baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent JP-2007310865-A (JP)
Title: Apparatus and method for information processing, control program to allow computer to execute this method, and computer readable recording medium recorded with this program
Inventor: OGURA KEIGO
IPC: G06F13/00
Filed: 2006-12-06
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To solve the conventional problem that a user performs complex operations when transmitting e-mail with connecting an information processing apparatus to a personal digital assistant.  <P>SOLUTION: The information processing apparatuses 100 and 102 can communicate with the personal digital assistant 1004, and have terminal detection means 205 and 512 for detecting the personal digital assistant 1004 at a step 3000 shown in Fig. 5, acquisition means 206 and 511 for acquiring mail information from the personal digital assistant 1004 if the terminal detection means 205 and 512 detect the personal digital assistant 1004 at a step 4000 shown in Fig. 5, and in addition, transmission means 206 and 511 for transmitting e-mail at the step 4000 shown in Fig. 5 according to the acquired mail information.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008147911-A (JP)
Title: Signal relay device and associated technology thereof
Inventor: ISHIKAWA TOMOYA
IPC: G09G3/20
Filed: 2006-12-08
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a signal relay device which can receive signals even if the signals are differential signals or single ended signals, and can meet a signal even if the signal is a positive logical signal or a negative logical signal when the single ended signal is input, and further in which the number of terminals can be reduced to the utmost extent.  <P>SOLUTION: A differential signal producing unit 1 is equipped with first and second selection means E1, E2. The differential signal producing unit 1 inputs an input signal S1 from a positive input terminal I1 and an input signal S2 from a negative input terminal I2 and then outputs a differential signal ΔS of both the signals S1, S2. The first selection means E1 inputs a selection signal S3 from a selection signal input terminal Is, the signal S1 and the signal S2 and then selects any one of the input signals S2 and S1 depending on a logic of any one of the input signals S1, S2 and a logic of the selection signal S3 to output the signal selected. The selection means E2 selects any one of outputs of the differential signal producing unit 1 and selection means E1 depending on the logic of the selection signal S3.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008144667-A (JP)
Title: Impeller for blower
Inventor: IWATA TORU
IPC: F04D29/30
Filed: 2006-12-11
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To effectively solve a problem that aerodynamic noise caused by pressure fluctuation at a blade surface can not be reduced as far as the blade itself of an impeller of a blower such as a centrifugal blower is made of material having high rigidity since pressure fluctuation caused by turbulence of flow near the surface of the blade can not be mitigated.  <P>SOLUTION: The surface of the blades 16 of the impeller 11 is formed in a hollow structure comprising a thin film S and ribs L having mutually different elasticity. Pressure fluctuation of air is absorbed by elastic deformation of the thin film S section according to pressure of air acting on the surface of the blades 16 during operation, and necessary blade structure is maintained by the ribs L. Since the thin film parts S of the blades 16 elastically deform according to fluctuation of acting air pressure and absorb pressure fluctuation, and aerodynamic noise generated from the surface parts of the blades 16 can be effectively reduced by such a structure, noise of the blower can be effectively reduced.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008145722-A (JP)
Title: Information processor and registration method for vocabulary for voice reading
Inventor: SAKUMA KAZUNORI
IPC: G10L13/08
Filed: 2006-12-11
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an information processor and a registration method for vocabulary for voice reading, which always correctly reads a vocabulary in a text to be read even when the vocabulary is registered in a dictionary based on user's instruction.  <P>SOLUTION: In the information processor including a voice reading function for converting a text containing Japanese and Chinese characters to voice data for output, when the vocabulary to be registered based on the user's instruction is obtained (S1), the text to be read is referred to, and when the text including the vocabulary is included, the text is extracted, and default reading of the text is obtained (S5). The vocabulary and its reading is are registered in the dictionary (S6), the customized reading of the text is obtained (S7), to be compared with the default reading (S8), and when both readings are not matched, correct default reading of the text is registered in the dictionary. (S10).  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008143563-A (JP)
