baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-101389307-B1 (KR)
Title: Reusing apparatus of high concentration salt water from kimchi salting process
Inventor: KIM HO
IPC: A23L19/00
Filed: 2013-08-29
Granted: 2014-04-28
Abstract: Provided is a reusing apparatus of high concentration salt water for a Kimchi salting process. The reusing apparatus of high concentration salt water for a Kimchi salting process comprises a salting tank for salting and washing Kimchi; a screen tank for removing waste leaves and inert matters in the salt water supplied from the salting tank; a salt water-collecting tank for collecting the salt water with the removed waste leaves and inert matters and automatically controlling salt concentration to be moderate for salting; a disk filter for removing solid particulates and sand contained in the salt water and decreasing the amount of washing water used; a electrochemical reactor conducting an electrochemical reaction capable of uniformly controlling residual chlorine concentration in the salt water passing through the disk filter and oxidizing organic materials in the salt water; and a salt water-treating tank which consistently maintains the sterilizing power of the salt water with organic materials oxidized and buffers and stores the amount of the salt water according to the amount of salting work in the salting tank. [Reference numerals] (100) Salting tank; (200) Screen; (300) Salt water-collecting tank; (302) Apparatus for manufacturing high concentration salt water; (400) Disk filter; (500) Electrochemical reactor; (502) DC power supply; (600) Salt water-treating tank; (700) Activated charcoal filter; (800) Detailed filter
Patent KR-101377749-B1 (KR)
Title: Complex treatment device by reference voltage and interference current
Inventor: LEE KI JOUNG
IPC: A61N1/32
Filed: 2013-09-09
Granted: 2014-03-26
Abstract: The present invention relates to a complex treatment device of constant potential and interference current which can conduct treatment by constant potential derived by charging a human body with high voltage or conduct treatment by interference current which causes various electrostimulation and is generated between two carriers applied to the human body. The complex treatment device of constant potential and interference current improves the synergy effect of an electrotherapy, reduces treatment costs and time, saves energy, has a small size, and reduces production costs. The complex treatment device of constant potential and interference current comprises a first carrier oscillation part for generating a first carrier sine wave; a first interference current channel including a pair of first probes which apply the first carrier sign wave to a human body; a second carrier oscillation part generating a second carrier sign wave; a s second interference current channel including a pair of second probes which apply the second carrier sign wave to the human body to cross the first carrier sign wave; a constant voltage-deriving channel applying high voltage to the human body through the first probe or the second probe in order to deriving constant potential; and a controller for controlling the operation of the first interference current channel, the second interference current channel, and the constant potential-deriving channel.
Patent KR-101472779-B1 (KR)
Inventor: CHOI YOUNG MIN
IPC: G01L19/12
Filed: 2013-09-16
Granted: 2014-12-15
Abstract: The present invention relates to a pressure gauge having an alarm function that is capable of alarming in a case where a predetermined pressure is exceeded. The present invention includes a casing (3); a pipe-type connection socket (5) that is disposed in a side portion of the casing (3) and is fixedly disposed by being inserted into a pipe (P) or a chamber; a coil-shaped elastic pipe (7) that is elastically operated by the pressure of a fluid such as a liquid and gas which flows in through the connection socket (5); an indicator (9) that is connected to the elastic pipe (7) and rotates about a point in proportion to the degree of operation of the elastic pipe (7); a board (11) where scales and numerical values are shown at positions pointed by the indicator (9); a switch (13) that is fixedly disposed in the casing (3) so that a contact point becomes ON when the operation of the elastic pipe (7) exceeds a predetermined range; and an alarm unit (14) that alarms based on signal application in a case where the switch (13) becomes ON.
