baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent JP-2000507739-A (JP)
IPC: H01J37/32
Filed: 1997-03-19
Abstract: A method in a plasma processing system for modifying a phase difference between a first radio frequency (RF) signal and a second RF signal. The first RF signal is supplied by a first RF power source to a first electrode and the second RF signal is supplied by a second RF power source to a second electrode of a plasma processing system. The second RF power source is coupled to the first RF power source as a slave RF power source in a master-and-slave configuration. The method includes the step of ascertaining a phase difference between a phase of the first RF signal and a phase of the second RF signal. The method further includes the step of comparing the phase difference with a phase control set point signal to output a control signal to the second RF power source, whereby the second RF power source, responsive to the control signal, modifies the phase of the second RF signal to cause the phase difference to approximate a phase difference value represented by the phase control set point signal.
Patent JP-H11505961-A (JP)
Title: 物質層の平坦化方法
IPC: H01L21/66
Filed: 1996-05-06
Abstract: (57)【要約】
第１の物質から成る第１の層が、回路形態の上部の半導体基板の表面の上に所定の厚みまで形成される。第２の物質から成る微量層が、第１の層の上に形成される。その後、第２の物質層が、微量層の上に形成される。第２の層は、その後平坦化される。平坦化している間に、第２の層が取り除かれることから、回路形態上部の微量層に到達する。微量層に到達したときに、平坦化が終了される。
Patent JP-2001513922-A (JP)
Title: 微小質量流量制御装置および方法
IPC: F16K31/02
Filed: 1998-02-11
Abstract: (57)【要約】
微小質量流量制御器（１０）は、発振可能な弁（２６）を有する音波チョーク流制限部（２８）を備えている。弁（２６）は、時間変調された一連の順序で音波チョーク流制御部（２８）を繰り返し開閉して、音波チョーク流制御部（２８）を通るガスのある期間の質量流速を、流れのない状態から最大質量流速の間で、設定しまたは変える。バイモルフ圧電アクチュエータ（４０）は、スパッタリングで設けられた誘電層（７８）で覆われ、次いで、ステンレス鋼または他の金属の被覆（８０）に封止される。アクチュエータ（４０）上の閉止部材（４６）は、接着剤（８６）の液滴中で接着剤（８６）が硬化するまで、弁座（７０）に押し付けるようにアクチュエータ（４０）を駆動することによって、弁座（７０）に対して位置と向きを合わせる。
Patent JP-2001520512-A (JP)
Title: ヒト・ホスホリパーゼインヒビター
IPC: C12N5/10
Filed: 1997-05-09
Abstract: (57)【要約】
本発明は、その部分的配列が初めにTHP-1  cDNAライブラリーから単離された、新規なヒト・ホスホリパーゼ・インヒビター（GIPL）を同定しコードするポリヌクレオチド（gipl）を提供する。本発明は、GIPLをコードする核酸配列を含む組換え発現ベクター及び宿主細胞を提供する。本発明はまた、異常な、或いは過剰なホスホリパーゼ活性を伴う疾病の治療のための医薬品組成物における精製GIPL及びそのアゴニストの利用を提供する。更に、本発明は、避妊やアルツハイマー病の治療のための医薬品組成物における、giplのアンチセンス分子や、GIPLのインヒビターの利用を提供する、本発明はまた、ポリペプチドGIPLと特異的に結合する抗GIPL抗体または診断用のgiplの転写物を利用した診断試験方法についても記述している。
Patent JP-2002500550-A (JP)
Title: ダイヤモンド成長
IPC: C01B31/06
Filed: 1998-04-16
Abstract: (57)【要約】