Title: Lower packing member for packing apparatus
Inventor: HONDA TORU
IPC: B65D81/113
Filed: 2006-12-11
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a lower packing member for a packing apparatus for protecting an article to be packed with a small amount of materials and by a cheap processing.  <P>SOLUTION: The lower packing member consists of a flat plate-like member, and is composed of a sheet 1 both ends of which are bent so as to make the cross-section to be an approximately U-shape, and cushioning materials 5 and 6 inserted between the bent both ends of the sheet 1. A rising part 4 formed by making a notch on a plane part 1a formed between the bent both ends of the sheet 1 is provided, and a through-hole 7 into which the rising part 4 is inserted is provided in the cushioning material 5. Since the cushioning material 5 is partially reinforced by the rising part 4 provided on the sheet 1, and the strength of the cushioning material 5 is improved without increasing the strength of the cushioning material 5 itself, the inexpensive lower packing member for the packing apparatus is provided with a small consumption of the materials. In addition, since the number of parts is not increased, the working man-hour for assembling is not increased.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008144491-A (JP)
Title: Floor material
Inventor: AKIYAMA AKIRA
IPC: E04F15/02
Filed: 2006-12-12
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a floor material which is manufactured with less labor and facilitates cleaning and looks more like woody flooring.  <P>SOLUTION: In the floor material 1, a decorative sheet 11 is stuck on the surface of an elongated base material 2 and a plurality of joint-shaped grooves 15 in a direction orthogonal to a longitudinal direction are formed at the surface of the decorative sheet 11. Each joint-shaped groove 15 on the decorative sheet 11 is formed to have a U-shaped cross section and a depth L1 to be within the thickness L02 of the decorative sheet 11. The decorative sheet 11 has a two-layer structure and a second layer part 13 below the first layer part 12 of a surface is made to be darker than the first layer part.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008142371-A (JP)
Title: Toothbrush
Inventor: KATO KEISUKE
IPC: A61C17/00
Filed: 2006-12-12
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a toothbrush capable of allowing bristles to reach a small gap such as an interdental part and a cervical area and obtaining soft contact in use.  <P>SOLUTION: A plurality of bristle tufts are planted in the bristling base 1 of the toothbrush. At least partial bristle tufts constitute complex bristle tuft groups including: center bristle tufts (a) raised from a planting surface; and a plurality of peripheral bristle tufts b which are planted to enclose the respective center tuft bundles (a) and gradiently extended from separated positions to respective positions touching the respective upper parts of the center bristle tufts. The tip ends of the center bristle tufts (a) projects from the tip ends of the peripheral bristle tufts (b).  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008143119-A (JP)
Title: Privacy protection member and its manufacturing method
Inventor: SUZUKI KEIICHI
IPC: C03C17/30
Filed: 2006-12-13
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a privacy protection member which has water-repellent, stainproof and privacy protection characteristics, and impact resistance and durability, and which can be processed easily and at a low cost on a smooth glass or plastic base which is ordinarily used, and to provide its manufacturing method.  <P>SOLUTION: A treatment liquid of a stainproof coating 201 is composed of a water-repellent component 21 and a solvent. The treatment liquid is applied on a float glass base 101, the solvent evaporates, and only the water-repellent component 21 remains on the float glass base 101 as uneven lumps. Light is irregularly reflected by the water-repellent component 21 formed as the uneven lumps and a surface of the float glass base 101 appears cloudy.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008148219-A (JP)
Title: Piezoelectric vibration device and its manufacturing method
Inventor: MOMOO YOSHIYASU
IPC: H03B5/32
Filed: 2006-12-13
