baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent NO-166803-B (NO)
Inventor: BENGTSSON GOERAN
IPC: D21B1/02
Filed: 1986-03-12
Abstract: In accordance with the invention a chemimechanical pulp is produced from lignocellulosic material, for example wood chips, by subjecting the material to a process in which it is steamed, impregnated with alkali and peroxide, drained, pre-heated, refined and bleached.The material is impregnated in a single stage with solution containing alkali and peroxide. Subsequent to passing an intermediate drainage and reaction stage, the material is pre-heated to a temperature of from about 50°C, but not above 100°C. The material is then refined in one or two stages.The material can be impregnated by immersing the same in the impregnating solution for a period of up to 20 minutes at a temperature of 15-60°C, or by compressing the material in a screw press and permitting the compressed material to expand in the impregnating solution.The ratio of alkali to peroxide in the impregnating solution is balanced so as to obtain a pH greater than 12.The optimal brightness for a given peroxide charge is achieved by a balanced division of the peroxide charge between the chip impregnating stage and the bleaching stage.
Patent NO-168048-B (NO)
Inventor: KAPMEYER WOLFGANG
IPC: G01N33/543
Filed: 1986-12-19
Abstract: Dispersion polymers which are used to prepare active dispersion polymers (latex conjugates) are obtained by polymerising compounds of the formula I
 H2C=C(R1)-CO-NH-(CH2)n-CH(OR2)(OR3)
 in which n is 1 to 6, R1 is H or CH3, and R2 and R3 are identical or different and are -(CH2)m-CH3 where m is 0 to 7 or are CY(X)(Z) where X, Y and Z are identical or different and are (CH2)pCH3 where p is 1 to 3,
 and compounds of the formula II
 H2C=C(R1)-CO-R-(CH2)n-(CHOH)m-(CH2)1-H
 in which R is O or NH, n is 1 to 3, m is 1 to 4, l is 0 to 4 and R1 is H or CH3,
 with one another in the presence of a seed dispersion, a copolymer being formed on the surface of the latex particles. 
<??>Latex conjugates are obtained therefrom by binding the antibodies or antigens of interest to the dispersion polymers according to the invention.
Patent NO-163034-B (NO)
Inventor: KOCK GERARDUS JOHANNES ANTONIU
IPC: F23L3/00
Filed: 1987-06-23
Abstract: 1. A stove for burning solid fuel, such as coke or coal, comprising a feed hopper for storing a stock of fuel and a supporting member for supporting fuel present in a fire place, the feed hopper being in communication near its lower side with the space incorporating the fire place via a downwardly sloping fuel supply channel, which is bounded by boundary walls which are arranged one above the other and are interspaced by a distance of between 7-11 cms, whilst the arrangement furhter includes a passage for the supply of primary combustion air near the lower side of the combustion chamber and an inlet passage for the supply of secondary combustion air above the combustion chamber, characterized, in that the lowermost point of the lower boundary wall of the fuel supply channel is located at a distance of between 15-25 cms from the supporting member disposed therebelow, whilst the primary combustion air is sucked-in with the aid of a fan disposed upstream of the combustion chamber from the passage for supplying the primary combustion air, which passage is automatically closed by a valve when the fan is made inoperative. a
Patent NO-173142-B (NO)
Inventor: BRADY III ROBERT CONVERSE
IPC: C08F10/00
Filed: 1988-05-18
Abstract: Stereoregular polymers having a molecular weight distribution of less than 5.0 and an isotactic index in excess of 96 percent are produced by polymerizing an alpha-olefin having 3 to 8 carbon atoms in a low pressure gas phase fluid bed process at a temperature in excess of 80 DEG C employing a heat stable catalyst system comprising (a) a solid catalyst component containing magnesium, titanium, halide and a polycarboxylic acid ester containing two coplanar ester groups attached to adjacent carbon atoms, as inside electron donor, (b) an organoaluminum cocatalyst, and (c) a silicon compound containing a silicon-oxygen-carbon linkage, as outside electron donor.
