baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent RU-2095501-C1 (RU)
Inventor: ENDRYU DZHEJMS REFFERTI
IPC: C08H8/00
Filed: 1990-05-10
Granted: 1997-11-10
Abstract: FIELD: production of material capable of selfpolymerization to obtain formed product such as cardboard or plate. SUBSTANCE: apparatus has two devices for hydrolization and drying of lignocellulose material. Both devices have pressure vessel and temperature vessel for creating circulating steam flow heated by heat exchange and adapted to treat material during transportation and exchange device. Hydrolysis device has working zone for hydrolyzation of lignocellulose material supplied in flow, heat exchange device, water supply device, device for supplying hydrolyzed lignocellulose material, device for discharge of partially hydrolyzed material to second-stage device without getting of circulation flow of saturated steam to second system and device for discharge of excessive steam into pipeline. Second device has zone for further hydrolyzation and drying of partially hydrolyzed material in steam flow and in circulation flow of overheated steam, device for receiving partially hydrolyzed material from first device, device for discharge of hydrolyzed and dried material, circulation flow of overheated stream through pipeline into at least one zone for further hydrolyzation and drying and device for discharge of excessive steam. EFFECT: increased efficiency, simplified construction and enhanced reliability in operation. 11 cl, 3 dwg
Patent RU-2019183-C1 (RU)
Inventor: UMURZAKOVA ROKHILA Z
IPC: A61K31/47
Filed: 1990-07-02
Granted: 1994-09-15
Abstract: FIELD: medicine. SUBSTANCE: berberine bisulfate early used as cholagogue drug is used as effective plateletcytopoietic agent. Administration of this preparation to patient with primary and secondary thrombocytopenia (dose is 3-5 mg, 3 times per a day) leads at 5-10 days of treatment to the significant increase of platelet counts. EFFECT: enhanced properties of stimulator. 4 tbl
Patent RU-2060233-C1 (RU)
Inventor: SUKHARITRA DEVI PUL
IPC: C03C8/06
Filed: 1991-06-04
Granted: 1996-05-20
Abstract: Сущность изобретения: фритта содержит следующие компоненты, мол.%: оксид кремния 44 - 68БФ SiO 2 ; оксид лития 3 - 13 БФ Li 2 O; оксид калия 0,5 - 3,5 БФ K 2 O; оксид натрия 2,5 - 7 БФ Na 2 O; оксид цинка 0,5 - 2,5 БФ ZnO; оксид алюминия 2 - 8 БФ Al 2 O 3 ; оксид бора 15 - 30 БФ B 2 O 3 ; оксид циркона 1 - 7 БФ ZrO 2 . Феррита может также иметь следующий состав, мол.%: оксид кремния 44 - 68 БФ SiO 2 ; оксид лития 3 - 11,5 БФ Li 2 O; оксид калия 0,5 -3,5 БФ K 2 O; оксид натрия 2,5 - 5,0 БФ Na 2 O; оксид цинка 0,5 - 2,5 БФ ZnO; оксид алюминия 2 - 7,5 БФ Al 2 O 3 ; оксид бора 15 - 30 БФ B 2 O 3 , оксид циркония 1 - 5 БФ ZrO 2 , по крайней мере один компонент из группы оксид кальция 0,47 - 3 БФ CaO, фтор до 8 БФ F. Фритта может дополнительно содержать по крайней мере один компонент из группы: оксид лантана до 3 БФ La 2 O 3 ; оксид иттрия до 1 БФ Y 2 O 3 ; оксид церия, или празеодима, или неодима до 1 БФ CeO 2 , Pr 2 O 3 , Nd 2 O 3 . Характеристика получаемого покрытия: КТР ( 6,63 - 8,70)• 10  -   6 1/ o С; Т п   л   а   в   .  506 - 608 o С, показатель преломления 1,52 - 1,56. 2 з. п. ф-лы, 32 табл.
