baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20090064924-A (KR)
Title: 알에프아이디를 사용한 유류보조금 지급 및 차량관리시스템
Inventor: YUN JAE HO
IPC: G06Q50/30
Filed: 2007-12-17
Abstract: 본 발명은 알에프아이디를 사용한 유류보조금 지급 및 차량관리시스템에 관한 것으로, 특히 알에프아이디방식에 의해 차량에 유류보조금 지급대상 차량에 식별태그를 부착하고 지정된 주유소에 마련된 알에프아이디리더기를 통해 유류보조금 지급대상인지 여부를 확인하고 주유 및 주유금액에 관한 정보를 유류보조금을 지급하는 기관에 설치된 서버에 전송함으로써 실시간으로 주유 요금 및 주유 현황을 파악할 수 있도록 함으로써 유류 보조금 관리의 신속성, 정확성이 확보되고 유류보조금지급의 투명성이 담보되도록 하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 
       
     주유, 유류보조금, 알에프아이디, 차량
Patent KR-20080057178-A (KR)
Title: Method for manufacturing a semiconductor device
Inventor: KATO JURI
IPC: H01L21/027
Filed: 2007-12-18
Abstract: A method for fabricating a semiconductor device is provided to reduce variation of a channel width by decreasing the position discrepancy of a second groove with respect to a first groove. First and second semiconductor layers are sequentially stacked on a substrate(1). The second and first semiconductor layers are partially etched to form a first groove adjacent to a device region wherein the first groove penetrates the second and first semiconductor layers. A support body supporting the second semiconductor layer is formed to bury the first groove and cover the second semiconductor layer. A second groove exposing the first semiconductor layer from a portion under the second semiconductor layer supported by the support body is formed near the device region. In a condition that the first semiconductor layer is easier to be etched than the first semiconductor layer, the first semiconductor layer is etched through the second groove to form a cavity between the substrate in the device region and the second semiconductor layer. In the process for forming the first groove, an alignment mark(M) is formed together with the first groove on the semiconductor substrate by photolithography and etching for forming the first groove. In the process for forming the second groove, the position alignment of the photolithography process is performed by using the alignment mark. From a planar point of view, a region to be a channel in the device region can be interposed between the first and second grooves.
Patent KR-20090065937-A (KR)
Title: Motor
Inventor: KWON JEONG KI
IPC: H02K5/10
Filed: 2007-12-18
Abstract: A motor is provided to prevent troubles of components by discharging residual moisture from an inside of a case to the outside of the case though the moisture is permeated into the inside of the case thereof. A motor includes a stator, a rotor, a case(100), a moisture permeation prevention unit, and a moisture discharge unit. The rotor is rotatably installed at the stator. The case is formed with an upper case and a lower case in order to receive the stator and the rotor. The moisture permeation prevention unit prevents the permeation of the moisture into the inside of the case. The moisture discharge unit discharges the moisture from the inside of the case to the outside of the case. The moisture permeation prevention unit includes an extended rib extended from the upper case. The extended rib is used for covering an outer circumference of an upper surface of the lower case.
Patent KR-20080063096-A (KR)
Title: Connector for the discharge tube
Inventor: IKEDA MASAHIRO
IPC: G03B15/05
Filed: 2007-12-20
Abstract: A connector for a discharge tube is provided to be easily assembled to the discharge tube without damaging the discharge tube. A connector for a discharge tube includes a coupling unit(6a). The coupling unit is mounted on an end of the discharge tube and includes a locking surface part(7), a protrusion(9), and a conductive connection part(8). The locking surface part locks a light emitting portion of the discharge tube. The protrusion is protruded from the locking surface part along an end electrode. The conductive connection part is formed on the protrusion to electrically connect the end electrode and a substrate electrode as a conductive contact surface(8a) is in contact with the end electrode and the other conductive contact surface is in contact with the substrate electrode.
Patent KR-20080058240-A (KR)
Title: Vacuum suction apparatus
Inventor: FUKANO YOSHIHIRO
IPC: B65G57/04
Filed: 2007-12-20
Abstract: A vacuum suction apparatus is provided to prevent pressurized fluid from being excessively wasted when the vacuum suction apparatus picks up a material using a vacuum. A vacuum suction apparatus comprises a pressurized fluid source(12), a vacuum generator(16), suction members(20a,20b,20c) and a switching unit connected to the vacuum generator. The vacuum generator generates negative pressure as the pressurized fluid is supplied thereto. The suction members pick up a material as the negative pressure is supplied thereto from the vacuum generator. When the negative pressure reaches a predetermined level at inner portions of the suction members, fluid communication between passages(48,50) is blocked by the switching unit.
