baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20010045593-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM YUN GI
IPC: H01L21/8242
Filed: 1999-11-05
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method for manufacturing a capacitor of a semiconductor integrated circuit is provided to prevent contact resistance between an outer cylindrical storage electrode and an inner storage electrode from being decreased, by patterning the first, second and third conductive layers successively formed in a storage node hole to form an outer cylindrical storage electrode, a conductive liner and an inner storage electrode. CONSTITUTION: An upper etch blocking layer(29) and a lower sacrificial insulating layer are sequentially formed on a semiconductor substrate(1). The lower sacrificial insulating layer and the upper etch blocking layer are successively patterned to form a storage node hole exposing a predetermined region of the semiconductor substrate. An outer cylindrical storage electrode, a conductive liner surrounded by the outer cylindrical storage electrode and an inner storage electrode surrounded by the conductive liner are formed inside the storage node hole. The conductive liner is selectively etched to expose the inner sidewall of the outer cylindrical storage electrode and the outer sidewall of the inner storage electrode.
Patent KR-20000035363-A (KR)
Inventor: HIRATA MASAYOSHI
IPC: H01L23/498
Filed: 1999-11-10
Abstract: PURPOSE: A semiconductor device with a connection terminal of grid array type is provided to couple bump electrodes of the semiconductor device to an implementation board securely. CONSTITUTION: A semiconductor device with a connection terminal of grid array type includes a semiconductor device(1), and a plurality of connection terminals(106). an IC chip is provided on one side of a semiconductor board. The plurality of the connection terminals(106) are provided on the opposite side of the semiconductor board. The plurality of the connection terminals(106), and are arranged on a location except for the corner of the array. The plurality of the connection terminals(106) are connected to form a rectangular grid array. The plurality of the connection terminals(106) are provided on the second side of the semiconductor board. The plurality of the connection terminals(106) are arranged on a location except for the corner of the array. The plurality of the connection terminals(106) are connected to form a rectangular grid array.
Patent KR-20010047155-A (KR)
Inventor: CHA JIN YEONG
IPC: B23Q5/00
Filed: 1999-11-18
Abstract: PURPOSE: A device for exchanging a pallet having a servomotor as driving source is provided to reduce an assembly period of time, an exchange period of time and a manufacturing cost by reducing the number of components and to prevent malfunction by simplifying exchange operation of the pallet. CONSTITUTION: A device for exchanging a pallet having a servomotor as driving source includes a pallet(70) having a rail, a conveying table(3) having a first hydraulic chamber(23a), a first piston(31) and a cylinder(80), a second piston(32) connected with an outer diameter of a first rotating shaft(41) having a planar gear(42), a second rotating shaft(43) having spur gears(44) engaging the planar gear, a saddle(21) having a rack gear(21a) geared with the planar gear of the first rotating shaft, a rotating member(51) having a side connected with an outer diameter of the first rotating shaft and the other side having a cam coupling member(52), and a conveying table conveyer part located at the center of the saddle. The conveying table conveyer part has a coupling connected with a ball screw at a side of a servomotor and a screw coupling member for moving the conveying table back and forth.
Patent KR-20010047244-A (KR)
Inventor: CHO HYEON DEOK
IPC: C08K11/00
Filed: 1999-11-18
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method for preparing a powdered composite additive for polyolefin- and polystyrene-based polymer resin is provided, to improve the flowability and compatibility of additives and to prevent additives from being separated due to difference of density. CONSTITUTION: The powdered composite additive is prepared by mixing the additives for polyolefin-based and polystyrene-based polymer by using a powder mixer for 10 min to 10 hours to compound them. Also the powdered composite additive is prepared by mixing the additives for polyolefin-based and polystyrene-based polymer by using a powder mixer for 10 min to 10 hours to compound them; and pulverizing it by using a pulverizer. The additives are an antioxidizing agent, a lubricant, a slipping agent, a UV stabilizer, a filler, a pigment, an antistatic agent, a nucleating agent, and/or a neutralizing agent.