Patent NO-170396-B (NO)
Title: Fremgangsmaate for fremstilling av forsterkede plater fra en blokk av bygningsmateriale saasom stein
Inventor: MAROCCO GUISEPPE
IPC: B28D1/00
Filed: 1990-01-31
Abstract: Fremgangsmåten er av en type hvor en. blokk av naturlig eller kunstig bygningsmateriale utsettes for flere. skjæringer for å danne en delvis bearbeidet blokk bestående av en rekke. forberedte parallelle plater (18). skilt fra hverandre av spalter (16). og sammenkoblet av en uskåret del (20). i selve blokken. Et størknende fluidprodukt (42) innføres i spaltene og. skal størkne. Endelig utsettes blokken. for en andre flerflodig skjæring gjennom hele utstrekningen langs mellom-plan i de forberedte plater (18) for. å dele dem i tykkelse og produsere. par med ferdige plater som forbindes. langs den ene kant av en tilsvarende. del (40) i bunndelen (20) . Såvel det. størknede fluidprodukt (42) , blir et. fast forsterkningsmateriale (28) inn-ført i spaltene og er ment å forbli. forbundet til de ferdige plater (38).Ifølge en side av fremgangsmåten blir. et separeringslag (44) som har fri-gjøringsegenskaper i forhold til det. størknede fyllprodukt, også innsatt i. spaltene (16) . Kantene på de ferdige plater (38) blir så trimmet for å fjerne både det størknede produkt (42). og den nevnte del (40) på bunndelen (20), slik at et par separate paneler. fremstilles hvor minst ett av disse er forsterket.—orv
Patent NO-179683-B (NO)
Title: Innretning for å böye hulprofillister til avstandsholderammer for isolasjonsglass
Inventor: LISEC PETER
IPC: C03C27/06
Filed: 1991-03-20
Abstract: Innretning for bøying av hulprofillister (3) for.avstandsholderammer for lsolasjonsglass hvor hulprofillisten (3) kan forskyves langs en glidetransportbane (4) ved hjelp av en forskyvbar griper (2), som er fastlagt på hulprofillisten (3). Størrelsen på den eventuelt trinnvis utførte fremføringen av hulprofillisten (3) tilsvarer lengden på ben til avstandsholderammen som skal fremstilles.
Patent ZA-813930-B (ZA)
Title: Umidazobenzothiadiazepines,process for their manufacture,pharmaceutical preparations containing these compounds and their therapeutic application
Inventor: VLATTAS ISIDOROS
IPC: A61P25/00
Filed: 1981-06-11
Abstract: The invention concerns the compounds of the Formula I   <IMAGE> wherein each of R1 and R2 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkanoyl, halogeno, cyano, carboxy, carbalkoxy, carbamoyl, sulfamoyl, mono- or di-alkyl-(carbamoyl or sulfamoyl); Ph is 1,2-phenylene, unsubstituted or substituted by up to two identical or different members selected from alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, halogeno, trifluoromethyl, sulfamoyl, mono- or di-alkylsulfamoyl; each of CmH2m and CnH2n is alkylene separating both nitrogen atoms by 2 or 3 carbon atoms, and R3 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkanoyl, alkoxycarbonyl, phenyl-alkoxycarbonyl or hydroxyalkyl, wherein the hydroxy group is separated from the nitrogen atom by at least 2 carbon atoms; their N- and/or S-oxides, and alkyl quaternary derivatives thereof salts of all these compounds. The compounds exhibit neuroleptic activity. They are prepared by condensing a compound of the general Formula III or a salt thereof with a compound of the general Formula IV   <IMAGE> wherein X is halogeno, alkoxy, alkylthio, cyanato or thiocyanato; Y is hydrogen or an alkali metal; p is an integer from 0 to 2, and the remaining symbols have the meaning given for formula I.
