Patent GB-756014-A (GB)
Title: Improvements in or relating to reactors employing nuclear fissionable material
IPC: G21C19/20
Filed: 1954-09-15
Abstract: 756,014. Nuclear reactors. WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC INTERNATIONAL CO. Sept. 15, 1954 [Sept. 25, 1953], No. 26744/54. Class 39 (4). A nuclear reactor comprises a core container having a perforate bottom wall adapted to support a bed of solid freely movable pellets, at least some of which include fissile material, means for directing a flow of fluid upwardly through the bottom wall of the container, a fluid outlet in the upper portion of the container, and means for supplying fluid to the flow-directing means in an amount and at a pressure sufficient to force the pellets upwardly into such a position that a chain reaction is set up and maintained. In one embodiment, Fig. 1, the reactor comprises an outer pressure vessel 2 and two inner shielding members 8, 10 which may be of steel and are mounted so that cooling fluid may pass between them and between them and the outer vessel. A perforated bottom partition 30 is secured to the inner shield member and carries a cylindrical core container 13, which may be of aluminium or zirconium so that it has a low neutron-absorbing power or steel so it reflects neutrons. Pellets 34 within the core container comprise fissile material in a relatively pure state or in the form of an alloy or compound which may be clad with a protecting material such as aluminium or zirconium. When the reactor is not in operation the pellets occupy the lower portion of the core 13 and are in a non-critical condition. Fluid can be admitted through inlet 6 to the core and can thus expand the pellets to a configuration in which they reach a critical condition. The fluid is preferably a moderator and may be water, heavy water, sodium, bismuth, lithium or a lithium alloy, or an alkaline metal hydroxide ; after passing through the core the fluid emerges from an outlet 4 and may be circulated in a primary coolant system from which heat may be abstracted to perform useful work. In a modified form of reactor, Fig. 2, the core container and intermediate shield member are each provided with a perforated top wall 45 and the core container is also provided with a screen 47. The pellets are supported on a partition 40 which slopes down to a depressed centre which has an opening for a pellet transporting tube 37. The tube 37 communicates through a valve 78 with a container 60 provided with plates 82 of neutron-absorbing material such as boron, cadmium, or hafnium, and with a perforated partition 72 provided with an opening for receiving a pellet transporting tube 76. The container 60 communicates with the primary cooling system through valves 64, 70 and pump 68. When it is desired to remove pellets from the reaction, the flow of fluid through the reactor is reduced until only slight movement of the pellets occurs ; this causes the chain reaction to cease. The pump 68 is then started and valves 64, 70 and 78 opened and controlled so that the flow of fluid from container 60 to the reactor is slow enough to allow pellets from the reactor to fall under gravity through the tube 37 into the container 60. The pellets should be stored in container 60 long enough to allow substantial decay of their γ-ray activity and are then removed by opening valves 64, 70, 84 and 90 to allow the pellets to fall through the tube 76 and be carried away along conduit 88 to a reprocessing area (not shown). A container 94 is provided with a removable top plug 96 through which pellets can be introduced and is connected to the primary cooling system through valves 100, 106 so that fresh pellets can be brought to the required temperature and pressure by flow of the primary coolant through the container. Pellets can be transferred from the container 94 to the reaction chamber through tube 76, valve 84 and conduit 108. The primary cooling system may be provided with a pressurizer for maintaining constant pressure and for degassing the coolant liquid, and with liquid purifying means such as an ion exchanger (Fig. 3, not shown). The pellets need not all contain fissile material; some may contain neutron-absorbing material such as boron, cadmium or hafnium, or moderating materials such as hydrogen or carbon, or fertile materials such as U<SP>238</SP> or Th<SP>232</SP> for the production of fissile materials, or elements whose isotopes it is desired to obtain by exposure to radiation within the reactor.