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a piezoelectric vibration device comprising a base to be used for various piezoelectric vibration chips regardless of a magnitude of parallel capacitance, and its manufacturing method.  <P>SOLUTION: In a crystal oscillator 1, a crystal vibration chip 4 and an IC chip 5 are arranged on a base 2 constituted of multilayered substrates 2a-2d with a plurality of electrode patterns 8 formed thereon. Furthermore, an electrode pattern 8 including an additional capacitance part 83 for varying capacitance of the relevant crystal oscillator 1 is formed on the substrate 2b. The additional capacitance part 83 is constituted of paired electrodes 83a, 83b formed while being opposed to both sides of the substrate 2b. The disposed method then includes the steps of: constituting the additional capacitance part 83 constituted of the paired electrode patterns 83a, 83b formed while being opposed to both the sides of the substrate 2b; and setting presence/absence of an electrical connection to the additional capacitance part 83 in accordance with the parallel capacitance of the crystal vibration chip 4, and the capacitance of the crystal oscillator 1 is varied.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008153026-A (JP)
Title: Dispersed type inorganic electroluminescent element and lighting device equipped with this
Inventor: MATSUURA MIKIYA
IPC: H05B33/14
Filed: 2006-12-15
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To improve conductivity, total light transmittance, and luminous brightness of a transparent electrode of a dispersed type inorganic electroluminescent element (hereafter called dispersed type inorganic EL element).  <P>SOLUTION: The dispersed type inorganic EL element is structured by laminating in turn a rear-face electrode 2, an insulating layer 3, a luminous layer 4, and a transparent electrode 5 on a substrate 1, with the element as a whole coated with a surface protecting layer 6. For improvement in brightness of the dispersed type inorganic EL element, a transparent conductive film formed of carbon nanotube is used. The conductive film is endowed with both extremely high conductivity and excellent transmittance.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008152849-A (JP)
Title: Optical pickup device and optical detector
Inventor: NUMATA TOMIYUKI
IPC: G11B7/13
Filed: 2006-12-15
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an optical pickup device which can reduce the number of current-voltage conversion circuits required in order to control output power of a plurality of light sources without spoiling a degree of freedom of optical design using a plurality of light sources, and provide an optical detector.  <P>SOLUTION: A first photodiode 25 for BD receives a laser beam L2 separated from a laser beam L1 emitted from a first semiconductor laser 11, detects the laser power of the first semiconductor laser 11, and outputs an output current i2. A second photodiode 26 for DVD/CD receives a laser beam L4 separated from a laser beam L3 emitted from the a second semiconductor laser 12, detects the laser power of the second semiconductor laser 12, and outputs an output current i5. The output terminals of the first photodiode 25 and second photodiode 26 are connected, and the output currents i2 and i5 are input into an input terminal of the same first current-voltage conversion circuit 30.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008153476-A (JP)
Title: Semiconductor device
Inventor: FUJIWARA SEIJI
IPC: H01L25/07
Filed: 2006-12-19
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a semiconductor device which has a plurality of semiconductor elements stacked thereon, the semiconductor device being such that a chip size is not limited and chips can be stuck together, without having to interpose a spacer in between the upper and the lower semiconductor elements.  <P>SOLUTION: An electrode is formed along a side 11a of the lower substrate 11. Then a portion of the upper semiconductor element 12 is fixed in a region other than the electrode forming region of the lower semiconductor element 11, and the remaining portion is projected to the outside of the lower semiconductor element 11. At this time, the upper semiconductor element 12 is so disposed that an electrode formed along a side, opposite the side 11a of the lower semiconductor element 11 of an upper semiconductor device 12 and the electrode of the lower semiconductor element 11, can be connected to each other with a metallic thin wire, and an electrode formed at a part of the upper semiconductor element 12 which projects to outside the lower semiconductor element 11 and an inner lead 16 can be connected to each other with a metallic thin wire.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008152085-A (JP)
Title: Method for manufacturing spectacle lens, film deposition apparatus for spectacle lens, and spectacle lens
Inventor: IGARASHI TAKASHI
IPC: G02B1/10
Filed: 2006-12-19
