baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent CN-1196628-A (CN)
Title: 图象扫描装置和方法
Inventor: POLLARD S B
IPC: H04N1/047
Filed: 1998-04-14
Abstract: 本发明涉及一种将由传感器捕获的数据重构图象的方法,它特别适用于在扫描装置和原件图象之间相对运动中顺序捕获的情况。所述扫描装置包括检测扫描装置相对于原件图象的位置用的导航装置。确定被重构的图象用的象素网格,并利用传感器位置检测数据识别象素网格与传感器数据之间的对应关系。象素的强度从被选为与所考虑的象素相关的传感器数据中确定。
Patent CN-1208061-A (CN)
Title: 一种催化酯化松香的方法
Inventor: CHANG DONGLIANG
IPC: C09F1/04
Filed: 1998-07-16
Abstract: 本发明属于催化酯化松香及其衍生物的方法。松香酯化是松香深加工的重要手段之一,传统的松香酯化所用催化剂有质子酸、固体酸催化剂等,这些酯化方法需要高温和较长的反应时间。本发明采用烷基锡酸类酯化催化剂,催化剂用量为松香或其衍生物的0.1～5%,该方法与传统方法相比,具有反应时间短、对设备无腐蚀性,并避免了三废污染等优点。
Patent CR-20180543-A (CR)
Title: Conjunto de montaje para montar al menos un dispositivo eléctrico en una pared
Inventor: PERRONE MARIO
IPC: H05K5/02
Filed: 2017-03-31
Abstract: Se describe un conjunto de montaje (1) para montar al menos un dispositivo eléctrico en una pared, que incluye: - un bastidor de soporte que incluye un cuerpo de bastidor (10) que se puede sujetar a una pared de sujeción y se extiende alrededor de una abertura de montaje (20) que define un asiento de montaje que es adecuado para recibir y sostener dicho al menos un dispositivo eléctrico, teniendo el bastidor de soporte una cara delantera (101) y una cara trasera (102) opuesta que está destinada a orientarse hacia dicha pared de sujeción, - un tornillo de sujeción (30) que tiene una cabeza de tornillo (301) y un cuerpo de tornillo (302), teniendo el cuerpo de tornillo (302) una porción (303) proximal con respecto a la cabeza de tornillo (301) y una porción (304) distal con respecto a la cabeza de tornillo (301); - una abertura de sujeción (110) provista en el cuerpo de bastidor (10) y definida por un borde (111, 112, 113, 114) de la abertura de sujeción; - un elemento de encajamiento (130) configurado para encajar el tornillo de sujeción (30) al bastidor de soporte con interferencia mecánica. En una primera configuración del tornillo de sujeción (30), dicho tornillo (30): - está encajado en el bastidor de soporte por medio de dicho elemento de encajamiento (130); - pasa a través de dicha abertura de sujeción (110); - está dispuesto de modo que la cabeza de tornillo (301) es accesible desde dicha cara delantera (101) del bastidor de soporte. El elemento de encajamiento (130) está separado de dicho borde (111, 112, 113, 114) de la abertura de sujeción. En dicha primera configuración, el tornillo de sujeción (30) está dispuesto transversalmente con respecto a un eje (X1) ortogonal a la cara delantera (101) del bastidor de soporte.
Patent CR-20190357-A (CR)
Title: Novel fermentation systems and methods
Inventor: ADAMS KENT
IPC: A01N63/32
Filed: 2018-01-05
Abstract: The subject invention provides systems and apparatuses for producing microbe-based compositions that can be used in the oil and gas industry, environmental cleanup, as well as for other applications. More specifically, the present invention includes biological reactors, equipment, and materials for fermenting microbe-based compositions.La presente invención proporciona sistemas y aparatos para producir composiciones a base de microbios que se pueden usar en la industria del petróleo y el gas, la limpieza ambiental, así como para otras aplicaciones. Más específicamente, la presente invención incluye reactores biológicos, equipos y materiales para fermentar composiciones con base en microbios.
