baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20190101508-A (KR)
Title: 유전체 막들의 선택적 증착을 위한 방법 및 장치
Inventor: LI NING
IPC: C23C16/455
Filed: 2018-01-24
Abstract: 프로세싱 플랫폼들은, 약 0.1 중량% 이상의 수증기를 갖는 환경 및 로봇을 갖는 중앙 이송 스테이션; 이송 스테이션의 측면에 연결된 사전-세정 챔버; 및 이송 스테이션의 측면에 연결된 배치 프로세싱 챔버를 갖는다.  프로세싱 플랫폼은, 제1 표면으로부터 자연 산화물들을 제거하기 위해 기판을 사전-세정하고, 알킬실란을 사용하여 차단 층을 형성하고, 막을 선택적으로 증착하도록 구성된다.  프로세싱 플랫폼들을 사용하고 복수의 웨이퍼들을 프로세싱하는 방법들이 또한 설명된다.
Patent KR-20190113964-A (KR)
Title: 광섬유 케이블의 제조 방법 및 광섬유 케이블의 제조 장치
Inventor: SATO SHINNOSUKE
IPC: G02B6/44
Filed: 2018-03-15
Abstract: 광섬유 케이블의 제조 방법은, 복수의 광섬유(3) 또는 복수의 광섬유 유닛(5)을, SZ 트위스팅 장치(12)를 사용하여 SZ 트위스팅하여 광섬유 다발(B)을 형성하는 SZ 트위스팅 단계와, 상기 광섬유 다발을 압출 성형 장치(14)를 사용하여 시스(101)로 피복하는 피복 단계를 포함하고, 상기 피복 단계에서는, 상기 SZ 트위스팅 장치와 상기 압출 성형 장치와의 사이에 배치된 압압부(13)에 의해, 상기 광섬유 다발을 압압하면서, 상기 광섬유 다발을 상기 시스로 피복한다.
Patent KR-20190114011-A (KR)
Title: 라미네이팅 모듈, 라미네이팅 시스템 및 라미네이팅 방법
Inventor: KRUIPER EDWIN JOHANNES GERARDUS
IPC: B32B37/10
Filed: 2016-06-01
Abstract: 라미네이팅 모듈(200)과, 이 라미네이팅 모듈(200)을 라미네이팅될 표면(10) 위에서 자동으로 구동시키도록 구성된 이송 모듈(100)을 포함하는 라미네이팅 시스템(30)이 제공된다.  여기서, 라미네이팅될 표면(10)은 대형이고, 실질적으로 정지된 상태로 유지된다.  이송 모듈(100)은 유지 수단 및 구동 수단을 포함한다.  유지 수단은 라미네이팅 모듈이 구동 수단에 의해 구동되는 경우를 제외하고는 표면(10)에 대한 라미네이팅 모듈(200)의 이동을 저지한다.  라미네이팅 모듈(200)은 라미네이트(20)의 롤을 수용하도록 구성된 풀림 유닛(210)을 포함한다.  라미네이트(20)는 점착 필름 및 제 1 이형층을 포함한다.  풀림 유닛(210)은 라미네이트가 롤로부터 풀려질 수 있게 하도록 구성된다.  제 1 이형층 폐기 유닛이 제공된다.  제 1 이형층 폐기 유닛은 제 1 이형층을 라미네이트로부터 제거하도록 구성된다.  라미네이팅 모듈(200)은 제 1 가압 유닛(240)을 포함한다.  제 1 가압 유닛(240)은 필름을 표면(10) 상에 가압하도록 구성된다.  여기서, 유지 수단은 제 1 가압 유닛(240)에 의해 가해지고 라미네이팅 모듈(200)을 표면으로부터 멀리 이동시키도록 작용하는 가압력에 저항하도록 구성된다.  이송 모듈(100)이 라미네이팅 모듈(200)을 표면 위에서 자동으로 구동시킬 때, 가압 유닛(240)은 필름을 표면에 가압한다.
