baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent SE-331866-B (SE)
Inventor: LE POOLE B
IPC: H01J37/04
Filed: 1965-06-09
Abstract: 1,108,366. Electron microscopes. PHILIPS ELECTRONIC & ASSOCIATED INDUSTRIES Ltd. 10 June, 1965 [11 June, 1964], No. 24590/65. Heading H1D. In a scanning electron microscope which may be of the transmission or of the mirror type the electron beam focused on the specimen 5 and the reproduced image at 27 are linear in crosssection and the focusing and reproducing electron-optical systems 4, 26 include strong fourpole lenses 7, 28 corrected for spherical aberration. Preferably both systems include further, weak, four-pole lenses 6, 29 relatively rotated by 90 degrees with respect to the strong lenses and may also include eight-pole corrector lenses. In the transmission type microscope shown synchronized scanning deflection systems 3, 31 are provided on either side of the specimen. In the mirror type microscope, Fig. 4 (not shown), the reflected beam is returned through the focusing system and diverged from the main axis in the scanning deflection system which comprises combined electric and magnetic fields. In either type of microscope the electron beam may be stationary and the specimen and the image carrier moved. The image carrier which may be a photographic film or a luminescent screen, may be provided, on a rotating drum positioned outside the vacuum envelope, the beam emerging through a Lenard window. The electron beam may be given its linear crosssection by means of an oblong aperture in the gun anode or by means of a non-rotationallysymmetric electron lens. Magnetic (permanent magnet or electromagnetic) or electrostatic lenses may be used and the strong four-pole lenses may be used in combination with rotationally-symmetric lenses.
Patent YU-47323-B (YU)
Title: Uredjaj za igranje igara
Inventor: MARTTI L
IPC: G07F17/00
Filed: 1989-06-20
Abstract: UREDJAJ ZA IGRANJE IGARA, koji obuhvata vertikalni panel 1 za igranje koji odredjuje oblast 2 kretanja za novčiće ili slično, ravne, kotrljajuće žetone 3, primarni uredjaj 4 za igranje, koji obuhvata aktivatore 5 koji su rasporedjeni u oblasti kretanja panela za igranje i čija je namena da detektuju prolaženje žetona kroz njih, i aparat 7 za izdavanje nagrada, koji se upravlja aktivatorima, uredjaj 8 za lansiranje, koji se nalazi sa strane u odnosu na oblast kretanja panela za igranje i koji služi za lansiranje žetona u oblast za kretanje, uredjaj 9 za ubacivanje žetona, koji služi za sprovodjenje žetona u uredjaj za lansiranje, spremnik 10 koji se nalazi u oblasti kretanja panela i koji služi za prihvat žetona koji prodju kroz aktivatore 5, i bar jedan dodatni uredjaj 12 za igranje igara, pored primarnog uredjaja 4 za igranje igara, naznačen time, što aktivator (5) primarnog uredjaja (4) za igranje igara potpuno kontroliše rad primarnog uredjaja (4) za igrnje igara. Prijava sadrži još 4 zavisna zahteva.
Patent YU-45795-B (YU)
Title: Postupak za flotaciju sulfidnih minerala
Inventor: ROTHENBERG A S
IPC: B03D1/016
Filed: 1986-08-26
Abstract: POSTUPAK ZA FLOTACIJU SULFIDNIH MINERALA, iz sulfidnih ruda kao što su bakarne, bakar-molibden, kompleksnih sulfidnih ruda koje sadrže olovo, bakar, cink, srebro i zlato, nikl, i nikl-kobalt, zlato i srebro-zlato, bakar-olovo, olovo-cink i bakar-cink rude, naznačen time, što se pripremi vodena pulpa sulfidne rude koja sadrži 1-50 mas.% čvrstih čestica rude, što se pulpa kondicionira sa kolektorom, penušavcem i 5-1000 g/T rude sintetičkim depresantom koji sadrži polimer sastavljen od X jedinica formule: Y jedinica formule: Z jedinica formule: gde je svako R1 individualno, vodonik ili C1-C4 niži alkil; R2 je vodonik, C1-C4 niži alkil ili C1-C4 supstituisani niži alkil; A je premošćujuća grupa izabrana od alkilen; G je valentna veza ili grupa izabrana od gde je R3 vodonik, hidroksi ili merkaptan i R4 je vodonik ili COOM; n je 0 ili 1; Q je izabrano od -O-, -S-, -N-R2-, ili -NR2-NR2-; M je vodonik, katjon alkalnog metala ili jon amonijuma; x predstavlja frakciju preostalog molskog procenta; y je frakcija molskog procenta u opsegu od oko 0,5% do oko 25,0%, z je frakcija molskog procenta u opsegu od oko 0% do oko 25,0% i molekulske mase polimera je izmedju oko 1000 i oko 500 000, što se tako kondicionirana pulpa, pri pH od 3-12 i temperaturi od 0.80 C, flotira 1-30 min. i vredni sulfidni minerali sakupe u peni. Prijava sadrži još 3 patentna zahteva.
