baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent WO-2022000330-A1 (WO)
Inventor: LOU XINHUI
IPC: C12Q1/6806
Filed: 2020-06-30
Abstract: A new method for screening a high-affinity and specific DNA aptamer of a programmed cell death receptor 1-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in vitro, hereinafter referred to as inner encoded-SELEX. An initial random DNA library of the present method comprises two random sequence areas and a fixed area (i.e., inner encoding) located between the two random sequence areas and containing an II type restriction endonuclease recognition site. The library is pre-enriched by using MCP-SELEX; the library and PD-L1 are subjected to homogeneous incubation; and then restriction endonuclease is added. An inner encoded structure of a sequence capable of binding to PD-L1 is broken, thus the sequence is not cut off by the restriction endonuclease, and PCR amplification is preserved. The obtained aptamer has the characteristic that the larger the inner encoding length is, the higher the affinity is, thereby facilitating quickly selecting a high-affinity aptamer. A fluorescently labeled aptamer is successfully used for fluorescence imaging of PD-L1 expression level of tonsil tissue of a normal person and multiple tumor tissue slices, and has performance equivalent to an antibody and excellent application value.
Patent WO-2021042858-A1 (WO)
Title: Overturning working platform and tunneling equipment
Inventor: PU CHANGYAN
IPC: E21D9/12
Filed: 2020-07-03
Abstract: An overturning working platform and a tunneling equipment. The overturning working platform comprises: a main platform (10), rotationally provided with respect to a machine body (70) of a tunneling equipment; an overturning driving piece (20), connected to the main platform (10); an overturning platform (30), rotatably connected to the main platform (10), the overturning driving piece (20) being in driving connection with the overturning platform (30) and driving the overturning platform (30) to rotate with respect to the main platform (10); a telescopic driving piece (40), connected to the overturning platform (30); and a telescopic platform (50), connected to the overturning platform (30) in a telescopic mode and rotating synchronously with the overturning platform (30), the telescopic driving piece (40) being in driving connection with the telescopic platform (50) and driving the telescopic platform (50) to extend out of or retract into the overturning platform (30), so as to change the size of a bearing area formed by the overturning platform (30) and the telescopic platform (50).
Patent WO-2021022971-A1 (WO)
Inventor: LIANG YI
IPC: A61M36/04
Filed: 2020-07-10
Abstract: A targeted particle implanting robot suitable for clinical human lithotomy positions, comprising a rack (1), and further comprising a posture adjusting mechanism (2), a contact force feedback friction wheel type targeted particle implant (3), and a sine elastic amplification moment compensation mechanism (4). The specific use steps are as follows: (S1), driving; (S2), meshing; (S3), swing; (S4), transverse movement; (S5), compensation moment; (S6), linear motion; (S7), rotary motion; (S8), detection; and (S9), transmission of information. The sine elastic amplification moment compensation mechanism (4) is adopted to realize the compensation of lower weight moment of any position shape of a big arm (22), reduce fluctuation of driving moment, improve stability of tail-end low-speed operation of the robot, combined with the posture adjusting mechanism (2), an external pin (342) of the ion implant (3) can adjust an incidence angle of the external pin (342) in a fixed-point mode, and in addition, contact force feedback friction wheel type targeted particle implant (3) installed at the tail end of the posture adjusting mechanism (2) improves the force information perception ability in the targeted particle implanting process.
