baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent WO-2021235908-A1 (WO)
Title: Wireless power transmission device, wireless power transmission method by wireless power transmission device, wireless power reception device, and wireless power reception method by wireless power reception device
Inventor: PARK YONGCHEOL
IPC: H02J50/80
Filed: 2021-05-24
Abstract: A wireless power transmission method by a wireless power transmission device according to an embodiment of the present specification comprises: a ping step of transmitting a digital ping and receiving a response to the digital ping from a wireless power reception device; a configuration step of receiving, from the wireless power reception device, a configuration packet including information on elements of an initial power transmission contract; a negotiation step of receiving, from the wireless power reception device, information on elements of an extended power transmission contract for updating the initial power transmission contract to the extended power transmission contract; and a power transmission step of transmitting wireless power to the wireless power reception device on the basis of the extended power transmission contract, wherein in the power transmission step, a request packet for requesting a specific packet is received from the wireless power reception device, and in response to the request packet, the specific packet is transmitted to the wireless power reception device.
Patent WO-2022019515-A1 (WO)
Title: Method for preparing polymer
Inventor: SHIN DAE YOUNG
IPC: C08F212/12
Filed: 2021-07-01
Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparing a polymer, and provides a method for preparing a polymer, the method comprising the steps of: feeding a monomer stream and a solvent stream into a reactor to perform a polymerization reaction, thereby preparing a reaction product; feeding a discharge stream of the reactor into a separation apparatus, separating a gas stream containing an inert gas in the separation apparatus, and feeding, into a volatilization apparatus, a liquid stream containing the reaction product with the inert gas removed therefrom; separating a polymer from a bottom discharge stream of the volatilization apparatus and feeding an overhead discharge stream containing unreacted monomers, a solvent, and an inert gas into a condensation unit; and condensing and separating the unreacted monomers and solvent in the condensation unit and feeding the gas stream into a vacuum unit.
Patent WO-2022014913-A1 (WO)
Title: Water-saving hands-free shower head
Inventor: KIM HA JUNG
IPC: B05B1/18
Filed: 2021-07-01
Abstract: The present invention is characterized by comprising: a head body which has a water supply line connected to one side and a through-mounting hole formed such that a user's hand can pass therethrough; an ejection unit which is formed in the head body and has one or more ejection holes for discharging supply water; a connection line which is installed in the head body and connects the water supply line and the ejection unit; and an opening/closing unit which is installed on the connection line and regulates the supply of the supply water to the ejection unit through the connection line. The opening/closing unit is provided with: a button part which is installed on one side of the head body so that the user can manipulate the supply of the supply water; and a valve part which, in conjunction with the button part, regulates the supply of the supply water to the ejection unit. The purpose of the present invention is to provide a water-saving hands-free shower head that a user can wear on the user's hand to wash a pet or an infant while freely using both hands.
Patent WO-2022019682-A1 (WO)
Title: Edge computing system and method
Inventor: LEE JONGWON
IPC: H04W4/70
Filed: 2021-07-22
Abstract: An electronic device according to various embodiments may comprise a communication module, a memory, and a processor operatively connected to the communication module and the memory, wherein the processor is configured to: receive a test command for connection with a leaf device located in a network from an external server by using the communication module; in response to the reception of the test command for connection, identify whether it is possible to connect to the leaf device, by using the communication module, so as to transmit a result of the identification to the external server; if it is possible to connect to the leaf device, receive at least one module for performing an edge computing service from the external server, so as to store and install the at least one module in the memory; and execute the installed at least one module and perform an edge computing service on the basis of data received from the leaf device. In addition, various other embodiments are possible.
Patent WO-2022065683-A1 (WO)
Inventor: KANG JIHOON
IPC: H01L33/24
Filed: 2021-08-11
Abstract: Disclosed are a micro LED and a display module including same, the micro LED comprising: a light-emitting surface; and a first electrode and a second electrode arranged on a surface opposite to the light-emitting surface. The disclosed micro LED comprises: a current diffusion layer to which the first electrode is electrically connected, and which has the light-emitting surface; a first cladding layer and a second cladding layer that are stacked on the current diffusion layer; an active layer arranged between the first cladding layer and the second cladding layer; and a current guiding unit arranged between the second electrode and the second cladding layer, and formed from a side surface of the micro LED to a position adjacent to the central part of the micro LED so that current flows while spaced from the side surface of the micro LED.
