baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent TW-I278941-B (TW)
Title: Thin channel MOSFET with source/drain stressors
Inventor: LEE WEN-CHIN
IPC: H01L21/38
Filed: 2005-09-13
Granted: 2007-04-11
Abstract: Methods of manufacturing microelectronic device including, in one embodiment, forming a gate electrode over a substrate having an insulating layer interposing a bulk semiconductor portion and a thin semiconductor layers, and removing at least a portion of the thin semiconductor and insulating layer, thereby defining a pedestal comprising a portion of the thin semiconductor and insulating layers. Source/drain stressors are then formed contacting the source/drain extensions on opposing sides of the pedestal and substantially spanning a height no less than the pedestal.
Patent TW-I260400-B (TW)
Title: Probe for scanning thermal microscopes
Inventor: YAO YUAN
IPC: G01B11/00
Filed: 2005-09-23
Granted: 2006-08-21
Abstract: A probe for a scanning thermal microscope provided in the present invention includes a suspension, a first electricconductive layer covering on the suspension, an insulative layer having a hole covering on the first electric conductive layer, a second electricconductive layer covering on the insulative layer, and a nanotube form on it. The first and second electric conductive layer have a join at the hole and thereby form a thermocouple area where the nanotube formed. The nanotube used in the probe of a scanning thermal microscope, can improve the resolving power of the scanning thermal microscope due to the nanotube's tiny size the excellent axial thermal conductivity.
Patent TW-I286568-B (TW)
Title: CMP polishing agent and polishing method of substrate
Inventor: KURATA YASUSHI
IPC: C09K3/14
Filed: 2005-09-27
Granted: 2007-09-11
Abstract: The CMP polishing agent of present invention includes cerium oxide particles, dispersing agent, polycarboxylic acid, a strong acid with the constant pKa value of first acid dissociation less than 3.2, and water. The pH value of CMP polishing agent is 4.5 to 7.5, and the concentration of strong acid is 100 to 1000 ppm or 50 to 100 ppm; the concentration of univalent strong acid is 50 to 500 ppm or the concentration of bivalent strong acid is 100 to 1000 ppm. More preferably, the aforesaid polycarboxylic acid is polyacrylic acid. As result, in the CMP process for planarizating inter-layer of insulator layer, BPSG layer and insulator layer of shallow trench isolation, which can lower the effect dependent on pattern density to perform the polishing process in high speed effectively without polishing damage and easy to manage.
Patent TW-I275181-B (TW)
Title: TFT substrate and method of fabricating the same
Inventor: HUNG CHAO-YI
IPC: H01L29/786
Filed: 2005-10-28
Granted: 2007-03-01
Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for fabricating a TFT substrate which includes the steps of: providing an insulating substrate; depositing a transparent conductive metal layer and a gate electrode metal layer on the insulating substrate in sequence; forming a pattern of gate electrodes and pixel electrodes in a photomask process; depositing a gate insulating layer on the insulating substrate, the gate electrodes and the pixel electrodes; forming a pattern of a semiconductor layer on the gate insulating layer; forming a pattern of contact holes in the insulating layer; forming a pattern of source electrodes and drain electrodes on the insulating layer and the semiconductor layer. The method can simplify the process of fabricating a TFT substrate and reduce cost of fabricating a TFT substrate. In addition, the invention provides a TFT substrate fabricated by the method.
Patent TW-I406662-B (TW)
Title: Substituted 2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-c]quinazoline derivatives useful for treating hyper-proliferative disorders and diseases associated with angiogenesis
Inventor: HENTEMANN MARTIN
IPC: A61P35/00
Filed: 2007-12-04
Granted: 2013-09-01
Abstract: This invention relates to novel 2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-c]quinazoline compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and the use of those compounds or compositions for phosphotidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition and treating diseases associated with phosphotidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) activity, in particular treating hyper-proliferative and/or angiogenesis disorders, as a sole agent or in combination with other active ingredients.
