baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent CN-201418305-Y (CN)
Title: 一种节能温室
Inventor: SHIZHONG ZHANG
IPC: A01G9/22
Filed: 2009-06-01
Granted: 2010-03-10
Abstract: 一种节能温室，属温室技术领域。构成中包括围护墙体和外遮阳顶，所述围护墙体顶端为采光顶，采光顶上面悬空架设外遮阳顶，外遮阳顶上覆盖遮阳幕布，其中，围护墙体沿墙基处由多根等高间隔的骨架杆组成墙体框架，墙体框架分为南墙体、北墙体和侧墙，所述南墙体和侧墙覆盖采光板，北墙体覆盖保温板，其中，北墙体与外遮阳顶齐平、南墙体顶端的外遮阳顶向外延伸构成外遮阳面。本实用新型在温室阳光直射面增设外遮阳面，避免温室直射；增设阴面保温墙，增强保温效果；增大侧面遮阳幕布的覆盖范围，既能遮阳，又有很好的密封性。可广泛应用在平地、山地、梯田等地的温室。
Patent CN-201380002-Y (CN)
Inventor: YUNBIAO XIA
IPC: B01D29/52
Filed: 2009-03-20
Granted: 2010-01-13
Abstract: 本实用新型提供一种快速插入式组合式饮用水过滤器，包括底座、设在底座上的过滤芯座、设在过滤芯座上的若干滤芯，所述底座和过滤芯座与滤芯之间设有止动系统。过滤器上的滤芯与过滤芯座以及底座能够紧密配合，不易磨损并且更换方便。
Patent CN-201420182-Y (CN)
Inventor: QIPING LIN
IPC: D06F37/40
Filed: 2009-05-21
Granted: 2010-03-10
Abstract: 本实用新型公开了洗衣机搓揉式变频减速离合器，包括具有外圆凸肩结构的下壳体和输入轴，输入轴装有双棘轮棘爪离合机构，其特征是：下壳体外凸肩安装有塑封直流无刷电机定子；输入轴端部连接有塑封直流无刷电机整体外转子，并且塑封直流无刷电机定子位于塑封直流无刷电机整体外转子构成的内腔中；塑封直流无刷电机定子制有的凸肩上安装有霍尔元件反馈组件；并且塑封直流无刷电机整体外转子上端沿与霍尔元件反馈组件下端沿间隙配合。通过采用了双棘轮棘爪离合机构新结构以及塑封直流无刷电机，实现了洗衣机搓揉式变频洗涤，丰富了洗涤功能，降低了噪声，节约了能源，提高了安全性能。
Patent CN-201390324-Y (CN)
Inventor: XIN BI
IPC: B62J15/04
Filed: 2009-01-22
Granted: 2010-01-27
Abstract: 本实用新型涉及一种摩托车的封闭式后挡泥罩，所述后挡泥板具有用于遮蔽车轮上半部的罩体，罩体的上端面前后分别逐渐向下弯曲延伸，罩体的左右侧壁分别自上端面左右两侧向罩体下端延伸，罩体上端面上有一凸起的由顶部延伸至前端的脊，脊的前段设有支耳所述罩体前端设有向下延伸的前内挡泥板；所述罩体左右侧壁下方具有半圆形的缺口，罩体两侧壁的缺口边缘具有内水槽。本实用新型设计紧凑、流畅，挡泥效果好；通过内水槽把飞溅到挡泥板内侧的泥水引流到挡泥板前后两端排出，大大减少泥水对车体的污染，保证车体的清洁性。
Patent CN-201435312-Y (CN)
Inventor: ZHENZHEN XU
IPC: H01H3/16
Filed: 2009-08-03
Granted: 2010-03-31
Abstract: 本实用新型涉及一种带锁开关，属于电开关领域，该开关包括锁，在开关面上锁芯与开关旋钮连接，将钥匙插入开关面上的锁芯后，通过钥匙旋动与锁芯连接的转动开关即可开启和关闭电灯，使用方便，构造简单。
Patent GE-U1998383-Y (GE)
Title: Spices for Satsivi
Inventor: JIKIA LIANA
Filed: 1996-04-03
Abstract: 1. Technical Result Increase of nutritious value of spices, storage term and widening of the assortment. 2. Essence Spices for satsivi comprises in the form of powders: walnuts, utskho-suneli, crocus, pi¬men¬to, clove bark, garlic, pepper, salt and roasted flour. 3. Field of Application Food industry, in particular, cookery.
