Patent GB-721046-A (GB)
Title: Improvements in or relating to the polymerization of ethylene
IPC: C08F10/00
Filed: 1951-04-19
Abstract: Solid polymers of ethylene are formed by contacting ethylene and a liquid saturated or aromatic hydrocarbon with a catalyst comprising nickel or cobalt or mixtures thereof on an activated carbon support, at temperatures between 10 DEG  and 250 DEG  C. and pressures of at least 50 lbs. per square inch, and separating the products having a molecular weight of at least 300 from the reaction mixture.  Suitable hydrocarbons are benzene, xylenes, mesitylene, p-cymene, toluene, ethyl and other alkyl benzenes, ethyl-toluene, ethyl-xylenes, alkyl naphthalenes, tetrahydronaphthalene, hemimellitene, pseudocumene, prehnitene, isodurene, naphthas, n-octane and other liquid or liquified alkanes.  Some halogenated hydrocarbon, e.g. chlorobenzene and p-dichlorobenzene, may be included.  The nickel and/or cobalt catalyst may be used as alloys or mixtures with other metals, e.g. copper, and the surface of the catalyst may be extended by etching or by preparing an aluminium or silicon alloy thereof followed by extraction of the aluminium or silicon.  The activated carbon support is preferably nitric acid-washed and has a surface area of 700-1200 m2./g.  The catalysts are periodically dewaxed by extraction with solvents, preferably one of the above aromatic hydrocarbons, and are regenerated, e.g. by reducing gases or by nitric acid.  The products range from greases which are soluble in cold xylene fractions, through paraffin-like waxes soluble in boiling xylenes, to tough polymers having intrinsic viscosities X 105 of up to 25,000 and only partially soluble in boiling xylenes.  The lower molecular weight polymers may be used as additives to lubricating oils and greases and other waxes and oils, and as match-and impregnating-waxes.  They may be thermally cracked to produce high molecular weight mono-olefins or catalytically cracked to produce gasolines, and may be chlorinated and subsequently condensed, e.g. with naphthalene.ALSO:The catalyst employed in the polymerization of ethylene to normally solid polymers comprises nickel or cobalt or mixtures thereof on an activated carbon support.  The metal may be diluted by being used in the form of an alloy with other metals, e.g. copper, and the surface may be extended by etching with strong acids or by preparing an aluminium or silicon alloy thereof followed by extraction of the aluminium or silicon with strong caustic and reduction of the oxide or hydroxide with hydrogen. The preferred activated carbon support is charcoal having surface areas between 700 and 1200 m2/g and which may contain very small proportions of sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphate and carbonate and chemically combined oxygen.  After covering with water and before depositing the metal catalyst, the carbon is usually leached with nitric acid.  The metal may be deposited on the support by adsorption in the form of an aqueous solution of a decomposable salt, e.g., formate, carbonate, and, particularly, the nitrate.  Decomposition to the oxide is effected by heating in a partial vacuum or in the presence of steam.  Reduction and removal of ammonia is then obtained with hydrogen at temperatures between 200 DEG  and 400 DEG C.  The metal may also be deposited in the form of the carbonyl which is thermally decomposed to the metal, preferably followed by treatment with hydrogen.  The catalyst may be used in the form of pellets, powders, turnings, screens or colloidal dispersions in the liquid hydrocarbon polymerization medium.  They may also be mixed with alumina, silica or other inert materials.  The catalysts may be periodically dewaxed or deresined by extraction with solvents, e.g. aromatic hydrocarbons or propane, at temperatures above the softening points of the polymers, and are then regenerated by hydrogen-containing gases, if desired after an oxidizing treatment, or by washing with nitric acid.