ダイヤモンド結晶の原料を用意し；ダイヤモンド結晶によって形づくられる成長中心を数多く用意し；原料ダイヤモンド及び成長中心のダイヤモンドを粒状の溶媒／触媒と混合して反応物質を造り；結晶成長に好適な高温及び高圧の条件下にこの反応物質をさらし；次いでダイヤモンド結晶を回収する工程を包含する；ダイヤモンド結晶の成長方法を提供する。この方法は、少なくとも部分的に、望ましくは主として、原料結晶と成長中心との間の粒径の差を選定することにより、溶媒／触媒中の炭素の所要過飽和を達成することを特徴とする。この方法により生成される多数のダイヤモンド結晶は、高濃度の双晶化ダイヤモンドを有する。
Patent JP-2001523432-A (JP)
Title: 干渉を低減するための方法及びシンセサイザー装置
IPC: H04B15/04
Filed: 1999-03-04
Abstract: (57)【要約】
本発明は、デジタルシンセサイザー装置の出力信号から干渉信号を低減するための方法と、出力信号の周波数を決める信号であって、その信号には信号の周期性を破壊するある信号が加えられることになる、そのような周波数を決める信号を受信する受信手段（１０）を含むシンセサイザー装置とに関する。本装置は、受信信号に基づき出力信号に使用される位相に関する情報を含む信号を形成する手段（４０）と、疑似ランダム信号を形成する発生器手段（６０）と、位相情報を含む信号を周波数を決める際に使用する信号と疑似ランダム信号とに加えることにより合計信号を形成する加算手段（２０）であって、この手段において、手段（４０）により形成された信号の部分が次の合計信号に加えられる、そのような加算手段（２０）とから成る。
Patent JP-2002508059-A (JP)
Title: 燃焼タービンと共に単純サイクルまたはコンバインドサイクルで稼働させるための改良型熱交換器
IPC: F02C6/18
Filed: 1999-03-01
Abstract: (57)【要約】
本発明は、燃焼タービンと併用可能な熱交換器を包含する。この熱交換器は、単純サイクルモードまたはコンバインドサイクルモードのいづれでも運転可能である。この熱交換器は、好ましくは、第１の伝熱段、第２の伝熱段、バイパススタック及びダンパーを備えている。ダンパーとバイバススタックは、好ましくは、第１と第２の伝熱段の間に位置する。燃焼タービンから熱交換器へ高温の流体を流入させ、伝熱段を通過させて熱を高温流体から伝熱段の伝熱管を流れる冷却媒体へ伝達させる。高温流体は、好ましくは、第１の伝熱段の上流から熱交換器へ流入し、この第１の伝熱段を通過した後、ダンパーによりバイパススタックかまたは第２の伝熱段へ選択的に送ることができる。ダンパーは、第１及び第２の、少なくとも２つの位置を有し、第１の位置では、第１の伝熱段からの高温流体をバイパススタックへ流入させ、第２の伝熱段へは送らない。この流体は、バイパススタックを通過した後、大気中へ排出される。熱交換器は、この位置で、単純サイクルモードで稼働する。逆に、ダンパーが第２の位置にある時、高温流体は第１の伝熱段からの第２の伝熱段へ送られ、バイパススタックへは流入しない。この位置では、蒸気タービン駆動用の蒸気が発生されるため、熱交換器はコンバインドサイクルモードで稼働する。いづれの位置でも、燃焼タービンの部品冷却用蒸気と、燃焼タービンの出力増強用蒸気を熱交換器から抽出できる。
Patent JP-2001526604-A (JP)
Title: 加硫された内側ライナーを持った空気入りタイヤ及び内側ライナーの利用方法
IPC: B60C5/14
Filed: 1997-03-25
Abstract: (57)【要約】
本発明は、加硫された継ぎ目無し内側ライナーを持った非再生タイヤまたは再生タイヤの製造、および製造中間製品として内側ライナーを構成する方法に関する。継ぎ目無し加硫された内側ライナーは、円筒形状または環状形状を有し、様々な成型技術により形成される。
Patent JP-2001525017-A (JP)
IPC: D03D1/02
Filed: 1998-05-11
Abstract: A weaving method and apparatus for producing a length of fabric which has a variable width, wherein the sheet of warp threads is guided in the area of the shed with a space between the warp ends which is enlarged or reduced according to the desired width of the fabric. The fabric is guided by a spreader device (19) at least on both of its longitudinal edges and preferably directly after the stroke of the weft yarn. The effect of the spreader devices on the width of the fabric is controlled synchronously with and substantially proportional to the enlargement (spread) and reduction (contraction) of the space between the warp ends. Seamless and seamed tubes with variable diameters can be produced using the inventive method.
