baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent SK-77595-A3 (SK)
Title: Pharmaceutical and veterinary agent containing the sesquiterpenes and method of their preparation
Inventor: RENNO DIDIER V
IPC: A61P43/00
Filed: 1993-12-22
Abstract: Sesquiterpenes of formula (I), wherein each of - &cir& _- &cir& _- &cir& _- &cir& _- &cir& _ and - &cir& _- &cir& _- &cir& _- &cir& _- &cir& _ is a single bond or one is a single bond and the other is a double bond; A, together with - &cir& _- &cir& _- &cir& _- &cir& _- &cir& _, - &cir& _- &cir& _- &cir& _- &cir& _- &cir& _ and the carbon atoms to which it is attached forms a ring selected from: (a); (b) wherein R is H or OH; (c); and (d); and Y is a double bond or, when A is a ring (a) as defined above Y is either a double bond or forms, together with the carbon atoms to which it is attached, an epoxide linkage   &cir&  NOt o &cir&  NOt   &cir&  NOt  obtainable from the fungal strain Acremonium strictum X06/15/458, and pharmaceutically and veterinarily acceptable salts thereof, are inhibitors of the binding of benzodiazepine to the GABA-benzodiazepine-Cl ionophore receptor complex. These compounds are prepared by (i) fermenting, in a source of carbon, nitrogen and inorganic salts, fungal strain X06/15/458 (IMI 354451) or a mutant thereof which produces the said sesquiterpenes, (ii) isolating the sesquiterpenes from the fermentation medium; and (iii) if desired, converting the said sesquiterpene into a pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable salt thereof.
Patent SK-85195-A3 (SK)
Title: Polyester folie usable for lids creation and method of its production
Inventor: BENHAYOUN JEAN-PAUL
IPC: B29C55/12
Filed: 1995-06-29
Abstract: Polyester films 5-30 microns thick having (i) a degree of crystallinity of greater than or equal to 50 %, (ii) a planar birefringence  delta  P of less than or equal to 0.160, (iii) a breaking strength in the longitudinal direction (RRMD) and the weakest of the two breaking strengths in diagonal directions (+/- 45 degrees . w.r.t. the longitudinal direction) (RR45) such that (RRMD)-(RR45) is less than or equal to 40 kg/mm<2> (392.4 MPa) and (iv) an elongation at rupture in the longitudinal direction (ARMD) and the highest of the two elongations at rupture in the diagonal directions (+/- 45 degrees w.r.t. the longitudinal direction) (45) such that (ARMD)+(AR45) is greater than or equal to 290 %, and which satisfy the performance requirements of the particular application envisaged.
Patent SK-99795-A3 (SK)
Title: Imidazopyrimidines, method of their preparation, treating with their contents and use
Inventor: SENN-BILFINGER JORG
IPC: A61P1/04
Filed: 1994-02-07
Abstract: The invention pertains to new compounds of formula (I). These compounds yield a marked ischesis of hydrochloric acid and an excellent gastrointestinal protective action in warm-blooded animals.
Patent CH-639234G-A3 (CH)
Title: Waterproof wristwatch case comprising a mineral-type glass
IPC: G04B37/05
Filed: 1980-06-05
Abstract: The watch case is composed of four pieces. The sapphire glass (3) is held in place between the calibre (4) and an intermediate piece (5). These two pieces are fixed by pressure fitment to one another. The intermediate piece is pressure fitted to a cage-holder (13) and compresses a seal (15) on a shoulder of the cage-holder. Finally, the back (12), fixed by catch to the cage-holder, carries a third seal (14). The seal (10), fitted into a groove (9) in the intermediate piece provides for the waterproofing of the sapphire glass which, by virtue of its fixing as two separate pieces, can be produced with a smaller thickness than was possible hitherto. <IMAGE>
Patent CH-623184G-A3 (CH)
Title: Element for timing instrument
IPC: G04B31/00
Filed: 1973-04-24
Abstract: An element for a timing instrument, in particular a watch component, which is exposed to high wear and consists of an alloy containing 20 to 65 % by weight of cobalt, up to 30 % by weight of nickel and chromium as well as one or more of the metals iron, molybdenum and tungsten, or 30 to 80 % by weight of nickel, up to 25 % by weight of chromium and iron as well as additives for hardening the alloy, has a tough, wear resistant outer layer which has a hardness of up to 3600 kp/mm<2> and has been produced by borination in the gas phase. This layer preferably contains cobalt boride and/or nickel boride or a boron layer produced thereon by further gas-phase borination.
