baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20030025220-A (KR)
IPC: C07H19/19
Filed: 2000-11-13
Abstract: 본 발명은 하기 구조식(A)의 화합물을 제조하는 방법을 제공한다: 
     
       
     
     X 및 Y는 독립적으로 H, OH, OR, SH, SR', NH 2 , NHR'   또는 NR'R"이고; 
     Z는 H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, 또는 NH 2 이며; 
     R은 수소, 할로겐, C 1 -C 4 의 저급 알킬 또는 아르알킬, NO 2 , NH 2 , NHR', NR'R", OH, OR, SH, SR, CN, CONH 2 , CSNH 2 , CO 2 H, CO 2 R', CH 2 CO 2 H, CH 2 CO 2 R', CH=CHR, CH 2 CH=CHR, 또는 CR이고; 
     R' 및 R"는 동일하거나 상이하고, C 1 -C 6 의 저급 알킬이며; 
     R 13 은 수소, 알킬, 아실, 포스페이트(모노포스페이트, 디포스페이트, 트리포스페이트, 또는 안정화된 포스페이트) 또는 실릴이다.
Patent KR-20020067518-A (KR)
IPC: H03F1/02
Filed: 2000-11-16
Abstract: 모노리딕 IC 증폭기는 이득단(202)과 버퍼단(210)을 갖는다. 버퍼단은 출력단과 두개의 별도의 전압원(+Vlo,+Vhi)을 갖고, 두번째 전압원은 첫번째 전압원보다 크다. 스위칭 회로(P6,N8,N10; P4,N5,N9; N6,P8,P10; N4,P5,P9)는 레귤레이터 버스를 통해 출력단에 연결된다. 출력소요전압이 스위칭 임계치보다 작으면, 출력단으로의 전류가 제1 전압원으로부터 거의 완전히 제공된다. 출력소요전압이 스위칭 임계치보다 크면, 출력단으로의 전류가 제2 전압원으로부터 거의 완전히 제공된다. 출력단(N7,R3; P7,R4)의 컬렉터 전압은 소정량만큼 에미터 전압보다 크게 유지될 수 있다. 출력 트랜지스터(N7,P7)의 제1 전류단자에 대해 제2 전류단자에서 일정하게 얻을 수 있는 최저전압인 전압 헤드룸을 설정하기 위한 전압헤드룸 회로를 구비하는 것이 바람직하다.
Patent KR-20020067605-A (KR)
IPC: G02B13/22
Filed: 2001-01-05
Abstract: 표면상의 목표물(22)의 높이를 계산하는 광학 시스템(10)은 광을 투영하는 광 프로젝터(30)를 포함한다. 상기 광은 패턴 이미지를 상기 목표물(22)에 조명하기 위하여 패턴 형성된 레티클(32)과 프로젝터 렌즈(34)를 통과한다. 이 광은 상기 레티클(32)과 프로젝터 렌즈(30)사이에서 텔레센트릭하게 투영되고, 카메라(42)는 수광 경로를 따라 위치한다. 상기 카메라(42)는 수광 렌즈(40)를 통해 상기 목표물의 이미지를 수광한다. 상기 목표물(22) 및 상기 패턴은 서로에 대하여 적어도 3번 이동하고, 상기 카메라(42)는 적어도 3개의 각각의 위치에서 상기 목표물(22)의 이미지를 포착한다.
Patent KR-20030009341-A (KR)
Title: Machine for treating containers comprising a sandwich structrued table and method for making such a table
IPC: B23Q1/01
Filed: 2001-01-23
Abstract: The invention concerns a machine for treating containers, in particular for a bottling line, comprising at least a table (10) whereon are mounted functional elements (12, 14) adapted in particular to transfer and/or to process the containers. The invention is characterised in that the table is produced in the form of a sandwich structure comprising an outer casing (18, 22) and an inner core (17) made of a material injected in fluid form into the casing (18, 22) and solidified therein.