Patent KR-20090066741-A (KR)
Title: Connector assembly for testing semi-conductor
Inventor: PARK JOON EON
IPC: H01R33/76
Filed: 2007-12-20
Abstract: A connector assembly for a semiconductor test is provided to prevent electric interference between pins faced with each other by including an intermediating conductive material. A connection part includes a main body, and more than one terminal pin and combining members. More than one receiving hole is formed inside the main body. The terminal pin is inserted into the receiving hole of the main body. The combining member is inserted into the main body. A connector includes a housing(2010), a fixing member(2030), a pin(2020), a correcting unit(2050), a pressing unit(2060). An opening part(2019) and a guide groove(2025) are formed inside the housing. The fixing member is inserted into the guide groove. An installation groove is formed to the fixing member. The pin is fixed in the installation groove.
Patent KR-20090067687-A (KR)
Title: Engine nozzle opening device with perfex roll film
Inventor: JUN YONG MIN
IPC: F02K1/15
Filed: 2007-12-21
Abstract: An engine nozzle opening device is provided to facilitate fabrication and to reduce expense because the configuration of the open member opening the engine nozzle closure is relatively simple. An engine nozzle opening device comprises an engine nozzle(10), an engine nozzle cap(20), an engine nozzle cap turning member, and an engine nozzle cap opening member. The engine nozzle generates thrust in a gas turbine engine. The engine nozzle closure is positioned in the exit of the engine nozzle. The engine nozzle cap opens and closes the engine nozzle. The engine nozzle closure turning member rotates the engine nozzle closure around the other end. The engine nozzle closure open member supports the upper end of the engine nozzle closure.
Patent KR-20090067722-A (KR)
Title: Combi-type smart card
Inventor: NAM DEOK YOUNG
IPC: G06K19/07
Filed: 2007-12-21
Abstract: A combi type smart card is provided to recognize communication transaction contents of the combi type smart card and a card reader even in a device with the combi type smart card, thereby informing a user of the communication transaction contents through a user interface in various types. When RF communication transaction with an RF(Radio Frequency) card reader is performed, a controller(11) outputs communication transaction contents to a data input/output terminal for data input/output with a device of a contact unit. An RF communication unit(12) performs RF communication transaction with the RF card reader. The contact unit formed of a plurality of contact terminals contacts with a device with a combi type smart card.
Patent KR-20090070117-A (KR)
Title: Anodized metal board its preparation manufacturing method
Inventor: LEE YOUNG KI
IPC: H05K3/06
Filed: 2007-12-26
Abstract: An anodized metal substrate and a manufacturing method thereof are provided to simplify a manufacturing process by forming a wiring without a separate via process through etching of an insulation layer. An anodized metal substrate(100) includes a metal core(110), a top insulation layer(121), and a bottom insulation layer(122). The metal core is formed into a panel shape. The metal core is made of one of aluminum, magnesium, and titanium. The top insulation layer and the bottom insulation layer are formed on both surfaces of the metal core by anodizing. An anti oxidation film is laminated on the top insulation layer and the bottom insulation layer. A wiring(130) is formed on the insulation layer by wet etching, dry etching, and laser drilling.
Patent KR-20090070283-A (KR)
Title: Cleaning apparatus for grinding surface plate
Inventor: KWON KI SOO
IPC: H01L21/304
Filed: 2007-12-27
Abstract: A cleaning apparatus for grinding a surface plate is provided to prevent deterioration of a wafer quality by including a robot arm for transferring an injection nozzle to a table relatively. A spray unit(30) is equipped in a rapping apparatus for a wafer for polishing the wafer, and discharges one of a compressed air and a high pressure liquid to a table supporting the wafer. A robot arm(40) is combined with an spray unit, which is moved relatively to the table, and the spray head(10) is installed inside a receiving unit and has a injection nozzle at one side of it while being combined with the robot arm to be moved relatively to the table. Injection nozzles(20,21) are arranged in the receiving unit, and one of a compressed air and a high pressure liquid are sprayed to the table through nozzles.