Patent WO-2022114494-A1 (WO)
Title: 디스플레이 지지 부재를 포함하는 전자 장치
Inventor: LEE MINSUNG
IPC: C09J9/00
Filed: 2021-09-30
Abstract: 본 개시의 다양한 실시예들에 따르는 전자 장치는, 제1 하우징, 및 상기 제1 하우징의 적어도 일부를 수용하고, 상기 제1 하우징의 슬라이드 이동을 안내하기 위한 제2 하우징을 포함하는 하우징, 상기 제1 하우징과 연결된 제1 디스플레이 영역, 및 상기 제1 디스플레이 영역으로부터 연장된 제2 디스플레이 영역을 포함하는 플렉서블 디스플레 및 상기 제2 디스플레이 영역의 적어도 일부를 지지하는 디스플레이 지지 부재를 포함하고, 상기 디스플레이 지지 부재는, 나란하게 배열되고, 측면에 형성된 제1 가공 구조를 포함하는 복수의 바들을 포함하고, 상기 복수의 바들은 돌기 또는 홈 형상의 제1-1 가공 구조를 포함하는 제1 바, 및 상기 제1-1 가공 구조와 적어도 일부가 대면하고, 상기 제1-1 가공 구조의 형상과 대응되는 제1-2 가공 구조를 포함하는 제2 바를 포함할 수 있다.
Patent WO-2022181914-A1 (WO)
Title: 로터리 압축기
Inventor: SON YOUNGBOO
IPC: F04C18/344
Filed: 2021-10-06
Abstract: 본 실시예에 따른 로터리 압축기는, 편심부의 양측에 각각 베어링부가 구비되고, 편심부와 적어도 한쪽 베어링부 사이에는 롤러를 편심부에 삽입하기 전에 롤러의 조립위치를 정렬하는 롤러정렬부가 형성될 수 있다. 이에 따라, 베어링부의 외경이 증가되어 그 베어링부의 외주면이 편심부의 외주면보다 반경방향으로 돌출된 상태에서도 롤러를 편심부에 쉽게 조립할 수 있다. 이를 통해, 베어링부의 외경을 늘려 베어링면적을 확보하면서도 베어링부의 축방향길이를 줄여 압축기를 소형화할 수 있다.
Patent WO-2022177132-A1 (WO)
Title: 자이로 센서를 이용한 착용 상태 확인 방법 및 웨어러블 디바이스
Inventor: LEE HOSEONG
IPC: G01P15/00
Filed: 2021-12-28
Abstract: 본 발명의 다양한 실시 예들은 착용 감지 센서, 자이로 센서, 메모리, 및 상기 착용 감지 센서, 상기 자이로 센서 및 상기 메모리와 작동적으로 연결된 프로세서를 포함하고, 상기 프로세서는, 상기 착용 감지 센서로부터 물체 근접을 감지하고, 상기 물체 근접 감지에 기반하여 상기 자이로 센서로부터 일정 시간 동안 자이로 데이터를 수집하고, 상기 수집한 자이로 데이터의 크기에 기반하여 샘플링 데이터를 선택하고, 상기 선택된 샘플링 데이터를 기준치와 비교하고, 상기 비교 결과에 기반하여 상기 웨어러블 디바이스의 착용 상태를 인식하도록 설정된 방법 및 웨어러블 디바이스에 관하여 개시한다. 다양한 실시 예들이 가능하다.
Patent WO-2023132396-A1 (WO)
Inventor: LEE KWANG BOK
IPC: A01K63/04
Filed: 2022-01-12
Abstract: Selon la présente invention, un tube d'alimentation en gaz fournissant un gaz à un aquarium est fixé à un tube d'alimentation en eau fournissant de l'eau à l'aquarium de telle sorte que le gaz puisse être fourni conjointement avec l'eau. La présente invention comprend : une partie de liaison (100) qui est reliée à un tube d'alimentation en eau (20) fournissant de l'eau purifiée dans un aquarium (10), et dans laquelle s'écoule l'eau fournie ; une partie d'évacuation (200) qui est en communication avec la partie de liaison (100) et par laquelle l'eau fournie est évacuée ; une partie de fixation (300) qui est formée sur la partie de liaison (100) et fixe un tube d'alimentation en gaz (30) fournissant le gaz ; et une partie de verrouillage (400) qui est formée sur la partie d'évacuation (200) de telle sorte que la partie extrémité du tube d'alimentation en gaz (30) soit verrouillée tout en étant insérée dans la partie d'évacuation (200), le gaz évacué par le tube d'alimentation en gaz (30) étant diffusé et fourni conjointement avec l'eau évacuée par la partie d'évacuation (200).