Patent RU-2017284-C1 (RU)
Title: Reflector-type aerial
Inventor: MOSKALEV VIKTOR M
IPC: H01Q21/12
Filed: 1990-12-25
Granted: 1994-07-30
Abstract: FIELD: aerial equipment. SUBSTANCE: reflector-type aerial has conical reflector and excitation source which is manufactured in the form of linear equidistant array fed sequentially from radiation elements installed on axis of reflector and excited from side of vertex of reflector forming phased distribution of field in its aperture. Phase shifters each of them being placed in series between elements of excitation source provide for definite shift between currents in these elements and are inserted into aerial to obtain capability for varying of angle at vertex of conical reflector. Excitation source forms conical wave in nearest zone which propagates towards reflector, reflecting from it transforms into flat wave going to aperture of reflector. Description gives calculation relations and conditions determining value of phase delay and of angle at vertex of reflector. Aerial has additional degree of freedom for optimization of its electrical and mass size characteristics. EFFECT: increased operational capabilities. 1 dwg
Patent RU-2051598-C1 (RU)
Inventor: VOZHDAENKO VLADIMIR V
IPC: A43B13/24
Filed: 1991-05-12
Granted: 1996-01-10
Abstract: FIELD: shoes making industry. SUBSTANCE: shoe sole has flexible insert enabling development of cracks formed to be prevented. Flexible insert is positioned within sole body and connected with it by adhesion. Insert is made from material less rigid than that of sole. The middle portion of insert is positioned at a distance of 1/3 of sole length from toe portion. Insert edges faced towards toe and heel parts of sole and adjoining sole portions are made, preferably, wavy. EFFECT: increased efficiency and enhanced reliability in usage. 2 dwg
Patent RU-2021649-C1 (RU)
Title: Working tool for cultivation of fallow soil
Inventor: GASILIN VLADIMIR I
IPC: A01B35/02
Filed: 1991-06-03
Granted: 1994-10-30
Abstract: FIELD: agricultural engineering. SUBSTANCE: working tool comprises mounting portion - shank, inclined shield, one-sided sweep, inclined shield blade, horizontal sweep blade, connecting piece, and front side of shield. Side surface of inclined shield is set at an angle of 55 deg to horizontal plane which is smaller than the angle of internal friction of soil against soil (about 57 deg). Height of inclined shield is larger than 4-6 cm while its front section is equal to its thickness. Working tool undercuts weeds, loosens the soil, cuts slots at an angle to the horizontal and forms a loose layer characterized by high moisture-absorbing and saving capacity. EFFECT: improved design. 3 cl, 3 dwg
Patent RU-2025997-C1 (RU)
Title: Способ изготовления трансформируемой одежды из двусторонних материалов
Inventor: YARKINA ANNA N
IPC: A41D15/00
Filed: 1991-04-03
Granted: 1995-01-09
Abstract: Использование: швейная промышленность. Сущность изобретения: способ включает операции раскроя двустороннего материала на детали спинки, полочек, рукавов. Детали полочек выполняют с приспуском по ширине борта. При соединении деталей в изделие планки левой и правой полочек фиксируют строчками. Величину припуска выбирают равной (3,5-3,6) R для правой полочки и (3,1-3,2) R для левой полочки, где R - расстояние от края борта до линии полузаноса. При сборке деталей в изделие выполняют на правой полочке двойной перегиб, который фиксируют строчкой притачивания дополнительной отлетной планки по борту. Затем выполняют перегиб на полочках и планке по краю борта и фиксируют этот перегиб строчками. 2 ил.
Patent RU-2007560-C1 (RU)
Inventor: BERNSHTEJN DAVID A
IPC: G01D5/52
Filed: 1991-06-06
Granted: 1994-02-15
Abstract: FIELD: mining industry. SUBSTANCE: installation of the deflecting tool in the preset direction at well drilling and obtaining of information about the position of the well shaft deflecting tool. Located in housing 1 are three identical gamma-radiation detectors in lead body 5, rod 7 is hinged in bearing bush 8 and hinge 9 for free rotational movement, fixed on its lower end in lead weight-collimator 10 with tapered port 11 and gamma-radiation source 12; the upper end of the rod is located in hole 14 of rod restraining arm 15. The dimensions of rod arms l 1  and l 2  and the diameter of hole 14 are so selected that already at small zenith angles (3-4 deg. ) rod upper end 13 would rest against the wall of hole 14 of restraining arm 15, and the lower end would not reach the inner wall of housing 1 by 2-3 mm. EFFECT: simplified design, decreased length of the well instrument, improved reliability. 2 dwg
Patent RU-2022386-C1 (RU)
Inventor: SUKHORUKOV SERGEJ A
IPC: H01F27/36
Filed: 1991-07-16
Granted: 1994-10-30
Abstract: Использование: в области электротехники. Сущность: помехоустойчивый трансформатор содержит магнитопровод 1, экраны 2 и 3, первичную обмотку 4, подключенную через вводы 5 к сети 6, и вторичную обмотку 7, подключенную через выводы 8 к нагрузке 9, обмотки 4 и 7, залитые в оболочку 10 из смолы с наполнителем. Экраны 2 и 3 выполнены из двух взаимно ортогональных частей, собранных из листового магнитного материала. Одна часть экрана 2 снабжена радиальным разрезом 11, зашунтированным резистивным элементом 12. Обе части экрана соединены магнитным шунтом 13. 5 з.п. ф-лы, 6 ил., 1 табл.
