baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20110120949-A (KR)
Inventor: KURAHASHI HIROKI
IPC: B61B13/06
Filed: 2009-07-06
Abstract: 본 발명에서는 미리 정해진 궤도(3) 상을 주행하는 궤도계 차량(1)용 대차(2)에 있어서, 차체(20)에 연결된 선회 프레임(5)과, 선회 프레임(5)에 베어링(11, 12)을 통해 선회 가능하게 설치된 차축(9)과, 차축(9)에 설치된 안내 프레임(13)과, 안내 프레임(13)의 차량 단부측 부분(13a)에 회전 가능하게 설치된 제1 한 쌍의 안내륜(16)과, 안내 프레임(13)의 차량 중앙측 부분(13b)에 회전 가능하게 설치된 제2 한 쌍의 안내륜(18)과, 차축(9)의 차체측 상면(9b)으로부터 차체(20)측을 향해 돌출되도록 설치된 스토퍼(28)와, 스토퍼(28)에 대해 차폭 방향으로 간극을 두고 서로 대향하여 배치된 한 쌍의 스토퍼 수용부(29)를 구비하고 있다.
Patent KR-20120006516-A (KR)
Inventor: VAN BUSKIRK MICHAEL A
IPC: H01L21/8247
Filed: 2010-03-31
Abstract: 반도체 메모리 디바이스를 제공하기 위한 기술들이 제공된다. 이 기술들은 로우들 및 컬럼들의 어레이로 배열된 복수의 메모리 셀들을 포함하는 반도체 메모리 디바이스로서 실현될 수 있다. 각각의 메모리 셀은 제 1 방향으로 연장하는 소스 라인에 접속된 제 1 영역을 포함할 수 있다. 각각의 메모리 셀은 또한 제 2 방향으로 연장하는 비트 라인에 접속된 제 2 영역을 포함할 수 있다. 각각의 메모리 셀은 워드 라인으로부터 이격되어 이에 용량성으로 결합된 몸체 영역을 더 포함할 수 있으며, 몸체 영역은 전기적으로 플로팅하고, 제 1 영역과 제 2 영역 사이에 배치된다. 반도체 디바이스는 또한, 복수의 메모리 셀들의 각각을 수용하도록 구성된 트렌치 영역을 형성하기 위해 어레이의 제 1 방향으로 연장하는 제 1 장벽 및 어레이의 제 2 방향으로 연장하고 제 1 장벽과 교차하는 제 2 장벽을 포함할 수 있다.
Patent KR-20120030435-A (KR)
Inventor: CLAUSEN MICHAEL D
IPC: B01D35/02
Filed: 2010-04-16
Abstract: 필터용 신속 부착 특징부는, i) 하우징의 대향 측부 상에서 하우징의 일단부를 향해 위치되는 한 쌍의 외측으로 돌출하는 피봇부; 및 ii) 하우징의 대향 측부 상에서 하우징의 타단부를 향해 위치되는 한 쌍의 가요성 리테이닝 클립을 포함하며, 각각의 클립은 하우징의 길이를 따라 각각의 피봇부와 실질적인 축방향 정렬한다.  필터는 한 쌍의 측벽을 구비하는 브래킷 내에 지지될 수 있으며, 상기 측벽 각각은, i) 각각의 피봇부를 필터 상에 수용하도록 치수설정되며, 브래킷의 종축에 비스듬한 배향으로부터 필터가 브래킷과 실질적인 축방향 정렬하는 배향으로 필터를 선회시키는 후크 형상의 슬롯; 및 ii) 필터가 브래킷과 실질적인 정렬이 될 때, 각각의 리테이닝 클립과 결합하여 유지하도록 치수설정된 캐치부를 구비한다.