Patent TW-I395800-B (TW)
Inventor: NAKAMURA YUUKI
IPC: C09J7/00
Filed: 2008-04-03
Granted: 2013-05-11
Abstract: There is provided an adhesive film for a semiconductor, which can be attached to a semiconductor wafer at low temperature and which allows semiconductor chips to be obtained at high yield from the semiconductor wafer while sufficiently inhibiting generation of chip cracks and burrs. The adhesive film for a semiconductor comprises a polyimide resin that can be obtained by reaction between a tetracarboxylic dianhydride containing 4,4'-oxydiphthalic dianhydride represented by chemical formula (I) below and a diamine containing a siloxanediamine represented by the following general formula (II) below, and that can be attached to a semiconductor wafer at 100°C or below.
Patent TW-I416949-B (TW)
Title: Solid-state imaging device and camera
Inventor: HIROTA ISAO
IPC: H04N5/369
Filed: 2008-12-15
Granted: 2013-11-21
Abstract: A solid-state imaging device includes pixel cells that are formed on a substrate having a first substrate surface side, on which light is irradiated, and a second substrate surface side, on which elements are formed, and separated by an adjacent cell group and an element separation layer for each of the pixel cells or with plural pixel cells as a unit. Each of the pixel cells has a first conductive well formed on the first substrate surface side and a second conductive well formed on the second substrate surface side. The first conductive well receives light from the first substrate surface side and has a photoelectric conversion function and a charge accumulation function for the received light. A transistor that detects accumulated charges in the first conductive well and has a threshold modulation function is formed in the second conductive well.
Patent TW-I416917-B (TW)
Title: Frequency variable network device and frequency variable network linking method
Inventor: HUANG LIANG WEI
IPC: H04L29/02
Filed: 2009-01-06
Granted: 2013-11-21
Abstract: A variable-frequency network connection establishing method is adapted for establishing a connection between a local network device and a remote network device. The variable-frequency network connection establishing method includes the steps of: providing a plurality of local communications protocols including a local standard communications protocol and a local variable-frequency communications protocol to the remote network device; receiving a remote communications protocol provided by the remote network device; generating an indicator signal in accordance with the remote communications protocol and the plurality of local communications protocols; and operating in one of a standard mode and variable-frequency mode according to the indicator signal.
Patent TW-I406020-B (TW)
Title: Optic-electro hybrid circuit board and method thereof
Inventor: CHANG JUNG CHIEN
IPC: H05K3/46
Filed: 2009-01-13
Granted: 2013-08-21
Abstract: An optic-electro hybrid circuit board and methods thereof are provided. The method includes providing a temporary substrate which is not made of semiconductors; forming an optical wave guide structure on the temporary substrate utilizing coating and lithography, the optical wave guide structure having a first side and a second side opposite to the first side; removing the temporary substrate; forming a first conductor cladding dielectric layer and a second conductor cladding dielectric layer respectively on the first side and the second side of the optical wave guide structure; forming a coupling opening passing through the first conductor cladding dielectric layer to expose the optical wave guide structure; forming a trench passing through the second conductor cladding dielectric layer and the optical wave guide structure, such that an inclined surface of the optical wave guide structure is formed; and forming an optic-electro device on the first conductor cladding dielectric layer, the optic-electro device corresponding to the coupling opening, wherein the inclined surface is for refracting a light signal to go back and forth between the optic-electro device, the coupling opening, and the optical wave guide structure.
Patent TW-I405604-B (TW)
Title: Filter material for separating metal ions and the method for preparing the sam
Inventor: KUO CHIEN LIANG
IPC: B01D15/04
Filed: 2009-02-27
Granted: 2013-08-21
Abstract: The invention relates to a filter material for separating metal ions and the method for preparing the same, characterized by the filter material composed of polymer resins, active carbons and zeolites, wherein the weight percentages for the three compositions are 50 to 100%, 0 to 25% and 0 to 25% respectively. Moreover, the three compositions are all processed, and the polymer resin can be one of the polyester resin, the epoxy resin and the amide copolymer resin. The invention solves the defects of difficult forming, high dissolution loss, low flow rate and bad permeability for inorganic ion exchange and absorption agent; instead, organic ion exchange resins are used in the present invention to produce a novel filter material for separating metal ions and having the advantages of good adsorptive selectiveness, high-speed exchange, large adsorption capacity, low capacity loss, reuse and low cost.