Patent CR-20200424-A (CR)
Title: Consortium of bacteria that mineralise lipids, starches and sugars (carbohydrates) and are resistant to lethal doses of thiodicarb (carbamate) and bifenthrin (pyrethroid) for inoculation into organic matter of different origins
Inventor: CASTRO CABRERA LUIS ORLANDO
IPC: C12N1/20
Filed: 2019-01-30
Abstract: <p>The present invention provides a consortium of resistant microorganisms for biodegrading carbohydrates in the organic fraction of any source of solid waste. The genetic, metabolic and morphological structure of these resistant microorganisms works efficiently by biodegrading and mineralising solid biodegradable waste from municipal or harvest solid waste, reducing the production of gases and leachates. This compound enriches and increases the concentration of beneficial microorganisms, generating high-quality biological fertilisers suitable for use in agricultural production, in land recovery and conservation, under the parameters established in sustainable organic farming, which seeks to conserve, recover and use nature or the environment without generating the least negative impact.</p>
Patent EC-SP034710-A (EC)
Title: Derivados biarilicos nicotinamida de utilidad como inhibidores de isozimas pde4
Inventor: MAGEE THOMAS VICTOR
IPC: C07D405/12
Filed: 2003-07-31
Abstract: Compuestos de utilidad como inhibidores de PDE4 en el tratamiento de enfermedades reguladas por la activación y desgranulación de eosinófilos, especialmente asma, bronquitis crónica, y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica de fórmula: (gráfico). Donde j es 0 ó 1 con la condición de que cuando j es 0, n debe ser 2; k es 0 ó 1; m es 0, 1,, ó 2; n es 1 ó 2; W1 es -O-; o -S(=O)t-, donde t es 0,1 ó 2; o -N(R3)-; W2 es -O-CRARB-, o está ausente; y es =C(R1a)- o [N (O)k] -donde k es 0 ó 1; RA y RB son -H; -F; -CF3; alquilo C1-C4; cicloalqulo C3-C7; fenilo; 0 bencilo sustituido con 0 a 3 sustituyentes R10; o RA y RB se toman conjuntamente, pero únicamente en el caso en que m es 1, para formar un resto espiro; Re y RD tienen el mismo significado que RA y RB pero uno de ellos debe ser -H, R1 y R2 son -H; -F; -CI; -CH; -NO2; -alquilo C1-C4; - alquinilo C2-C4; -alquilo (C1-C3) fluorado; -OR16; y -C(=0)NR22a R22b; R3 es -H; -alquilo C1-C3; fenilo; bencilo; o- OR16; R4, R5 y R6 además de otros significados pueden tomarse conjuntamente para formar, por ejemplo Q1 es un sistema de anillos de carbono saturados o insaturados que es un monociclo de 3 a 7 miembros, o que es un policiclo condensado de 7 a 12 miembros; con la condición de que Q1 no es un resto biarilo discontinuo o restringido como se define en Q2; donde opcionalmente un átomo de carbono puede reemplazarse por un heterátomo seleccionado de N, O y S; donde opcionalmente un segundo átomo de carbono del mismo, y de forma adicional opcionalmente un tercer átomo de carbono del mismo pueden reemplazarse por N; Q2 es un resto blarilo discontinuo o restringido constituido por un sistema de anillo de carbono saturados o insaturados que es un monociclo de 3- a 7- miembros, o que es un policiclo condensado de 7 a 12 miembros; donde opcionalmente un átomo de carbono de dicho sistema de anillo de carbono puede reemplazarse por un heterátomo seleccionado de N,o y S, donde opcionalmente un segundo átomo de carbono del mismo y de forma adicional opcionalmente un tercer átomo de carbono del mismo pueden reemplazarse por N; Z se selecciona de: (gráfico)
Patent FI-20000847-A (FI)
Inventor: PENTTINEN TAPANI
IPC: B32B27/12
Filed: 2000-04-10
Abstract: The invention relates to a multi-layer heat-sealable packaging material especially for food packages. In addition, objects of the invention are a food package formed of the said packaging material, a method of packaging, and the use of the material for packages. The packaging material ( 1 ) comprises a middle layer ( 3 ) of fibre material, such as cardboard; at least one polymeric protective layer ( 4, 5 ) protecting the product from going bad; and polymeric heat sealing layers ( 2, 7 ) preferably on both sides of the packaging material. According to the invention, the heat sealing layer ( 7 ) forming the inner surface of the closed package, is blended with light-absorbing pigment, such as carbon black, for protecting the product from visible light. By further blending white pigment, such as titanium dioxide, into the heat sealing layer ( 7 ), a grey tint resembling an aluminium foil has been achieved for the layer. The heat sealing polymer may be low-density polyethylene (PE-LD), and an oxygen and aroma proof sealing layer ( 4 ) of, for example, ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) or polyamide (PA) may be provided between it and the cardboard ( 3 ).