Patent CZ-171492-A3 (CZ)
Title: Polypeptide, process of its preparation, pharmaceutical composition containing thereof and its use as an intermediate for insulin preparation
Inventor: BELAGAJE RAMA M
IPC: C12N15/09
Filed: 1992-06-05
Abstract: The instant invention provides novel molecules derived from the components of proinsulin using recombinant DNA technology. The invention provides molecules of the formula A-C-B wherein A is the A-chain of an insulin species, B is the B-chain of an insulin species and C is a connecting peptide. These molecules possess insulin-like activity and are useful for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, particularly non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. These molecules are also useful for the production of insulin and constitute a novel pathway for the recombinant production of insulin species. The invention provides a method of making insulin proceeding through the compounds of the invention as intermediates. The instant invention further provides recombinant DNA compounds which encode the compounds of the invention. <IMAGE>
Patent CS-417491-A3 (CS)
Title: Aqueous, cathode-electrodeposited varnish coating composition and its use
Inventor: HONIG HELMUT DR
IPC: C09D5/44
Filed: 1991-12-30
Abstract: The cathodically depositable aqueous electrocoating composition contains
 (A) from 95 to 5 % by weight, based on the total amount of synthetic resin binder, of one or more polycondensation, chain growth polymerisation and/or polyaddition resins, the resin or resin mixture having
 a) a number average molecular weight (Mn) of from 700 to 10 000,
 b) from 0 to 21.7 . 10<2><3> internal or terminal double bonds per 1 000 g, corresponding to a hydrogenation iodine number of from 0 to 90,
 c) primary hydroxyl groups corresponding to a hydroxyl number of from 15 to 300, and
 d) tertiary amino groups corresponding to an amine number of from 30 to 150,
 (B) from 5 to 95 % by weight, based on the total amount of synthetic resin binder, of chain growth polymerisation, polycondensation and/or polyaddition resins having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of from 170 to 10 000 and on average per molecule at least 2 terminal or internal ethylenic double bonds and less than one terminal ester group per molecule which is transesterifiable on baking, and is used for cathodic deposition onto electrically conducting surfaces.
Patent CZ-431589-A3 (CZ)
Title: N-phenylpyrazole derivatives, insecticidal agents containing thereof and their use for fighting insects
Inventor: BUNTAIN IAN GEORGE
IPC: C07D521/00
Filed: 1989-07-14
Abstract: An N-phenylpyrazole derivative of the formula: <CHEM>  wherein R<1> represents cyano, nitro or halogen; R<2> represents a group R<5>SO2, R<5>SO, or R<5>S in which R<5> represents alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; R<3> represents azido or hydrazino, or pyrrol-1-yl, pyrazol-1-yl, imidazol-1-yl, 1,2,4-triazol-4-yl, 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl, 1,2,3-triazol-2-yl, piperidino, pyrrolidino, morpholino or N-alkylpiperazino, which may be substituted by alkyl or phenyl; and R<4> represents phenyl substituted in the 2-position by fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine; in the 4-position by alkyl or alkoxy unsubstituted or substituted by halogen, or fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine; and unsubstituted or substituted in the 6-position by fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine and pesticidally acceptable acid addition salts thereof possess arthropodicidal, nematocidal, anthelmintic and anti-protozoal activity.
Patent CZ-114694-A3 (CZ)
Title: Thermal dressing
Inventor: SHARP STEVE RONALD
IPC: A61F7/02
Filed: 1993-08-06
Abstract: A thermal bandage apparatus for simultaneously dressing and thermally treating a wounded bodily area includes a fluid absorbent member having a wound contacting surface for absorbing bodily fluids produced by an open wound and holding means adjacent and connected to the fluid absorbent member for holding a thermal medium against the fluid absorbent member such that heat is transferred between the thermal medium and the open wound by thermal conduction through the fluid absorbent member. There is also disclosed an arrangement for providing a continuous supply of heat or cold to a wound.
