baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent WO-2006033888-A9 (WO)
Title: Procede de traitement de la necrose avasculaire (avn) dans lequel sont utilises des materiaux osteoinducteurs
Inventor: NYCZ JEFFREY H
IPC: A61K38/18
Filed: 2005-09-13
Abstract: L'invention concerne une méthode destinée au traitement de la nécrose avasculaire (AVN), consistant à administrer une ou plusieurs préparations ostéoinductrices au niveau du site atteint par la nécrose avasculaire. Cette méthode fait appel à une technique de décompression de noyau, suivie de l'introduction d'une ou plusieurs préparations ostéoinductrices dans le noyau de décompression et du recouvrement latéral du noyau de décompression à l'aide d'un capuchon de noyau fémoral. Les préparations ostéoinductrices de l'invention comprennent un ou plusieurs agents ostéoinducteurs et des molécules porteuses adaptées. Le capuchon de noyau fémoral retient la préparation ostéoinductrice à l'intérieur du noyau de décompression, ce qui évite les fuites de préparation ostéoinductrice du noyau de décompression. La méthode de l'invention consiste également à éventuellement introduire une autogreffe ou une allogreffe avec les préparations ostéoinductrices de l'invention. La méthode de l'invention consiste également à éventuellement utiliser des compositions à libération prolongée pour obtenir des périodes prolongées d'ostéogenèse.
Patent WO-2006084193-A9 (WO)
Inventor: GHARIB JAMES
IPC: A61N1/08
Filed: 2006-02-02
Abstract: A system and methods for performing neurophysiology assessments during surgery, such as assessing the health of the spinal cord via at least one of MEP and SSEP monitoring and assessing bone integrity, nerve proximity, neuromuscular pathway, and nerve pathology during spine surgery.
Patent WO-2007019218-A9 (WO)
Title: Prechargement de ressources a partir d'un carrousel de donnees d'un systeme fichier de diffusion
Inventor: BEAULE STEPHANE
IPC: G06F17/30
Filed: 2006-08-02
Abstract: Un dispositif processeur intégré qui communique par un système fichier de diffusion (BFS) avec un carrousel de données, enregistre un fichier qui spécifie, pour au moins une application, l'application et tous les fichiers ressources requis au moins pour le lancement de chaque application. Plutôt que de lire un seul fichier d'application du système BFS puis de lire chaque fichier ressources en série, le procédé ou dispositif intégré lit simultanément le fichier d'application et tout fichierressources nécessaire lors de leur diffusion, ce qui permet de lire tous le fichiers lors d'un cycle unique du carrousel de données.
Patent WO-2008060590-A9 (WO)
Inventor: COLLART DANIEL
IPC: H04M15/00
Filed: 2007-11-15
Abstract: An embodiment of the present invention provides an apparatus, comprising a service and billing platform including a program administration interface associated with a prepaid wireless handset adapted to allow for the creation and management of programs, business rules, customer communications, reports, back end processes, trial and upgrade plans and shared membership plans.
Patent WO-2008097328-A9 (WO)
Title: Nanoparticules fonctionnalisées asymétriques et leurs méthodes d'utilisation
Inventor: MIRKIN CHAD A
IPC: C12N15/11
Filed: 2007-06-25
Abstract: L'invention concerne des nanoparticules fonctionnalisées de manière asymétrique, ainsi que leurs méthodes de préparation. Ces nanoparticules fonctionnalisées de manière asymétrique peuvent être utilisés dans diverses méthodes thérapeutiques.
Patent WO-2009075882-A9 (WO)
Title: Compositions et traitements pour la guérison de blessures aggravées
Inventor: DUFT BRADFORD J
IPC: A61K38/08
Filed: 2008-12-11
Abstract: L'invention concerne des procédés et des compositions qui comprennent des combinaisons et des utilisations d'un premier agent anti-connexine et d'un second agent anti-connexine, par exemple un ou plusieurs polynucléotides anti-connexine et un ou plusieurs peptides ou peptidomimétiques anti-connexine, pour une utilisation thérapeutique, y compris des utilisations pour favoriser et/ou améliorer des blessures et la guérison de blessures et/ou la réparation de tissus.