Patent KR-20130078902-A (KR)
Title: Method for exterminating and preventing scuticociliate in fishes
Inventor: NA BYOUNG HWAN
IPC: A01N25/30
Filed: 2012-01-02
Abstract: PURPOSE: A composition for preventing Scuticociliate infectious diseases in cultivated fish is provided to treat cultivated fish infected by Scuticociliate through an eco-friendly method by adding non-formalin compositions to water. CONSTITUTION: A composition for preventing Scuticociliate infectious diseases contains 30-40 g% of chlorine dioxide, 2-3 g% of citric acid, 3.5-4.5 g% of nano inorganic, and 2-3 g% of a surfactant. A method for preventing Scuticociliate infectious diseases in fish comprises the steps of: preparing 30-40 g% of chlorine dioxide, 2-3 g% of citric acid, and 3.5-4.5 g% of nano inorganic; mixing 2-3 g% of the surfactant with one solvent selected among ethanol and hydrogen peroxide; mixing the prepared ingredients, adding the mixture into water for fish farming, and bathing fish in the water for 1-2 hours. [Reference numerals] (AA) The number of dead fish; (BB) Composition administration days; (CC) H fish farm; (DD) S fish farm
Patent KR-20130078919-A (KR)
Title: Hands free apparatus for vehicle and control method thereof
Inventor: KIM HYE JIN
IPC: G10L21/02
Filed: 2012-01-02
Abstract: PURPOSE: A handsfree calling system and a controlling method thereof are provided to selectively perform multiple callings or an individual calling through a handsfree call within a vehicle. CONSTITUTION: A digital signal processor (DSP) (140) performs beamforming signaling to a voice signal inputted from multiple arrays. The DSP performs beamforming signal processing to a voice signal inputted to the arrays. A handsfree interface unit (150) transmits the voice signal to a portable terminal through the DSP. [Reference numerals] (130) Calling mode selecting unit; (141) Calling mode control unit; (142) Calling seat selecting unit; (143) Gain control unit; (144) Echo removing unit; (145) Beamforming algorithm unit; (146) Noise removing unit; (147) Voice output control unit
Patent KR-20130080589-A (KR)
Title: Cosmetic composition for mask of a time-varying color change, mask pack comprising thereof and a fabrication of the same
Inventor: KIM JUNG EUN
IPC: A61K8/60
Filed: 2012-01-05
Abstract: PURPOSE: A cosmetic composition for a mask is provided to give sensible differentiation through color change while effectively stabilizing an effective active component, and to visually show a term of validity of cosmetics. CONSTITUTION: A cosmetic composition for a mask comprises a capsule including a water-soluble active material core and a shall that surrounds the core and includes an oxygen-sensitive indicator and a pellicle material, a reducing sugar, and water. As to a mask pack including a sheet of paper immersed in a mask pack composition, the mask pack composition is the cosmetic composition for a mask. A manufacturing method of the mask pack comprises the following steps of: S1) preparing a capsule having a core-shall structure in which a water-soluble active component is surrounded by an oxygen-sensitive indicator and a pellicle material; S2) mixing the prepared capsule and a reducing sugar in water to prepare a mask pack composition; and S3) immersing a sheet of paper for a mask cut into a desired design into the mask pack composition.
Patent KR-20130081369-A (KR)
Title: Thin film deposition apparatus, plasma generation apparatus, and thin film deposition method
Inventor: HUH SONG WHE
IPC: H01L21/205
Filed: 2012-01-09
Abstract: PURPOSE: A thin film depositing apparatus, a plasma generating apparatus, and a thin film depositing method are provided to form a thin film with high quality by separating a plasma region from a reaction region by using a linear multiple electrode. CONSTITUTION: A plasma region (107) generates plasma by using a first gas. The first gas is supplied between a ground electrode and a power electrode through a first gas supply line. A reaction region (109) interacts with the plasma by using a second gas. The second gas is supplied through a second gas supply line via the ground electrode. A substrate holder is arranged on the reaction region. [Reference numerals] (AA) First gas; (BB) Second gas; (CC) First direction; (DD) Second direction; (EE) Third direction
Patent KR-20130084529-A (KR)
Title: Wild vegetable garden of the human body
Inventor: PARK SANG IL
IPC: A01G1/00
Filed: 2012-01-17
Abstract: PURPOSE: A medical herb garden in a human body shape is provided to enable a user to learn about medical herbs and wild grass which are harvested from the garden. CONSTITUTION: A medical herb garden in a human body shape is formed by low fences and boundary lines by the shape of the human body. The medical herb garden includes medical herbs and wild grass planted by pharmacological activity and effects on each part of the human body. The medical herb garden includes a plastic or glass greenhouse by the shape of the garden.
