baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20020055806-A (KR)
Title: Method and apparatus for removing the adaptive echo
Inventor: KIM SUN UK
IPC: H04B3/20
Filed: 2000-12-29
Abstract: PURPOSE: An adaptive echo canceling apparatus and method are provided to reduce an amount of calculation and be easily implemented with a vocoder by software in one DSP by quickly removing an echo signal by quickening a convergence speed of an adaptive filter. CONSTITUTION: A cross-correlation calculating module(40) obtains a cross-correlation value between a far-end talker signal x(k) and an echo signal r(k) and estimates a delay degree of the echo signal. A filtering module(41) filters the far-end talker signal by using an output signal of the cross-correlation calculating module(40). An echo signal canceling module(42) cancels the echo signal by using an output signal of the filtering module(41) and generates an error signal. A filter weighting factor updating module(43) calculates a weighting factor of the filtering module(41) by using an output signal of the echo signal canceling module(42) and an output signal of the cross-correlation calculating module(40) and updates a weighting factor.
Patent KR-20010023627-A (KR)
Title: 유체 동역학적 커플링 장치
IPC: F16H41/28
Filed: 1999-07-07
Abstract: 본 발명은 터빈 휠(1)과 케이스의 반경방향의 벽(2a) 사이에, 상기 터빈 휠(1)과 일체이고, 상기 반경방향의 벽(2a)을 향하여 축방향으로 개방된 아크형의 하우징(24)의 위치에 지탱되는 일 세트의 원주방향으로 작용하는 헬리컬 충격 흡수 스프링(22)을 통하여 탄성 커플링을 잠그거나 풀리도록 하는 플레이트 클러치 장치(5)에 관한 것이다.  상기 하우징(24)은 예를 들면, 종동 샤프트와 연결되도록 하는 중앙의 금속 디스크(23)상에 전체적으로 성형될 수 있는 성형 가능한 재료로 제조된 터빈 휠(1)의 두터운 외주면 부분(25)에 직접 배열되며, 상기 하우징(24)의 대향 반경방향의 단부(26)가 상기 스프링(22)의 대응하는 단부를 위한 지지부로 작용한다.
Patent KR-20010031196-A (KR)
IPC: A47C20/04
Filed: 1998-10-23
Abstract: A mattress (10) includes an outer cover (12, 18) formed from an air impermeable material. The outer cover (12, 18) is configured to define an interior region and having a top support surface (20). The mattress (10) also includes at least one air fluidized support module (48, 54) located within the interior region of the cover (12, 18). The mattress (10) further includes a connector (68, 94) coupled to the air fluidized support module (48, 54), the connecter (68, 94) being configured to be coupled to an air supply (58). The mattress (10) also includes a vent connector (165) coupled to the outer cover (12, 18) in communication with the interior region of the cover (12, 18). The vent connector (165) is configured to exhaust air from the interior region of the cover (12, 18).
Patent KR-20010031765-A (KR)
Title: 건조장치
IPC: F26B21/08
Filed: 1998-03-30
Abstract: 본 발명의 목적은 에너지면에서 효과적이고 경제적인 건조장치, 특히 건조격실부를 만드는 것으로서, 이 건조장치는 공기이동에 의해 특정 대기조건의 목재로부터 수분을 제어전달하는 능력으로 크기에 관계없이 모든 목재제품의 건조처리에 사용하여 운송컨테이너의 크기와 운송기준을 만족시키기 위해 킬른용적을 구성함으로써 종래의 건조효과를 포함하는 건조목재의 질을 향상시키고 건조장치를 사용자가 고정형이나 가동형으로서 이용할 수 있게 한다.
Patent KR-20010032259-A (KR)
IPC: C07F7/18
Filed: 1998-11-19
Abstract: The present invention relates to a biphenylamidine derivative of the general formula (1): <CHEM> or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which is a novel compound functioning as a clinically applicable FXa inhibitor.