Patent KR-101510110-B1 (KR)
Title: 잉곳 챔버용 리드
IPC: C30B29/20
Filed: 2013-09-26
Granted: 2015-04-10
Abstract: 본 발명은 잉곳 챔버 리드를 제공하는 것을 목적으로 하는 것으로, 본 발명의 구성은 내부에 잉곳 성장을 위한 공간부를 구비한 잉곳 챔버에 구비되며 상기 공간부에서 성장되는 잉곳의 확인을 위한 뷰 포트(30)를 구비한 리드 커버(10); 상기 뷰 포트(30)를 가려주도록 상기 리드 커버(10)에 지지된 뷰 포트 실드(40)를 포함하며, 상기 뷰 포트 실드(40)는 상기 리드 커버(10)에 회전 가능하게 구비된 샤프트(42)에 결합되어, 상기 샤프트(42)를 기준으로 상기 뷰 포트 실드(40)가 회동되어 상기 뷰 포트(30)를 개폐하도록 구성되고, 상기 리드 커버(10)에 상기 뷰 포트(30)가 적어도 두 개 이상 구비되며, 상기 각각의 뷰 포트(30)를 가려주도록 상기 뷰 포트 실드(40)가 적어도 두 개 이상 구비된 것을 특징으로 한다.
Patent KR-102143446-B1 (KR)
Title: 무선 통신 시스템에서 인증 처리를 위한 장치, 이를 위한 방법 및 이 방법이 기록된 컴퓨터 판독 가능한 기록매체
IPC: H04W12/06
Filed: 2013-09-27
Granted: 2020-08-11
Abstract: 본 발명은 무선 통신 시스템에서 인증 처리를 위한 장치, 이를 위한 방법 및 이 방법이 기록된 컴퓨터 판독 가능한 기록매체에 관한 것으로, 이러한 본 발명은 UE가 LTE망에서 3G망으로 이동하였다가, 다시 LTE망으로 이동하는 상황을 가정한다. 즉, UE는 구 MME에서 SGSN으로 그리고 다시 MME로 이동한다. MME는 이러한 UE에 대한 인증 절차를 위해 HSS에 질의하여 인증 정보를 얻지 않고, 구 MME로부터 UE의 인증 정보를 얻는다. 즉, MME는 HSS와 UE 인증을 위해 인증 정보 요청(Authentication Information Request) 메시지 및 인증 정보 응답(Authentication Information Answer) 메시지를 교환해야 하지만, HSS로부터 인증 정보를 얻는 것이 아니라, 구 MME로부터 인증 정보를 얻는다. 이러한 이유로, HSS에 대한 부하가 경감된다. HSS는 상대적으로 적은 수의 노드로 운영되기 때문에, HSS의 부하를 줄이는 것은 결국 네트워크 전체의 부하를 경감시키는 것이 된다.
Patent KR-101438336-B1 (KR)
Inventor: SHIN JAE HONG
IPC: B62D21/02
Filed: 2013-09-30
Granted: 2014-09-04
Abstract: The present invention relates to a cross member-body mounting bracket coupling structure for a car sub-frame. In the related art, a cross member and a body mounting bracket are welded with each other and a reinforcing bracket has to be provided to improve coupling strength thereof, wherein one and the other end of the reinforcing bracket are respectively welded to the cross member and the body mounting bracket, which results in an increased number of welding sections and easy deformation of components due to high-temperature heat which is generated during the welding. The cross member-body mounting bracket coupling structure for a car sub-frame according to the present invention includes a cross member (100) that is provided with fastening holes (111) penetrating both ends of an upper plate (110a) and a lower plate (110b); a pipe-shaped support (200) whose lower end portion is inserted into the fastening hole (111) to be integrally welded with the upper plate (110a) and the lower plate (110b) of the cross member (100) and upper end portion protrudes at a predetermined height above the upper plate (110a); and a body mounting bracket (300) whose one end is integrally welded with the outer circumferential surface of an upper end of the support (200) and the other end is integrally welded with a fastening ring (310) having a body coupling hole (311). According to the present invention, only the support (200) has to be welded with the cross member (100). Therefore, the number of welding sections can be decreased compared to the related art and thereby component deformation caused by welding heat can be minimized.
Patent KR-101415199-B1 (KR)
Inventor: HWANG SE HO
IPC: G01N27/04
Filed: 2013-10-15
Granted: 2014-08-06
Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of estimating a slowness value, a Young′s modulus, a Poisson′s ratio, and brittleness of a horizontal drilling zone in a sweet spot of a shale gas field using resistivity and density logging data. The present invention estimates the slowness value of the horizontal drilling zone in the sweet spot by using a combination of the resistivity and the density logging data without sonic logging with respect to the horizontal drilling zone in the sweet spot. An interrelationship between the slowness value and the Young′s modulus, and an interrelationship between the slowness value and the Poisson′s ratio, which correspond to each regional characteristic in the sweet spot region of the horizontal drilling zone, are derived. After estimating the slowness value of the sweet spot of the horizontal drilling zone, this value is used to estimate the Young′s modulus and the Poisson′s ratio in the horizontal drilling zone. Also, when the Young′s modulus and the Poisson′s ratio are estimated, these values are used to reliably determine the brittleness of each region of the entire sweet spot of the horizontal drilling zone.
