Patent GB-973327-A (GB)
Title: Improvements in or relating to circuit arrangements for use in radar systems
IPC: G01S13/66
Filed: 1962-12-17
Abstract: 973,327. Pulse radar; transistor pulse circuits. ALBISWERK ZURICH A.G. Dec. 17, 1962 [Dec. 15, 1961], No. 47482/62. Headings H3T and H4D.  Relates to a target-tracking pulse radar with a directional aerial executing a conical scan, the amplitude of the ensuing modulation of echo signals being a measure of aerial tracking error and the phase of the modulation giving the direction of that error. A known arrangement for deriving a stepped voltage waveform, utilized for receiver gain control to afford constant echo display brightness and for feeding a unit from which the angular tracking error is derived, is outlined, Figs. 2 and 3 (neither shown). According to the present invention the stepped voltage waveform, Fig. 3H (not shown), is produced at terminal H, Fig. 4, by a transistor circuit arrangement in which a range gating pulse, Fig. 5B, applied at terminal B, causes a capacitor C40 to be charged. Fig. 5C, by a wanted echo pulse, Fig. 5A, applied at terminal A, a further pulse of amplitude proportional to that of the echo pulse is produced by a pulse-stretching circuit and charges a capacitor C43, the trailing edge of a range-gating pulse, Fig. 5E, applied at terminal E excites a blocking oscillator T40 to produce an output pulse, Fig. 5F, having the opposite polarity to that of the further pulse, each output pulse discharges capacitor C43, and after such discharge capacitor C43 is charged to the instantaneous value of the further pulse at the end of the range gating pulse. In the embodiment a range-gating pulse,  Fig. 5B, permits transistor H40 to conduct and echo pulse A charges capacitor C40 quickly; at the end of the echo pulse diode G42 becomes non-conductive and capacitor C40 discharges very slowly through resistor R45. The variations in potential of the R.H. plate of capacitor C40 are applied to a double emitter follower comprising NPN transistors H41, H42 so as to reduce loading on the capacitor; the waveform at the output of transistor H42 is shown at Fig. 5D. Positive-going range-gating pulses Fig. 5E, are differentiated by capacitor C42 to trigger blocking oscillator T40 via rectifier G45; a further rectifier G46 is stated to increase sensitivity. To produce a steep leading edge of the blocking oscillator output pulse there is no by-pass capacitor across resistor R47. Each blocking oscillator output pulse causes transistor H43 to conduct and thus point F, normally held at a negative potential, rises to earth potential, Fig. 5F. In the absence of echo pulses capacitor C43 is normally charged negatively, Fig. 5G, and the negative excursion I, Fig. 5D, has no effect thereon; the subsequent return to earth of the potential at point D discharges capacitor C43. At the end of the blocking oscillator pulse the potential at point D drops to the voltage II, Fig. 5D, so that capacitor C43 is charged to a potential related to the amplitude of the echo pulse. In order to reduce the discharge of that capacitor between blocking oscillator pulses to a minimum, the output is taken via a triple emitter follower H45-H47; these transistors are chosen to have low cut-off frequencies so that response is only to the slow variations in the charge of capacitor C43.