baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20090037232-A (KR)
Title: Slave form
Inventor: KIM SANG OH
IPC: E04G11/36
Filed: 2007-10-11
Abstract: A slab form for construction is provided to improve stability against the load by supporting four edges of the frames. A slab form for construction is composed of a rectangular frame(30,40) placing a veneer board, an upper projection(16,26) protruded at the regular length in two adjacent side tops of the rectangular frame, and a lower projection(36) protruded at the regular length in two adjacent side tops of the rectangular frame. The upper projection of a rectangular frame is put on the lower projection n of the other rectangular frame.
Patent KR-20090038315-A (KR)
Title: Apparatus for stabilizing voltage of switching mode power supply
Inventor: HEO JUM SUK
IPC: H02M3/28
Filed: 2007-10-15
Abstract: A voltage stabilizer of an SMPS(Switching Mode Power Supply) is provided to prevent an erroneous operation of an AMP IC(Integrated Circuit) by preventing abnormal rise of the voltage. A voltage stabilizer of an SMPS(Switching Mode Power Supply) includes an AMP stabilization circuit unit(100), a feedback voltage detecting unit(200) and a feedback unit(300). The AMP stabilization circuit unit stabilizes the voltage outputted from the secondary side of a transformer to the AMP stage. The feedback voltage detecting unit detects the voltage fed back through the AMP stabilization circuit unit. The feedback unit feeds back the feedback voltage to a switching controller(400). In a power off mode or standby mode, the AMP stabilization circuit unit stabilizes the voltage outputted to the AMP stage to a predetermined level.
Patent KR-20080107238-A (KR)
Title: Gliding wrist and forearm support for mouse users
Inventor: KIM BYUNG HAN
IPC: G06F1/16
Filed: 2007-10-16
Abstract: A gliding wrist and forearm support for a mouse user is provided to enable a user to use a mouse conveniently without the slipping of a wrist. A gliding wrist and forearm support for a mouse user comprises a chassis(11), which supports a wrist of user, and a groove(13). An arm(23) is attached to the chassis, and a hub of a rotational arm assembly is fixed to a color of the chassis. A roller(24) is supported on the rotational arm and rotates at a roller axle which defines a roller axis parallel to a plane.
Patent KR-20080038044-A (KR)
Title: Carbon filament memory and method for fabrication
Inventor: KREUPL FRANZ
IPC: H01L21/8247
Filed: 2007-10-25
Abstract: A carbon filament memory and a manufacturing method thereof are provided to store information in a sp3-rich amorphous carbon layer by reciprocally forming a sp2-rich filament. A non-volatile memory cell includes a carbon layer system(210) including an sp2-rich amorphous carbon layer(204) and a sp3-rich amorphous carbon layer(206). A sp2-rich filament layer is reciprocally formed on the sp3-rich amorphous carbon layer, such that information is stored in the non-volatile memory cell. The sp2-rich filament(250) changes a conductivity of the carbon layer system. The sp3-rich amorphous carbon layer has a thickness smaller than 5 nm. The non-volatile memory cell includes a select transistor, which is coupled with the carbon layer system. The carbon layer system stores plural information bits.
Patent KR-20090046169-A (KR)
Inventor: MOON SANG TAE
IPC: H01L27/146
Filed: 2007-11-05
Abstract: 실시예에 따른 이미지센서는 기판상에 형성된 포토다이오드와 회로(circuitry); 상기 포토다이오드 상에 형성된 컬러필터층; 및 픽셀사이에 금속을 개재하면서 상기 컬러필터층 상에 형성된 산화막 마이크로렌즈;를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 한다. 
