baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20030034762-A (KR)
Title: Method of preparing positive active material for rechargeable lithium batteries and preparing the same
Inventor: CHOI SANG HUN
IPC: H01M4/48
Filed: 2001-10-26
Abstract: PURPOSE: A positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery and its preparation method are provided, to improve the overcharging property and the stability at a high voltage. CONSTITUTION: The positive electrode active material comprises 100 parts by weight of a lithium cobalt-based oxide; and 10-50 parts by weight of a lithium-manganese-based oxide. Preferably the lithium cobalt-based oxide is represented by LixCo(1-y)MyA2, wherein 1.0<=x<=1.1, 0.01<=y0.1, 0.01<=z<=0.5; M is at least one transition metal or lanthanide metal selected from the group consisting of Ni, Al, Cr, Co, Mg, La, Ce, Sr and V; and A is O, F, S or P. Preferably the lithium-manganese-based oxide is represented by LixMn(1-y)MyO(2-z)Az or LixMn(2-y)MyO(4-z)Az, wherein 1.0<=x<=1.1, 0.01<=y0.1, 0.01<=z<=0.5; M is at least one transition metal or lanthanide metal selected from the group consisting of Ni, Al, Cr, Co, Mg, La, Ce, Sr and V; and A is O, F, S or P.
Patent KR-20030036947-A (KR)
Title: Remote control syatem and the method of same
Inventor: JUNG IN HA
IPC: H04Q9/00
Filed: 2001-11-01
Abstract: PURPOSE: A remote control system and a method therefor are provided to enable a user to control equipment at a remote site by being directly connected to the equipment without using a server, in the process when the user controls the equipment through a network. CONSTITUTION: A terminal system(20) having an IP(Internet Protocol) address is connected with equipment(25) on an on-line communication network, and controls the equipment(25). A user client system(30) delivers an equipment control command and personal information at a remote site by being connected to the on-line communication network, and is connected to the terminal system(20) by using the IP address of the terminal system(20). And, a server(10) is connected with the terminal system(20) and the user client system(30) on the on-line communication network. The server(10) recognizes the IP address of the terminal system(20) to transmit the recognized IP address to the user client system(30), and transmits an authenticated result to the terminal system(20) and the user client system(30), thereby controlling the equipment(25).
Patent KR-20030037144-A (KR)
Title: Anti-wetting finish coat having air permeability
Inventor: KIM GWANG RYUL
IPC: C04B26/06
Filed: 2001-11-02
Abstract: PURPOSE: Provided are finishing materials used in exterior insulation system which have the improved weather resistance, corrosion resistance, air ventilation and water repellency by adding polyethylene resin to conventional finishing materials. CONSTITUTION: The finishing materials comprises 9.7wt.% of water, 0.06wt.% of dispersant, 3.0wt.% of pigment, 0.1wt.% of ammonia, 0.1wt.% of foaming agent, 0.1wt.% of preservative, 0.24wt.% of thickener, 6.0wt.% of polyethylene resin for high water repellency and air ventilation, 0.7wt.% of a material for increasing adhesion of finishing materials, 10.0wt.% of acryl emulsion resin, 10.0wt.% of CaCO3 and 60.0wt.% of silica sand(SiO2), based on the total amount of finishing materials. The resultant finishing materials are prepared by mixing the above raw materials in turn, wherein ammonia is added until the pH of the mixture arrives between 9.3-9.5.
Patent KR-20020037683-A (KR)
Inventor: OHASHI YOSHIO
IPC: H04R9/06
Filed: 2001-11-09
Abstract: PURPOSE: To provide a speaker system that reduces a peak/a dip of a sound pressure due to split vibration of a speaker diaphragm and reproduces a frequency band of 20 kHz or over in an excellent way. CONSTITUTION: The speaker system is provided with a speaker diaphragm 20 that are integrally formed with a dome 20a placed in the middle, made of an acoustic diaphragm material whose acoustic loss coefficient (tan δ) is 0.02 or more for a frequency band of 20 kHz or over, and the cross section of which is formed nearly circular-arc, edges 20b at the outside of the dome 20a via connection parts 20c, and with a conductive 1-turn ring 13 that is inserted to a magnetic air gap 4 and one end of which is adhered and fixed to the come 20a and the connection parts 20c of the edges 20b of the speaker diaphragm 20. Utilizing the split vibration of the speaker diaphragm 20 reproduces the frequency band of 20 kHz or over.