Patent ZA-818872-B (ZA)
Title: Composition and process for recovering and upgrading petroleum products
Inventor: FORSTER M
IPC: C09K23/42
Filed: 1981-12-22
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/FR81/00168 Sec. 371 Date Aug. 16, 1982 Sec. 102(e) Date Aug. 16, 1982 PCT Filed Dec. 23, 1981 PCT Pub. No. WO82/02177 PCT Pub. Date Jul. 8, 1982.A composition for recovering and upgrading sludge that accumulates in vessels for storing and transporting petroleum products comprises a solvent made up of at least one aliphatic hydrocarbon and at least one aromatic monohalogenated hydrocarbon of the benzene or naphthalene type, together with a demulsifying and dispersing agent that is an aliphatic straight-chain oxyethylated amineated derivative or a quaternary ammonium compound having at least one alkyl and at least one aryl residue in the form of thiocyano derivative. The composition is dissolved in a hydrocarbon in a proportion of from 2 to 10% by weight, the resulting solution is projected on to the residues at a pressure of from 2 to 15 bars, and the resulting suspension is recycled, recovered, and treated like crude oil. The invention is applied to the recovery and upgrading of sludges which accumulate in storage vessels and petroleum product transport vessels, whether they are on the ground or on land or sea transport vessels.
Patent ZA-827140-B (ZA)
Title: 7-bromo-5-(2-halophenyl)-1h-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepine compounds,method for their manufacture and pharmaceutical compositions containing them
Inventor: ZEUGNER HORST
IPC: A61P25/20
Filed: 1982-09-29
Abstract: Disclosed are 7-bromo-5-(2-halophenyl)-1H-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepines of the formula I    <IMAGE>  I  in which R1 is a hydrogen atom or a lower alkoxy or alkanoyloxy radical and R2 is a halogen atom. The compounds possess psychopharmacological, and especially anti-aggressive properties. To manufacture compounds of formula I, corresponding 2-halomethyl-7-bromo-5-(2-halophenyl)-1H-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepines are cyclized to corresponding 7-bromo-1,2-methylene-5-(2-halophenyl)-1H-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepines and in these the aziridine ring is opened through treatment with a lower alcohol or a lower carboxylic acid in the presence of a Lewis acid.
Patent ZA-835945-B (ZA)
Title: A process for isolating microbial polysaccharides in the form of amine adducts,and their use
Inventor: FISCHER EDGAR
IPC: C12P19/06
Filed: 1983-08-12
Abstract: Microbial polysaccharides can be quantitatively precipitated from their aqueous solutions, in particular directly from the fermentation solutions, in an acidic medium in the form of an adduct with a tertiary amine which has a long-chain alkyl radical. It is advantageous to add the amine to the polysaccharide solution and then to carry out the precipitation, in particular by adding the dispersion obtained to an acidic coagulation bath. The adducts are suitable for use as thickeners and for preparing the free polysaccharides.
Patent ZA-843137-B (ZA)
Title: Curing component for synthetic resins which contain groups capable of amide formation or ester formation with carboxylic acids
Inventor: WALTZ GERD
IPC: C08L77/00
Filed: 1984-04-27
Abstract: Michael addition products of monocarboxylic or dicarboxylic acid esters, capable of undergoing Michael addition, with compounds containing double bonds capable of undergoing Michael addition are suitable for use as a curing component for synthetic resins containing groups capable of amide formation and/or ester formation with carboxylic acids. In particular, the Michael addition products of acetoacetic esters or malonic esters with esters, amides or urea derivatives of  alpha ,  beta -unsaturated monocarboxylic or dicarboxylic acids are used. The structure and the functionality of the curing component can be varied in many ways. It can be attached directly to the synthetic resin molecule, so that self-curing synthetic resins are obtained.
Patent ZA-871146-B (ZA)
Title: Process and apparatus for particles
Inventor: NOAKES TIMOTHY JAMES
IPC: A61M11/00
Filed: 1987-02-17
Abstract: A process for the production of solid particles, characterised by the solidification in flight of an electrically charged spray of fluid droplets of narrow particle size distribution, and an apparatus for that process comprisinga sprayhead (1) with a channel (17) for the fluid communicating with an outlet;means for subjecting the fluid to an electrical field such that the fluid will move from the sprayhead (1) under the influence of the field to produce a spray of the fluid, the means including means for applying a first potential to the fluid;an electrode (11) mounted spaced from but adjacent to the sprayhead (1) with means to apply a second potential to that electrode; anda spray chamber (14), so positioned that in use the sprayhead (1) delivers the spray to the chamber interior, and provided with means to apply a third potential to the chamber, and so dimensioned and arranged that in use the majority of the spray droplets solidify before impinging on any surface of or within the chamber.
