baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20000040938-A (KR)
Title: Production process of high-purity gamma alumina from kaolinite
Inventor: LEE HYUN
IPC: C01F7/00
Filed: 1998-12-21
Abstract: PURPOSE: A high-purity gamma alumina is provided which is cost-effective and preferable in terms of recycling resources using local kaolinte. CONSTITUTION: A production process of the gamma kaolinite contains the following steps of: (1) a first step wherein the kaolinte is treated with heat at 800-900°C, the sample powder is extracted and reacted in a sulfuric acid at 60-80°C to produce an aqueous aluminum sulfate solution and then impurities are filtered and eliminated; (2) a second step wherein a hydrous aluminum sulfate crystal is precipitated from the aqueous aluminum sulfate solution using an ethyl alcohol and filtered; and (3) a third step wherein the hydrous aluminum sulfate crystal is dried and treated with heat at 900-1000°C to produce the gamma alumina. The second step is repeated more than 2 times.
Patent KR-19990029050-A (KR)
Title: 조정식 차량 스티어링 칼럼 클램핑 메카니즘
IPC: B62D1/184
Filed: 1996-09-09
Abstract: 레이크 및 리치 조정식 스티어링 칼럼용 조정식 차량 스티어링 칼럼 클램핑 메카니즘(an adjustable vehicle steering column clamping mechanism for a rake and reach adjustable steering column)은 스티어링 칼럼 외측관(9)의 양측으로 연장되는 두 개의 프랭크(3A)를 가지는 스티어링 칼럼지지 브라켓(3)을 구비하며, 각각의 프랭크(3A)는 레이크 조정이 이루어지게 하는 슬롯(3B)이 합체된다.   리치 조정 브라켓 수단(8)은 관(9)의 양측으로 이어진 두 개의 프랭크(8A)를 가지고 브라켓(3)의 프랭크(3B)에 인접하여 놓이고, 프랭크(8A)는 리치 조정용 관축선(9A)에 평행하게 연장된 슬롯(8B)도 갖는다.   프랭크(8A)는 볼트(10)에 장착된 관련 클램핑 파트(12)에서 작용하는 핸들(9)에 의해 동작되는 클램핑 볼트(10)의 헤드(10A)를 수용하도록 관(9A)으로부터 이격져 있다.   이러한 설치로 스티어링 칼럼의 축선을 통해 직각으로 지나가는 대체로 중앙선상에 볼트가 설치되게 된다.
Patent KR-19990035830-A (KR)
Title: 연속식 강대 열처리 공정에 있어서 강대의 폭방향 균일 냉각장치
IPC: C21D1/667
Filed: 1997-05-23
Abstract: 연속식 강대 열처리 공정의 수직통로에 장착된 강대 냉각장치는 각을 가진 상기 강대의 폭을 따라 강대의 양면에 근접하여 배열된 냉각헤더위의 냉각노즐들을 배치하고 각 냉각노즐로부터 분사된 상기 냉매의 분사중심 라인은 상기 분사중심 라인이 상기 강대의 표면과 일치하는 점에서 상기 강대의 수직방향으로부터 상기 강대의 단부까지 경사져있는 특징이 있다.
Patent KR-19990036331-A (KR)
IPC: G06F21/00
Filed: 1996-07-19
Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for measuring transaction response times. The method and apparatus can identify service request sequences corresponding to a transaction and the start and stop times for the transaction. The invention can be applied non-intrusively/non-invasively to the service packets communicated between a source and destination node.
Patent KR-19990044432-A (KR)
Title: 광학 유리섬유 리본조립체 및 방사선 경화성 매트릭스 형성조성물
Filed: 1996-09-06
Abstract: 본 발명은 각각 코팅된 다수의 광학 유리섬유를 리본 포맷으로 결합시키는 매트릭스 물질과 코팅된 다수의 광학 유리섬유로 구성된 광학 유리섬유 리본조립체에 관한 것으로서, 
     매트릭스 물질과 상기 매트릭스 물질에 의해 서로 결합되는 코팅된 다수의 광학 유리섬유를 함유하는 광학 유리섬유조립체가 제공되며, 
     상기 매트릭스 물질은 
     (ⅰ)상기 광학 유리섬유로부터 상기 매트릭스 물질의 용매스트리핑법에 의해 상기 광학 유리섬유로의 스팬중앙 접근을 기능적으로 용이하게 할 수 있는 팽창지수 등급; 및 
     (ⅱ)상기 광학 유리섬유조립체의 말단에서 상기 광학 유리섬유로부터 상기 매트릭스 물질의 열스트리핑법에 의해 상기 광학 유리섬유로의 단접근을 용이하게 하는 유리전이온도 등급의 특성을 조합하여 제공하는 팽창지수와 유리전이온도를 가지는 것을 특징으로 한다.