Patent WO-2021036558-A1 (WO)
Title: 无线网络的连接方法及相关装置
Inventor: LIN JINQUAN
IPC: H04W12/06
Filed: 2020-07-15
Abstract: 本申请实施例公开了一种无线网络的连接方法及相关装置，方法包括：在检测到第二WiFi网络接口关联的无线网络需要登录认证时，获取所述第二WiFi网络接口对应的无线网络列表；在预设时段内检测无线网络列表是否存在无需登录认证的无线网络；若否，则弹出第二WiFi网络接口关联的无线网络的认证窗口，通过认证窗口接收无线网络的认证信息，以及在检测到认证信息正确时，与第二WiFi网络接口关联的无线网络的接入点AP设备完成关联过程以获得第二WiFi网络接口关联的无线网络的完全访问权；若是，则在预设时段内通过第二WiFi网络接口接入无需登录认证的无线网络。实施本申请实施例有利于减少用户在连接网络时的操作时间，提升了移动终端在连接无线网络时的灵活性。
Patent WO-2021109592-A1 (WO)
Title: 一种电动吻合器及其控制系统
Inventor: YAO DAQIANG
IPC: A61B17/068
Filed: 2020-07-24
Abstract: 一种电动吻合器及其控制系统，包括：组件识别模块（1），用于当切割组件（02）与吻合器本体（01）正常连接，生成识别有效信号；位置检测模块（2），用于当切割组件（02）运动至初始点，生成初始点有效信号；控制模块（3），用于在接收到识别有效信号和初始点有效信号后，根据击发开关输出的第一击发信号，控制切割组件（02）执行切割吻合操作。通过组件识别模块（1）判断切割组件（02）是否和吻合器本体（01）正常连接，通过位置检测模块（2）判断切割组件（02）是否到达其切割行程的初始位置，控制模块（3）在接收到组件识别模块（1）和位置检测模块（2）输出的有效信号后，才会响应击发开关输出的第一击发信号，以防止在切割组件（02）未安装或未正确安装的情况下实施击发动作，造成误动作或器械损坏的情况发生。
Patent WO-2021164204-A1 (WO)
Title: Block chain data authorization method, apparatus and device, and computer readable storage medium
Inventor: LIU HAO
IPC: G06F21/64
Filed: 2020-07-31
Abstract: The present application relates to a block chain technology. Disclosed is a block chain data authorization method. Said method comprises: configuring service modules of enterprise data requiring data authorization on a block chain; setting a corresponding data authorization rule for data of each of the service modules, the data authorization rule comprising a static authorization mode and a dynamic authorization mode; synchronizing the set data authorization rules to a block chain network; acquiring, from the block chain network, a first data authorization rule related to a current node; and acquiring corresponding authorization data from the block chain network according to the first data authorization rule. The present application further provides an apparatus, a device, and a computer readable storage medium. The block chain data authorization method, apparatus and device, and the computer readable storage medium provided in the present application can avoid a large number of repeated operations, reduce the error rate, and ensure the timeliness of authorization.
Patent WO-2022021337-A1 (WO)
Inventor: SU JIE
IPC: G06F12/02
Filed: 2020-07-31
Abstract: The present application provides a flash memory control method and device, the device comprising: a random access memory for storing a flash translation layer (FTL) secondary table; and a controller for receiving a data access instruction sent by a host machine, the data access instruction comprising a target logical block address (LBA) of target data. Physical page numbers (PPN) corresponding to an LBA segment indicated by a first entry of the FTL secondary table are continuous. If the first entry corresponds to a valid data space, the target data is accessed according to the target LBA and a beginning PPN in the first entry, the beginning PPN being a PPN corresponding to the first LBA in the LBA segment indicated by the first entry. The flash memory control device can directly access the target data using information in the FTL secondary table, does not require an FTL primary table to be loaded and replaced, and improves data access efficiency.
Patent WO-2021023241-A1 (WO)
Inventor: GENG MEIYU
IPC: A61K31/702
Filed: 2020-08-05
Abstract: Provided is a use of an agent for regulating an amino acid level in preparing a drug for treating Alzheimer's disease in a subject.
Patent WO-2022027389-A1 (WO)
Title: Mechanism for cell identity management
Inventor: XU XIANG
IPC: H04W36/00
Filed: 2020-08-05
Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to mechanism for cell identity management. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a source device obtains identity information of a target device. The source device further obtains mapping from old cell ID to new cell ID for a migrating device and descendant devices of the migrating device. The mapping information receives from the target device or the migrating device. In this way, the device may be migrated to the target device without interrupting services of the terminal device which connects to the device.
Patent WO-2022027457-A1 (WO)
Title: Schemes to avoid periodic resource collisions
Inventor: YAO CHUNHAI
IPC: H04W74/08
Filed: 2020-08-06
Abstract: Systems, methods and circuitries are provided for performing UE autonomous selection in a vehicle-to-anything (V2X) communication environment, that includes one or more processors configured to schedule resources for discontinuous periodic transmission having a scheduled discontinuous time period in which scheduled resources are not transmitted. The one or more processors are further configured to perform a monitoring operation at the scheduled discontinuous time period, the monitoring operation comprising a monitoring for a collision of scheduled resources of the evaluating UE with scheduled resources of a competing UE, and selectively perform a corrective action when a collision of scheduled resources of the evaluating UE with scheduled resources of the competing UE is detected during the monitoring operation.
