baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent JP-2005169421-A (JP)
Title: Composite rolling roll
Inventor: HAYASHI KIYOSHI
IPC: B21B27/00
Filed: 2003-12-09
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a composite rolling roll excellent in abrasion resistance, surface roughening resistance, and accident resistance, and excellent in mechanical properties in the vicinity of the boundary of an outer layer and an inner layer.  <P>SOLUTION: The outer layer of the roll consists of an Fe-based alloy containing 0.005-0.5% of 1 or 2 kinds from Mg and Ca, and has, by area%, 0.5-5.0% of graphite, 0.1-10.0% of MC carbide, and 10.0-45.0% of cementite in its metallic structure. The inner layer of the roll consists of either of flake graphite cast iron, spheroidal graphite cast iron, or graphite steel. The roll has, between the outer and inner layers, an intermediate layer containing 3.0-4.0% C, ≤ 4.0% Si, 1.0-5.0% Ni, 0.1-1.5% Cr, 0.1-8.0% V, and the balance Fe with impurity elements. The above outer layer contains > 3.0% and ≤ 4.0% C, ≤ 3.0% Si, 2.3-5.5% Ni, 0.1-2.0% Cr, and 0.3-10.0% V.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2005176506-A (JP)
Title: Linear motor
Inventor: SUGIURA TSUNEO
IPC: H02K41/03
Filed: 2003-12-11
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To reduce leakage flux and improve efficiency by independently arranging each core installed to a ring-shaped winding.  <P>SOLUTION: This linear motor is constituted such that the cores (20, 21) are independently and alternately arranged at linear parts (8A, 8B) of the ring-shaped windings (8, 9), and a magnet (23) of a needle (24) is guided to a space (22) between the cores (20, 21), to allow the linear motor to reciprocate.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2005174049-A (JP)
Title: Confidential information management system and confidential information management method
Inventor: TERASAWA TAKESHI
IPC: G06F21/64
Filed: 2003-12-12
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a confidential information management system and a confidential information management method, capable of preventing unjust bringing-out of an electronic file by bringing-in of a laptop PC or the like.  <P>SOLUTION: The inside of the PC is provided with: a system date change detection part 1a preventing an unjust change of a system date of the PC; a file update detection processing part 1b detecting a generation date, and a path name and a file name or the like of the electronic file are detected when new production or update of the electronic file is generated, and cumulatively storing them in a storage medium 1e as a record of an event; an update file list output processing part 1c displaying the stored record of the event on an output display part 1f; and a approval confirmation processing part 1d or the like inquiring of a management responsible person or the like of information whether approving the displayed record of the event or not. Thereby, only the approved electronic file can be brought out.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2005168937-A (JP)
Title: Stent
Inventor: FUJITA YOTARO
IPC: A61M29/02
Filed: 2003-12-12
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To prevent a vascular smooth muscle cell from adhering by using a metal sheet surface when a biological physiologically active substance is released when needed and when a stent main body having the metal sheet surface is exposed caused by the degradation of a biodegradable polymer in a living body.  <P>SOLUTION: A stent 1 has the stent body 2, a metal sheet layer 3 formed on the surface of the stent body 2, the biological physiologically active substance layer 4, and a biodegradable polymer film layer 5 entirely covering it or a biological physiologically active substance 7 dispersed in a biodegradable polymer film layer 6. After the stent 1 is detained in the lesion in the living body, the biological physiologically active substance is released caused by the degradation of the biodegradable polymer film layer, and the biodegradable polymer is completely degraded thereafter. The stent 1 detained in the lesion is characterized by preventing the vascular smooth muscle cell from adhering through the influence of the exposed metal sheet surface.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2005170330-A (JP)
Title: Crawler device of tractor
Inventor: KUROKAWA MASAHIRO
IPC: B62D55/10
Filed: 2003-12-15
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To reduce the weight of the whole vehicle body by constructing light and small stoppers to restrict the swinging angle of a crawler frame.  <P>SOLUTION: The crawler frame 2 to admit setting of a crawler 1 is borne rotatably round a drive sprocket shaft 3. A stationary bracket 5 is installed on the side with a transmission 4 where the sprocket shaft 3 is borne, and a swing arm 6 rotatable fore and aft and the stoppers 7 and 8 to engage the fore-and-aft rotation of the swing arm 6 are installed on the bracket 5. The swing arm 6 is coupled interlocking with the crawler frame 2 by a pin 36 and a long hole 35.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2005144089-A (JP)