       
     이미지센서, 마이크로렌즈
Patent KR-20090051923-A (KR)
Inventor: PARK JEONG RIM
IPC: A01N59/00
Filed: 2007-11-20
Abstract: 본 발명은 은나노 조성물에 관한 것으로, 더욱 상세하게는 미세한 은나노 입자를 이용하여 식물의 생장을 촉진시킬 수 있도록 하는 약재로서의 역할을 수행할 수 있도록 전체 중량의 0.10~10중량%로 포함되는 은(Ag)나노 입자, 상기 은(Ag)나노 입자와 혼합되고 전체중량의 0.1~40 중량%로 포함되는 부식토에서 추출된 풀빅산(Fulvic Acid), 상기 은(Ag)나노 입자 및 풀빅산(Fulvic Acid)와 혼합되고 전체중량의 0.1~50%로 포함되는 유기유황 화합물인 MSM(Methyl Sulfonl Methane, CH 3 SO 2 CH 3 ), 상기 은(Ag)나노 입자, 풀빅산, 및 MSM과 혼합되고 전체중량의 30~80중량%로 포함되는 용매를 포함하여 구성되는 것을 특징으로 하고, 상기 은(Ag) 입자의 크기는 0.5 ~ 50nm인 것을 특징으로 하며, 상기 조성물을 50 ~ 10,000배로 물에 희석하여 엽면 살포, 토양 살포, 토양 관주의 방법으로 사용하는 것을 특징으로 하고, 상기 은(Ag)나노 조성물에 사용되는 은(Ag) 나노는 질산은(AgNO 3 ), 염화은(AgCl), 아세트산은(CH 3 COOAg), 요오드화은(AgI), 염소산은(AgClO 3 ), 과염소산은(AgClO 4 ), 불화은(AgF)중의 하나로 구성되거나 이들의 조합을 통해 구성되는 것을 특징으로 하고, 은 나노 제조방법은 풀빅산과 MSM의 혼합하여 수용액을 제조하는 단계와, 수용성 은염을 첨가하여 풀빅산-은이온 착체를 형성하는 단계와, 환원제를 투입하여 금속 은(Ag)으로 환원하는 단계를 포함하여 구성되는 것을 특징으로 한다. 
       
     은나노, 풀빅산, 유기유황, 은이온, 환원제
Patent KR-20080053883-A (KR)
Title: Photo printing service and photo advertising method based on internet using automatic image composition
Inventor: RYU SEUNG CHEOL
IPC: G06Q50/10
Filed: 2007-11-27
Abstract: A photo printing service and a photo AD(ADvertisement) method using automatic image composition based on the Internet are provided to realize an AD effect as well as a free photo printing service by performing a process for resizing the photos of a user and composing AD on the photos. A member requests free photos by inputting member information(110). A system matches images received from the member with a photo printing shop offering the photos of the user by comparing an area name included in the member information with the area name of the place(160). The system resizes the received images, composes AD on the resized images, and prints the member information to a predetermined region of the composed images(170). The matched photo printing shop downloads the composed image from the system by inputting an ID and a password, and prints and delivers the printed photos to the member by using the member information(180).
Patent KR-20080079580-A (KR)
Title: Threshing apparatus
Inventor: MATSUI MASAMI
IPC: A01F7/00
Filed: 2007-11-30
Abstract: A threshing apparatus is provided to improve the selecting capacity by forming stepped portions in the course of selection of chaff sieves and using wind for selecting grains and straws. In a threshing apparatus, a first stepped-in part is formed by installing the front end portion of a second chaff sieve(33) on a position that is lower than the rear end portion of a first chaff sieve(31). A second stepped-in part(B) is formed by forming the front end portion of a third chaff sieve(34) to be lower than the rear end portion of the second chaff sieve. A sending path is formed to send air toward the first stepped-in part and the second stepped-in part. A threshing drum(2) is installed inside a threshing chamber. A first dust discharge hole(10) is installed at the rear end of the threshing chamber.
Patent KR-20090061819-A (KR)
Title: Classification of disaster status for emergency communications
Inventor: LEE NAM KYUNG
IPC: G08B21/00
Filed: 2007-12-12
Abstract: A classifying method of the disaster state for the disaster communication is provided, which reduces damage and unnecessary procedure by specifically performing management about the disaster in the progress step. A disaster state classifying method is as follows. The initial change situation of the disaster generation is sensed through the sensing phase. It transits to the forecasting stage in case of corresponding to the normality sensing. It transits to the comparison step through the normality prediction while forming a judgment on the kind of disaster. It operates again to the sensing step in case of being the sensing error. The scale of the disaster confirmed in the former step is determined and it transits to the alarm level. It operates again to the forecasting step in case of being the prediction error. While deciding the range of the emergency signal according to the kind of disaster and scale and water level, in case disaster actually occurs, it transits to the disaster step. It transits to the disaster end of archaic sensing step while performing the disaster management.