Patent WO-2008118626-A9 (WO)
Title: Inhibiteurs de jnk et procédés pour identifier des inhibiteurs de jnk
Inventor: PELLECCHIA MAURIZIO
IPC: G01N33/53
Filed: 2008-03-08
Abstract: L'invention concerne des procédés, par exemple des procédés de criblage, pour identifier des modulateurs d'interaction JNK/JIP. L'invention concerne également des nécessaires comprenant des réactifs pour effectuer les procédés de l'invention. Des composés identifiés comme des modulateurs de l'interaction JNK/JIP utilisant les procédés révélés sont également proposé ainsi que des compositions pharmaceutiques et les procédés thérapeutiques utilisant ceux-ci.
Patent WO-2013009701-A9 (WO)
Inventor: LIN WENBIN
IPC: A61K9/16
Filed: 2012-07-09
Abstract: L'invention porte sur des nanoparticules de métal-bisphosphonate, ainsi que sur des compositions pharmaceutiques comprenant les nanoparticules de métal-bisphosphonate, sur des procédés de préparation des nanoparticules de métal-bisphosphonate et de matériaux comportant les nanoparticules et sur des procédés d'utilisation des compositions pour traiter un cancer ou des troubles liés aux os (par exemple des maladies liées à la résorption osseuse, l'ostéoporose, la maladie de Paget et les métastases osseuses) et comme agents d'imagerie.
Patent WO-2015048145-A9 (WO)
Inventor: BALU-IYER SATHY
IPC: C07F9/09
Filed: 2014-09-24
Abstract: Provided are method for inducing immune tolerance to antigens including therapeutic antigens. The method comprises administering to an individual OPLS or other lipidic compositions and the antigen, either in a single formulation or as separate formulations where the separate formulations are administered concomitantly or sequentially.
Patent WO-2017078816-A9 (WO)
Inventor: BAKER JOHN
IPC: F41A21/16
Filed: 2016-08-11
Abstract: L'invention concerne un canon ayant un corps contenant une structure tubulaire allongée s'étendant depuis une extrémité tranche vers une extrémité bouche; un alésage pour projectile s'étendant depuis une chambre de projectile vers l'extrémité bouche; et un ou plusieurs évidements tubulaires formés dans le corps, chaque évidement tubulaire étant défini par un trou allongé s'étendant depuis une extrémité ouverte formée dans une zone proche de l'extrémité bouche.
Patent WO-2019245695-A9 (WO)
Title: Method and device for distributing beneficial arthropods
Inventor: KRULL RYAN
IPC: A01K1/03
Filed: 2019-06-14
Abstract: A method and apparatus for distributing beneficial arthropods to plants. The method and apparatus include a temperature control system for maintaining the beneficial arthropods at an optimal temperature prior to dispersal and a pneumatic system for conveying the beneficial arthropods.
Patent WO-2021202142-A9 (WO)
Title: Chromate-free ceramic compositions with reduced curing temperature
Inventor: BELOV IRINA
IPC: C09D1/02
Filed: 2021-03-22
Abstract: Hexavalent chromium-free slurries are provided that are capable of achieving a full cure at temperatures as low as 330 - 450 degrees F, thus making the coatings especially suitable for application on temperature sensitive base materials. The slurries are suitable in the production of protective coating systems formed by novel silicate-based basecoats that are sealed with novel phosphate-based topcoats. The coating systems exhibit acceptable corrosion and heat resistance and are capable of replacing traditional chromate-containing coating systems.
Patent IE-58273-B1 (IE)
Title: Novel peptide derivatives having a nitrogenous polycyclic structure, process for the preparation thereof and pharmaceutical compositions containing them
IPC: C07K16/00
Filed: 1986-01-06
Abstract: The invention relates to tetrapeptide derivatives of the general formula   <IMAGE>   in which R represents a hydrogen atom, a straight-chain or branched alkyl radical containing from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, optionally substituted by a hydroxy, amino, mercapto, methylthio, methylsulphoxide, carboxy or guanidino group, or a benzyl or indol-3-ylmethyl radical optionally substituted by a hydroxy group, R1 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms,   <IMAGE>   represents a nitrogenous polycyclic structure, the enantiomers, epimers and diastereoisomers thereof, as well as to the pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts thereof.