Patent KR-20020081391-A (KR)
IPC: A63F13/98
Filed: 2001-03-02
Abstract: An operating apparatus and a signal-output modulating method therefor allow analogous operations to be implemented by use of press-operational operation elements that have conventionally been used for digital operations. In the operating apparatus, detecting elements are provided, each of which is formed of a resistant material and a conductive material. The detecting elements individually output analog signals corresponding to press-operations performed on the operation elements. An output-level range of an analog signal outputted from the detecting element is divided by a level divider into multiple levels, and an analog-digital (A-D) converter performs conversion thereof to digital signals corresponding to the output levels. In addition, the output levels of the individual digital signals outputted from the A-D converter are shifted by a level corrector 17 according to a predetermined corresponding reference, and the digital signals are thereby output.
Patent KR-20030019336-A (KR)
Title: Authentication in a packet data network
IPC: G06F21/44
Filed: 2001-01-08
Abstract: Authentication method for authenticating a mobile node to a packet data network, in which a shared secret for both the mobile node and the packet data network is arranged by using a shared secret of the mobile node and a telecommunications network authentication centre. In the method, the mobile node sends its subscriber identity to the packet data network together with a replay attack protector. The packet data network obtains authentication triplets, forms a session key using them, and sends back to the mobile node challenges and a cryptographic authenticator made by using the session key. The mobile node can then form the rest of the authentication triplets using the challenges and then form the session key. With the session key, the mobile node can check the validity of the cryptographic authenticator. If the authenticator is correct, the mobile node sends a cryptographic response formed using the session key to the packet data network for authenticating itself to the packet data network.
Patent KR-20020086753-A (KR)
Title: 감마 방사선에 대해 내성인 폴리카르보네이트 조성물
IPC: C08K5/46
Filed: 2001-03-30
Abstract: 본 발명에는 감마 방사선이 유발하는 황변에 대한 내성을 향상시킨 열가소성 폴리카르보네이트 성형 조성물이 개시되어 있다.  특히 의료용 장치의 제조에 적합한 본 발명의 조성물은 화학식 I에 구조적으로 상응하는 제1 안정화 화합물 첨가량 및 사카린을 포함한다. 
     <화학식 Ⅰ> 
     
       
     
     식 중, n은 1이며, R 1 은 비치환 또는 치환 카르보시클릭 또는 헤테로시클릭 방향족 고리계이며, 단, n이 2이면, R 1 은 비치환 또는 C 1-4 -알킬 또는 히드록시 치환 페닐렌 또는 나프틸렌이며, R 2 , R 3 , R 4 및 R 5 는 서로 독립적으로 수소, C 1-25 -알킬기 또는 페닐이다.
Patent KR-20020093047-A (KR)
IPC: A61K33/38
Filed: 2001-04-17
Abstract: The invention provides bioabsorbable materials with antimicrobial coatings or powders which provide an effective and sustainable antimicrobial effect. Specifically, this invention provides bioabsorbable materials comprising a bioabsorbable substrate associated with one or more antimicrobial metals being in a crystalline form characterized by sufficient atomic disorder, such that the bioabsorbable material in contact with an alcohol or water based electrolyte, releases atoms, ion, molecules, or clusters of at least one antimicrobial metal at a concentration sufficient to provide an antimicrobial effect. The one or more antimicrobial metals do not interfere with the bioabsorption of the bioabsorbable material, and do not leave behind particulates larger than 2 mum, as measured 24 hours after. The bioabsorbable material has disappeared. Most preferably, the particulate sizing from the coating or powder is sub-micron that is less than about 1 mum, as measured 24 hours after the bioabsorbable material has disappeared. Particulates are thus sized to avoid deleterious immune responses or toxic effects. Such antimicrobial metals are in the form of a continuous or discontinuous coating, a powder, or a coating on a bioabsorbable powder. The antimicrobial coating is thin, preferably less than 900 nm or more preferably less than 500 nm, and very fine grained, with a grain size (crystallite size) of preferably less than 100 nm, more preferably less than 40 nm, and most preferably less than 20 nm. The antimicrobial coating is formed of an antimicrobial metal, which is overall crystalline, but which is created with atomic disorder, and preferably also having either or both of a) a high oxygen content, as evidenced by a rest potential greater than about 225 mV, more preferably greater than about 250 mV, in 0.15 M Na2CO3 against a SCE (standard calomel electrode), or b) discontinuity in the coating. The antimicrobial metal associated with the bioabsorbable substrate may also be in the form of a powder, having a particle size of less than 100 mum, or preferably less than 40 mum, and with a grain size (crystallite size) of preferably less than 100 nm, more preferably less than 40 nm, and most preferably less than 20 nm, Such powders may be prepared as a coating preferably of the above thickness, onto powdered biocompatible and bioabsorbable substrates; as a nanocrystalline coating and converted into a powder; or as a powder of the antimicrobial metal which is cold worked to impart atomic disorder. Methods of preparing the above antimicrobial bioabsorbable materials are thus also provided.
