baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20090000382-A (KR)
Title: Method and apparatus of universal application connecting module with additional function for sewing machine
Inventor: KIM HYUNG BAE
IPC: D05B19/12
Filed: 2007-06-28
Abstract: A universal application connecting device of additional function part for sewing machine is provided to allow the unexperienced user to operate it easily, thereby improving productivity. A universal application connecting device of additional function part for sewing machine comprises a can communications part(100) which transmits and receives data of the icon command signal for operation with the each additional device; an additional function part(110) which is connected with the can communications part and is operated by the icon command signal; a controller which converts the icon command signal into the can communications mode signal; a movement input part(130) which modifies the location of icon to change the command signal; and an input unit which modifies the location of icon to change the command signal.
Patent KR-20080047248-A (KR)
Title: Security testing apparatus and method of remote remote procedure call software
Inventor: YANG JIN SEOK
IPC: G06F11/00
Filed: 2007-07-02
Abstract: A device and a method for testing security of RPC(Remote Procedure Call)-based software in a remote place are provided to perform a remote security test for the RPC-based software efficiently, and standardize and automatically process a series of procedures causing exceptional errors in target software. A testing target selecting module(110) determines a target service/function. An RPC interface module(120) interfaces communication with the selected service/function. A function calling/analyzing module(130) subdivides entire packet by filtering/dividing the received service/function into a part calling a service function and a network communication part setting connection needed for calling the function, and analyzing procedure/setting of a protocol set and individual protocols needed for setting the connection with a server. A communication protocol implementing module(140) modularizes and implements a network communication protocol part for transferring an RPC function call. A security testing module(150) tests security of parameter transferred when the function is called. A result analyzing module(160) analyzes a security test result by testing the security of the RPC-based software of a remote computer and collecting the packets. A testing module(170) transfers massages to a service providing function as many as possible to check over whether a service for specific input is stably operated.
Patent KR-20090003739-A (KR)
Title: Terminal, method, recording medium for collecting user preference information using tag information
Inventor: LEE SEUNG HWA
IPC: G06Q50/00
Filed: 2007-07-03
Abstract: A terminal for collecting user preference information according to tag information, a method thereof, and a recording medium are provided to analyze the preference of individual users precisely in a short time by extracting keywords from anchor tags and/or form tags. A tag search part(220) searches one or more tags from anchor tags, form tags and combination thereof included in web documents output from a terminal device. A tag information extracting part(230) extracts tag information from the searched tag. A keyword search part(250) searches a keyword from the tag information. A user preference information management part(260) collects user preference information including user profiles generated by the keyword.
Patent KR-20090002762-A (KR)
Title: Manufacturing method of antibiotic deodorant and machine using thereof
Inventor: KIM HONG JIN
IPC: A61L9/01
Filed: 2007-07-04
Abstract: A manufacturing method of antibiotic deodorant and a device for the same are provided, which remove the malodorous material and bacterial bad smell material. An antibiotic deodorant comprises: a crude wood vinegar including the melting tar and stray tar; and one or more functional inorganic materials selected among yellow soil, zeolite, and activated clay. A manufacturing method of antibiotic deodorant comprises: aging the functional inorganic material while mixing with the water and agitating; and adding particles of which the average particle diameter is 0.01-0.05mm or the mixture with the water. The mixing ratio of the functional inorganic material and water is 1:1-10. The antibiotic deodorant comprises the crude wood vinegar 80-99 weight% and functional inorganic material 1-20 weight%.
Patent KR-20090006460-A (KR)
Title: Touch input device and portable terminal having the same
Inventor: LIM SEUNG GEUN
IPC: H04B1/38
Filed: 2007-07-11
Abstract: A portable terminal including a touch input device for inputting one or more signals according to touch pressure is provided to input a first signal according to the touch of a touch key. A first touch(50) is arranged to be exposed to the front side of the terminal body by outside. The first signal is generated. A second touch(60) is located under the first touch and non-conductive layer(70). If a user more suppresses the first touch, the first signal and the other signal are generated. One or more signal is generated according to the pressure of the first touch.