Patent TW-I412564-B (TW)
Title: Dielectric material formula and circuit board utilizing the same
Inventor: LIU SHUR FEN
IPC: C08L71/10
Filed: 2009-12-07
Granted: 2013-10-21
Abstract: Disclosed is a dielectric material formula, including (i) 1 to 90 parts by weight of poly(butadiene), having maleic anhydride in branch, having carboxylic acid, hydroxyl, or epoxy in terminal; and having a Mw of 1200 to 15000; (ii) 5 to 90 parts by weight of chain-broken and rearranged poly(phenylene ether) having a Mw of 2000 to 8000; (iii) 1 to 30 parts by weight of bismaleimide; and (iv) 1 to 30 parts by weight of epoxy resin. The poly(butadiene) with excellent electrical properties may modify the poly(phenylene ether), and the bismaleimide may enhance the crosslink density between the polyphenylene ether and the polybutadiene. Poly(butadiene)/poly(phenylene ether)/bismaleimide are combined in different weight ratios to form semi-interpenetrating polymer network structures. Consequently, Tg and resistances to heat and solvent of the dielectric material are enhanced.
Patent TW-I403863-B (TW)
Title: Mask and method for manufacturing printed circuit boards
Inventor: CHENG CHIEN PANG
IPC: H05K3/00
Filed: 2010-04-02
Granted: 2013-08-01
Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a mask for manufacturing a printed circuit board (PCB) including a first product region and a second product region connecting to the first product region. The mask includes at least one first product patterns array, at least one second product patterns array and at least one lamination region patterns array. Each first product pattern of the at least one first product patterns array and each second product pattern of the at least one second product patterns array are respectively used for manufacturing the first product region and the second product region. Each first product pattern includes a connecting region pattern having an electrically conductive layer pattern. Each lamination region pattern of the at least one lamination region patterns array includes an electrically conductive area pattern. The electrically conductive layer pattern connects to a second product pattern, such that when the lamination region pattern laminates onto the connecting region pattern, the electrically conductive layer pattern contacts the electrically conductive area pattern, and each first product pattern cooperates with the second product pattern to form a pattern mating with that of a PCB to be manufactured. The present disclosure also relates to a method for manufacture printed circuit boards using the mask.
Patent TW-I414005-B (TW)
Title: Epitaxial substrate, semiconductor light-emitting device using such epitaxial substrate and fabrication thereof
Inventor: CHYAN JIUNN YIH
IPC: H01L21/20
Filed: 2010-11-05
Granted: 2013-11-01
Abstract: The invention provides an epitaxial substrate, a semiconductor light-emitting device using such epitaxial substrate and fabrication thereof. The epitaxial substrate according to the invention includes a crystalline substrate. In particular, a crystal surface of the crystalline substrate thereon has a plurality of randomly arranged nanorods. The plurality of nanorods is formed of oxide of a material different from that forms the crystalline substrate.
Patent TW-I412635-B (TW)
Inventor: SUZUKI RYO
IPC: C30B29/06
Filed: 2010-11-05
Granted: 2013-10-21
Abstract: A hybrid silicon wafer which is a silicon wafer having a structure wherein the main plane orientation of polycrystalline silicon that is prepared by a unidirectional solidification/melting method is (311), and monocrystalline silicon is embedded in the polycrystalline silicon. The hybrid silicon wafer according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the purity of the polycrystalline silicon portion excluding gas components is 6N or higher, the total amount of metal impurities is 1 wtppm or less, and, among the metal impurities, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Al are respectively 0.1 wtppm or less. Thus, a hybrid silicon wafer having the functions of both a polycrystalline silicon wafer and a monocrystalline silicon wafer is provided and the occurrence of polish bumps and macro-sized unevenness between the polycrystalline silicon and the monocrystalline silicon are prevented.
Patent GR-17502-B (GR)
Title: Τελειοποιησεις εν σχεσει προς ραφια.
Filed: 1956-07-03
Abstract: ια κατασκευή διαρρυθμιζομένης ανοικτής αρχειοθήκης, περιλαμβάνουσα ορθογωνικά ράφια αρχιοθήκης μετάτραχηλοειδών ενισχύσεων και εν υποβαστάζον (ταύτα) πλαισίωμα, συγκείμενον εκ στοιχείων κατασκευής εχόντων γωνιακήν διατομήν, ένθα εν ή πλείονα ράφιααρχειοθήκης, εκτός της υποστηρίξεως απ' ευθείας υπότου πλαισιώματος, υποστηρίζονται προσθέτως εις ενδιάμεσα σημεία πλαγίως τούτων υπό επαρτών, κρεμαμένων εξ ενός ή εκ πλειόνων άλλων ραφιών και, είτε ήεκ του πλαισιώματος.