Patent CZ-145797-A3 (CZ)
Title: Insulin monoacylated analog and pharmaceutical composition containing thereof
Inventor: BAKER JEFFREY CLAYTON
IPC: A61P5/38
Filed: 1995-11-14
Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of diabetes. More particularly, the invention relates to a monomeric insulin analog wherein the A chain is the naturally occurring sequence of the human insulin A chain and the B chain is modified at either position B28 and B29 or both. The analog is mono-acylated at the N-terminal of the A chain or B chain or at the lysine. The acylated insulin analogs have an extended duration of action.
Patent CZ-184398-A3 (CZ)
Title: Process for preparing caprolactam simultaneously with hexamethylenediamine
Inventor: ACHHAMMER GUNTHER DR
IPC: C07C211/12
Filed: 1996-12-11
Abstract: A process is disclosed for simultaneously preparing caprolactam and hexamethylene diamine starting from adipodinitrile.
Patent CZ-191995-A3 (CZ)
Title: Process for producing hop rootstocks without viruses
Inventor: ITOGA YUTAKA
IPC: C12N5/00
Filed: 1995-07-25
Abstract: Disclosed is a method for producing virus-free, rootstocks of hop, which comprises growing a cultured virus-free hop strain in a rooting medium thereby to make it shoot out roots therein followed by culture it in a rootstocks of hop-producing medium having a high saccharide concentration thereby to form rootstocks of hop in the medium. The virus-free, rootstocks of hop are produced under aseptic conditions and are out of the danger of their contamination with viruses, pathogenic vermian or parasites. The plants are highly safe and can be stored well. When planted, these actively shoot out roots and sprouts.
Patent CZ-200767-A3 (CZ)
Inventor: KREJCI JOSEF
IPC: B22D7/06
Filed: 2007-01-25
Abstract: Zpusob odlévání ingotu od kokil, zejména ocelových ingotu, spocívající ve vypouštení roztaveného kovu z tavící pece prostrednictvím licí soupravy (1)shora do odlévací dutiny alespon jedné kokily (8), v níž se roztavený kov ochlazuje a tuhne do ingotu, pricemž po zahájení licího procesu od okamžikudosažení alespon minimálního množství roztavenéhokovu v kokile (8), potrebného pro dosažení urcitépocátecní hladiny taveniny v kokile (8), se výtokroztaveného kovu do kokily (8) pod hladinu taveniny shora vertikálne zanorí, nacež v dalším prubehulicího procesu až do jeho ukoncení se tento výtoksvým pohybem smerem vzhuru stále udržuje v konstantní hloubce pod prubežne stoupající hladinou taveniny v kokile (8). Licí souprava (1) a/nebo pod níusporádaná kokila (8) ci jejich soustava jsou vuci sobe ve vertikálním smeru uloženy pohyblive s rízenou rychlostí jejich vzájemného pohybu vuci sobe, pricemž licí souprava (1) je podle poctu pod ní umístených kokil (8) opatrena trubicovými výlevkami (4).
Patent CZ-201040-A3 (CZ)
Inventor: STACH JAN
IPC: A61K31/40
Filed: 2010-01-19
Abstract: Rešení se týká zpusobu prumyslové výroby vetšího množství amorfní formy hemivápenaté soli (3R,5R) 7-[3-fenyl-4-fenylkarbamoyl-2-(4-fluorfenyl)-5-isopropylpyrrol-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanové kyseliny (atorvastatinu vzorce I) s nízkým povrchem založeného na rízeném srážení a jeho použití v lékové forme.
Patent CZ-209097-A3 (CZ)
Title: Process for preparing and purification of perylene-3,4-dicarboxylic acid imides
Inventor: BOHM ARNO DR
IPC: C09B57/08
Filed: 1996-01-12
Abstract: The invention concerns a process for producing and purifying perylene-3,4-dicarboxylic acid imides by reaction of a perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid or corresponding anhydrides using a primary amine: reaction is carried out in the presence of a tertiary nitrogen base compound as the solvent and a transition metal or transition metal salt as the catalyst. The invention further concerns the purification of perylene-3,4-dicarboxylic acid imides obtained by reaction of a perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid or corresponding anhydrides using a primary amine: the raw products are first heated in N-methyl pyrrolidone, the N-methyl pyrrolidone adducts thus produced are treated with a base in the presence of an organic diluting agent, and the products subsequently isolated undergo further treatment if necessary with an aqueous acid. The invention also concerns novel perylene-3,4-dicarboxylic acid imides and the use thereof as fluorescence dyes, pigments or pigment additive precursors.