Patent WO-2022154463-A1 (WO)
Title: Particules composites organométalliques et composition comprenant ces particules composites organométalliques
Inventor: CHOI KYUNG-MIN
IPC: A61K9/16
Filed: 2022-01-12
Abstract: La présente invention concerne des particules composites qui sont formées par combinaison d'un ion métallique et d'un lieur organique ou d'un ligand organique et ont une structure poreuse capable de supporter un matériau fonctionnel. Les particules composites selon la présente invention sont des particules composites formées par combinaison d'un métal et d'un matériau organique, les particules composites ayant une structure dont l'analyse par diffraction des rayons X sur poudre ne présente pas de pic indiquant la cristallinité et dont l'analyse par diffraction d'électrons TEM présente un diagramme de diffraction en forme d'anneau, contenant une pluralité de pores dont la taille est de 1 nm à 10 μm, et comprenant des principes actifs supportés.
Patent WO-2022154490-A1 (WO)
Inventor: YOON SUHA
IPC: H04L25/03
Filed: 2022-01-12
Abstract: 본 개시는 LTE(Long Term Evolution)와 같은 4G(4th generation) 통신 시스템 이후 보다 높은 데이터 전송률을 지원하기 위한 5G(5th generation) 또는 pre-5G 통신 시스템에 관련된 것이다. 본 개시에 따라 통신 시스템에서 단말에 의해 수행되는 방법에 있어서, 기지국으로부터 그룹 공통 자원에 대한 설정 정보를 수신하는 단계; 상기 설정 정보에 기반하여 상기 기지국으로부터 하향링크 제어 정보 (downlink control information: DCI)를 수신하는 단계; 상기 DCI에 부착된 CRC (cyclic redundancy check) 의 스크램블링에 그룹 공통 RNTI (radio network temporary identifier)가 사용되었는지 확인하는 단계; 및 상기 그룹 공통 RNTI가 사용된 경우, 그룹 공통 주파수 자원에 기반하여 구분된 RB (resource block) 그룹에 기반하여 디인터리빙을 수행하는 단계를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 한다.
Patent WO-2022158809-A1 (WO)
Inventor: HUR JAE SEOUN
IPC: A61K31/192
Filed: 2022-01-17
Abstract: 본 발명은 아트라릭산 또는 이의 염을 유효성분으로 포함하는 발모 촉진 및 탈모 방지용 조성물에 관한 것으로, 상기 아트라릭산 및 이의 염은 모유두세포 내 모발 성장 관련 유전자의 발현을 촉진할 뿐만 아니라 모발의 길이 및 인장강도를 현저히 증가시키므로 발모를 촉진하고 탈모를 예방, 개선, 또는 치료하기 위한 약학적 조성물 및 화장료 조성물 등으로 유용하게 사용할 수 있다.
Patent WO-2022203386-A1 (WO)
Title: A method and system for discovering a target application program interface
Inventor: TANGUDU NARENDRANATH DURGA
IPC: H04L61/4541
Filed: 2022-03-23
Abstract: The disclosure relates to a 5G or 6G communication system for supporting a higher data transmission rate. In an embodiment, a method performed by a CCF, for discovering an API serving a UE is disclosed. The method includes receiving a service API discover request message from an API invoker for determining one or more service APIs serving one or more UE. service API discover request message comprises one or more UE IDs and a plurality of parameters associated with one or more UE. The method includes retrieving a first service API information associated with one or more UE IDs and the plurality of parameters from a memory, transmitting, to API invoker a service API discover response comprising first service API information based on service API discover request message.