Patent KR-101509166-B1 (KR)
IPC: B21D53/10
Filed: 2013-10-15
Granted: 2015-04-07
Abstract: The present invention relates to a remolding device for wheel bearings, and a method to remold comprising: a pressurizing unit which pressurizes the orbital forming unit on the wheel hub to the inside of the radius such that the inner race on the outer periphery of the wheel hub can be supported to the direction of the axis; and a pressure device which provides pressure on the pressurizing unit. This way, the present invention improves durability of the inner race as well as the performance and product quality of the wheel bearings.
Patent KR-102121737-B1 (KR)
IPC: H01M50/55
Filed: 2013-10-16
Granted: 2020-06-11
Abstract: 본 발명에서는 전극 조립체에 가해지는 충격은 방지하면서 단락 방지 기능을 수행하는 마감 테이프 및 이를 포함하는 이차 전지가 개시된다. 
일 예로, 내부에 공간을 구비하는 케이스; 상기 케이스의 내부에 삽입되는 전극 조립체; 및 상기 케이스의 상부에 결합되어 상기 케이스를 밀봉하는 캡 플레이트를 포함하고, 상기 케이스와 전극 조립체의 사이에 형성되고, 적어도 2개의 테이프로 형성된 마감 테이프하는 이차 전지가 개시된다.
Patent KR-101505656-B1 (KR)
Inventor: KIM JONG IL
IPC: F15B13/042
Filed: 2013-10-16
Granted: 2015-03-24
Abstract: A mechanical automatic valve apparatus is provided. The automatic valve apparatus comprises: a hydraulic valve opening and closing a fluid injection pipe injecting a fluid into a tank; a working fluid supply pipe supplying a working fluid which drives the hydraulic valve; a valve body opening and closing the working fluid supply pipe; and a floating body floating on a fluid surface inside the tank. The floating body is connected to a rack bar wherein a rack gear is formed, and the valve body includes an opening and closing member rotating by being engaged with the rack gear. When a fluid level inside the tank is equal to or greater than a predetermined height, the valve body is open and the working fluid supplied through the working fluid supply pipe drives the hydraulic valve.
Patent KR-101677905-B1 (KR)
Title: 전동식 조향장치의 웜휠 및 그 제조방법
IPC: B62D3/04
Filed: 2013-11-01
Granted: 2016-11-21
Abstract: 본 발명은 전동식 동력 보조 조향장치의 웜휠 및 그 제조방법에 관한 것으로서, 차량의 조향 컬럼이 축 관통하도록 관통홀이 형성된 체결 허브부와, 상기 체결 허브부에 일체로 결합되고, 외측 테두리에 상기 조향 컬럼에 회전력을 부가하는 웜샤프트의 웜 기어부와 치합되는 기어홈이 형성된 웜휠기어부를 포함하고, 상기 웜휠기어부는 상기 체결 허브부에 일체로 사출 성형되는 수지 재질로 이루어짐으로써, 그 제조 공정이 비교적 간단하면서도, 경량화를 추구할 수 있는 이점을 제공한다.
Patent KR-101584066-B1 (KR)
Title: 차량의 슬림형 스마트 카드키의 스위치 제조 방법
IPC: B60R16/02
Filed: 2013-11-01
Granted: 2016-01-11
Abstract: 본 발명은 차량의 슬림형 스마트 카드키에 관한 것으로서, 특히, 인서트 사출 성형 공법에 의한 몰딩 재료의 경화로 외관이 성형되는 본체와, 상기 인서트 사출 성형 공법에 의한 몰딩 전 각종 전장 부품이 솔더링되고, 상기 인서트 사출 성형 공법에 의한 상기 본체의 성형시 상기 본체의 내부에 위치되는 인쇄회로기판과, 상기 본체의 성형 전 또는 성형 후 상기 인쇄회로기판에 결합되고, 사용자의 조작에 의하여 차체의 도어를 잠금 또는 해정시키는 스위칭부와, 상기 본체의 성형 전 또는 성형 후 상기 인쇄회로기판에 결합되고, 상기 스위칭부의 작동에 따른 상기 도어의 잠금 상태를 시각적으로 표시하는 디스플레이부를 포함함으로써, 소비자의 편의성과 작업자의 편의성을 향상시키는 이점을 제공한다.