Patent KR-20020050094-A (KR)
Inventor: KUME HITOSHI
IPC: H01L27/115
Filed: 2001-11-15
Abstract: PURPOSE: To provide a technology for preventing drain-disturb phenomenon, related to a short channel non-volatile memory cell. CONSTITUTION: Between a punch-through stopper layer 7 and an n-type semiconductor region 2D forming a drain of a memory cell MC, an n- type semiconductor region 8 whose impurity concentration is substantially lower than the n-type semiconductor region 2D is provided, to relax the electric field at a junction of the punch-through stopper layer 7. Thus, even if the punch-through stopper layer 7 having a function to prevent a short channel effect is provided while a control gate of a non-selected memory cell is applied with a negative voltage to suppress a leak current at writing, the drain-disturb phenomenon is prevented.
Patent KR-20030026796-A (KR)
Title: Composition of seasoned red-pepper paster and method for manufacturing seasoned red-pepper pasterusing the same
Inventor: MOON SE YOUNG
IPC: A23L27/10
Filed: 2001-11-15
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method of preparing a red pepper-based condiment using red pepper powder and a red pepper extract to ensure preservability and manageability while sufficiently expressing the characteristic taste, color and flavor of red pepper is provided. Therefore, the product has enhanced preservation stability without the addition of separate preservatives and destroying nutrients contained in each component. CONSTITUTION: The red pepper-based condiment composition contains 5 to 12 parts by weight of a red pepper extract, 20 to 30 parts by weight of red pepper, 5 to 10 parts by weight of garlic, 8 to 15 parts by weight of onion, 10 to 20 parts by weight of purified salt, 30 to 50 parts by weight of saline water and optionally 3% or less by weight of a rosemary or green tea extract. The red pepper extract is prepared by removing seeds and stems of red pepper from dried red pepper and then physically extracting with a roller mill or chemically extracting with hexane.
Patent KR-20020039262-A (KR)
Inventor: ABE TAKAYUKI
IPC: H01L21/318
Filed: 2001-11-20
Abstract: PURPOSE: To provide a method of forming a silicon nitride film in which a step coating can be improved even when a semiconductor device is miniaturized with more steps in a pattern. CONSTITUTION: Wiring lines 12, 12a in parallel to each other are provided on the surface of an interlayer insulating film 11. Nitride film masks 13, 13a are formed on the respective wiring lines 12, 12a. A blanket nitride film 14 is formed on the whole surface of this wiring pattern having high undercoat steps. Here, the present invention is characterized in that the film is formed by thermal CVD in a highly reactant gas atmosphere, and the mean free path of active molecules 15 (reacting molecules) is made smaller than the space dimension of the interconnect pattern. Thus, the nitride film thickness on the upper surface and that on the side surface of the wiring pattern are made the same. This formation of the nitride silicon film is applied to manufacture a SAC, trench capacitor or the like.
Patent KR-20030042631-A (KR)
Title: Air conditioning system with refrigerant heating apparatus
Inventor: KIM DO YEON
IPC: F25B40/00
Filed: 2001-11-23
Abstract: PURPOSE: An air conditioning system having a refrigerant heating device is provided to safely increase heating cycle efficiency by improving the refrigerant heating device for heating refrigerants supplied from a compressor to a heat exchanger of an indoor unit. CONSTITUTION: In an air conditioning system having a refrigerant heating device heating refrigerants before refrigerants discharged from a compressor installed outside is supplied to an indoor heat exchanger working as a condenser in a heating operation, the refrigerant heating device comprises a cabinet formed with a predetermined space inside, a refrigerant tube(23), of which an inlet is connected to an outlet of the compressor and an outlet is coupled to an inlet of the indoor heat exchanger, installed inside the cabinet and passed through with refrigerants, and a heating device(20) having a heater(30) heating the refrigerant tube.