Patent KR-20090006478-A (KR)
Title: System and method for processing information and program recording medium
Inventor: KIM JAE HYUNG
IPC: G06Q50/00
Filed: 2007-07-11
Abstract: A method and a system for processing information, and a recording medium storing a program thereof are provided to prevent registered questions and answers from being deleted owing to a database error or shutdown of a web server by making a plurality of questioners and answerers register the question and the answer directly through a website of the questioner or the answerer, and storing the questions and the answers to a storage medium of a relay server. A question interface provider(4530) receives question data from a question registration client(4260). A question register registers the received question data to a homepage of the question registration client. An answerer information checker(4530) extracts a predetermined keyword from the question data, and checks a website or the homepage corresponding to the extracted keyword. A question data transmitter(4565) transmits the question data to the checked website or homepage. An answer data register registers the received answer data to the homepage of the question registration client. An AD(Advertisement) data output unit(4555) outputs AD data to a predetermined area of the webpage outputting the answer data.
Patent KR-20090011791-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE JU HYUN
IPC: G01R31/306
Filed: 2007-07-27
Abstract: 본 발명은 고전압 패턴(4)에 인가된 제 1 고전압을 측정하는 제 1 고전압 측정단계(S10); 상기 제 1 고전압을 측정하기 위하여 형성된 센싱 패턴(6)에 인가된 저전압을 측정하는 저전압 측정 단계(S20); 상기 인가된 제 1 고전압 및 저전압을 이용하여 상기 고전압 패턴(4)과 센싱 패턴(6) 사이의 간격 D를 설정하는 간격 설정 단계(S30); 상기 설정된 간격 D를 이용하여 동일 평면상에 상기 고전압 패턴(4)과 센싱 패턴(6)을 배치하는 패턴 배치 단계(S40); 및 상기 배치된 고전압 패턴(4)과 센싱 패턴(6) 중에서 상기 센싱 패턴(6)을 이용하여 상기 고전압 패턴(4)에 유기되는 제 2 고전압을 측정하는 제 2 고전압 측정 단계(S50)로 이루어진 것을 특징으로 하는 고전압 패턴(4)에 유기되는 전압 측정 방법에 관한 것이다. 
     	본 발명에 따르면, 인쇄회로 기판의 동일 평면상에 고전압 패턴과 센싱 패턴을 배치하여 제품에 유기되는 고전압을 측정함으로써, 절연거리의 편차로 인해 발생하는 인쇄회로기판의 성능 저하를 감소시키고, 고전압을 사용하는 전자 제품 등에 인가되는 기준전압을 초과하는 전압이 측정되면 메인 전원을 차단시킴으로써 안전사고를 방지할 수 있는 효과를 갖는다. 
       
     인쇄회로기판, 고압, 센싱, 패턴, 전압
Patent KR-20070082911-A (KR)
Title: System for providing location based information by using wire network
Inventor: KIM JAE HYUNG
IPC: H04W4/02
Filed: 2007-08-01
Abstract: A system for providing location-based information by using the wired network is provided to display the location-based information including AD(ADvertisement) to a client wireless terminal by checking location information of the wireless terminal of a client connected to the web server in the wired network. A number data checker(105) checks a connection location of the client operating the wireless terminal connecting to the web server(100) by extracting a number of the wireless terminal from a member information database(120). A location information checker(110) obtains the location information of the wireless terminal from a location tracking information server(130). A location-based information provider(115) provides the location-based information to a wired terminal based on connection location information of the wireless terminal by linking with a location-based information database(125). The location-based information database stores the location-based information for all areas available to the client.
Patent KR-20080018799-A (KR)
Title: A light emitting device including anti-reflection layer(s)
Inventor: BOEK HEATHER DEBRA
IPC: H05B33/10
Filed: 2007-08-08
Abstract: A light emitting device including an anti-reflection layer is provided to reduce inner reflection of ambient light and reduce Newton's rings by performing anti-reflection coating on an inner surface of a light emitting device cover. A light emitting device(10) including an anti-reflection layer(40) includes a cover substrate(30), a supporting substrate(70), and a light emitting layer(60). The cover substrate transmits light and has a first surface(34) and a second substrate(32) opposite to the first substrate. The light emitting layer is located between the cover substrate and the supporting substrate. The light emitting layer emits light toward the first surface of the cover substrate. The first substrate of the cover substrate is coated by anti-reflection material.