Patent WO-2022245098-A1 (WO)
Title: Immune cells with improved extracellular vesicle secretion ability and immunotherapy utilizing same
Inventor: KIM JUN HO
IPC: A61K35/17
Filed: 2022-05-17
Abstract: The present invention relates to immune cells with improved extracellular vesicle secretion ability and an immunotherapy utilizing same. The immune cells with improved extracellular vesicle secretion ability according to the present invention, CAR-expressing cells with improved extracellular vesicle secretion ability in particular, can be advantageously used in an immunotherapy improved in stability and/or effectiveness.
Patent WO-2023054839-A1 (WO)
Inventor: KIM TAEHWAN
IPC: G06F21/31
Filed: 2022-06-16
Abstract: Un dispositif électronique selon un mode de réalisation peut comprendre : une unité d'affichage ; une pluralité de circuits de communication ; au moins une mémoire configurée pour stocker des instructions ; et au moins un processeur configuré pour, lorsque les instructions sont exécutées, recevoir une première entrée d'utilisateur demandant l'utilisation d'un service, identifier la situation du dispositif électronique à l'aide d'au moins un circuit de communication de la pluralité de circuits de communication, identifier un processus d'authentification correspondant à la situation parmi une pluralité de processus d'authentification enregistrés pour le service, utiliser l'unité d'affichage pour afficher un objet visuel afin de guider l'authentification d'un utilisateur du service, authentifier l'utilisateur par l'intermédiaire du processus d'authentification identifié en fonction d'au moins une seconde entrée d'utilisateur, et fournir le service en fonction d'une liaison à un dispositif électronique externe.
Patent WO-2023287170-A1 (WO)
Inventor: KANG BOKYEONG
IPC: A23L19/00
Filed: 2022-07-12
Abstract: The present application relates to a cohesive food comprising cellulose ether and insoluble dietary fiber.
Patent WO-2023022410-A1 (WO)
Inventor: PARK KYOUNG GON
IPC: G09F9/30
Filed: 2022-08-03
Abstract: 지지층 및 상기 지지층의 일면에 적층된 광학 기능성층을 포함하고, 상기 광학 기능성층은 경사면을 갖는 홈을 구비하고, 상기 경사면에는 상기 광학 기능성층의 평탄부에서부터 연장된 볼록부가 적어도 1개 이상 형성되어 있고, 상기 볼록부는 곡률 반경이 1mm 이상인 곡면이고, 상기 경사면은 식 1을 만족하는 것인, 광학 부재 및 이를 포함하는 광학 표시 장치가 제공된다.
Patent WO-2023054926-A1 (WO)
Inventor: KIM BYOUNG NAM
IPC: H01Q1/38
Filed: 2022-09-06
Abstract: 본 발명은 제1 기판의 일면 상에 기지정된 패턴의 도전체로 형성되어 급전 신호를 인가받아 빔을 방사하는 방사 패턴부, 제1 기판의 타면측에 배치되는 제2 기판의 일면 상에 방사 패턴부의 외곽을 둘러싸는 링 형상의 도전체로 형성되는 적어도 하나의 링 소자, 제2 기판의 타면측에 배치되는 제3 기판의 일면 상에 형성되는 접지면, 제3 기판의 타면에 형성되어, 일단으로 급전 신호를 인가받는 급전부 및 급전부의 타단에 일단이 연결되고, 타단이 제1 내지 제3 기판을 관통하여 방사 패턴부의 일측에 연결되어 급전부로 인가된 급전 신호를 방사 패턴부로 전달하는 급전 비아를 포함하여, 빔 틸팅 현상을 억제하고, 이득을 향상시킬 수 있는 밀리미터파 안테나를 제공할 수 있다.
Patent WO-2023132433-A1 (WO)
Inventor: IN JINSU
IPC: F04B39/00
Filed: 2022-09-13
Abstract: Un compresseur alternatif selon la présente divulgation comprend : un cylindre ; un piston qui est disposé à l'intérieur du cylindre et comprend une paroi supérieure formant une chambre de compression et une paroi latérale formée pour s'étendre à partir de la paroi supérieure ; un couvercle élastique qui est prévu pour interposer la paroi supérieure du piston entre le piston et un élément élastique ; et un mécanisme de came qui, en fonction des mouvements du piston vers une position de point mort supérieur et une position de point mort inférieur, déforme le couvercle élastique dans un premier état dans lequel le couvercle élastique est espacé de la paroi supérieure pour réduire le volume de la chambre de compression et renvoie le couvercle élastique à un second état dans lequel le couvercle élastique vient plus proche de la paroi supérieure que dans le premier état.