Patent KR-20010032742-A (KR)
Title: 테이프형 광섬유 심선의 제조 방법
IPC: G02B6/44
Filed: 1998-12-03
Abstract: 본 발명에 따라, 평면형으로 평행하게 배열된 복수개의 광섬유(1)를 다이스 구멍(11a)에 삽입시켜서 피복 수지(2)를 일괄 도포하는 테이프형 광섬유 심선(3)을 제조하는 방법에 있어서, 다이스 구멍(11a)의 내측 표면과 광섬유(1)의 외측 표면 사이에 두께 방향의 간극(H)에 대한 폭 방향의 간극(W)의 비(W/H)를 1.0 내지 2.5의 범위에 설정한다.
Patent KR-20010033196-A (KR)
Title: 가역성의 전기 화학적 반사경
IPC: G02F1/153
Filed: 1998-12-15
Abstract: 전기 화학적 반사경은 투명한 제1 전극(106)과 국부 영역에 분포된 제2 전극(110)을 포함한다.   이 제1 전극과 제2 전극 사이에는 이들 전극에 전착될 수 있는 금속의 이온(116)을 함유하는 전해액(112)이 배치된다.   제1 전극에 인가된 음전위는 침착된 금속이 상기 제2 전극으로부터 전해액으로 용해되어 들어가게 하고 그 전해액으로분터 제1 전극으로 전착되게 하여, 반사경을 통한 전자기 방사선에 영향을 미친다.   제1 전극에 도포된 표면 개질층(108)은 전착된 피복이 실질적으로 균일하여 반사경의 반사율을 향상시키는 반사경층이 형성되게 한다.   역으로, 제1 전극에 인가된 양전위(118)는 침착된 금속이 제1 전극으로부터 용해되어 전해액으로부터 제2 전극에 전착되게 하여, 반사경의 투과율을 향상시킨다.
Patent KR-20010052140-A (KR)
Title: 각각 구동되는 아날로그 및 디지털 디스플레이가 겹쳐진시계 및 정밀시계
IPC: G04C/
Filed: 1999-07-30
Abstract: 본 발명에 따른 시계는 뒤판(118)과 표시 영역(102)이 구비된 케이스와, 투명한 크리스탈(104)과, 현재의 초를 표시하기 위해 전기적으로 구동되는 LCD 디지털 디스플레이(105)와, 시침(108), 분침(109), 내부 버젤(110), 전기 작동기구(111) 및 디지털 디스플레이 구동기(113)로 이루어진 아날로그 디스플레이를 포함한다.
Patent KR-20010024912-A (KR)
IPC: G09C1/00
Filed: 1999-02-02
Abstract: In the case of cryptographic processing with the aid of an elliptic curve, parameters of the elliptic curve are stored in a memory of a computer. These parameters are each of substantial length. The elliptic curve is transformed in order to shorten at least one parameter significantly in length and to ensure that the high security level is unchanged in the process. One parameter is preferably shortened to 1, -1, 2 or -2 with the aid of an algorithm, whereas the other parameters have a length of several 100 bits. The shortening of even one parameter is clearly reflected in the case of devices which have little memory space.
Patent KR-20010041920-A (KR)
Title: 개선된 밀봉 특성을 갖는 두 층 이상으로 제조된 열가소성폴리에스테르 아미드 필름, 그의 제조 방법 및 용도
IPC: B29C55/02
Filed: 1999-03-15
Abstract: 본 발명은 그 분자 구조가 상이한 여러 폴리에스테르 아미드로 제조된 다층 필름에 관한 것이다.  상기 폴리에스테르 아미드는 생분해성이어서, 전체 다층 필름도 또한 생분해성이다.  상기 다층 필름은 비배향되고, 일축으로 또는 이축으로 배향될 수 있다.  이를 더욱 쉽게 가공하기 위해서 첨가제를 함유할 수 있으며, 개선된 밀봉 특성을 갖는다.
Patent KR-20010025641-A (KR)
Title: The Stand having a function of speech recognition
Inventor: RYOO YOUNG HO
IPC: H05B37/02
Filed: 2001-01-12
Abstract: PURPOSE: A stand having the voice recognizing function is provided to realize the convenience of a user by manipulating the stand lamp by a voice instruction and a sound. CONSTITUTION: The stand lamp comprises a body(1), a lamp section(2), a pole(3), a mike(4), a lamp(5), and a connecting member(6). The mike(4) is installed on one side surface of the body. The mike receives the voice recognizing instruction, and transfers the voice signal to a voice recognizing chip of a control section. The voice instruction is converted to an electrical signal by the operation of a voice recognizing chip. A circuit is connected or interrupted by the electrical signal to accomplish the ON/OFF function of the lamp.