Patent KR-20020009536-A (KR)
Title: Apparatus for disinfecting shoes
Inventor: KIM KEON WOO
IPC: A61L2/00
Filed: 2001-11-26
Abstract: PURPOSE: An apparatus for disinfecting shoes is provided to increase the effect of disinfection by using a small amount of a disinfective solution by making the solution be uniformly distributed, and to be easily attached and separated according to the height of a heel. CONSTITUTION: The apparatus for disinfecting shoes by using a disinfective solution contained in a medicine container(14) and the hot wind of a hot wind generator(12) is comprised of a body having a footstool(10); a hot wind nozzle(16) rotatable installed on the body with being connected with the hot wind generator through a wrinkled tube(13), having an opening(16a); a sterilization device(30) installed to the top end of the medicine container for pelletizing the disinfective solution; an air bubble generator(20) connected to the sterilization device; and a tube(15) attached to the hot wind nozzle for injecting the pelletized disinfective solution.
Patent KR-20030044229-A (KR)
Title: Mixing type aero dynamic bearing spindle motor of a reserve pressure leading hight difference
Inventor: KIM SANG UK
IPC: F16C39/06
Filed: 2001-11-29
Abstract: PURPOSE: An aerodynamic bearing spindle motor having a structure of generating pre-load through a step difference is provided to prevent a system from being damaged due to friction or frictional heat generated when the system starts up. CONSTITUTION: A step difference is formed between a pole(132b) on which a coil(134) of a stator(130) winds and a permanent magnet(160) set in a hub(120) in such a manner that the permanent magnet is placed higher than the pole of the stator or lower than the pole. In this structure, pulling force between the pole of the stator and the permanent magnet operates in radial and thrust directions, simultaneously, to form pre-load between the hub and an aerodynamic bearing(140). When the pre-load is formed between the hub and aerodynamic bearing, friction is not generated between the hub and aerodynamic bearing when a spindle motor(100) is initially operated.
Patent KR-20030046653-A (KR)
Title: Fly back trandformer with improved output terminal of high voltage bobbin
Inventor: KIM GYU JIN
IPC: H01F38/42
Filed: 2001-12-06
Abstract: PURPOSE: A flyback transformer is provided to connect a case output part to an output terminal by a simple adjustment although the case output part is curved by using a structure where the output terminal is bent in a diagonal direction. CONSTITUTION: A high-voltage bobbin(5) is extended slantingly in a diagonal direction and comprises an output terminal(1) formed at one side to output a high voltage and a coil wound to generate a high voltage. A flyback transformer case(7) comprises a high-voltage output part(9) formed at a portion corresponding to the output terminal of the high-voltage bobbin. The high-voltage bobbin is inserted in the flyback transformer case. An anode cable is inserted in the high-voltage output part of the flyback transformer case. A conductive rubber(108) is inserted at one end of the high-voltage output part. One side of the conductive rubber is connected to the output terminal of the high-voltage bobbin and the other side thereof is connected to the anode cable.
Patent KR-20020062803-A (KR)
Inventor: ABE FUMIROU
IPC: G06F17/30
Filed: 2001-12-12
Abstract: PURPOSE: To provide retrieval technique for returning the results of retrieval to each user terminal unit at almost same response time as the case where the user terminal unit and a retrieval device have a one-to-one correspondence even if retrieval demands are continuously sent from each user terminal unit in the retrieval device for full text search connected with a plurality of user terminal units. CONSTITUTION: Received retrieval conditions and terminal unit information are stored in a retrieval condition buffer to decide whether preceding retrieval processing is being executed or not. If it is decided that the preceding retrieval processing is not executed, a retrieval pattern variable table and a retrieval demand expression variable table are prepared to retrieve a database storing data to be retrieved, extract the results of retrieval sent from each of a plurality of terminal units and agreeing with the retrieval conditions, and transmit the extracted results of retrieval to each of a plurality of terminal units.
Patent KR-20030049877-A (KR)
Title: A determiantion Method for Automobile-Bumper-Structure
Inventor: PARK DONG GYU
IPC: B60R19/02
Filed: 2001-12-17
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method for deciding the structure of a bumper is provided to decide the optimal bumper for protecting a walker from collision between a vehicle and the walker, and absorbing the shock of the collision. CONSTITUTION: A method for deciding the structure of a bumper comprises the steps of: finding a region satisfying walker protection performance from a relation formula between the section modulus of a bumper beam and the thickness of a buffer foam in a collision between a vehicle and a walker; finding a region satisfying shock absorption from another relation formula between the section modulus of the bumper beam and the thickness of the buffer foam in the collision of the vehicle; and deciding the section modulus of the bumper beam and the thickness of the buffer foam satisfying the two regions, simultaneously.