Patent KR-20090072631-A (KR)
Title: Conveyer belt
Inventor: LEE WAN HUI
IPC: B65G15/32
Filed: 2007-12-28
Abstract: A conveyer belt is provided to replace or repair the belt in the proper time because the worn condition of the belt is accurately detected. A conveyer belt comprises a belt(10) made of rubber material, and a core body(20) which is inserted in the lower inside of the belt. A conical abrasion confirmation pointer(30) is inserted between the belt and core body, whereof the width is gradually reduced from the upper side of the belt towards the core body. The abrasion confirmation pointer is conical and is inserted in the longitudinal direction of the belt at a constant interval.
Patent KR-20090073496-A (KR)
Title: Gate conveyor for glass panel
Inventor: LIM SUNG HYUK
IPC: B65G49/06
Filed: 2007-12-31
Abstract: A gate conveyor for a glass plate is provided to facilitate space utilization on the main frame because the auxiliary roller unit is laterally pushed. A gate conveyor for a glass plate comprises plural roller shafts(7) which are distanced from each other, wherein plural conveying rollers(7a) is mounted on a main frame(5) in order to guide a glass panel(3), and a sag prevention unit which is installed between the roller shafts and prevents the glass plate from drooping. The sag prevention unit comprises a support roller unit which is arranged between a plurality of roller shafts, and a roller moving unit in which the space is formed between the roller shafts.
Patent KR-20070043787-A (KR)
Inventor: PETRY STEFAN
IPC: C07D277/46
Filed: 2005-07-02
Abstract: 본 발명의 목적은 치료적 혈당 저하 효과가 있는 화합물을 제공하는 것이다.  이러한 화합물은 특히 췌장 당뇨병의 예방 및 치료에 적합하다.  이를 위해, 본 발명은 화학식 I의 화합물을 제공한다.  
     화학식 I 
     
       
     
     상기 화학식 I에서,  
     R1, R2, R3, R4 및 R5는 각각 독립적으로 H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, CF 3 , NO 2 , CN, OCF 3 , O-(C 1 -C 6 )-알킬, O-(C 1 -C 4 )-알콕시-(C 1 -C 4 )-알킬, S-(C 1 -C 6 )-알킬, (C 1 -C 6 )-알킬, (C 2 -C 6 )-알케닐, (C 3 -C 8 )-사이클로알킬, O-(C 3 -C 8 )-사이클로알킬, (C 3 -C 8 )-사이클로알케닐, O-(C 3 -C 8 )-사이클로알케닐, (C 2 -C 6 )-알키닐, 아릴, O-아릴 (C 1 -C 8 )-알킬렌-아릴, O-(C 1 -C 8 )-알킬렌-아릴, S-아릴, CO-NH(C 1 -C 6 )-알킬, N((C 1 -C 6 )-알킬) 2 , NH-SO 2 -CH 3 , SO 2 -CH 3 , COOH, COO-(C 1 -C 6 )-알킬 또는 CO-N((C 1 -C 6 )-알킬) 2 이고;  
     R6은 H 또는 (C 1 -C 6 )-알킬이며;  
     A는 결합, -CH 2 -, -NH-, -CH 2 -O-, -S-, -CH 2 -CH 2 - 또는 -CH(CH 3 )-이고;  
     B는 NH, NH(C 1 -C 4 )-알킬 또는 NH(CO)이고;  
     D는 페닐 또는 헤테로사이클이다.  
     또한, 본 발명은 상기 화합물의 생리적 혼화성 염도 제공한다. 
     치료적 혈당 저하 효과가 있는 화합물, 췌장 당뇨병
Patent KR-20070041524-A (KR)
Inventor: CINK KEVIN
IPC: B29C35/02
Filed: 2005-06-23
Abstract: 용기는 특정한 비율의 젖산 입체이성질체 및 스트레치 비율을 갖는 PLA 수지를 이용한 사출 스트레치 성형 방법으로 제조된다.  상기 방법은 양호한 작업 속도에서 양호한 품질의 용기가 만들어지도록 한다.