Patent KR-101516757-B1 (KR)
Inventor: KOO JA HYUN
IPC: H04N9/07
Filed: 2013-11-05
Granted: 2015-05-06
Abstract: The present invention provides an image interpolation apparatus and a control method thereof which improves the quality and simplifies the process of interpolation, when interpolating the brightness ingredient for an image obtained by W-RGB filter. The present invention comprises: an image obtain unit which obtains an image composed of pixels from the brightness ingredient and the color ingredient, through a specific filter having pixel terminals of the brightness ingredient and of the color ingredient arranged; an interpolation usage area identification unit which identifies the interpolation usage area to use for the brightness ingredient value interpolation of a specific pixel among each pixel composing the image; and a weighted value decision unit which decides weighted value for each pixel within the interpolation usage area.
Patent KR-101558291-B1 (KR)
Title: 리벳시공방법 및 리벳실링구조
IPC: B21J15/02
Filed: 2013-11-06
Granted: 2015-10-07
Abstract: 리벳시공방법 및 리벳실링구조가 개시된다.  본 발명의 일 실시 예에 따른 리벳시공방법은, 리벳의 머리부를 감싸도록 중공된 실링부재에 리벳의 머리부를 삽입하는 단계; 실링부재와 함께 리벳의 머리부를 결합될 부재들을 관통하는 리벳 구멍에 삽입하는 단계; 및 부재들의 양쪽에서 상호 대향하는 가압력에 의해 리벳을 압착하는 단계를 포함한다.
Patent KR-101420325-B1 (KR)
Inventor: JIN YOUNG SUN
IPC: G06Q30/02
Filed: 2013-11-08
Granted: 2014-07-21
Abstract: The present invention relates to a digital bidirectional advertisement system for direct marketing as removing a mid-distribution channel and a method thereof. The objective of the present invention is to link an advertisement viewer and an advertiser or a supplier directly through button input by providing a trigger button for inducing real-time purchase of the advertisement viewer. For this, the present invention includes one or more digital media which exposes an advertisement screen by receiving an advertisement content, and transmits real-time order and approval information of the advertisement viewer to a broadcasting company server by checking an input signal of the advertisement viewer as to one or more trigger buttons exposed on the advertisement screen. Also, the present invention further includes the broadcasting company server which exposes one or more trigger buttons to induce real-time purchase and order and to check approval as transmitting the advertisement content through a broadcasting channel, and receives the real-time order and approval information of the advertisement viewer transmitted from a digital media and then transmits the real-time order and approval information and basic information of the advertisement viewer to a customer relationship management server. And the customer relationship management server collects the real-time order and approval information of the advertisement viewer transmitted from the broadcasting company server and the basic information of the advertisement viewer, and then delivers the information to an advertiser terminal. According to the present invention, the system can deliver real-time purchase or order information easily by linking the advertisement viewer and the advertiser or the supplier directly without via a wire.
Patent KR-101627397-B1 (KR)
Title: 단어 연상 퀴즈 서비스 제공 시스템 및 방법
IPC: G06Q50/10
Filed: 2013-11-13
Granted: 2016-06-07
Abstract: 본 발명은, 단어 연상 퀴즈 제공 시스템 및 방법을 제공한다. 본 발명에 따른 시스템은, 퀴즈 출제자 단말로부터 두 단어 연상 퀴즈 또는 세 단어 연상 퀴즈에 대한 출제 정보로서, 제시어 단어 및 모범 답안 단어와 힌트 정보를 포함하는 퀴즈 출제 정보를 정보 통신망을 통해 수집하여 데이터베이스에 저장하는 퀴즈 수집 모듈; 및 퀴즈 이용자 단말 측으로 적어도 하나 이상의 단어 연상 퀴즈를 상기 데이터베이스에서 검색하여 상기 정보 통신망을 통하여 제공하고, 선택적으로, 상기 제공된 적어도 하나 이상의 단어 연상 퀴즈를 구성하는 단어들의 연결 관계를 나타내는 단어 맵을 생성하여 상기 퀴즈 이용자 단말 측으로 제공하는 퀴즈 제공 모듈;을 포함한다. 본 발명에 따르면, 융합적 지식 습득과 창의적 사고 개발이 가능한 단어 연상 퀴즈 서비스의 제공이 가능하다.