Patent KR-20030052273-A (KR)
Title: Method for manufacturing muti-layered capacitor of semiconductor device
Inventor: JUNG GYEONG YUN
IPC: H01L27/108
Filed: 2001-12-20
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method for manufacturing a stacked capacitor of a semiconductor device is provided to be capable of improving the capacitance of the capacitor by connecting the first and second capacitor in parallel. CONSTITUTION: The first upper conductive layer(100a), the first insulating layer(102a), a common lower conductive layer(104a), the second insulating layer(106a), and the second upper conductive layer(108a) are sequentially formed on the first interlayer dielectric(1). After patterning the second upper conductive layer, a sidewall spacer is formed at both sidewalls of the second upper conductive layer. Then, the first capacitor(Cap1) is formed by patterning the second insulating layer and the common lower conductive layer using the second upper conductive layer and sidewall spacer as a mask. The second capacitor(Cap2) is formed and connected with the first capacitor by patterning the first insulating layer and the first upper conductive layer. After forming the second interlayer dielectric(120) on the resultant structure, the first and second capacitor are connected with each other using a mutual connecting wiring(126).
Patent KR-20030055909-A (KR)
Title: Method for Fabricating Semiconductor Device using two step deposition
Inventor: HA IN SU
IPC: H01L21/285
Filed: 2001-12-27
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method for fabricating a semiconductor device using two-step deposition is provided to improve the step coverage of an upper electrode of a capacitor and the resistant distribution of a node resistance by performing the two-step deposition process. CONSTITUTION: A semiconductor device includes upper electrodes(561,571) and node resistances(563,573) of a capacitor. A thin film for upper electrodes and a thin film for node resistance are deposited on an edge portion and a center portion of a wafer according to different deposition rates. In the thin film for upper electrode and the thin film for node resistance, the center portion of the wafer is thicker than the edge portion of wafer. A method for fabricating the semiconductor device includes the first deposition process using the same deposition rate and the second deposition process using different deposition rate.
Patent KR-20010071878-A (KR)
Title: 피 네트워크 장치에 의해 유지되고 관리되는, 연결매체에독립적인 분산 지역 및 광역 네트워크
IPC: H04L12/56
Filed: 2000-04-25
Abstract: 동적 구성이 가능한 네트워크는 데이터 스테이션과 무선 프로토콜 스테이션을 구비한다. 무선 프로토콜 스테이션과 적어도 하나의 데이터 스테이션은 지역 통신망을 형성한다. 분리되어 있는 지역 통신망들은 무선 프로토콜 스테이션들을 통해 서로 접속된다. 무선 프로토콜 스테이션과 데이터 스테이션은 물리 계층에 적합한 물리 계층 프로토콜을 구비하며, 이것에 의해 무선 프로토콜 스테이션은, 동적으로 다양한 매체를 지원하도록, 이 스테이션이 현재 접속된 데이터 스테이션의 모든 물리 계층 프로토콜을 가진다. 무선 프로토콜 스테이션과 데이터 스테이션은 또한 서비스 계층에 적합한 서비스 애플리케이션 계층 프로토콜과, 서비스 계층과 물리 계층 사이에 서비스 액세스 포인트 프로토콜을 가진다. 데이터 스테이션의 서비스 애플리케이션 계층은 데이터 서비스를 제공한다. 데이터 스테이션들 사이의 데이터나, 또는 데이터 애플리케이션과 무선 프로토콜 스테이션 사이의 데이터는 물리 계층 프로토콜을 사용하는 통신 링크를 통해 물리적으로 교환된다. 데이터 서비스는 서비스 액세스 프로토콜을 통해 액세스된다.