Patent KR-20130089502-A (KR)
Title: Smart parking assist system and method thereof
Inventor: KIM SU YONG
IPC: B60W30/08
Filed: 2012-02-02
Abstract: PURPOSE: A smart parking assist system is provided to detect a curbstone on a parking space and recognizing the pattern of the curbstone, thereby enabling more accurate automatic parking. CONSTITUTION: A smart parking assist system comprises a sensor part (110) installed on a side of a vehicle to detect obstacles placed on the side of the vehicle and a curbstone in a parking space formed by the obstacles; curbstone recognition part (120) for estimating the change rate of distance between the side of the vehicle and the curbstone and for recognizing the pattern of the curbstone based on the estimated change rate; and an electronic control part (130) for calculating a parking space by using the pattern recognition result of the curbstone. [Reference numerals] (122) Kerb sensing unit; (124) Function conversion unit; (126) Slope assuming unit; (128) Kerb pattern determining unit; (AA) From 110; (BB) To 130
Patent KR-20130090229-A (KR)
Title: Convenience apparatus for using vehicle and method thereof
Inventor: KIM JEONG HUN
IPC: B60W50/08
Filed: 2012-02-03
Abstract: PURPOSE: A convenience device for vehicles and an operation method for the same are provided to improve the convenience and safety of a driver while driving by enabling the driver to simply control a Bluetooth handsfree and a telematics multimedia unit (TMU) at the same time. CONSTITUTION: A convenience device for vehicles comprises a TMU (110), a Bluetooth handsfree (120), and a control unit (130). The control unit periodically monitors the condition of the TMU and the Bluetooth handsfree. The control unit converts the screen of sound channel of an AVN system through the control according to the condition of the Bluetooth handsfree when an emergency call is received through the TMU in order to enable a driver to easily recognize an emergency from a call center. [Reference numerals] (AA) Transmit/receive data such as an emergency call from a TMU; (BB) Control the condition of a mobile phone through the Bluetooth module control and transmit/receive the data; (CC) Exchange the condition data of the TMU and the Bluetooth with each other and monitor the conditions of each other; (DD) Indirectly control the TMU; (EE) Produce data for controlling a system by utilizing the condition information of the TMU and the Bluetooth; (FF) Indirectly control the Bluetooth module; (GG) Control a sound channel; (HH) Control a system display module
Patent KR-20130090651-A (KR)
Title: Non-contact array type electrode pattern inspection apparatus
Inventor: KIM CHUL JU
IPC: G01R31/28
Filed: 2012-02-06
Abstract: PURPOSE: A contactless array type electrode pattern testing apparatus is provided to perform an electrical test of an electrode pattern regardless of a pitch distance of the electrode pattern. CONSTITUTION: An electrode pattern testing apparatus comprises a probe (10) and a sensor unit (20). The probe applies an electric signal to an electrode pattern of a glass panel with a contactless method. The sensor unit receives the electric signal which is applied from the probe and is delivered through the electrode pattern with a contactless method and detects the open and short of the electrode pattern. The sensor unit comprises a sensor (220) for open detection and a sensor (230) for short detection. The sensor for the open detection detects the open of the electrode pattern. The sensor for the short detection detects whether the electrode pattern is shorted or not.
Patent KR-20130091486-A (KR)
Title: On-board diagnostics for vehicle and method for information processing using of on-board diagnostics, recording medium
Inventor: RA CHUNG SEOB
IPC: B60W50/02
Filed: 2012-02-08
Abstract: PURPOSE: A self-testing apparatus for a car, an information processing method and a recording device are provided to save the life of a driver by making it possible that electric power supply is cut to a car battery and fast that an accident is reported when the driver is faint. CONSTITUTION: A self-testing apparatus for a car (10) comprises a power supply unit (12) which is provided with power from a car battery, a determining unit (13) which determines the power cut or power reduction from the power supply unit, a processing part (14) which generates an alarming sign based on the cut or the reduction of the electricity when the power supply from the power supply unit is cut or reduced and a communication part (18) which sends the signal to the mobile device near the areas of the car. [Reference numerals] (10) Self-testing apparatus; (11) Controller; (12) Power supply unit; (13) Determining unit; (14) Processing part; (15) Emergency battery; (16) Impact sensing sensor; (17) Self-testing part; (18) Communication part; (19) Memory part; (AA) Vehicle battery
Patent KR-20120042778-A (KR)
Title: Unification catalytic converter apparatus
Inventor: CHOI BYUNG CHUL
IPC: B01D53/94
Filed: 2012-02-09
Abstract: PURPOSE: An integrated type catalyst purifying apparatus is provided to simultaneously reduce particulate materials and nitrogen oxide materials from the exhaust gas of diesel engines and to minimize the volume of a catalytic apparatus. CONSTITUTION: Exhaust gas is introduced through an introducing pipe(110). A filter(101) for eliminating particulate materials eliminates particulate materials from the exhaust gas. An exhausting pipe(150) discharges the purified exhaust gas through the filter to outside. A lean NOx catalyst(LNT) coating part oxidizes hydrogen carbide, carbon monoxide, volatile materials, and nitrogen monoxide. During the oxidization, the hydrogen carbide and nitrogen oxides are reacted to generate ammonia as an intermediate product. A selective catalytic reduction catalyst coating part uses the ammonia from the LNT coating part to eliminate non-purified nitrogen oxide materials.