Patent KR-20190119184-A (KR)
Inventor: SHIGETA YASUSHI
IPC: A63F1/06
Filed: 2016-08-02
Abstract: 게임 테이블에 있어서의 게임용 대용 화폐(게임용 대용 화폐)의 무늬가 복잡하기 때문에, 걸은 게임용 대용 화폐에 대응한 게임용 대용 화폐를 상환시에 딜러가 정확하게 상환했는지 아닌지가, 화상 해석 기술에서는 판정할 수 없으며, 미스의 방지가 충분하지 않다고 하는 과제가 존재했다. 본 발명의 검지 시스템에서는, 화상분석장치(12)에 의한 화상 분석 결과를 이용하여 게임 테이블(4)에서 행해지는 부정행위를 검지하는 제어장치(14)를 구비하고, 또한 본 검지 시스템에 사용하는 게임용 대용 화폐(120)는, 복수의 색이 다른 플라스틱층이 적층되어, 적어도 중간에 착색층(121)을 구비하며, 이 중간의 착색층(121) 양측에 백색층(122) 혹은 연한색층(도시하지 않지만 착색층(122)보다 색이 연한 층이면 좋다)을 적층한 다층 구조로 되어 있다.
Patent KR-20190141144-A (KR)
Title: 전립선암을 검출하기 위한 조성물 및 방법
Inventor: PRIEUR ALEXANDRE
IPC: C07K16/28
Filed: 2018-03-30
Abstract: 본 발명은 전립선암의 시험관내 진단을 위한 조성물 및 방법에 관한 것이고, 여기서 상기 조성물은 프로가스트린에 결합하는 항체를 포함하고, 상기 방법은 프로가스트린에 결합하는 항체의 사용을 포함한다.
Patent KR-20190139235-A (KR)
Title: 도전성 조성물, 도체의 제조 방법 및 전자 부품의 배선의 형성 방법
Inventor: AWAGAKUBO SHINGO
IPC: H01B1/22
Filed: 2018-04-20
Abstract: 기판과의 밀착성 및 도전성이 우수한 도전성 조성물을 제공한다.     구리 분말과, 산화 제 1 구리와, 무연 유리 프릿과, 카르복실산계 첨가제를 함유하는 도전성 조성물로서, 산화 제 1 구리를, 구리 분말 100 질량부에 대하여, 5.5 질량부 이상 25 질량부 이하 함유하고, 무연 유리 프릿이, 붕규산아연계 유리 프릿과, 바나듐아연계 유리 프릿을 함유하고, 붕규산아연계 유리 프릿은, 산화붕소, 산화규소, 산화아연 및 임의로 다른 성분을 함유하고, 또한, 함유량이 많은 산화물 성분의 상위 3 종류가 산화붕소, 산화규소 및 산화아연이고, 바나듐아연계 유리 프릿은, 산화바나듐, 산화아연 및 임의로 다른 성분을 함유하고, 또한, 함유량이 많은 산화물 성분의 상위 2 종류가 산화바나듐 및 산화아연이고, 카르복실산계 첨가제를, 구리 분말 100 질량부에 대하여, 0.1 질량부 이상 5.0 질량부 이하 함유하는 도전성 조성물 등.
Patent KR-20190130043-A (KR)
Title: 산업적, 기계적 및 음식점의 설비를 유지하기 위한 물질과 방법
Inventor: FARMER SEAN
IPC: B08B5/02
Filed: 2018-04-09
Abstract: 본 발명은 이스트계 제품, 및 예를 들어, 산업장비로부터 FOG, 생물막, 파라핀 및/또는 아스팔텐 등의 파울링 물질 및/또는 오염물질을 효율적으로 세정함으로써 산업 생산설비 및 작업을 개선하는데 사용되는 이스트계 제품의 용도를 제공하는 것을 제공한다.
Patent KR-20200020686-A (KR)
Title: 도포기를 갖춘 단일 투여량 패키지
Inventor: BRUCATO ROBERT
IPC: A61M35/00
Filed: 2018-06-14
Abstract: 핸들로부터 파열 가능하게 분리될 수 있는 물질 챔버 및 도포기를 유지하는 동심적인 부분적 또는 반-원통체들을 갖는 단일 투여량 패키지.  내부 반-원통체 위에 배치된 외부 부분적 원통체가 도포기를 둘러싸고 유지한다.  물질 챔버에 대한 핸들의 이동은 핸들을 물질 챔버로부터 분리하여, 물질 챔버 내에 수용된 물질에 접근할 수 있게 한다.  상이한 크기 및 형상의 플러그들이 물질 챔버의 부피를 선택적으로 조정한다.