Patent WO-2021037077-A1 (WO)
Title: Patentiflorin a analogs as antiviral agents
Inventor: ZHANG HONGJIE
IPC: C07D407/02
Filed: 2020-08-26
Abstract: Patentiflorin A analogs that are useful as antivirals, such as anti-HIV, anti-coronaviral, anti-Ebola viral, and anti-influenza viral agents and methods of use thereof.
Patent WO-2021227323-A1 (WO)
Inventor: DING QINGPING
IPC: B02C15/00
Filed: 2020-09-16
Abstract: 一种八辊雷蒙磨，包括：梅花架（2）、主轴（3）、四个第一磨辊总成（4）和四个第二磨辊总成（5）；梅花架（2）具有主体部（21）、四个第一安装部（22）和四个第二安装部（23），主体部（21）固定设置于主轴（3），四个第一安装部（22）和四个第二安装部（23）沿着主轴（3）周向相间设置于主体部（21）；每个第一磨辊总成（4）具有第一磨辊轴、第一磨辊（41）和第一磨环（42），第一磨辊轴的一端对应设置于第一安装部（22），另一端连接于第一磨辊（41），第一磨环（42）与第一磨辊（41）对应设置于第一磨辊轴底端；每个第二磨辊总成（5）具有第二磨辊轴、第二磨辊（51）和第二磨环（52），第二磨辊轴的一端对应设置于第二安装部（23），另一端连接于第二磨辊（51），且第二磨辊（51）的直径小于第一磨辊（41）的直径。该八辊雷蒙磨将磨辊数量至八个，增加了研磨接触面积，缩小研磨周期，提高工作效率。
Patent WO-2021057734-A1 (WO)
Title: Display device
Inventor: YANG BINGQING
IPC: G09G3/3208
Filed: 2020-09-22
Abstract: Disclosed by the present disclosure is a display device, comprising an array substrate and at least two driving units. The array substrate comprises a peripheral region and a display region, wherein the peripheral region surrounds the display region. The array substrate further comprises a peripheral grounding wire, which is located in the peripheral region and surrounds the display region. The at least two driving units are located on at least one side of the array substrate, and comprise at least two grounding pins, wherein one grounding pin of at least one driving unit is connected to the peripheral grounding wire, and at least one grounding pin of two adjacent driving units is electrically connected.
Patent WO-2022061819-A1 (WO)
Inventor: ZHENG GUOGUANG
IPC: H01L27/144
Filed: 2020-09-27
Abstract: Provided are a receiving chip, distance measurement apparatus, and movable platform, the receiving chip comprising: an avalanche photodiode chip (10), the avalanche photodiode chip (10) comprising a plurality of back-illuminated avalanche photodiodes and a plurality of first connection projections (110), the first connection projections (110) are electrically connected to the back-illuminated avalanche photodiode; a signal processing chip (20), the signal processing chip (20) comprising a plurality of signal processing units and a plurality of second connection projections (204), the second connection projections (204) being electrically connected to the signal processing units; the upper and lower corresponding avalanche photodiodes are interconnected with the signal processing units by way of the first connection projections (110) and the second connection projections (204); the receiving chip is a highly integrated, arrayed receiving chip, such as an APD chip comprising faceting, having more stable performance and excellent reliability.
Patent WO-2022082583-A1 (WO)
Title: Procédé de transmission de données dans une duplication de protocole pdcp, nœud de réseau et équipement d'utilisateur
Inventor: WANG HEJUN
IPC: H04W76/15
Filed: 2020-10-22
Abstract: La présente invention concerne un procédé de transmission de données dans une duplication de protocole de convergence de données en mode paquet (PDCP), exécutable dans un équipement d'utilisateur. Ledit procédé comprend : la réception, en provenance d'un nœud de réseau, d'informations de configuration indiquant une association parmi des exigences de qualité de service (QoS), des informations de type de supports radioélectriques de données (DRB) et un certain nombre de branches de supports radioélectriques de données (DRB) ; la détection d'une exigence QoS d'un flux QoS ; la détermination d'un support DRB pour le flux QoS à mapper sur la base des exigences QoS, des informations de type de supports radioélectriques de données (DRB) et du nombre de branches des supports radioélectriques de données (DRB) ; et la réalisation d'une transmission, sur la liaison montante, du flux QoS avec le support DRB.
