Patent GB-709491-A (GB)
Title: Improvements in and relating to injection into charged particle accelerators
IPC: H05H7/08
Filed: 1951-12-27
Abstract: 709,491. Magnetic induction accelerators. BRITISH THOMSON-HOUSTON CO., Ltd. Dec. 27, 1951 [Dec. 28, 1950], No. 30214/51. Class 39(1) In a betatron apparatus in which the gun is located at a short axial or radial distance from the orbital path means are provided for producing a circumferential variation in the magnetic guiding field, or a localized electrostatic field, designed to damp transverse charged particle oscillation the damping being chosen in relation to the axial or radial distance of the gun from the orbital path and the phase of the transverse oscillations so as to prevent accelerated charged particles from hitting the gun. The device comprises tank 1, Fig. 1, of iron or steel evacuated at 2 and a copper liner 5 supported from the tank by a dielectric spacer 4. Windings 10, 11, 12, 13 devoid of ferromagnetic material are held in dielectric members 14, 15 and supported by arcuate dielectric spacers 8, 9 from the liner. Electron gun 16 is insulatingly supported within brass or copper tube 17 and is adjustable by means of bellows 18<SP>1</SP>. Current flows in the same direction in all windings 10-13, and horizontal or vertical injection may be used, the latter case being particularly considered. If the magnetic field falls off as the nth power of the radius then it is known that if n=0.25, and considering vertical electron oscillations about the orbit, the electrons will return to the gun after two revolutions, as indicated by line 20, Fig. 3 (corresponding conditions obtain for radial oscillations where n=0.75.) If now n is made less than 0.25 in the shaded region and greater than 0.25 in the unshaded region then damping of the vertical oscillations takes place according to path 21 so that the electrons do not return to strike the gun. In practice it is sufficient to provide a variation in an otherwise uniform circumferential value of n at  #/2 from the gun by a variation in # Hr/# Z (or in # Hz/# r in the case of radial oscillations) around the circumference, or a combination of the two variations may be utilized. The circumferential variation of n is produced by, conductors 24-31, Fig. 1,  #/2 from the gun. Conductors 24-27 are series connected and energized via twisted leads 32, 33, and are in parallel with conductors 28-31 similarly connected and energized via twisted leads 35, 36. Conductors 38, 39 extend around the entire circumference and are energized by twisted leads 40, 41. In the - #/2 position the current flow in conductors 24-31 should be in opposite directions to that in the + #/2 position; conductors may be provided in both these positions. It is stated that an equivalent effect can be produced if conductors 24-31 are rotated through #/2 from the above positions. The above expedients are only effective for a few revolutions since the vertical and radial oscillations are not constant in frequency, and to avoid this difficulty the variation in n is made time dependent i.e. it is removed before undamping can occur, a suitable energizing circuit including means for this purpose being described with reference to Fig. 7 (not shown). The current flowing through main coils 10-13 energizes through one transformer conductors 38, 39 to assist in maintaining a desired average value of n as nearly as possible to 0.25 and energizes, through a second transformer and suitable delay devices, pulse generators and power amplifiers to supply pulses to the gun 16 and conductors 24-31. The pulse generator supplying conductors 24-31 preferably has means for varying the amplitude and duration of the pulses generated. The injection pulse is initiated early in the accelerating cycle and the pulse for altering n is initiated at or slightly before the injection pulse but terminates before the latter to prevent undamping, this being explained graphically. Another embodiment for obtaining greater circumferential field uniformity after the localized applied n variation is removed is shown in Fig. 11. In addition to the normal betatron windings, four conductor groups 64, 68; 66, 70; 65, 69; 67, 71 are provided similar to conductors 24-31, 38-39 of Fig. 1 but each extending over about #/2 of the circumference as shown. The energizing circuit is similar to that of Fig. 7, but 64, 68 are in parallel and connected via a choke to 66, 70 also in parallel in one transformer circuit, and 65, 69 in parallel are connected to 67, 71 in parallel in another transformer circuit, the transformer circuits being fed in common from betatron windings 10-13. The pulse for varying n is applied across conductors 66, 70, the choke preventing it from reaching conductors 64, 68. Other arrangements of conductors are described with reference to Figs. 13-17 (not shown) or electrostatic plates may be used, Figs. 18-20 (not shown). The invention may also be applied to iron-cored betatrons, Fig. 21. The device has laminated iron core 100, pole pieces 101, 102, centre pieces 103, 104, dielectric spacers 105, main energizing windings 109, 110. The circumferential variation of n is achieved by conductors supported in dielectric blocks 115-117 attached to the external wall of the tube envelope by adhesive. Radial injection is used so that n=0.75. The invention may also be applied to betatron started synchrotrons such as those disclosed in Specification 622,148, and proton synchrotrons. Specifications 574,812 and 685,444 also are referred to.