Patent KR-20090062497-A (KR)
Title: Rotative device for 2-step operation and the file search system using thereof
Inventor: NOH YONG HO
IPC: G06F3/02
Filed: 2007-12-13
Abstract: A two-step rotation operating device increasing the search convenience and a file search system using the same are provided to use one rotation operator operating two kinds of modes and search a folder and a file freely. A pressing rotation button(11) rotates a rotation state in a pressed state. A rotation mode is a first mode. The rotation mode of the pressed state is a second mode. A first switch unit(12) is installed in one area of a lower surface of the pressing rotation button. A second switch part(13) is installed in the first switch unit among the lower surface of the former button and the other task domain. A first switch unit generates a first operation signal by connecting to the first switch unit in the second mode. A second contact unit generates the second contact signal by connecting to the second switch unit in a first mode/second mode.
Patent KR-20090065659-A (KR)
Title: Mineral roll grinding device of horizental annealing furnace
Inventor: PAK SUK DAL
IPC: C21D9/663
Filed: 2007-12-18
Abstract: A mineral roll grinding device of a horizontal annealing furnace is provided to improve productivity by using a mechanical grinding unit to cut out only the damaged part of a mineral roll. A mineral roll grinding device of a horizontal annealing furnace comprises a pair of guide rails(110) arranged according to the roll width of first and second mineral rolls(100a,100b), sprockets(120) which are fixed to both ends of the guide rail and rotated by a drive motor, a chain(150) connecting the sprockets, a moving car(200) which is fixed to a part of the chain and is settled in the guide rails, a spool(300) which is installed across the inner upper wall of the vertical annealing furnace and rotated by a spool motor, a band(230) which is wound on the spool and passes through the moving car, a weight which is the fixed to the bottom of the band, and a polishing pad which is fixed to the bottom of the weight and contacts the first and second mineral rolls.
Patent KR-20090069624-A (KR)
Title: Transmission control apparatus in association with seat rotation for backhoe loader
Inventor: YUN HONG CHEOL
IPC: E02F9/20
Filed: 2007-12-26
Abstract: A sheet interlocking speed change control device for a backhoe loader is provided to facilitate manipulation of the backhoe loader because the backhoe loader is automatically fixed with the neutral state in the rotation of the sheet. A sheet interlocking speed change control device for a backhoe loader comprises a sensor unit which senses the redirection state of the sheet, a motion signal selection switch(82) for selecting one speed change signal of a forward speed change signal(F), a rearward speed change signal(R) and a neutral signal(N), a motion controller(81) which controls a transmission(87) according to the transmitted shift signal, and signal conversion units(83,84) which converts selectively the forward and backward speed change signals transmitted from the traffic signal selection switch into the neutral signal and transmits to the motion controller.
Patent KR-20090073752-A (KR)
Title: Monitor receiving table
Inventor: KIM JUNG JAE
IPC: A47B21/00
Filed: 2007-12-31
Abstract: A monitor retractable desk is provided, which generates malfunction since the electrical component is not used and obtains the semi-permanent use. A monitor retractable desk comprises: a desk main body having the upper plate in which a monitor incoming and outgoing hole are built up; a keyboard tray which is installed under the upper plate; a monitor receiving chamber equipped in the lower part of the desk main body; a monitor platform which can be ascended and descended within the monitor storage type; an engagement member which rises and descends according to the entrance and withdrawal of a keyboard tray; and a keyboard tray fixing member.
Patent KR-20070033410-A (KR)
Title: 압전 관성 트랜스듀서
IPC: H04R7/04
Filed: 2005-06-15
Abstract: 동작 주파수 범위를 갖는 관성력 트랜스듀서(1)는 트랜스듀서의 동작 주파수 범위에 있는 모드들의 주파수 분포를 갖는 공진 소자(2) 및 상기 공진 소자(2)를 힘이 가해질 위치에 장착하기 위한 커플링 수단(4)을 구비한다.  공진 소자(2)는 압전 물질층(6) 및 압전 물질층(6) 상의 기판층(3)을 구비한 압전 장치이다.  기판층(3)은 압전층(6)을 너머 확장되는 영역을 가지며, 커플링 수단은 트랜스듀서(1)의 저주파수 성능이 확장되는 확장된 영역에 장착된다.