Patent KR-20030034075-A (KR)
Title: Magnetic field sensor
IPC: G01R33/07
Filed: 2001-05-02
Abstract: The invention provides a Hall effect magnetic field sensor (10, 50) including carrier excluding or extracting means (36, 66) for reducing an intrinsic contribution to carrier concentration in the active region (14e, 53c) to provide for the sensor to be operative in an extrinsic saturated regime. This provides an advantage that magnetic field measurement sensitivity of the sensor (10, 50) can be made substantially insensitive to sensor temperature thereby improving measurement accuracy.
Patent KR-20030014689-A (KR)
IPC: H04N7/26
Filed: 2001-05-24
Abstract: 완전 자동 스프라이트 생성시스템은 초기 추정을 위한 첫번재-순서 예측(210)과, 아웃라이어 배제를 위한 지연된 삭제(230) 및, 인터레이스된 소스를 위한 필드-기반 스프라이트 생성을 이용한다.   선택적으로, 초기 추정을 위한 보다 높은-순서 예측(220)은 좀더 복잡한 동작을 처리하기 위해 이용된다.   본 발명은 스프라이트, 예컨대 3차원 시퀀스, 주식 시세 표시기, 양방향 광고를 생성하는데 유용하고 그 외의 이용에도 유용하다.   본 발명은 기존의 MPEG-4 구조에 의해 처리되지 않는 아웃라이어 및 고속동작의 문제를 처리한다.   자동 스프라이트 생성은 스프라이트 형성에 이용하기 위한 보통 장면을 나누는 연속하는 이미지의 그룹을 제공하기 위해 입력 이미지의 숏 검출(310; 예컨대, 패닝 또는 줌잉)을 수행함으로써 제공된다.   스프라이트를 형성하기 위한 동작 파라메터 데이터의 초기 추정(710)은 적어도 2개의 이전 입력 이미지의 동작 파라메터 데이터를 이용하여 개선된다(715).   지연된 아웃라이어 배제(600)는 에러가 연속하는 스프라이트 반복에서 증가하는 화소를 삭제하여 2단계에서 수행된다.   인터레이스된 입력 이미지의 경우, 스프라이트 및 동작 파라메터의 세트는 각 필드를 위해 인코드되어 전송된 후, 디코더에서 디코드되어 프리젠테이션 엔진(1090)에서 조합된다.
Patent KR-20040065868-A (KR)
Title: Heat exchanger
Inventor: JANG DONG YEON
IPC: F28F3/02
Filed: 2003-01-16
Abstract: PURPOSE: A heat exchanger is provided to increase the efficiency of heat exchange and delay frost of condensed water by forming slits at fin plates according to optimized design factors. CONSTITUTION: A heat exchanger has a plurality of copper refrigerant tubes(50) for moving a refrigerant inside, a plurality of aluminum fin plates(60) accumulated with one another to pass through the refrigerant tubes, and a plurality of slits(70) formed in a fin width direction. Plural fin plates are accumulated at a predetermined gap so that a working fluid exchanges heat with the refrigerant. An initial slit of the fin plate is formed at a position of 15-30% of the fin width from a side receiving the working fluid.
Patent KR-20040067404-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE YANG LO
IPC: B01D46/24
Filed: 2003-01-23
Abstract: PURPOSE: Provided is a dust collecting device which is able to simultaneously removing dusts getting accumulated on a filter while the device is working and discharges extruded collected dust. CONSTITUTION: The device comprises a filtering means(20) consisting of a filter, a cylindrical screen net(21), a dust removing apparatus(23) washing surface of the filter and removing dusts collected on the filter, a dust treating means(30) consisting of a rotary screw forming a spiral surface around a shaft and an extruding apparatus, a driving means(10) rotating the screen net, dust removing apparatus, rotary screw by a belt(6), sprockets(7,8,9), a driving gear(4) and a driven gear(5).