Patent KR-20200031075-A (KR)
Title: 불소 함유 중합체, 이형제 조성물 및 이형 방법
Inventor: UEHATA HIDEKAZU
IPC: C08F220/24
Filed: 2018-07-24
Abstract: 뛰어난 이형성 및 용해 안정성(저장 안정성)을 갖는 이형제 조성물을 제공한다. 
 (1)불소 함유 중합체로서, 
 (a)퍼플루오로알킬기를 갖는 불소 함유 단량체, 
 (b)탄화수소기를 갖는 비불소 단량체, 및 
 (c)인산기를 갖는 비불소 단량체 
로부터 유도된 반복 단위를 갖고, 인산기 함유 비불소 단량체 (c)의 양이, 불소 함유 중합체에 대해 8중량% 이하인 불소 함유 중합체, 그리고 
 (2)물 및 유기용매에서 선택된 적어도 1종인 액상 매체를 
 포함하여 이루어지는 이형제 조성물.
Patent KR-20210090978-A (KR)
Title: Automatic modeling method of coupling member
Inventor: SONG JI MIN
IPC: G06F30/20
Filed: 2020-01-13
Abstract: Introduced is a method for automatic modeling of a coupling member comprising: a step of receiving each of a boundary point or a boundary line of a coupling member that is a modeling target; a step of generating each boundary nodes of the coupling member based on a boundary line included in the received boundary point or the received boundary line; and a step of forming a beam member included in the coupling member based on the generated boundary nodes. Therefore, the present invention is capable of allowing a plurality of coupling members to have an effect of being automatically modeled.
Patent KR-20210092361-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM BYOUNG GEUN
IPC: G06F12/02
Filed: 2020-01-15
Abstract: According to an embodiment of the present invention, an operation method of a storage device includes the steps of: receiving a first key-value (KV) command including a first key from an external host device; transmitting a first value corresponding to the first key from the nonvolatile memory device to the external host device as first user data, in response to the first KV command; receiving a second KV command including a second key, from the external host device; and performing a first administrative operation based on a second value corresponding to the second key, in response to the second KV command, wherein the first KV command and the second KV command are KV commands of a same type. The present invention provides the storage device with improved performance and reduced cost and the operation method thereof.
Patent KR-20210092571-A (KR)
Title: Electronic device and screen refresh method thereof
Inventor: YOUNGCHEOL SIN
IPC: H04N21/4402
Filed: 2020-01-16
Abstract: Various embodiments of the present invention relate to an electronic device and a screen refresh method thereof, which comprises: a display; a processor operatively linked to the display; and a memory operatively linked to the processor, wherein the memory can have instructions stored therein which prompts the processor in execution to check a frame rate of a first application being executed, determine a scanning rate of the display and a frame refresh rate of refreshing a frame related to the first application, based on the frame rate, and control a screen refresh of the first application, based on the scanning rate and the frame refresh rate. Accordingly, frame drop and/or latency delay can be prevented. Other embodiments are possible.
Patent KR-20210095441-A (KR)
Title: Ink Composition and Thermoelectric Module Manufactured Using The Same
Inventor: KIM BYUNG WOOK
IPC: H01L35/32
Filed: 2020-01-23
Abstract: The present invention relates to an ink composition to remove a process for fixing a thermoelectric module on a substrate and a thermoelectric module manufactured thereby. According to the present invention, the ink composition comprises powder for a thermoelectric semiconductor device and a first binder resin including a polyisocyanate resin. A method of manufacturing a thermoelectric module comprises the following steps: forming a plurality of electrodes on a lower substrate; forming a thermoelectric material by using the ink composition so that the plurality of electrodes are connected; optically sintering the thermoelectric material; and laminating an upper substrate to face the lower substrate after optical sintering. The thermoelectric module comprises: a lower substrate; a plurality of electrodes formed on the lower substrate; a thermoelectric material formed to connect each of the plurality of electrodes by using the ink composition; and an upper substrate provided to face the lower substrate.
