Patent GB-1195961-A (GB)
Title: Variable Pitch Aerofoil Blades.
Inventor: ELLINGER JOHN HENRY
IPC: F01D5/02
Filed: 1966-12-05
Abstract: 1,195,961. Variable speed gear. ROLLSROYCE Ltd. 22 Feb., 1968 [5 Dec., 1966; 24 June, 1967], Nos. 54417/66 and 29245/67. Heading F2D. [Also in Division F1] Variable pitch aerofoil blades drivingly connected to a main shaft for rotation about the shaft axis and each mounted so that at least part of the blade is adjustable about its longitudinal axis include a gear train connected to each adjustable blade part and having a mode of operation in which the gearing is driven by differential rotation between the main shaft and fixed structure to rotate the adjustable blade parts about their longitudinal axes in such manner that when the mechanism reaches an equilibrium position any disturbance affecting the aerofoils causes the shaft to rotate which then drives the gear train so as to restore the mechanism to an equilibrium position. The variable pitch blade parts 2, Fig. 2, may form ducted fan blades in a gas turbine engine, Fig. 1 (not shown), the parts 2 being mounted on a ring 15 connected to the tips of non-adjustable inner blade parts 1 driven from a shaft 18 forward of the engine compressor. The journal of each blade part 2 has a toothed perimeter 8 mating with two worm gears 9a, (9b) which are flexibly connected to respective gear-wheels 22a, 22b engaging a central worm 23. The latter is connected by a shaft 24 passing through a blade part 1 to a pinion 26 mating with an annular bevel wheel 30. Each worm 23 is connected to only four blade parts 2, thus there are several angularly spaced worms 23 and pinions 26, the latter forming an epicyclic arrangement with bevel gear 30. During normal engine operation, the bevel 30 is locked to rotate with shaft 18 by means of an axially movable slide 34 having internal splines 35 engaging splines 19 on shaft 18 and external splines 39 engaging splines 33 on an extension of the bevel 30. Thus the pinions 26 do not rotate about their own axes and the blade parts 2 are not adjusted. Should the engine fail and it be desired to prevent windmilling and reduce drag, hydraulic or electric actuators 41 are operated to move slide 34 axially so that splines 19, 35 disengage and a frusto-conical surface 36 on the slide frictionally engages a corresponding surface 37 on a fixed structure 38. Thus the bevel 30 is frictionally locked to the fixed structure 38 although the shaft 18 continues to rotate. Consequently the pinions 26 rotate about their own axes causing the blade parts 2 to feather and the fan to slow down and eventually stop when an equilibrium state of aerodynamic loading on the blades is reached. Any disturbance causing departure from the equilibrium state results in rotation of the shaft 18 with consequent readjustment of the blade parts 2 to an equilibrium state. Some slip may take place between the frusto-conical surfaces 36, 37. In a modification, slide 34 could be rotatable slightly faster or slower than shaft 18 to enable the pitch of the blade parts 2 to be adjusted in either direction during flight. The above described pitch feathering mechanism is 'only suitable if the windmilling speed of the fan is below about 300 r.p.m. Above that speed the arrangement shown in Fig. 3 may be used. In Fig. 3, the variable pitch blade parts are connected by gear-wheels 110 to a central worm 111 connected in turn by shaft 114 to a pinion 118 engaging a bevel gear 127 to form an epicyclic arrangement similar to that shown in Fig. 2. The fan is driven by a shaft 122 corresponding to shaft 18. The bevel 127 has a sleeve-like axial extension 128, the bevel and extension being mounted on spaced bearings 129a, 129b carried on a tubular member 133 which surrounds and is attached at one end to the shaft 122. An eccentric sleeve 136 surrounds the extension 128 and is mounted in bearings 137a, 137b within a tubular extension 138 from a fixed structure 126. The eccentric sleeve 136 can be moved axially by hydraulic rams 144 operating through rods 145 having spherical heads 146, engaging in a groove 147 in the sleeve. In the position shown the engine is operating normally and the bevel 127 is locked to rotate with shaft 122 by means of a ring 149 mounted on bearings 152a, 152b within bevel extension 128. The ring 149 has internal splines 150 engaging splines 151 on member 133 and radial projections 153 engaging in axial slots in the extension 128. Thus in this position pinions 118 do not rotate about their axes and the blades are not adjusted, the eccentric sleeve 136 remaining stationary. Should the engine fail and it be desired to feather the fan blades, rams 144 are actuated so as to move eccentric sleeve 136 to the right, against the action of spring loaded synchromesh balls retained in the sleeve, until internal gear teeth 139, 140 on the sleeve engage respectively with teeth 134 on bevel extension 128 and with teeth 141 on member 133. As the sleeve 136 moves to the right it takes with it ring 149, since the ring projections 153 engage in a groove 156 in the sleeve, thus disengaging splines 150, 151 so that there is no longer a direct drive between shaft 122 and bevel 127. In this condition, depicted in Fig. 4 (not shown), shaft 122 drives eccentric sleeve 136 by way of meshing teeth 140, 141 while the sleeve drives bevel 127 by way of meshing teeth 134, 139. Since teeth 139, 140 are on a different radii of the sleeve 136 bevel 127 now rotates at a slightly different speed from that of shaft 122 and there is an epicyclic drive to pinions 118 which will start to feather the fan blades at a rate proportional to the relative speed between shaft and bevel. Thus shaft 122 will start to slow down and the rate of feathering will progressively decrease. When shaft 122 has reduced in speed, to about 1/10th of its normal speed, rams 144 are again actuated to move eccentric sleeve 136 further to the right so that teeth 139 disengage teeth 134 but move into engagement with a further set of teeth 135 on the bevel extension 128. At the same time, teeth 140, 141 disengage and a clutch face 142 on sleeve 136 frictionally engages a corresponding face 143 on the fixed structure 126 to arrest rotation of the sleeve and of the bevel 127 by way of the engaging teeth 135, 139. Thus pinions 18 temporarily increase their speed considerably and feather the fan blades more rapidly until an equilibrium state of rest is eventually reached. If the stationary condition of the fan is not the condition of least drag, the embodiment of Figs. 3, 4 can include a system to halt rotation of the blades about their axes before they have fully feathered. The system comprises a revolution counter connected to the eccentric sleeve 136 to measure indirectly the rotation of the blades about their axes and operating on the rams 144 to re-engage the splines 150, 151 and hence lock the bevel 127 to shaft 122 when the minimum drag position of the blades has been reached. A further set of gear teeth similar to teeth 134, 135 may be provided on the bevel extension 128 of such ratio as to enable the pitch of the blades to be adjusted also in the opposite angular direction. Alternatively the number of teeth 139 may be varied during operation using a device such as that described in Specification 1,195,962. The variable speed gear train described above could be replaced by an electrically controlled variable slip magnetic clutch.