块连接而成的顶框和底架、连接顶框和底架的四个支撑杆，四项接头的设有四个卡孔，置物架杆、顶框的竖向节杆和横向节杆及支撑杆分别卡在四项接头的卡孔处，所述的置物架杆中间设有关节卡块，在四项接头处的置物架杆和顶框节杆端部设有使置物架杆随顶框节杆同时放缩的同步联动装置。当将顶框节杆收缩时，置物架杆在同步联动装置带动下自动随顶框节杆收拢，使用十分方便。
Patent CN-201411814-Y (CN)
Inventor: JIARU ZHANG
IPC: E04C1/40
Filed: 2009-05-31
Granted: 2010-02-24
Abstract: 本实用新型公开了一种自保温插板砌块，包括有砌块体，所述砌块体的前、后端分别有一排保温板插孔和一排气孔，所述保温板插孔和气孔呈交错相间排列，所述保温板插孔外侧有灌浆槽，气孔外侧有隔热槽。本实用新型结构合理，可以有效地减小冷桥，有很好的保温、隔音效果，推广应用这种自保温砌块，具有良好的社会、经济和环境效益。
Patent GE-U20121698-Y (GE)
Title: Traffic light
Inventor: TSIKLAURI ZAZA
IPC: G08G1/095
Filed: 2010-04-21
Abstract: A traffic light consists of a power unit, a control unit and a case with one or several lights having arrow-like form, which have an opportunity of serial switching of red, yellow and green light, or switching or blinking of the arrow of the continuous or faltering form.
Patent GE-U20121728-Y (GE)
Title: Device for forming khinkali
Inventor: MARSAGISHVILI OMAR
IPC: A21C9/06
Filed: 2011-07-08
Abstract: A device has a forming unit with a surface to place paste and stuffing. The unit comprises a vertical axis 1, a movable casing 2 with a handle and the horizontal disks 5 and 6 hingedly jointed to each other by holders 3 and the forming wings 4. A lower disk is fixed on the casing and throughout a perimeter has the cavities 7 for hinged fixing of holder ends 8. An upper disk is fixed on the axis and has the equally spaced cavities throughout the perimeter. The holder heads 10 are hingedly connected with the forming wings capable for entering into the upper disk cavities and in the cutouts 12 provided in an immobile fixed ring plate 11 to place paste and stuffing.
Patent MD-199-Z (MD)
Title: Process for the formation of a portable plantation of strawberries
Inventor: BOGDAN ION
IPC: A01G1/00
Filed: 2009-08-12
Abstract: The invention relates to the field of agriculture, namely pomiculture, in particular to a process for the formation of a portable plantation of strawberries.The process for the formation of a portable plantation of strawberries consists in that in spring between the inter-rows of strawberry maternal plants is dug a trench of a width of 20…95 cm and a depth of 5…17 cm, at the bottom of which is lined a polyethylene film, on which it is placed a plastic mesh of a width of 150 cm with the parameters of the cells of 1.25…5.50 mm, then over the mesh is sprinkled a nutrient substrate of a thickness of 5 cm, which is covered with the lateral margins of the mesh cloth, and on top is sprinkled another layer of the same substrate of a thickness of 2 cm, wherein are rooted the rosettes of maternal plant flagellums. Then, after separating the flagellums from the maternal plants it is covered the vegetative carpet of strawberries with a sheet of foam rubber and is rolled up into a roll for permutation.The result of the invention consists in simplifying the technology and increasing the efficiency in the process of laying new plantings of strawberries.
Patent MD-333-Z (MD)
Title: Device and method for reduction of zygomatic complex fractures through the oral cavity
Inventor: HÎŢU Dumitru
IPC: A61B17/02
Filed: 2010-07-23
Abstract: The invention relates to medicine, particularly to maxillofacial surgery and is invented for reduction of zygomatic complex fractures through the oral cavity.The device for reduction of zygomatic complex fractures through the oral cavity consists of a cylindrical handle of a length of 8 cm with rounded ends, to which is rigidly fixed, in the form of T, a rod of a length of 15 cm, with its free end bent in the form of S, with a diameter of 0.1 cm, and at the level of fixation to the handle the rod having 0.6 cm.The method for reduction of zygomatic complex fractures through the oral cavity consists in that it is performed an incision of 0.5 cm of the vestibular mucosa, behind the zygomaticomaxillary suture of the corresponding bones, then it is formed a tunnel under the inferoposterior edge of the zygomatic bone, afterwards the sharp end of the said device is introduced into the formed tunnel up to the lower edge of the zygomatic bone, it is turned the device about 90° so that the handle may be perpendicular to the zygomatic arch, and the sharp end of the rod be placed under the zygomatic bone, behind the zygomaticomaxillary suture, then it is re-turned the handle about 90° so that the curvature of the rod closer to the handle may be by the labial curvature of the oral cavity, reduction of bone fragments is carried out in the anterior and superior directions by forced and dosed movements.