Patent GR-23476-B (GR)
Title: Μεθοδος δια την παρασκευην ενος σουλφοναμιδιου.
Filed: 1958-03-22
Abstract: έθοδος δια την παρασκευήν της 4-σουλφανιλαμιδο-2,υ-διμεθοξυπυραμιδίνης, διακρινομένη εκ τούτου, ότι την 4-αμινο-2, υ-διϋδροξυπυριμιδίνην φέρομεν ειςαντίδρασιν μετά οξυχλωριούχου φωσφόρου παρουσία διμεθυλανιλίνης την λαμβανομένην 4-αμινο-2,6-διχλωροπυριμιδίνην θερμαίνομεν μετά κατακορύφου ψυκτήροςομού με μίαν μεθυλικήν ένωσιν ενός μετάλλου των αλκαλίων, εν μεθανύλη, εις μίαν θερμοκρασίαν κειμένην υπέρ την θερμοκρασίαν ζέσεως της μεθανόλης την λαμβανομένην 4-αμινο-2,6-διμεθοξυπυριμιδίνην συμπυκνούμεν με εν βενζολοσουλφονυλο-αλογονίδιον το οποίον εις την 4-θέσιν φέρει ένα υποκαταστάτην δυνάμενον να μετατρέπεται εις την αμινομάδα, και τον υποκαταστάτην εις την 4-θέσιν του βενζολικού πυρήνος του λαμβανομένου προϊόντος συμπυκνώσεως μετατρέπομεν εις την αμινομάδα.
Patent GR-20260-B (GR)
Title: Οργανον γραφης, ιδια τοιουτον μετα σφαιριδιου φερον διαταξιν μετα κινητων σφαιριδιων δια του οποιουδυναται τις να πραγματοποιηση παιγνιον πιθανοτητων προς συμπληρωσιν δελτιων προγνωστικων ποδοσφαιρου η παρομοιων.
Inventor: PASTORELLO ENRICO
Filed: 1959-04-01
Abstract: ργανον γραφής, ιδάι όργανον γραφής μετά σφαιριδίου, μετά κονδυλίου γραφής και κορμού στηρίξεως, διακρινόμενων εκ τούτου, ότι εις το άκρον του κορμού στηρίξεως (1,4,5) προβλέπεται εν εν είδει θήκης τμήμα (4) του κορμού στηρίξεως, διαμορφωμένον ως υποδοχεύς (4'), το οποίον περιέχει μίαν πλειονότητα διαφόρως κεχρωσμένων σφαιριδίων (6, 6',...), και δημε τόσους χρωματισμούς όσοι χρωματισμοί αντιστοιχούν εις τους συνδυασμούς δι' εν παίγνιον πιθανοτήτων, και ότι περαιτέρω προβλέπεται τουλάχιστον ειςδιαφανής διαμήκης αγωγός (8) εντός του ρηθέντος κορμού σητρίξεως (1,4,5) όστις ευρίσκεται εν επικοινωνία μετά του υποδοχέως (4'), ούτως ώστε τα σφαιρίδια ταύτα (6, 6'...), δύνανται να διατάσσωνται κατάσειρά εντός του διαμήκους αγωγού (9), και δη εις ένα προκαθωρισμένον αριθμόν τεμαχίων, ίνα, επί τη βάσει της αντιστοίχου και τυχαίας θέσεως τούτων, αποβαίνη δυνατή η συμπλήρωσις δελτίων παιγνίων στοιχημάτων (δελτίων προγνωστικών ποδοσφαίρου) δι' αθλοπαιδίας ή τα παρόμοια.
Patent GR-37589-B (GR)
Title: Μεθοδος δια την παρασκευην ν-υποκατεστημενων ν-αρυλοσουλφονυλουριων.