Patent KR-20070057765-A (KR)
Title: Resin composition for water-based coating meterial, water-based coating material, and process for producing resin composition for water-based coating material
Inventor: MIYAGAKI ATSUSHI
IPC: C08L63/00
Filed: 2005-09-27
Abstract: A resin composition for water-based coating materials, characterized by comprising water and a vinyl-modified epoxy ester resin (A) having a fatty acid chain having a vinyl polymer part bonded thereto, the vinyl-modified epoxy ester resin (A) having in the vinyl polymer part one or more carboxy-terminated structures represented by the following general formula (I) (wherein n is 1-10; and R1 represents C2-18 alkylene), part or all of the carboxy-terminated structures represented by the general formula (I) having been neutralized with a basic compound.
Patent KR-20070031381-A (KR)
IPC: C11D7/02
Filed: 2005-06-22
Abstract: 본 발명은 안정화된 과산화수소 함유 증점 조성물에 관한 것이다.  당해 조성물은 주석산염 안정제, 인 함유 안정제 또는 인 함유 안정제들의 혼합물 및 방향족 킬레이트화제 또는 방향족 킬레이트화제들의 혼합물로 이루어진 안정제 시스템을 함유한다.  당해 조성물은 살균제로서, 킬레이트화제로서 그리고 모발 관리 및 치아 미백 등의 다양한 개인 관리 용도에 사용하기에 적합하다. 
     과산화수소, 증점, 안정제 시스템, 주석산염 안정제, 인 함유 안정제, 방향족 킬레이트화제, 중합체성 증점제, 크산탄 검.
Patent KR-20070059047-A (KR)
Title: Dynamic pressure bearing device
Inventor: ITO KENJI
IPC: F16C33/10
Filed: 2005-08-02
Abstract: Cleanliness of a dynamic pressure bearing is sufficiently achieved by forming a housing of the bearing device by a resin material having high oil resistance and low-outgas characteristics. An ester-based lubricating oil is used as a lubricating oil placed inside a dynamic pressure bearing device (1), and a housing (7) is formed from a liquid crystal polymer (LCP)-based resin material.
Patent KR-20070017243-A (KR)
IPC: B22F9/04
Filed: 2003-09-01
Abstract: 가스 성분인 산소가 1500 ppm 이하인 것을 특징으로 하는 규화철 분말 및 산화철을 수소로 환원하여 철분말을 만들며, 이 철분말과 Si 분말을 비산화성 분위기 중에서 가열하여 주로 FeSi로 이루어진 합성 분말을 만들며, 또 다시 Si 분말을 첨가 혼합하여 비산화성 분위기에서 가열하여 주로 FeSi 2 로 이루어진 규화철 분말을 제조하는 방법. 규화철 분말에 포함되는 가스 성분인 산소가 적고 분쇄가 용이하며, 따라서 분쇄가 불량인 경우에 따른 불순물의 혼입이 적으며, 또한 규화철 분말의 비표면적이 크고, 소결하는 시에 밀도를 올리는 것이 가능한 규화철 분말을 얻는 것을 과제로 한다. 
     규화철 분말 제조방법
Patent KR-20070043045-A (KR)
Inventor: O HASHI WATARU
IPC: C22C38/02
Filed: 2005-09-09
Abstract: 철손에 우수한 무방향성 전기 강판은 구-등가 반경이 100 nm 이하인 구리 황화물을 포함하며, 구리 황화물의 개수밀도가 1 × 10 10 [개재물/㎣]보다 적다.  바람직하게, 구리 황화물의 총수당 (주축)/(부축)의 비율이 2 보다 큰 구리 황화물의 수의 퍼센트는 30% 이하이다.  또한, 강은 바람직하게 0.5 질량% 이하의 Cu와 0.0005% 이상 0.03% 이하의 REM을 포함하며, 이하의 식(1) 또는 식(1) 및 식(2)를 충족한다.  식(1): [REM] × [Cu] 3  ≥ 7.5 × 10 -11 , 식(2): ([REM] - 0.003) 0.1  × [Cu] 2  ≤ 1.25 × 10 -4 . 