Patent KR-19990066974-A (KR)
Title: 미소구체층과 반사층 사이에 중합체 중간층이 배치되어 있는렌즈 노출형 역반사체
IPC: E01F9/619
Filed: 1996-09-11
Abstract: 렌즈 노출형 역반사체(10)는, 연속하여 미소구체층(12), 중합 중간층(18), 금속 반사층(16), 중합체 접착층(14)을 갖는다.  미소구체(12)는 접합층(14)에 부분적으로 묻히고, 중간층(18)과 금속 반사층(16)은 미소구체(12)와 접합층(14) 사이에 배치되어, 중간층(18)이 미소구체(12)와 접촉한다.  이러한 구성의 역반사체는 개선된 세탁 내구성을 제공한다.
Patent KR-19990076667-A (KR)
IPC: E21B19/02
Filed: 1996-12-17
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/NO96/00290 Sec. 371 Date Jun. 22, 1998 Sec. 102(e) Date Jun. 22, 1998 PCT Filed Dec. 17, 1996 PCT Pub. No. WO97/23705 PCT Pub. Date Jul. 3, 1997A hydraulically-operated hoist is disclosed. The hoist includes a plurality of hydraulic piston/cylinder arrangements, each having an upper end. Two guide rails are disposed in parallel with the hydraulic piston/cylinder arrangements. A self-aligning yoke is connected between the upper ends of the hydraulic piston/cylinder arrangements and is raised and lowered along the two guide rails by the hydraulic piston/cylinder arrangements. The yoke comprises a beam with the two ends. An arm is connected to each end of the beam, extends obliquely upward from the beam, and terminates in a remote end rotatably connected to the upper ends of the hydraulic piston/cylinder arrangements. At least two sheaves are rotatably connected to the beam, each of which are capable of running its own wire line.
Patent KR-19990037753-A (KR)
Title: 비도전성의낚싯대
Filed: 1999-01-13
Abstract: 단위 연결로드로 연결되는 연결식 낚싯대의 양단 연결부위에 비도전성물질로된 박막원통을 외삽하고 그 양단 내측 중공부에는 단차봉을, 단위 연결로드와 박막원통의 외면에는 그것들을 감싸는 지그를 삽착한 것으로 낚싯대를 구성하여 비도전성으로 인한 공중감전및 방전의 위험을 배제하면서 휨 강도를 좋게한 특징이 있는 낚싯대이다.
Patent KR-20000050761-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM SE YOON
IPC: G02B6/00
Filed: 1999-01-14
Abstract: PURPOSE: An optical lattice package is provided to mount the optical lattice without bending by using a first tube which has an opened surface. CONSTITUTION: An optical lattice package comprises a first tube(100), an optical fiber lattice(102) which is mounted to the first tube(100), a coating material which coats the optical fiber lattice(102), an absorbing material(106) which absorbs the space between the optical fiber lattice(102) and the first tube(100), a second tube(108) into which a first tube(100) is inserted, and a stopper(110). The optical fiber lattice(102) is mounted to the first tube(100) without any bending. The optical fiber lattice(102) is fixed to the first tube(100) by a fixing unit.
Patent KR-20000050900-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE SANG SEOB
IPC: H03M1/16
Filed: 1999-01-15
Abstract: PURPOSE: An apparatus for analog/digital conversion is provided to enhance the operational characteristics of a motor controller by providing the strong characteristics against noise externally and internally generated. CONSTITUTION: An amplifier(U2) amplifies an external analog instruction value. First and second analog/digital converters(U13, U14) converts the external analog instruction value and an amplified analog instruction value into digital values several times respectively. First and second intermediate value selecting units(U15, U16) select intermediate values from the outputs of the first and second intermediate value selecting units(U15, U16). First and second unit converters(U17, U18) convert the outputs of the first and second intermediate value selecting units(U15, U16) into digital instruction values of an internal control unit.
