Patent GB-1052397-A (GB)
IPC: G10K11/02
Abstract: 1,052,397. Ultrasonic inspection. BABCOCK & WILCOX Ltd. March 13, 1964 [March 14, 1963], No. 10760/64. Heading H4D. A longitudinally extended region of a workpiece, for example a seam weld in a boiler tube, is subjected to ultrasonic examination and the results recorded, by apparatus comprising means for effecting a relative movement between the surface of the workpiece and an ultrasonic probe, having a first component of movement in the longitudinal direction of said region, and a second reciprocatory component of movement in a direction transverse to said direction, the ultrasonic probe being adapted for transmitting ultrasonic waves through the surface obliquely into the workpiece towards the said region, and receiving ultrasonic echo waves arriving obliquely at the surface from said region, and means for recording the first component of movement, the second component of movement, and the receipt by the probe of ultrasonic echo waves from the workpiece region. The apparatus comprises, Fig. 1, a movable carriage 10 which is positioned under the workpiece to be examined and comprises longitudinal tracks 17, 18 and 19 running parallel to the region of the workpiece, and serving to guide a second carriage 20. The second carriage 20 includes tracks 31 and 32 running transverse of the region of the workpiece, and serving to guide a probe carrying carriage 33. The probe comprises a piezo-electric crystal 47, Fig. 3 (not shown), mounted at the bottom of a waterfilled inclined tube 46, supported by a spring supported frame 42. Wheels 43 on frame 42 are urged into contact with the workpiece 50 including a seam weld 50A, by springs 44, to leave a small gap between the surface of the workpiece and the top of the tube 46, which is filled by flowing water, entering the tube by pipe 49 and exiting through the gap into a trough 52. The water forms an acoustic coupler between the crystal 47 and the surface of the workpiece. The carriage 33 is reciprocated along tracks 31 and 32 by means of a chain drive 38, Fig. 1, actuated by a motor which reverses its direction when the carriage reaches the end of the tracks. The carriage 20 is moved one step along tracks 17, 18 and 19, each time carriage 33 reaches an end of tracks 31 and 32, by a motor drive connecting with track 18. The probe thus describes a path as shown in Fig. 5 (not shown), relative to the workpiece 50 and seam weld 50A. The probe is fed with pulses from transmitter/receiver 12 and shear waves are injected obliquely into the workpiece to pass through the seam weld 50A. Echoes are received by the probe and sent, via a monitor 13 an amplifier 55 to a recorder 14. The monitor 13 may be controlled to only pass echoes having amplitudes above a predetermined level and/or occurring within a predetermined period representative of a selected layer of the workpiece. The monitor also comprises an A-type C.R.T. display of the received echoes. The amplifier 55 amplifies the echoes passed by the monitor, and also contains means whereby the movement of the carriages may be stopped and an alarm sounded on detection of a fault and the movement of the recorder pen and the recorder paper may be respectively synchronized with the movement of the carriage 33 and the carriage 20. To check that the apparatus is operating correctly a standard workpiece SA, Fig. 6A (not shown), having faults A1, A3, A4 and A44 at the depth shown is placed above the carriage 33 and the movement of carriage 20 along tracks 17, 18 and 19 is stopped such that the probe merely repeatedly scans the workpiece from right to left and vice-versa. When the monitor 13 lets through all the echo pulses, the resulting record is the lowest shown in Fig. 6B (not shown). P1 and P2 are stray echoes caused when the probe reverses its direction of movement-they may be removed by circuitry if desired. E1, E3, and E 4  and E 44 , respectively represent the echoes from fault A1, A3 and the in-line faults A 4  and A 44 . E 2  represents the echo caused by the upper left-hand corner of the workpiece. When monitor 13 passes only echoes occurring within the lower 10 mm. of the workpiece only echoes E 3  and E 4  are recorded. The other echoes may be similarly separated and the depth of the corresponding fault found, by similar selective gating by the monitor 13. In a second standard workpiece 5B, Fig. 7A (not shown), faults B10, B30, B50, B70, B90 and B100 at heights above the surface of the workpiece equal to their indexes, are located in different planes, such that only one fault is detected at a time by the probe reciprocating in a fixed plane. When the carriage 20 is allowed to move along tracks 17, 18 and 19, each fault is detected and displayed in turn, as shown in the recording of Fig. 7B. The area E 5  represents the echo from the upper left-hand corner of the workpiece. The recording paper is preferably of the electro-sensitive, though ordinary ink marking paper may also be used. The transmitter/receiver 12 includes variable gain means compensating for the increase of absorbtion of the pulses with depth of penetration. Additional marker pens may be provided on the recorder to indicate the depth of each fault on the amplitude of each echo. Magnetic contacts may be provided along the workpiece, whereby marks may be provided on the recorder paper, indicating the part of the workpiece being examined. In the case of a cylindrical weld around a tube, the first component of movement may be produced by rotating the tube.