Patent KR-20030079671-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM WAN
IPC: B09B3/00
Filed: 2003-02-03
Abstract: PURPOSE: Provided is a garbage disposal apparatus using biological and mechanical actions and allowing the final product of garbage disposal to be used as compost. CONSTITUTION: The apparatus comprises a closed frame (F) having, a crushing unit (C) installed at a lower portion of the frame (F) in the frame (F) for sorting and crushing garbage introduced thereinto through a hopper, a mixing unit (M) installed at a lower portion of the frame (F) for mixing crushed garbage with microorganism filter media, a driving unit for supplying driving force to the crushing unit (C) and the mixing unit (M), a driving force transmission unit for transmitting driving force of the driving unit to the crushing unit (C) and the mixing unit (M), an air supply and temperature control unit (A/T) for heating external air and introducing the heated hot air to the frame (F) and maintaining inside temperature of the frame (F), an inner gas purification unit for purifying inner gas and odor in the frame (F) using plasma and exhausting treated clean air, a control unit for controlling the operation of the air supply and temperature control unit (A/T) and the inner gas purification unit, a sensing unit for detecting temperatures or other conditions of the frame (F) and the mixing unit (M) and transmitting a signal to the control unit, and a central control unit installed outside of the frame (F) and electrically connected to the control unit for inputting a control signal having operation conditions of the whole apparatus to the control unit.
Patent KR-20030069816-A (KR)
Title: 박막 형성 장치와 박막 형성 방법, 액정 장치의 제조장치와 액정 장치의 제조 방법과 액정 장치, 및 박막구조체의 제조 장치와 박막 구조체의 제조 방법과 박막구조체, 및 전자 기기
IPC: B05B17/06
Filed: 2003-02-10
Abstract: 액체 방울 토출 헤드를 채용함으로써 재료의 낭비를 억제하며, 형성하는 막 전체의 두께를 균일하게 할 수 있도록 한 박막 형성 장치와 박막 형성 방법, 액정 장치의 제조 장치와 액정 장치의 제조 방법과 액정 장치, 및 박막 구조체의 제조 장치와 박막 구조체의 제조 방법과 박막 구조체를 제공한다. 
     용제 중에 막 재료가 용해 또는 분산되어 이루어지는 도포액(L)을 기판(SUB) 상에 도포하여 박막을 형성하는 박막 형성 장치(1)이다.  기판(SUB) 상에 도포액(L)을 토출하는 액체 방울 토출 헤드(2)를 갖는 토출 기구와, 액체 방울 토출 헤드(2)와 기판(SUB)과의 위치를 상대적으로 이동 가능하게 하는 이동 기구(4)와, 토출 기구 및 이동 기구(4)의 적어도 한쪽을 제어하는 제어부(C)를 구비한다.  기판(SUB) 상에 도포된 도포액의 근방에 용제 증기를 공급하는 용제 증기 공급 기구(5)를 가진다.
Patent KR-20040078854-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE JONG BOK
IPC: H04W8/18
Filed: 2003-03-05
Abstract: PURPOSE: A ticket activating method using a wireless Internet-based wish list function and a system thereof are provided to store a requested wish list of a user while comprising a user information DB and a product information DB, and to supply discount information or event information on a product, thereby activating a wireless Internet ticket purchase in advance. CONSTITUTION: If a wish list processing module receives a wish list adding request including a user identifier and a product identifier(S301), the user identifier and the product identifier are stored in a wish list DB(S303). The wish list processing module decides whether a current date corresponds to a reference date(S305). If so, at least one best wish list is extracted from the wish list DB(S307). Discount information or event information on each movie included in the extracted best wish list is retrieved(S309). A terminal identifier of the user is extracted from a user information DB(S311). A short message including the discount information or the event information is generated through a short message server, and is transmitted to a wireless terminal of the user corresponding to the terminal identifier(S313).