Patent MD-1209-Z (MD)
Title: Method for treating coxarthrosis
Inventor: BABIUC VASILE
IPC: A61P19/00
Filed: 2017-03-20
Abstract: The invention relates to medicine, in particular to traumatology, orthopedics and purulent surgery and can be used for treating coxarthrosis using mesenchymal cells and stimulating with interleukins.The method for treating coxarthrosis consists in asepticizing the skin of the affected area, performing local anesthesia, after which with a syringe is intraarticularly introduced an extract from the chick embryo bone marrow, which contains 1…2 ml of a suspension of mesenchymal cells containing 1,500,000 cells per 1 ml of nutrient medium and a mixture of interleukins IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, taken in equal amounts, the total dose being of 80,000 IU/ml, the extract is repeatedly introduced every 3…4 weeks, for 6…12 months.
Patent ES-507888-A0 (ES)
IPC: A23J7/00
Filed: 1981-12-11
Abstract: The present invention is related to a new process for the separation of acylated phospholipids, in particular of acylated phosphatidylethanolamine and possibly oils from phosphatidylcholine products containing the same, by chromatography on silicic acid gel in a lower alkanol containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms as solvent and/or eluant yielding into highly purified phoshatidylcholine.
Patent ES-545254-A0 (ES)
IPC: C07D231/38
Filed: 1985-07-16
Abstract: Herbicidally active 5-amino-1-phenylpyrazoles of the formula <IMAGE>   in which R is CN, or an ester or amido group, R1 is an organic radical, R2 is an organic radical, hydrogen or an acyl or thioacyl radical, R3, R4, R5, R6 and R7 can be hydrogen or various organic radicals but at least one is a haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, haloalkylsulphinyl or haloalkylsulphonyl radical, but R is not CN at the same time as R5 is CF3. The compounds   <IMAGE> are intermediates therefor and are also herbicidal.
Patent FI-850736-A0 (FI)
Inventor: LEGTERS HEINRICH
IPC: B26F1/31
Filed: 1985-02-22
Abstract: A plastic bag (1) of polyolefin material such as polyethylene, for packaging materials, comprising particles of less than 50 µm, and a closed bag containing such materials and a foil material for such a bag.The foil wall of the bag is provided with venting apertures (3) with smooth edges, obtained by laser radiation, having a smallest size of 50 to 100 µm; the distance between the venting perforations is such that the tensile strength of the foil is substantially the same as the tensile strength of the similar non-perforated foil.In a low density polyethylene foil of a thickness of 130 to 190 µm the distance between the perforations (3) of 80 µm is more than 20 mm, in a linear low-density polyethylene foil of about 50 to 110 µm the perforation distance is at least 5 mm.The bag may consist of two perforated foil layers, (2, 4) the perforations (3, 3') being staggered with respect to each other.
Patent FI-873901-A0 (FI)
Inventor: KENNEDY CHRISTOPHER R
IPC: C04B35/65
Filed: 1987-09-09
Abstract: A method is disclosed for producing a ceramic body by oxidation of a parent metal, the ceramic body having a graded microstructure characterized by a plurality of zones differing from each other in one or more properties. The zones in the ceramic body are attained by altering the process conditions during formation of said ceramic body such that a zone of the oxidation reaction product formed posterior to said altering has one or more properties different from a zone of the oxidation reaction product formed anterior to said altering.
Patent FI-892084-A0 (FI)
Inventor: GLANSER MARGARETE
IPC: C02F3/34
Filed: 1989-05-02
Abstract: In a two-stage process for the biological degradation of complex, non-readily degradable wastewater constituents, acidification takes place in the first stage and anaerobic degradation in the presence of methanogenic organisms in the second stage. In the first stage, the wastewater is treated both with the acidogenic organisms and with dehalogenating and/or desulfonating and/or deaminating strains. In addition, highly sub-stoichiometric quantities of oxygen, based on the organic carbon load, are introduced in the first stage either directly or indirectly by addition of oxygen-yielding compounds. Both stages are advantageously operated as fluidized-bed processes using supports to immobilize the biomass.