Patent YU-46081-B (YU)
Inventor: DOUGLAS J M A
IPC: C07C335/28
Filed: 1987-10-26
Abstract: A process for the preparation of a compound of the formula:- <CHEM>  R is benzyl or C1-C5 alkyl,  and R<1> is C1-C5 alkyl,  which comprises heating a compound of the formula:- <CHEM> either in acid addition salt form, or in the presence of an acid catalyst, with at least one molar equivalent of an amine of the formula:-        R-NH2    either neat or in a reaction-inert solvent. Also claimed is cryatalline 2-(1-pentyl-3-quanidino)-4-(2-methyl-4-imidazolyl)thiazole dihydrochloride trihydrate, preparable by the above process.
Patent RS-50406-B (RS)
Inventor: DAVIS HARRY R
IPC: A61P9/00
Filed: 2002-01-25
Abstract: Upotreba najmanje jednog inhibitora resorpcije sterola odabran iz grupe jedinjenja Formula (I) -(IX) a) formule (I) ili njegovi izomeri, ili farmaceutski prihvatljive soli ili solvati jedinjenja Formule (I) ili njihovi izomeri, gde u Formuli (I): Ar1 je R3-supstituisani aril; Ar2 je R4-supstituisani aril; Ar3 je R5-supstituisani aril; Y i Z su nezavisno izabrani iz grupe koje se sastoji od -CH2-, -CH(niži alkil)-i-C(diniži alkil)-; A je -O-, -S-, -S(O)- ili -S(0)2-; R1 je odabran iz grupe koje se sastoji od -OR6, -0(CO)R6, -0(CO)OR9 i -0(CO)NR6R7; R2 je odabrano iz grupe koje se sastoji od vodonika, nižeg alkila i arila; ili R1 i R2 zajedno su =0; q je 1,2 ili 3; p je 0,1,2,3 ili 4; R5 je 1-3 supstituenta nezavisno odabrana iz grupe koje se sastoji od -OR6, -0(CO)R6, -0(CO)OR9, -0(CH2),1-5OR9, -0(CO)NR6R7, -NR6R7, -NR6(CO)R7, -NR6(CO)OR9, -NR6(CO)NR7R8, -NR6S02-niži alkil, -NR6S02-aril, -CONR6R7, -COR6, -S02NR6R7, S(O)0-2-alkil, S(O)0-2-aril, -O(CH2)1-10-COOR6, -O(CH2)1-10CONR6R7, o-halogeno, m-halogeno, o-niži alkil, m-niži alkil, -(niži alkilen)-COOR6, i -CH=CH-COOR6; R3 i R4 su nezavisno 1-3- supstituenta nezavisno odabrana iz grupe koje se sastoje od R5 vodonika, p-niži alkil, aril, -NO2, -CF3 i p-halogeno; R6, R7 i R8 su nezavisno odabrani iz grupe koja se sastoji od vodonika, nižeg alkila, arila i aril supstituisan sa nižim alkilom; i R9 je niži alkil, aril ili aril -supstituisan niži alkil; b) Formule (II) ili njegovi izomeri, ili farmaceutski prihvatljive soli ili solvati jedinjenja Formule (II) ili njihovih izomeri, gde u Formuli (II): A je odabrano iz grupe koju čine R2-supstituisani heterocikloalkil, R2 "supstituisani heteroaril, R2-sustituisani benzokondenzovani heterocikloalkil i R2 -supstituisani benzokondenzovani heteroaril; Ar1je aril ili R3-supstituisani aril; Ar2 je aril ili R4-supstituisani aril; Q je veza, ili zajedno sa ugljenikom koji se nalazi na polozaju 3 u prstenu azetidinona, formira spiro grupu R1 je odabran iz grupe koja se sastoje od : -(CH2)q-, gde q je 2-6, pod uslovom da kada Q formira spiro prsten, q može takođe biti nula ili 1; -(CH2)e-G-(CH2)r-, gde G je O-, -C(O)-, fenilen, -NR8- ili -S(O)0-2, e je 