Patent KR-20040079294-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM BYEONG U
IPC: B01J37/02
Filed: 2003-03-07
Abstract: PURPOSE: A photocatalyst fixing method for improving photocatalyst stability and organic matter decomposition efficiency, a photocatalyst fixed by the photocatalyst fixing method, a method for eliminating organic matter in water using the fixed photocatalyst and a wastewater treatment system using the photocatalyst are provided. CONSTITUTION: The method for fixing photocatalyst comprises the step of fixing a photocatalyst using an inorganic binder, wherein the inorganic binder is an inorganic binder synthesized in the sol state in such a way that chemical resistance and bonding stability of the photochemical catalyst are improved. The method for preparing a titanium based inorganic binder in the sol state comprises the steps of synthesizing alcohol and titanium tetraisopropoxide in the composition volume ratio of 4.5 to 10.5% so that alcohol and titanium tetraisopropoxide are reacted for 0.2 to 1 hour; adding water and hydrochloric acid in the composition volume ratio of 0.5 to 1.5% to the reactant so that water and hydrochloric acid are reacted with the reactant; and forming an inorganic binder in the sol state by agitating the resulting material. The fixed photocatalyst having improved chemical resistance and bonding stability is characterized in that a photocatalyst having an average particle size of 5 to 50 nm is fixed to thickness of 1 to 20 μm using the titanium based inorganic binder. The method for decomposing organics in wastewater comprises the step of efficiently decomposing organics in water by additionally adding trivalent iron ions (Fe¬3+) to the fixed photocatalyst. The organic matter treatment system comprises a photocatalyst member obtained by fixing the photocatalyst to a tube from which UV light is emitted using an inorganic binder; and a reactor containing a solution obtained by dissolving trivalent iron ions (Fe¬3+) into water.
Patent KR-20040082869-A (KR)
Inventor: JUN YEONG JIN
IPC: H03K19/0185
Filed: 2003-03-20
Abstract: PURPOSE: A data output buffer of a semiconductor memory device capable of adjusting an affective data window is provided to prevent the effective data window from being wider. CONSTITUTION: A driver circuit(200) drives a data output port with a voltage level corresponding to data read from a memory cell by receiving a pull-up control signal and a pull-down control signal. And a control circuit(100) delays the first output of the read data for a constant time, and supplies a control signal to the driver circuit so that the output of the driver circuit maintains a high impedance state during the delay period.
Patent KR-20040086892-A (KR)
Inventor: CHO SEONG HAE
IPC: F04C28/10
Filed: 2003-03-22
Abstract: PURPOSE: A rotary compressor is provided to mechanically change compression capacity of a compressor by 4 stages, thereby reducing the production cost and power consumption. CONSTITUTION: A rotary shaft(21) has a first eccentric part(21a) and a second eccentric part. A forward-reverse rotary motor rotates the rotary shaft forwardly and reversely. A first cylinder(31) has a first compression chamber selectively executing a compressor stroke or non-cutting stroke for a refrigerant, a first suction port(31b) formed to suck the refrigerant into the first eccentric part, and a first discharge port(31c) formed to discharge the compressed refrigerant out of the first compression chamber. A second cylinder(32) has a second compression chamber executing a compressor stroke or non-cutting stroke for the refrigerant by forward and reverse rotation of the second eccentric part alternately with the first compressor chamber, a second suction port(32b) formed to suck the refrigerant into the second eccentric part, and a second discharge port(32c) formed to discharge the compressed refrigerant out of the second compression chamber. A first auxiliary passage(31d) communicates one point of the first compression chamber with the first suction port to change compression capacity of the first compression chamber. A first regulating device(40a) regulates the first auxiliary passage. A second auxiliary passage(32d) communicates one point of the second compression chamber with the second suction port to change compression capacity of the second compression chamber. A second regulating device(40b) regulates the second auxiliary passage.
Patent KR-20030079689-A (KR)
Title: 박막트랜지스터, 박막트랜지스터를 제조하는 방법 및박막트랜지스터를 포함하는 활성-매트릭스형 표시장치
IPC: H01L29/786
Filed: 2003-03-24
Abstract: 높은 이동도로, 쓰레스홀드전압(threshold voltage)의 시간변화가 개선된 박막트랜지스터, 박막트랜지스터의 제조방법 및 박막트랜지스터를 포함하는 활성-매트릭스형 표시장치를 제공한다. 