Patent IE-59010-B1 (IE)
Title: New steroids substituted at position 10,the process and the intermediates for their preparation, their application as medicaments, the pharmaceutical compositions containing them
IPC: C07J43/00
Filed: 1986-01-13
Abstract: A novel steroid of the formula    <IMAGE>  I  wherein X is methylene and R is an optionally substituted carbocyclic aryl or heterocyclic aryl or optionally substituted vinyl or ethynyl or X is a simple bond or -S- and R is optionally substituted carbocyclic aryl or heterocyclic aryl, R2 is methyl or ethyl, R3 is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl of 1 to 8 carbon atoms and optionally substituted alkenyl and alkynyl of 2 to 8 carbon atoms, R4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and acyl, <IMAGE>  is selected from the group consisting of   <IMAGE>  R6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl, the wavy line indicates  alpha  or  beta - and the dotted line in 1(2) indicates the optional presence of a second carbon-carbon bond and novel process and intermediates therefore having anti-glucocorticoid activity.
Patent CS-260985-B1 (CS)
Inventor: POGRIBNOJ VLADIMIR A
IPC: G08C19/28
Filed: 1985-01-11
Abstract: Zařízení patří k telemetrii, zejména
k technice palubních komutačních rozdělovačích
soustav. Cíl zařízení - zvýšqní
spolehlivosti zařízení pro přenos kódových
zpráv. Zařízení pro přenos kódových signálů
obsahuje tvarovací obvod předního a
zadního čela vstupního signálu, dekodovač,
připojený svými vývody k RS-klopnému obvodu,
jehož výstup přes číslový filtr je
připojen k R-vstupu komutátoru a jednomu
vstupu sčítače, jehož druhý vstup je připojen
ke vstupu převodníku impulsů, druhého
sčítače a k výstupu prvku ΝΕΒ0-ΝΕ, jehož
vstupy jsou připojeny k výstupu prvku
NEBO a k výstupu tvarovacího obvodu impulsů,
připojeného k prvku A. Zařízení obsahuje
také generátor impulsů, prvek NEBO
a další převodník impulsů.
Patent CS-274034-B1 (CS)
Title: Equipment for bricks handling
Inventor: MACH ANTONIN ING
IPC: B65G47/14
Filed: 1989-01-13
Abstract: The device for manipulation with bricks consists of a chain conveyor (1), whose chains (2) are equipped with projectures (3). The conveyor (1) is positioned on a bridge (6) between cylinders (4) of a roller conveyor (5).<IMAGE>
Patent IE-36115-B1 (IE)
Title: Substituted phenylthiocarbamates
IPC: C07D295/20
Filed: 1972-02-17
Abstract: 1385802 Phenylthiocarbamates SCHERING AG 14 Feb 1972 [23 Feb 1971] 6705/72 Heading C2C The invention comprises compounds of the general formula wherein R 1 represents a C 1 to C 3 alkyl group, R 2 represents a hydrogen atom or a C 1 to C 6 alkyl group, and R 3 represents an unsubstituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group having at least two carbon atoms (with the proviso that when R 1 represents a methyl group and R 2 represents a hydrogen atom R 3 does not represent i-propyl or t-butyl), a substituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group or a substituted or unsubstituted cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon group and, when R 2 is a hydrogen atom, R 3 may represent a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, or R 2 and R 3 together with the adjacent nitrogen atom represent a cyclic group that may contain a further hetero atom. They may be prepared by (i) reacting a compound of the formula or a salt thereof with (a) a carbamoyl chloride of the formula in the presence of an acid binding agent, or (b) phosgene in the presence of an acid binding agent to form a chloroformic acid ester which is then reacted with an amine of the formula or (c) when R 2 represents a hydrogen atom, an isocyanate of the formula in the presence of a catalyst; or by (ii) catalytically reducing a nitro compound of the formula to form the corresponding amine which is then reacted with a compound of the formula in the presence of an acid binding agent. The compounds of the invention have herbicidal properties.
[GB1385802A]
Patent IE-43348-B1 (IE)
Title: Pyrethroids as insecticides
IPC: C07C69/753
Filed: 1976-02-13
Abstract: The novel phenoxybenzyl esters of spirocarboxylic acids have the formula  in which R1 and A have the meanings given in Patent Claim 1. The novel compounds of the formula I are prepared by reacting approximately equimolar amounts of a suitable spirocarboxylic acid halide and of a suitable m-phenoxybenzyl alcohol. The novel compounds of the formula I have an insecticidal and acaricidal activity. They are therefore used for controlling insects and mites. To this end, an insecticidally or acaricidally effective amount of them is brought into contact with the insects or mites, their environment or their diet.