Patent ZA-882618-B (ZA)
Title: New pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidines and pharmaceutical compositions containing them
IPC: A61P37/08
Filed: 1988-04-14
Abstract: Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines of the formula I 
<IMAGE>
 in which
 R1 denotes a C1- to C6-alkyl radical, a C2- to C6-alkenyl radical, a C3- to C7-cycloalkyl radical or an aryl radical,
 R2 denotes a C2- to C6-alkenyl radical, a C3- to C7-cycloalkyl radical or an aralkyl or hetaralkyl radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety and which, if desired, is mono- or polysubstituted by halogen, C1- to C6-alkyl, hydroxyl, C1- to C6-alkoxy, C1- to C3-haloalkyl, C3- to C7-alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, C2- to C7-alkylaminocarbonyl, C3- to C13-dialkylaminocarbonyl, cyano or C1- to C6-alkylthio and
 R3 denotes hydrogen, a C2- to C6-alkyl radical which, if desired, is mono- or polysubstituted by hydroxyl, a tetrahydrofuranyl radical or a tetrahydropyranyl radical,
 with the proviso that R2 cannot be unsubstituted benzyl if R1 represents the methyl group,
 and their physiologically tolerable salts of inorganic or organic acids are used as medicaments for the treatment of allergic diseases and of bronchospastic and bronchoconstrictive reactions due to inflammation.
Patent ZA-887691-B (ZA)
Title: Device for the injection of a hydrocarbon charge into a catalytic-cracking reactor
Inventor: WILLIATTE CHRISTOPHE
IPC: C10G11/18
Filed: 1988-10-14
Abstract: Device for injecting a hydrocarbon feedstock into a catalytic cracking reactor, comprising, from upstream towards downstream in the direction of travel of the feedstock, a system (5) for allowing to enter and mixing the liquid hydrocarbon feedstock and steam, a venturi (6) whose converging cone (10) is connected to the said system (5) for allowing to enter and mixing, and a protective hood (7) integrally attached to the diverging cone (14) of this venturi and having an orifice (16) for injecting the feedstock into the reactor. 
<??>The dimensions of the venturi (6) are such that the speed of mixing of the liquid feedstock and of steam therein reaches sonic conditions at the neck (13) and the rectilinear neck situated between the divergent cone (14) and the convergent cone (10) is connected to the latter in a continuous manner by a curved profile in the form of an angle greater than 5 DEG  and approximately 15 DEG  respectively with the axis of the venturi. 
<IMAGE>
Patent ZA-892303-B (ZA)
Title: Improved cytotoxic therapy
Inventor: GOLDENBERG M DAVID
IPC: A61K45/06
Filed: 1989-03-29
Abstract: Anticancer, antimicrobial and autoimmune disease, and anti-organ rejection therapy using cytotoxic agents is improved using cytokines to prevent, mitigate or reverse adverse radiation-induced or drug-induced toxicity, especially to hematopoietic cells. Cytotoxic agents can include radioisotopes, drugs, toxins and even unconjugated antibodies. A preferred cytokine is IL-1. Higher doses of cytotoxic agents can be administered and tolerated by the patient and dose-limiting marrow toxicity can be prevented, palliated or reversed using adjunct cytokine therapy.
Patent ZA-892312-B (ZA)
Title: 7-(imidazol-1-yl)-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6,8-difluoro-1-cyclo-propylquinoline-3-carboxylic acid derivatives their preparation and their application as drugs
Inventor: COROMINAS JUAN PARES
IPC: C07D401/04
Filed: 1989-03-29
Abstract: New heterocyclic compounds which correspond to the formula (I) 
<IMAGE>
 where R represents a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl radical or a phenyl or substituted phenyl radical, and R1 represents an alkyl radical or an aryl radical, as well as their physiologically acceptable salts.