Patent KR-20090022804-A (KR)
Title: Method for manufcturing contact hole in semiconductor device
Inventor: SHIN HEE SEUNG
IPC: H01L21/28
Filed: 2007-08-31
Abstract: A method of forming the contact hole of the semiconductor device uses the gas containing a FC gas having rate of the different fluorine large carbon as the etching gas and prevent the bowing profile, and the contact not open and top attack generated in the contact hole. The hard mask pattern(23) is formed on the insulating layer(22). The insulating layer is etched to by using the hard mask pattern as the etching barrier wall. At this time, the first CF gas and the second CF gas are mixed in the etching gas. The etching gas can use C4F6 as the main etch gas. The rate of the fluorine to carbon of the first CF gas is smaller than the rate of the fluorine to carbon of the C4F6 gas. The rate of the fluorine to carbon of second CF gas is smaller than the rate of the fluorine to carbon of the first CF gas.
Patent KR-20090025888-A (KR)
Title: Cold storage box for liquefied-egg-packs
Inventor: YOO JAE HEUNG
IPC: B65D85/32
Filed: 2007-09-07
Abstract: A liquid egg pack storage box is provided, which enables to circulate the liquid egg pack at the fixed external temperature without the ice box. A liquid egg pack storage box comprises a refrigeration box body(230) and a plurality of ice packs(250). The refrigeration box body comprises the side wall and refrigeration box cover part(220). The side wall is formed vertically about the floor side to form a receiving space. The refrigeration box cover part covers and closes the receiving space by being connected to the side wall. A plurality of ice packs are arranged in order to contact with the side wall inner surface of the receiving space of the refrigeration box body. The liquid egg pack is arranged to face the ice pack.
Patent KR-20080027177-A (KR)
Title: Interfloor noise proofing material and floor execution method using the same
Inventor: LEE CHUNG HWA
IPC: E04F15/20
Filed: 2007-09-20
Abstract: An interlayer sound insulation material and a floor construction method using an interlayer sound insulation material are provided to prevent floor impact sound effectively by optimizing the structure or physical properties of resin foam of an interlayer sound insulation material. An interlayer sound insulation material includes open cell resin foam having a proportion of open cells of more than 20% and a dynamic modulus of elasticity of 0.5~10MN/m^3, wherein the resin foam is made of one or more kinds of foams selected from a group of polyurethane foam, poly urea foam, polyvinyl chloride foam, polypropylene foam, polystyrene foam, polyvinyl acetate foam, melamine resin foam and phenol resin foam. In addition, one or more functional layers selected from a group of a dimensional stabilization layer, a waterproof layer, an insulation layer and a reinforced board layer are formed on one or two sides of the resin foam, and irregularities are formed on one or two sides of the interlayer sound insulation material having the resin foam and the functional layer to increase shock absorbing capacity and thermal insulating efficiency. A floor construction method using an interlayer sound insulation material comprises the steps of constructing an interlayer sound insulation material on a slab, and constructing a concrete layer, a mortar layer and a floor finishing material on the constructed interlayer sound insulation material in order.
Patent KR-20090031101-A (KR)
Title: Method of controlling jam and image forming apparatus using it
Inventor: KIM DONG SIK
IPC: G03G15/00
Filed: 2007-09-21
Abstract: A method for processing the jam and an image forming apparatus using the same are provided to extend the lifetime of a fuser roller by stopping the operation before the jam becomes worse based on information about whether a paper between a transfer roller and a photosensitive drum and the sensing result of an exit sensor. An image forming apparatus stands by until the second check time passes when a feed sensor is turned on(410), and then receives a signal from the exit sensor after the predetermined time passes(420). The image forming apparatus determines whether a paper exists between a photosensitive drum and a transfer roller(430). If so, the image forming apparatus determines that the type of a jam is a wrap jam or an accordion jam(450) and then stops the operation of rollers comprised in the image forming apparatus(455). If the exit sensor is turned on, the image forming apparatus determines whether the exit sensor is turned off(460).