       
     철손, 구리 황화물, 개수밀도, REM, 어닐링
Patent KR-20070057194-A (KR)
Title: Method for producing high-purity quaternary ammonium compounds
Inventor: SZARVAS LASZLO
IPC: C07D233/54
Filed: 2005-08-03
Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing high-purity quaternary ammonium compounds by reacting the corresponding tertiary sp3-hybridized amine or sp2-hybridized imine with dimethyl sulfite. According to said method, the reaction is carried out (i) in the presence of an inorganic or organic Bronsted acid having a pKa value of 1.8 to 14, measured at 25 °C in an aqueous solution; and (ii) at a temperature of 10 to 100 °C.
Patent KR-20070112105-A (KR)
Title: Elastomeric polyolefin compositions
Inventor: MASSARI PAOLA
IPC: C08F110/06
Filed: 2005-09-05
Abstract: An olefin polymer composition comprising (by weight, unless otherwise specified): A) 60-85% of a crystalline propylene homopolymer or a crystalline copolymer of propylene containing 3% or less of ethylene or C4-C10 E-olefin(s) or of combinations thereof, said homopolymer or copolymer having a Polydispersity Index (P.I.) value of from 4.5-6 and a content of isotactic pentads (mmmm), measured by 13C NMR on the fraction insoluble in xylene at 25 °C, higher than 96%; B) 15-40% of a partially amorphous copolymer of ethylene containing from 35% to 70% of propylene or C4-C10 E-olefin(s) or of combinations thereof, and optionally minor proportions of a diene. The said olefin polymer composition exhibits a value of elongation at break ranging from 150 to 600% according to ISO method 527.
Patent KR-20070084007-A (KR)
Title: Elastically extensible poly-v transmission belt for driving accessories of an internal combustion engine
Inventor: DI MECO MARCO
IPC: D02G3/44
Filed: 2004-10-04
Abstract: Poly-V belt (13), particularly for driving accessories (7, 10) of an internal combustion engine (2), comprising a cord (23) realised from a yarn (24) composed of a plurality of filaments (25) by means of a first twisting in which are formed at least two plied yarns (26) each composed of at least one yarn (24) and a second twisting in which the plied yarns (26) are twisted together to form the cord (23); the first twisting and the second twisting are made in opposite directions, and the numbers of twists per metre of the two twisting steps are calculated so that in the finished cord (23) the filaments (25) form with the axis (A) of the cord (23) an angle smaller than 3.3°.
Patent KR-20070064367-A (KR)
Title: Tobacco material having its stimulation/hot flavor at smoking reduced, smoking flavor imparting agent, regenerated tobacco material, process for producing tobacco material and process for producing smoking flavor imparting agent
Inventor: MORI MASATAKA
IPC: A24B3/12
Filed: 2005-10-24
Abstract: A tobacco material having its stimulation/hot flavor at smoking reduced through reduction of the content of colored acidic water-soluble polymeric substance.
Patent KR-20070073927-A (KR)
Title: Method for separating gas
Inventor: OLSCHIMKE JENS
IPC: B01D53/14
Filed: 2005-10-20
Abstract: Gas mixtures, which contain HF, HCl or HBr and other constituents, particularly gas mixtures, which contain carboxylic acid fluorides, C(O) F2 or phosphorus pentafluoride as well as HCl and, optionally, HF, can be separated into their individual constituents by using ionic liquids.
Patent KR-20070091629-A (KR)
Title: Cap layers and/or passivation layers for nitride-based transistors, transistor structures and methods of fabricating same
Inventor: SAXLER ADAM WILLIAM
IPC: H01L29/778
Filed: 2005-08-31
Abstract: High electron mobility transistors are provided that include a non-uniform aluminum concentration AlGaN based cap layer having a high aluminum concentration adjacent a surface of the cap layer that is remote from the barrier layer on which the cap layer is provided. High electron mobility transistors are provided that include a cap layer having a doped region adjacent a surface of the cap layer that is remote from the barrier layer on which the cap layer is provided. Graphitic BN passivation structures for wide bandgap semiconductor devices are provided. SiC passivation structures for Group III-nitride semiconductor devices are provided. Oxygen anneals of passivation structures are also provided. Ohmic contacts without a recess are also provided.