Patent KR-20010072239-A (KR)
Title: 가스방전 표시장치와 그 제조방법
IPC: H01J17/04
Filed: 2000-06-02
Abstract: 본 발명은 가스방전 표시장치에 관한 것이다. 주요 구성은 대향하여 설치된 1쌍의 기판 사이에 방전가스가 봉입된 복수의 셀이 매트릭스형상으로 배치되고, 상기 1쌍의 기판 중 제 1 기판의 제 2 기판에 대향하는 면 상에 1쌍 이상의 표시전극이 복수의 셀에 걸치는 상태로 설치된 가스방전 표시장치에 있어서, 1쌍의 표시전극은 상기 매트릭스의 행방향으로 연장된 2개의 연장부와, 상기 2개의 연장부는 한쪽 연장부에 전기적으로 연결하면서 다른쪽 연장부를 향하여 돌출하여 설치된 복수의 내측 돌출부와, 상기 2개의 연장부 사이에서 일정 거리를 유지하면서 동일한 연장부에 설치된 2개 이상의 내측 돌출부를 전기적으로 연결하는 연결부를 구비하는 것을 특징으로 한다.
Patent KR-20010075257-A (KR)
IPC: H01Q3/26
Filed: 1999-09-09
Abstract: 본 발명은 셀룰라 통신 시스템의 용량을 증가시킬 수 있는 안테나 장치에 관한 것이다.  상기 안테나는 이동 가입자 유니트와 관련하여 동작하며 각각이 프로그램가능한 위상 시프터 각각에 결합되는 다수의 안테나 소자들을 제공한다.  각 안테나 소자의 위상은 예를 들어 파일럿 신호를 수신하는 휴지 모드동안 최적 수신을 위애 프로그램된다.  상기 안테나 어레이는 이동 가입자 유니트로부터 송신되는 신호들에 대한 빔형성기 및 더욱 최적으로 기지국으로부터 송신된 신호들을 탐지하고 수신하기 위한 지향성 수신 어레이를 형성한다.  신호들을 지향적으로 수신하고 송신함으로써, 다중경로 페이딩은 상호셀 간섭과 더불어 크게 감소된다.  각 안테나 소자의 적절한 위상을 결정하기 위한 다양한 기술들이 수용된다.
Patent KR-20010099677-A (KR)
IPC: H01M10/08
Filed: 2000-08-11
Abstract: 본 발명은 안전성이 높은 전극이나 2차 전지나 전기 이중층 캐패시터, 또는 전핵액을 사용하지 않는 2차 전지나 전기 이중층 커패시터를 제공하는 것을 목적으로 하며, 이온 도전성 폴리머(12)로 피착한 분말상 전극 물질을 집전재에 부착한 전극 구조체(1), 및 이를 사용하는 2차 전지나 전기 이중층 커패시터, 및 그 제조 방법이다.
Patent KR-20010108153-A (KR)
IPC: B32B27/30
Filed: 1999-05-25
Abstract: 규칙배열 중합체를 포함하는 이형 표면을 갖는 이형 라이너가 제공된다.  본 발명의 이형 라이너는 이형제의 도포없이 다양한 물질에 대하여 이형성을 제공하고, 비교적 높은 가열뒤틀림 온도를 갖고, 대부분의 중합체 조성물을 경화시키는데 사용되는 방사선원에 의해 영향을 받지 않는다.  본 발명의 이형 라이너는 물리적 또는 광학적 특성을 제공하기 위하여 코팅 및 다른 가소성 물질로 전달될 수 있는 패턴으로 마이크로모사될 수 있다.  따라서, 패턴화된 물품의 제조 방법도 또한 제공되며, 경화성 조성물로부터 고체 물체를 제조하는 방법도 제공된다.
Patent KR-20020047030-A (KR)
Title: Macroscopic ordered assembly of carbon nanotubes
IPC: C01B31/02
Filed: 2000-10-27
Abstract: The present invention is directed to the creation of macroscopic materials and objects comprising aligned nanotube segments. The invention entails aligning single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) segments that are suspended in a fluid medium and then removing the aligned segments from suspension in a way that macroscopic, ordered assemblies of SWNT are formed. The invention is further directed to controlling the natural proclivity or nanotube segments to self assemble into or ordered structures by modifying the environment of the nanotubes and the history of that environment prior to and during the process. The materials and objects are "macroscopic" in that they are large enough to be seen without the aid of a microscope or of the dimensions of such objects. These macroscopic ordered SWNT materials and objects have the remarkable physical, electrical, and chemical properties that SWNT exhibit on the microscopic scale because they are comprised of nanotubes, each of which is aligned in the same direction and in contact with its nearest neighbors. An ordered assembly of closest SWNT also serves as a template for growth of more and larger ordered assemblies. An ordered assembly further serves as a foundation for post processing treatments that modify the assembly internally to specifically enhance selected material properties such as shear strength, tensile strength, compressive strength, toughness, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity.