Patent KR-20090031144-A (KR)
Title: Organic light emitting device
Inventor: KOO HONG MO
IPC: H01L51/54
Filed: 2007-09-21
Abstract: An organic light emitting device is provided to improve a driving voltage, light emitting efficiency, and luminance by adding inorganic material to a hole injection layer or an electron injection layer. An organic light emitting device comprises a substrate(100), a first electrode(110), organic functional layers(120), and a second electrode. The first electrode is positioned on the substrate. The organic functional layers are positioned on the first electrode, and include at least light emitting layer(125). The second electrode is positioned on the organic functional layers. An organic functional layer adjacent to the second electrode among the organic functional layers includes inorganic material. The inorganic material includes metal compound. The metal compound includes an alkali metal or an alkali earth metal. The organic functional layer adjacent to the second electrode is an electron injection layer(127) or an electron transport layer(126).
Patent KR-20090032851-A (KR)
Title: Picture finding and drawing play teaching aids for children
Inventor: LEE WON KU
IPC: G09B19/00
Filed: 2007-09-28
Abstract: Picture finding and drawing play teaching aids are provided to enhance the concern about the shape of the drawing by making the children draw the shape by using a show-through member. Picture finding and drawing play teaching aids includes a basis member and at least one show-through member. The different objects(12) are mixed and drawn in the basis member. The show-through member is equipped on the basis member. The objects are seen through the show-through member. The objects are overlapped. The basis member and the show-through member are coupled through a coupling unit.
Patent KR-20090039372-A (KR)
Title: Speaker system and display device comprising the same
Inventor: LEE SUNG KOO
IPC: H04R1/02
Filed: 2007-10-18
Abstract: A speaker system and a display device comprising the same are provided to increase the output of the acoustic at the high frequency substitution by increasing the contact area of the exciter and the diaphragm. A speaker system comprises a casing(110) and one or more exciters(160). The casing which is the outer shape of a display apparatus(100) comprises a front panel(120) and back cover(130). A display module for reproducing the image is arranged inside the casing. A mounting frame(121) in which a mounting unit(122) is equipped is equipped in the lower part of the front panel. The exciter reproduces the acoustic.
Patent KR-20090047704-A (KR)
Inventor: RYU SANG IK
IPC: F04C2/14
Filed: 2007-11-08
Abstract: 본 발명은 평형 유지 장치가 구비된 오일 펌프에 관한 것이고, 더욱 상세하게는, 다수 개소에 유압 장치를 구비하여 압력이 편중되는 방향의 반대 방향으로 가압하는 평형 유지 장치가 구비된 오일 펌프에 관한 것이다. 
     본 발명은, 다수의 톱니를 외주연에 형성한 내부 로터와, 상기 내부 로터의 외주연에 형성된 다수의 톱니에 상응한 다수의 톱니를 내주연에 형성한 외부 로터로 이루어지고, 상기 내부 로터의 외주연에 형성된 다수의 톱니와 상기 외부 로터의 내주연에 형성된 다수의 톱니가 치합하여 회전하면서, 그 사이에 체적 변화를 통하여 오일 압력을 상승시키는 오일 펌프에 있어서, 상기 내부 로터의 내주면의 소정 개소에 실린더와 피스톤으로 이루어진 유압 수단과, 상기 내부 로터의 중심을 기준으로 상기 유압 수단과 반대 측의 위치에 형성되고, 원주 방향으로 연장하여 상기 유압 수단에 연결되는 유로를 포함하는 평형 유지 장치가 구비되는 것을 특징으로 한다.
Patent KR-20090049319-A (KR)
Inventor: SEO KANG SOO
IPC: F16H3/44
Filed: 2007-11-13
Abstract: 단순유성기어셋트로 이루어지는 제1 유성기어셋트와 2개의 단순유성기어셋트의 조합으로 이루어지는 제2 유성기어셋트를 3개의 클러치와 2개의 브레이크로 조합하여 전진 6속 및 후진 1속을 구현할 수 있도록 함으로써, 자동 변속기의 구성을 간단히 하고, 동력 전달 성능을 향상시키며, 연비를 저감시킬 수 있도록 한 차량용 자동 변속기의 기어 트레인을 제공함에 있다. 
     
     유성기어셋트, 선기어, 유성 캐리어, 링기어, 클러치, 브레이크
Patent KR-20090050635-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE KANG
IPC: H01L21/60
Filed: 2007-11-16
Abstract: 본 발명에 따른 구리기둥-주석범프는 반도체 칩 상에 형성되는 구리기둥-주석범프로서, 상기 구리기둥-주석범프는 칩 상에 형성되는 구리층과, 본 구리층의 상부와 측부를 전체적으로 감싸는 주석층을 포함하는 것을 특징으로 한다. 
