Patent GB-1145195-A (GB)
Title: Frequency-controlled scanning monopulse antenna
Inventor: ALGEO JERRY ALAN
IPC: H01Q25/02
Filed: 1967-04-27
Abstract: 1,145,195. Aerials; pulse radar. NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION Inc. 27 April, 1967, No. 19512/67. Headings H4A and H4D. In a frequency-controlled scanning monopulse aerial comprising a linear array of radiating elements, each element has an associated rectangular waveguide section which is coupled to two feedline sections and has a quarter turn twist between the element and the feedline sections, adjacent feed sections being oppositely twisted. Also, it is arranged that there is a progressive change from element to element in the difference between the phase delays between the ends of the two feedline sections and an element. As described, each radiating horn 10a . . . 10f, Fig. 2, of a linear array has a feedhorn section 23a ... 23f, and is terminated in a matching load 24a . . 24f. A first feedline 21A is coupled by directional couplers to each feedhorn section from 23a to 23f, and is terminated in a matching load 22A. A second feedline 21B is similarly coupled to the feedhorn sections, it being arranged that there is a progressively increasing phase difference between its inputs to the horns and those from the feedline 21A. In consequence, when the linear array is excited by the feedline 21A at a certain frequency, a beam of radiation having a first axial direction is produced, and when it is excited by the feedline 21B at the same frequency, a beam of radiation having a second, different axial direction is produced. The input ends of the feedlines 21A, 21B are connected to the output ports of a magic-tee 26, and they may be jointly excited by a pulsed radar transmitter connected to the sum port thereof. A resultant beam having an axial direction between the said first and second axial directions is radiated. During reception intervals, echo signals appear on each feedline corresponding to the respective beam, and an output is obtained from the difference port of the magic-tee 26 which may be processed by a monopulse technique. By varying the frequency of transmission, scanning in the plane containing the array is obtained. As shown, there is a fixed or uniform phase spacing between mutually adjacent elements fed by the feedline 21A and a progressively increasing phase spacing between mutually adjacent elements fed by the feedline 21B. The latter effect may be obtained by progressively increasing the incremental length of the feedline 21B between adjacent ones of successive feedhorn sections 23, or by coupling the feedline 21B at a feedpoint on feedhorn sections 23 at successively increasing distances from the associated radiating apertures 10, or by reducing the waveguide geometry of one of the feedlines so as to change the relative phase velocity of energy transmitted therethrough. Or, a combination of these methods may be used. The feedhorn sections 23 ... 23j, as shown in Fig. 6, consist of lengths of rectangular waveguide which are placed in line with their narrow sides together, and are closed at one end by a short-circuiting bar 38, within which are terminating impedances 24 consisting of tapered pieces of dielectric material. At the other ends of the feedhorn sections the linear array of radiators 10a . . . 10j if provided consisting of open-ended lengths of rectangular waveguide, containing 90 degrees twists of alternate lengths having twists of opposite hands. The resulting 180 degrees phase difference between adjacent radiation apertures compensates for their close spacing. The feedlines 21A, 21B also consist of lengths of rectangular waveguide, and they are disposed along opposite sides of the feedhorn sections at angles, respectively, of # A  and # B,  said sections being slotted to receive them. Suitably spaced apertures 25 are provided along the inner sides of the feedlines for coupling energy into the feedhorn sections. The feedlines 21A, 21B have terminating impedances 22A, 22B consisting of tapered pieces of dielectric material. In another embodiment, dual-plane scanning and monopulse operation are provided using a coplanar matrix of radiating elements arranged in rows and columns. Elements of a row, such as 10a... 10f, Fig. 7, are connected as described above to pairs of feedlines, such as 21A, 21B, and each feedline is connected to a further pair of feedlines, either 121A, 121B or 122A, 122B, and a progressively changing phase difference between the feedpoints of each pair of further feedlines is arranged from linear array to linear array by means as described above. Furthermore, increased delays between the linear arrays may be provided by interposing helically formed lengths of waveguide in the further feeders. The inputs A, B, C, D of the further feeds are connected to an arrangement comprising three magic-tees 26, 27, 28 and a signal combiner 29, which provides a sum port for transmission, and azimuth and elevation difference ports for reception. The matrix of radiation elements may be mounted upon a frame and the further feedlines be formed as a quadifilar helix 43, Fig. 8, which is coupled to a unit 44 comprising the said magic-tees and signal combiner.