Patent KR-20020061342-A (KR)
Title: Method of melt molybdenum core how use of scrap water produced in making filament process as a catalyst
Inventor: KIM JAE WOO
IPC: C23F1/00
Filed: 2001-01-16
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method for melting a molybdenum core using as a catalytic agent a waste solution containing ferric sulfate generated during melting an iron core in the manufacturing process of a filament is provided. The process is environment friendly because it does not generate waste water, reduces the production cost and improves productivity because the process is performed with a low amount of hydrogen peroxide. CONSTITUTION: Pure water and hydrogen peroxide water are introduced into a reactor(10) in which a tungsten filament coiled on the periphery of a molybdenum core is introduced, pure water, hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid are then introduced thereinto to remove an iron core used as a center supporting rod. In the above process, a waste solution containing ferric sulfate collected in a collecting tank(30) is used to remove the molybdenum core, the hydrogen peroxide water is added in an amount of about 2 to 5L, based on 200g unit mass of the molybdenum core and 10L pure water.
Patent KR-20010078228-A (KR)
Title: Method of fabricating liquid crystal display substrate and the same
Inventor: SHIRAISHI HIDEAKI
IPC: C03B33/09
Filed: 2001-02-01
Abstract: PURPOSE: To provide a manufacturing method for a liquid crystal display substrate and a liquid crystal display substrate which can enhance the cutting accuracy of the substrate, can reduce an extra length part of the substrate as much as possible, and can prevent the contamination to post-stage equipment by occurrence of particles or a cullet, and to provide the manufacturing method for the liquid crystal display substrate and the liquid crystal display substrate which can be cut without being influenced by a seal layer in a cutting process for irradiating with the laser on the surface of a superposition substrate. CONSTITUTION: At least one or more scribe crack is formed in each surface of two substrates facing together through the seal layer 2 surrounding a liquid crystal layer, the substrate is cut after sticking the two substrates together through the seal layer 2.
Patent KR-20020065018-A (KR)
Title: Oiling system for fiber
Inventor: CHOI YEONG GEUN
IPC: D01D5/096
Filed: 2001-02-05
Abstract: PURPOSE: Provided is an oiling device of fiber which is characterized by minimizing friction of fiber on spinning because oiling agent is supplied to fiber equally continuously, preventing yarn-cutting, maintaining cross-section equally and increasing uniformity of physical properties. CONSTITUTION: The oiling device(10) having a tapering plate upward is comprised of: an oil inlet(12) installed in the lower middle of the plate; an oil discharge hole(11) which is installed in the upper middle of the plate, communicating with the oil inlet(12); and a groove which is formed on the verge of the plate, containing discharged oil. The oiling method is as follows: moving the fiber on contacting with an outside verge; and supplying oil contained in the groove to the fiber.
Patent KR-20010082639-A (KR)
Title: Novel Polymers, Chemical Amplification Resist Compositions and Patterning Process
Inventor: HARADA YUJI
IPC: G03F7/039
Filed: 2001-02-15
Abstract: PURPOSE: Provided is a resist material which is sensitive to high energy beams, excellent in sensitivity, resolution and plasma etching resistance at a wavelength of 200 nm or less, therefore, suitable as a fine pattern-forming material for manufacturing a very large-scale integrated circuit. CONSTITUTION: The chemically amplified resist material comprises a polymeric compound having as a recurring unit a fluorinated acrylic derivative represented by general formula(1) in its main chain (wherein R1, R2 and R3 are each hydrogen atom, fluorine atom, a C1-20 linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group or a fluoroalkyl group; at least one of R1, R2 and R3 contains a fluorine atom; and R4 is a hydrophilic group). The polymeric compound has excellent transmissivity to UV light ranged of less than 300 nm wavelength, especially, to F2, Kr2, KrAr or Ar2 light and superior resistance against ablation of main chains and allows the resist material to have low absorption at an exposure wavelength, in particular, of the F2 eximer laser and to easily form a pattern fine and perpendicular to the substrate.