Patent KR-20130093384-A (KR)
Title: 부유식 구조물의 헬리콥터 데크
Inventor: PARK JOO SHIN
IPC: E01F3/00
Filed: 2012-02-14
Abstract: 알루미늄 H 비임없이, 팬케이크형 데크 구조물을 스틸재 H 비임으로 직접 지지할 수 있는 부유식 구조물의 헬리콥터 데크가 개시된다. 본 발명의 실시예에 따른 헬리콥터 데크는 제 1 방향으로 배치되어 헬리콥터의 안착면을 형성하며, 복수개의 데크 부재가 서로 인접하게 배열되어 팬케이크 형상을 이루는 데크 구조물; 상기 제 1 방향과 수직인 방향으로 연장되며, 서로 이격되어 배치되고, 상기 데크 구조물의 하부에 위치하는 복수의 스틸재 H빔; 및 상기 데크 구조물과 상기 스틸재 H빔 각각과의 사이에 배치되며, 상기 데크 구조물의 하면과는 접착 고정되고, 상기 각 스틸재 H빔의 상면과는 볼트에 의해 체결되어 고정되는 복합소재를 포함한다.
Patent KR-20130094079-A (KR)
Title: Debris barrier using strain gauge, maintenance managing system of debris barrier using strain gauge and maintenance managing method using this system
Inventor: SONG YOUNG SUK
IPC: E02B7/14
Filed: 2012-02-15
Abstract: PURPOSE: A debris barrier using a strain meter, and a debris barrier maintaining system using a strain meter and a maintaining method using the same are provided to measure and analyze the amount of dredged sediments that are stacked on the back of the debris barrier by the strain meter, thereby quickly indicating the dredging point of time to an administrator. CONSTITUTION: A debris barrier using a strain meter (100) includes a screen part (110), a vertical member (120), a supporting member (130), and a strain meter (140). The screen part has a plurality of horizontal members (111) that are spaced apart from each other are installed. A plurality of strain meters are installed on the support member, and generate a load data signal after the load for dredging the sediments are measured.
Patent KR-20120034703-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE SUK KOU
IPC: E02B15/04
Filed: 2012-02-20
Abstract: PURPOSE: An oil collecting fence with a water and oil separation function is provided to have excellent ability to collect spilt oil. CONSTITUTION: An oil collecting fence with a water and oil separation function is composed as follows. In order to guide polluted oil to a floating bag net(10), oil collecting waterproof clothes(60) are widely unfolded on the water surface of polluted areas The floating bag net is manufactured by a material of which specific gravity is lighter than the water. The floating bag net prevents the polluted oil from being diffused and collects the oil. In order to keep remarkable buoyancy of the oil collecting waterproof clothes, the oil collecting waterproof clothes comprise a primary air buoyancy pipe(5) on the top and air collecting chambers(3) which is thermal attached on the top of the primary air buoyancy pipe and separated by multiple partition walls(1) in order to supply secondary buoyancy. Air is injected to a vinyl tube(4) which is inserted in the primary air buoyancy pipe in order to provide tertiary buoyancy.