0-5 i r je 0-5, pod uslovom da zbir e i r je 1-6; -(C2-C6 alkenilen)-; i-(CH2)f V-(CH2)g-, gde V je C3-C6 cikloalkilen, f je 1-5 i g je 0-5, gde zbir od f i g je 1-6; R6 i R7 su nezavisno odabrani iz grupe koja se sastoji od -CH2-, -CH(C1-C6alkil)-, -C(di-(C1-C6)alkil), -CH=CH i -C(C1-C6 alkil)=CH-; ili R5 zajedno sa susednim R6, ili R5 zajedno sa susednim R7, formira -CH=CH- ili -CH=C(C1-C6 alkil)- grupu; a i b su nezavisno 0,1,2 ili 3 pod uslovom da ne smeju oba biti jednako nula; pod uslovom da kada R6 je -CH=CH- ili -C(C1-C6 alkil)=CH-, b je 1 ; pod uslovom da kada a je jednako 2 ili 3 , R6 mogu biti isti ili različiti i da, kada b je jednako 2 ili 3, R7 mogu biti isti ili različiti; i kada je Q
Patent RS-50648-B (RS)
Inventor: KAPICIC TOMISLAV
IPC: C02F1/76
Filed: 2003-10-09
Abstract: Postupak za hlorisanje vode naznačen time, što obuhvata fazu analiziranja sadržaja vode na hlor i fazu dodavanja vodenog rastvora natrijumhipohlorita vodi, pri čemu se faza analiziranja vode na sadržaj hlora obavlja kontinuirano i automatski, a kada analiza utvrdi sadržaj hlora u vodi u nivou ispod 0,5 mg/l, vodi se dodaje vodeni rastvor sa 1-1,4 mas. % NaOCl dobijen na mestu analize i dodavanja, pri čemu se NaOCl dodaje dok se ne dostigne najviši sadržaj hlora u vodi od 0,8mg/l.
Patent ZA-822777-B (ZA)
Title: Novel benzodioxole derivatives, processes for their manufacture and pharmaceutical compositions containing them
Inventor: HABICHT E
IPC: C07C49/84
Filed: 1982-04-23
Abstract: The invention relates to novel benzodioxole derivatives of the formula I    <IMAGE>  (I)  in which R1 represents an unsubstituted or substituted, aromatic or heteroaromatic radical, alk represents an alkylene or alkylidene radical having a maximum of 5 carbon atoms, n represents O or 1, R2 and R3 each represents, independently of the other, hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy or halogen, and A represents the radical O-R4, wherein R4 represents hydrogen or an unsubstituted or substituted, aliphatic or araliphatic hydrocarbon radical, or A represents the radical   <IMAGE>   in which either R5 and R6 each represents, independently of the other, hydrogen or lower alkyl, or R5 and R6 are bonded to one another and, together with the adjacent nitrogen atom, represent unsubstituted or lower alkyl-substituted tetra- or hexa-methyleneimino or 4-morpholinyl, to salts of compounds of the formula I in which A represents OR4 wherein R4 is hydrogen, with bases, and to acid addition salts of compounds of the formula I in which the radical R1 has a basic character, and to pharmaceutical compositions that contain them. The novel substances exhibit diuretic and, in addition, uricosuric activity and may be administered, according to the invention, preferably in the form of appropriate pharmaceutical compositions, to mammals for the treatment of oedema and hypertension.