Patent RU-2079308-C1 (RU)
Title: Disposable safe syringe
Inventor: RIGHI NARDINO
IPC: A61M5/31
Filed: 1991-07-18
Granted: 1997-05-20
Abstract: FIELD: medicine, medical instruments. SUBSTANCE: syringe has cylinder 1, needle 4 for injections installed on the front end of cylinder 1, piston 7 moving in cylinder 1 from the extreme retracted position filling the syringe to the forward emptying position, that is furnished with hand-operated rod 9 projecting from the rear end of cylinder 1; sleeve 13 sliding in longitudinal direction and freely installed on the outside on cylinder 1 so that it could move from the retracted position in which needle 4 is open to the forward protective position, in which protective sleeve 3 is located around needle 4 thus fully closing it, and locking means 24, 27 for automatic confinement of protective sleeve 13 on cylinder 1 in the forward protective position preventing its displacement. EFFECT: enhanced safety. 12 cl, 16 dwg
Patent RU-2086555-C1 (RU)
Inventor: RINALDO KHYUZLER
IPC: C08F2/50
Filed: 1991-11-14
Granted: 1997-08-10
Abstract: Титаноцены с двумя 5-членными циклодиенильными связями, например, циклопентадиенил, и одним или двумя 6-членными карбоциклическими или 5- или 6-членными гетероциклическими ароматическими кольцами, которые по меньшей мере в одном из двух ортоположений в связи титан-углерод замещены атомом фтора и содержат в качестве других заместителей незамещенный или замещенный 1-пиррил. Они пригодны в качестве фотоинициаторов для индуцированной облучением полимеризации этиленово ненасыщенных соединений. 11 табл.
Patent RU-2032162-C1 (RU)
Title: Residual stress measuring method
Inventor: BYAKOVA ALEKSANDRA V
IPC: G01N3/00
Filed: 1991-10-11
Granted: 1995-03-27
Abstract: FIELD: mechanical tests of coatings. SUBSTANCE: method involves static indentation of pyramidal indentor until dent is formed with brittle cracks developing from its top to sectional area of coating at orthogonal orientation of dent diagonals relative to direction in which residual stresses act. Upon removing load geometric parameters of dent are measured; those of cracks are metered separately in two relatively perpendicular directions, their pattern is evaluated, equilibrium value K 1C  and effective value K       ef   1C         f  of fracture viscosity is determined, respectively, parallel and perpendicular to action of residual stresses, and σ value is calculated including linear dimensions of actual grain of coating. For constructing curve, residual stress is determined at several points of sectional area of coating spaced at different distances from its outer boundary and residual stress at point determined from y = 0 equation is found including K       ef   1C         f  obtained during indentation into coating surface. EFFECT: improved reliability of test results. 2 tbl
Patent RU-2041085-C1 (RU)
Inventor: KHAJNTS OJRAJNER
IPC: B60R21/16
Filed: 1992-01-16
Granted: 1995-08-09
Abstract: FIELD: motor transport; safety facilities. SUBSTANCE: inflatable gas bag used in vehicle safety system has shell 18 and two side parts 20, 22 connected by seam with shell Fold 24 is made on one of side parts 20. Fold 24 is separated from other part of gas bag 10 by seam along dividing line 26 square to direction of unfolding of bag. Breaking strength of seam is calculated so as to make fold 24 open when pressure inside gas bag reaches preset value. Owing to the fold, gas can unfold in relatively wide range as to direction. Simultaneously distance and speed of flying out of bag is decreased as necessary. Moreover, fold 24 controls operation of release hole 30 located on one of opposite walls of fold 24. EFFECT: enhanced safety in case of road accident. 6 cl, 6 dwg
Patent RU-2041496-C1 (RU)
Title: Устройство для определения начальных моментов любого порядка
Inventor: ERMAKOV VLADIMIR F
IPC: G06F17/18
Filed: 1991-07-24
Granted: 1995-08-09
Abstract: Изобретение относится к вычислительной и информационно-измерительной технике и может быть использовано для определения начальных моментов любого порядка, включая дробный, случайного аргумента, а также любой функции от случайного аргумента. Цель повышение точности. Устройство содержит входной зажим 1, функциональный преобразователь 2, интегратор 3, источник опорного напряжения 5, компаратор 4, одновибратор 6, счетчики 7,9, генератор 8 прямоугольных импульсов, блок 10 деления и индикатор 11. Повышение точности достигается за счет отсутствия методической погрешности. 1 ил.