Patent KR-20010047792-A (KR)
Inventor: SIM JAE HO
IPC: A62C13/00
Filed: 1999-11-23
Abstract: PURPOSE: Disclosed is a manometer for fire extinguisher to sense pressure change of fire extinguishing tub exactly, to supply pressure of fire extinguishing tub in accordance with pressure change, to prevent misaction of fire extinguisher without transmitting ground current of outer electric equipment to control box. CONSTITUTION: The manometer for fire extinguisher comprises a cylinder(111) being formed with an inflow hole(112) to be screwed inside of a head(102) to generate alarm sound from control box in falling pressure of a fire extinguishing tub(101) by sensing pressure of fire extinguishing chemical in the fire extinguishing tub(101); a piston(121) being bound with airtight a submaterial(123) to move in the inside of the cylinder(111) in accordance with pressure change of the fire extinguishing tub(101) to be flowed in the cylinder(111); a positive elastic piece(113) being equipped in upper part of cylinder to rotate and move with elasticity according to move of the piston(121); a negative piece(114) being equipped in lower part of cylinder to generate alarm sound by flowing current to control box in contacting with the positive elastic piece(113); a rod(122) being formed in one side part of piston to push the positive elastic piece(113); an elastic submaterial(124) being sprung both ends, one side of piston(121) and positive elastic piece(113) by bounding with the rod(122) to move the rod(122) and the piston(121) to contact the positive elastic piece(113) with the negative piece(114) by the moving rod(122) and the piston(121) for the inflow hole(112) direction due to pressure drop of the fire extinguishing tub(101).
Patent KR-20010048056-A (KR)
Title: Method for growing bean sprouts using far infrared activated water without using agricultural chemicals
Inventor: JANG KAM YONG
IPC: A01G31/00
Filed: 1999-11-24
Abstract: PURPOSE: A process for growing bean sprouts by using only activated water produced from a far infrared generator without using agricultural chemicals harmful to a human body or other growth promoting agents is provided, thereby producing bean sprouts having good color, glossiness and freshness in high yield without giving out an unpleasant smell in the interior of a factory. CONSTITUTION: This process comprises the steps of storing beans at low temperature; washing with salt treated with far infrared rays and activated water; soaking in activated water for about 3 hr; growing at 20deg.C by supplying water at 20deg.C 8 times a day; deodorizing with a deodorizing apparatus; and packing by using a ceramic coating agent.
Patent KR-20010054319-A (KR)
Inventor: KWON YONG HWAN
IPC: H01L23/48
Filed: 1999-12-06
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method for manufacturing a chip scale package in a wafer state is provided to form a chip scale package by using a photosensitive polyimide and a non-electrolytic plating method. CONSTITUTION: The first pre-processing layer is formed on a chap pad of a wafer substrate(70,71). A metal base layer is formed on an upper face of the first pre-processing layer(72). The first polyimide layer formed with connection holes is formed on the wafer substrate(73). The second pre-processing layer is formed on the first polyimide layer(74). The first polyimide line layer and the second pre-processing line layer are formed by exposing and developing a part of the first polyimide layer and the second pre-processing layer(75). A metal line layer is formed on the first polyimide line layer and the connection holes(76). The second polyimide layer is formed on the wafer substrate(77). A solder ball is formed on the metal line layer(78). Particular chip scale packages are obtained by cutting the wafer substrate(79).
Patent KR-20010063836-A (KR)
Inventor: CHOI CHANG SIK
IPC: H04L12/801
Filed: 1999-12-24
Abstract: PURPOSE: An apparatus for segmenting and reassembling IP(Internet Protocol) packets is provided to fast perform to segment and reassemble IP packets by processing control data like hardware without using a processor in normal state. CONSTITUTION: A reassembling part(11) reassembles received cells and forms the cells in form of ATM adaptation layer(AAL)-5. A receiving memory(12) is used to temporarily process data by the reassembling part(11). A segmenting part(13) segments packet in form of AAL-5 to ATM cells. A transmitting memory(14) is used to temporarily process data by the segmenting part(13). A control memory controlling part(15) controls to read/write control data in the reassembling part(11) and segmenting part(13) from/to the receiving memory(12) and transmitting memory(14), respectively. A packet memory controlling part(16) enables data of a transmitting/receiving packet to read/write to a packet memory(19), and performs a function of updating IP header. The packet memory(19) stores transmitting/receiving packet.