Patent KR-19990068148-A (KR)
Title: 인체의 간의 지방함량을 감소시키는 물의 전기분해
IPC: C02F1/00
Filed: 1999-01-26
Abstract: 인체의 간에서 지방함량을 감소시킬 수 있는 물을 제조하는 방법을 발표한다.  이 물은 복수의 뱃치식 프로세스로 구성된 다단계 공정으로 생성하며, 각 후속공정에서는 앞서의 공정에서 수득한 생성물보다 지방에 대한 친화력이 더 높은 생성물을 수득할 수 있다.  첫번째 뱃치식 프로세스는 전해질이 없는 물에 전류를 통과시키는 것을 수반하며, 이에따라 고지방친화성의 물을 수득할 수 있다.  그 결과로 나온 물은 일련의 직렬형 뱃치식 에너지공급 반응기에 들어가며 여기서 물은 일정한 체류시간동안 각 뱃치식 반응기 속에서 원적외선에 의해 연속적으로 조사된다.  각 후속 반응기에서는 고지방친화성의 생성물을 수득할 수 있다.  각 뱃치식 반응기에는 수용기가 장착되어 반응기로부터 적정량의 물이 배출될 수 있게 한다.  고 지방친화성의 물은 지방을 보유하여 이것이 간에 흡수되지 않도록 방해한다.
Patent KR-20000055616-A (KR)
Inventor: PARK TAE BYUNG
IPC: F24F11/00
Filed: 1999-02-09
Abstract: PURPOSE: A defrosting method and apparatus of an air conditioner are provided to uniformly perform the defrosting operation for both upper and lower pipes of an outdoor heat exchanger and increase heating performance by shutting off the upper pipe and supplying refrigerant only to the lower pipe at a predetermined temperature. CONSTITUTION: A defrosting method of an air conditioner includes the steps of sensing an outlet temperature of an upper pipe of a heat exchanger of an outdoor unit by a temperature sensor in defrosting operation(S1), shutting off a channel of the upper pipe by turning on a solenoid valve if the sensed outlet temperature of the upper pipe is higher than a preset temperature(S2,S3), converting a four-way valve for performing a heating operation again after finishing defrosting of a lower pipe by refrigerant flowing through the lower pipe(S5), and opening the channel of the upper pipe by turning off the solenoid valve for simultaneously supplying refrigerant to both upper and lower pipes for evaporation operation(S6,S7).
Patent KR-19990082954-A (KR)
IPC: H01L31/02
Filed: 1999-04-06
Abstract: 탄소 게터링(gettering)을 실시한 에피택셜(epitaxial) 반도체 기판의 양부(良否)를 정확히 또한 신속하게 판정하고, 이 에피택셜 반도체 기판을 사용하여 특성이 양호한 고체 촬상 장치 등의 반도체 장치를 제조한다. 
     Si 기판의 표면에 탄소를 선택적으로 이온 주입하여 탄소 주입 영역 및 탄소 미주입 영역을 형성한 후, 이 Si 기판 표면에 Si 에피택셜층을 형성하여 Si 에피택셜 기판을 제조한다. 탄소 미주입 영역 상에 위치한 Si 에피택셜층에서 재결합 라이프타임 또는 표면 광전압의 측정을 행하고, 그 결과에 따라 Si 에피택셜 기판의 양부를 판정한다. 이로써, 선별된 양호한 Si 에피택셜 기판을 사용하여 고체 촬상 장치 등의 반도체 장치를 제조한다.
Patent KR-20000066102-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE KYUNG LAK
IPC: B65B17/00
Filed: 1999-04-13
Abstract: PURPOSE: An overturning device for a packing box is provided to easily connect the pieces of the box with glue or a stapler by overturning the upside and the downside of the packing box forming a printed layer. CONSTITUTION: An overturning device overturns a packing box, facing a printed layer formed on the upper face downward. The cylinder of a transfer device gradually pushes the packing box by a pusher while the packing box is transmitted. Therefore, the packing box is folded from the lower pieces to the upper pieces. In this state, the both ends of the box are bonded.
