Patent GB-996486-A (GB)
Title: Process for the polymerization of water-soluble monomers
IPC: C08F2/22
Filed: 1961-09-14
Abstract: Water-soluble bead polymers are produced by polymerization of one or more vinyl, acryl and/or methacryl monomers, (A) that are completely soluble in water alone or with one or more water-soluble monomers, (B) not polymerizable alone with free radical agents or with one or more sparingly water-soluble monomers, (C) the monomers are polymerized in the presence of a water-soluble free radical forming polymerization catalyst in an emulsion of which the aq. solution, e.g. 20-80%, of the monomer is the outer phase and an organic solvent which is immiscible or soluble in water at 50 DEG  C. to an extent of not more than 15% is the inner phase, the ratio of the aqueous to organic phases being 1 : 0.5-10, the concentration of emulsifier being 0.01-5%, the polymerization temperature being from 20 DEG  C. to the boiling point of the organic solvent or its azeotrope with water and the sparingly soluble monomers being present in a sufficiently small proportion to ensure that the polymer is soluble in water at up to at least 50 DEG  C.  Monomers (A) may be all ethylenically unsaturated water-soluble compounds which undergo radical initiated polymerization, e.g. methacrylamide, acrylamide; acrylic and methacrylic acids or ethene sulphonic acid or their alkali metal, e.g. Na, salts; an N-substituted acryl- or methacrylamide such as N-methacrylamide, or a sulphonated styrene. Monomers (B) may be maleic acid diamide or crotonic acid. Monomers (C) may be a vinyl ester of a saturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acid with C1- 4, e.g. vinyl acetate; an acrylic or methacrylic acid ester of a saturated aliphatic monohydric alcohol with C1- 4; acrylo- or methacrylonitrile. The catalyst may be 0.001-2% alkali, e.g. K, persulphates; alkyl hydroperoxides and/or H2O2 alone or as redox systems with e.g. alkali, e.g. Na, metabisulphites; Na formaldehyde-sulphoxylate; Na salt of ethylene diamine tetracetic acid.  Irradiation may be used to activate the polymerization.  The organic solvent may dissolve not more than 20 parts of monomer or 10 parts polymer/100 parts solvent and may be chlorinated hydrocarbons of b.p. below 100 DEG  C. such as those with C1- 2, e.g. CCl4, C2H4Cl2, C2HCl3; aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons, e.g. gasoline fractions of b.p. below 100 DEG  C. such as petroleum ether b.p. 80-90 DEG  C.; hexane or cyclohexane; aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. benzene, toluene or xylene; and/or esters, e.g. of saturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acids containing C1- 3 with aliphatic saturated monohydric alcohols with C1- 5. The emulsion may be formed by emulsifying the organic solvent with emulsifier, e.g. ethylene oxide condensates of phenol; nonyl phenols such as those with 13-23 mols. C2H4O; long chain monocarboxylic acids and fatty alcohols; fatty acid, e.g. lauric or oleic, esters of cyclic mono-anhydro-sorbitol; lauryl sulphate or sulphosuccinic acid ester. The emulsion may be formed in a stirrer vessel under an inert atmosphere, e.g. N2, and the monomer may be dissolved in the formed or pre-formed emulsion and the catalyst may be added to the emulsion or simultaneously with the emulsification, e.g. introducing the organic phase together with the aq. monomer containing the catalyst. A portion, e.g. one-fifth, of the emulsion may be heated while stirring and the remainder added after polymerization is complete. Polymerization may be continuous. The beads, e.g. 1/2 -1.5 mm., may be filtered and washed, e.g. using the organic solvent and e.g. hexane, and then dried, e.g. at 40-60 DEG  C., in a vacuum, fluidized bed or roller drier.