Title: Chair with easily removable bath towel used thereon as seat cover
Inventor: YAMADA YOSHIAKI
IPC: A47C7/00
Filed: 2003-11-11
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide the structure of a chair where a bath towel, which everyone has, is colorful, and has a soft touch, is used as a seat cover.  <P>SOLUTION: The chair is constituted by properly positioning: a seat surface (1) having gaps for rolling-in the bath towel respectively with front and rear modesty panels (4), (5); a folding board (2) commonly used as a backrest; and a pressure board (3) commonly used as the backrest are properly positioned, and is supported by frames (6) commonly used as legs. Then the bath towel is used as the seat cover for the chair without using a special tool or a mounting device.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2005184896-A (JP)
Title: Drive circuit of piezo-electric transformer
Inventor: ONITSUKA HIROAKI
IPC: H02M3/24
Filed: 2003-12-16
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To suppress the complication of a manufacturing process and a structure while forming a configuration which can perform a self oscillation without impeding the oscillation of a piezo-electric transformer.  <P>SOLUTION: A drive circuit 10 of the piezo-electric transformer performs the self oscillation by feeding back a control signal So in response to the output of the piezo-electric transformer 20, and applies the drive voltage Vd of its oscillating frequency to the piezoelectric transformer 20. The drive circuit 10 includes a voltage detecting electrode 11 for detecting the control signal So in response to the output of the piezo-electric transformer 20. The voltage detecting electrode 11 is formed together with wiring 31 on a printed circuit substrate 30 on which the piezo-electric transformer 20 is mounted. Since the voltage detecting electrode 11 is formed simultaneously together with the wiring 31 of the printed circuit substrate 30, another process is not necessary to be provided as for forming the voltage detecting electrode 11.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2005179980-A (JP)
Title: Vibration control wall
Inventor: NAKAMURA YUTAKA
IPC: E04H9/02
Filed: 2003-12-18
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an inexpensive vibration control wall easy in installation.  <P>SOLUTION: This vibration control wall is constituted by vertically connecting a plurality of units A and B over a plurality of stages; the respective units are laminated so that both an inner steel plate 3 and an outer steel plate 4 can be relatively displaced in a plane via a vibration control material 5; the mutual inner steel plates and the mutual outer steel plates in the units of the respective stages are respectively connected; and an upper part of the inner steel plates of the unit of the uppermost stage and a lower part of the outer steel plates in the unit of the lowest stage, are respectively fixed to a building. Extension parts 6 and 7 to be connected to the respective steel plates of the other units by bolt fastening via joint plates 8 and 10, are formed in the respective steel plates in the respective units in a mutually nonoverlapping position.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2005181078-A (JP)
Title: Navigation supporting system for vessel
Inventor: HAKOYAMA TADASHIGE
IPC: G08G3/02
Filed: 2003-12-18
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a navigation supporting system for a vessel, which complements an AIS apparatus by an ARPA apparatus, by utilizing the characteristics of the AIS apparatus and the ARPA apparatus, and which can enhance the reliability of target vessel information received by the AIS apparatus.  <P>SOLUTION: The system includes: the AIS apparatus 12 for receiving target vessel information transmitted from the target vessel; the ARPA apparatus 20 for tracking the target vessel captured from a radar signal of a radar; a GPS apparatus 14 for specifying the position of the vessel of one's own; a target relative position calculation means 16 for calculating the relative position of the target vessel with respect to the vessel of one's own, from the received target vessel position information and the specified position information of the vessel of one's own; an identical target determination means 22 for specifying the target vessel which is the identical vessel tracked by the ARPA apparatus 20, from the relative position of the target vessel calculated by the target relative position calculation means 16; and an AIS information monitoring means 24 which monitors the accuracy of the target vessel information received by the AIS apparatus 12 and which judges whether the target vessel information received by the AIS apparatus 12 is incorrect or not. An abnormality signal is output, when the AIS information monitoring means 24 judges that the target vessel information is incorrect, for a certain target ship.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2005178151-A (JP)