Patent CZ-251494-A3 (CZ)
Inventor: CERNOCKY JOSEF
IPC: B62M19/00
Filed: 1994-10-12
Abstract: Zařízení je tvořeno generátorem (1) napojeným na hydro- motor (11) sacím a výtlačným potrubím (4, 5), přičemž generátor (1), hydromotor (11) s regulačním mechanismem (18) a obč potrubí (4, 5) tvoří uzavřený pracovní okruh. S výhodou je v plášti (2) generátoru (1) uložen středový šroub (7), zapadající do nejméně jednoho těsnicího šroubu (8), přitom každý šroub (7,8) je opatřen protilehle uspořádaným levým závitem (9) a pravým závitem (10), které jsou přerušeny na hřídeli v návaznost na otvor výtlačného potrubí (5). Generátor (1) je napojen na obou protilehlých koncích na sací potrubí (4). Hydromotor (11) má v uzavřené skříni (12) umístěny nejméně dva podtlakové otvory (14) napojené na sací potrubí (4), a nejméně dva tlakové otvory (13) napojené na výtlačné potrubí (5), přičemž ve vnitřním prostoru skříně (12) je uložen otočný rotor (15) s lopatkami (16), a mezi každými dvěma sousedními lopatkami (16) je volně uloženo šoupátko (17). Vnitřnímu prostoru rotoru (15) jsou uzpůsobeny tvary lopatek (16) i šoupátek (17) na styčných plochách, a styčné plochy lopatek (16) i šoupátek (17) navzájem korespondují v mezních polohách šoupátek (17). Regulační mechanismus (18) hydromotoru (11), sestává z vratně posuvného hřídele (23) s osazením (24) s magnetickou ploškou, přivrácenou magnetické plošce stejného pólu mafnetického pístu (22). Na protilehlém konci posuvného hřídele (23) je uchycena na stavitelném prvku (25) tlačná pružina (26) s regulačním prvkem (28), opřená o stavitelný prvek (25) uzavíracího tělesa (20). Generátor (1) je poháněn pedály bicyklu a hydromotor (11) s regulačním mechanismem (18) je umístěn v ose zadního kola bicyklu.
Patent CZ-263096-A3 (CZ)
Title: Arylalkyldiazinone derivative, process of its preparation and pharmaceutical composition containing thereof
Inventor: JONAS ROCHUS DR
IPC: C07D285/16
Filed: 1996-09-09
Abstract: Arylalkyldiazinone derivs. of formula (I) and their salts are new: B = aromatic heterocycle with 1-4H, O and/or S atoms bonded to N or C (opt. mono-, di- or tri-substd. by Hal, A and/or OA and opt. condensed with a benzene or pyridyl ring); Q = 1-6C alkylene or is absent; X = CH2, S or O; R<1>, R<2> = H or A;R<3>, R<4> = OH, OR<5>, SR<5>, SOR<5>, SO2R<5>, Hal, methylenedioxy, NO2, NH2, NHR<5>, or NR<5>R<6>; R<5>, R<6> = A, 3-7C cycloalkyl, 4-8C methylenecycloalkyl, or 2-8C alkenyl; A = 1-10C alkyl (opt. mono- to penta-substd. by F or C)l; and Hal = F, Cl, Br or I.