Patent MD-20010193-A (MD)
Title: Process for automatic control of the sewage electrochemical treatment process
Inventor: COVALIOV VICTOR
IPC: G05F5/00
Filed: 2001-06-21
Abstract: The invention relates to a sewage treatment process and may be used in the production for working of metals, machine and apparatus constructions, in particular for electroplating. Summary of the invention consists in that the process for automatic control of the sewage electrochemical treatment process includes control of the current density onto the electrodes of the electrolyzer, there being carried out measurement of the specific magnetization, concentration of the waste solid phase and the redox potential of the system at the outlet of the electrolyzer and according to these values it is controlled the current density and the feed of the magnetite particles in the capacity of consumable catalyst in the sediment ferritization process.Claims: 1Fig.: 1
Patent MX-152251-A (MX)
Inventor: NUNLIST ERWIN J
IPC: F16D1/08
Filed: 1980-03-03
Abstract: A separable blade agitator has a glass coated drive shaft and a glass coated impeller interference fitted to the end of the shaft in a gasketless, glass surface to glass surface joint. The interference fitting of the impeller to the shaft is accomplished by super cooling the end of the shaft with nitrogen or the like so that it can be inserted into a glass coated bore in the impeller.
Patent NZ-205470-A (NZ)
Title: Switching system with dual bus:bidirectional tdm
Inventor: BOOT G P
IPC: H04Q11/04
Filed: 1983-09-02
Abstract: An electronic switching system in which digital data is required to be exchanged between two pieces of electronic apparatus such as two telephone subscribers, in which a parallel time division multiplex highway is used to carry the data, the highway being divided into two paths, the data being transferred in both directions during a single time period using the different paths for each direction, identification of the transmitting and receiving parties being by use of two address buses in a single time slot period.
Patent NZ-211581-A (NZ)
Title: Blow moulding of plastics: gas introduced between plastics material and mould
Inventor: ELLEMOR JOHN WARWICK
IPC: B29C43/12
Filed: 1985-03-26
Abstract: A method of and apparatus for moulding preformed material with a forming mould (1), tool, membrane or bag, in which as the material (A) is being moulded or shaped, a temperature controlled fluid is introduced at a sufficient pressure to act as a barrier between the material and the forming mould, tool, membrane or bag so that thickness of the article formed can be selectively controlled.
Patent NZ-218464-A (NZ)
Title: Pumping unit for filling containers in packaging machines under aseptic conditions
Inventor: BORDINI G
IPC: F04B15/00
Filed: 1986-12-02
Abstract: A pumping unit for the filling of containers in packaging machines, in particular of foodstuffs with fluid behavour with the presence of suspended particles, which allows a reliable operating under aseptic condi­tions, and results easily cleanable. The conical shutter (18) of the pumping unit, selectively connecting the pumping pis­ton (16) to the product intake duct (23) and to the product deliv­ery duct (24) is movable backwards from its seat (17), so as to allow an easy and reliable cleaning of unit's body, with no danger of product deposit with consequent loss of aseptic conditions.
Patent NZ-218656-A (NZ)
Title: Concentrate metering system for carbonated drink dispenser
Inventor: SCOTT A
IPC: B67D1/00
Filed: 1986-12-16
Abstract: Apparatus for making flavoured carbonated beverages includes carbonation means (2) and concentrate supply means (4). The latter includes a metering chamber (24) so that metered quantities of concentrate are supplied for making each drink. Concentrate is drawn from a supply bottle (6) into the metering chamber (24) by creating a reduced pressure therein with the aid of a venturi (20) through which carbon dioxide gas under pressure is supplied. The gas from the venturi (20) is directed downwardly into the upper part of the concentrate bottle which includes a baffle structure (48) which prevents this gas impinging directly on the surface of the concentrate and which is so arranged that the gas entering the bottle (6) passes to a gas outlet (72) route only via the space above the concentrate, so that unwanted discharge of concentrate through the outlet route is prevented.
Patent NZ-226652-A (NZ)
Title: Method and composition for cementing a wellbore
Inventor: WILSON WILLIAM N
IPC: C09K8/24
Filed: 1988-10-20
Abstract: Wellbores are cemented with a cement composition formed from drilling fluid occupying the wellbore by circulating a quantity of drilling fluid mixed with a cement material and a dispersant such as a sulfonated styrene copolymer with or without an organic acid into the wellbore to displace the drilling fluid and to continuously convert the drilling fluid into the cement composition. The cement composition may be recirculated through the space in the wellbore to completely evacuate any drilling fluid not converted to cement so as to minimize any faults in the cement composition occupying the wellbore. A preflush composition containing the dispersant and being rheologoically compatible with both the drilling fluid and the drilling fluid converted to cement slurry may be used as a displacement fluid.
Patent NZ-237249-A (NZ)
Title: Veterinary compositions of 3-guanidinopropionic acid
Inventor: MEGLASSON MARTIN DURHAM
IPC: A61K31/19
Filed: 1991-02-27
Abstract: The present invention provides a method for treating or preventing certain metabolic disorders comprising the systemic administration of 3-guanidinopropionic acid.