Patent RU-2027701-C1 (RU)
Title: N,n'-bis -(2,4- diaminophenyl) -amides of 4,4'- or 4,4'-diphenyloxide dicarboxylic acid as an intermediate products for synthesis of 4,4'-bis- [5(6)- aminobenzimidazolyl -2]- diphenyl or -diphenyloxide
Inventor: SHCHELTSYN VIKTOR K
IPC: C07C233/80
Filed: 1992-01-03
Granted: 1995-01-27
Abstract: FIELD: organic chemistry. SUBSTANCE: product: N,N'-diphenyloxide of dicarboxylic acid of the formula (I)   where Z - simple bond or O; m. p. is 296-298 C and 266-267 C; yield is 92 and 94%. Reagent 1: N,N'-bis- (2,4-dinitrophenyl) -amide of 4,4'- diphenyl- or -4,4'- diphenyloxide of dicarboxylic acid. Reaction conditions: liquid-phase reduction with hydrogen under increased pressure and temperature on the palladium catalyst in the medium of amide solvent. Synthesized products were used as intermediate substances for synthesis of 4,4'-bis- [5(6)-aminobenzimidazolyl -2]-diphenyl or -diphenyloxide. EFFECT: improved method of synthesis. 1 tbl
Patent RU-2058396-C1 (RU)
Title: Method for inoculation of pig iron
Inventor: SHAKHNAZAROV TEMIRLAN A
IPC: C21C1/00
Filed: 1991-12-13
Granted: 1996-04-20
Abstract: FIELD: ferrous metallurgy. SUBSTANCE: spheroidizing inoculation of pig iron with magnesium compounds and reducers is effected by reduction of magnesium oxide by silicon contained in pig iron at temperature of 1653-1753 K. In this case, the source of magnesium oxide compounds may be used in form of lining of ladle or its separate parts. EFFECT: higher efficiency. 2 cl, 1 tbl
Patent RU-2034077-C1 (RU)
Title: Method for production of high-purity metallic scandium
Inventor: GOTOVCHIKOV VITALIJ T
IPC: C22B9/04
Filed: 1992-01-28
Granted: 1995-04-30
Abstract: FIELD: metallurgy. SUBSTANCE: distillation is carried out from melt of crude scandium containing 1-20 mas.% of zirconium. EFFECT: higher efficiency. 1 tbl
Patent RU-2039963-C1 (RU)
Title: Method of semifull-scale research of power plant automatic control system
Inventor: KULIKOV GENNADIJ G
IPC: G01M15/14
Filed: 1992-02-03
Granted: 1995-07-20
Abstract: FIELD: bench tests of gas-turbine engines. SUBSTANCE: to provide comprehensive tests of the automatic control system of a power plant consisting of n power units with lower apparatus expenditures, enhance the information rate and confidence of researches, a semifull-scale model of one power unit is constructed simulating in real-time the parameters of the power unit, actuating mechanisms and transducers. The actual second, (n-1)-th, n-th power plant automatic control systems are replaced by information models; memorized output parameters of the first actual automatic control system are used as information models. The memorized vector of parameters of the automatic control system of the first power unit in the cycle of exchange between the automatic control system of the power plant and automatic control system of the first power unit is transmitted to the actual automatic control system of the power plant as a vector of signals from the information model of the second, (n-1)-th, n-th power plants. EFFECT: facilitated procedure. 2 dwg
Patent RU-2055743-C1 (RU)
Title: Method of getting flat ornamental pattern having optical effect of stereoscopic picture on the surface of thickened wood
Inventor: KOROLENKO VLADIMIR G
IPC: B44C1/24
Filed: 1992-03-16
Granted: 1996-03-10