Patent KR-101496178-B1 (KR)
IPC: H01Q1/32
Filed: 2013-11-13
Granted: 2015-02-25
Abstract: The present invention relates to an integrated antenna device for vehicle. The antenna device includes: an antenna implemented as a circuit on a PCB; a head unit; and a transmission line which includes one cable to be connected electrically to the antenna and the head unit. Also, the present invention arranges a BPF and a BSF on each line on a circuit in a special method to improve the miniaturization, lighting, and isolation properties of the device.
Patent KR-101550979-B1 (KR)
Title: 전지용 고소작업 장비
IPC: A01G3/08
Filed: 2013-11-19
Granted: 2015-09-07
Abstract: 본 발명은 송전선하에서 안전 이격거리를 확보하기 위하여 수목제거 작업을 실시할 수 있게 하는 전지용 고소작업 장비에 관한 것이다. 
이러한 본 발명은 수목 전지 작업을 위한 전지용 고소작업 장비에 있어서, 복수의 기둥부재가 상호 연결되는 몸체부, 상기 몸체부의 길이를 따라 이동가능하게 설치되며, 외주의 일측에 상기 수목에 고정하기 위한 갈고리부재가 돌출되는 나무고정부, 상기 몸체부의 하부에 형성되어 고정부재에 의해 지면에 고정되는 지면고정부 및 상기 몸체부의 외주에 돌출되게 관통 설치되는 복수의 받침부를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 한다.
Patent KR-101471134-B1 (KR)
Inventor: HWANG DONG HWAN
IPC: A61C15/04
Filed: 2013-11-19
Granted: 2014-12-11
Abstract: The present invention relates to a dental floss holder in which dental floss (10) is hung between hanger rods (210). Here, at least two or more dental floss (10) are provided. The dental floss (10) may be provided in three dimensions to safely, simply, and effectively remove foreign substances and dental plaque, which are fitted in a gap between teeth, with minimum movement.
Patent KR-101618862-B1 (KR)
Title: 다용도 기능성 혼합솜 및 그 제조방법
IPC: D01C1/02
Filed: 2013-11-20
Granted: 2016-05-18
Abstract: 본 발명은 본원 출원인의 선등록발명(등록번호:10-1079871)인 "다용도 기능성 솜 및 그 제조방법"의 보완 개량으로 선등록 발명의 다용도 기능 솜 소재의 물성향상과 기능성을 개선하기 위해 다기능 솜 소재에 기능성이 부여된 침지조성물로 함침 처리한 천연산 섬유와 웨이브(wave)형의 저융점 열가소성 합성수지섬유를 혼합시킨 혼합섬유를 균질화하여 타면해서 되는 다기능 혼합솜과 그 제조방법에 관한 것이다.
Patent KR-101421508-B1 (KR)
Inventor: JANG JUN HO
IPC: G06F3/048
Filed: 2013-11-26
Granted: 2014-07-22
Abstract: A wireless terminal device according to the present invention comprises: an output unit for processing such that a contact information list and a data category list are divided and outputted on a single screen, replacing the data category list with a data list corresponding to a selected data category when any one of data categories on the data category list is selected, and processing such that the data list is outputted on the single screen; a verification unit for verifying whether or not one among data posted on the data category list on the single screen is dragged to be dropped on at least one contact information posted on the contact information list on the single screen; and a processing unit for processing such that the dragged data is transmitted to the at least contact information in response to a verification result of the verification unit.
Patent KR-102145832-B1 (KR)
Title: 무선 랜에서 음성 서비스를 제공하는 방법 및 장치
IPC: H04W74/08
Filed: 2013-11-28
Granted: 2020-08-19
Abstract: 본 발명은, 무선랜에서 음성 서비스를 제공하는 방법에 있어서, 상기 무선랜의 무선 채널을 통해서 송수신되는 음성 호의 총 수의 변경을 감지하면, 상기 무선랜에서의 채널 접속 관련 파라미터들을 설정하는 과정과, 상기 채널 접속 관련 파라미터들을 음성 및 데이터 서비스에 적용하여 상기 음성 서비스를 제공하는 과정을 포함한다.