Title: Sintered body and its manufacturing method
Inventor: KITAMURA FUMITAKA
IPC: D04H1/4242
Filed: 2003-12-18
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a sintered body excellent in heat conductivity, and its manufacturing method.  <P>SOLUTION: The manufacturing method of the sintered body has a molding process for molding a composition containing a fibrous carbonaceous substance 2, a binder mainly constituted of a thermosetting resin and an easily graphitized substance graphitized by heating while heating the same at a temperature higher than the melting temperature of the binder but lower than the graphitizing temperature of the easily graphitized substance to obtain a molded object and a baking process to mutually bonding the fibrous carbonaceous substances 2 through graphite formed by baking the obtained molded object to a temperature higher than the graphitizing temperature of the easily graphitized substance to obtain the sintered body. Further, the binder is changed to vitreous carbon (amorphous carbon) 4. By this constitution, the sintered body 1 containing vitreous carbon 4 is obtained in the base material 10 wherein the fibrous carbonaceous substances 2 are mutually bonded through graphite 3.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2005177819-A (JP)
Title: Shape control method cold rolling
Inventor: AIZAWA ATSUSHI
IPC: B21B37/28
Filed: 2003-12-19
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To manufacture a steel strip having a good shape over the entire length of a coil even just after starting a rolling.  <P>SOLUTION: The controlled variables of a shape control means are calculated and set so that the symmetrical component and the asymmetrical component of elongation percentage difference are matched with the target values by taking rolling load, the controlled variables of the shape control means, the crown of a base stock and a shape before rolling as variables, beforehand preparing numerical formula models for expressing the symmetrical component and the asymmetrical component of the elongation percentage difference to the center in the width about a plurality of places where are different in the distance from the end of the strip and substituting the predicted value of the rolling load, the crown of the base stock and the measured values of the shape before rolling in the numerical formula models. In the shape control during rolling, the controlled variables of the shape control means are calculated and corrected so that the symmetrical component and the asymmetrical component of the elongation percentage difference are made to coincide with the target values by substituting the measured values of the rolling load which are continuously measured, the crown of the base stock and the measured values of the shape before rolling in the numerical formula models.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2005177333-A (JP)
Title: Chair with function of stand assistance
Inventor: TAKAMATSU SHUNICHI
IPC: A47C3/20
Filed: 2003-12-22
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a chair with the function of helping a user stand through the easy adjustment of a seat and a backrest in height in accordance with the user's height.  <P>SOLUTION: This chair is comprised of a support unit 1 having right and left side frame bodies 7, a lifting unit 2 fixed onto the support unit 1 by a bolt 13, and a seat 3 and a backrest 4 which are both supported by the lifting unit 2 so that they can be freely moved up and down. A mounting board 12 attached to the support unit 1 has a number of support holes 14 in tiers, each of which is fitted with the shank of the bolt 13. The support hole 14 in each tier has its opening facing backward, communicating with a slot 15 that is vertically arranged. Since the bolt 13 is to be temporality held by the support hole 14 in an arbitrary tier, a user can quickly adjust the height by himself.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2004209978-A (JP)
Title: Work plate for potter's wheel
Inventor: SAKAI MASAO
IPC: B28B1/02
Filed: 2003-12-24
