Patent EA-001983-B1 (EA)
Title: Piston engine
IPC: F02B33/12
Filed: 1999-06-04
Abstract: 1. A piston machine comprising a piston arranged in a cylinder in order to create a working chamber, and at least one pump chamber, which cylinder is provided with at least one suction port and a further injection port arranged in the cylinder wall and connecting the pump chamber with a receiver, characterised in that the machine only has one piston in each cylinder, that the piston by reciprocation sucks in a charge/charges of which at least one is a supplementary aftercharge to the charge/charges supplied at the ordinary suction valve, scavenging port and/or by another/other supply system/systems and may be a supplement hereto of the same or other kind, supplied to the working chamber of the combined working and pumping piston itself by being blown through said at least one injection port formed in its cylinder wall only for this said port being placed close to the position taken by the top of piston when the piston is in its bottom dead point and at least in a position that it becomes completely exposed by the piston top, that said one or more injection ports by one annular duct are mutually connected to at least one preferably short exhaust duct connecting them with the dead volume in the pump which compresses the supplementary aftercharge, which dead volume has been minimised, that a differential pressure controlled check valve is disposed in this exhaust duct close to the dead volume of the pump, that the receiver is connected with the exhaust duct, and that the receivers used in the machine are designed so that their individual volumes may be increased or reduced by manual adjustment. 2. A piston machine according to claim 1,characterised in that said receivers are designed so that all receivers provided in a multicylinder machine for its individual cylinders for the same purpose and preferably in the same axis are given an adjustment by an adjusting system for attaining the exact same volume and thus making feasible that the machine, without any other operations, can be adjusted to generate a charging pressure which is suitable for the machine to operate within a certain rpm and load range. 3. A piston machine according to claim 1 and partly 1, characterised in that all receivers used in a machine are designed so that during the operation of the machine and by a suitable supervision by microprocessors, they register the demands on the machine and by computer control they are capable of mechanically, hydraulically, or pneumatically, automatically to adjust up or down the volume content that they are increasing the dead volumes of each pump chamber with, which makes them combined receivers and pressure regulators, which without any throttling mechanism associated with its suction duct for limiting the charge flowing to the pump are capable of regulating the charging pressure which is built up in the pump by compression for advancing and injecting the supplementary aftercharging and hereby also the extent of the aftercharge injected into the machine for accurately being adjusted for the most suitable with respect to the immediate rpm and load, which is highly important for reducing both the pump losses arising from both suction and compression, furthermore because the regulating ability of die machine makes is specially suitable for applications where it is subjected to varying rpms and loads. 4. A piston machine according to claim 1, 2 and 3, characterised in that it uses a traditional crank-connecting rod mechanism for its force transformation and that is pump chamber is formed by use of a step piston with a piston skirt whose diameter is less than the piston crown closing off against the working chamber located above this and also by its larger diameter as compared with the piston skirt closes off down against the underlying, annular pump chamber formed by the diameter difference between the piston skirt and the cylinder wall, through the bottom of which the piston skirt is extended down and reciprocates in the cylinder adapted for its diameter, wherein it seals down against the underlying crank chamber, which embodiment is simple and by its use of known components is easy to manufacture, but because of the lateral pressure on the piston arising from the force transformation and, caused by the contraction relative to the piston crown, the reduced possibilities of the piston skirt for establishing deflection and fastening opportunities for connecting rods of a suitable length and because of the increase weight of the piston compared with a traditional piston results in kind of machine having a relatively great overall height as compared with traditional engine, which in connection with the other drawbacks implies that the machine is only suitable for applications where it runs with moderate and even rpm and even load. 5. A piston machine according to claim 1,2, or 3, characterised in that it utilises a traditional crank and connecting rod mechanism for its force transformation and that its pump chamber is formed by the use of a stepped piston, the top part of which is formed like a traditional working piston which at its piston crown is sealing against the working chamber situated above it, besides it is formed with an extended piston skirt which at its bottom edge has an outward collaring which at its underside seals against the underlying crank chamber of the machine and which at its upward facing side edge seals up against the annular pump chamber formed between the piston skirt and the pump cylinder, in which annular pump chamber the piston by its reciprocating compresses the charge sucked in to a maximum charge pressure being highest at the moment where the working piston is situated in its top dead point position. 6. A piston machine according to claim 1,2, or 3, characterised in that its pump chamber is annular and formed by interaction between a short and light cylindrical piston without stepping, its cylinder, and a projecting, hollow, and light cylindrical piston rod connected rigidly with the piston, and a cylinder bottom piece with a combined sealing and guide bushing disposed at its centre, wherethrough the piston rod has been passed down into an underlying pressure oil lubricated crank disc chamber and attached to a yoke extending perpendicularly to the piston rod and forming part of either a "Scottish yoke mechanism" or of an "I-yoke mechanism", which is the force transforming mechanism and transforms the reciprocation of the piston to rotation or the reverse. 7. A piston machine according to claim 1, 2, or 5, partly 5 and 6, characterised in that the piston used in the machine is a stepped piston formed as that described in claim 5 and with a receiver arrangement also as described in claim 5, but which deviates from this machine by the traditional crank and connecting rod mechanism being substituted by a "Scotch yoke mechanism" or an "I-yoke mechanism" as described in claim 6, which causes that the drawback mentioned for the machine in claim 5 concerning the need for lubrication of the piston parts situated in isolation above the outward collaring is eliminated for the machine used as compressor or four-stroke engine, partly by the lateral pressure on the piston either is reduced or eliminated and besides that by crank disc chamber can be made pressure oil lubricated and thereby lubricated the lowermost cylinder wall and is flung up against the underside of the piston which is advantageous for the conducting away of heat from this, but makes impossible to use the machine as two-stroke engine. 8. A piston machine according to claim 1 to 7, characterised in that it is made either as a two-stroke or a four-stroke engine, which, irrespectively whether the supplied aftercharge air is compressed in a pump chamber making possible an immediate supply or requiring an intermediate storage before the supplying to the working chamber, is made with a receiver arrangement as described in claim 5, but elaborated in that between the receiver which suitably is an automatically controlled, combined receiver and pressure regulator, and the injection port/ports there is disposed a rotary valve, the rotation of which is synchronized to follow the rpm of the engine and be geared to rotate with a rpm being the same or half of this rpm, besides being shaped with a duct system suitably extending on the cylindrical periphery of the rotor and here by its polar angle extension and its placing is capable of within the period where the piston has exposed the injection port/ports to control the moment in relation to the position of the piston where the duct opens the connection between the receiver and the injection port/-ports and hereby initiates injection of the supplementary aftercharge by a simultaneous down blowing of the pressure of the charge stored in the receiver, which injection and down blowing is continued until either the duct connection is closed or the piston closes the injection port/ports by its movement up from the bottom dead point. 9. A piston machine according to claim 1 to 8, characterised in that the machine is a two-stroke engine with a receiver and rotary valve arrangement as described in claim 8 with a rotary valve synchronised to rotate with the same rpm as the engine, and that the engine besides that is provided with scavenging and exhaust ports together with injection port/ports which because of the performed control of the moment for injecting by the rotor without having any inadvertent influence on the progress of the process in the engine, is made at a level somehow above the opening of the exhaust port, and the rotary valve is designed with a duct system with a relatively large through cross-section which immediately after the piston having covered the opening of the exhaust port during its reciprocating from the bottom dead point, abruptly opens and quickly shuts the injection of the aftercharge which because of the very short injection period has been imparted a charging pressure n