Abstract: FIELD: wood-working industry. SUBSTANCE: thickened wood is soaked by gaseous ammonia into all its thickness, is dried and is pressed at 100-180 C and at pressure 20-100 kg/cm 2  during 5-20 min with consequent cooling under pressure till the temperature becomes lower than 100 C. After pressing the obtained relief pattern together with superficial layer of felling is removed mechanically into depth 0.1-1.0 mm with consequent polishing and burnishing. When thickened wood has thickness less than 5 mm, layer of wood is additionally removed into the same depth of superficial layer of felling from the side opposite to the applied pattern. EFFECT: enhanced quality. 1 cl
Patent RU-2048742-C1 (RU)
Title: Нож для прививки растений в расщеп
Inventor: EREMENKO ANATOLIJ IVANOVICH
IPC: A01G9/28
Filed: 1992-03-24
Granted: 1995-11-27
Abstract: Изобретение относится к сельскохозяйственному оборудованию для садов и виноградников и предназначено для прививки растений. Изобретение упрощает конструкцию ножа для прививки растений в расщеп и повышает его эксплуатационные качества. Нож содержит укрепленное на рукоятке 1 лезвие 2 в виде клинка с двухсторонней заточкой и съемный опорный элемент, имеющий ответную часть рукоятки 3 и прямоугольный незамкнутый контур 4 из упругого материала. С внутренней стороны опорного элемента в ответной части рукоятки 3 выполнен симметричный клиновидный вырез 5, который охватывает с зазором лезвие клинка 2, а по внешнему периметру рукоятки 1 и ответной части рукоятки 3 образован канал 6, имеющий С-образное поперечное сечение, в котором размещен контур 4, при этом его концы 7 и 8 заведены в отверстие 9, выполненное в рукоятке 1 перпендикулярно каналу 6. 3 ил.
Patent RU-2008201-C1 (RU)
Inventor: BORISENKO LEONID A
IPC: B25J18/00
Filed: 1992-02-12
Granted: 1994-02-28
Abstract: Изобретение относится к машиностроению и может быть использовано в промышленных роботах, обслуживающих стесненное рабочее пространство. Хобот манипулятора состоит из системы шарнирно связанных рычагов 3 и 6, на концах которых находятся зубья, которыми каждый последующий рычаг взаимодействует с рычагом, предшествующим предыдущему. 2 ил.
Patent RU-2038001-C1 (RU)
Title: Method for assessing condition of forests
Inventor: BRONNIKOV SERGEJ V
IPC: A01G23/00
Filed: 1992-04-02
Granted: 1995-06-27
Abstract: FIELD: silviculture. SUBSTANCE: method involves selecting an integral criterion of condition, remote measurement from the orbital station of the coefficients of spectral brightness of the probed forest area in three parts of the visible spectrum with a discreteness of 2 nm, quantization of signal amplitudes at a pitch of 1/256, calculation of chromatic coefficients of vitality and damage, computing the function of mutual regression and its calibration within the entire measurement range of integral criterion, continuous tracking of symptoms, recording them in the coordinate of assessment by points on station-borne printer and sending off the results over facsimile radio line. EFFECT: higher efficiency. 2 cl, 4 dwg, 1 tbl
Patent RU-2022644-C1 (RU)
Inventor: LOGINOVA ANNA N
IPC: B01J23/883
Filed: 1992-02-24
Granted: 1994-11-15
Abstract: Сущность изобретения: способ получения катализатора гидроочистки нефтяного сырья, включающий осаждение, пептизацию соляной кислотой, пептизацию кремневольфрамовой кислотой, формовку, сушку, прокаливание, пропитку водным раствором нитрата никеля, при этом, с целью увеличения изомеризующей активности по отношению к парафиновым углеводородам и повышения индекса вязкости гидрогенизата, в пептизированную массу одновременно вводят суспензию оксида ванадия с pH 1 - 4 и водный раствор парамолибдата аммония из расчета 0,5 - 5 мас.% V 2 O 3  и 10 - 16 мас.% MoO 3  на готовый катализатор. 2 табл.