Patent CZ-316295-A3 (CZ)
Title: Bridge inlet
Inventor: VLCEK PETR ING
IPC: E03F5/04
Filed: 1995-11-29
Abstract: The equipment consists of four main parts: a plate (9), a pot (10), a frame (5) and a grid (2). In the rectangular plate (9) equipped with a discharge hole (14) there is a rectangular pot (10) where inside along the longer sides of the rectangular there are leading bars (12). In the pot (10) there is a square frame (5) the  two lower opposite sides of which have a hollow (6) in the form of a leading bar (12). In the frame (15) there is a grid (2) the ribs (7) of which are in the central part of the grid (2) shortened on both ends. Both side ribs (7) are equipped with locks (1) fitting into the hollow (6) in the frame (5) and on the outside edges of the pot (10) there is a flange (15) with drainage holes (16) and in the wall of the pot (10) there are drainage holes (8). Around the outlet hole (14) of the plate (9) there is the seating of the flange (3). On the concurrent ends of the leading bars (12) there are separating items (13) the shape of which copies the shape of the leading bar (12). In the free space between the walls of the rectangular pot (10) and the square frame (5) there is at least one fixing piece (11). In the corners of the frame (5) there is a seating (4) to place the grid (2).<IMAGE>
Patent CZ-321499-A3 (CZ)
Inventor: PYKA PETER
IPC: C10M169/04
Filed: 1998-03-04
Abstract: Směsijednoho nebo více esterů kyseliny fosforečné obecného
vzorce I sjednánnebo více aminy obecného vzorce Πje možno
použítjako vysokotlakých aditiv v chladícíchmazacích látkách,
nemísitelných s vodou.
Patent CZ-373897-A3 (CZ)
Title: Process for preparing haemagglutinin multivalent vaccines against influenza
Inventor: SMITH GALE EUGENE
IPC: C12N15/86
Filed: 1995-05-26
Abstract: Recombinant influenza haemagglutinin (HA0) expressed in a baculovirus expression system in cultured insect cells is new. Also new is a vector for prodn. of recombinant HA0 comprises, in 5' to 3' sequence, a polyhedrin baculovirus promoter, ATG start codon, signal peptide (SP) sequence, sequence for mature HA0, stop codon and polyhedrin RNA polyadenylation signal.
Patent CZ-394297-A3 (CZ)
Title: Thermal shock streptococcus proteins of the hsp70 group
Inventor: HAMEL JOSEE
IPC: C07K14/315
Filed: 1996-05-17
Abstract: Novel heat shock proteins (HSPs) of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae having apparent molecular masses of 70-72 kDa, immunologically related polypeptides, the nucleotide and derived amino acid sequences of HSP72 of S. pneumoniae (SEQ ID NO:4; SEQ ID NO:5), the nucleotide and derived amino acid sequences of HSP70 of S. pyogenes (SEQ ID NO:19; SEQ ID NO:20), the nucleotide and derived amino acid sequences of HSP 70 of S. agalactiae (SEQ ID NO:21; SEQ ID NO:22), antibodies that bind to the HSPs, and recombinant DNA methods for the production of the HSPs and immunologically related polypeptides are described. The polypeptides, DNA sequences and antibodies of this invention provide new means for the diagnosis, prevention and/or treatment of Streptococcal disease.
Patent CZ-418698-A3 (CZ)
Title: Guide device for sliding sides of wagons with sliding walls and roof
Inventor: ERNST ANDREAS DIPL ING
IPC: B61D17/08
Filed: 1998-12-16
Abstract: The lower rail (6) supports a sliding wall on two roller mountings (5), the wall being angled towards the longitudinal center in the area of the outer roller mounting, pointing to the end walls. The spread angle reaches a maximum, which is smaller than the angle produced when the rail makes diagonal flank contact with a roller (17). In the area of the inner roller mounting, guides are angled towards the longitudinal center of the wagon, the spread angle of which is three times the angle at the outer ends. Guide members (10, 11) at this point steer the roller mounting into the associated guide.
Patent CZ-433698-A3 (CZ)
Title: Processing equipment for manufacture of steam-hardened building materials
Inventor: BAILLEUL GUIDO
IPC: B28B11/24
Filed: 1998-12-28
Abstract: In the heat chambers (11) the binding and the hardening of the concrete mass takes place under the effect of heat energy. In a sawing station (24) the bound pore concrete cakes are brought, where they are cut to the required formats. One or more heat chambers (9) receive the cut concrete cakes for storage under heat energy effect. One or more autoclaves then receive the pore concrete cakes for steam hardening. They are then passed to a cooling area (21) and all the constituents of the plant (9,11,21) have functional sections equipped with rails. A warm and heat chamber device (8) has a warm area (11) and a heating area (9).