Patent KR-20010058368-A (KR)
Inventor: JUNG HA JU
IPC: H04N5/50
Filed: 1999-12-27
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method for automatically setting up a TV channel is provided to enable a user to easily and additionally set up a channel by providing a standby power to a microcomputer and a tuner, by judging whether there s a channel changed or added, by storing and displaying the channel. CONSTITUTION: A microcomputer memorizes a channel deleted by a user(S1), and judges whether a power is cut off(S2). The microcomputer sets up a deflection and signal processing unit as an off-mode(S3). An automatic channel setting operation is performed(S4). It is judged whether the channel memorized and another channel(S5). In case that there's a new channel, it is judged whether the channel deleted by the user(S6). In case that the new channel isn't the channel deleted by the user, it is judged whether the added channel is a strong electric field channel(S7). It is set up as the new channel(S8). It is judged whether there's a channel newly memorized(S9). In case that there isn't channel any more, the power of the tuner is cut off(S10).
Patent KR-20010059025-A (KR)
Inventor: PARK HYEON
IPC: H01L21/28
Filed: 1999-12-30
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method for forming a metal interconnection line is to make a CVD(chemical vapor deposition) TiN layer dense to reduce resistance of a contact plug, thereby preventing defect generation in carrying out a process. CONSTITUTION: A via contact hole is formed by forming an insulating layer(3) on a lower metal layer(1) and etching the same. A CVD TiN layer is formed on the resultant structure. The CVD TiN layer deposited on the wafer is immerged into a solution(9) including particles. Moving the particles to left and right, the particles are so impacted on the CVD TiN layer deposited on a sidewall of the contact hole that the CVD TiN layer becomes dense. The motion of the particles is carried out by an ultrasonic or microwave device. The densification by a forced motion of the particles induces a reduction of resistance of a tungsten plug and a defect generation in depositing of the tungsten plug.
Patent KR-20000068412-A (KR)
Title: 기재에 습윤성을 부여하는 처리 방법 및 조성물
IPC: B05B3/02
Filed: 1997-08-11
Abstract: 본 발명에서는 부직포와 같은 기재를 처리하여 습윤성과 같은 내구성을 부여하기 위한 개선된 처리제 조성물 및 처리 방법에 관하여 개시하고 있다.  처리제 조성물은 통상의 점성 처리제 조성물에 감소된 점도를 제공하여 처리된 기재의 목적하는 특성에 위해한 영향을 미치지 않으면서 실온에서 사용할 수 있게 하는 점도 개질제를 포함한다.  유익하게는, 처리제 조성물은 알킬 사슬중에 8 내지 10개의 탄소 원자를 갖는 알킬 폴리글리코시드 및 계면 활성제, 예를 들어 에톡실화되고 수소화된 캐스터 오일과 소르비탄 모노올레에이트의 블렌드를 포함한다.  본 발명에 따라 실온에서 높은 고형분 농도의 처리제 조성물로 처리된 부직포는 런오프 시험에 따라 2 싸이클 이상의 내구성을 갖는다.  본 발명의 처리제 조성물은 안정하며, 많은 통상의 처리 시스템에 적절하다.  20분의 1부  보다 적게 알킬 폴리글리코시드를 가하는 것이 효과적이다.  부직포와 같은 처리된 기재는 개인용 위생 용품, 와이퍼, 환경 친화성 패브릭 등의 성분으로서 다양한 용도가 밝혀졌다.
Patent KR-20000052672-A (KR)
Inventor: COLLAS GUY
IPC: A47J37/12
Filed: 1997-10-15
Abstract: PURPOSE: An electric cooking appliance comprising a device for condensing cooking vapors is provided for an electrical cooking apparatus, of the type described above, which is provided with a safety device permitting the operation of the apparatus only when the condensation device is mounted in the pan. CONSTITUTION: A cooking appliance comprises an external housing (3) in which are incorporated a vessel (12), means (14) for electrically heating the vessel, and a box (23) housing a removable device (25) for condensing vapours urged to be connected on operating means (27) communicating with the vessel. The appliance comprises sensing means (65) for sensing the presence of the condensing device (25) in the box (23) and actuated by the said condensing device (25) when it is present in the box (23), and a switch(68) whose control capable of closing the power circuit supplying the heating means is dependent on the actuating of the sensing means (65).