Patent NZ-244296-A (NZ)
Title: Preparation of a syn-isomer of cefepime; thiazole precursor
Inventor: LIM GARY F M
IPC: C07D501/06
Filed: 1992-09-10
Abstract: The present invention provides an aqueous acylation process for the preparation of antibiotic, cefepime dihydrochloride hydrate which is substantially free of the anti-isomer and the  DELTA <2> isomer comprising the N-acylation of 7-amino-3-[(1-methyl-1-pyrrolidinio)-methyl]ceph-3-em-4-carboxylate with the syn-isomer of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-methoxyimino acetyl chloride hydrochloride.
Patent NZ-269798-A (NZ)
Title: Producing tetrahedral packages from continuous wcb: packages sealed and severed by pair of rotors
Inventor: SEAWARD DAVID ROBERT
IPC: B65B51/26
Filed: 1994-06-24
Abstract: Packets are produced by forming a continuous web (W) of packaging material into a tubular form around a tube (4) through which the packet filling material is delivered, the individual packets being sealed and severed from the web as each dose of filling material is delivered. A valve (24) to control the dosing is provided at the exit end of the delivery tube. The sealing and severing of the packets is performed by mutually transverse pairs of rotors (36,38) the arms (92) of which interdigitate to make successive seals in mutually transverse directions, so forming tetrahedral packets.
Patent NZ-279368-A (NZ)
Title: Modified-release metronidazole (a nitroimidazole) compositions
Inventor: DESAI SUBHASH
IPC: A61K31/415
Filed: 1995-01-04
Abstract: Pharmaceutical compositions having a modified release profile for once daily dosing of metronidazole, methods for making the pharmaceutical compositions, and methods for treating a microbial infection with once daily dosing of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are provided. The compositions given once daily exhibit substantial bioequivalence to immediate release metronidazole given three times per day. The compositions of the invention comprise: (a) a first portion of metronidazole which is about 59 wt % to about 79 wt % metronidazole; (b) about 1.5 wt % to about 3.0 wt % of an aqueous insoluble poly(meth)acrylic acid ester copolymer which is aqueous permeable, aqueous expandable and pH-independent; (c) about 0.1 wt % to about 2.0 wt % detackifier; (d) 0 to about 23 wt % of a first aqueous soluble pharmaceutical diluent; (e) 0 to about 23 wt % of a second aqueous soluble diluent which is suitable for forming a pharmaceutical tablet when compressed with the granules of (a), the second aqueous soluble diluent being the same as or different from the first aqueous soluble diluent; (f) 0 to about 20 wt % of a second portion of metronidazole; (g) 0 to about 0.2 wt % glidant; and (h) 0 to about 2 wt % lubricant; wherein the composition comprises metronidazole containing granules comprising (a), (b), (c) and (d), wherein the sum of the weight percentages of metronidazole provided by (a) and (f) is between about 72 wt % and about 79 wt %, and wherein the sum of the weight percentages of the aqueous soluble diluent provided by (d) and (e) is between about 16 wt % and about 23 wt %.
Patent NZ-313271-A (NZ)
Title: Compositions of anticancer agent and polyether block copolymer with repeat units of MW 30-500 and critical micellular concentration of less than 0.5%
Inventor: KABANOV ALEXANDER V
IPC: A61K9/00
Filed: 1996-06-07
Abstract: A composition comprises an anticancer chemotherapeutic agent and a polyether block copolymer operable to form a fluid composition upon mixing with water. The block copolymer comprises a plurality of linear polymeric segments.  The repeating units have molecular weights between about 30 and about 500 and wherein at least about 80% of the linkages joining the repeating units for each of the polymeric segments comprise an ether linkage having a critical concentration of 0.000001 to 0.5%. The above composition is useful for treating resistance to a biological agent, cancer, tumour metastasis and microbial infections.
Patent NZ-333538-A (NZ)
Title: Decorative laminate incorporating photoluminescent material
Inventor: NELSON DANIEL C
IPC: B32B27/04
Filed: 1997-06-25
Abstract: A decorative laminate is provided which is comprised of a one or more cellulosic core sheets, one or more decor sheets and optional overlay sheets.  In one embodiment, one or more of the overlay sheets and/or decor sheets are impregnated prior to lamination with a mixture of a transparent resin and a photoluminescent material.  As a result, the entire upper surface of the laminate visibly luminesces in the presence of exciting radiation. In another embodiment, an image or pattern is printed on one or more of the decor sheets with an ink including an organic photoluminescent material to provide a visibly luminescent image or pattern therein.  It is envisioned that the laminate could be used to provide a unique and appealing appearance when used as the surfacing for a wide variety of applications, including bowling lanes, game tables, counter-tops, dance floors, and signs such as "exit" signs.