Patent BE-1001783-A3 (BE)
Title: Water distributor, in particular for massage bath
IPC: A61H33/00
Filed: 1988-06-15
Granted: 1990-03-06
Abstract: The water distributor is comprised of a collector (7) having multipleoutlets, mounted directly on the supply pump (1) and having at each outlet afitting (6) connected directly by means of a flexible hose (4) to itsrespective pump spray (6).<IMAGE>
Patent BE-1006129-A3 (BE)
Title: Werkwijze voor het aanbrengen van een richtingkorrigerend opzetstuk in een dentaalimplantaat en elementen hierbij toegepast.
IPC: A61C8/00
Filed: 1992-08-19
Granted: 1994-05-17
Abstract: Werkwijze voor het aanbrengen van een richtingkorrigerend opzetstuk in een dentaalimplantaat, daardoor gekenmerkt dt zij bestaat in het in een implantaat, (15) inschroeven van een merktekens (5) voorziene oriëntatiespil (1); het bepalen van de noodzakelijke askorrektie; het uitschroeven van de voornoemde oriëntaatiespil (1) en het in het implantaat (15) inschroeven van een geschikt richtinkorrigerend opzetstuk (9), met de bepaalde noodzakelijke askorrektie.
Patent BE-1007485-A3 (BE)
Inventor: HIKMET RIFAT A M
IPC: C09K19/54
Filed: 1993-09-08
Granted: 1995-07-11
Abstract: The invention relates to a switchable cholesteric filter. Said filter comprises an optically active layer which is situated between two substrates which are both provided with an electrode for applying an electric field. The optically active layer comprises a liquid-crystalline material which is in the cholesteric phase. In accordance with the invention, the optically active layer comprises a three-dimensional polymer network which consists of the polymerization product of maximally 2 wt. % of monomers with at least two polymerizable groups and maximally 30 wt. % of liquid-crystalline monomers with one polymerizable group, and the rest of the optically active layer consists predominantly of a mixture of chiral and achiral liquid-crystalline molecules. An optically active layer of this composition can be switched in a simple and reproducible manner by means of an electric field. The invention also relates to a luminaire comprising such a switchable cholesteric filter. <IMAGE>
Patent BE-1007651-A3 (BE)
Title: Procede pour le blanchiment d'une pate a papier chimique.
IPC: D21C9/10
Filed: 1993-10-22
Granted: 1995-09-05
Abstract: Procédé pour le blanchiment d'une pâte à papier chimique au moyen d'une séquence d'étapes de traitement impliquant au moins une étape avec enzyme et au moins une étape avec un peroxyacide.
Patent BE-1007818-A3 (BE)
Title: Composition catalytique et procede d'oxychloration de l'ethylene utilisant une telle composition.
IPC: C07C17/156
Filed: 1993-12-08
Granted: 1995-10-31
Abstract: Composition catalytique comprenant du chlorure de cuivre, du chlorure de magnésium et du chlorure de césium ou de potassium déposés sur une alumine, utilisable en particulier pour l'oxychloration de l'éthylène en 1,2-dichloréthane. Dans les procédés d'oxychloration de d'éthylène à l'oxy en lit fluide, cette composition catalytique permet d'obtenir un excellent rendement en 1,2-dichloréthane sans provoquer le dépôt de salissures à la surface des tubes du faisceau d'échange thermique disposé dans le réacteur.
Patent BE-1008490-A3 (BE)
Title: Procede et dispositif pour la manipulation d'embases de transport.
Inventor: GREBENSTEIN HERMANN
IPC: B65G1/04
Filed: 1994-07-13
Granted: 1996-05-07
Abstract: Le dispositif pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé est muni d'un organe de transfert équipé de deux bras téléscopiques extensibles montés sur une plate-forme de levage. Chaque bras téléscopique 7 comporte un organe d'entraînement 10 et les bras téléscopiques se déplaçant parallèlement l'un à l'autre sont susceptibles de se déplacer ensemble ou séparément l'un de l'autre. Application à la manipulation de palettes de stockage à l'aide de bras téléscopiques n'exerçant que des efforts de manipulation faibles.