Patent KR-20200095399-A (KR)
Inventor: WANG YUNHE
IPC: H01R13/631
Filed: 2020-01-28
Abstract: A connector is provided. The connector includes: an outer conductor including first and second outer conductors which are assembled together in a way which allow the first and second outer conductors to be slidably movable relative to each other; center conductors arranged within the outer conductors and including first and second center conductors which are assembled together in a way which allows the first and second center conductors to be slidably movable relative to each other; an insulation sheet to which the first outer conductor is fixed; and an elastic element. One end of the elastic element is in contact with the first outer conductor or insulating sheet and the first center conductor is also fixed to the insulating sheet so that both the first outer conductor and the first center conductor are in electrical contact with a first electrical component under a pressing force from the elastic element.
Patent KR-20210096881-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM HYUNG YONG
IPC: F04D29/08
Filed: 2020-01-29
Abstract: The present invention relates to a volute-type pump casing which comprises: a discharge unit in which an impeller is installed, and which has a volute-type chamber, and is connected to the volute-type chamber; a main body unit having a suction part formed on a side corresponding to the rotation center side of the impeller; and a casing cover installed on the side of the main body unit to support a rotating shaft of the impeller. When the main body unit is cast, a cutwater lip element made of a material stronger than the material constituting the main body unit is installed in a molding die at the boundary between the discharge unit and the volute-type chamber, and the cutwater lip element is supported in the main body unit formed by the molding die.
Patent KR-20210098037-A (KR)
Title: Guide rail supporting device and vacuum packing apparatus having the same
Inventor: JUNG BYUNG CHUN
IPC: B65B31/02
Filed: 2020-01-31
Abstract: The present invention provides a guide rail support device and a vacuum packaging device having the same. The guide rail support device comprises: an installation housing; and a rail support unit that is installed in the installation housing, includes a plurality of support bars for supporting a plurality of guide rails for guiding the transport of a film from the lower part of the film, and is provided to rise or fall by interlocking the support bars with each other, wherein the rail support unit raises or lowers the support bars so that the positions of the guide rails are adjusted to correspond to the shape of the film, and raises or lowers at least one of the plurality of guide rails.
Patent KR-20210100234-A (KR)
Title: Actuator for transmission
Inventor: PARK JONG YUN
IPC: F16H63/32
Filed: 2020-02-05
Abstract: The present invention relates to an actuator for a transmission. The actuator for the transmission of the present invention is configured by comprising: a shift fork coupled to a sleeve; a ball screw installed through the shift fork; and a guide shaft installed through the shift fork in parallel with the ball screw. An object of the present invention is to provide the actuator for the transmission, which can improve durability of the transmission and secure a smooth shifting feeling.
Patent KR-20210100784-A (KR)
Title: Variable shaped anti-slip pad comprising fluid filler for convex, concave and flat wafer transfer robot arm
Inventor: CHANG DONG JOON
IPC: B25J15/00
Filed: 2020-02-06
Abstract: An anti-skid pad according to an embodiment of the present invention is the anti-skid pad provided on a wafer transfer robot and mounted on a blade for loading and unloading wafers. With a fluid filling unit filled with a fluid inside, deformation can be freely performed by the weight of a wafer when loading the wafer. Process stability and process speed can be improved by maximizing mounting force by widening the contact surface during loading of wafers curved in various shapes during the manufacturing process of a semiconductor element.
Patent KR-20210112435-A (KR)
Title: Composition for the prevention and treatment of lung disease caused by virus disease
Inventor: SEUNG WON LEE
IPC: A61K36/71
Filed: 2020-03-04
Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition for preventing and treating lung diseases caused by virus infection. Particularly, the present invention relates to a medicinal herb composition including 14-18 parts by weight of Rehmannia glutinosa, 7-9 parts by weight of Asparagus cochinchinensis, 7-9 parts by weight of Schisandra chinensis, 7-9 parts by weight of Paeonia suffuruticosa Andrews, 5-7 parts by weight of Scutellaria baicalensis, 5-7 parts by weight of Prunus mandschurica (Maxim.), and 3-5 parts by weight of Stemona japonica. The composition containing seven medicinal herbs including Rehmannia glutinosa reduces bronchoalveolar neutrophils, reduces cytokines of TNF-α and IL-6 as inflammation precursors and reduces tissue pulmonary emphysema, and thus can be used for preventing and treating lung diseases caused by virus infection.