Patent KR-20000073814-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE SU HONG
IPC: H01L31/0445
Filed: 1999-05-14
Abstract: PURPOSE: A polycrystalline silicon thin film type solar cell is provided to reduce the cost for evaporating an active layer, and to relatively increase an energy efficiency and productivity. CONSTITUTION: A polycrystalline silicon thin film type solar cell comprises a substrate(21), an active layer(12), a front surface electrode(13) and a rear surface electrode(14). The substrate is composed of a hyper-eutectic alloy material of aluminum and silicon. When an n-type polycrystalline silicon thin film(221) is evaporated on the substrate, a p-type polycrystalline silicon thin film(222) is spontaneously formed between the substrate and the n-type polycrystalline silicon thin film. The front surface electrode is formed by coupling a conductive material to the front surface of the n-type polycrystalline silicon thin film in the active layer. The rear surface electrode is formed by coupling a conductive material to it the rear surface of the substrate(21).
Patent KR-20000074105-A (KR)
Inventor: PARK CHEOL SUN
IPC: G01S13/36
Filed: 1999-05-18
Abstract: PURPOSE: An apparatus is provided to prevent the vagueness of a direction measurement owing to generation of the same phase in a predetermined interval, by arranging a plurality of antennas in the same interval. CONSTITUTION: An apparatus for comparing a phase and finding a direction comprises a plurality of antennas which are circularly arranged in the same interval. A phase center compensating part adjusts a sector and a phase value of each frequency to '0'. An amplitude direction calculating part outputs an amplitude direction signal. A period judging part receives the phase value from the phase center compensating part, and directs a period, in which the vagueness exists, by use of a sector and a frequency. A phase direction compensating part receives the phase value from the phase center compensating part and the period judgment directing signal, and compensates a phase direction by use of the sector and the frequency.
Patent KR-20000074728-A (KR)
Inventor: KOO JA HEUM
IPC: H01L21/334
Filed: 1999-05-25
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method for manufacturing a gate structure of a semiconductor device using a liquid phase deposition is provided to form a cobalt silicide pattern, by using a silicon oxidation layer in a selective liquid phase deposition without using a selective dry etching process. CONSTITUTION: A silicon layer is formed on a semiconductor substrate(100). A photoresist layer pattern is formed on the silicon layer. The silicon layer is patterned to form a silicon pattern by using the photoresist layer pattern as an etch mask. A silicon oxidation layer(400) exposing an upper surface of the photoresist layer pattern is selectively formed in a liquid phase deposition by using a selective characteristic with the photoresist layer pattern on a semiconductor substrate exposed by the silicon pattern(250). The photoresist layer pattern is eliminated. A cobalt silicide pattern filling a gap(450) between the silicon oxidation layers is formed on the silicon pattern exposed by eliminating the photoresist layer pattern. The silicon oxidation layer is eliminated.
Patent KR-20010003355-A (KR)
Inventor: AHN CHI HONG
IPC: G01R31/00
Filed: 1999-06-23
Abstract: PURPOSE: A device for processing measurement information is provided to reduce a number of photo-couplers by transmitting each analog measured value to a control system with a V/F(Voltage-to-Frequency) converter and a F/V(Frequency-to-Voltage) converter and to integrate a measurement circuit by simplifying. CONSTITUTION: A signal from a rectifying system is outputted to an adder(21) after receiving through a resistance(R11) and amplifying. The adder(21) adds the inputted signal and a voltage through a resistance(R12). A V/F converter(13) generates a frequency signal in proportion to the voltage. The signal generates a beam by inputting into a light emitting element of a photo-coupler. The beam is inputted to a F/V converter(15) by receiving into a collecting element of the photo-coupler. An output of the F/V converter(15) is inputted to a control system(20) through a buffer(16). The control system(20) displays the signal.