     또한, 본 발명에 따른 구리기둥-주석범프의 형성방법은, 반도체 칩 상에 구리기둥-주석범프를 형성하는 방법으로서, 상기 칩 상에 제 1 구리층을 형성하는 단계와, 상기 제 1 구리층 상에 포토레지스트를 도포하는 단계와, 본 포토레지스트 내에서 구리기둥이 형성될 부분을 노광하고 현상하는 단계와, 본 현상된 포토레지스트 부분에 구리기둥을 형성하는 단계와, 본 구리기둥 상부에 주석층을 형성하는 단계와, 상기 포토레지스트를 제거하는 단계와, 상기 구리기둥의 외부, 및 본 구리기둥이 위치하는 영역 이외의 영역으로부터 상기 제 1 구리층을 제거하는 단계와, 상기 구리기둥의 외부에 주석층을 형성하는 단계를 포함한다. 
     이에 의해, 포토레지스트의 노광을 통해 제작되는 미세 패턴에 의해 구리기둥-주석범프의 피치를 감소시키고, 또한 단 한번의 포토레지스트 패터닝 공정만을 이용하는 단순한 공정으로써, 고밀도 패키징을 가능하게 할 수 있다. 
     그리고, 낮은 전기저항성으로 인해 기생저항성분을 감소시킴으로써, 기생저항에 의한 신호지연을 감소시킬 수 있으며, 기계적인 스트레스 흡수층을 구성하기 위한 언더필(Underfill)이 보다 용이하게 스며들 수 있도록 구성할 수 있다. 
       
     구리, 기둥, 주석, 범프
Patent KR-20090052921-A (KR)
Inventor: OK EUN HO
IPC: A47B91/00
Filed: 2007-11-22
Abstract: 본 발명은 책상, 걸상, 테이블 등의 다리 높이 조절을 위한 장치로 외측 파이프, 내측 파이프, 고정 홈과 래치, 고정 핀, 레버로 구성되고, 책상, 걸상, 테이블 등을 가볍게 들어줄 경우 다리를 고정하는 래치가 위쪽 고정 홈으로 쉽게 이동하고, 놓을 경우 래치가 고정 홈에 들어가 고정되는 구조로 높이 조절이 매우 쉽고, 수직하중을 내측 파이프의 종단면이 받을 수 있는 구조로 튼튼하게 된다.  
       
     높이조절, 책상, 걸상, 테이블
Patent KR-20090052958-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE SOO CHAN
IPC: C22C38/00
Filed: 2007-11-22
Abstract: 본 발명은 중량%로, C:0.03~0.06, Si:0.2~0.45, Mn:0.2~0.45, Cr:16.0~16.6, Ni:0.4이하, Cu:0.5이하, Al:0.01이하, N:0.03~0.06%, P:0.030이하, S:0.01이하 및 잔부가 Fe 및 불가피한 불순물로 이루어진 페라이트계 스테인리스강의 제조방법에 있어서, 상기 페라이트계 스테인리스 열연강판을 상소둔 열처리시 하기 식(1)의 로크웰 경도값을 78 이하가 되도록 하고, 하기 식(2)의 연신율값을 28 이상이 되도록 소둔온도 및 유지시간을 제어하는 것을 특징으로 하는 연신율이 우수한 페라이트계 스테인리스강의 제조방법을 제공한다. 