Patent KR-20210117667-A (KR)
Title: Online and offline linkage platform for local market
Inventor: SONG JONG SEUNG
IPC: G06Q30/06
Filed: 2020-03-20
Abstract: According to the present invention, an online and offline linkage platform in a local market includes: a collection unit which collects video information and image information about products in the local market; a central server unit which manages purchase and sale of products; and a mobile app unit providing a user interface by accessing the central server. Therefore, regular transactions with traditional market merchants can be formed.
Patent KR-20210121781-A (KR)
Inventor: BAE SUNGHAK
IPC: G02F1/1335
Filed: 2020-03-31
Abstract: A viewing angle compensation film according to an exemplary embodiment of the present application includes: a first light control layer including a first protrusion pattern layer and a first planarization layer; and a second light control layer including a second protrusion pattern layer and a second planarization layer. The first protrusion pattern layer includes a symmetrical protrusion pattern. The second protrusion pattern layer includes an asymmetrical protrusion pattern.
Patent KR-20210123036-A (KR)
Title: A support system for risk and geotechnical information-based disastor decision
Inventor: LEE YOON LAE
IPC: G01V1/28
Filed: 2020-04-02
Abstract: The present invention relates to a ground safety decision-making support system. By integrating facility information and spatial information distributed by each institution, basic information is provided to decision makers in response to disasters by providing emergency response plans in connection with the currently operating land geotechnical information. In the event of an earthquake, EAP for each facility is presented for the active response of facility managers and related organizations to enable a person in charge to act quickly and accurately. The ground safety decision-making support system according to the present invention comprises: an earthquake big data collection processing module that collects and pre-processes earthquake-related big data; a ground safety decision-making module that selects facilities with high impact from earthquake disasters, provides priority for earthquake disaster responses, and selects facilities with high potential to be used for evacuation and protection in the event of an earthquake disaster; and a one-stop mobile support diffusion module that displays and spreads the results selected by the ground safety decision-making module and the current earthquake disaster stage of the region of interest in real time.
Patent KR-20210123111-A (KR)
Inventor: WON YOUNG GIL
IPC: A62B18/02
Filed: 2020-04-02
Abstract: The present invention relates to a mask ear strap holding band which prevents a mask ear strap from touching the ear so that a mask can be worn comfortably without causing pain even when worn for a long time. According to the present invention, a plastic sheet of a predetermined thickness is cut into a strap-shaped band body with a predetermined width and length, a plurality of locking devices are provided at both ends of the cut band body, the locking devices are formed of cut lines and cut pieces folded by folding lines, and a locking step is formed on the cut pieces so that the ear strap of the mask can be easily hung and fixed while the cut pieces are folded, thereby providing convenience in use and fixing the ear strap fit a wearer's body type among the plurality of locking devices. In addition, the locking step for fixing the ear strap is placed close to the cut lines, thereby preventing the ear strap from being easily separated even if the locking devices move and preventing the band body from being twisted even when the ear strap is moved by the wearer's movement.
Patent KR-20210123951-A (KR)
Title: Device For Tracing Underwater Object And Controlling Method Thereof
Inventor: OH RAE GEUN
IPC: G01S11/14
Filed: 2020-04-06
Abstract: The present invention relates to an underwater positioning device and to a control method thereof. The underwater positioning device includes: a preordering sonar which receives an acoustic signal from an underwater object; a curved azimuth line calculating unit which calculates a curved azimuth line which is a set of position candidates for underwater objects based on the received acoustic signal; and a motion analysis unit which sets position information including the position and velocity of particles, calculates an objective function for each particle which is the distance between the position information and the curved azimuth line to calculate the optimal particle, and determines the position information of the optimal particle as the position information of the underwater object.
Patent KR-20210130904-A (KR)
Title: A compressor
IPC: F04C23/02
Filed: 2020-04-22
Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a compressor. The compressor including a valve unit for preventing a reverse oil flow of the compressor according to the present invention comprises the valve unit such that the valve unit selectively opens and closes a refrigerant auxiliary flow path according to whether a rotary shaft rotates. When the compressor using a differential pressure oil supply structure is stopped, the compressor opens the refrigerant auxiliary flow path to relieve a differential pressure, thereby preventing oil backflow.