Patent KR-20000052729-A (KR)
Title: Auxiliary battery sensor switch
Inventor: BANYAS TIMOTHY
IPC: H02J7/00
Filed: 1997-10-24
Abstract: PURPOSE: An auxiliary battery sensor switch is provided to extend the battery life of portable electronic devices such as cellular telephones, and is capable of sensing the presence of an auxiliary battery and switching the power circuitry of the electronic device to the auxiliary battery. CONSTITUTION: An apparatus for sensing the presence of an auxiliary battery connected to a cellular telephone is disclosed. An internal battery and a removable auxiliary battery are connected to the power system of the cellular telephone through first and second switches respectively. Connection of the auxiliary battery creates a current flow that is detected by a current sensing circuit which generates a current signal indicating the detection of current flow. A voltage sensing circuit determines whether the auxiliary battery can provide a predetermined voltage level and generates a voltage signal indicating the results of this test. A processor then utilizes the signals from the voltage sensing circuit and the current sensing circuit to control the pair of switches to connect the main and auxiliary batteries to the power circuitry of the cellular telephone.
Patent KR-20000069584-A (KR)
Title: 냄새 억제 수단을 포함하는 적층된 복합 흡수 구조물
IPC: A61F13/15
Filed: 1997-12-19
Abstract: 본 발명은 수성 체액을 흡수하고 냄새 억제를 제공하는 적층 흡수 구조물(14)에 관한 것이다.  본 발명의 구조물(14)은 유체를 수용하기 위한 제1 표면(20) 및 제1 표면(20)의 반대쪽에 배치된 제2 표면(22)을 갖는다.  적층 흡수 구조물은 냄새를 흡수하기 위한 냄새 억제 물질(24) 및 흡수성 겔화 물질(26)을 포함하는데, 냄새 억제 물질(24) 및 흡수성 겔화 물질(26)은 별도의 봉쇄층(4, 6)의 사이에 포함된다.  또한, 냄새 억제 물질(24)은 흡수성 겔화 물질(26)에 의해 제1 표면과 분리된다.
Patent KR-20000070020-A (KR)
Title: 혼합된 고정 소수점 또는 부동 소수점 및 블럭 스케일 부동 소수점 연산자를 가진 적응 필터 시스템
IPC: H03H17/06
Filed: 1998-07-02
Abstract: 데이터 RAM(74) 내에 저장되는 고정 소수점 또는 부동 소수점 및 계수 RAM(84) 내에 저장되는 블럭 스케일 부동 소수점 계수를 가진 적응 필터가 제공된다.  데이터 및 계수가, 콘볼루션 결과를 제공하기 위해 곱셈기 및 가산기를 이용하는 필터 알고리즘에 이용된다.  계수는, 데이터 RAM 값의 곱셈된 결과 및 에러값과 계수의 이전 값을 더함으로써 업데이트된다. 이는 계수 RAM에서의 모든 계수값에 대해 수행된다.  에러값은 필터 출력과 에코인 샘플링된 단거리 종단 신호간의 차이를 지시한다.  이러한 새로운 계수가 검사되고, 만일 임의의 계수가 소정의 임계 이상의 값을 갖거나, 모든 계수가 소정의 임계 이하의 값을 가지면, 모든 계수의 가수가 쉬프트되고 지수는 다음 필터 주기에서 조정된다.
Patent KR-20000070912-A (KR)
IPC: C07D251/18
Filed: 1998-01-20
Abstract: 6번 위치가 치환된 일부 2-아미노-4-(페녹시에틸아미노)-1,3,5-트리아진이 제초제 및 식물 성장-조절성을 갖는 것으로 알려져 있다[참조: 국제 특허 공개공보 제 WO 90/09378 호, 국제 특허 공개공보 제 WO 94/24086 호 및 국제 특허 공개공보 제 WO 96/25404 호].  본 발명은 제초제 및 식물 성장 조절제로 사용할 수 있는, 구조적으로 상이한 하기 화학식 I의 화합물 또는 그의 염에 관한 것이다: 
     화학식 I 
     
       
     
     상기 식에서, 
     R 1 내지 R 7 , n 및 X는 청구의 범위의 제 1 항에서 정의한 바와 같다.  상기 화합물은 청구의 범위의 제 7 항에서 청구한 제조 방법에 의해 제조될 수 있다.