Patent KR-20010083211-A (KR)
Title: Impact absorbing structure of vehicle
Inventor: KOBAYASHI EIICHI
IPC: B60R19/34
Filed: 2001-02-21
Abstract: PURPOSE: To provide a shock absorbing structure for a vehicle capable of surely exhibiting a required shock absorbing action in the case of a vehicle collision by forming the shock absorbing member into a shape with an ideal cross sectional shape. CONSTITUTION: The shock absorbing member 14 integrally molded into a cylinder having a polygonal cross section is arranged so as to extend forward from the front part of a side member 2 and fixed to the side member 2 by means of a fixing means 16. Because the shock absorbing member 14 is separately formed from the side member 2, the shock absorbing member 14 can be made of the most suitable material with an optimum thickness and formed into a shape having an ideal cross sectional shape by means of the most suitable molding method without any restriction of a material, thickness or a manufacturing method of the side member 2.
Patent KR-20020069927-A (KR)
Title: Hemming progress
Inventor: JUNG HUI SEOK
IPC: B21D5/16
Filed: 2001-02-28
Abstract: PURPOSE: A hemming process is provided which is capable of improving production cost and quality problems by removing post-processes generated during the hemming process. CONSTITUTION: In a hemming process for a panel consisting of an inner plate(32) and an outer plate(30), the hemming process comprises the processes of flanging and clinching the edge of the outer plate(30) of the panel inward; coating adhesive comprising a plurality of ceramic balls(34) on a gap of the clinched part; resting the inner plate(32) by inserting the inner plate(32) of the panel into the coated adhesive; and hemming coupling the outer plate(30) of the panel to the inner plate(32) of the panel.
Patent KR-20010044554-A (KR)
Inventor: KANG YONG HAK
IPC: A47K3/02
Filed: 2001-03-06
Abstract: PURPOSE: A water-saving type bathtub is provided to control the water level of a bathtub at a regular level automatically with an operating valve operated by a buoyancy room. CONSTITUTION: A water-saving type bathtub comprises a water outlet(26) connected with hot and cold water pipes(4'), a buoyancy room(37) bored mutually by a lower water-permeable hole(36) and an upper filth-filtering net hole(35), a float height adjusting unit(38) covered with an inner cover(18) and an outer cover(17) screwed to a projected ring(16) under the water outlet and fastened with vertical height adjusting bolts(13,13') and a nut(12), and a main water outlet operating unit(40) with a handle main shaft(32) provided with a projected pin(30) moving vertically along an inclined pin groove(31) in a vertical hole(39) of a handle(29) having the pin groove coupled to the corresponding location to the height adjusting unit of the water outlet by an upper screw thread(27).
Patent KR-20010088431-A (KR)
Title: Absorbent article
Inventor: KASHIWAGI MASAHIRO
IPC: A61F13/472
Filed: 2001-03-07
Abstract: PURPOSE: To solve such problem on conventional sanitary napkin that excretion liquid can not be absorbed enough due to the difficulty of continuously being in contact with the excretion part following the movement of a wearer. CONSTITUTION: Both end parts in the cross-direction of a support 2 are provided with side wall sheets 4, 4 extending in the longitudinal direction. The side wall sheets 4, 4 are deformed vertically in zigzag, and have elastic shrinkage force in the longitudinal direction. Accordingly, the side wall sheets 4, 4 are raised from the support 2. A connecting sheet 6 is connected to the side wall sheets 4, 4, and a liquid absorbing part 3 is supported on the connecting sheet 6. Thus, the liquid absorbing member 3 is independently moved on the support 2 so as to follow the movement of the body of a wearer and closely adhere thereto.
Patent KR-20020072619-A (KR)
Title: Pharmaceutical composition and health improving food for prevention or treatment of hangover comprising microspherical crude drug powder having organic solvent adsorptive activity
Inventor: CHO MIN GYEONG
IPC: A61P25/32
Filed: 2001-03-12
Abstract: PURPOSE: A pharmaceutical composition containing micro-spherical crude drugs and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier containing a therapeutically effective amount of acute and chronic diseases caused by an organic solvent and an amount effective to reduce hangover is provided which can be applied to a stable medicament or a functional food product having low toxicity to human body. CONSTITUTION: This pharmaceutical composition contains micro-spherical crude drugs having an average particle size of 1 to 100 microns and comprising a polar solvent extract of one or more crude drugs selected from the group consisting of an arrowroot flower(Pueraria thunbergiana), Hovenia dulcis Thunb., Hovenia dulcis var. koreana Nakai, Pueraria thunbergiana Benth, Cynanchum wilfordii HEMSLEY, Dioscorea batatas Decne and Paeonia japonica Miyabe(or Paeonia lactiflora PALL) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The polar solvent is water, methanol or ethanol.