Patent MD-94-Z (MD)
Title: Method for organism disintoxication
Inventor: CHIRIAC Iurii
IPC: A61H33/00
Filed: 2008-12-24
Abstract: The invention refers to medicine, particularly to methods for organism disintoxication.The method, according to the invention, consists in carrying out the plasmapheresis, at the same time before each plasmapheresis session it is taken a bath with a mixture of emulsions of yellow and white turpentine for bath, taken in the proportion of (0.8...1.2):(0.8...1.2), 8.0...12.0 ml to 100 L of water, during 10...15 min, at the water temperature of 39...42°C.
Patent ES-489893-A0 (ES)
IPC: H02H3/34
Filed: 1980-03-25
Abstract: 1. Fault current safety switch for disconnecting users even in the case of direct current fault currents, which operates with a tripping device, a switch lock and a summation current transformer (1) which comprises a first secondary winding (3) connected to an oscillator (9) and comprises a second secondary winding (4) connected to an excitation winding of a magnetic tripping device, characterised in - that the magnetic tripping device (10) has two excitation windings (16, 17), a first (16) and a second (17), on arms of its yoke (12), - that the first excitation winding (16) is connected to the oscillator (9), the second excitation winding (17) being connected to the second secondary winding (4), and - that the two excitation windings (16, 17) are tuned to one another in such manner that on operation of the oscillator (9), the magnetic fluxes produced by said excitation windings in the magnetic circuit of the magnetic tripping device (10) in the fault current free state, are unidirectional and opposite in relation to one another.
Patent ES-493153-A0 (ES)
IPC: A61K9/08
Filed: 1980-07-04
Abstract: Aqueous parenteral sulfonamide solutions comprising water, from 10 to 20% w/v based on the total volume of solution of sulfamethoxazole or sulfadoxine, from 3 to 5% w/v based on the total volume of solution of trimethoprim, and from 60 to 80% w/v based on the total volume of solution of 2-pyrrolidone. Polyvinylpyrrolidone may also be present having an m.w. of from 5000 - 100,000.
Patent ES-493895-A0 (ES)
IPC: H04M19/08
Filed: 1980-07-31
Abstract: 1. A parallel regulating circuit for the production of a constant output voltage (U2) from a variable input voltage (U1), wherein the input voltage (U1) is connected by means of a telecommunications line, and wherein there is arranged, parallel to a voltage source (S) which has a predetermined internal resistance (R1) and produces the input voltage, a setting element (T1) which shunts a component portion of the input current if the input voltage (U1) is higher than a reference voltage (UB) but is otherwise blocked, an wherein there is arranged parallel to the setting element (T1) an energy store (C) from which the output voltage (U2) is emitted, characterised in that there is arranged in the connection path between the setting element (T1) and the energy store (C) a switching element (T2) which is actuated simultaneously with the setting element (T1) and which always interrupts current between the energy store (C) and the setting element (T1) when the setting element (T1) is blocked.
Patent ES-501365-A0 (ES)
IPC: C12N9/74
Filed: 1981-04-14
Abstract: The present invention provides a stabilized thrombin preparation in solid or dissolved form, especially for analytical purposes, containing, as a stabilizer, serum albumin together with at least one protease inhibitor and at least one chelate former.
Patent ES-513833-A0 (ES)
IPC: C11D3/06
Filed: 1982-07-09
Abstract: The disclosure relates to sodium tripolyphosphate containing up to 95 weight % phase-I, 0.1 to 22 weight % water of crystallization and 0.01 to 2.0 weight %, calculated as metal, of a compound of the metals selected from calcium, magnesium, zinc or strontium, the compound yielding ions in an aqueous medium. The disclosure also relates to a process for making the tripolyphosphate, and to its uses.