Patent KR-20000075972-A (KR)
Title: 광합성 증진 방법
IPC: A01N59/00
Filed: 1998-03-02
Abstract: 본 발명은 1 종 이상의 고도의 반사성 미분 미립자 재료 유효량으로 원예 작물을 처리하는 단계를 포함하는, 원예 작물의 광합성 증진 방법을 개시하고 있다.
Patent KR-20010005642-A (KR)
IPC: C07D473/10
Filed: 1998-03-20
Abstract: The invention relates to the use of theobromine and/or its salts and/or its complexes optionally in admixture with other known active ingredients and inert solid or liquid carriers, additives and auxiliary agents for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition suitable for relieving cough syndrome. Further subject of the invention is a method of treatment of a human or animal subject being in condition where relieving of cough is desirable which comprise steps of administering in an effective amount theobromine and/or salts and/or its complexes optionally in admixture with other known active ingredients and suitable inert, solid or liquid carriers, additives and auxiliary agents.
Patent KR-20010006508-A (KR)
Title: 연료봉 조립체와 냉각제 혼합그리드
IPC: G21C3/34
Filed: 1998-04-08
Abstract: 본 발명은 핵반응로용 연료봉 조립체에 관한 것으로, 이 연료봉 조립체의 축에 그리고 서로 평행한 방향으로 뻗어 있는 다수의 연료핀(12); 서로 일정한 간격으로 떨어져 있는 2개 이상의 그리드 구조체를 포함하여 이루어지되, 상기 그리드는 상기 연료핀(12)과 접촉되어 있으면서 상기 접촉핀을 서로 평행하게 유지하며 서로 접촉하지 못하게 하고, 상기 연료봉 조립체는 상기 2개 이상의 그리드 구조체 사이에 위치하는 하나 이상의 혼합그리드(50)를 추가로 포함하는 연료봉 조립체에 있어서, 
     상기 혼합그리드(50)는 상기 연료핀(12)과 실질적인 접촉을 하지 않게 고정적으로 배치되어 있으며, 또한 상기 혼합 그리드는 사용중인 연료봉 조립체를 통해 흐르는 냉각제(62)의 난류를 촉진하기 위한 난류유도수단(61)을 구비하고 있으며, 상기 혼합그리드는 혼합그리드가 만들어지는 금속시트면이 상기 연료핀 조립체의 축을 가로지르는 평면에 놓이는 금속시트로 만들어지는 것을 특징으로 하고 있다.
Patent KR-20010014015-A (KR)
Inventor: FULL GARY G
IPC: B66B13/26
Filed: 1998-05-06
Abstract: A safety system for detecting an obstruction approaching closing doors includes a transmitter stack and a detector stack. Each transmitter stack includes a plurality of transmitter three-dimensional lenses. Each detector stack includes a plurality of detector three-dimensional lenses. The three- dimensional lenses are offset from the corresponding optical devices to angle an outgoing or incoming signal. The present invention results in more compact packaging for the safety system and in reduced cost of the assembly therefor.
Patent KR-20010073457-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM SONG WON
IPC: H03K19/00
Filed: 2000-01-15
Abstract: PURPOSE: An input buffer is provided to improve reliability of device by obtaining setup/hold time margin by reducing skew of output signal, although external circumstance is changed. CONSTITUTION: The constant current source is connected to power supply voltage and generates the constant current. The first transistor flow the current from the constant current source in response to the first output signal. The second transistor mirrors the current from the first transistor in response to the first output signal and generates the second output signal. The plurality of third transistors are connected parallel between the terminal which the first output signal is output to and the ground voltage and responsive to reference voltage. The plurality of forth transistors are connected parallel between the terminal which the second output signal is output to and the ground voltage and responsive to input signal. The switching devices control the connection between the plurality of third transistors and the plurality of forth transistors.