Patent NZ-333961-A (NZ)
Title: Package for single or two part contents includes a backing card with holes and laminated cover with blisters
Inventor: COLLIE NELSON
IPC: B65D75/58
Filed: 1999-01-28
Abstract: The "handyman" package is used for dispensing epoxy adhesive portions which need to be mixed before application.  It has backing card with holes 6, 7,9 and fold lines 10, 11 is located between a frontal membrane with blisters and a rear cover sheet.  After use of the backing card can be folded to cover the opened hole(s).
Patent NZ-334953-A (NZ)
Title: Vitronectin receptor antagonists based upon benzodiazepinyl core structures useful in the treatment of osteoporosis, angiogenesis, tumour growth and metastasis, atherosclerosis, restenosis and inflammation
Inventor: CALLAHAN JAMES FRANCIS
IPC: A61K33/243
Filed: 1997-10-01
Abstract: Compounds having a benzodiazepinyl core structure are disclosed which are vitronectin receptor antagonists useful in the treatment of osteoporosis, angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis, atherosclerosis, restenosis and inflammation.
Patent NZ-335313-A (NZ)
Title: Gate opening and closing device comprises a wheel and motor
Inventor: PRATTLEY MURRAY FRANCIS
IPC: E05F13/00
Filed: 1999-05-20
Abstract: An opening and closing device (7) and a mounting bracket (25) for a gate (2 (not shown)) is disclosed.  The opening and closing device (7) comprises of a wheel (8), a reversible electric motor (14) driveably connected to the wheel (8) and a mounting bracket (25) being adapted to releasably secure the device (7) to the gate (2).  The wheel (8) is securable to the free end of a gate (2) such that the wheel (8) is in contact with the ground and the plane of the wheel (8) is perpendicular to the plane of the gate (2).  The motor (14) is adapted to be switched on by means of electronic remote control.    The device (7) engages the mounting bracket (25) so as to be freely slidable relative to said bracket (25) within predetermined limits, in a substantially vertical plane.   The device (7) further comprises of a latching (20) means movable between a latched and unlatched position and controlled by means of the electronic remote control.
Patent NZ-335689-A (NZ)
Title: Monovalent antibody fragments comprising at least one polymer molecule in covalent linkage
Inventor: KING DAVID JOHN
IPC: A61P25/00
Filed: 1997-12-10
Abstract: Monovalent antibody fragments are described.  Each fragment has one or more polymer molecules site-specifically attached through a sulphur atom of a cysteine residue located outside of the variable region domain of the antibody. The polymers include synthetic or naturally occurring polymers such as polyalkylenes, polyalkenylenes, polyoxyalkylenes or polysaccharides. Each fragment may be attached to one or more effector or reporter molecules, and is of use in therapy or diagnostics where it has markedly improved binding and/or pharmacokinetic properties when compared to other antibody fragments which have the same number and type of polymer molecules, but in which the polymer molecules are randomly attached.
Patent NZ-502094-A (NZ)
Title: Satellite communication system using non-geostationary satellites in inclined, elliptical orbits
Inventor: MAEDA TOSHIHIDE
IPC: G01S5/14
Filed: 1999-12-23
Abstract: A communications satellite system uses non-geostationary satellites in inclined, elliptical orbits.  Such satellites spend much of their time at or near apogee.  The apogee distances are set so that the satellite appears stationary from the earth's surface, or nearly so, when near apogee.  The number of satellites, and their orbits, is set so that there is always at least one satellite above the horizon, and so that all the satellites follow a similar path through the sky.  Each orbit is formed so that the orbital inclination angle is greater than 37 degrees and less than 44 degrees and an eccentricity is not greater than 0.24 or so that an orbital inclination angle is greater than 40 degrees and less than 44 degrees and an eccentricity is greater than 0.24 and less than 0.35.
Patent NZ-511898-A (NZ)
Title: Sign stand with vertical central support and legs of base with weight shelf
Inventor: CRICHTON DAVID
IPC: E01F9/012
Filed: 2001-05-24
Abstract: Stand 10 has base having three or more legs 13 extending from a central support 12. At least one platform 15, 16 is provided, for holding a weight 30, located remote from support 12 which is adapted to support a sign.