Patent ES-519074-A0 (ES)
IPC: B22C9/18
Filed: 1983-01-18
Abstract: A process for the deburring of bonded moldings of granular material, for example, casting sand cores, coating them in the same operation with a surface layer. The moldings are circulated within an annular vibrator together with an abrasive body medium which contains a powdered coating agent, the medium being preferably deflocculated by an approximately 50% proportion of hard-foam bodies.
Patent ES-529010-A0 (ES)
IPC: C04B16/06
Filed: 1984-01-19
Abstract: A process for the production of a mouldable fibre-containing cementitious composition in which at least one mat of a water-insoluble fibrous material is contacted with at least one surface of a shaped article of a mouldable cementitious composition, the cementitious composition comprising a homogeneous mixture of at least one hydraulic cement, water in a proportion of not more than 25% by weight of the hydraulic cement in the composition, and at least one-water-soluble or water-dispersible polymeric material in a proportion of at least 1% by weight of the hydraulic cement in the composition.The mouldable cementitious composition may be in the form of a sheet and in the process two or more sheets may be used with a fibrous mat being sandwiched between adjacent pairs of sheets of cementitious composition.Also a mouldable fibre-containing cementitious composition and fibre-reinforced cement product produced by curing of the composition.
Patent ES-535872-A0 (ES)
IPC: C07D411/12
Filed: 1984-09-13
Abstract: Sulfonamide derivatives of the formula <CHEM> wherein J is phenyl fused to a specified carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, said phenyl and said ring both being optionally substituted;  R is H or CH3;  W is O or S;  A is substituted monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic group; and their agriculturally suitable salts, exhibit herbicidal and plant growth regulant activities. They may be formulated for agricultural use in conventional manner. The novel compounds may be made in various ways, e.g. by reacting a novel sulfonylisocyanate or sulfonylisothiocyanate of formula JSO2NCW with an appropriate heterocyclic amine of formula RHNA.
Patent ES-536275-A0 (ES)
IPC: G02F1/137
Filed: 1984-09-14
Abstract: A liquid crystal information storage device comprising a layer of material containing a side chain polymeric liquid crystal. At least a part of the material is heated from a viscous state above its glass transition temperature, to a fluid region in which the liquid crystalline material can readily undergo field-induced alignment. The material is addressed in this fluid region so as to achieve the selective variation in texture and orientation of molecules within the material and so record information, and the material is subsequently cooled and returned to its viscous state whereupon the information is retained.
Patent ES-545485-A0 (ES)
IPC: H01F7/16
Filed: 1985-07-23
Abstract: A DC current electromagnet is provided developing a high pulling force with reduced current consumption. This electromagnet has the form of a cylindrical pot and comprises a mobile armature which slides along a yoke piece through a closure air gap -e, S-, whose reluctance is low with respect to the reluctance of the working air gap -E, s- when this latter is open and substantially constant during movement.
Patent ES-548165-A0 (ES)
IPC: B66F9/065
Filed: 1985-10-24
Abstract: A power lift system includes a lifting device with lower links. The lower links are connected to a frame of the tractor by arms of an upper link. The lower links may be either vertically pivotably or rigidly coupled to the arms. The arms may be either rigidly or vertically pivotably connected to the tractor frame. The height and the lifting range of the lower links is variable.
Patent ES-553031-A0 (ES)
IPC: C07D231/16
Filed: 1986-03-14
Abstract: Herbicidally and insecticidally active 4-nitro-1-phenylpyrazoles of the formula   <IMAGE>   in which R1 and R2 each independently is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkylthioalkyl or halogenoalkyl, R3, R4, R5, R6 and R7 each independently is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulphinyl, alkylsulphonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, or -(X)n-R8, X is oxygen, sulphur, sulphinyl or sulphonyl, n is 0 or 1, and R8 is halogenoalkyl.
Patent ES-557840-A0 (ES)
IPC: C12R1/145
Filed: 1988-06-01
Abstract: A method for determining the presence of microorganisms in a test sample. Exogenous DNA containing a luminescent system or other genetic marker system derived from a suitable donor source is introduced by genetic means into a host microorganism which lacks or poorly expresses the donor DAN and whose presence it is desired to detect. Expression of the donor gene system allows the detection of the host microorganism. Compositions of bacteriophages and plasmids a well as a method for detection of antibiotics in a test sample are described.