Patent KR-20010073503-A (KR)
Title: A process of preparing for the non-symmetric polyimide membrane
Inventor: KANG YONG SU
IPC: B01D71/64
Filed: 2000-01-17
Abstract: PURPOSE: A manufacturing method for separation membrane of asymmetric polyimide is provided, which can increase productivity by rapid soaking polyamic acid solution into non-solvent and also can selectively decide the structure of separation membrane by controlling imidification rate. The manufactured separation membrane is excellent in resistance to solvent and can be used at the temperature that is over the limit temperature of general membrane separation process. CONSTITUTION: The manufacturing method is as follows: (i) prepare separation membrane by heating for partial imidification before impregnating polyamic acid of 15-20 wt.% into non-solvent of water or low-grade alcohol for phase separation; and (ii) imidify at a high temperature to prepare polyamide separation membrane.
Patent KR-20010073816-A (KR)
Title: Polyester-based heat-contractible tube for coating eletrolytic condenser
Inventor: KIM GUK UNG
IPC: H01G9/08
Filed: 2000-01-20
Abstract: PURPOSE: A thermally shrinkable tube is provided to achieve an improved condenser protection and electrically insulating characteristics by improving heat resistance, strength and covering power of the tube. CONSTITUTION: A thermally shrinkable tube is formed of a resin composition containing 80 to 99 weights of copolymer polyester resin having a unique viscosity of 0.65 to 1.0 dl/g, wherein the copolymer polyester resin is composed of 1 to 15 moles of polyethylene naphthalate and 85 to 99 moles of polyethylene terephthalate; and 1 to 20 weights of polybuthylene terephthalate resin which is prepared by mixing 70 to 90 weights of polybuthylene terephthalate and 10 to 30 weights of pigment. The thermally shrinkable tube has the maximum re-crystallization temperature of 110 to 140°C, and re-crystallization heating amount of 8 to 25.5 Joule/g.
Patent KR-20010075967-A (KR)
Title: Field emission display device and method for manufacturing thereof
Inventor: CHA JAE CHEOL
IPC: H01J1/304
Filed: 2000-01-21
Abstract: PURPOSE: A field emission display device and a method of fabricating the device are provided, in which tips protruded from the surface of an emitter to emit electrons are formed with the same height to improve radiation uniformity. CONSTITUTION: A field emission display device includes the first and second substrates opposite to each other having a predetermined distance between them, and a cathode electrode formed one of the two substrates. The device further has an anode electrode formed on one of the two substrates, intersecting the cathode electrode, and an emitter which is formed on the surface of the cathode electrode using a thick film technique and has an electron emitting material that emits electrons when field is created. The device also has a material emitting electronics which is formed on the surface of the anode electrode and collides with the electrons emitted from the emitter to radiate to realize a predetermined image. Tips of the electron emitting material, protruded from the surface of the emitter with the same height from the surface of the emitter.
Patent KR-20010073878-A (KR)
Title: Interface Device with Vocoder and Selector Using Direct Memory Access and Method thereof
Inventor: KIM IM SU
IPC: H04B7/216
Filed: 2000-01-22
Abstract: PURPOSE: An interface apparatus between a vocoder and a selector using DMA(Direct Memory Access) and a method thereof are provided to prevent a frame synchronization between the vocoder and the selector from mismatching by using the direct memory access. CONSTITUTION: A selector(50) transmits the length of a command frame to a vocoder(100). The vocoder(100) reads the length of a command frame from the DMA of a DSP(Digital Signal Processor)(90) and transmits to a core(80). The core(80) set a command that indicates to read the length of the command frame from the DMA(60). The DMA(60) receives the body part of the command frame and transfers to the core(80). The core(80) performs the process corresponding to the body part of the command frame in the DSP(90). As the completed frame attached a start flag and an end flag, the DSP(90) transmits a response frame to the DMA(60).
Patent KR-20010077679-A (KR)
Title: Additive composition for animal feed
Inventor: JI WON CHEOL
IPC: A23K1/16
Filed: 2000-02-07
Abstract: PURPOSE: Provided is a composition of feed additive containing chitin, chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharide as active principles, which can promote growth of livestock and decrease cholesterol of the livestock. CONSTITUTION: The composition includes 15-25% of crude protein, 5-15% of crude fat, 7-14% of crude fiber, 17-30% of crude ash, 0-18% of moisture, 2-5% of calcium, 1-3% of phosphorus, 0-4% of mannan, 0-4% of glucan, 0-30,000unit/kg of amylase, 0.00001-0.0001% of carotenoids antioxidant, 2.0-20% of chitin and chitosan and 2.0-20% of chitosan oligosaccharide.