Patent KR-20010004413-A (KR)
Title: Synchronous dynamic random access memory
Inventor: JUN CHUN U
IPC: G11C11/401
Filed: 1999-06-28
Abstract: PURPOSE: A SDRAM(Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory) is provided which enables a fast driving by reducing a line load, by making word line enable signal lines drive cell arrays from a center. CONSTITUTION: The device makes word line enable signal lines drive cell arrays from a center by arranging two word line enable signal lines additionally on an upper part of a cell region of the SDRAM. The SDRAM drives a word line of two cell arrays by two word line enable signal lines located in the center of two cell arrays and two word line enable signal lines located in an end part of two cell arrays. Two word line enable signals are additionally arranged to the outside of an uppermost cell array(30), and the uppermost cell array and a lowermost cell array(40) are driven by the word line enable signal line arranged on the outside of the uppermost cell array and the lowermost cell array. And, the SDRAM drives two cell arrays adjacent each other in the center by other word line enable signal lines located in the center of the cell array. Therefore, the SDRAM improves the driving speed of the word line by reducing a line load.
Patent KR-20010004469-A (KR)
Inventor: JUNG UK
IPC: H04L9/32
Filed: 1999-06-29
Abstract: PURPOSE: An authentication and key identification method using a public key and a recording medium installed the program for achieving the same are provided to efficiently and stably generate an extemporaneous secret key required for authenticating the terminal of a base station and encoding data in a communication system such as a radio communication system. CONSTITUTION: In an authentication and key identification method adapted in an authentication system, a base station generates the first massage and transfers the message to a terminal. The terminal generates the second message and sends the message to the base station after generating an extemporaneous secret key and a signature based on the first message. The base station generates the extemporaneous secret key based on the second message and verifies the signature of the terminal using a terminal public key.
Patent KR-20010010240-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE IN GYEONG
IPC: C07C69/732
Filed: 1999-07-16
Abstract: PURPOSE: Triterpene based lipid peroxidation inhibitors obtained by extraction, separation and purification of Hibiscus syriacus are provided, which show antioxidation activity strongly inhibiting lipid peroxidation of microsome isolated from the liver of white rat and having excellent effect on anti-cancer activity and aging prevention. CONSTITUTION: The two triterpene based lipid peroxidation inhibitors such as 3β, 23, 28-trihydroxy-12-oleanone 23-caffeate of formula (1) and 3β, 23, 28-trihydroxy-12-oleanone 3β-caffeate of formula (2) are obtained by extracting Hibiscus syriacus and removing nonpolare materials with hexane. The compounds can be used in fields of foods, cosmetics, medicines and pharmaceutical industry.
Patent KR-20010019479-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM PIL HO
IPC: H04L12/20
Filed: 1999-08-27
Abstract: PURPOSE: A communication system for combining information having various transmission speeds with one accumulator is provided to combine symbol data of channels having the various transmission speeds in the accumulator, so as to be appropriate for an IMT(International Mobile Telecommunications)-2000 without highly increasing a hardware size. CONSTITUTION: Each of demodulators(10-40) has five channel demodulators(11-15). The five channel demodulators(11-15) demodulate symbol data of five channels(#1-#5) corresponding to 9.6Kbps, 76.8Kbps, and 153.6Kbps, respectively. Multiplexers(18-48) respond to selection signals(S) to selectively output one of the demodulated symbol data. A combiner(50) comprises as follows. A symbol accumulator(52) receives the demodulated symbol data from the multiplexers(18-48), and adds the symbol data. A round-off controller(54) supplies a round-off constant to the symbol accumulator(52). The round-off constant has different values according to symbol transmission speeds. A multiplexer selection signal generator(56) generates the selection signals(S), and supplies the selection signals(S) to the multiplexers(18-48).
Patent KR-20010026115-A (KR)
Inventor: SON HO YUL
IPC: H01L21/027
Filed: 1999-09-03
Abstract: PURPOSE: An apparatus for applying photoresist is provided to improve the capacity to eliminate photoresist residue, by effectively removing the photoresist residue on a side and an edge of a bask side of a wafer. CONSTITUTION: Photoresist is supplied on the entire surface of a wafer(100) fixed in a wafer chuck(10). The wafer chuck is revolved to apply the photoresist on the wafer by centrifugal force. Photoresist residue on a side and a back side of the wafer is eliminated by thinner. The thinner is contained in a receptacle(101). The thinner receptacle is installed to ascend and descend in an edge direction of the back side of the wafer by a transfer cylinder(102). A surface of the thinner risen by surface tension contacts the edge of the bask side and the side of the wafer when the thinner receptacle is increased.