Patent FR-1601008-A (FR)
Title: Seaweed and fish oil based hair treatment
IPC: A61Q5/02
Filed: 1968-12-30
Granted: 1970-08-03
Abstract: Compsn. comprise a paste produced from predeodorized crushed seaweed and, deodorized fish liver oil. The compsn. may be used in conventional shampoos e.g. 100-300 g. Sipon L.S.25 (RTM) by CYNOVA CO., 300-800 g. seaweed paste, and 100-800 g. fish liver oil.
Patent GB-1028035-A (GB)
IPC: F17D3/08
Abstract: 1,028,035. Distributing liquids. ESSO RESEARCH & ENGINEERING CO., June 27,1963 [July 20,1962],No.25633/63. Heading G3H. A first liquid is supplied to an outlet 4, Fig. 1, from a tank 30 by a pump 22 and pipes 1,2 upon opening valves U,A,B,C,D,and E, whilst a pig is in one of the traps 6, 7;the valve H or G in series with the vacant trap may also be opened. The valves A, B are each in a bypass around a different one of the traps. To deliver a second liquid from a tank 31 to the outlet 4 and with the pig in trap 7, valves E,A and B are closed and valves F,D,G,H and J are opened so that the pig is forced by the second liquid through pipe 2 and the bend 3 into trap 6 pushing the first liquid back to the tank 30 via pipes 11, 23 and 28. With the pig in trap 6 valves H and J are closed and valves A, B, and C, are opened whereby the second liquid traverses pipes 1,2 to reach the outlet 4. Additional liquids may be supplied to the outlet 4. In a modification, the lines 51,52,(Fig.2,not shown) directly connected at each end so that only one pig trap is provided and the associated pig does not undergo a reverse movement. The position of the pig is determined by trigger actuated signal means 57,58;bypass pipes 63,64 are provided. The pigs may be solid or liquid filled spheres or spheroids of rubbery material; alternatively the pigs are of piston shape with cups of rubbery material.
Patent GB-1054044-A (GB)
IPC: C09B57/08
Abstract: 1,054,044. Perimidone-6,7-dicarboxylic imide pigments; printing inks. BADISCHE ANILIN- & SODA-FABRIK A.G. Oct. 11, 1963 [Oct. 12, 1962], No. 40144/63. Headings C4A and C4P. [Also in Division C3] The invention comprises pigments having the general formula in which R is a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic radical or an aromatic radical. The aliphatic radicals preferably have 1-6 carbon atoms and the aromatic radicals are preferably benzene or naphthyl derivatives; all of these radicals may have substituents, e.g. hydroxyl or halogen. The pigments are prepared from 4,5-diaminonaphthalic anhydride, by conversion directly in a urea melt at 80- 200‹ C., or by treatment with phosgene in a solvent at 50-250‹ C. followed by reaction with ammonia in aqueous solution or with an amine alone or in an organic solvent, under a wide range of temperatures. The phosgene treatment may be reversed with the ammonia or amine treatments, thus according to which sequence of reactions is used the intermediate product is either 4,5-diamino-naphthalic imide of formula or perimidone-6,7-dicarboxylic anhydride of formula The 4,5-diamino-naphthalic anhydride used as starting material may be obtained by reduction of the dinitro compound, also the 4,5-diaminonaphthalic imide may be obtained by reduction of its corresponding dinitro compound. Instead of the anhydride being used as starting material, naphthalic acid itself may be used as this is easily converted to its anhydride. In the above reactions in which ammonia or amines are used, formamide may be employed instead at temperatures of 100-195‹ C. In the conversion of compounds of Formula III to those of Formula IV anhydrous media are preferably used, especially acid amides or nitrobenzene. The pigments produced by the process may be subjected to conventional grinding, sulphuric acid and swelling treatments to produce the required partial size. In Example 7 perimidone-6,7- dicarboxylic imide is ground with alumina trihydrate and linseed oil varnish and used as a printing ink, and in Example 8 the same pigment is ground with nitrocellulose, dibutyl phthalate and a mixture (9: 1) of ethanol and ethyl glycol to form a copper plate printing ink.