Patent KR-20130096106-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM YOUNG HO
IPC: F24H1/20
Filed: 2012-02-21
Abstract: 본 발명은 최소의 전력으로 최대의 열효율을 발휘하여 보일러의 난방효율을 극대화할 수 있도록 한 전기보일러에 관한 것으로서, 그 구성은, 통형의 탱크본체 내측 상부 및 하부에는 각각의 분리격판을 설치하여 상부공간, 중앙공간, 하부공간으로 구분 형성시키고, 상기 중앙공간에는 하부공간과 상부공간을 상호 연통하는 가열선이 설치된 연결 관이 복수 개 설치되며, 상기 하부공간에는 그 하부공간의 유체를 연결 관의 통하여 상부공간으로 유도하는 하부유체안내격판을 복수 개 설치하여 복수의 하부유체유도공간을 마련하고, 상기 상부공간에는 그 상부공간의 유체를 연결 관의 통하여 하부공간으로 유도하는 상부유체안내격판을 복수 개 설치하여 복수의 상부유체유도공간을 마련하여 유체공급구에서 공급되는 유체가 상기 각 연결 관을 진행하며 가열선에 의해 가열되어 유체배출구로 배출되게 구성시켜 된 것으로 이루어진다.
Patent KR-20120108933-A (KR)
Title: Coating device and coating method
Inventor: NISHIMOTO MIKI
IPC: G02F1/13
Filed: 2012-02-27
Abstract: PURPOSE: A coating apparatus and a coating method are provided to contact one of a plurality of cleaning members with an outlet and to prevent remaining members of the cleaning members from being in contact with the outlet. CONSTITUTION: A coating apparatus includes a cleaning unit(250), a theta stage(126), and a wiping unit(120) with a plate(122) which supports the theta stage. The cleaning unit is composed of a plurality of cleaning members(200) supported on a supporting member. A plurality of theta stages positions the cleaning unit to a wiping direction. A height adjusting side for clipping a height adjusting member is formed at the supporting member and the theta stage.
Patent KR-20120039577-A (KR)
Title: Apparatus and method for ldpc decoding
Inventor: PARK JOO YUL
IPC: H03M13/11
Filed: 2012-02-28
Abstract: PURPOSE: An apparatus and a method for LDPC(Low Density Parity Check) decoding are provided to perform tentative decoding by comparing a repetitive decryption number with an minimum repetitive decoding number. CONSTITUTION: A repetitive decoding apparatus(200) includes a decoding unit(210), a SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio) estimating unit(220), and a repetitive decoding number setting unit(230). The decoding unit recoveries a valid code word from a received signal by repetitively decoding about the received signal. The SNR estimating unit estimates a SNR of the received signal. The SNR estimating unit estimates the SNR of the received signal using any SNR estimating method. The repetitive decoding number setting unit sets the minimum repetitive decoding number of the received signal based on a measured SNR.
Patent KR-20130099321-A (KR)
Title: Functional measurement and evaluation system for exercising health and rehabilitation based on natural interaction
Inventor: KIM YOUNG KOOK
IPC: G06Q50/22
Filed: 2012-02-29
Abstract: PURPOSE: A natural interaction-based health and rehabilitation functionality measurement evaluation system is provided to offer an accurate feedback by quantitatively evaluating a degree of functional recovery of a rehabilitation target patient according to a recovery state of an exercise function. CONSTITUTION: A rehabilitation exercise measurement system (20) outputs an example of a virtual trainer according to a rehabilitation exercise training schedule of a user on a monitor (100). The rehabilitation exercise measurement system photographs the user following the example of the virtual trainer with a three-dimensional camera (160) and outputs the image on the monitor. The rehabilitation exercise measurement system extracts exercise information of the user through image analysis. The rehabilitation exercise measurement system compares and evaluates the exercise information of the virtual trainer with the exercise information of the user and outputs the result on the monitor. A management system (10) is connected to the rehabilitation exercise measurement system. The management system quantizes the exercise information into digital data for the rehabilitation exercise and stores the data in a rehabilitation exercise DB (110) classified by type, level and exercise method. The management system automatically generates a rehabilitation exercise training schedule of the corresponding user and transmits the schedule to the rehabilitation exercise measurement system. [Reference numerals] (10) Management system; (100) Monitor; (110) Rehabilitation exercise DB; (120) Rehabilitation training scheduling unit; (121) User recognition unit; (122) Administrator monitor; (130) Control unit; (140) User rehabilitation history management unit; (150) Rehabilitation playback control unit; (160) Three-dimensional camera; (170) User exercise analysis unit; (180) Rehabilitation evaluation unit; (190) Game control unit; (20) Measurement system