Patent NZ-514905-A (NZ)
Title: Pivoting base apparatus for gas cylinder
Inventor: CROSS ROBERT JOSEPH
IPC: G01F23/20
Filed: 2001-10-17
Abstract: A pivoting base apparatus for at least one gas cylinder includes at least a first member (1) pivotally attached to a second member (2) and a notification means (4). One pivoting apparatus can be linked consecutively for multiple gas cylinder installations. The first member is pivotally mounted on the second member such that when the first member pivots, the notification means is automatically activated to alert customers or suppliers to the weight status of the cylinder. In some situations two gas cylinders can be mounted on the pivoting base apparatus. The apparatus operates based on a weight balancing or fulcrum counterweight system. During use of the gas cylinder(s), the weight of gas will change thus altering the balance between the weights. This in turn operates the notification means to automatically notify a gas supplier to refill the gas cylinders.
Patent NZ-515172-A (NZ)
Title: Reinforcement ring for the tower of an wind energy facility
Inventor: WOBBEN ALOYS
IPC: F03D11/04
Filed: 2000-05-19
Abstract: The disclosure relates to the tower of a wind energy facility. In order to prevent deformations of the tower during production or transportation, a bulkhead or a reinforcement ring is provided inside the tower. The bulkhead or the reinforcement ring forms a disk that is connected to the wall of the tower inside the latter and penetrates the tower.
Patent NZ-518679-A (NZ)
Title: Method of reducing density by means of gas-generating agent
Inventor: BREEDT JACOBUS
IPC: B01J/
Filed: 2000-11-07
Abstract: A method of reducing density in an ammonium nitrate product. The method comprises providing a generating agent in the form of a water insoluble solid compound capable of generating gas by chemical reaction, and wherein the average diametrical particle size of the gas generating agent is below 40 ìm, and providing an ammonium product. The water-insoluble gas generating agent is introduced into the ammonium nitrate product under conditions causing gas generation by the gas generating agent in the ammonium nitrate product. The ammonium nitrate product is particulated to form a particulated prilled ammonium nitrate product with reduced density. The invention also relates to a particulated ammonium nitrate product produced by this method and to the use of a gas generating agent in the form of a water-insoluble solid compound to reduce density in a particulated ammonium nitrate product.
Patent NZ-525108-A (NZ)
Title: Compounds with activity on muscarinic receptors
Inventor: BRANN MARK ROBERT
IPC: C07D207/02
Filed: 1999-03-31
Abstract: Described in the use of a compound of formula (I) wherein; X1, X2, X3, X4 and X5 are independently C, N or O wherein the last four of the X1 to X5 are carbon; k is O or 1 and t is 1 or 2; R1 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylidene, alkoxy, heteroalkyl, aminoalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl,-SH, alkylthio, -O-CH2-aryl, -C (O)-aryl substituted with alkyl or halo, C(O)NR3R4, -CR3R4R5, -OC(O)R3, -(O)(CH2)sNR3R4 or (CH2)sNR3R4; A is C5-12 aryl or C5-7 cycloalkyl, each optionally comprising one or more heteroatoms selected from N, S or O; R2 is H, hydroxyl, halo, or alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, heteroalkyl, aminoalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthio, -CN, -CF3, -OR3, NHC(O)R3, -C(O)NR3R4, -NR3R4, -NR3C(O)NR4R5, -OC(O)R3, C-(O)R3, -O(CH2)qNR3, -CR5NR3R4 or -(CH2)qNR3R4; q is 1 to 6; n is 1 to 4 and the groups R2, when n > 1, are independent and p is 0 or 1 to 5; Y is O, S, CHOH, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -C(O)-, -OC(O)-, NR7 or -CH=N-; and R7 is H or alkyl; or absent and Z is may be present or absent and when present is CR8R9 provided where -(CH2)p-Y- is -(CH2)3-C (O)- or -(CH2)3-S- and X1 to X5 are C -A-(R2)n and R1 are not together o-methyl-phenyl and n-butyl, respectively; phenyl and n-butyl, respectively or p-fluoro-phenyl and -O-(CH2)2CH3, respectively; R7 to R9, R3, R4 and R5 are as defined in the specification; In the preparation of a medicament for agonizing a muscarinic receptor thereby reducing intraocular pressure.