Patent GB-588099-A (GB)
IPC: G03C7/26
Filed: 1944-05-18
Abstract: 588,099. Phenols. SHELL DEVELOPMENT CO. May 18, 1944, No. 9598. Convention date, March 23, 1943. [Class 2 (iii)] Phenolic compounds are obtained by contacting isophorone, or a homo-isophorone derived from a lower aliphatic ketone (e.g. methyl ethyl ketone or diethyl ketone), in the vapour phase at a temperature ranging from 400‹ to 650‹ C., with a solid catalyst consisting of an activated, i.e. adsorptive, alumina or containing such an activated alumina in predominating amount, advantageously associated with a lesser but substantial amount of a metal or metal compound having dehydrogenating activity. The space velocity (in gm-molecules of ketone per litre of catalyst per hour) is preferably between about 2 and 75, a suitable range in the case of isophorone being from about 8 to about 40. Specified alumina catalysts are : alpha trihydrate (gibbsite), beta trihydrate (bayerite), alpha monohydrate (b÷hmite), gamma alumina, gelatinous aluminium hydroxide, bauxite, e.g. " Porocel " (R.T.M.). Specified metal auxiliary catalysts are: nickel, iron, cobalt, manganese, vanadium, chromium, titanium, zirconium, cerium, osmium, zinc, uranium and tantalum and their compounds such as : oxide, sulphide, carbonate, chromate, chromite, molybdate and tungstate. The reaction may be effected in batch, intermittent or continuous manner and the unreacted isophorone may be recycled through the reaction zone. Diluents such as hydrogen, nitrogen steam or hydrocarbons such as methane and ethane may be used. In examples : (1) isophorone is passed with a space velocity of 33.6 at 500‹ C. over a catalyst comprising ferric oxide incorporated in the surface of activated alumina to form phenols containing mainly 3 : 5 - dimethyl phenol ; (2) as in (1) but reducing the space velocity to 8.4 ; (3) as in (1) but using a highly dehydrated activated alumina predominating in gamma alumina, and a space velocity of 25.2 ; (4) as in (1) but using a catalyst comprising cobalt oxide incorporated in the surface of activated alumina, and a space velocity of 16.8 ; (5) as in (1) but using steam as a diluent, and a space velocity of about 32.6 (8.4 steam and 24.2 isophorone) ; (6) as in (5) but using activated alumina predominating in alpha monohydrate and containing some gamma alumina, at a temperature of 650‹ C. ; (7) a homo-isophorone mixture, -prepared by the condensation of methyl ethyl ketone consisting predominantly of a mixture of isomers having 12 carbon atoms in the molecule, is treated as in (1) but with a space velocity of about 20 to obtain alkylated phenols of uncertain structure ; (8) as in (1) but using a gamma alumina catalyst already employed in the conversion of isophorone and reactivated by the passage of an air-nitrogen mixture thereover at about 700‹ C., to obtain a phenol yield : and thereafter the processes of regeneration and conversion follow alternately. In a preferred method of recovering the phenol fraction of the products, the liquefied crude reaction product is extracted with an alkali solution, e.g. an aqueous sodium hydroxide, which is extracted with a selective solvent to remove the isophorone and is then neutralized, e.g. by carbon dioxide or by hydrochloric acid, to free the phenols, which are then separated by ordinary distillation or by phase separation. Specification 560,598 is referred to. The Specification as open to inspection under Sect. 91 comprises the use of homologues of isophorone in general, e.g. wherein one or more of the methyl groups in isophorone have been substituted by other alkyl radicals such as ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, secondary butyl, isobutyl, tertiary butyl, amyl and hexyl. In a supplementary part of example (7) a ketone obtained by the condensation of four molecules of acetone is heated at 500‹ C. with an adsorptive alumina to obtain phenolic compounds. This subject-matter does not appear in the Specification as accepted.