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a work plate for a potter's wheel which can perform centering certainly even if a ceramic art product on the way of production is simply placed on the turntable of the potter's wheel along with the work plate, can be produced at a low cost and is not easily deteriorated even if used over a long period of time.  <P>SOLUTION: The work plate for the potter's wheel is placed on the turntable of the potter's wheel when used and has such a constitution that leg parts are provided on the back surface of the work plate and the turntable is guided by a guide part to be housed in the space between the leg parts. Holding parts are provided at the leg parts and at least one of the holding parts has a pressure means and the side surface of the turntable is pressurized by the pressure means to enable centering. The pressure means is the restoring force of the elastomer arranged between the back surface of the work plate and the leg parts, the leg parts having elasticity or the restoring force of the elastomer provided at each of the leg parts. A slide preventing part is provided on the back surface of the work plate or a slide preventing material is arranged thereon.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2005189957-A (JP)
Title: Information processing method, information processing apparatus, control program and storage medium
Inventor: KUDOU TOMONORI
IPC: G06F12/00
Filed: 2003-12-24
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an environment capable of confirming retrieval results without being restricted in movements.  <P>SOLUTION: In this information processing method, distribution information, in which the distribution destination and distribution time zone of a retrieval request and a retrieval result are associated each other, is received, then the retrieval result is transmitted to the distribution destination associated the distribution time zone corresponding to the time when finishing the retrieval based on the retrieval request.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2005191902-A (JP)
Title: Laminated body board with mesh hole ground strip line structure
Inventor: SUGIMOTO YASUHIRO
IPC: H01P3/08
Filed: 2003-12-25
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a laminated body board with high performance and high reliability for executing efficient degassing having compatibility between a signal transmission line whose needs are high speed processing and a high frequency and a product of the laminated body board requiring a low cost.  <P>SOLUTION: Grating hole patterns LAMH 1, LAMH 2 wherein small holes MH of the same shape are arranged in a grating form are respectively formed on upper lower ground conductors CG 1, CG 2 for configuring a strip line, the small holes MH of the grating hole patterns LAMH 1, LAMH 2 opposed to each other are alternately arranged in a laminated direction and the hole arrangement and a center conductor MC are obliquely in crossing so as to reduce the impedance Z<SB>c</SB>of the strip line.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2005188827-A (JP)
Title: Gas furnace type outside air heating device
Inventor: HORI MASAHITO
IPC: F24H3/04
Filed: 2003-12-25
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a gas furnace outside air heating device free from corrosion of an exhaust pipe even when it is installed outdoors and used under a low outside air temperature.  <P>SOLUTION: This gas furnace type outside air heating device 1 is installed outdoors, heats the air for ventilation to supply the heated air into a room, and has the exhaust pipe 11 for exhausting an exhaust gas discharged from a combustion unit 4 connected with a gas burner unit 3 to the outside of a device main body 2. The exhaust pipe is mounted near a side face of a flow channel in which the heated air for ventilation in the device main body passes through, and shielded by an exhaust pipe wind shielding body 12 so as not to be directly kept into contact with the air for ventilation.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2005185201-A (JP)
Title: Device for automatically delivering nursery box
Inventor: UEKI KOICHIRO
IPC: A01C7/08
Filed: 2003-12-26
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a device for delivering nursery boxes with which the nursery boxes are stably delivered one by one so as not to cause displacement of the nursery boxes on a belt conveyor.  <P>SOLUTION: A box-supporting frame 5 formed so as to be able to support from four directions the nursery boxes piled up on the belt conveyor 2 so as to be tilted rearward at the upper part of a conveying table 1, and having an opening part 4 allowing only one box in the nursery boxes to be delivered and formed at the front part of the box-supporting frame 5 is fixed to the upper part of the conveying table 1. A rear roller 8 is mounted so that the bottom rear end part of the nursery box piled at the second stage may be put on the circular face 8b at the front side of the highest part. Guide slots 10 are formed in shaft-supporting plates 11 pivotally supported by both sides of the front lower part of the box-supporting frame 5 so as to face toward the lower diagonally forward direction, and a front roller 9 is attached to the guide slots 10 so that the roller shafts 9a at both ends may be movable in the upper and lower direction. An urging means 12 is installed so as to downward urge a shaft-receiving part 13 pivotally receiving the roller 9.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2005190298-A (JP)