Patent WO-2021223379-A1 (WO)
Inventor: ZHOU WENJIE
IPC: E21B47/017
Filed: 2020-10-28
Abstract: 石油开采钻具循环冷却装置及正辛烷作为制冷剂的应用。所述冷却装置包括制冷剂回路和隔热筒（9），制冷剂回路中的涡轮（4）、压缩机（5）和冷凝器（6）设置在隔热筒（9）外，膨胀机构（7）和蒸发器（8）设置在隔热筒（9）内，涡轮（4）和压缩机（5）设置在抗压筒（2）上方，钻井液驱动涡轮（4）转动，涡轮（4）驱动压缩机（5）工作，冷凝器（6）设置在钻铤（1）与隔热筒（9）之间位置，蒸发器（8）环绕抗压筒（2）外壁设置，对抗压筒（2）内的随钻电子设备进行冷却。所述冷却装置在150℃～250℃高温温区采用正辛烷作为制冷循环工质，通过制冷循环对钻具进行冷却，满足了如石油钻井随钻仪器等场景的制冷需要。
Patent WO-2021083223-A1 (WO)
Title: Antenna unit and electronic device
Inventor: ZHU ZHIMIN
IPC: H01Q1/50
Filed: 2020-10-28
Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide an antenna unit and an electronic device. The antenna unit comprises a metal groove, M feeding parts provided at the bottom of the metal groove, M feeding arm units and a first insulator provided in the metal groove, and a target radiator borne by the first insulator. Each feeding arm unit comprises a first feeding arm, a second feeding arm electrically connected to a first end of the first feeding arm, and a third feeding arm electrically connected to the second feeding arm; a second end of the first feeding arm in each feeding arm unit is electrically connected to a different feeding part in the M feeding parts; the third feeding arm in each feeding arm unit is coupled with a target radiator, or the first feeding arm, the second feeding arm and the third feeding arm in each feeding arm unit are coupled with the target radiator, M being an integer greater than 1.
Patent WO-2021103992-A1 (WO)
Title: 检测装置和检测方法
Inventor: LI HONGQUAN
IPC: G01N21/31
Filed: 2020-11-09
Abstract: 一种检测装置(100)和检测方法(200)。该检测装置(100)包括：主体(101)、检测组件(102)和检测对象接纳部(103)。该检测组件(102)包括：信号发射器，配置为发射检测信号；信号接收器，配置为接收信号发射器发射的检测信号的至少一部分；以及检测连接部(1023)，连接信号发射器和信号接收器，且使得信号发射器和信号接收器通过检测连接部(1023)彼此间隔开。检测对象接纳部(103)用于接收检测对象(10)。检测对象接纳部(103)与检测组件(102)可相对移动地设置在主体(101)上，以允许检测对象接纳部(103)所接收的检测对象(10)位于在信号发射器与信号接收器之间的检测信号的传输路径中。
Patent WO-2021169432-A1 (WO)
Inventor: ZHANG QI
IPC: H04N21/2187
Filed: 2020-11-19
Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a data processing method and apparatus of a live broadcast application, an electronic device and a storage medium. The method comprises: receiving voice control data provided by a first client; acquiring multimedia data of a corresponding level of a virtual image corresponding to the voice control data; and sending the multimedia data to the first client. The present disclosure may acquire, according to the corresponding level of the virtual image corresponding to the voice control data, the multimedia data, and the corresponding levels of different virtual images may correspond to different multimedia data, so that the virtual images can be embodied in different growth stages, and the interactivity of the live broadcast application can be improved.
