Patent GB-405613-A (GB)
Title: Improvements in and relating to the directive discrimination of sound beams
IPC: G01S1/72
Filed: 1932-07-26
Abstract: 405,613. Signalling by audible signals. PIERCE, G. W., Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. July 26,1932, No. 21116. [Classes 13 and 118 (ii).] In apparatus for the directional transmission or reception of audible or inaudible sound waves and for indicating their direction by a receiving apparatus, the angle between an elastic or equivalent diaphragm and the sound wave is such, or may be so adjusted, that the wave synchronises with the natural periodicity of the diaphragm. In a modification, small metallic plates supported in a plate of very thin metal or rubber may be employed each having a wire of magneto-strictive material passing through a coil. The sound wave is represented at 5 in Fig. 1, the lines 8 and 10 representing zones of high and low pressure respectively. The periodic pressure impulses 8 and the alternate rarified impulses 10 tend to bend the diaphragm into an undulating form, the standing wave thus produced being greatly amplified when the angle between the wave front and the diaphragm is adjusted so that the periodicity of the sound wave equals the natural periodicity of the diaphragm. When used for directional reception the two positions giving the maximum effect are determined as shown in full and dotted lines in Fig. 3 and the bisector 36 gives the direction of the sound. One or more antinodal points on the diaphragm may be connected to a sound - producing apparatus by means for example of a piezo-electric crystal, an electromagnet, a microphone, or a magneto-strictive device with amplifying means when necessary. In the receiving arrangement shown in Fig. 2 which is adapted to deal with supersonic vibrations, the diaphragm 2 is connected to a magneto-strictive core 16, the winding 50 being associated through amplifying valves 24, 25 and a detector 26 with phones 30, a loud speaker 28 or a relay 46. The apparatus may be operated at a single frequency, even though it forms only one component of a composite noise, by tuning the amplifier to the required frequency and then adjusting the angle of the diaphragm to give the maximum response. In a rectangular diaphragm with a single connection 16, Fig. 4, the nodes tend to lie along two series of lines, 38, 40, at right angles. If the magneto-strictive core 36, Fig. 7, is of plate form, the nodes 38 tend to be disposed vertically. A thin metal diaphragm may be stiffened, to give the necessary high natural periodicity, by corrugations, Fig. 19, or by ribs running in the direction of transmission of the vibration. The diaphragm may consist of two plates 52, 54, Fig. 13, rigidly but adjustably secured together at the apex 56 where they are connected to a magneto-strictive core. Or the diaphragm may consist of a core 16, Fig. 14, with a sheet 76 or 78 enclosing a magnetostrictive core 16 and winding, this arrangement being suitable for submarine use. - A series of concentric nodes 59, Fig. 16, are formed when a circular disc 58 is driven by a central vibrator 16 ; the sound waves then emerge in the form of a diverging cone 60 and may be directed so as to form a parallel beam by a truncated rigid cone 66, of suitable angle, as shown in Fig. 17. Where the magneto-strictive element is inside the coil, a polarizing magnet may be positioned outside and where the magneto-strictive element shrouds the coil, the polarizing magnet may be placed inside the coil. A number of points situated at or near the outer nodes on the diaphragm may be connected by wires to a common converter of sound into electric energy. If the wires are all of equal length, the several recovery connections must be made at points in the same phase, but if they are of unequal length, as shown in Fig. 21, the connections must be made at slightly different phase points to obtain the maximum effect at the proper incident angle. The diaphragm transmits sound only in directions normal to its surface when made of very thin metal or of rubber so that it has very little transverse rigidity. Each wire may then terminate in a small metallic diaphragm 188. The free ends of the magneto-strictive wires are made long so that any reflected waves are attenuated before returning, thus avoiding the possibility of the formation of nodes or loops in the neighbourhood of the take off coils.