Patent KR-20130033266-A (KR)
Title: Metal gate device with low temperature oxygen scavenging
Inventor: XU JEFF J
IPC: H01L21/336
Filed: 2012-03-09
Abstract: PURPOSE: A metal gate device with a low temperature oxygen scavenging part is provided to optimize the performance of an NMOSFET and a PMOSFET by independently controlling work functions in an NFET region and a PFET region. CONSTITUTION: A semiconductor substrate is provided(102). A dummy gate structure is removed by applying an etching process(104). An interfacial layer and an HK dielectric layer are deposited on the semiconductor substrate(106). An oxygen scavenging metal layer is deposited on the HK dielectric layer by using a low temperature oxygen scavenging method(108). A metal gate stack is formed on the oxygen scavenging metal layer(110). [Reference numerals] (102) Providing a semiconductor; (104) Removing a dummy gate structure; (106) Depositing an IL and an HK layer; (108) Depositing scavenging metal; (110) Forming a metal gate stack;
Patent KR-20130103235-A (KR)
Title: Method for providing game, server performing the same and storage media storing the same
Inventor: LEE DONG HURN
IPC: G06Q50/10
Filed: 2012-03-09
Abstract: PURPOSE: A baseball game providing method, a baseball providing server executing the same, and a record medium storing the same are provided to simulate the predicted movement of a pitched baseball based on the baseball ability weighted factor that is set by a user, the ballpark surrounding element, and the present location of the baseball player. CONSTITUTION: A baseball game program has a baseball surrounding management module (252) that manages the ballpark surrounding element. A baseball player management module (253) determines a baseball player that has a baseball ability weighted element, and controls pitch based on the present location of the baseball player, the baseball ability weighted element, and the ballpark surrounding element. A predicted movement suggestion module (254) predicts the next location of the pitched baseball on the ballpark according to the predicted play request, and visually suggests the next location on the ballpark. [Reference numerals] (210) Game program transmitting unit; (220) Communication unit; (230) Data storage unit; (240) Event item update unit; (250) Control unit
Patent KR-20130104169-A (KR)
Title: Electronic cigarette atomizer structure including net pipe and spiral liquid providing structure
Inventor: PARK SUN SOON
IPC: A24F47/00
Filed: 2012-03-13
Abstract: PURPOSE: An electronic cigarette atomizer structure is provided to improve atomization efficiency by rapidly discharging atomized vapor. CONSTITUTION: An electronic cigarette atomizer structure comprises a liquid storage unit (200), a crucible (700), a spiral structure (900), and a net tube (800). The net tube is formed in a tubular form and is inserted into the liquid storage unit. The spiral structure is inserted into the passage of the net tube which surrounds the crucible. The spiral structure supplies liquid and heats a wire. The liquid supplied to a spiral heating wire through the passage of the net tube is atomized by the heating of the spiral heating wire. [Reference numerals] (AA) Atomizer structure
Patent KR-20130110753-A (KR)
Title: Electrolyte for lithium secondary battery and lithium secondary battery containing the same
Inventor: JUNG CHEOL SOO
IPC: H01M10/0567
Filed: 2012-03-30
Abstract: PURPOSE: An electrolyte and a lithium secondary battery suppress a micro-tipping phenomenon of electrolyte near a current collector even under a severe charging and discharging condition. CONSTITUTION: An electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery includes a linear acrylate compound. The linear acrylate compound is linear acrylate consisting of one linear structure selected from ether, ketone, ester, and amide. The molecular weight of the linear acrylate compound is 1,000-5,000. The electrolyte includes a nonaqueous organic solvent, a lithium salt, and a linear acrylate compound. The amount of the linear acrylate compound is 0.1-20 wt%. [Reference numerals] (AA) Classification; (BB) Electrode plate; (CC) Note; (DD) Example 1; (EE) Example 2; (FF) Example 3; (GG) Example 4; (HH) Example 5; (II) Example 6; (JJ) Example 7; (KK) Example 8; (LL) Comparative example 1; (M1,M2,M3,M4,M5,M6,M7,M8) Non- secession; (M9) Secession