Patent GB-644932-A (GB)
Title: Improvements in or relating to signal compression and expansion arrangements in electric communication systems
Inventor: JACOBSEN BENT BULOW
IPC: H04B14/04
Filed: 1948-01-16
Abstract: 644,932. Multiplex systems; automatic volume control. STANDARD TELEPHONES & CABLES, Ltd. Jan. 16, 1948, No. 1364. [Class 40 (iv)] [Also in Group XL (c)] In a compandor electrical communication system the range of amplitude variation is compressed at the transmitter and an auxiliary signal quantized according to a modulation amplitude scale having discrete steps is conveyed to the receiver in discreet steps by a modulated pulse train, for controlling expansion at the receiver. The amplitude compression and expansion of the communication signals at the transmitting and receiving ends may both be varied in discrete steps. The communication channels may employ pulse modulation or not. The system is described applied to a multiplex pulse code modulation system employing a four-digit binary code, each digit being represented by the presence or absence of a pulse, all code groups being transmitted in succession without gaps between them. Sixteen periodic steps of compression or expansion may be controlled by each auxiliary (non-communication) train of pulse code groups giving 16<SP>2</SP> or 256 selectable steps of amplitude of each signal wave for transmission and succeeding pulse groups of each auxiliary train may respectively relate to all of a plurality of communication pulse trains in turn. In Fig. 1 a 16-point " commutator " consisting of 16 gated circuits unblocked successively from a pulse-fed delay line supplies communica. tion signals from a No. 10 channel to an amplifier 29 and pulse coder unit 34, 1-12 denoting communication channels, S a synchronizing channel, and C, D, E, auxiliary four-digit channels each for control of the compression and expansion of a set of four channels 7-10, 11-2, and 3-6 respectively, and each, C for example, successively representing the compression or expansion of channels 10, 7, 8 or 9 over a period of four channel repetition periods. This is effected by auxiliary " commutators " 21, 22, 23 each consisting of four gated circuits unblocked at a repetition frequency one quarter that of the main commutator 20. Each time the latter is unblocked at C, for example, a D.C. voltage representing the input signal amplitude is directly fed, for example, from a channel No. 10 through line 110 to terminal 10 of commutator 21, and after logarithmic compression at 33, is passed to the coder 34 and transmitted as a code compression signal. At the same time this C (or D or E) code group actually transmitted is decoded at 35 and amplified at 39, precisely as at the receiver, and used to return a D.C. control voltage via a further " commutator " 36 " rotated " at the main commutator speed, and an auxiliary commutator 37 synchronized and in phase with the commutator 21 to control the compression of the amplifiers 29. A feed-back line 112 corresponding to each terminal 7-10 of the commutator 37 is provided and includes a holding condenser 38 to maintain the control voltages derived from the channel C operative over four channel repetition periods. A commutator 37 corresponding to each of terminals C, D and E of commutator 36 is provided. The gain control of the amplifiers 29 is adjusted in equal steps of 3 decibels (a ratio of 2 : 1) by the control signals. The marking circuit 109 operates so that a pulse is alternately present and absent in the first element of each synchronizing pulse group. A high-frequency deemphasis and emphasis stage 28 may be used at the transmitting and receiving ends respectively. The anticipating circuit 32 may be omitted and the delay due to the network 27 increased by two channel periods. In a modification the line 82 is connected so that the multiplicative compression amplifier 29 is not operated in steps by the decoded pulse groups. A fixed proportion of the amplitudes, mainly all that part of the signals due to the low-frequency components may alternatively be subtracted at the compression stage 29 (subtractive system). In a modification, Fig. 5 (not shown), the amplifier 29 is controlled to maintain a constant output level by a feed-back voltage derived from an integrating circuit and stages 30, 31, 32 connected to the output of the amplifier so that changes in level (incremental system) are transmitted on the auxiliary channels. Biassed diodes across the integrating circuits at the transmitting and receiving ends clamp the amplifier within the limits of their range during no signals. If the subtractive system is used with the incremental method leak resistances shunt the integrating circuit. Receiver synchronizing arrangement.-At the receiver (Fig. 7) the digit pulses are rectified and used to drive a digit pulse generator 56. From this the pulse repetition frequency is divided first to the channel gate pulse frequency of 8000 pulses per second and then 1000 per second so that a pulse is produced from an open gate circuit 63 once in every eight channels and inserted in a combination circuit 57 following the pulse generator half-way between two generated digit pulses, this extra pulse in effect producing a stepping of the marker pulses along the channel period. A filter 64 tuned to 4000 c/s., the marker pulse repetition frequency since the marker pulses are transmitted alternately present and absent in the first element of each synchronizing pulse group, and producing an output only when the marker pulses coincide in a gate circuit 105 with gate pulses from the pulse frequency divider 58, shuts the open gate circuit 63 feeding extra pulses to the circuit 57 when the pulse frequency-divider 58 is stepped to proper phase relative to the marker pulses. Synchronization of the auxiliary signal channels C, D, E, is obtained directly from a sine wave of 2000 c/s. modulated on the synchronizing pulse groups, the latter first being decoded, then used to control a pulse train generator 107 producing 2000 pulses per second, of width just less than one channel period, and passed through a delay network 108 to provide the auxiliary channel gate pulse trains. Specification 535,860 is referred to. The coding unit may be of the type described in Specification 644,935, [Group XL (c)].