Patent GB-1264841-A (GB)
IPC: B65D90/44
Filed: 1969-02-20
Abstract: 1,264,841. Minimising explosion risk in fuel tanks. PARKER-HANNIFIN CORP. 20 Feb., 1969 [6 March, 1968], No. 9284/69. Heading A5A. A fuel tank containing pressurised liquid fuel, particularly in aircraft, is provided with first means to release dissolved oxygen from the fuel and further means automatically responsive either (i) to a predetermined drop in the fuel pressure per se or (ii) to a drop in ambient pressure, to actuate the first means. The first means may comprise a conduit which introduces an inert gaseous fluid, e.g. N 2  below the surface of the fuel. The system may also include a vent to atmosphere; which opens when the pressure differential between the fuel tank and atmosphere reaches a predetermined value. In a further embodiment of the system there may be two means supplying an inert fluid into the liquid fuel, e.g. one responsive to a predetermined gain in altitude of the aircraft and the other to a predetermined differential between the tank ambient pressure. In Fig. 1, the system comprises aircraft fuel tank 24; nitrogen source 10; control unit 17; scrub sequencer unit 43; surge tank 57; and climb and dive valve assembly 62. Nitrogen in 10 is conditioned to boil at 100 p.s.i. Outlet 15 leads to control unit 17 in which pressurisation, scrub, and pressure regulator valves 18, 19, 22 are connected in parallel between lines 15, 16. Line 16, connected to pressure gauge 20, leads to manifold 23, from which one branch conduit 23' leading to one fuel tank 24 is shown. 23' leads to scrub manifold 25 and to nozzle 28. 25 carries nozzles 31 and is connected to block valve 32, which in turn is connected with pumps P 1 , P2 feeding fuel to the engines via check valves 38, 39. Block valve 32 (Fig. 2) has inlet and outlet chambers 71, 72 and pressure chamber 73 separated from 72 by flexible diaphragm 74 carrying valve 75 normally spring-biassed towards open. Scrub sequence unit 43 includes pressure differential-operated switch 44 connected between fuel tank 24 and reference tank 47, the latter also being connected to line 45 from 24 by on-off valve 48. Branch 49 connects 45 to valve 22, while timer 52 links switch 44 with valve 19. 45 also leads to pressure gauge 54. The top of tank 24 is connected to surge tank 57 by conduits 58, 59 which equalise the pressure therein. Climb and dive valve assembly 62 has one end communicating with tank 57 and the other with vent 63 open to atmosphere. Climb and dive valves 64, 65 are spring-closed, 65 being also openable by solenoid 67. Pressure differential-operated switch 66 is exposed on one side to the pressure on one side of 64, 65 and on the other to the pressure on the other. The system operates as follows:- (1) When grounded. If tank pressure drops to a predetermined value, e.g. 0.125 p.s.i. above ambient, valve 22 opens and N 2  flows into 24 until a predetermined pressure is reached. If, subsequently, the N 2  supply is exhausted and the tank pressure falls below ambient, dive valve 65 opens to admit air to prevent tank damage. The liquid N 2  is replenished via filter valve 11. During refuelling, tank pressure rises and climb valve 64 opens to vent the tank and reduce the pressure therein to, e.g. 0.75 p.s.i. above ambient. Upon turning on the electrical power system in preparation for take-off, valve 48 is closed by pressure switch 44, trapping the ground level pressure of tank 24 within reference tank 47. On starting the engines, fuel from pump P 2  pressurises chamber 73 and maintains valve 75 open, while fuel from pump P 1  enters chamber 71, passes through valve seat 76, chamber 72, and check valve 34 and is injected through nozzles 31 into the fuel. If either P 1  or P 2  becomes inoperative, fuel will cease to be delivered from P 1  to manifold 25, so that all the discharge of the operative pump will be delivered to the engines. When airborne. On climbing, when the ambient pressure drops so that tank pressure exceeds it by, e.g. more than 0.75 p.s.i., climb valve 64 opens to vent the tank to the required pressure, and then closes. At cruising altitude, 64 remains closed. Each time the tank pressure drops an additional 0.5 p.s.i., either by valve 64 opening or by consumption of fuel, a new reference pressure is established in tank 47 and scrub valve 19 opens to permit a small flow of N 2  into manifold 25 where it mixes with incoming fuel and is discharged into tank 24 to absorb excess oxygen therefrom. Valve 19 remains closed while the aircraft flies level. As fuel is used at level altitude, or as ambient pressure rises during descent, the fuel tank pressure drops and when it is within 0.25 p.s.i. of ambient, pressurisation valve 18 opens and permits a large flow of N 2  to enter tank 24 by both nozzles 31 and fog nozzle 28 until the tank pressure exceeds ambient by 0.75 p.s.i. Dive valve 65 only opens to admit air to tank 24 if the N 2  system fails. In the event of crash landing with tank 24 ruptured and electrical power off, the pressure drop in 24 is sensed by valve 22, which opens to pass N 2  into 24 until the required pressure differential is regained.