Patent GB-654380-A (GB)
Title: Improvements in or relating to communication systems
Inventor: COOPER WILLIAM HENRY BERNARD
IPC: H04B17/40
Filed: 1947-10-03
Abstract: 654,380. Two-way transmission. POSTMASTER GENERAL. Oct. 3, 1947, No. 26690. [Class 40 (iv)] [Also in Group XL (c)]  A system for locating a. fault on a transmission line by applying a pulsed carrier wave to one terminal of the line and observing the time interval between the transmission of a pulse and receipt of the echo pulse reflected by the fault is described as applied to a line communication system with spaced repeaters in which intelligence signals transmitted in opposite directions are modulated on to carriers having frequencies respectively less than and greater than a predetermined value, and according to the invention means are provided for connecting a frequency changer in selected repeaters to shift the carrier frequency of either the outgoing transmitted pulse or the incoming echo pulse to enable the echo pulse to return through the repeaters to the sending terminal of the line. As shown in Fig. 1, signals to be transmitted from A to B are modulated on to a carrier in the 12-60 kc/s. band and are transmitted through low-pass filter LPA, a section of line L and through low-pass filter LP1, equalizer E, amplifier RA and low-pass filter LP2 of each repeater, Fig. 2, and finally through low-pass filter LPB at the terminal B. Similarly, signals transmitted from B to A are modulated on to a carrier in the 72-120 kc/s. band and transmitted through high-pass filter HPB and through high-pass filter HP1, equalizer E, amplifier RA and highpass filter HP2 of each repeater and finally by high-pass filter HPA at the terminal A, the amplifiers RA having linear characteristics over both frequency bands. For communication purposes the links a1, a2, b1, b2 are in the solid line position but when testing the line from the station A the links a1, a2 are moved to the dotted line position so that a train of 50Ás duration pulses, produced at PS by applying D.C. trigger pulses of recurrence frequency 100 c/s. from PG to key a 30 kc/s. carrier from 01 at SM, is transmitted along the line and a synchronized cathode-ray oscilloscope CRO is connected to the receiving line through a frequency selective amplifier FSA. If the suspected position of the fault is between the first and second repeaters, the contact C 2 , Fig. 2, is closed to connect a non-linear impedance NR, e.g. a silicon carbide resistor, across the receiving side of HP 1  at position Aa in the first repeater which produces harmonics of the carrier frequency of the reflected 30 kc/s. pulse and since the third harmonic, i.e. 90 kc/s., is within the pass band of all the high-pass filters the echo pulse is returned back to the receiving line of station A where it is displayed as a deflection on the trace of the oscilloscope. Alternately the impedance NR may be located at position Ba in which case harmonics of the outgoing pulse are produced before reflection at the fault. The hybrid coil HBC 1  may be arranged to allow a small leakage of the outgoing 30 kc/s. pulse to the harmonic generator NR to produce marker pulses on the oscilloscope display corresponding to the position of the repeater. Successive sections of line may be tested by connecting a similar impedance NR in each of the other repeaters the particular contact C 2  being actuated by a relay NC operated by a control signal having a frequency characterising the selected repeater. If the relays have a slow release, the testing pulses may be transmitted after the termination of the control signal. In order to test the line from station B a similar pulse transmitter PS and receiver PR is provided, but the transmitter differs from the A transmitter in that the D.C. trigger pulses are applied to key two carrier sources having frequencies of 80 and 110 kc/s. so that each transmitted pulse has two carrier frequencies. When testing a section of line to the left of any particular repeater, contact C 1 , Fig. 2, of the selected repeater is closed to connect a non-linear impedance NR 1  across the output from HP 2  in position C which converts the outgoing pulse carrier to 2 x 80 - 110=50 kc/s. so that the echo pulse can return to station B through the low-pass filters. Alternatively, the impedance NR 1  may be located at position D in which case the frequency conversion takes place after reflections at the fault. When the transmission line is a submarine coaxial cable the heater and H.T. voltage supplies for the repeater amplifiers may be obtained by applying a suitable voltage between the inner and outer conductors, the valve heaters being connected in series with the inner conductor and the voltage drop across the heaters providing the H.T. supply, Fig. 8 (not shown). To increase the H.T. an additional resistance may be connected in series with the heaters.