Patent GB-978737-A (GB)
Title: Improvements in fuel rods for nuclear reactors
IPC: G21C3/06
Filed: 1963-06-19
Abstract: 978,737. Nuclear fuel elements. EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY (E URATOM). June 19,1963 [June 20,1962], No. 24464/63. Heading G6C. Fuel rods for a nuclear reactor of the kind in which the rods will be subjected to external fluid pressure (e.g. a power reactor cooled by fluid under pressure) each have fuel material in the form of a rod or a stack of slugs or pellets housed within a cylindrical sheath with end closures and a heat conductive filling material between the sheath and the fuel, the sheath having a thickness and shape such that it is flexibly and inwardly deformable under the external pressure, the filling material forming a layer between the fuel and the sheath and being viscous or liquid at the operating temperature for the rod, and the fuel and filling material layer forming an assembly within the sheath which hydrostatically supports the sheath over the whole of its internal surface whereby the sheath may deform to various shapes in accordance with changes in shape of the filling material layer caused by thermal and mechanical stresses induced by the fuel. The rods may be inserted individually into the channels of the reactor core or they may be assembled in mountings to form clusters which are inserted as units into the channels. In one embodiment (Figs. 1 and 2) the sheath 1 is of stainless steel of thickness less than 0.1 mm, e.g. of the order of 0. 05 to 0. 06 mm, and is provided with longitudinal ribs 6 along its centre portion and circumferential ribs 7 at one or each end to permit radial and axial flexible deformations. A viscous layer 8 is formed by filling the annular space between the fuel pellets 2 and the sheath 1 by a metal or alloy which is plastic at the operating temperature, preferably magnesium, the minimum thickness of which is a few tenths of a millimetre, e.g. 0. 5 mm. The pellets 2 may be uranium, either metallic and preferably lightly alloys (e.g. with molybdenum, silicon or aluminium) or ceramic such as uranium dioxide or carbide. A pellet 5 of refractory material is disposed between each end closure 3 and the fuel in order to reduce heat transfer to the ends of the rod. The rod is assembled by welding the lower end closure 3 to the sheath 1 which is quickly heated in an oven to a temperature higher than the fusion point of the filling material e.g. magnesium, a suitable quantity of this material then being placed in the sheath 1 in an argon atmosphere. Once the filling material has melted, the fuel pellets 2 are inserted one by one, and after the assembly has been allowed to cool the upper end closure 3 is welded in position. The rod is then heated to 450 to 500C. in an enclosure in which the pressure is increased slowly to allow the ribs 6,7 by viscous deformation of the layer 8 to adapt themselves and start acting as flexibly deformable elements. In amodification,a single system of ribs is used,these running first in an axial direction and then winding into a helix comprising several threads having as fine a pitch as practicable. Limited axial flexibility may be obtained by making one or each end closure of small thickness and providing it with circular corrugations. The end closures may, alternatively, be formed as bellows projecting inwardly. The upper end closure 3 has a central lug 4 which engages in a transverse support member for supporting and spacing the rods of a cluster. In order to prevent undue deformation of the rods, it may be necessary during assembly to insert between the rods in the subchannels of a cluster, members providing partial or complete stiffness, such as graphite stiffening members 11, as shown in Fig. 8. In this embodiment, the steel sheath is in the form of a bellows 13 and a thread 14 of thin steel or anodically oxidised sintered aluminium secured at one end only of the rod is wound on the latter and acts as a spacing prop or support to allow free axial expansion of the sheath.