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for manufacturing a spectacle lens, in which the axis misalignment is prevented when the edge of the spectacle lens is ground and a substance to be vapor-deposited is not stuck to the surface other than an optical surface to be vapor-deposited even if the substance to be vapor-deposited creeps to the upper part of the spectacle lens when a multilayer antireflection film layer and a water-repellent film layer are deposited on the lens-shaped spectacle lens by a vacuum vapor deposition method.  <P>SOLUTION: The method for manufacturing the spectacle lens includes the steps of: grinding the edge of a hard coat film-formed circular spectacle lens so that the edge-ground circular spectacle lens has the shape almost coincident with that of a spectacle lens frame; covering the whole optical surface 5b opposite to the optical surface 5a to be vapor-deposited of the edge-ground spectacle lens 1A with a resin film 64; holding the resulting spectacle lens 1A by a lens holding means 60; mounting the spectacle lens 1A held by the lens holding means 60 in a vacuum vapor deposition apparatus; heating/vaporizing an anti-reflection material mounted in the vacuum vapor deposition apparatus to deposit an antireflection film on the optical surface 5a of the held spectacle lens 1A; and heating/vaporizing a water-repellent material to deposit the water-repellent film layer on the deposited antireflection film layer.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008160903-A (JP)
Title: Switching converter
Inventor: TANAKA YUKIO
IPC: H02M3/28
Filed: 2006-12-21
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a switching converter in which an MOSFET can be protected against damage due to simultaneous ON, or the like.  <P>SOLUTION: The switching converter includes a main switching element Q2 connected with the primary winding 100a of a transformer 100 and controlling application of input voltage, and a switching element Q1 for active clamp which performs switching operation alternately with the main switching element Q2 and clamps the reset voltage of the transformer 100. The switching converter further includes an auxiliary switching element Q3 connected with an auxiliary winding 100b, and a circuit for controlling a drive voltage being applied from the auxiliary winding 100b to the switching element Q1 for active clamp is constituted through the auxiliary switching element Q3.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008157726-A (JP)
Title: Pointer
Inventor: IKEDA TORU
IPC: G01D13/28
Filed: 2006-12-22
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a pointer which can give a sense of solidness and of raw materials of a light guide member, and which aims at improving the design.  <P>SOLUTION: In the outer peripheral part 10 of the pointer, a groove 11 extending from its tip part over to rear end part is formed along the longitudinal direction in its back. The center part 20 of the pointer is inserted in the groove 11. The center part 20 of the pointer is colored to a color similar to but darker than that of the peripheral part 10 of the pointer.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008155352-A (JP)
Title: Cutting edge replaceable cutter with adjusting mechanism
Inventor: EMOTO SHIGENORI
IPC: B23C5/24
Filed: 2006-12-26
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a cutting edge replaceable cutter with an adjustable mechanism capable of allowing finer adjustments, compared with conventional products, of a cutting edge position of a cutter having a simply-structured and easily-adjustable cutting edge adjusting mechanism.  <P>SOLUTION: The cutting edge adjusting mechanism 5 is composed of: an adjusting member 9 having a clearance 8 between a cutter body 2 and the adjusting member 9; a connecting member 10 fixing the adjusting member 9 to the cutter body 2; and an adjusting screw 11 applying force to an input part 9a of the adjusting member 9. The thrust force of the adjusting screw 11 moves the input part 9a in the axial direction of the adjusting screw 11 to apply elastic deformation to the adjusting member 9 around the connecting member 10 so that a cutting edge replaceable tip 6 can be positioned on the displaced end face of the adjusting member 9.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008164018-A (JP)
Title: Actuator
Inventor: HAKUI TAKEHIKO
IPC: F16H1/46
Filed: 2006-12-27
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To reduce the number of components of a planetary gear mechanism, and also to increase the reduction ratio without enlarging its diameter.  <P>SOLUTION: The sun gear 64 of the planetary gear mechanism 61 of an actuator for driving an output rod by reducing the rotational speed of the rotary shaft 45 of a motor is formed integrally with the rotary shaft 45 of the motor. The number of components is thereby reduced compared with the case for composing the sun gear 64 by a member separated from the rotary shaft 45, and further the reduction ratio of the planetary gear mechanism 61 is increased by reducing the diameter of the sun gear 64. One end portion of pinion pins 66, 71 for rotatably supporting the pinions 68, 73 of the planetary gear mechanisms 61, 62 is supported by carriers 65, 70 in an overhung state. Thus, the carriers 65, 70 are composed of plate shape members, and the thickness of the planetary gear mechanisms 61, 62 in the axial direction is reduced.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008167162-A (JP)