Patent RU-2019609-C1 (RU)
Title: Process for preparing cellulose semifinished product from wood of deciduous varieties
Inventor: ZILBERGLEJT MARK A
IPC: D21C3/20
Filed: 1992-02-24
Granted: 1994-09-15
Abstract: FIELD: paper making. SUBSTANCE: wood of deciduous varieties is cooled by using a mixture of concentrated acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide (1.75-10% by weight of wood chips) at a temperature of 80-130 C and a liquor ratio of 1: 1 for 2-4 hr, the acetic acid is then blown off with steam and the alkali extraction is carried out with a 4% NaOH solution at a temperature of 120-150 C for 1.0-1.5 hr at a liquor ratio of 1:4. This process makes it possible to reduce the amount of hydrogen peroxide used while preserving qualitative properties of cellulose. EFFECT: improved properties of the cellulose semifinished product. 1 tbl
Patent RU-2024990-C1 (RU)
Title: Plasma-chemical reactor of barrel type
Inventor: KIREEV VALERIJ YU
IPC: H01L21/302
Filed: 1992-03-23
Granted: 1994-12-15
Abstract: FIELD: microelectronics. SUBSTANCE: plasma-chemical reactor of barrel type includes vacuum discharge chamber formed by cylindrical dielectric body and two grounded metal lids with dielectric coat mounted on its butts acting as electrodes. Collectors to feed and pump out working gas manufactured in the form of longitudinally perforated dielectric pipes passing along walls of body over its entire length are put into chamber through unopened lid. Dielectric ladle with treated plates oriented perpendicular to axis of reactor is loaded into chamber through opened lid. Plates are split into two groups by unfilled spacing located in reactor area embraced with ring HF electrode. Metal plates-simulaters with dielectric coating are positioned at start and finish of each group of plates. Perforation of collectors faces wall of body, pump-out collector is placed in lower part of reactor. Quartz, silicon carbide and aluminium oxide are used in the capacity of dielectric materials of body, ladle, collectors, coats of butt lids and plates-simulators during process of treatment of silicon plates. EFFECT: simplified design, reduced cost of manufacture of silicon plates. 3 cl, 2 dwg
Patent RU-2023984-C1 (RU)
Inventor: VERIGO IVAN I
IPC: G01C23/00
Filed: 1992-05-18
Granted: 1994-11-30
Abstract: Изобретение относится к авиационному приборостроению, в частности к информационным системам посадки летательных аппаратов. Целью изобретения является повышение точности информационного обеспечения режима посадки. Это достигается тем, что в информационную систему посадки введены блок коррекции, блок формирования корректируемой дальности и блок формирования поправок, что позволяет за счет наличия в системе спутникового датчика координат датчика полярных координат ориентира и определяемых пультом управления режимов захвата ориентира осуществлять точную коррекцию высоты и горизонтальной дальности. 4 ил.
Patent RU-2003256-C1 (RU)
Inventor: PUSHKAREV GENNADIJ N
IPC: A23F3/34
Filed: 1992-05-15
Granted: 1993-11-30
Abstract: Использование, пищева  промышленность. производство заменителей ча  - фиточа  Чар-  гинский. Сущность изобретени   предлагаетс  состав  фиточа   Чаргинский, мас.% лабазник 46 -р 50,  зверобой 7 - 15; котовник 15-20, эльсгольци  12  - 15; м та 5-6; шалфей мускатный 3-5, зизифо-  ра 2 - 5;-бадан ферменщюванный 5-8 &deg;
Patent RU-2054939-C1 (RU)
Inventor: SAVITSKAYA ANNA V
IPC: A61K47/30
Filed: 1992-06-10
Granted: 1996-02-27
Abstract: FIELD: medicine. SUBSTANCE: acetylsalicylic acid is milled together with polymers mixture - a mixture of polyvinylpyrrolidone, medicinal low-molecular and polyethylene glycol. Total mass content of polymers in the mixture is taken at the range from 0.5 to 35%, and the ratio of polymers polyvinylpyrrolidone:polyethylene glycol - at the range from 9:1 to 1:9. EFFECT: improved method of preparing. 4 dwg, 4 tbl