Patent ZA-904962-B (ZA)
Title: 2-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene derivatives with cardiovascular activity,process for their preparation and pharmaceutical compositions containing them
Inventor: CHIESI PAOLO
IPC: A61K31/135
Filed: 1990-06-26
Abstract: 5,6-Dimethoxy-2[[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-1-methylethyl]amino]-1, 2,3,4- t etrahydronaphthalene has inotropic and vasodilating activities and therefore can be used in the treatment of cardiocirculatory failure. The compound can be in form of a single stereoisomer or of mixtures of two or more stereoisomers.
Patent ZA-926013-B (ZA)
Title: 1-acylpiperidene compounds
Inventor: SCHILLING WALTER
IPC: C07D211/58
Filed: 1992-08-11
Abstract: 1-Acylpiperidine compound of the formula I    <IMAGE>  (I)  in which R1 is an optionally substituted aralkyl, aryloxyalkyl, heteroaralkyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, aralkanoyl, heteroarylalkanoyl, aralkoxycarbonyl or arylcarbamoyl radical or the acyl radical of an  alpha -amino acid which is optionally N-substituted by lower alkanoyl or carbamoyl-lower-alkanoyl, R2 is cycloalkyl or an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl radical, R3 is hydrogen, alkyl, carbamoyl or an alkanoyl or alkenoyl radical which is optionally substituted by carboxyl or esterified or amidated carboxyl, R4 is an optionally substituted aryl or optionally partially hydrogenated heteroaryl radical, X1 is methylene, ethylene, a direct linkage, an optionally ketalised carbonyl group or an optionally etherified hydroxymethylene group, X2 is alkylene, carbonyl or a direct linkage, and X3 is carbonyl, oxo-lower-alkylene, oxo(aza)-lower-alkylene or an alkylene radical which is optionally substituted by phenyl, hydroxymethyl, optionally esterified or amidated carboxyl or, in higher than the  alpha  position, by hydroxyl, and its salts have substance-P-antagonistic properties and can be used as pharmaceutically active substances in pharmaceuticals for the treatment of disorders in whose development substance P plays an essential part.
Patent ZA-927240-B (ZA)
Title: N-alkyl-3-phenyl-3-(2-alkylthiophenoxy) propylamines
Inventor: GEHLERT DONALD RICHARD
IPC: C07C319/20
Filed: 1992-09-22
Abstract: This invention provides N-alkyl-3-phenyl-3-(2-substituted phenoxy)propylamines which are useful to treat neurological disorders associated with norepinephrine imbalance.
Patent ZA-938676-B (ZA)
Title: Use of dimethylbenzofurans and dimethylbenzopyrans as 5-ht antagonists
Inventor: DAELE GEORGES HENRI PAUL VAN
IPC: A61P25/30
Filed: 1993-11-19
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/EP93/03206 Sec. 371 Date Jun. 16, 1995 Sec. 102(e) Date Jun. 16, 1995 PCT Filed Nov. 15, 1993 PCT Pub. No. WO94/12494 PCT Pub. Date Jun. 9, 1994Method of treating 5-HT3-mediated disorders, which comprises systemic administration of an effective amount of a compound of formula (I)    <IMAGE>  (I)  the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt forms and the stereochemically isomeric forms thereof, wherein R1 and R2 represent hydrogen, or R1 and R2 taken together form a bivalent radical of formula -CH=CH-CH=CH- (a), -CH=C(Cl)-CH=CH- (b) or -CH=CH-C(Cl)=CH- (c); n represents 2, 3 or 4; R3 represents hydrogen or methoxy; m represents 1 or 2; R4 represents hydrogen, amino or C1-3-alkylcarbonylamino; and R5 represents hydrogen or halo; novel compounds; compositions; processes for preparing novel compounds and intermediates.
Patent ZA-945155-B (ZA)
Title: Medical dressing with semi-peripheral delivery system and methods therefor
Inventor: CASTELLANA FRANK S
IPC: A61F13/02
Filed: 1994-07-14
Abstract: In accordance with the present invention novel medical dressing systems and methods are disclosed using a semiperipheral support design which provides at least one conformal, unsupported dressing edge upon application. The dressing system disclosed herein comprises a backing layer, an adhesive material overlying the backing layer and a release liner overlying the adhesive, wherein said medical dressing system further comprises a final dressing potion and a semiperipheral support portion partially surrounding said dressing portion and said support portion being partially defined by a separation, said dressing portion being further defined by at least one unsupported edge, said one or more unsupported edges extending from a first end to a second end of said semiperipheral support portion. <IMAGE>
Patent ZA-947662-B (ZA)
Title: Picking apparatus for a harvesting device.