Patent WO-2021212858-A1 (WO)
Inventor: YANG HUANGHAO
IPC: A61K47/54
Filed: 2020-12-07
Abstract: La présente invention relève du domaine technique de l'immunothérapie ou de la prévention et du traitement de maladies avec des vaccins, concerne en particulier un composé hétérocyclique contenant deux atomes de soufre ou plus et une application de ce dernier dans la préparation d'un nano-vaccin. L'invention concerne l'application du composé hétérocyclique contenant au moins deux atomes de soufre et pouvant être lié de manière covalente ou non covalente à un polypeptide dans la préparation du nano-vaccin. Une nanoparticule préparée par auto-assemblage du composé et d'un antigène peut entrer dans le cytoplasme dendritique en traversant la membrane, ce qui permet d'améliorer l'efficacité d'absorption de l'antigène et d'un adjuvant immunitaire. Dans le procédé d'entrée dans une cellule, le nano-vaccin peut efficacement éviter ou réduire la biodégradation de l'antigène ou de l'adjuvant acide nucléique provoqué par des enzymes dans les lysosomes, et par conséquent le nano-vaccin peut activer efficacement les cellules dendritiques et améliorer la présentation croisée de l'antigène, activant ainsi efficacement les lymphocytes T CD8+ et favorisant la prolifération des lymphocytes T. Par conséquent, le nano-vaccin peut empêcher une prolifération de cellules tumorales et une infection virale par une activation immunitaire et une régulation immunitaire efficaces.
Patent WO-2021115285-A1 (WO)
Inventor: Liang Weidao
IPC: G06Q30/04
Filed: 2020-12-08
Abstract: A method for processing data on the basis of a tax control interface of a supply chain transaction platform, the method comprising the following steps: when a target node receives an invoicing instruction, a tax control invoice system acquires order data on the basis of a tax control interface (S10); and performing preset processing according to the order data, and outputting the processing result by means of the tax control interface (S21). Further disclosed is a terminal for processing data on the basis of a tax control interface of a supply chain transaction platform, and a computer-readable storage medium, which accomplish the effect of increasing invoicing efficiency.
Patent WO-2022120851-A1 (WO)
Inventor: SU HUASHENG
IPC: H01M50/147
Filed: 2020-12-11
Abstract: 本申请实施例涉及电池领域，尤其涉及一种端盖组件、电池单体及其制造方法、电池及用电装置。其中，端盖组件包括端盖，用于封闭电池单体的壳体，端盖上设有防爆机构；转接件，转接件在端盖的第一面的正投影与防爆机构在端盖的第一面的正投影至少部分重合，第一面为端盖朝向壳体的面；转接件与端盖之间设有支撑件，支撑件由耐高温的绝缘材料制成，支撑件能够支撑转接件，以防止转接件在电池单体热失控时堵塞防爆机构。本申请通过增加支撑件，从而防止转接件在电池单体发生热失控时直接抵在防爆机构上而堵塞防爆机构，保证防爆机构的正常致动，进而防止电池单体在热失控时发生燃烧甚至爆炸，保证电池单体在使用时的安全性。
Patent WO-2022126327-A1 (WO)
Inventor: GUO YALI
IPC: H04W12/06
Filed: 2020-12-14
Abstract: Les modes de réalisation de la présente demande concernent un procédé de communication sans fil, un dispositif terminal et un élément de réseau. Ledit procédé comprend : la détermination d'un premier mode cible correspondant à une première opération, la première opération comprenant au moins l'une parmi une autorisation, une authentification, une ré-autorisation ou une ré-authentification ; et l'envoi, sur la base du premier mode cible, d'informations pour effectuer la première opération. Dans les modes de réalisation de la présente demande, un premier mode cible correspondant à une première opération est déterminé, de sorte qu'un dispositif terminal peut envoyer, sur la base du premier mode cible, des informations pour effectuer la première opération. Sur cette base, dans les cas où la première opération est une autorisation/authentification, le processus d'autorisation/authentification du réseau 3GPP pour le dispositif terminal peut être optimisé, et la fourniture d'informations dupliquées inutiles pour une autorisation/authentification au réseau 3GPP peut être évitée ; et dans les cas où la première opération est une ré-autorisation/authentification, la ré-autorisation/authentification du dispositif terminal peut être réalisée, ce qui permet d'améliorer les performances du système.