Patent KR-20010092303-A (KR)
Inventor: GRABON MICHEL KAROL
IPC: F25B49/02
Filed: 2001-03-14
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method and apparatus is provided to display an indication to inform a user of the degree of degradation in condenser performance by calculating, in real time, the overall heat transfer coefficient for an air-cooled chiller system and comparing this value to a reference value corresponding to a new machine operating with a clean condenser. CONSTITUTION: A method comprises the steps of checking to see if the system is in a steady operating state; determining the saturated condensing temperature, saturated suction temperature, and ambient air temperature of the system; calculating the total heat rejected in a condenser of the system from values obtained in the preceding steps; calculating a heat transfer coefficient for the system; comparing the calculated heat transfer coefficient to an ideal heat transfer coefficient to obtain a value representing the operating condition of the condenser coil; and outputting a message to a user of the system based on the comparison of the calculated to ideal heat transfer coefficients.
Patent KR-20020073988-A (KR)
Title: Apparatus and method for searching an information in portable mobile terminal
Inventor: BAN SU YEONG
IPC: G06F17/30
Filed: 2001-03-19
Abstract: PURPOSE: A device and a method for retrieving information of a mobile terminal are provided to retrieve a name having a character accorded with a position of an inputted character when at least one character out of a name of a person is inputted. CONSTITUTION: A search word input unit(14) receives an input of a partial character out of many characters comprising pre-registered data. A control unit(24) discriminates a position of a search character inputted in the search word input unit(14), searches data having the same character at the same position as the position of the discriminated search character out of pre-registered data, and displays the data on a screen. The control unit(24) displays the search word input unit(14) on a touch screen(18) according to access a directory searching mode. The search word input unit(14) is divided into a plurality of character input areas, and only one character is inputted in the character input areas. The pre-registered data are constructed based on a Korean name.
Patent KR-20020074868-A (KR)
Title: Non-flammable filter
Inventor: PARK HYEONG JUNG
IPC: B01D39/00
Filed: 2001-03-22
Abstract: PURPOSE: A fire retardant filter is provided which is manufactured using VISIL so that fire retardancy is increased, the fire retardant filter is slowly burned, and toxic gases are not generated. CONSTITUTION: The fire retardant filter comprises a fiber layer(2) at the lower part of glass scrim(1); a VISIL layer(3) which is adhered onto the upper part of the glass scrim(1), wherein the fiber layer(2) is selected from aramid, Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS), acrylic and polyimide, and the VISIL layer(3) and the fiber layer(2) except the glass scrim(1) are mixed in a mixing ratio of 50 wt.%:50 wt.%. The fire retardant filter comprises an aramid fiber layer at the lower part of glass scrim(1); and a VISIL layer which is adhered onto the upper part of the glass scrim(1), wherein the VISIL layer and the aramid fiber layer are blended in a mixing ratio of 50 wt.%:50 wt.%. The fire retardant filter comprises a polyester fiber layer at the lower part of polyester scrim; a VISIL layer which is adhered onto the upper part of the polyester scrim, wherein the VISIL layer and the polyester fiber layer except the polyester scrim are mixed in a mixing ratio of 30 wt.%:70 wt.%.
Patent KR-20020078350-A (KR)
Title: Thermo physical therapy system Seat for bed of thermo physical therapy
Inventor: PARK YEONG CHUN
IPC: A61H15/02
Filed: 2001-04-09
Abstract: PURPOSE: A thermo therapy sheet for a thermo therapy bed is provided to perform acupressure and massage treatments as well as a thermo therapy treatment. CONSTITUTION: The thermo therapy sheet for a thermo therapy bed comprises a thermo therapy mechanisms(11) inside in an upper body frame, and massage mechanisms inside a lower body frame. The thermo therapy mechanisms includes an acupressure device, a massage device, a transfer device, an elastic force applying device for putting the acupressure and massage devices into contact with the top surface closely, a driving device and a vibrating device for the acupressure and massage devices. The massage mechanisms includes a transfer device, an elastic force applying device for putting the massage device to the top surface closely, a driving device and a vibrating device for the massage device.