Title: Cable communication system
Inventor: FUKUSHI TAKESHI
IPC: H04B10/00
Filed: 2006-12-28
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a cable communication system of structure that judges whether a failure is generated in an active transmitter or in an STM line even without stopping the active transmitter to operate a reserve transmitter in a cable transmitter.  <P>SOLUTION: For example, when generation of the failure is detected by a cable receiver 200 and notified to the cable transmitter 100, in which whether or not a communication signal is normally transmitted from the active transmitter 110 to a transmission coupler 130 is detected by a signal detector 140. When no communication signal is detected by the signal detector 140, it becomes clear that the failure is generated in the active transmitter 110 and when the communication signal is detected, it becomes clear that the failure is generated in an STM1 line 300.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008162496-A (JP)
Title: Assembly of tire and rim
Inventor: AOKI MASAMI
IPC: B60C5/00
Filed: 2006-12-28
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an assembly of a tire and a rim easily manufactured at low cost and capable of considerably reducing road noise.  <P>SOLUTION: The assembly of a tire and a rim comprises a pneumatic tire 1, a rim 2, and a minute cell structure soft polyurethane foam 4 arranged in a tire cavity 3 formed by the pneumatic tire 1 and the rim 2, wherein the minute cell structure soft polyurethane foam has an apparent specific gravity exceeding 0.06 and equal to 0.25 or below and an average cell diameter of 20-150 μm. The minute cell structure soft polyurethane foam 4 is preferably obtained by foaming and curing isocyanate terminated prepolymer of a specific composition with a crosslinking agent and a foaming component added and mixed.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2006524578-A (JP)
Title: ５自由度移動ロボット
IPC: A61B19/00
Filed: 2004-01-12
Abstract: 少なくとも５自由度を有する遠隔制御型ロボットと、遠隔会議機能とを含むロボット・システム。本ロボットは、すべてロボット・ハウジングに取り付けられたカメラ、モニタ、ホロノーム・プラットフォームを含む。本ロボットは、やはりカメラとモニタを有する遠隔制御ステーションによって制御することができる。遠隔制御ステーションは、ロボットに無線で結合される基地局にリンクしている。カメラとモニタによって、遠隔場所の介護提供者が、ロボットを介して患者を監視および介護することができる。ホロノーム・プラットフォームが３自由度を提供し、ロボットが、患者を突き止める、かつ／または患者に従うために家庭または施設内を移動して回ることができる。本ロボットはまた、カメラに少なくとも２自由度を提供するための機構を有する。
Patent JP-2006520133-A (JP)
Title: 無線送受信ユニット、および、無線通信のための受信信号を処理するための方法
IPC: G09G3/28
Filed: 2004-03-05
Abstract: 無線送受信ユニット（ＷＴＲＵ）および方法は、無線通信システム内で、サンプリングされた受信信号を処理して無線通信を確立および／または維持するために使用される（図９および１０）。選択的制御可能コヒーレント累積ユニットは、電力遅延プロファイルを作成する。選択的制御可能後処理ユニットは、しきい値制限された大きさ近似値およびＰＤＰ位置を、レーキ受信器などのデバイスに渡して、受信信号パスを決定する。
Patent JP-2006519014-A (JP)
Title: 乳酸菌からの抗炎症活性
IPC: A61K35/744
Filed: 2004-01-30
Abstract: 本発明において、乳酸菌は、Ｇタンパク質に依存しかつ転写後である機構で炎症応答を阻害する可溶性因子（ペプチド若しくはタンパク質のような）を産生して、細胞によるタンパク質の産生若しくは分泌を効果的に阻害する。
Patent JP-2006525567-A (JP)
Title: ソフトウェア適合化方法
IPC: G06F9/44
Filed: 2004-04-22
Abstract: 【課題】新たなハードウェア構成へのハードウェア依存性ソフトウェアの適合化を改善する方法もしくは相応の自動化装置を提供する。 【解決手段】ソフトウェアにハードウェアの構成が記憶され、自動化装置におけるソフトウェアの立ち上げ後にハードウェアの構成が認識され、記憶されている最初の構成と比較され、その後に、相違する構成が認識された際には、相違する構成を有する自動化装置上でソフトウェアが実行可能であるように、適合化情報の使用によってソフトウェアが変更される。
Patent JP-2007527365-A (JP)
Title: アミリン凝集阻害剤およびその使用
IPC: A61K38/22
Filed: 2004-03-17
Abstract: ＩＡＡＰ関連障害、特に、Ｉ型もしくはＩＩ型糖尿病に関連するアミロイド沈着の治療または予防のための短いペプチドおよびその誘導体または類似体が本明細書に記載されている。これらのペプチドおよび／またはそれらの誘導体は、糖尿病ＩＩ型の病因に関与するアミリン小線維の形成を阻害し、既に形成されている線維状沈着を溶解するように設計されている。
Patent JP-2006527387-A (JP)
Title: ドライブアシスト装置
IPC: B60R11/04
Filed: 2004-04-23
Abstract: 本発明は、撮影手段とドライバ（１００）の視野に虚像を投影する手段を有する自動車のドライブアシスト装置に関し、ドライバ（１００）の視野に配置され、自動車のドライバの視野に無限遠でフォーカスされる虚像形成のための不透明スクリーン（３０）と、光強度の光の領域のフィルタ処理手段を有することを特徴とする。
Patent JP-2006521581-A (JP)
Title: 音響楽器の物理モデル化技術を活用することにより教会オルガンの気送管音合成に使用される方法及び電子装置
IPC: G10H1/16
Filed: 2004-03-25
Abstract: 【課題】音響楽器の物理モデル化技術を活用することにより教会オルガンの気送管音合成に使用される方法及び電子装置を提供する。 【解決手段】本発明は音響楽器の物理モデル化技術を活用することにより、教会オルガンの気送管音を再生するために使用される方法及び電子装置に関し、それはオルガンの気送管音発生の物理シミュレーションプログラムを含む、デジタル信号処理装置を基礎とするデジタル音響合成システムである。
Patent JP-2006523575-A (JP)
IPC: B60R1/074
Filed: 2004-04-15
Abstract: A wing mirror unit for a motor vehicle comprising a mirror foot and a mirror housing connected to the mirror foot. The mirror housing is adjustable between a folded orientation and an unfolded orientation. The wing mirror unit further includes an actuator arranged to move adjacent surfaces of the mirror housing and the mirror foot transversely with respect to each other between a first position, in which the adjacent surfaces of the mirror housing and the mirror foot form a slit, and a second position, in which the adjacent surfaces abut each other.