Patent KR-20070032060-A (KR)
IPC: H04B1/40
Filed: 2005-07-01
Abstract: 개시되는 실시형태는 다중-기능 전자 디바이스를 제공하는 디바이스 및 방법을 제공한다.     일 양태에 따라서, 디바이스가 사용되는 방향을 검출하고 디바이스가 사용되는 방향에 기초하여 동작 모드를 활성화하는 개시되는 방법이 제공된다.     다른 양태에 따라서, 디바이스가 사용되는 방향을 검출하고 디바이스가 사용되는 방향에 기초하여 디스플레이 상에 표시되는 정보를 배향하는 개시되는 방법이 제공된다. 
       
     다중-기능 전자 디바이스, 동작 모드, 복수의 방향
Patent KR-20070047358-A (KR)
Inventor: MORITA HIROSHI
IPC: G01N7/14
Filed: 2005-08-12
Abstract: 본 발명은, 기체투과막(2)에 의해서 분리한 액상실(3)에 피검액을 통액(通液)하고, 기상실(4)의 응축액을 배출하는 조작을 실시하면서, 액상과 평형상태에 있는 기상의 진공도를 측정하는 액체 중의 용존기체농도의 측정방법, 밀폐용기(1) 내에 기체투과막(2)을 형성해서 액상실(3)과 기상실(4)로 구획하고, 액상실(3)에 피검액을 도입하고, 기상실(4)에 압력계(8)와 응축액배출관(7)을 부설하고, 압력계(8)에 의해 기상실(3)의 진공도를 측정하는 용존기체농도의 측정장치, 및, 탈산소된 초순수와 질소가스가 공급되는 가스용해장치에의 물공급배관 또는 질소가스용해수배출관에 연통해서 상기 측정장치를 설치하고, 용존기체농도에 따라서 질소가스공급량을 조정하는 질소가스용해수의 제조장치에 관한 것이다. 유로를 흐르는 액체 중의 용존기체농도를, 일괄해서 포화도의 합계로서 장기간에 걸쳐서 안정적으로 측정할 수 있다. 또, 질소가스용해수를 안정적으로 제조할 수 있는 것을 특징으로 한 것이다.
Patent KR-20070038581-A (KR)
Inventor: KOMORIYA HARUHIKO
IPC: C08F16/26
Filed: 2004-03-24
Abstract: 본 발명은 노르보르나디엔류와 헥사플루오로아세톤으로부터 유도되는 옥사시클로펜탄 또는 옥사시클로부탄 구조를 갖는 신규한 함불소 환상화합물에 관한 것이다. 상기 화합물은 하기 구조식(1) 또는 (2)로 표시되며, 나아가, 본 발명은 상기 함불소 환상화합물 또는 그 유도체를 이용하여 중합 또는 공중합된 함불소 고분자화합물에 관한 것이다. 상기와 같은 함불소 고분자화합물을 이용함으로써, 우수한 레지스트 재료 및 이를 이용한 미세 패턴 형성방법을 제공할 수 있다. 
     
       
     
     함불소 환상화합물, 함불소 중합성 단량체, 고분자화합물, 레지스트 재료
Patent KR-20070050980-A (KR)
Inventor: EKART MICHAEL PAUL
IPC: B29C48/395
Filed: 2005-08-29
Abstract: 75%보다 많은 신선한 폴리에스터 중합체를 포함하는 다량의 폴리에스터 중합체 입자로서, A) 0.72dL/g 이상의 고유 점도(intrinsic viscosity; It.V.), 및 B) 10ppm 이하의 잔여 아세트알데하이드를 갖고; C) 둘 이상의 용융 피크를 갖되, 상기 둘 이상의 용융 피크 중 하나는 DSC 제 1 가열 스캔에서 측정시에 140℃ 내지 220℃ 범위 내의 피크 온도를 갖고 1J/g 이상의 절대값의 용융 흡열 면적을 갖는 저 피크 융점인 다량의 폴리에스터 중합체 입자.
Patent KR-20070104515-A (KR)
Title: Low leak o-ring seal
Inventor: SMATHERS DAVID BIRD
IPC: F16J15/06
Filed: 2005-10-07
Abstract: A vacuum seal (1) having an 0-ring (12)between two mating parts (2) (6). One of the mating parts has a groove (10)configured to receive the 0-ring(12). The groove (10)has a modified dovetail shape with at least one side wall (14)having a compound slope formed with a first portion (22) forming an angle of less than 90 degrees with respect to a base wall (18) and a second portion (24)extending substantially perpendicular to the sealing face (4)of the mating part. The cross-sectional area of the groove is less than 95% of the cross sectional area of the 0-ring and the width (W)of the groove mouth (20)is at least 94% of the diameter (D)of the 0-ring.