Patent KR-20020082566-A (KR)
Title: Digital X-ray Device
Inventor: LEE GYEONG SU
IPC: A61B6/00
Filed: 2001-04-24
Abstract: PURPOSE: A digital X-ray apparatus is provided to induce a converted visible ray to an optical diode and prevent dimness of a boundary part of an X-ray image by using a non-structured intensifying screen. CONSTITUTION: An anti-reflection coating layer(4) is located on a lower portion of a moistureproof coating layer(3). An opaque material such as a metal material, a silicon material, and a ceramic material or a glass having a reflective coating layer(4) is selected as a matrix layer(5). A plurality of micro holes(6) is formed repeatedly in a predetermined interval by using a chemical etching method or a laser etching method. A scintillator crystal material is inserted into the micro holes(6) in order to convert an X-ray to a visible ray. A scintillator crystal(7) is formed by performing a sintering process under high temperature. A non-structured intensifying screen is completed by forming a transparent support layer(8) for supporting the above layers. An optical diode(9) is located on a lower portion of the transparent support layer(8) in order to receive the visible ray passing the micro hole.
Patent KR-20020083041-A (KR)
Title: Vacuum casting die
Inventor: WOO SANG YUL
IPC: B29C39/42
Filed: 2001-04-25
Abstract: PURPOSE: A vacuum mold is provided to reduce a generation of air bubble in a resin to be injected to the mold by mixing and injecting the resin in a vacuum state. CONSTITUTION: A vacuum mold comprises a chamber(10), a resin container(20) installed at an inside of the chamber, a resin(21), and a mold(30). The resin is mixed by a mixing screw(25) rotating in the inside of the resin barrel, and the resin is injected to the mold. A vacuum motor(11) is coupled at one side of the chamber, and the inside of the chamber becomes in a vacuum state by driving the vacuum motor. The resin barrel is installed into the chamber. The resin composed of a main material and a hardener is stored at the barrel, and mixed by the rotating screw. After mixing the resin, the resin is injected into the injecting port of the mold through an injecting pipe(31).
Patent KR-20010104224-A (KR)
Title: 빵의 제조방법
IPC: A21D8/02
Filed: 2001-05-07
Abstract: 본 발명은 풍미가 우수하고, 발효냄새가 약한 빵을 제조할 수 있는 효모, 상기 효모를 함유하는 빵 생지, 상기 효모 또는 빵 생지를 사용하는 것을 특징으로 하는 빵의 제조방법, 상기 제조방법에 의하여 얻어지는 빵을 제공하는 것을 과제로 한다. 
     그 해결수단으로는, 본 발명이 사카로마이세스(Saccharomyces)속에 속하고, 또한 식빵 중의 이소아밀 알코올 농도가 35 ppm 이하, 이소아밀 알코올 농도/이소부틸 알코올 농도가 2 이하, 및 디아세틸 농도가 1.5 ppm 이상이고, 2 ㎖/g 생지 이상인 효모, 상기 효모의 스크리닝방법, 상기 효모를 함유하는 빵 생지, 상기 효모 및 상기 빵 생지를 사용하는 것을 특징으로 하는 빵의 제조방법, 그리고 상기 제조방법에 의하여 얻어지는 빵에 관한 것이다.
Patent KR-20010074573-A (KR)
Title: Shock Absorbing Shoes
Inventor: CHOI U SEONG
IPC: A43B7/32
Filed: 2001-05-08
Abstract: PURPOSE: Provide is a shoe having a shock absorbent material therein, which can minimize fatigues on foot and be put on comfortably. CONSTITUTION: The shoe comprises a shock absorbent material placed in a front foot shock absorbent part(5,6) or a rear foot shock absorbent part(8,9) of the outsole(10) or the midsole and composed of one or more among spring, EVA sponge, piron sponge, polyurethan sponge, gel pouch or air bag material, a double structure of insole board composed of a Taxon material(3) and an elastic material(7) such as spandex, knitting, textiles or rubber sheet and having a shock absorbent part same with the other sides or projected upward.