Patent FI-896304-A0 (FI)
Inventor: HOVLAND HELJAR
IPC: G01N25/72
Filed: 1989-12-28
Abstract: A method for detecting flaws and surface defects in metal workpieces, particularly in non-magnetic steel workpieces. The surface of the workpiece (2) is heated by passing the workpiece is in its longitudinal direction through an induction coil (3), scanning the surface of the workpiece with an infrared camera (4) transversely across the surface of the moving workpiece immediately after induction heating and recording a streaked pattern temperature profile in which the streaked pattern repeats itself where there are flaws in the surface. An induction coil (3) is used which has a current frequency which gives a penetration depth of the induced current in the workpiece which is greater than the depth of the flaws which are to be detected. The flaws and surface defects are detected by recording a lower surface temperature than the rest of the surface of the workpiece by scanning the temperature profile immediately after induction heating.
Patent FI-921600-A0 (FI)
Inventor: VALENTA RUDOLF
IPC: C12N15/09
Filed: 1992-04-10
Abstract: The invention provides recombinant DNA molecules which code for polypeptides that exhibit the antigenicity of a P14 allergen of birch Betula verrucosa and other plants of the order Fagales, and for polypeptides comprising at least one epitope thereof, as well as nucleic acids which under stringent conditions hybridize with such DNA sequences or are derivable from such sequences by degeneracy of the genetic code. A method is provided that permits purification of P14 allergens or cross-reactive allergens by means of binding to poly(L-proline). In addition, methods are described for making the proteins and polypeptides coded by these DNA molecules and their use in the diagnosis or therapy of allergic diseases.
Patent FI-922555-A0 (FI)
Inventor: HUSBAND JOHN CLAUDE
IPC: C09D7/45
Filed: 1992-06-03
Abstract: There is disclosed an aqueous paper coating composition which comprises at least 45 % by weight of a particulate pigment dispersed with a dispersing agent, and an adhesive; characterised in that said dispersing agent comprises an anionic polyelectrolyte and a cationic polyelectrolyte, the cationic polyelectrolyte being present in an amount sufficient to render the particles cationic, in that said adhesive is a cationic or non-ionic adhesive and in that said particulate pigment is one which is not capable of being dispersed in water at high solids, and following vigorous mixing, in the sole presence of said cationic polyelectrolyte. Also disclosed is a method for making the paper coating composition, a method for coating a paper with a paper coating composition and the resulting coated paper. The coated paper of the invention is particularly suited to recycling.
Patent FI-923172-A0 (FI)
Inventor: ZIMMERMAN WALTER
IPC: A46B7/04
Filed: 1992-07-09
Abstract: An interproximal brush comprises a handle having an end portion provided with a transverse hole communicating with a longitudinal groove for receiving the elongated stem of an interproximal brush. The handle further has a cylindrical boss formed on the lower surface thereof through which the transverse hole extends, and the brush stem is retained securely in the longitudinal groove on closure of a cap, which is pivotably attached to the end portion.
Patent FI-923898-A0 (FI)
Inventor: LANG KARL
IPC: H02K17/22
Filed: 1992-08-31
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/DE91/00074 Sec. 371 Date Nov. 23, 1992 Sec. 102(e) Date Nov. 23, 1992 PCT Filed Jan. 23, 1991 PCT Pub. No. WO91/15050 PCT Pub. Date Oct. 3, 1991.A short-circuiting and brush-lifting device comprises a rotatable actuating ring having with brush-actuating rods levers cause the brushes of the motor to lift up via the rotating actuating after the slip rings have been short-circuited as a result of the axial displacement of a short-circuiting ring. To make the device wear-resistant and insensitive to contamination, the actuating ring supports three rollers, with which it abuts in the starting position on the spring-loaded short-circuiting ring. The actuating ring is guided exactly in parallel by three axial guide rods, which are disposed perpendicularly to the brush-actuating rods. The configuration of all articulated joints of these rods is adjusted so as to allow the points of maximum excursion of the deflection of the articulated joint of the axial guide rods and the brush-actuating rods are exhibited at staggered times. In this manner the brush-actuating rod runs through its point of maximum excursion first and, after that, the axial rod runs through its point of maximum excursion. The clearance between the short-circuit contacts of the short-circuiting ring and the short-circuit contacts of the slip rings is smaller in the starting position is than the axial movement of the actuating ring during the short-circuiting operation, so that the brushes do not lift up until after the short-circuiting operation has taken place.
