Patent GB-1028247-A (GB)
Title: Improvements in or relating to a method of electrolytically removing material
IPC: B23H3/00
Filed: 1963-03-27
Abstract: <PICT:1028247/C6-C7/1> In electrolytically removing material from at least two surfaces of a workpiece by anodic action, at least two electrolytically inert electrodes are each located near a surface of the workpiece, electrolyte is passed under pressure between the workpiece and each electrode, and current is passed from one electrode to another through the workpiece first in one direction and then in the other. Reversing D.C. or A.C. which may be of sine or square wave form may be employed.  If 3-phase A.C. is used three separate similar workpieces each between a pair of mutually movable electrodes may be used, each pair being connected to a different phase combination and operated for electrical balance among the phases.  For electropolishing or small amounts of shaping the electrodes may be fixed but for considerable machining purposes the electrodes are movable and arranged to maintain a gap of a few mils. Electrolyte pressures may range from 15 to 200 p.s.i. Suitable electrolytes are solutions containing NaCl and KCl with the addition for chrome steels of NaNo3 or KNO3 and for nickel-bearing stainless steels Na2HPO4. Sulphuric or nitric acids or their salts, or for tungsten alkalis such as NaOH with or without other salts may be used. Electropolishing is achieved with such electrolytes at high C.D., e.g. 100 to 500 amps/sq. in for stainless steel using chloride electrolytes.  As shown in Fig.5., the workpiece W is supported at points in a plane at right angles to Fig.5. between centres 96,106 (Fig.6. not shown) and flanked by shaped graphite electrodes 68 carried on bus bar members 70 coated with insulating material 72 and mounted for sliding in an insulating lining 66 of a steel frame 64. The bus-bars 70 are connected to push rods 74 insulted from the frame by insulating bushes and connected to driver blocks having insulating bushings by which they are mounted on lead screws chain driven from an electric motor.  The electrolyzing current is fed to the electrodes by connections made to the driver blocks.  Electrolyte is pumped through the gaps between the workpieces and the electrodes by entry and exit openings as at 112 and provision is made to bleed off electrolyte, e.g. channels 78, so as to back up the electrode mountings against the pressure in the working zone.  The plate 108 carrying the electrolyte inlets may be removably mounted and may carry insulating blocks supporting the centres 96,106 and adapted to fit into keyways in the frame 64 so that the workpieces may be located by the centres before introduction between the electrodes. Indicating devices for rate of movement of the electrodes and their actual positions may be provided and a limit switch may be operated to arrest the movement and switch off the current when the desired depth of metal has been removed.  Figs 7 and 8 (not shown) represent an arrangement for electropolishing cutlery parts. The graphite electrodes 124 are fixed in a casing 126 having brass sides 128 and insulting ends 130,132.  A rubber gasket 136 allows the introduction of the part to be polished which is located by a tang in a recess 134 in the end 130 and a removable insulating pin 140.  The casing 126 is located over an insulating base 150 having an electrolyte outlet and beneath an insulating electrolyte manifold block 142 and an intermediate insulating block 148 having an entry slot 146.  If workpieces are not symmetrically placed between the electrodes, voltmeters connected between the electrodes and the workpiece indicate the error so that correction may be effected, e.g. by connecting a by-passing circuit through the workpiece to reduce the current through the larger gas (Figs 10 to 12 not shown) or in the case of reversing D.C. by displacing the pivot of a motor driven rocking reversing switch so that the switch dwells longer in one position (Fig. 13 not shown). Alternatively using A.C. an amplifier 190 Fig.14 sensing lack of balance between the two electrode-workpiece voltages may automatically introduce a positive or negative D.C. bias into the lead to one electrode to encourage more erosion of the workpiece adjacent the narrower gap.  This selective erosion from one face of the workpiece may be obtained deliverately if the workpiece is intentionally placed asymetrically with respect to a midline between the electrodes.