Patent GB-1101354-A (GB)
Abstract: 1,101,354. Fuel elements. UNITED KING- DOM ATOMIC ENERGY AUTHORITY. 25 March, 1965 [7 April, 1964], No. 14224/64. Heading G6C. A clamp for applying torsional restraint and longitudinal compressive loading on a fuel element sheath of the kind having multistart helical heat transfer fins each of long pitch, whilst the fuel element is subjected to a process of external pressurization at an elevated temperature, comprises end clamping members coupling with the ends of the fuel element sheath and applying a longitudinal compressive loading on the sheath, the end clamping members being mounted in a restraint structure extending the length of the sheath and being in fixed non-rotatable engagement with the ends of the sheath and fixed in the restraint structure against rotational movement, so that the sheath is prevented from twisting whilst the fuel element is subjected to the process of pressurization. In the embodiment shown in Fig. 1, the clamp comprises a body part 9 made in two co-joined tubular sections 10, 11, the section 10 being of mild steel and forming three-quarters the length of the body part 9 while the section 11 is of mild steel, so as to constrain the longitudinal thermal expansion of the fuel element sheath 3 to be equal to that of the fuel member 2 when raised to the temperature at which pressurization is to be applied. Each of the end clamping members 13, 14 is fitted with four anti-twist blades 16 which project into longitudinal grooves 6 in the fins 4 of the fuel element sheath 3. End caps 18, 19 are bayonet fitted in the ends of the body part 9. Each of the end clamping members 13, 14 has two external lugs 24 which engage with the bottom ends of two of the bayonet slots 20, at each end of the body part 9, thus preventing rotation of the end clamping members 13, 14 in the body part 9. The end cap 18 is fitted with a clamping screw 25 having a threaded tubular stem 26 and a domed head 27. The body part 9 is perforated by longitudinal slots 28 while the end clamping members 13, 14 are perforated by holes 29. The fuel element 1 is clamped inside the body part 9 between the end clamping members 13, 14 and the clamping screw 25 is screwed in to bear on the end clamping member 13 by means of a torque wrench. A clamp for applying torsional restraint and longitudinal compressive loading simultaneously on a number of fuel element sheaths is also described.
Patent GB-1225177-A (GB)
IPC: A23B4/023
Filed: 1968-05-28
Abstract: 1,225,177. Meat-curing composition. GRIFFITH LABORATORIES Ltd. 28 May, 1968 [15 June, 1967], No. 25574/68. Heading A2D. [Also in Division Cl] A free-flowing, non-caking, particulate curing salt composition for meat products, is made by coating a major proportion of particulate sodium chloride crystals with a minor proportion of a curing salt consisting of alkali metal nitrates and/or nitrites, the coating being effected under such temperature conditions above 500F. that the curing salt is molten but does not undergo substantial decomposition and not more than a minor proportion of the sodium chloride crystals melts, and cooling the coated product. The curing salt may be mixed with the sodium chloride and heated on trays in an oven or within a heated rotating drum, or it may be added to heated sodium chloride in a rotating drum after the removal of the heat source. The temperature should preferably be at least 550F., but is dependent on the method of coating, temperatures from 626 to 750F. being used in those examples that produce the most suitable products.
Patent GB-1225308-A (GB)
IPC: H01R12/71
Filed: 1968-09-13
Abstract: 1,225,308. Two-part couplings. AMP Inc. 13 Sept., 1968 [27 Sept., 1967], No. 32362/79. Divided out of 1,225,305. Heading H2E. The subject-matter of this Specification is included in Specification 1,225,305, but the claims relate to a U-shaped receptacle having two side walls extending in the same direction from each end of a yoke wherein each side wall has a flange and a projection at its free end to engage a panel and the yoke has a hole for receiving an electrical connector and the yoke and side walls are slotted to resiliently grip the connector.