Patent ZA-878441-B (ZA)
Title: Bonding of halogenated polymers
IPC: C09D5/00
Filed: 1987-11-10
Abstract: Halocarbons are readily bonded to a variety of substrates, including metals, polyolefins, styrenics, polyamides and thermoplastic polyesters, by treating the surface(s) to be bonded with a neoalkoxy zirconate compound. The articles produced by the aforesaid process resist delamination. Applicable fluorinated compounds include fluorinated polymers such as Teflon. The specific zirconate compound preferred is dependent on the particular substrate and the halogenated organic compound to be bonded. Preferred are organo-zirconates having one of the following formulas: <CHEM> wherein R, R<1> and R<2> are each monovalent hydrocarbon groups or substantive derivatives thereof; the A groups are independently selected from diester phosphates, diester pyrophosphates, oxyalkylamino, oxyalkylarylamino, or sulfonyl groups; B is an R'2C group or a carbonyl group; R' is a hydrogen group or an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and n is 1 or 2.
Patent ZA-883470-B (ZA)
Title: Treating matter
IPC: B01J8/36
Filed: 1988-05-17
Abstract: Matter to be treated is passed through at least two treating regions 12, 14 sequentially. In each region a bed 29, 31 of the matter is moved in a band continuously along an annular path by passing fluid through the bed along the path. The annular paths of the regions 12, 14 are concentric.
Patent ZA-884774-B (ZA)
Title: Ab-006 antibiotics and process for their production
Inventor: CASSANI GIORGIO
IPC: A61K35/66
Filed: 1988-07-04
Abstract: AB-006 Antibiotics and their AB-006a and AB-006b Antibiotic components, obtained by controlled aerobic culture of Streptomyces s.p. NCIB 12425, in an aqueous nutrient culture medium. The AB-006 Antibiotics show biological activity, and in particular fungicidal and insecticidal activity.
Patent ZA-905203-B (ZA)
Title: Substitution analogues of magainin peptides
Inventor: HOUGHTEN RICHARD A
IPC: A61K38/00
Filed: 1990-07-03
Abstract: A compound comprising a Magainin I or Magainin II peptide wherein at least one amino acid residue is substituted with a phenylalanine residue. In addition to such substitutions, at least one of amino acid residues 15 to 23 may be deleted.
Patent ZA-911281-B (ZA)
Title: Wear resistant surface armouring for the rollers of roller machines,in particular high pressure roller presses
Inventor: KELLER GUENTER
IPC: B02C4/30
Filed: 1991-02-21
Abstract: In order to provide, for the rollers of roller machines, in particular high-pressure roller presses for pressure-comminuting granular material, an abrasion-resistant cladding which is simple in terms of production technology, easy to draw in and despite profiling and therefore good drawing-in properties also has a high useful life with minimised risk of fracture formation when subjected to high point loading, according to the invention an anti-abrasion protection is proposed which is formed during the operation of the roller press itself in that during the operation of the roller press the intermediate spaces or pockets (15, 36) between the profiles (13, 14, 33) are filled with compressed finely granular material (29, 30) which remains as an (autogenous) anti-abrasion protection during the roller rotations in the intermediate spaces or pockets. 
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Patent ZA-912769-B (ZA)
Title: Cylinder covered with a printing blanket
Inventor: BRESSON MICHEL
IPC: B41N10/04
Filed: 1991-04-12
Abstract: The present invention relates to a cylinder covered with a printing blanket. According to the invention the layered structure of the blanket is such that the blanket is held onto the cylinder while fully surrounding this cylinder without any gap in the manner of a sleeve. This cylinder together with the printing sleeve is applicable in any type of offset printing machine.
Patent ZA-924082-B (ZA)
Title: Variable rate vocoder.
Inventor: JACOBS PAUL E
IPC: G10L19/24
Filed: 1992-06-04
Abstract: An apparatus for masking frame errors comprising memory means for storing at least one previous frame of data and for providing said at least one previous frame of data in response to a frame error signal; and masking means for receiving said frame error signal and for generating a masking signal in accordance with at least one previous frame of data and a predetermined error masking format.
Patent ZA-951963-B (ZA)
Title: N-benzoylmethyl-piperidines
Inventor: FOGUET RAFAEL
IPC: A61P25/26
Filed: 1995-03-09
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/EP95/01007 Sec. 371 Date Feb. 20, 1996 Sec. 102(e) Date Feb. 20, 1996 PCT Filed Mar. 17, 1995 PCT Pub. No. WO95/25732 PCT Pub. Date Sep. 28, 1995The invention relates to new N-benzoylmethyl-piperidines of the general formula (I):    <IMAGE>  (I)  wherein X is a halogen atom, as well as their pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts. The compounds are potentially useful to treat depressions.