Patent KR-20070086806-A (KR)
Title: Associative content retrieval
Inventor: DIEDERIKS ELMO M A
IPC: G06F17/30
Filed: 2005-11-30
Abstract: A retrieval system is provided. First description data including dimension data for a first identified content item is extracted. This process may be repeated for additional available identified content items. Candidate description data is extracted. Then, a set of vector values for each candidate content item may be generated, each vector value representing a degree of similarity between the dimension data for a dimension, for example, metadata, usage history, genre, content type, of the first description data and the corresponding dimension data of the candidate description data. A similar candidate content item from the candidate content items may be selected based on the degrees of similarity represented by the generated set of vector values, and is provided.
Patent KR-20070087027-A (KR)
Title: Anthranilic acid amides and the use thereof as medicaments
Inventor: HUTH ANDREAS
IPC: A61K31/4433
Filed: 1999-11-09
Abstract: The invention relates to anthranilic acid amides and the use thereof as medicaments for the treatment of diseases that are triggered by persistent angiogenesis, in addition to intermediate products in the production of anthranilic acid amides.
Patent KR-20070108377-A (KR)
Title: Surface mounting electric connector
Inventor: TSUJI JUNYA
IPC: H01R12/18
Filed: 2005-12-12
Abstract: A surface mounting electric connector in which occupation area on a circuit board is reduced. The surface mounting electric connector (1) comprises an insulating housing (2) mounted on the circuit board (100), and a plurality of arranged electric contacts (4) each having a portion (4b) held on the housing (2). In the surface mounting electric connector (1) arranged such that a tain (4c) of the electric contact (4) is surface mounted on the circuit board (100), the tain (4c) is extended from the portion (4b) held and located inside of the border line of the housing (2) projected onto the circuit board (100). The housing (2) has an opening (52) or a cut for accessing the tain (4c) from the outside of the housing (2), and coplanarity is attained between the tain (4c) and the circuit board (100) by correcting shift of the tain (4c) by means of a jig (60) inserted from the opening (52) or the cut.
Patent KR-20070100809-A (KR)
Title: Hydraulic circuit device and hybrid drive apparatus using the same
Inventor: ENOMOTO KAZUHITO
IPC: B60K6/36
Filed: 2006-03-20
Abstract: A hydraulic circuit device and a hybrid drive apparatus using the hydraulic circuit device. Drain holes (25c) and (25d) are disposed in a valve body (10a) at positions offset from valve holes (20c) and (20d). The drain holes comprise stack-like long spaces. Even if an insulation material (varnish) peeled off from an electric motor is suspended in an oil, the possibility of entry of the insulation material from the drain holes (25c) and (25d) into drain chambers (24c) and (24d) can be reduced.
Patent KR-20070113215-A (KR)
Title: Chromophore coating systems, especially paints and lacquers
Inventor: GUTTLER HANS JOACHIM
IPC: C09D7/80
Filed: 2006-02-13
Abstract: A coating system for applying a chromophore coating to surfaces comprises a liquid ground coat as the first component and a second component which includes at least one pigment preparation in solid form. In order to improve the mixing behavior, especially for smaller quantities of the coating mass, the pigment preparation is portioned and can be dissolved in the ground coat. The portion of the pigment preparation is adjusted based on a predetermined quantity of the liquid ground coat.
Patent KR-20070101391-A (KR)
Title: Facilitation of online discussion
Inventor: PLUMMER DAVID W
IPC: G06F17/00
Filed: 2006-02-09
Abstract: A method includes receiving, at a first network address and from a first client device of a plurality of client devices, an identifier of a second network address. In response to receiving the identifier from the first client device, first content corresponding to the second network address is provided to the first client device. Second content from the first client device is received at the first network address. The identifier is received at the first network address and from a second client device of the plurality of client devices. In response to receiving the identifier from the second client device, the second content is provided to the second client device.
Patent KR-20080039339-A (KR)
Title: Method for lubricating and cooling rollers and metal strips on rolling in particular on cold rolling of metal strips
Inventor: PAWELSKI HARTMUT
IPC: B21B37/44
Filed: 2006-08-25
Abstract: The invention relates to a method for lubricating and cooling rollers (3,4,5,6) and metal strips (2) on rolling in particular, on cold rolling of metal strips (2), wherein, on the inlet side (7a) a minimal amount of pure lubricant (9) without a high water content is continuously supplied in an online controlled manner with a controlled viscosity and lubricity depending on a number of process data measurements (23) by means of a physical computer model (22) and the equivalent process data measurements (23) from the outlet side (8a) are also used online by the physical computer model (22).