Patent GB-1226279-A (GB)
IPC: C03C3/12
Filed: 1969-07-21
Abstract: 1,226,279. Optical glass. CARL-ZEISSSTIFTUNG, [trading as JENAER GLASWERK SCHOTT & GEN]. 21 July, 1969 [25 July, 1968], No. 36625/69. Heading C1M. A colourless, silica-free optical glass consists of, in weight per cent CaO 38-42 A1 2 O3   35-50À9 BaO  10-25 ZrO 2  1-4 Sb 2 O 3  0À1-5 GeO 2  0-8; where ZrO 2 +GeO 2  is 1-10. Preferably the ratio of weight percentages
Patent GB-1227509-A (GB)
IPC: C08G69/32
Filed: 1969-10-29
Abstract: 1,227,509. Amino - 4(3H) - quinazolones. FARBENFABRIKEN BAYER A.G. 29 Oct., 1969 [28 Nov., 1968], No. 52920/69. Heading C2C. [Also in Division C3] 2 - [31 - (p - Aminophenoxy) - phenyl] - 3- phenyl-7-amino-4(3H)-quinazolone, is obtained by reacting 4-nitroanthranilic acid and N- phenyl - 3 - [p - nitrophenoxy) - benzimide chloride to form 2-[3<SP>1</SP>-(p-nitrophenoxy)-phenyl]- 3 - phenyl - 7 - nitro - 4(3H) - quinazolone, and hydrogenating this compound. By analogous methods, using corresponding starting materials, the following compounds are formed: 2 - [31 - {p - aminophenoxy) - phenyl]- 3 - phenyl - 6 - amino - 4(3H) - quinazolone; 2 - [41 - (p - aminophenoxy) - phenyl] - 3- phenyl - 6 - amino - 4(3H) - quinazolone; 2- [3<SP>1</SP> - (p - aminophenoxy) - phenyl] - 3 - methyl- 6 - amino - 4(3H) - quinazolone; 2 - [41 - (paminophenoxy) - phenyl] - 3 - methyl - 6 - amino- 4(3H) - quinazolone; 2 - [4<SP>1</SP>- (p - aminophenoxy) - phenyl] - 3 - methyl - 7 - amino - 4(3H)- quinazolone; 2 - [31 - p - aminophenoxy)- phenyl] - 3 - ethyl - 6 - amino - 4(3H) - quinazolone; 2 - [4<SP>1 </SP>- (p - aminophenoxy) - phenyl]- 3 - ethyl - 6 - amino - 4(3H) - quinazolone; 2- [41 - (p - aminophenoxy) - phenyl] - 3 - ethyl - 7- amino - 4(3H) - quinazolone; 2 - [3<SP>1</SP> - (p - aminophenylsulphonyl) - phenyl] - 3 - phenyl - 6- amino - 4(3H) - quinazolone; 2 - (m - aminophenyl) - 3 - methyl - 6 - amino - 4 - (3H)- quinazolone; 2 - (p - aminophenyl) - 3 - phenyl - 7 - amino - 4(3H) - quinazolone; 2 - (maminophenyl) - 3 - phenyl - 6 - amino - 4(3H)- quinazolone; 2 - [4<SP>1 </SP>- (p - aminophenoxy)- phenyl] - 3 - (p - chlorophenyl) - 7 - amino - 4- (3H) - quinazolone; and 2 - [4<SP>1</SP>- (p - aminophenoxy) - phenyl] - 3 - (p - chlorophenyl) - 6- amino - 4 3H)-quinazolone.
Patent GB-1230552-A (GB)
IPC: A61M25/04
Filed: 1969-01-03
Abstract: 1,230,552. Catheter. S. HAKIM. 3 Jan., 1969 [3 Jan., 1968], No. 501/69. Heading A5R. A catheter for draining fluid from the ventricles of the brain comprises a tube 2 of soft material, a plurality of apertures 18, 20, 22 in the wall of the tube, and a membrane arrangement comprising a plurality of flexible, outwardly projecting, longitudinally spaced, parallel membranes (elements) attached to the tube, each membrane element being located along the tube between the apertures. The membrane elements may be disc shaped and have slits extending from the inner surfaces to form each element into vanes. Alternatively the arrangement comprises a continuous spiral in which each convolution of the spiral corresponds to one membrane element.
