Patent GB-1249410-A (GB)
Title: Apparatus for measuring and monitoring the mechanical impedance of body tissues and organ systems
Inventor: KAHN ALAN RICHARD
IPC: A61B5/085
Filed: 1969-11-12
Abstract: 1,249,410. Mechanical impedance measuremerit; phase comparators. HEALTH TECHNOLOGY CORP. 12 Nov., 1969 [9 Dec., 1968], No. 55445/69. Headings H3A, H3T and H4D. Apparatus for measuring the mechanical reactance and resistance of a body tissue structure comprises means for mechanically driving the structure with a varying force at approximately the resonant frequency of the structure, for determining the amplitude of the resultant structure motion and for determining the phase difference between the force and structure motion. In the Fig. 1 embodiment for investigating the lungs, oscillator 1 energizes loud-speaker 14 to vibrate the air in breathing appliance 13. An extra voice-coil on the loud-speaker acts as a pick-up transducer to sense the core movement and hence the air motion, and its output is passed via amplifier 4 to amplitude and phase-measuring circuits 5, 6. Loud-speaker enclosure 3 is tuned by selecting the dimensions of side tube 12, tube 11 and the enclosure itself, such that at the predetermined driving frequency the pick-up voltage is in phase with the driving voltage both when appliance 13 is open and when it is fully occluded, and such that the pick-up voltage is a maximum with appliance 13 open and a minimum with it fully occluded. Circuits 5, 6 may drive meters 7, 8 and a recording system, or the amplitude and phase data may be resolved into a component representing mechanical reactance and a component representing mechanical resistance, these components being plotted on an XY recorder during a breathing cycle. Oscillator 1 comprises (Fig. 8) amplifiers 17, 18 with individual resistive feedback and within an overall feedback loop including frequency-determining components 19, 20, 21, 22, 23. Amplifier 18 output controls the drainsource resistance of FET 24 which by feedback stabilizes the oscillator output amplitude. The pick-up signal amplitude is detected (Fig. 9) by rectifying it at 31 after amplification at 27. The resulting D.C. voltage on capacitor 33 is applied to meter 8 via D.C. amplifier 29 which includes a feedback diode 32 to compensate for the non-linear characteristic of diode 31. Rapid response of the amplitude-detector to amplitude changes is achieved by arranging for transistor 30 to discharge capacitor 33 once each cycle of the signal, a switching pulse for the transistor being derived from the signal via saturating amplifier (clipper) 28 and network 35, 36. The phase of the pick-up signal relative to the driving signal at amplifier 2 of Fig. 1 is measured (Fig. 10) by converting (at clipper amplifier 28 of Fig. 9) the pick-up signal to a square-wave, deriving from this wave a brief pulse in stage 41, and applying this pulse to the gate electrode of FET 37 to the source electrode of which is fed the said driving signal. Capacitor 47 thereby develops a voltage proportional to the phase difference, which voltage is applied to meter 7 via D.C. amplifier 48. Network 42-46 is a pre-set phase-shifter for zeroing meter 7 when the driving and pickup signals are in phase.