Patent KR-20210131022-A (KR)
Title: A method for manufacturing the detoc beverage comprising red-salt acting as effective material
IPC: A23L2/385
Filed: 2020-04-23
Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparing a detox beverage using raw water, which contains calcium salt-extracted deep sea water, and purple bamboo salt as active ingredients. The method includes: a desalinating step in which raw water of deep sea water is put into a pretreatment system to obtain desalted water by separating the desalted water through a desalination treatment by reverse osmosis, calcium salt crystals and salt are separated from concentrated water, which is obtained by re-desalinating the obtained desalted water, to obtain a concentrated solution, the salt and calcium carbonate, which are attached to the calcium salt crystals, are removed from the calcium salt crystals separated from the concentrated water, and the obtained calcium salt is mixed with general purified water to remove a suspended material through a micro filter; a purple bamboo producing step in which a purified salt, which is obtained by mixing the obtained calcium salt with the general purified water and removes the suspended material through the micro filter, and cut bamboo chips are prepared, the bamboo chips are stacked in a furnace, a cylindrical box perforated to 3 mm or less is filled with the purified salt, small cylinders for filling salt are stacked on the bamboo chips, the furnace is fired, and then the cylinder is taken out from the furnace to grind the cylinder and grind the salt, and a procedure thereof is repeated 8 times; a mixing step in which a predetermined amount of the purple bamboo salt is mixed with the purified water from which the suspended material is removed in the desalinating step and sterilized primarily, so that the purple bamboo salt is dissolved in the purified water and sterilized again; a purifying step in which the purple bamboo salt dissolved through the mixing step twice is purified twice through the micro filter and aging the purified purple bamboo salt; and a post-treatment step in which a detox beverage aged in the purifying step is tertiary sterilized for 15 minutes at 95℃, then rapidly cooled to 60℃ or lower, applied to a packaging container, and vacuum-packed.
Patent KR-20210132390-A (KR)
Title: Electronic device comprising a biometric authentication device and method of operation thereof
IPC: G06F21/32
Filed: 2020-04-27
Abstract: An electronic device according to various embodiments of the present invention includes a biometric authentication device, a memory including at least one application, and a processor connected to the biometric authentication device and the memory. One or more instructions are stored in the memory. In the event of instruction execution, the processor receives an execution input for the application, loads the public content of the application as the execution input is received, operates the biometric authentication device during the loading, and completes the launching of the application by loading the public content and dedicated content from biometric authentication as the biometric authentication device completes the biometric authentication. Various other embodiments are also possible.
Patent KR-20210135690-A (KR)
Title: Manhole pavement block repair method
IPC: E02D29/12
Filed: 2020-05-06
Abstract: The present invention relates to a manhole pavement block repair method. According to the present invention, blocks are detachably constructed around a manhole, wherein a flange surrounding contours of the blocks is made of a shock-absorbing rubber material to be divided from a road pavement layer (ascon), and also, the flange is formed to be detached earlier than the blocks, and, accordingly, when the flange is separated, the blocks becomes loose and easy to lift, which can lead to convenience in repaving surroundings of the manhole to be flat or replacing a damaged block. To achieve the purpose, in regard to the manhole pavement block repair method in which a plurality of blocks are constructed on a peripheral foundation layer of a manhole cover, and then, when the flatness of the foundation layer becomes poor or the blocks are damaged, the blocks can be removed and repaired, a pavement layer is formed around the manhole cover except for positions where the blocks are expected to be laid; a plurality of flanges are tightly fit into a corresponding surface gap between the blocks and the pavement layer; joints of the blocks are brought into tight contact and the blocks are fixed with the pavement layer to be flat during the procedure of fitting the flanges between the pavement layer and the blocks; and, when the flanges are separated, a gap between the joints of the blocks becomes loose such that the blocks can be easily lifted up from the manhole cover.
Patent KR-20210147371-A (KR)
Inventor: CHA KAB MUN
IPC: A61B5/24
Filed: 2020-05-28
Abstract: An electrocardiogram signal processing method comprises the following steps of: (a) estimating candidates of an R-peak by using an electrocardiogram signal of a set section; (b) detecting an error peak among the candidates of the R-peak estimated in the step (a); (c) determining the R-peak by removing the error peak detected in the step (b) among the candidates of the R-peak estimated in the step (a); and (d) determining whether the electrocardiogram signal of the set section is a noise signal by using the R-peak determined in step (c).