Patent GB-779817-A (GB)
Title: Improvements in or relating to analogue to digital converters
Inventor: CARTWRIGHT JOHN ROBERT
IPC: H03M1/00
Filed: 1953-11-30
Abstract: 779,817. Analogue to digital converters. BRITISH TABULATING MACHINE CO., Ltd. Nov. 29, 1954 [Nov. 30, 1953], No. 33173/53. Class 40 (1). [Also in Group XL (b)] A shaft 1, e.g. of a weighing machine, carries a dial 2 provided with a scale 3, which indicates the angular movement of the dial 2, and a scale 4, which indicates the direction of rotation. The scale 3 consists of a series of equal sections which are alternately transparent and opaque, and co-operates with a photocell 7, the scale 4 consisting of a series of opaque sections of sawtooth form and co-operating with a photocell 8. The two scales intercept a light beam from a fixed lamp 5 and slit 6. The photocell 7 drives an amplifier 11 providing a level response down to, say, ten cycles per second, to provide an output A, Fig. 3, and the photocell 8 drives a similar amplifier 10 to provide an output B, which indicates the waveform when the dial 2 rotates from the position shown to bring the part 9 opposite the slit 6 and then reverses the direction of rotation. The output of amplifier 10 is applied to cathode followers V1 and V2, the grids of V1 and V2 being connected through clamping diodes 12, 13, to the anode of a D.C. amplifier V8 whose cathode is connected to a negative supply line 16 and grid voltage is controlled by a potentiometer 14, 15, connected between the anode of a valve V7 and line 16, V7 with a valve V6 forming a bi-stable trigger circuit. It is assumed that the initial movement of the dial 2 represents an additive movement from the datum position, with V7 conducting and V6 cut-off. The grid of V8 will be at a low potential and the anode considerably positive to ground line 17, causing diode 13 to conduct and hold the grid and cathode of V2 at approximately the same voltage as the anode of V8. The diode 12 will be non-conducting until the voltage of the grid of V1 rises above that of the anode of V8, the output from the amplifier 10 being such that the grid of V1 swings from near ground potential to a little less than the conduction point of diode 12 so that the cathode of V1 will follow the first linear rise of the waveform B. The output of V1 is applied via a diode 18 to charge a capacitor 19 as long as the input voltage continues to rise. A valve V4 is also driven by the amplifier 10 through a potentiometer 27, 28, so arranged that the voltage fed to V4 is equal to the voltage at the cathode of V1. Valves V3, V4 have a common cathode resistor 20 and since both grids are at the same potential both valves are conducting. When the output from amplifier 10 drops at the end of the sawtooth, the diode 18 prevents the capacitor 19 from discharging, V3 remains conducting, and V4 is cut off, producing a positive pulse at the anode which is applied via a differentiating network 21, 22, to a normally cut-off valve V5. The resulting negative pulse from V5 switches over the trigger so that V6 is conducting and V7 cut off, to raise the grid voltage of V8 so that the anode falls to near the potential of ground line 17 and hence the cathode potential of V2 falls until diode 24 conducts and the capacitor 19 discharges through resistor 25, the voltage across the capacitor being a replica of the waveform B. As the output from the amplifier starts the next linear rise the cathode potential of V2 rises, the grid of V1 being held by diode clamp 12, and the grid of V4 rising to cut off V3 to produce a positive pulse which is fed to V5 to switch the trigger back to its first stable state (V7 conducting). The anode voltage of V8 rises, allowing valve V1 to start charging the capacitor 19 and the circuit is in its original state, the cycle being repeated for each mark of the scale 4 scanned. If the dial stops as at 9, the capacitor is partially charged and as the scale reverses its rotation the output of amplifier 10 falls linearly, the grid voltage of V4 falls and V4 is cut off to switch the trigger V6, V7, to allow the grid of V2 to follow the input waveform, and the capacitor 19 to follow the linearly falling voltage. V4 conducts and at the end of the sawtooth the voltage rises rapidly and V3 is cut off to switch the trigger to its first stable state. Thus, ignoring the moments of switching, the trigger is in its first stable state when the shaft 1 is rotating in an additive direction, and in its second stable state when it is rotating in the subtractive direction. The potentiometer 14, 15 also controls the grid voltage of a valve V9, the grid being connected through a resistor 29 and diode 30 to a negative line 32 so that when V7 conducts the grid V9 is well below cut off and when V7 is cut off the grid of V9 is held at the voltage of the line 32 placing the grid just below cut off. The output of amplifier 11 is applied to the grid of V9 through a differentiating circuit 33, 29, providing alternate positive and negative pulses D to drive valve V9 into conduction only when V7 is cut off. The output from amplifier 11 is also fed to an inverter valve V10 whose output is applied through a differentiating circuit to provide alternate negative and positive pulses C at the grid of a valve V11 which is controlled by V6 in the same way as V9 is controlled by V7 and produces output pulses only when V7 is conducting. Thus, if V9 is operative it produces pulses E on line 34 corresponding to the falling edges of waveform A and the dial is moving in the subtractive direction, and if V11 is operative it produces pulses F on line 35 corresponding to the rising edges, and the dial is moving in the additive direction. The pulses from V9 and V11 may be counted by an adding/subtracting polycathode tube counter of the type described in Specification 762,499 or alternatively each valve may operate a separate counter.