Title: Information processor, server device, information transmission method, information processing program and recording medium
Inventor: KIKUOKA YUMIKO
IPC: G06F3/12
Filed: 2003-12-26
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an information processor capable of easily acquiring desired print condition information.  <P>SOLUTION: A host device 4 is connected, through a network L, to a server device and the other host device and configured to install a printer driver 405 corresponding to a printer for providing a print output to a printer. The printer driver 405 is provided with an established information acquisition section 451 specifying application information and printer information and acquiring the print condition information from the server device or the other information processor based on the specified application information and printer information. Thus, the desired print condition information is acquired from the server device or the other information processor.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2004521049-A (JP)
Title: 材料ウェブを引込む方法及び装置
IPC: B65H45/22
Filed: 2002-06-06
Abstract: 材料ウェブ（３３，３４，３６，３７）を引込む装置において、材料ウェブの側縁部（４２）を介して側方に突出した部分（５９）が、縦せん断装置（２１）によって少なくとも１度、縦に切り離される。このために用いられる装置に関する。
Patent JP-2005502330-A (JP)
Title: 消化器系の疾患および病態ならびに癌の診断および治療の方法
IPC: C12Q1/68
Filed: 2002-07-17
Abstract: 本発明は、消化器系の疾患および病態ならびに癌を診断する方法、そのような疾患および病態を治療または予防するのに使用され得る化合物を同定する方法、ならびにそのような疾患および病態を治療または予防するためにこれらの化合物を使用する方法を提供する。同様に、スクリーニング法において使用され得る動物モデル系も、本発明において提供される。
Patent JP-2004538293-A (JP)
Title: 新規な２ｈ−ピリダジン−３−オン誘導体、該誘導体を含有する医薬組成物及びこの有効成分の製法
IPC: C07D413/14
Filed: 2002-07-24
Abstract: 本発明は、式(Ｉ) 【化１】     で表される新規な2H-ピリダジン-3-オン誘導体、該誘導体を含有する医薬組成物及びこの有効成分の製法に関する。新規な化合物は神経遮断作用を有し、主として、精神分裂症の治療に使用される。式(Ｉ)において、Ｒは水素原子又はＣ 1-4 アルキル基であり、Ｘ及びＹは、独立して、水素原子、ハロゲン原子又は式（II）で表される基であり、ただし、Ｘ及びＹの一方は、常に、式（II）で表される基であり、他方は、水素原子又はハロゲン原子であり、式（II）においてｎは１又は２である。
Patent JP-2005501054-A (JP)
Title: ４−アミノ−２，５−ビスヘテロサイクリルキナゾリンの製造法
IPC: C07D401/04
Filed: 2002-07-19
Abstract: 本発明は、式(A) 【化１】     (式中、R 1 は、1以上のフッ素原子で置換されていてもよいC 1-4 アルコキシであり；R 2 は、H又は1以上のフッ素原子で置換されていてもよいC 1-6 アルコキシであり；R 3 は、置換されていてもよい５員もしくは６員の複素環であり；R 4 は、ベンゼン環又は５員もしくは６員の複素環に縮合していてもよい４員、５員、６員、もしくは７員の複素環であって、このときこの環系が、全体として置換されていてもよい)で示される化合物、又は前記化合物の医薬として許容されうる塩もしくは溶媒和物の製造法を提供し；前記製造法は、式(B) 【化２】     (式中、R 1 〜R 3 は前記にて定義した通りである)で示される化合物と式(C) 【化３】     (式中、R 5 とR 6 は、それらが結合しているN原子と一緒になって、４員、５員、６員、又は７員のN含有複素環であって、前記複素環が、ベンゼン環又は５員もしくは６員の複素環に縮合していてもよく、このときこの環系が、全体として置換されていてもよい)で示される化合物とを縮合させる工程を含む。
Patent JP-2005503960-A (JP)
Title: ラックピニオン式のステアリング装置
IPC: B62D3/12
Filed: 2002-09-14
Abstract: 本発明は、ラックピニオン式のステアリング装置であって、ハウジング内に配置されてトラックロッドを介して操舵輪およびステアリングアームにその両端で接続されたラックと、ラックに連続的に係合するとともにステアリングコラムを介してハンドルに接続されたピニオンと、両端でハウジングとこのラックピニオン式のステアリング装置の軸方向可動部分との間で一体化されるとともにラックの両操舵方向の軸方向運動を制限するストッパ手段と、を備えたものにおいて、ストッパ手段（１０、１１、１２）が、軸方向に相対的に移動可能なストッパ手段（１０、１１、１２）の非弾性の部分（１０、１１）に完全に包囲された弾性的追従性材料（１２）を有していることを特徴とするステアリング装置に関する。
Patent JP-2005504392-A (JP)
IPC: G06F13/42
Filed: 2002-09-16
Abstract: The invention relates to a bus system comprising a first station and a second station coupled by a bus for transferring data and control signals. The bus is conceived to operate according to a protocol in which the first station repeatedly sends requests to the second station. The first station comprises a processor, a bus interface, and a buffer coupled to said interruptible processor and said bus interface, the processor being operable to generate request properties for the requests to be sent by the first station. Furthermore, the processor is operable to handle said data items. The buffer is operable to store said request properties. The bus interface is operable to generate said requests from said stored request properties and to repeatedly send said requests.
Patent JP-2005508939-A (JP)
IPC: A61K9/20
Filed: 2002-10-11
Abstract: Disclosed are compositions exhibiting a combination of immediate release and controlled release characteristics. The compositions comprise at least one poorly soluble active ingredient having a nanoparticulate particle size, at least one surface stabilizer adsorbed onto the surface of the nanoparticulate active agent particles, and at least one active ingredient having a microparticulate particle size.
Patent JP-2005529841-A (JP)
Title: トロンビンレセプタアンタゴニストとしてのヒンバシン類似物
IPC: C07D491/048
Filed: 2002-10-16
Abstract: 式（Ｉ）の複素環置換した三環式化合物またはそれらの薬学的に受容可能な塩が開示されている： 【化１】     ここで、ｎ １ およびｎ ２ は、別個に、０〜２である；Ｈｅｔは、必要に応じて置換した単環式、二環式または三環式のヘテロ芳香族基である；Ｂは、アルキルまたは必要に応じて置換したアルケニルである；Ｒ ２２ は、−ＣＯＲ ２３ またはカルボキシ、スルフィニル、スルホニル、スルホンアミドまたはアミノ酸誘導体である；Ｒ ２３ は、ハロアルキル；アルケニル；ハロアルケニル；アルキニル；必要に応じて置換したシクロアルキル；シクロアルキル−アルキル；アリール；アリールアルキル；ヘテロアリール；ヘテロシクロアルキル；または−ＣＯＯＨおよび／または−ＳＯ ３ Ｈ置換アルキルである；Ｒ １ 、Ｒ ２ 、Ｒ ３ 、Ｒ ９ 、Ｒ １０ およびＲ １１ は、本明細書中で定義したとおりである。