     본 발명의 박막트랜지스터는 기판(10)상에 형성된다.  박막트랜지스터는 절연막(14), 절연막(14)의 상부에 형성되는 반도체층(16a,16b)과, 게이트 전극(12)과, 반도체층에 접속된 소스 전극(20)과, 드레인 전극(22)을 포함함으로서 구성된다.  반도체층(16a,16b)은 반도체층의 두께 방향을 따라 절연막(14)에 근접하는 위치에서 전자친화력이 작게 형성된다.
Patent KR-20040084186-A (KR)
Inventor: AHN JI HUN
IPC: C12N5/04
Filed: 2003-03-27
Abstract: PURPOSE: A gene controlling the root development of a plant and a method for manipulating the root development of a plant using the same gene are provided, thereby improving the phenotype of a plant related to root development, and facilitating the growth of it. CONSTITUTION: The gene GmEXP1 having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 controls the root development of a plant, and encodes a protein controlling the root development of a plant, wherein the protein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 and is isolated from Glycine max. A recombinant vector pGA643/GmEXP1 contains the gene GmEXP1. A transformed bacterium produced by transforming a bacterium with the recombinant vector pGA643/GmEXP1. The method for facilitating the root development of a plant comprises inserting the gene GmEXP1 into the expression vector, and introducing the expression vector into the plant.
Patent KR-20040085773-A (KR)
Inventor: CHOE SEUNG JOO
IPC: F01N13/02
Filed: 2003-04-01
Abstract: PURPOSE: A strip for a metallic substrate and an electric heater and a forming device thereof are provided to secure corrugation structure of a metallic substrate strip for improving the joining strength in brazing metal strips. CONSTITUTION: In a strip(60) for a metallic substrate and an electric heater, a corrugation part and a flat strip part are formed alternately. An offset is arranged between the corrugation part and the flat strip part. In layering plural strips to which the corrugation part and the flat strip part are formed alternately, the strips are layered while the corrugation part is situated to one side of a lower strip and an upper strip and the flat strip part is situated to the other side. A device for forming the strip includes transfer units(70,80) receiving power from a driving source(90) and transferring a strip material and at last two gears(30,40) having gear teeth at a predetermined part of the outer periphery, to make the corrugation part and the flat strip part alternately formed to the strip material.
Patent KR-20040097480-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM YEONG HEUM
IPC: A01B71/02
Filed: 2003-05-12
Abstract: PURPOSE: A power take-off safety device for a vehicle and a control method thereof are provided to output a stable power take-off control signal by deciding combination of a PTO(Power Take Off) apparatus and a transmission from an ETACS(Electric Time Alarm Control System) according to the traveling vehicle speed and the operating states of a clutch and a power take off switch by a driver without addition of a power take off interception relay. CONSTITUTION: A power take-off safety device for a vehicle comprises a detecting device(100), an ETACS(200), and a driving device(300). The detecting device detects status changes of power supply, a clutch switch, a power take off switch, vehicle speed and engine rpm(revolutions per minute) varied according to a working state of the vehicle and a driver's switch operation state. The ETACS receives signals of the power supply, the clutch switch, the power take off switch, and vehicle speed and engine rpm detected and applied from the detecting device. The ETACS outputs a control signal for driving a PTO apparatus if the power take off switch is turned on when the clutch switch is in an on-state, and outputs a control signal for stopping the driving of the PTS apparatus if the power take off switch is turned off or an engine is turned off when the vehicle speed is over predetermined reference vehicle speed or the clutch switch is in an on-state. The driving device has a solenoid valve(320). The solenoid valve controlling the supply and interception of negative pressure is turned on/off according to the control signals output from the ETACS, to drive and stop the PTO apparatus.
Patent KR-20040062377-A (KR)
Inventor: WANG CARL BAASUN
IPC: C03C14/00
Filed: 2003-05-30
Abstract: PURPOSE: A process for constrained sintering of asymmetrically configured dielectric layers is provided to prepare a low temperature co-fired ceramic(LTCC) structure having a large area and no twist. CONSTITUTION: The process for constrained sintering of asymmetrically configured dielectric layers comprises the steps of: laminating an inner constrained tape(102) and a basic tape(101) to form the asymmetrical laminate; attaching a release layer(201) to at least one surface of a laminate forming an assembly wherein the surface is an opposite side of the largest asymmetrical position of the laminated layer; and heat-treating the assembly to obtain a structure for showing a mutual constraint of a contraction in x and y-directions.