Patent FI-853866-A0 (FI)
Inventor: EZER ELEMER
IPC: C07D213/70
Filed: 1985-10-04
Abstract: The invention relates to new 2-pyridine-thiol derivatives of the formula (I),    <IMAGE>  (I)  wherein R is hydrogen or alkyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, Z is phenyl optionally substituted by one or more halogen atoms and/or alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R1 and R2 each independently represents hydrogen, alkyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkylphenyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety or an   <IMAGE>   group, in which R has the same meaning as defined above, and the substituent   <IMAGE>   is attached to the pyridine ring in the position 3 or 4, with the proviso that if R1 and R2 are both methyl and Z is 4-chlorophenyl, R is other than hydrogen, and acid addition salts thereof. The invention further relates to processes for the preparation of the above compounds and to pharmaceutical compositions containing them as active ingredient. The compounds are pharmaceutically active, in particular show cytoprotective activity.
Patent FI-854409-A0 (FI)
Inventor: ROFFEY ROGER
IPC: G01N27/00
Filed: 1985-11-08
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/SE85/00128 Sec. 371 Date Nov. 18, 1985 Sec. 102(e) Date Nov. 18, 1985 PCT Filed Mar. 21, 1985 PCT Pub. No. WO85/04254 PCT Pub. Date Sep. 26, 1985.According to the invention a piezoelectric crystal, e.g. a quartz crystal, coated with a metal or another suitable material is exposed to the action of a corrosive liquid, preferably by being immersed therein. The mass change on the crystal surface, caused by the corrosion, and the resulting change in the natural oscillation frequency of the crystal is determined and constitutes a measure of the corrosivity of the liquid. The natural oscillation frequency of the crystal can in this way also be measured in situ in the liquid, in which way the dynamic course of the corrosion reaction can be followed continuously. According to a special embodiment of the invention the sensitivity during the measurement can be increased, if the crystal is pretreated by being activated with a sulphide solution.
Patent FI-870150-A0 (FI)
Inventor: COTREL CLAUDE
IPC: C07D471/04
Filed: 1987-01-15
Abstract: The invention provides new substituted amides of formula: R-CONH-Het in which: either R is cycloalkyl (3 to 6 carbons), cyclohexadienyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl or a heterocyclic systems chosen from 3-pyridyl, alkyloxy-3-pyridyl, thienyl, alkylthienyl, furyl, tetrahydropyridyl, pyridazinyl, and alkylpyridazinyl, and Het is 1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl substituted at the 7-position by alkyloxy, alkylthio or alkylsulphinyl, themselves substituted with alkylamino or dialkylamino (in which the alkyl portions can form, with the nitrogen atom, a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic system optionally containing another hetero atom chosen from O, S or N, and optionally substituted by alkyl) or by dialkylcarbamoyl or N-alkyl-N-(alkyloxycarbonyl)amino, or substituted at the 7-position by dialkylaminovinyl; or R is 4-(alkylamino)phenyl or 4-(alkyloxycarbonylamino)phenyl and Het is 1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl substituted at the 7-position by alkyloxy or alkylthio, the said alkyl radicals and alkyl portions containing 1 to 4 carbons, their salts, their preparations and pharmaceutical compositions which contain them. These new substituted amides are especially active as anxiolytics, hypnotics, anticonvulsants, antiepileptics and muscle relaxants.
Patent FI-875256-A0 (FI)
Inventor: BIEDERSTEDT LUTZ
IPC: G02B6/44
Filed: 1987-11-27
Abstract: A splice cassette housing for optical waveguides has to be brought from an installation position, e.g. a socket-type housing, to a splice position. The incoming and outgoing optical waveguide cables fed with known splice cassette housings along the longitudinal sidewalls are disadvantageous for the free mobility of the splice cassette housing. In order to achieve a high degree of freedom in the mobility of the splice cassette housing, the incoming and outgoing optical waveguide cables 8 and 9 are usually fed separately from each other to the splice cassette housing in a common axis within a flexible hose. Further, a groove-type guide channel 11 in the shape of a member "9" is provided in the bottom 6 of the housing for a change in direction of one of the optical waveguide cables by 180 DEG , in order to be able to feed the individual optical waveguides again from opposed directions to the splice position. The splice cassette housing is suitable for applications especially in cable-terminal boxes, but also in cable distributors and the like for glass-fiber cables.