Patent GB-1231259-A (GB)
IPC: H04N1/12
Filed: 1968-09-20
Abstract: 1,231,259. Facsimile apparatus. MUIRHEAD Ltd. 8 July, 1969 [20 Sept., 1968], No. 44848/68. Heading H4F. Facsimile transmitter and receiver heads are mounted on separate parts of a reciprocable carriage 4, the two parts being relatively displaceable with respect to one another in the direction of scan while scanning is taking place. The carriage 4 in the Figures comprises a block 5 sliding on a rail 6 and carrying the transmitter head, and a platform 7 carrying the stylus 3 of the receiving head and connected to the block 5 by parallel spring strips 8. Relative displacement of the platform 7 relative to the block 5 is effected by adjusting the position of a pulley 31 parallel to its axis, this adjustment being transmitted to the platform 7 by a tensioned inextensible cable 30. As shown there are two scanning carriages 4, 4<SP>1</SP> on parallel rails 6, 6<SP>1</SP>, but the two parts 5<SP>1</SP>, 7<SP>1</SP> of the second carriage 4<SP>1</SP> are fixed rigidly relatively to one another. Adjustment of the relative positions of the two sliding parts 5, 5<SP>1</SP> of the carriages 4, 4<SP>1</SP> is effected by means of a further adjustable pulley 17 around which a further tensioned inextensible cable 15 passes. The two carriages respectively scan alternate lines, and provision is made for automatically moving the stylus of the returning carriage out of the path of the stylus of the scanning carriage during operation of the device in its receiving mode.
Patent GB-1233000-A (GB)
IPC: A01B21/08
Filed: 1967-10-14
Abstract: 1,233,000. Agricultural implements. MASSEY-FERGUSON (AUSTRALIA) Ltd. 27 Sept., 1968 [14 Oct., 1967], No. 46950/67. Heading A1B. A disc cultivator comprises disc assemblies each mounted to allow lateral and vertical movement and urged into an operating position by a single spring. The disc support comprises arms 27, 33 mounted on a frame cross-tube 15 by means of pivot strap 28 and bracket 35 respectively. Bracket 35 carries a lug 42 engaging a rod 45 through compression spring 46 which urges arm 33 downwardly, Fig. 2 (not shown), and into the operative position of Fig. 3, wherein the tapered strap 28 and bracket 35 are urged against tube 15. The tension of the spring is variable through nut 45A.
Patent GB-1233006-A (GB)
IPC: H02P7/06
Filed: 1967-10-24
Abstract: 1,233,006. Control of D.C. motors. ENGLISH ELECTRIC CO. Ltd. 15 Oct., 1968 [24 Oct., 1967], No. 48352/67. Heading H2J. Motors 10, 11, e.g. for traction, are connectible by the switch and diode circuit shown for series or parallel operation, or for dynamic braking during which the field 12 of the first motor is energized by the second motor 11 and the field 13 of the second motor is energized by the first motor 10. For series operation 36 and 37 only are closed and the circuit includes diodes 24, 22; for parallel operation 35 and 27 are closed in addition, and for braking 36, 37 are opened while 35, 21, 27 are closed and the circuit for both motors includes a diode 25, which may be replaced by a further switch. Resistors 23 are for current limiting and resistors 14 and 28 are for load balancing; these are in circuit during driving and braking and there is an additional braking resistor 26. 38 and 39 are field diverter resistors.
Patent GB-1233479-A (GB)
IPC: C09B67/06
Filed: 1969-08-20
Abstract: 1,233,479. Production of dry pigment granulates. FARBENFABRIKEN BAYER A.G. 20 Aug., 1969 [23 Aug., 19681, No. 41567/69. Heading C4P. Monoazo, disazo and copper phthalocyanine dry pigment granulates are produced from non- fluid plastic aqueous filter cakes by conversion into the sprayable state and subsequent spraydrying, the conversion into the sprayable state being carried out by the addition of 0À01- 2-0% by weight of pigment of a tenside, and optionally water, with the simultaneous action of strong shearing stresses, the spray-drying being carried out by spraying through a one component nozzle fitted with a swirl element under pressure of 12-40 atm. absolute by hot air parallel flow drying. Tensides used include alkali or alkaline earth metal salts of a dinaphthyl-methane-sulphonic acid or lignin sulphonic acid, aryl-, aralkyl or alkyl-amines optionally quaternized, polyalkoxylated fatty acid, fatty alcohol, fatty amine or phenol derivative. As shown in the Figure pigment enters at 4, tenside at 5 optionally with water, mixing and the action of skewing stresses takes place using grinding elements, e.g. glass, quartz, metal, metal oxide or silicate and stirrers 3 in vessel 1 and the mixture passes through a sieve 6 to remove grinding elements and then is pumped under pressure to nozzle C and passes downwards along with hot air supplied at 14. Pigment of particle diameter size >40 Á is taken off at 12 and pigment of particle size <40 Á passes with the hot air through exit 13, is separated in cyclone E and recycled.