Patent ZA-952642-B (ZA)
Title: Bottom electrode of a metallurgical vessel which is heated with direct current
Inventor: STARK HEINZ
IPC: F27B3/08
Filed: 1995-03-30
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/DE95/00452 Sec. 371 Date Dec. 5, 1996 Sec. 102(e) Date Dec. 5, 1996 PCT Filed Mar. 29, 1995 PCT Pub. No. WO95/27084 PCT Pub. Date Oct. 12, 1995A metallurgical vessel heated by direct current, particularly for the production of ferroalloys, including a metallic jacket lined with refractory material and a bottom electrode. A bottom electrode (22) is located within the interior of the vessel and arranged below a refractory side wall (12) of the metallurgical vessel (10). Bottom electrode (22) is constructed from electrically conducting refractory material. The periphery of the electrically conducting bottom (22) is surrounded by metallic plates (25), each of which is connected to current rods (31) which extend through a metallic jacket (11) and out from the vessel. Plates (25) and current rods (31) are separated from the metallic jacket (11) by electrical insulation (32). The electrode device in the bottom of the vessel ensures electrical contact over as large an area as possible. In addition, reliable current transfer between the melt and the electrode device in the bottom of the vessel is ensured in the case of a power supply lead which is independent of the thermal load on the refractory lining.
Patent ZA-957511-B (ZA)
Title: Water treatment process
Inventor: NGUYEN HUNG VAN
IPC: B01J49/00
Filed: 1995-09-07
Abstract: The present invention relates to water treatment, in particular to a process for the removal of dissolved organic carbon from water. The process includes the following steps, adding an ion-exchange resin to water containing a contaminant such as dissolved organic carbon, dispersing the resin in the contaminated water to enable adsorption of the dissolved organic carbon onto the resin, and separating the resin loaded with contaminant from the water. In a preferred embodiment the process employs a magnetic ion-exchange resin.
Patent ZA-977757-B (ZA)
Title: Belts for compliant calendering
Inventor: DAVENPORT FRANCIS L
IPC: D21G1/00
Filed: 1997-08-28
Abstract: A calender belt for the compliant calendering of a paper web includes an endless base substrate, a staple fiber batt attached to at least the outside of the endless base substrate, and a polymeric resin material totally impregnating the fiber/base composite structure comprising the endless base substrate and the staple fiber batt to a substantially uniform depth. That depth may be such that the polymeric resin material does not reach the base substrate, or partly or completely impregnates the base substrate. A layer of polymeric resin material is built up upon the staple fiber material to a predetermined thickness. Once the polymeric resin material is cured, it is ground to a desired smoothness without exposing any fiber on the ground surface. That the penetration of the polymeric resin material into the staple fiber batt, and possibly into the base substrate, is to a uniform depth enables the calender belt to provide a uniform pressure pulse as it passes with a paper web through the nip in a compliant calender. <IMAGE>
Patent ZA-978797-B (ZA)
Title: A rotary brush for surface treatment of workpieces
Inventor: BOWN DAMIAN
IPC: A46B13/00
Filed: 1997-10-01
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/EP97/05367 Sec. 371 Date Mar. 26, 1999 Sec. 102(e) Date Mar. 26, 1999 PCT Filed Sep. 30, 1997 PCT Pub. No. WO98/14089 PCT Pub. Date Apr. 9, 1998Disclosed is a rotating brush for surface treatment of working pieces. The rotating brush includes a brush fitting clamped between two clamping disks. The brush is so designed that the two clamping disks present on their opposing sides an axial shoulder of such inside and outside diameters that, when the disks are secured to each other, the axial shoulders of the one engages into that of the other to form an assembly, thereby forming a cylindrical holding element in which the brush fitting is inserted.
Patent ZA-988791-B (ZA)
Title: Inhaler spacer.
Inventor: HARDY JOHN GRAHAM
IPC: A61M15/00
Filed: 1998-09-25
Abstract: A spacer for use with a powdered medicament inhaler. The spacer comprises a slender curved body, which defines a chamber, an inlet communicating with the chamber and an outlet communicating with the chamber. The inlet and outlet are arranged so that in use an airstream passing from the inlet through the chamber to the outlet is caused by the slender curved body to following a rotational flow path. This selectively extracts particles of powdered medicament entrained in the airstream.