Patent FI-884562-A0 (FI)
Inventor: FRICK ROGER L
IPC: G01R11/52
Filed: 1988-10-04
Abstract: A measurement circuit (10) provides an output signal as a function of an input signal. The measurement circuit includes a charge generator (18) which provides packets of charge as a function of the input signal to a measurement element (34). The measurement element (34) measures the charge provided and provides a measurement signal as a function of the charge received. The measurement signal (28) is coupled to a feedback circuit (9) which couples to switches in the charge generator (18) to control production of charge packets. The feedback circuit (9) provides at least one output signal indicative of the quantity or number of charge packets provided.
Patent FI-894125-A0 (FI)
Inventor: VANDENBERK JAN
IPC: A61P25/30
Filed: 1989-09-01
Abstract: Novel antihypertensive 3-piperidinyl-indazole derivatives of formula   <CHEM>  wherein  R<1> is hydrogen or C1-6alkyl; R<2> is hydrogen; C1-6alkyl; substituted C1-6alkyl; optionally substituted phenyl; C1-6alkylcarbonyl; C1-6alkyloxycarbonyl or phenylcarbonyl, wherein phenyl may be substituted; R<3> and R<4> are hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyloxy or C1-6alkyl;  Q is a bicyclic heterocyclic radical of formula <CHEM> the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts and possible stereochemically isomeric forms thereof, which compounds are antihypertensive agents; pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds as an active ingredient and methods of preparing said compounds and pharmaceutical compositions.
Patent FI-902347-A0 (FI)
Inventor: AZZIMONTI GIOVANNI
IPC: E04B2/96
Filed: 1990-05-10
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/IT88/00081 Sec. 371 Date Jul. 9, 1990 Sec. 102(e) Date Jul. 9, 1990 PCT Filed Nov. 7, 1988 PCT Pub. No. WO89/04416 PCT Pub. Date May 18, 1989.This invention provides for the mechanical attachment of at least a strip (3) of glass or the like to the metal structure (1) (by using staples, for example, or other means of attachment) in such a way that the strip (3) of glass faces the area (14) where the sheet (4) of glass is fixed. The sheet (4) of glass, double or single glazed, is fixed to said strip (3) by an elastic means (5) for example silicon seals ideal for use in the normal fixing of glass to glass, Preferably, the metal structure comprises a jutting ledge (9) that acts as a support for the vertical forces acting on the sheet (4) of glass.
Patent FI-911637-A0 (FI)
Inventor: URSIN ESKO
IPC: E02F3/28
Filed: 1991-04-05
Abstract: The object of the invention is an accessory for a wheel loader (1), this accessory consists of a support (2) equipped with fastening devices (3) for fastening the accessory removably to the arms (4) of the wheel loader, a set of booms (5) fastened to the support, a bucket (6) fastened reversibly to one end of the set of booms and a hydraulic cylinder (7) for moving the bucket. The present-day accessories are complicated, large in size and awkward to fasten and unfasten. In the accessory, according to the invention, the set of booms consists of a supporting beam (8) fastend at its one end to the support and at the other end to the bucket (6) which can be removed, and after unfastening, the bucket can be turned to the second position.
Patent FI-915876-A0 (FI)
Inventor: SERPELLONI MICHEL
IPC: A23L27/30
Filed: 1991-12-13
Abstract: The invention relates to a directly compressible pulverulent composition based on xylitol, which composition possesses a compressibility, determined in a test A, of more than 70 N. The invention also relates to the process for manufacturing this directly compressible pulverulent composition and to the use of the composition for the manufacture of tablets or confectionary items, in particular of the chewing gum type.