Patent KR-20070073793-A (KR)
Title: Method of brazing of aluminum alloy material and process for manufacturing aluminum alloy heat exchanger
Inventor: YAMADA NORIYUKI
IPC: B23K1/00
Filed: 2005-09-20
Abstract: A method of Nocolok brazing of an aluminum alloy material, wherein when Tf is the temperature of flow initiation of brazing filler metal and Ts is the temperature of flow initiation of flux, Ts <= Tf <= Ts + 15°C.
Patent KR-20070067700-A (KR)
Title: Improved carrier formulation
Inventor: DORR TILLMANN
IPC: A23L27/10
Filed: 2005-10-28
Abstract: The invention relates to dry flavoring formulations containing an extract that is provided on a carrier substance, especially an extract provided on trehalose and/or isomaltulose as a carrier substance. Also disclosed are methods for producing said dry flavoring formulations and uses thereof.
Patent KR-20070084220-A (KR)
Title: Reforming catalyst for oxygen-containing hydrocarbon, method for producing hydrogen or synthesis gas using same, and fuel cell system
Inventor: RYUMON NAONORI
IPC: C01B3/38
Filed: 2005-11-14
Abstract: Disclosed is a reforming catalyst for oxygen-containing hydrocarbons which contains copper, a metal oxide having a spinel structure and a zeolite. Preferably, the reforming catalyst further contains alumina, a group VIII metal or a rare earth element. Also disclosed is a method for producing hydrogen or a synthesis gas by subjecting an oxygen-containing hydrocarbon to (1) steam reforming, (2) autothermal reforming, (3) partial oxidation reforming or (4) carbon dioxide reforming, while using the above-described reforming catalyst. Further disclosed is a fuel cell system using the reforming catalyst. The reforming catalyst has a high activity and excellent heat resistance. When the reforming catalyst further contains alumina, a group VIII metal or a rare earth element, the amount of coke generation is suppressed, thereby further improving durability of the catalyst. Consequently, hydrogen or a synthesis gas can be efficiently produced by subjecting an oxygen-containing hydrocarbon to various reforming using such a reforming catalyst, and thus the reforming catalyst is used in a fuel cell system or the like.
Patent KR-20070067734-A (KR)
Title: Method and apparatus for authentication of mobile device
Inventor: EASTLAKE DONALD E III
IPC: H04L9/32
Filed: 2005-10-28
Abstract: A method and apparatus for authentication in a wireless communication network is disclosed. A secret is shared between a mobile device and a home device. When a mobile device requests a connection to a remote device and the remote device does not have knowledge of the shared secret, the remote device determines whether the mobile device can connect to the remote device by concurrently sending a challenge to the mobile device and the home device. The remote device then compares the responses from the mobile device and the home device.
Patent KR-20070086713-A (KR)
Title: Battery loading/unloading mechanism
Inventor: YAMASAKI TAKAYOSHI
IPC: H01M50/264
Filed: 2005-12-22
Abstract: A battery is prevented from being wrongly inserted into an image pickup device due to reduction of battery sizes. A mechanism for loading/unloading the battery (2) on/from the device (image pickup device (1)) whereupon the battery (2), which is a flat rectangular parallelepiped with a substantially square main plane, is removably mounted. On the both ends in a longitudinal direction on a rear plane opposing a plane inserting into the device, protruding sections (26, 27) are formed along the rear plane. Thus, even the flat rectangular parallelepiped battery (2) having the substantially square main plane can be prevented from being wrongly inserted into the device. The protruding section (27) has an inclined plane (271) inclined at an acute angle to the rear plane, and at the time of taking out the battery (2) from the device, the inclined plane (270) receives contact pressure from a locking means, and ejection of the battery (2) from the device is facilitated. The device is provided with a notched section (122) for exposing the other protruding section (26) when the battery (2) is loaded, and the battery is easily taken out.