Patent KR-20000022924-A (KR)
Inventor: KOIZMI TAKAAKI
IPC: H05K3/28
Filed: 1999-09-06
Abstract: PURPOSE: A printed wiring board is provided to prevent an environmental disruption by using an aromatic amine as a polymer not to use any halogen material in a printed board. CONSTITUTION: A printed wiring board comprises a board material(1) using an epoxy resins a base resin, a wiring pattern(2), and a solder mask(3). The board material does not contain a halogen atom and the epoxy resin is a resin hardening an aromatic amine as a polymer. The wiring pattern is formed on the board material as a conductive material. The solder mask contains a non-halogen pigment and covers a predetermined portion of the wiring pattern. The board material is composed of by a glass epoxy material and contains a phosphorous compound.
Patent KR-20010026350-A (KR)
Inventor: JANG OK HYEONG
IPC: H01L21/78
Filed: 1999-09-06
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method for separating chip scale packages by using an L-shaped punch is provided to enable a separation of various type packages without changing the punch. CONSTITUTION: The chip scale packages(110) are arranged on a tape(120) fixed to a frame. The frame is supplied in a singulation apparatus having normal and opposite L-shaped punches and then adjusted in an appropriate position. Each chip scale package(110) has two corresponding L-shaped edges. The chip scale package(110) is primarily severed at one part(150) corresponding to the first L-shaped edge by the normal L-shaped punch, and then secondarily severed at the other part(152) corresponding to the second L-shaped edge by the opposite L-shaped punch. The chip scale packages(110) are arranged at regular intervals(A) even though they have different sizes. Therefore, while the normal L-shaped punch is fixed, the opposite L-shaped punch is adjusted to fit the various type packages(110).
Patent KR-20010026414-A (KR)
Inventor: KWON O IL
IPC: G10L15/02
Filed: 1999-09-06
Abstract: PURPOSE: A voice recognizing apparatus and method for a vehicle are provided to obtain an exact voice recognizing result by detecting a sound section in an input signal using a zero crossing rate and an energy. CONSTITUTION: A voice recognizing start switch(120) serves to start a voice recognizing operation. A background noise of a vehicle is inputted to a special background noise microphone(100). A sound of a driver is inputted to a special sound input microphone(110) when voice recognizing start switch(120) is turned on. A controller(200) receives and converts a sound signal having the background noise of a vehicle and the sound of a driver from the special background noise microphone(100) and the special sound input microphone(110) into a digital signal, respectively, when voice recognizing start switch(120) is turned on. The controller(200) divides the digital sound signal in units of a frame and detects starting and end points of a sound section using an energy and a zero crossing rate of the divided digital sound signal.
Patent KR-20010026733-A (KR)
Inventor: CHOI JONG SEO
IPC: H01J29/48
Filed: 1999-09-08
Abstract: PURPOSE: An apparatus for supporting a metal cathode/cap of an electron gun is provided to weld correctly a metal cathode and a cap by maintaining constantly a welding location of the metal cathode for the cap. CONSTITUTION: An apparatus for supporting a metal cathode/cap of an electron gun comprises a cathode supporter(10), a cap supporter(20), and a location decision portion(12,22). The cathode supporter(10) has a groove portion(11) for receiving a metal cathode(4) on its upper portion. The cap supporter(20) is loaded on an upper side of the cathode supporter(10). The cap supporter(20) has a penetrating hole(21) to be contacted with an upper face of the metal cathode(4). The location decision portion(12,22) decides a loading location of the cap supporter(20) for the cathode supporter(10).
Patent KR-20000023031-A (KR)
Inventor: MANABE YASO
IPC: G03F1/36
Filed: 1999-09-09
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method is provided to carry out an exposure simulation with respect to an entire chip area by obtaining estimated error information fully in a short time period with respect to a drawing pattern of an object. CONSTITUTION: A first calculation candidate point is produced between non-contact points,a second calculation candidate point is produced in correspondence with the first calculation candidate point, and plural calculation points are produced on a linear line penetrating the first and second calculation candidate points and on a portion transversing the first and second non-contact parts(S11, S12). An exposure intensity is calculated at the calculation points and a drawing pattern estimated values on the line are calculated according to the result of the above calculation(S13, S14). an error is calculated as the above result(S15, S16, S17).