IPC: C07D223/16
Filed: 1967-09-14
Abstract: έθοδος προς παρασκευήν νέων Ν'-υποκατεστημένων -Ν-αρυλοσουλφονυλουριών του γενικού τύπου Ι

 (ΤΥΠΟΣ Ι)

εις τον οποίον σημαίνει 

R1 υδρογόνον, αλογόνον μέχρις ατομικού αριθμού 35, μίαν κατωτέραν αλκυλ-, αλκοξυ-, αλκυλθειο-, ή αλκανοϋλομάδα ή την αμινοομάδα,
R2 υδρογόνον ή 
R1R2την τριμεθυλεν- ή την τετραμεθυλενομάδα,
ως και των αλάτων τούτων μετ' ανοργάνων ή οργανικών βάσεων.
Patent GR-862293-B (GR)
Title: Chewable capsules
Inventor: JONES ELLWOOD BRIAN
IPC: A61K9/60
Filed: 1986-09-08
Abstract: A hard gelatin capsule is filled with a chewable composition containing an ingredient for buccal absorption or having buccal activity.
Patent GR-872101-B (GR)
Title: Improved lock for sliding doors and windows
Inventor: THOMAS SAKKAS
Filed: 1987-12-31
Abstract: "Safety lock cylinder and key working with this safety cylinder". This invention refers to a safety lock cylinder and key working with this safety cylinder, and constitutes an addition to the main Patent Diploma numbered 871045. In the current description, a prototype industrial-design model of a safety cylinder and corresponding key that is mentioned and illustrated in the accompanying diagrams, which is based on the acknowledged description of the above mentioned Patent Diploma numbered 871045, where the following addition provides maximum security due to the described method of manufacture, where every such cylinder becomes unique and non-repeatable, and under the described procedure an infinite number of such unique and non-repeatable safety cylinders and corresponding keys are provided.
Patent GR-1000256-B (GR)
Inventor: POLETTO GIORGIO
IPC: D06P3/24
Filed: 1988-06-17
Abstract: Μια βελτιωμένη μέθοδος περιγράφεται για την παραγωγή συνθετικών ακατεργάστων δερμάτων ομοίων με φυσικά ακατέργαστα δέρματα, μέσω της εφαρμογής σε ένα σύνθετο φύλλο υλικού που έχει σχηματισθεί από μια πορώδη πολυμερή συγκρατούσα μάζα μέσα στην οποία υπάρχουν έκθετες ίνες κατά προτίμηση πολυαμίδες, μιας φάσης βυρσοδεψίας εντελώς ομοίας προς αυτήν που χρησιμοποιείται στα φυσικά ακατέργαστα δέρματα. Η φάση αυτή ακολουθείται από μια κατεργασία με υδάτινο διάλυμα από διττ-πολυαλδεϋδη και μια φάση παραγεμίσματος, πάλι εντελώς ομοίας προς αυτήν που χρησιμοποιείται στα φυσικά ακατέργαστα δέρματα. Η βελτιωμένη αρχή της εφεύρεσης συνίσταται στην υλοποίηση μεταξύ της βυρσοδεπτικής φάσης και της κατεργασίας με την διττ-ή την πολυαλδεϋδη, μιας φάσης πληρώσεως κατά την οποία συνθήκες πολυμερείς ρητίνες αναμεμιγμένες με συνθετικές και/ή φυσικές ταννίνες εισάγονται και παγιώνονται στην πορώδη συγκρατούσα μάζα. ω
Patent GR-1000265-B (GR)
Inventor: PAPADOPOULOS ILIAS
IPC: A01G25/02
Filed: 1988-10-25
Abstract: Ενας σταλακτοφόρος σωλήνας που αποτελέιται από έναν εξωτερικό σωλήνα αριθ. 1 που φέρει οπές εξόδου νερού κατά διαστήματα αριθ. 7 και από έναν εσωτερικό σωλήνα μέσα στον πρώτο καθ' όλο το μήκος του ο οποίος φέρει κατά διαστήματα διαμορφώσεις μαιάνδρου αριθ. 3. Ο μαίανδρος σκοπό έχει να υποχρεώσει το νερό να κυκλοφορήσει μέσω των καναλιών του πριν εξέλθει από τον εξωτερικό σωλήνα υπό μορφή σταλαγματιών ποτίζοντας το έδαφος όπου τον έχουμε τοποθετήσει. ω
Patent GR-1000663-B (GR)
Inventor: FARRINGTON P ALLAN
IPC: D04H1/70
Filed: 1990-02-12
Abstract: Μέ?οδος και συσκευή για σχηματισμό σχηματοποιημένων μεμβρανών τριών διαστάσεων. Η συσκευή ελέγχει τη ροή αέρα συμπαρασύρσεως για μια με αέρα στρωνόμενη μεμβράνη με περιορισμό διελεύσεως του αέρα μέσω επιλεγμένων ζωνών μιας επιφάνειας συμπυκνώσεως. Με περιορισμό του ανοικτού εμβαδού σε μια ζώνη μιας πλάκας αναρροφήσεως μειώνεται η ποσότητα ινών συμπυκνωσίμων στη ζώνη οπότε επιτρέπεται έλεγχος ?έσεως και ποσότητας απο?έσεως. Ο αγωγός ο οποίος κα?ορίζει τον αέρα συμπαρασύρσεως μπορεί επίσης να σχεδιάζεται ή να εφοδιάζεται με μπλοκς για παρεμπόδιση σαρώσεως ινών οι οποίες έχουν ήδη αποτε?εί. ω