Patent KR-20070112144-A (KR)
Title: Applicator for inserting an implant
Inventor: JANSEN WILLEM
IPC: A61B17/88
Filed: 2006-01-20
Abstract: The invention pertains to an applicator (1) for inserting an implant, in particular a rod-like implant (2) containing an active substance, under the skin of a human or animal, comprising a housing (3), a cannula (6), a cannula holder (9), an implant (2) accommodated inside the cannula (6) and/or the cannula holder (9), a protective cover (7) for the cannula (6), and a mechanism (22, 23, 7) which, at least after the cover (7) has been removed from the cannula (6), secures the implant (2) inside the cannula (6) and/or cannula holder (9). The mechanism (22, 23, 7) disengages the implant (2) during insertion of the cannula (6) or after the cannula (6) has been inserted. Substantially no lateral force will be exerted during the expelling of the implant from the cannula.
Patent KR-20080009063-A (KR)
Title: System, method, and apparatus for wireless delivery of content between a generalized content source and a generalized content sink
Inventor: MAC MULLAN SAMUEL J
IPC: H04J3/22
Filed: 2006-03-13
Abstract: A system, method and apparatus for implementing a wireless point-to-point interface that securely and robustly delivers digital content from a generalized content source to a generalized content sink. The system, method and apparatus performs in a manner that is sufficiently secure and robust to serve as a replacement for the delivery of HDMI content over cable. The system, method and apparatus is also applicable to the delivery of other types of content traditionally delivered over cable, including but not limited to Digital Video Interface (DVI) content, composite video (CVSB) content, S-video content, RGB video content, YUV video content, and/or various types of audio content.
Patent KR-20070112483-A (KR)
Title: System and methods for providing multi-hop access in a communications network
Inventor: METKE ANTHONY R
IPC: H04L9/32
Filed: 2006-04-07
Abstract: A system and methods for providing a supplicant access to a communications network are disclosed. An authenticator receives an authentication request at an authenticator (210) from the supplicant. A state is created based on the authentication request at the authenticator (210). The authentication request is relayed towards a prime authenticator (215) where the prime authenticator is connected to an authentication server. Finally, the authenticator (215) receives authentication information from the prime authenticator and fulfills the authentication request using the authentication information.
Patent KR-20080011290-A (KR)
Title: Secondary battery
Inventor: KOZUKI KIYOMI
IPC: H01M50/463
Filed: 2007-05-24
Abstract: A secondary battery comprising at least an electrode group (4) in which a positive electrode plate (1), a negative electrode plate (2) and a porous insulation layer (3) are arranged such that the exposed portion of a current collector provided at one end of at least one of the positive electrode plate (1) and the negative electrode plate (2) projects from the porous insulation layer (3), current collecting members (10, 11) connected with the positive electrode plate (1) and the negative electrode plate (2), and a bending prevention portion provided at the exposed portion of the current collector and having a narrower width than the exposed portion of the current collector.
Patent KR-20080005561-A (KR)
Title: Media object metadata association and ranking
Inventor: BUTTERFIELD DANIEL STEWART
IPC: H04N21/475
Filed: 2006-04-20
Abstract: Metadata may be associated with media objects by providing media objects for display, and accepting input concerning the media objects, where the input may include at least two different types of metadata. For example, metadata may be in the form of tags, comments, annotations or favorites. The media objects may be searched according to metadata, and ranked in a variety of ways.
Patent KR-20080014783-A (KR)
Title: Recuperative climate conditioning system
Inventor: VELTKAMP WESSEL BART
IPC: F24F12/00
Filed: 2006-04-20
Abstract: Device for the exchange of thermal energy between a first medium flow (15) and a second medium flow (16), comprising a heat exchanger (2), a first supply duct (3) for the conduction of the first medium flow connecting to the heat exchanger, a first exhaust duct (4), for the conduction of the first medium flow connecting to the first exhaust duct, a second supply duct (5) for the conduction of a second medium flow (16) connecting to the heat exchanger, and a second exhaust duct (6) for the conduction of the second medium flow (16) connecting to the heat exchanger, just as a first heat exchanger element (7) placed in one of the ducts, a second heat exchanger element (8) placed in one of the ducts, whereby the heat exchanger element are both included in a Carnot circuit that is further provided with an expansion device (11) and a compressor (10), and whereby the heat exchanger is set for exchange of both thermal energy and phase transition energy.