Patent WO-2022126473-A1 (WO)
Inventor: WANG PENGYUAN
IPC: A61P7/06
Filed: 2020-12-17
Abstract: 本发明涉及一种通过物理途径促进干细胞分化效率的材料及方法，具体公开了一种促进人胚胎干细胞向造血相关细胞亚型分化的颗粒基底材料，所述颗粒基底材料是由微球和纳米球通过自组装在一容器中或基底表面形成；所述的微球与纳米球的粒径尺寸比例为1:0.01-0.3。本发明还公开了上述颗粒基底经由自组装干燥后所形成的二维基底作为人胚胎干细胞扩增的材料，经过材料扩增后的干细胞可提升后续向造血细胞分化的效率，提升造血干组细胞或血细胞数量至少3倍以上。本发明的方法首次利用颗粒材料提高了人胚胎干细胞向造血细胞分化的效率，材料制备工艺简单，并优化了造血细胞的生产过程，降低了生产成本。
Patent WO-2022120937-A1 (WO)
Title: Antibacterial cleaning agent for powered electronic products
Inventor: YU YONG
IPC: C11D7/50
Filed: 2020-12-21
Abstract: An antibacterial cleaning agent for powered electronic products, which cleaning agent comprises, in percentage by weight: 80%-95% of a fluorine-containing hydrocarbon compound having 2-5 carbon atoms, and 5%-20% of an alcohol having 2-3 carbon atoms. The antibacterial cleaning agent for powered electronic products is environmentally friendly and has both good cleaning performance and antibacterial performance.
Patent WO-2021129851-A1 (WO)
Inventor: WANG HUI
IPC: F02D13/02
Filed: 2020-12-28
Abstract: Procédé de commande pour un mécanisme de levée de soupape variable d'un moteur de véhicule. Le procédé comprend : un calcul de la quantité d'admission d'air demandée; en réponse au fait que la quantité d'admission d'air demandée est la quantité d'admission d'air demandée moyenne, une détermination d'une première levée de base d'une soupape, d'un premier degré d'ouverture de base d'un papillon, et d'un premier degré d'ouverture de base d'un turbocompresseur; une commande du papillon pour être ouvert du premier degré d'ouverture de base du papillon pour permettre à de l'air d'entrer dans un tuyau d'admission totale, et une commande de la soupape pour être ouverte de la première levée de base pour permettre à de l'air d'entrer dans un cylindre à air; et une commande du turbocompresseur pour être ouvert du premier degré d'ouverture de base du turbocompresseur pour permettre au turbocompresseur de turbocompresser l'air dans le tuyau d'admission totale pour une combustion de carburant dans le moteur.
Patent WO-2021139662-A1 (WO)
Title: Pretreatment device for dirty oil sludge
Inventor: LI FEI
IPC: C02F11/00
Filed: 2021-01-06
Abstract: Disclosed is a pretreatment device for dirty oil sludge. The pretreatment device comprises a filter (1), a dehydrator (2), a first core treatment unit (3), a feeding pipe (4), a first connecting pipe (5) and a second connecting pipe (6), wherein a first switch valve (7) is arranged at an output end of a front side of the first connecting pipe (5); a second switch valve (8) is arranged at an output end of a rear side of the first connecting pipe (5); a first cavity is provided in the first core treatment unit (3); a first ultrasonic demulsification assembly (9), a first high-frequency vibration assembly (10) and a first high-energy electron beam assembly (11) are fixedly arranged in the first cavity; an input end of the second connecting pipe (6) is in communication with an output end of the first core treatment unit (3); an output end of the second connecting pipe (6) is in communication with an input end of the dehydrator (2); and a third switch valve is arranged on the second connecting pipe (6). The pretreatment device can gather and enlarge emulsion cores of dirty oil sludge, destabilize the dirty oil sludge, and break away from an emulsification state, such that the pretreatment effect is better, and the subsequent treatment pressure is reduced, therefore being more practical use.
Patent WO-2021147861-A1 (WO)
Title: Cartridge test device, cartridge assembly, and cartridge assembly test method
Inventor: GU HAINING
IPC: B41J2/175
Filed: 2021-01-19
Abstract: Disclosed are a cartridge test device, a cartridge assembly, and a cartridge assembly test method. The cartridge test device comprises a device main body (21), a data transmission apparatus (22) mounted on the device main body (21), and a plurality of test heads (23), wherein the test heads (23) are connected to the device main body (21), and are in electrical and/or signal connection with the data transmission apparatus (22); and the test heads (23) can each test a cartridge. The device and method can improve the test efficiency of a cartridge, and reduce test costs.