Patent WO-2023085900-A1 (WO)
Inventor: YANG UN-JE
IPC: A61B17/00
Filed: 2022-11-15
Abstract: A wire tension compensatory adjustment device according to one embodiment may comprise: driving wires, which comprise a first driving wire including one end thereof, and a second driving wire including the other end thereof, the first driving wire and the second driving wire being integrated; a first wire reel part capable of winding or unwinding the first driving wire; a second wire reel part capable of winding or unwinding the second driving wire; a shaft which is connected to the first wire reel part and the second wire reel part, and which rotates the first wire reel part and the second wire reel part; a motor, which applies power to the shaft so as to rotate the shaft; and a preload-adjusting part, which applies a preload to the driving wires so as to prevent drooping of the driving wires and maintain the tension of the driving wires.
Patent WO-2023136516-A1 (WO)
Title: Electronic device and method
Inventor: CHOI JUHYUN
IPC: A63F13/355
Filed: 2022-12-29
Abstract: Various embodiments of the present disclosure provide an electronic device for minimizing a delay occurring in a step of transmitting a game command input of a user to a game server by separating a process dedicated to inputting a game command of the user, in a cloud game environment.
Patent WO-2023132665-A1 (WO)
Inventor: WANG WEIWEI
IPC: H04W36/00
Filed: 2023-01-05
Abstract: La présente divulgation concerne un système de communication 5G ou 6G pour prendre en charge un débit supérieur de transmission de données. Des modes de réalisation de la présente invention concernent un procédé et un appareil de communication dans un système de communication sans fil, un dispositif électronique et un support de stockage. Le procédé peut être exécuté par un premier nœud de réseau. Le procédé consiste à recevoir un premier message comprenant des informations d'adresse pour une transmission de données avec un deuxième nœud de réseau, et obtenir les informations d'adresse pour la transmission de données, les informations d'adresse pour la transmission de données comprenant des informations d'adresse du premier nœud de réseau, et au moins une information d'adresse correspondant à au moins une entité de réseau d'un troisième nœud de réseau.
Patent WO-2023204534-A1 (WO)
Inventor: CHEON JUNG HEE
IPC: H04L9/00
Filed: 2023-04-14
Abstract: L'invention concerne un procédé de traitement d'un message chiffré. Le procédé de traitement d'un message chiffré consiste à : effectuer un calcul sur un message chiffré homomorphe sur un message approximatif comprenant une erreur, et lorsqu'une proportion du message approximatif dans un message chiffré de résultat de calcul acquis par le calcul dépasse une valeur de seuil, étendre un espace de texte en clair du message chiffré de résultat de calcul, dans lequel l'extension de l'espace de texte en clair comprend : générer un premier message chiffré intermédiaire par application d'un calcul d'amorçage prédéfini au message chiffré de résultat de calcul, générer un second message chiffré intermédiaire par application du calcul d'amorçage prédéfini à un résultat de calcul de soustraction entre le message chiffré de résultat de calcul et le premier message chiffré intermédiaire, et générer un message chiffré homomorphe ayant un espace de texte en clair étendu par réalisation d'un calcul de soustraction du second message chiffré intermédiaire sur le premier message chiffré intermédiaire.
Patent WO-2023229311-A1 (WO)
Inventor: KIM KYUNG YOUN
IPC: C08L67/02
Filed: 2023-05-22
Abstract: An embodiment relates to a biodegradable polyester resin, a method for preparing same, and a biodegradable polyester film comprising same. The biodegradable polyester resin has a peak at a specific diffraction angle (2θ) in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum and satisfies a specific crystal size, thus having excellent crystallinity and thermal stability, and thus can improve all of mechanical properties, dimensional stability, and formability. Therefore, the biodegradable polyester resin according to an embodiment can exhibit excellent characteristics when used in various fields that require heat resistance, mechanical properties, dimensional stability, and formability, such as in packaging materials, e.g., disposable bags or food containers, and interior materials for automobiles.