     HRb = 176-0.0485 x T - 0.181 x t       (1) 
     (T : 상소둔 시 소둔 균열온도(℃), t : 소둔 균열온도에서 유지시간(hour)) 
     EL. = 65.3 -0.473 x HRb                (2) 
       
     상소둔, 연신율, 석출물, 페라이트계 스테인리스강
Patent KR-20090054192-A (KR)
Inventor: IM SA IN
IPC: E21B10/36
Filed: 2007-11-26
Abstract: 본 발명은 지반이나 암반(전석층)을 직천공하는데 사용되는 굴착 해머용 비트를 구성하는 파일럿비트와 아웃터비트의 체결 구조를 개선한 굴착 해머용 비트에 관한 것으로; 전단에 다수의 제1절삭팁이 구비되며 그 후단부가 해머에 지지되는 파일럿비트와, 상기 파일럿비트의 전방에 체결되며 전단부에 다수의 제2절삭팁이 구비되는 아웃터비트로 이루어지는 굴착 해머용 비트에 있어서, 상기 파일럿비트는 몸체의 외주면에 전후방향으로 동일한 형상으로 이루어지는 다수의 제1가이드홈이 형성되고, 그 몸체의 외주면을 따라 상기 제1가이도홈과 교차하는 제2가이드홈이 형성되고, 상기 제1 및 제2가이드홈이 교차부분 일측에 걸림홈이 형성되고, 상기 제2가이드홈의 후단에는 스토퍼부가 형성되며, 상기 아웃터비트는 상기 제1가이드홈에 안내되어 상기 스토퍼부에 지지되면 일측으로 회전시에 상기 걸림홈에 체결되는 걸림돌기가 형성되는 것을 특징으로 한다. 
     본 발명에 따르면, 굴착 해머용 비트를 구성하는 파일럿비트와 아웃터비트의 체결 구조를 개선하여 아웃터비트를 파일럿비트의 전방에 체결시 그 위치를 작업자가 조정할 필요가 없어 체결작업이 용이한 장점이 있다. 
       
     천공, 해머, 비트
Patent KR-20090055902-A (KR)
Title: Synchronization method in wireless communication system
Inventor: BANG YOUNG JO
IPC: H04B17/40
Filed: 2007-11-29
Abstract: A synchronization method in a wireless communication system is provided to operate an RF relay by synchronizing a terminal with a base station without changing an existing communication rule between a terminal and a base station. A base station signal is received from a base station(S310). A TTG(Transmit/receive Transition Gap) and a RTG(Receive/transmit Transition Gap) are detected(S320). A preamble is removed from the base station signal(S330). The base station signal without the preamble is transmitted to the terminal(S340).
Patent KR-20090056011-A (KR)
Title: Apparatus and method for control of flushing in bidet
Inventor: KIM JEONG HEE
IPC: E03D5/00
Filed: 2007-11-29
Abstract: An apparatus and a method for control of flushing in a bidet are provided to flush a drain in case of malfunction and power outage of the bidet by using a manual flush button as well as draining the used washing water. A flush control apparatus of a bidet comprises a control unit(10) performing automatic flush control for automatically flushing a drain in response to an electrical signal of a seat sensor(15) connected to a seat of the bidet, a display unit(20) equipped with a control key for manipulating the control of the control unit and a display, a seat(30) in which the user can seat, an automatic flush mechanism(40) which automatically operates under the automatic flush control of the control unit, a flush mechanism(50) which is operated by the automatic flush mechanism, and a manual flush mechanism(60) for resetting the automatic flush mechanism and operating the flush mechanism manually.
Patent KR-20080049673-A (KR)
Title: Exposure apparatus and device fabrication method
Inventor: SUDA HIROMI
IPC: H01L21/027
Filed: 2007-11-30
Abstract: An exposure apparatus and a fabrication method of a device are provided to increase a throughput of devices by optimizing light for illuminating a pattern of a reticle. An illumination optic system(20) is formed to illuminate a reticle by using a light beam from a light source(10). A projection optic system(40) is formed to project a pattern of the reticle onto a substrate. The illumination optic system includes a light-shielding member(220) which is arranged near to a plane conjugate to a pupil plane of the projection optic system. The light-shielding member moves along an optical axis of the illumination optic system. The light-shielding member moves to form non-uniformity in a distribution of light intensity on the pupil plane of the projection optical system.
Patent KR-20080057143-A (KR)
Title: Intergrated circuit compring stability improved and selectively stressed sram cell
Inventor: KO YOUNG GUN
IPC: G11C11/41
Filed: 2007-12-03
Abstract: An integrated circuit comprising an SRAM with improved stability is provided to improve the stability of the integrated circuit more than the conventional integrated circuit including an SRAM cell by improving the beta rate between a pull down transistor and a pass gate transistor. An integrated circuit comprises one or more than one SRAM cell which includes at least one pass-gate transistor(14C) and at least one pull-down transistor(14D). Each pass-gate transistor has an unstressed channel(106), and each pull-down transistor has a stressed channel(104). An ion proportion between the pass-gate transistor and the pull-down transistor is about greater than 1.