Patent KR-101369699-B1 (KR)
Title: Apparatus for automatic attching sponge tape
Inventor: LIM SUNG IL
IPC: B65H5/12
Filed: 2013-12-04
Granted: 2014-03-04
Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for automatically attaching a sponge tape, in which a sponge having an adhesive tape attached on one surface thereof is automatically withdrawn and cut into a certain length and then automatically attached to an object using a multi-joint robot. The apparatus for automatically attaching a sponge tape according to the present invention comprises a multi-joint robot, a conveyor body, a timing belt, a sponge-attached head, a sponge-attached head rotating unit, and a sponge fixing unit. The multi-joint robot is connected to one side of the conveyor body. The conveyor body has pulleys installed at both sides thereof. The timing belt presses to attach an adhesive surface of a sponge tape disposed on a sponge tape pusher while rotating between the pulleys of the conveyor body. The sponge-attached head presses to attach the sponge tape, which advances in one direction when the timing belt rotates, to an attachment site of the object. The sponge-attached head rotating unit is installed at one side of the conveyor body, rotates the sponge-attached head toward the side of the timing belt for evasion of the sponge-attached head before the sponge tape is attached to the timing belt, and rotates the sponge-attached head toward the lower part of timing belt after the sponge tape is attached to the timing belt. The sponge fixing unit is installed at one end of the conveyor body, attaches a sponge fixing element onto the adhesive surface of the sponge tape to prevent the sagging of the sponge tape, and bends the sponge tape at a predetermined angle by controlling the sponge fixing element before the sponge-attached head rotates toward the lower part of timing belt.
Patent KR-101498695-B1 (KR)
Title: equipment for carbondioxide capture and storage
Inventor: LEE KWANG SOON
IPC: B01D53/62
Filed: 2013-12-11
Granted: 2015-03-06
Abstract: Disclosed is a device for capturing and storing carbon dioxide formed to exchange heat between desorption towers when forming a facility having a plurality of desorption towers. According to the present invention, the device comprises an absorption tower in which exhaust gas is injected to a lower end, and carbon dioxide (CO_2) of exhaust gas is absorbed through an absorbent inside; and a first and a second desorption tower receiving the absorbent which absorbs carbon dioxide (CO_2) of exhaust gas in the absorption tower, desorbing carbon dioxide (CO_2), and returning the same into the absorption tower. Heat energy of exhaust gas getting out the first desorption tower is used as heat source of a reboiler which heats the second desorption tower.
Patent KR-101495775-B1 (KR)
IPC: H02J7/00
Filed: 2013-12-12
Granted: 2015-02-25
Abstract: The present invention relates to a multi-purpose type charging device for mobile terminal. The present invention provides the multi-purpose type charging device for mobile terminal, which charges directly without separating a charging battery from the portable terminal. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the charging device for mobile terminal battery includes: a case body which is connected to a power supply cord and includes an installation space; a first guide member which is connected to a second charging terminal to be installed on the upper side of the charging battery to be chargeable; and a second guide member which is fixed on the other side of the charging battery to be located inside the installation space and fixes the charging battery.
Patent KR-101518954-B1 (KR)
Inventor: LEE YOON HYUNG
IPC: B60R16/02
Filed: 2013-12-16
Granted: 2015-05-11
Abstract: A control switch unit is disclosed. A control switch unit according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises: a knob which protrudes forwardly and is installed on a control cover which is installed in the front of a vehicle interior centerfacier panel; a main printed circuit board combined to the control cover and installed on a case which is mounted on the inner side of the centerfacier; and a control switch unit including a sub-printed circuit board connected and installed to the knob at a position separated from the main printed circuit board, whereas the main printed circuit board and the sub-printed circuit board are mutually connected through at least one flexible cable, and between the main printed circuit board and the sub-printed circuit board, provided is a buffer restoring unit to absorb and restore an impact applied to the knob, the main printed circuit board and sub-printed circuit board while being compressed and deformed when an outside force of a certain level or higher is applied to the knob.