Patent FI-924912-A0 (FI)
Inventor: SCHNAITMANN DIETER
IPC: C09B67/46
Filed: 1992-10-29
Abstract: Pigment dispersions, consisting essentially of   a) at least one organic or inorganic pigment or a combination thereof,   b) at least one saccharide; c) at least one urea compound of the general formula R<1>R<2>N-CO-NR<3>R<4>, in which R<1>, R<2>, R<3> and R<4> independently of one another represent hydrogen, C1-C5-alkyl or C1-C5-alkylol, d) dispersants customary for the preparation of aqueous pigment dispersions;   e) water and   f) optionally further customary additives, have a resistance to drying up and resistance to frost which is comparable to or better than conventional solvent-containing, in particular glycol-containing, aqueous pigment dispersions. The pigment dispersions according to the invention are particularly suitable for the pigmentation of aqueous emulsion paints, printing pastes for textile pigment printing, aqueous or aqueous/alcoholic flexographic printing inks, viscose and paper materials.
Patent FI-933928-A0 (FI)
Inventor: HRIB NICHOLAS J
IPC: C07D241/04
Filed: 1993-09-08
Abstract: The present invention relates to heteroarenylpiperazines of formula 1   <CHEM>  and a process for their preparation. The compounds exhibit antipsychotic activity and can, therefore, be used as medicaments.
Patent FI-935139-A0 (FI)
Inventor: GOULAIT DAVID JOSEPH KENNETH
IPC: H01M10/48
Filed: 1993-11-19
Abstract: The female component for engaging a complementary hook component in a refastenable fastening device is capable of engaging a hook component that has flexible, resilient individual hook elements. The female component comprises at least two, and preferably three zones or layers. These include a first zone for admitting and engaging at least some of the hooks of the complementary hook component (the "entanglement" zone), a second zone for providing space for the hooks to occupy after they have been admitted by the entanglement zone (referred to as the spacing zone), and a backing adjacent to the spacing zone. The present invention also provides a fastening device having a hook fastening component and a female component that comprises the multi-layer female component of the present invention. The present invention also relates to disposable articles and more particularly to a disposable diaper having such an improved fastening device.
Patent FI-943618-A0 (FI)
Inventor: ANDERSKEWITZ RALF
IPC: C07D333/00
Filed: 1994-08-04
Abstract: Amidine derivs. of formula (I), in the form of their racemates, enantiomer pure or enriched forms, diastereomer pairs, cis- and trans-isomers, free bases or salts (pref. with physiologically acceptable acids) are new. In (I), R1 and R2 are each CF3, halogen, R5, OR5, COR6, SR6, SOR6, SO2R6, SO2NR5R7, C(OH)R5R7, or R1 and R2 connect neighbouring C atoms on the benzene ring to which they are attached with -CR8=CR9CH=CH-, -CH=CR8CR9=CH-, -CR8=CHCR9=CH-, -OCHR10CH2-, -OCH2O-, -OCH2CH2O-, -(CH2)3-4-, -NHCOO-, -NHCOCH2O-, -COCH2O- or -COCH2CH2O-, each of these gps. being opt. substd. with 1-4C alkyl; R3 is H, OH, CF3, R5, OR6, COR6, CONR5R7, CH2OH, CH2O(1-4C alkyl), SR6, SOR6, SO2R6, SO2NR5R7, NHCO(1-4C alkyl), NHSO2(1-4C alkyl), NR5R7 or C(OH)R5R7 or a heterocyclic 5-ring contg. 1-3 heteroatoms and of formulae (a), (b) or (c); provided that if R3 is R5, R5 can only be H if at least one of R1 and R2 is not H; D, E and G are each CH, N, C(1-4C alkyl) or C-Ph; L is O or S; R4 is halogen, NH2, NH(1-4C alkyl), N(1-4C alkyl)2, OH, 1-4C alkoxy; R5 is H, 1-12C alkyl, phenyl(1-4C)alkyl or Ph (opt. substd. with halogen, 1-4C alkyl, 1-4C alkoxy or 2-5C acyl); R6 is 1-12C alkyl, Ph (opt. substd. with halogen, 1-4C alkyl, 1-4C alkoxy or 2-5C acyl); R7 is H or 1-12C alkyl; R8 and R9 are each H, OH, 1-4C alkyl, 1-4C alkoxy or 2-5C acyl; R10 is H or 1-4C alkyl; R11 and R12 are each H, OH, halogen, CF3, 1-4C alkyl or 1-4C alkoxy; A is (d), (e), X1A1X2, X2A2X3, X4A2X2, (CH2)1-2NHCO(CH2)1-3X2, -CH=CHA2X2; B is CH=CH, CH=N, S or (f); A1 is 2-4C alkylene, cis- or trans-CH2CH=CHCH2, CH2CCCH2, etc.; A2 is 1-5C alkylene; X1 is O, NH, S, SO, SO2, CO, CH2 or a gp. of formula (d); X2 is O, NH, S or a gp. of formula (e); X3 is NHCO, CONH, SO2NH or a gp. of formula (d); X4 is NHCO, CONH, NHSO2, SO2NH or NHCONH.