Patent FI-921342-A0 (FI)
Inventor: TAKAHASHI YOSHISHIGE
IPC: E03B7/10
Filed: 1992-03-27
Abstract: The present invention provides a water piping system wherein when the temperature of the water drops, the water is completely drawn out of the hose, thereby preventing a water pipe from rupturing or cracking in the wintertime. The water pipe including a reducing valve (3) which is at a position higher than a waterstop valve (2) is connected with a hose (5) through a first electromagnetic valve (4). The required number of second electromagnetic valves (7) are located intermediate on the hose. When the ambient temperature has dropped to a predetermined temperature, a heater means associated with said second electromagnetic valves (7) is actuated, and when the ambient temperature rises, said heating means stop heating.
Patent FI-921344-A0 (FI)
Inventor: BLEAKLEY IAN STUART
IPC: C01F11/18
Filed: 1992-03-27
Abstract: The calcium carbonate is prepared by:     (a) slaking quicklime in an aqueous medium; (b) carbonating and neutralising the suspension of slaked lime formed in step (a) using a gas comprising carbon dioxide; and (c) separating the precipitated calcium carbonate formed in step (b) from the aqueous medium in which it is suspended. There is added 0.01% to 15% by weight based on the weight of dry calcium oxide, of a reagent having one or more active hydrogen atoms (or a salt thereof), to the aqueous medium in which the quicklime is slaked in step (a). n
Patent FI-935291-A0 (FI)
Inventor: RAUHALA JUHANI
IPC: B65B11/04
Filed: 1993-11-29
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/FI94/00528 Sec. 371 Date May 22, 1996 Sec. 102(e) Date May 22, 1996 PCT Filed Nov. 25, 1994 PCT Pub. No. WO95/14614 PCT Pub. Date Jun. 1, 1995A method of wrapping an object with a substantially inelastic wrapper, such as paper, while keeping the object in rotation about its upright axis. The wrapping material is wider than the height of the object. Wrapping is initiated by locking a portion of the wrapper material against the top end of the object. As the object is rotated, the wrapping material is pressed around the vertical sides of the object. After the object sides are wrapped, the remaining portion of the web material which extends above the top end of the object is pressed downwardly against the top end of the object.
Patent FI-942328-A0 (FI)
Inventor: CORDONIU FRANCISCO LORENTE
IPC: D03D1/00
Filed: 1994-05-19
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/SE92/00798 Sec. 371 Date Sep. 6, 1994 Sec. 102(e) Date Sep. 6, 1994 PCT Filed Nov. 20, 1992 PCT Pub. No. WO93/10304 PCT Pub. Date May 27, 1993.The invention relates to a woven machine clothing comprising at least two warp thread systems (3, 5) and one weft thread system (4). Characteristic of the invention is that the two warp thread systems (3, 5) have been interlaced with each other by thread twisting alternately clockwise (at 4b/6b) and counterclockwise (4f/6f).
Patent FI-943849-A0 (FI)
Inventor: STANFORD JOHN LAWSON
IPC: A61K35/74
Filed: 1994-08-22
Abstract: Antigenic and/or immunoregulatory material derived from Mycobacterium vaccae is useful in the treatment of the auto immunologically mediated consequences of Chaga's disease or the prophylaxis or treatment of vascular diseases or complications which may be immunologically mediated such as those associated with tuberculosis or diabetes.
Patent FI-946130-A0 (FI)
Inventor: DECKER WOLFGANG
IPC: B60S3/00
Filed: 1994-12-28
Abstract: The vehicle drying or polishing apparatus is equipped with device moving the vehicle relative to the apparatus. A flexible, drivable, endless conveyor member (3) is guided in a horizontal plane above the path of the vehicle by a plurality of deviating wheels (7, 8) arranged on both longitudinal sides of the apparatus and rotating about vertical axes (V), and is provided with a plurality of narrow strips (5) of absorbent material, connected to the conveyor member and hanging down vertically therefrom, being movable by means of the conveyor member transverse to the path of relative movement of the vehicle. The conveyor member (3) has two strip-free sections (3a) whose respective lengths (L) correspond at least to the greatest vehicle width. The two sections (3b) of the conveyor member (3) lying between the strip-free sections (3a) are equipped with many strips (5) such that, in the rest position of the conveyor member (3) strips only hang down on the two sides of the vehicle, outside its path of relative movement, and within the path of relative movement two strip-free gaps are formed.