Patent WO-2024014798-A1 (WO)
Title: Charge transport composite and high-resolution patterning method for charge transport layer comprising same, charge transport layer composition comprising same, and organic light-emitting device comprising same
Inventor: KIM DO HWAN
IPC: H10K85/40
Filed: 2023-07-10
Abstract: Disclosed are a charge transport composite and a high-resolution patterning method for a charge transport layer comprising same, a charge transport layer composition comprising same, and an organic light-emitting device comprising same. The present invention comprises: a curable organic semiconductor; and an organic silica precursor that forms a silicone (-Si-O-Si-) network structure with the curable organic semiconductor, wherein the curable organic semiconductor includes a crosslinking functional group.
Patent WO-2013022329-A1 (WO)
Title: Système de construction de murs constitué de blocs préfabriqués à assemblage langueté et bouveté
Inventor: CORTES MARTINEZ LEONARDO MAXIMINO
IPC: E04B2/08
Filed: 2012-03-30
Abstract: La présente invention concerne un système de construction de murs constitué de blocs préfabriqués à assemblage langueté et bouveté, lequel système se caractérise en ce qu'il comprend des blocs pour fondation, des blocs pour mur et des blocs de finition ou de bardage; ces blocs pour fondation et pour mur comprennent un corps prismatique rectangulaire avec un canal central vertical ménagé dans l'un des côtés et une bordure centrale verticale sur le côté opposé, sa face inférieure comprenant une bordure centrale longitudinale et deux bordures transversales espacés l'une de l'autre. Les blocs pour mur présentent, sur leur face supérieure, un canal central longitudinal et deux canaux transversaux séparés l'un de l'autre. Le bloc pour fondation présente, sur sa face supérieure, un canal central longitudinal et trois canaux transversaux espacés les uns des autres. Le bloc de finition ou de bardage comprend un corps essentiellement cubique qui présente, sur sa face supérieure, deux canaux centraux qui se croisent définissant une croix et, sur sa face inférieure, deux bordures centrales qui se croisent définissant une autre croix, un canal central vertical étant ménagé dans l'un des côtés et un bord vertical étant ménagé dans le côté opposé.
Patent WO-2010030160-A1 (WO)
Title: A offshore seabed to surface conduit transfer system
Inventor: CHRISTIANSEN POUL ERIK
IPC: E21B17/01
Filed: 2009-08-28
Abstract: The present invention relates to a transfer system for transferring hydrocarbons, power or electrical/optical signals as the case may be from the seabed to the vessel or other buoyant structure in the shallow water when exposed to the environmental loadings from wind, wave and current. The conduit transfer system comprising a flexible pipe or umbilical extends from the buoyant unit at one end and to the seabed at the other end; and a riser support fixed to the seabed for supporting the flexible pipe characterized in that the flexible pipe a plurality of buoyancy beads for creating one or more inverse catenary curves of the flexible pipe to provide an excursion envelope.
Patent WO-2011112067-A1 (WO)
Title: Composition à base de plantes ayant une propriété anti-obésité
Inventor: ZHARI BIN ISMAIL
IPC: A61K31/16
Filed: 2010-09-29
Abstract: Composition à base de plantes apte à inhiber la néovascularisation des adépocytes comprenant un extrait ou une fraction dérivé(e) de  Piper sarmentosum .
Patent WO-2014126453-A1 (WO)
Title: Éclairage extérieur exploitant les énergies renouvelables
Inventor: CHONG WEN TONG
IPC: F21S9/03
Filed: 2014-02-11
Abstract: L'invention concerne un éclairage extérieur (10) exploitant l'énergie solaire et éolienne. L'éclairage public (10) comprend un poteau (12) et une source lumineuse (40) fixée au niveau de la partie supérieure du poteau (12). Selon l'invention, un couvercle réfléchissant (16) cache la source lumineuse (14) et la partie supérieure du poteau (12), ledit couvercle réfléchissant (16) étant muni d'un panneau solaire (18) en haut. Une turbine éolienne (20) à axe vertical est agencée entre le couvercle réfléchissant (16) et le panneau solaire (18). La turbine éolienne (20) comprend une aube directrice (21) d'augmentation de puissance munie d'aubes directrices (22), et une conduite de paroi supérieure (24) et une conduite de paroi inférieure (26), inclinées à un angle de 10 à 80 degrés par rapport à l'axe central, ladite conduite de paroi supérieure (24) étant évasée vers le haut et ladite conduite de paroi inférieure (26) étant évasée vers le bas.