Patent FI-945327-A0 (FI)
Inventor: BAKER ELLEN SCHMIDT
IPC: C11D1/645
Filed: 1994-11-11
Abstract: Compositions are disclosed containing fabric softener compound having two hydrophobic groups attached to the remainder of the compound through ester linkages (DEQA), said compositions being concentrated and containing viscosity/dispersibility modifiers which are single long chain cationic surfactants, highly ethoxylated nonionic surfactants and/or mixtures thereof. Premix mixtures of the DEQA and viscosity modifiers to lower the viscosity of the molten DEQA are disclosed. Processes for making aqueous liquid compositions from solid particulate compositions containing the DEQA and processes of softening fabrics with the compositions are also disclosed.
Patent FI-945417-A0 (FI)
Inventor: BEAUJEAN HANS-JOSEF
IPC: C11D17/00
Filed: 1994-11-17
Abstract: A process for producing a paste-form, substantially water-free detergent by heating a mixture of nonionic and anionic surfactants to a predetermined temperature, adding soap in particulate form to the heated mixture, then cooling the mixture, and adding builder components and a bleaching agent to the mixture.
Patent FI-953844-A0 (FI)
Inventor: KINNUNEN KIMMO
IPC: H04W56/00
Filed: 1995-08-14
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/FI96/00437 Sec. 371 Date Apr. 14, 1997 Sec. 102(e) Date Apr. 14, 1997 PCT Filed Aug. 13, 1996 PCT Pub. No. WO97/07604 PCT Pub. Date Feb. 27, 1997A method for synchronizing a telecommunications connection in a mobile communications system including a database, at least one base station communicating with mobile stations on system channels which include control channels and traffic channels. Mobile stations communicate with other mobile stations using the base station and the system channels or communicate directly using a direct mode channel. Time slots and frame structures of the system channels are synchronized with time slots and frame structures of the direct mode channels.
Patent FI-962683-A0 (FI)
Inventor: MURRAY BRENDAN DERMOT
IPC: A61Q5/12
Filed: 1996-06-28
Abstract: This invention relates to a process in which a linear olefin is converted under isomerizing conditions to its corresponding methyl branched isoolefin by contact at a temperature of from 200 DEG  C. to 650 DEG  C. with an isomerizing catalyst comprising (i) at least one zeolite having only in one dimension a pore structure having a pore size small enough to retard by-product dimerization and coke formation and large enough to permit entry of the linear olefin and allow formation of the methyl branched isoolefin, (ii) an alumina binder and (iii) up to about 15% by weight of coke oxidation-promoting metal. After a period of operation, when sufficient coke has deposited on the catalyst in an amount to significantly reduce the activity of the catalyst, the catalyst is stripped of hydrocarbon and then contacted at elevated temperature with an oxygen-containing gas for a sufficient time to burn off the coke, i.e., to regenerate the catalyst at a temperature of less than about 565 DEG  C. After regeneration, the isomerization process is continued. The use of palladium and/or platinum as the coke oxidation-promoting metal is particularly desirable.
Patent FI-970133-A0 (FI)
Inventor: RUTANEN ANNE
IPC: D21H25/06
Filed: 1997-01-13
Abstract: The present invention concerns a process and a coating colour for coating a cellulosic web. According to the process an aqueous coating colour is applied on the surface of the web. The invention comprises using a coating colour which contains an aqueous polymer whose viscosity in an aqueous solution increases when the temperature rises. Preferably, methylcellulose or a corresponding polymer having a gelling temperature of about 5 to 10  DEG C more than the application temperature of the coating colour is used. The temperature of the coating is increased after the application of the coating colour in order to achieve gelling of the polymer. As a result, the coating colour rapidly solidifies which decreases the amount of mixture being recycled and it reduces mist-formation in the film press method and improves coverage of coating applied by conventional blade coating.
Patent FI-973169-A0 (FI)
Inventor: RINNE MIKKO J
IPC: H04L12/56
Filed: 1997-07-31
Abstract: According to the method of the invention, connections are divided into at least two different connection classes according to their requirements for transmission delay. The control system of the base station subsystem maintains a record of the transmission needs of the users logged in different categories and based thereon divides the available radio resources into slots of suitable capacity. For connections with stringent requirements for transmission delay, circuit-switched connections are allocated with a bandwidth which can be controlled dynamically. Then from the resource pool still unassigned after the resource allocation to the circuit-switched connections, a sufficient amount of resources are allocated on a time-limited basis allocation for each allocation period to connections having a higher tolerance for delay so as to accomplish transmission, e.g. of a given amount of data.