Inventor: WIEGERT LUDGER
IPC: A01D45/02
Filed: 1994-09-30
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/DE94/01150 Sec. 371 Date Apr. 24, 1995 Sec. 102(e) Date Apr. 24, 1995 PCT Filed Sep. 28, 1994 PCT Pub. No. WO95/17807 PCT Pub. Date Jul. 6, 1995A picking attachment having one or more pull-in rotors (2) and stationary comminuting tools (10), wherein the comminuting tools are in the form of rotating cutting disks (11) which are arranged on a carrier shaft (12) directed parallel to the axis of each pull-in rotor and form a cutting roller situated lower than the pull-in rotors.
Patent ZA-953592-B (ZA)
Title: Isocyanates masked using hydroxyaromatic compounds.
Inventor: ARDAUD PIERRE
IPC: C09D5/03
Filed: 1995-05-04
Abstract: Masked polyisocyanate is obtained by polycondensation of a isocyanate with an aromatic derivative which is hydroxylated on the ring and which has a group with a function selected from carboxylic acids and nitriles. The polyisocyanate has an (apparent) melting point of at least 30 degrees C and a Tg of at least 10 degrees C. Independent claims are also included for method for synthesizing masked (poly)isocyanate as claimed; and powder composition containing at least one said polyisocyanate.
Patent ZA-973637-B (ZA)
Title: Conical filter
Inventor: TOKAR JOSEPH C
IPC: B01D46/00
Filed: 1997-04-25
Abstract: A filter element having flow passing from upstream to downstream through the filter element, comprising:   Filter media comprising s plurality of flutes extending in longitudinal direction; wherein the filter media is coiled in a spiralling configuration having an outer surface and a first and second face. First ends of the flutes extend to the first face and second ends of the flutes extend to the second face, and alternating ends of the flutes are closed, and a portion of the first face of the coil slopes outward and toward the second face, wherein the flow passes substantially parallel to the flute direction from the first face to the second face, wherein a center potion of the first face has a substantially conical configuration, and wherein the filter element is structurally self-supporting in the substantially conical configuration.   <IMAGE>
Patent ZA-986337-B (ZA)
Title: Pyrazine derivatives their preparation and medicaments containing them
Inventor: BASHIARDES GEORGES
IPC: C07D213/82
Filed: 1998-07-16
Abstract: The invention concerns pyrazine derivatives of formula (1) in which a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of formula:in whichR represents a nitrogen atom, R1 and R3 each represent the same radical selected from the group consisting of -CO-NR5R6, -CO-N(CH(CH2OH)2)2, -CO-N(CH2OH)2, -CO-N(CH2-CH(CH2OH)2)2, -CO-N(CH2-(CHOH)n-CH2OH)2 in which n is equal to 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, -CH2-O-R6, -NR5-CO-R6, -CH2-NR5R6, -CH2-N(CH2OH)2, -CH2-N(CH2-(CHOH)y-CH2OH)2 in which y is equal to 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, -CH2-N(CH(CH2OH)2)2 and -CH2-N(CH2-CH(CH2OH)2)2 and R2 and R4 each represents a hydrogen atom,R5 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl radical,R6 represents a radical -CH2-(CHOH)m-CH2OH in which m is equal to 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, -alk-O-alk-CH2OH, -alk-O-alk, -CH(CH2OH)2, -C(CH2OH)3, -C(CH3) (CH2OH)2, -CH2-CH(CH2OH)2 or -CH(CH2OH)-(CHOH)x-CH2OH in which x is equal to 1, 2, 3 or 4, alk represents an alkyl radical, the alkyl radicals containing, unless otherwise stated, 1 to 6 carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain, stereoisomers thereof and salts thereof with an inorganic or organic acid and their preparation.