Patent GB-1120333-A (GB)
Title: Ultrasonic inspection
IPC: G01N29/44
Filed: 1965-07-23
Abstract: 1,120,333. Ultrasonic inspection devices. AUTOMATION INDUSTRIES Inc. 23 July, 1965 [31 July, 1964], No. 31565/65. Heading H4D. In a mobile, pulse-echo, flaw-detection system for the high-speed inspection of rails in track, the ultrasonic pulse repetition frequency may be made proportional to the velocity of a probe along the track, whereby each pulse will scan a predetermined volume of rail, and echoes are counted. In the embodiment shown, ultrasonic energy is transmitted into a rail 10 vertically and at forward and rearward inclinations of 37À5‹ and 70‹ by crystal transducers 12a, 12b, 12c and 14a, 14b, 14c coupled to the rail by liquid-filled rubber tyres 12, 14, the pulse repetition frequency being controlled by a tachometer 16 and the 70‹ pulses being delayed with respect to the 37À5‹ pulses to prevent " crosstalk " between the 37À5‹ and 70‹ crystals. Rail head flaws are detected by the 70‹ crystals 12c, 14c, web flaws are detected by the 37À5‹ crystals 12a, 14a, and echoes from the rail foot (used for monitoring acoustic coupling of the probe to the rail head) and upper surface are detected by the 0‹ crystals 12b, 14b. Flaw echoes are amplified and counted in a " forward 37‹ channel", a " rear 37‹ channel", and a " 0‹ channel". Forward 37‹ channel.-The rail surface echo from crystal 12b is passed to an interface gate circuit 36 which gates amplifiers 38, 42 and 88. Flaw echo signals from crystal 12a pass through amplifier 38 and an amplitude discriminator 44 to a pulse circuit 28, the gain of amplifier 38 being increased with time by a circuit 46 as echoes are returned from deeper in the rail. If a flaw echo signal from crystal 12a and a rail foot echo from crystal 12b are both detected, pulse circuit 28 passes an output signal to a counter 66 which counts alternate flaw echoes and after a predetermined count actuates an alarm 84. Counter 66 resets each time alarm 84 is actuated, or is reset after a predetermined interval by an output pulse from a counter 60 (counting transmitted ultrasonic pulses) if alarm 84 is not actuated within the interval. If a rail foot echo is not detected, e.g. due to poor probe coupling, pulse circuit 28 provides a double output pulse for counter 66, thus effectively doubling the sensitivity of the system to ensure that partially obscured flaws cause alarm 84 to be actuated. 0‹ channel.-"Rail noise " signals, e.g. due to the granular structure of a steel rail, are detected by crystal 12a, passed through amplifier 42 (provided with automatic gain control) and provide a reference level for an amplifier 50. Rail head flaw signals from crystals 12c, 14c, e.g. due to head and web separation, are applied through amplifier 88 to amplifier 50 which passes signals exceeding the reference level to a counter 92. If a rail foot echo is detected, counter 92 is reset by the output signal from pulse circuit 28. Counter 92 will thus accumulate a count only if there is a combination of (1) a flaw signal greater than the rail noise signals, and (2) loss of the rail foot echo. An alarm (96) is actuated after a predetermined count, and counter 92 is reset for each alarm actuation or after a predetermined interval determined by a counter 104. A logic circuit 30 ensures that the automatic gain control of amplifier 42 operates only when a predetermined number of ultrasonic pulses have been transmitted without any echoes being received. Rear 37‹ channel.-This operates in a manner similar to that of the " forward 37‹ channel". Details of the pulse circuit 28, the interface gate circuit 36, the automatic gain control circuit (48) for amplifier 42, and logic circuit 30 are given (Figs. 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, none shown). The flaw-detection system may be duplicated for testing two rails simultaneously.