Patent GB-2366538-B (GB)
Title: Production of composite mouldings
Inventor: HARPER ALAN ROGER
IPC: B29C70/54
Filed: 2000-09-09
Granted: 2002-10-30
Abstract: A closed mould method of producing composite mouldings is provided. A sensor system (4, 5, 6, 7, 8) is provided for sensing distortion of one (1) of the mould elements while the resin mix is being fed into the mould cavity. A signal is generated if a predetermined degree of distortion is sensed. <IMAGE>
Patent GB-2413528-B (GB)
Title: Improvements in substrates incorporating security devices
Inventor: WINCHCOMBE JOHN PHILIP
IPC: B42D15/10
Filed: 2005-04-28
Granted: 2006-07-19
Abstract: This invention is directed to improvements in substrates, such as paper, incorporating a security device, and to documents made therefrom. The security substrate comprises at least one elongate security device, which security device has a series of first regions exposed at a series of windows formed in at least a first surface of the substrate and a series of second regions covered by the substrate at bridges formed between the windows in the first surface of the substrate. Each of the first regions is provided with a first security feature which is substantially of the same appearance in each region and is visible in each window when the first surface of the substrate is viewed ire reflected light. The second regions are provided with a second security feature which is substantially of the same appearance in each second region but is different from the first security feature and is not visible when the first surface of the substrate is viewed in reflected light, but is visible when the first surface of the substrate is viewed in transmitted light.
Patent GB-2053513-B (GB)
Title: Circuit arrangement for driving a movable element
IPC: E05F15/40
Filed: 1980-06-17
Granted: 1983-06-22
Abstract: A safety control circuit for electric motors of power windows of automotive vehicles and which differentiates between a tight fitting of the window pane and an obstacle blockage. The motor current is selectively detected to provide a signal representative of the instantaneous rather than static current values. The detected signal is compared to a reference signal. When the detected signal exceeds the reference signal by a given value or longer than a predetermined interval, which indicates that an obstacle blockage has occurred, the motor current is switched off or reversed.
Patent GB-2060168-B (GB)
Title: Method and apparatus for estimating slant visibility in fog
IPC: B64F1/18
Filed: 1980-03-18
Granted: 1983-11-23
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/GB80/00046 Sec. 371 Date Nov. 17, 1980 Sec. 102(e) Date Nov. 17, 1980 PCT Filed Mar. 18, 1980 PCT Pub. No. WO80/02073 PCT Pub. Date Oct. 2, 1980.Apparatus for estimating the slant visibility in obscured atmospheres such as fog, whereby an indication is derived as to when, during an aircraft landing approach in such conditions, the aircrew are likely to be able to see the runway lights. The apparatus comprises a transmissometer array arranged to take visibility readings over a slanted distance from different heights not far from a runway threshold, and a computer arranged to compare the readings with a plurality of fog profile models, to determine the definitive model and hence to derive and indicate a visual acquisition estimate.
Patent GB-2106799-B (GB)
Title: Fluid assisted filter doffing
Inventor: KIERONSKI JOHN PAUL
IPC: B01D46/26
Filed: 1982-09-02
Granted: 1985-06-12
Abstract: A fluid assisted doffer (30) is disclosed in combination with a fluid filter (10). The fluid filter (10) includes a rotatably mounted drum (23) covered with a filter screen (25). Fluid is filtered through screen (25) from the upstream to the downstream side to form an overlying porous layer of particulate matter. The downstream side of the drum (23) includes filter chambers (A) and (B) being sealed against direct fluid flow. The fluid assisted doffer comprises a doffing chamber (45) positioned on the downstream side of screen (25) at the position where the overlying porous layer of particulate matter is to be removed from the screen (25) and communicating through the screen (25) with the upstream side thereof. The doffing chamber (45) is sealed against direct fluid communication with filter chambers (A) and (B) on the downstream side of the screen (25). Fluid is diverted from the upstream side of the screen (25) therethrough, into the doffing chamber (45) and out of the doffing chamber (45) through the screen (25) and against the underside of the overlying porous layer particulate matter. The fluid thereby mechanically assists the porous layer of particulate matter in being removed from the screen (25).