Patent GR-1002660-B (GR)
Title: Flow control for evening out waste water inflow in soil-based installation for waste water purification.
Inventor: KICKUTH REINHOLD PROF DR
IPC: C02F3/04
Filed: 1995-05-30
Abstract: The inflow control means comprise either a contact buffer or a buffer reservoir and pump means or both in combination with the inlet of a soil-based filter bed like a root space installation. The contact buffer is in direct flow communicating contact with an upper section of the filter bed on the infiltration side and dimensioned in adaptation to the throughput capacity of the soil-based filter bed such that variations in the waste water inflow are evened out. The same effect is achieved by the buffer reservoir and pump means wherein the pump delivers waste water from the buffer reservoir to the inlet and excess waste water is returned from the inlet to the buffer reservoir through a return line having a receiving end at a level wich is preferably adjustable relative to the top surface of the filter bed. For evening out large differences in the waste water inflow, the contact buffer and the buffer reservoir including the pump means are preferably combined such that the buffer reservoir flow communicates with the contact buffer. The pump means, then, are adapted to be operated in the event that variation in the easte water inflow exceeds the predetermined waste water inflow variations buffered by means of the contact buffer.
Patent IN-187191-B (IN)
Inventor: CAHILL MICHAEL JOHN
IPC: B65B29/04
Filed: 1995-04-07
Abstract: To form infusion packets (T) having a looped thread (8) within the packets to wring moisture from the packet in use, a continuous series of thread loops are formed on one elongate web of packet material and doses of infusion material are placed on a second elongate web of packet material before bringing the webs together with the thread loops and infusion material between them. The two webs are then welded together and the individual packets are separated from the joined webs. <IMAGE>
Patent IN-162159-B (IN)
Inventor: SCHONWALD SIEGFRIED
IPC: F04C23/00
Filed: 1985-09-30
Abstract: A device for generating a vacuum comprises a liquid-ring vacuum pump driven by an electric motor and operating with a working fluid. A mixture of compressed air and working fluid from the pump flows to a preseparator which separates a major portion of the working fluid from the gaseous mixture. The separated working fluid is fed from a reservoir in the preseparator via a liquid cooling coil back to the liquid-ring vacuum pump, while the gas still loaded with a residue of the working fluid is fed to a fine separator by means of a gas cooler, working fluid separated in the fine separator being returned to the pump via a return line. The preseparator and the fine separator are physically spaced from one another. The gas cooler and the liquid cooling coil are also physically spaced from one another and are located in the path of the cooling air stream for the electric motor. The coolers are designed so that the gas from the preseparator is cooled to a substantially lower temperature than the temperature to which the working fluid is cooled in the liquid cooling coil.
Patent RS-52282-B (RS)
Title: Sealing gate for strips
Inventor: KUEMMEL LUTZ
IPC: B01J3/00
Filed: 2007-10-12
Abstract: Sluice (1) comprises a sealing unit (5) having screening elements (6, 7) which slide relative to each other and have sealing surfaces (10, 11, 12, 13) fitting the edge contour of the component (4) to be sealed.