Patent GB-733428-A (GB)
Title: New aqueous dispersions and process for making and using them
IPC: C08F220/42
Filed: 1952-04-08
Abstract: Stable acidic aqueous dispersions of terpolymers are made by dispersing in an aqueous medium in the presence of an emulsifying agent (a) an ester of an a -methylene monocarboxylic acid having the formula <FORM:0733428/IV (a)/1> where R is hydrogen, halogen or a lower alkyl radical, (b) a nitrile of such an acid, and (c) a small proportion (0.1 to 10 per cent) of a free singly unsaturated monocarboxylic acid and polymerizing by means of a catalyst.  Another unsaturated compound free from acid groups may be present.  Preferred examples of (a) are butyl, isobutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 2-ethylhexyl, dodecyl and octadecyl acrylates and hexyl, heptyl, octyl and octadecyl methacrylates; of (b) are acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile; and of (c) are acrylic, methacrylic, chloracrylic and crotonic acids. The additional monomer may be vinyl formate, acetate, butyrate, benzoate and chloride; vinylidene chloride; styrene and substituted styrenes; vinyl alkyl ketones; acrylic, methacrylic and chloracrylic acid amides; esters of maleic, fumaric and crotonic acids; diallyl and isobornyl allyl ethers; camphene. Suitable emulsifying agents are acid sulphuric esters of fatty alcohols, sulphonated castor oil, higher alkyl and oxyalkyl sulphonates, e.g. sodiumoxyoctadecane sulphonate, sodium dioctyl sulphosuccinate, higher alkyl-aryl sulphonates, polyglycol ethers of fatty alcohols, e.g. the reaction products of ethylene oxide and octyl, oleyl, octadecyl and dodecyl alcohols, octyl-phenol polyglycol ether and its acid sulphuric esters.  Protective colloids, e.g. alginates, polyvinyl alcohol, partially hydrolysed polyvinyl esters, proteins, starch and its derivatives, may also be present.  Suitable catalysts are acetyl, benzoyl, benzoylacetyl, lauryl and hydrogen peroxides, peracetic acid, percarbonates, persulphates and perborates and mixtures, if desired used in conjunction with heat and/or light or with activators such as sulphur dioxide, sodium sulphite, bisulphite, hydrosulphite and thiosulphate or ammonium bisulphite, triethanolamine, diethyl ethanolamine, compounds of multivalent heavy metals in the reduced condition and complex cyanides of iron, cobalt, molybdenum, mercury, zinc, copper or silver. Polymerization may be carried out continuously or batchwise.  The molecular weight of the copolymer may be regulated by addition of mercaptans.  Polymerization may be initiated in a portion only of the emulsion and the remainder subsequently added.  The copolymer dispersions may be converted to pasty masses by partial or complete neutralization with aqueous solutions of alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate, ammonia or amines, e.g. ethylamine, dimethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, morpholine and pipecolines.  The amines may also be added dissolved in carbon tetrachloride, methylene chloride, benzene or toluene. Plasticizers, e.g. dibutyl and octyl phthalates and sebacic acid esters, pigments and fillers may be added.  The dispersions may be used in coating and finishing fabrics, e.g. of cotton, jute, hemp, straw, artificial silk, regenerated cellulose, nylon, orlon and glass, paper and leather, and as adhesives for synthetic resin, paper and metal foils.  Examples describe the preparation of copolymers from acrylic acid, acrylonitrile and (1) 2-ethylbutyl acrylate; (2), (3) and (4) isopropyl acrylate; (5) 2-ethylhexyl acrylate; (6) isobutyl and phenylethyl or cyclohexyl, methylcyclohexyl, phenyl, tetrahydrofurfuryl or 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthyl acrylate; (7) isopropyl acrylate and acrylic acid amide; (8) isobutyl acrylate and acrylic acid amide; or (9) camphene; (10) isopropyl acrylate and allyl acrylate; or (11) isobornyl allyl ether; (13) dodecyl methacrylate; (12) methacrylic acid, isopropyl acrylate and acrylonitrile; (14) crotonic acid, isobutyl acrylate and acrylonitrile.