Patent GB-982989-A (GB)
Title: Specimen identification apparatus and method
IPC: G06V10/75
Filed: 1961-06-28
Abstract: 982,989. Automatic character reading. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION. June 28, 1961 [July 25, 1960], No. 23356/61. Heading G4R. In character recognition apparatus the autocorrelation function or a derivative of it is obtained which is compared with the auto-correlation functions or functions derived from them of reference characters. The meaning of auto-correlation function in this context is illustrated in Figs. 8 to 16. A rudimentary "3" with shading sloping to the left is centred on a 7 x 13 matrix and an exactly similar figure with shading sloping to the right is moved to each position in the field. At each position the number of squares over-lying the centre character are counted and recorded at the corresponding position in Fig. 16. Thus at the 0, 0 position all squares of the moving pattern overlie the central pattern so a "7" is recorded in this position. A displacement of one place to the right produces an overlap of two only. Thus the number at the corresponding position in Fig. 16 is two. The table of Fig. 16 defines the auto-correlation function of the character. In Fig. 1 the auto-correlation function of a character 8 is generated by optical means. Lens 4 applies light from a monochromatic source 2 to a transparency 6 bearing the character and the transmitted light is projected on to a screen 12 in the form of a diffraction pattern 14. This is photographed and used in a similar system to produce at 28 the diffraction pattern of the diffraction pattern 14. This is a representation of the auto-correlation function and is applied by ten lenses to ten masks bearing the auto-correlation functions of ten reference characters. Ten photocells receive light according to the extent of match between the pattern 28 and the various reference patterns. The outputs are applied to a maximum signal indicator which identifies the reference pattern giving the best match with the pattern 28. The optical system produces patterns 14 from the characters which are invariant to position and the character can be sensed in motion. The system is adjusted for size of the character by a filter 30 which may be tuned to alter the wavelength of the light applied to the system. This causes the size of the pattern 28 to change in relation to the size of the character. Other optical systems are described for obtaining the diffraction pattern 28. The maximum signal indicator consists of a number of subtractors 100 Fig. 6A. In the first group of nine all signals E1-E9 are subtracted from the first EO and the nine outputs are gated together at 114. If the first signal is highest all the outputs will be positive and the corresponding and gate 114 gives an identifying signal on "0" lead. Inverters 106 disable gates corresponding to subtractors giving a positive output. For example if EO is greater thad E1 the "1" gate 114 is disabled by inverter 106 since the character cannot be "1". In the next group the remaining signals E2-E9 are subtracted from E1 in the same way and so on. In the form of Fig. 21 the character 201 is scanned by a cathode ray tube 205 and the signals from each of the 45 elementary areas are entered in the shift registers 243, 245 which have 45 stages. The contents of the two shift registers are compared by circulating the contents of each in 45 steps and gating the outputs together at 255. Each time there is a "1" in both outputs a "1" passes to counter 257. After the first circulation with the patterns in the same position in both shift registers the counter contains the number 151 at position 0, 0 in Fig. 16. The lower one 245 is then shifted by one step and the process repeated to get the 1, 0 number 153 and so on. As these numbers appear they are multiplied by numbers in the corresponding positions of function tables relating to reference characters. These tables contain the auto-correlation functions "normalised" so that they can be compared one with another in spite of differences of area in the characters. By dividing the values of the table by the square root of the sum of all the values squared, the functions are normalised. The multiplication of each normalised function by itself gives unity. The normalised functions for characters 1, 2 and 3 are shown in Fig. 17a. Instead of using these, normalised second-difference functions may be used which are derived from the former functions by multiplication with operators to increase the discrimination of the system i.e. the difference between the highest response and the second highest. In Fig. 21 the numbers from counter 257 after multiplication in turn with the values in each position of the reference tables are accumulated in accumulators 327, one for each reference character. The contents of these represents the comparison between the auto-correlation function generated by the scanner and the several reference functions. The values accumulated are compared to find the highest in the maximum signal indicator 330 in which the values are subtracted serially. The output, a signal on one of the leads 1-0, indicates the character sensed. The circuit is described in fuller detail in the Specification.