Patent KR-20020057806-A (KR)
IPC: G09G3/32
Filed: 2001-04-23
Abstract: 용량 결합 구동을 행하는 액정표시장치에서, 대형화·고해상도화에 따른 전압 얼룩·표시 얼룩을 해소한다. 
     매트릭스 형상으로 배치된 다수의 화소 전극(5)과, 이것에 접속된 스위칭 소자(3)와, 주사 전극(1)과, 영상 신호 전극(2)과, 화소 전극(5)과의 사이에 용량을 형성하는 대향 전극을 구비한 표시 장치에서, 화소 전극(5)과 주사 전극(1) 중 현재 단의 주사 전극(1)을 제외한 것과의 사이에 축적 용량(7)을 구비하고, 스위칭 소자(3)의 게이트·드레인간 용량(4) 및 축적 용량(7) 중 적어도 한 쪽을 포함하는 화소 전극(5)에 접속된 두 개 이상의 용량 성분이, 주사 전극(1)의 급전단으로부터 거리에 따라 다른 값을 가지고 있고, 하나의 화소에서 화소 전극(5)에 접속되는 전체 용량을 Ctot로 한 경우에, 제1 용량비(αgd = Cgd/Ctot)를 상기 주사 전극(1)의 급전단으로부터의 거리에 따라 연속적으로 또는 단계적으로 증가시키거나, 제2 용량비 (αst = Cst/Ctot)가 대략 일정해지도록 각 화소의 용량 성분을 설정한다.
Patent KR-20030059705-A (KR)
Inventor: JUNG SU HWA
IPC: G03F7/20
Filed: 2002-01-04
Abstract: PURPOSE: An exposure apparatus having no photomask is provided, to enable pattern to be formed on a glass or a substrate without photomask by employing a mirror capable of selectively reflecting the UV light. CONSTITUTION: The exposure apparatus comprises an optical system which projects the UV parallel light; a digital microdevice which selectively reflects the UV light to allow pattern to be formed on a substrate; and a base assembly arranged and fixed on the substrate. The digital microdevice comprises a plurality of cells which are each separately operated. Preferably the cell(71) comprises a rectangular reflection plate(79) constituting the unit of the digital microdevice; a plurality of support parts(74) where the corner of the reflection plate is received; an operation part(76) having a post(78) on the top of which the reflection plate is fixed; a rotation axis; a motor connected with the rotation axis; and a control part sending the operation signal to the motor.
Patent KR-20020061499-A (KR)
Inventor: BERGNER WOLFGANG
IPC: H01L21/60
Filed: 2002-01-05
Abstract: PURPOSE: A bit-line contact and forming method thereof are provided to vertically twist the bitlines between two bitline levels, not causing a loss in area in the DRAM array. CONSTITUTION: A method of forming bitline contacts: forming gate conductor lines with a capping layer on a substrate(5); depositing an oxide layer over the capping layer; forming a bitline contact line mask over portions of the oxide layer; etching the bitline contact line mask to the capping layer and between the gate conductor lines stopping at the substrate; depositing a silicon layer on the substrate between the conductor lines and non etched portions of the oxide layer; depositing a bitline layer on the silicon layer; masking and etching portions of the bitline layer; and depositing metal over the silicon layer and on sides of non etched portions of the bitline layer to form left and right bitlines.
Patent KR-20020070095-A (KR)
Title: Tire Tread Structure of Electric Discharge
Inventor: CHO CHI HUN
IPC: C08K3/04
Filed: 2002-01-19
Abstract: PURPOSE: Structure of a tire tread is provided to discharge frictional static electricity from a tire without degradation of wear resistance and performance at a low fuel ratio. CONSTITUTION: A tire tread consists of a cap tread(10) and an under tread(20). A band-shaped discharge path(30) exposed to the outer surface of the cap tread is formed through the under tread and the cap tread. The cap tread is formed of a tread rubber composition containing more than 70% of silica. The rubber composition of the under tread and the discharge path is applied with 100% of carbon black. The discharge path forms 90-180 angular degrees from the under tread to the outer surface of the tread.