Patent IE-62870-B1 (IE)
Title: Medicated cleansing pads
Inventor: THAMAN LAUREN ANN
IPC: A61K47/00
Filed: 1989-02-01
Abstract: Disclosed are medicated cleansing pads comprising: (a) from about 50% to about 75% of a nonwoven fabric material; (b) from about 20% to about 75% (on a dry solids basis) of a water soluble polymeric resin of the formula:    (Ax) @      (By) @   wherein A is one or more monomers selected from styrene or styrene derivatives and B is one or more monomers selected from butadiene or butadiene derivatives, x is the number of different A monomer components present in the copolymer chain, with x being an integer of 1 or more and y is the number of B monomer components present in the copolymer chain, with y being an integer of 0 or more and m:n is the weight ratio of A monomer components to B monomer components, and is from about 10:1 to about 1:5, preferably from about 5:1 to about 1:2, and (c) from about 0.1% to about 50% of salicylic acid active composition.
Patent IE-32726-B1 (IE)
Title: Improved paper bags and method of making same
IPC: B65D30/14
Filed: 1969-03-11
Abstract: 1,256,957. Block-bottomed bag. CRAFSAC. 14 March, 1969 [15 March, 1968; 4 Feb., 1969], No. 13549/69. Heading B8K. A block-bottomed bag is formed by inserting a tube of plastics material into at least one tube of paper ply, flattening the tubes and applying a transverse stripe of anti-adhesive material to the edge of the inner surface of the or the inner paper ply along one flattened half only, welding along the line of anti-adhesive so that the plastics lining is joined to the other flattened half of the inner paper ply, and then folding and adhesively sealing the end of the bag. The paper plies 2-4 and lining member 6 may be longitudinally staggered and this, together with the degree of overlap on folding the bag end, may be varied as follows:-(a) lining 6 and ply 2 level, but staggered with respect to plies 3 and 4 (Fig. 5), with the transverse edges of ply 2 overlapped on folding, (b) ply 3 staggered with respect to ply 4 (Fig. 1, not reproduced), and the transverse edges of ply 2 meeting on folding, (c) plies 2, 3, 4 level, but staggered with respect to lining 6 (Fig. 8, not reproduced) and the transverse edges of all paper plies overlapped on folding. The lining member may be provided with bellowed edges (see Fig. 1). The bag end is folded diamond-wise in conventional manner and sealed with one or more adhesive papers 13. Welding may be performed by direct heating, dielectric heating or ultrasonic fusion. Conventional tube- and bag-forming apparatus may be used, and longitudinal staggering of the plies produced by the breaking of transverse weakening lines along a series of continuous tubes, with welding by means of electrodes. Both bag ends may be similarly sealed, with a filling valve at one end.
[GB1256957A]
Patent IE-32768-B1 (IE)
Title: Ethers of 1alpha,2alpha-methylene-19-nor-testosterone and of its 18-methyl homologues
IPC: A61K31/58
Filed: 1969-04-01
Abstract: 1,265,393. 1α,2α - Methylene - steroids. SCHERING A.G. 31 March, 1969 [5 April, 1968], No. 16626/69. Heading C2U. Novel steroids of the formula (where R is CH 3 or C 2 H 5 and R<SP>1</SP> is C i _ 4 alkyl or tetrahydropyranyl) are prepared by introducing a double bond into the corresponding ring-A- saturated steroids (this method is only used when R<SP>1</SP> is C 1-4 alkyl) or by etherifying the corresponding 17#-ols with dihydropyran or an alkylating agent. Introduction of a A<SP>4</SP>-double bond may be effected chemically or microbiologically. One method of chemical introduction is as follows This involves 3-enol-acetylation, halogenation (bromination is depicted) and dehydrohalogenation. 17# - Hydroxy - 18 - methyl - 1α,2α - methylene- A<SP>4</SP> - estren 3 - one is prepared from 17#- hydroxy - 18 - methyl - D<SP>4</SP> - estren - 3 - one via 17# - hydroxy - 18 - methyl - 5α - estran - 3- one, 17# - acetoxy - 18 - methyl 5α - estran - 3- one, the bromo-derivative of the last-mentioned compound, 17# - acetoxy - 18 - methyl - 5α- estr - 1 - en - 3 - one, 17# - acetoxy - 18 - methyl- 1α,2α - methylene - 5α - estran - 3 - one, the 3- enol acetate of the last-named, 17#-acetoxy-4- bromo - 18 - methyl - 1α,2α - methylene - 5α - estran - 3 - one and 17# - acetoxy - 18 - methyl- 1α,2α - methylene - A<SP>4</SP> - estren - 3 - one. The novel 17# - methoxy - 18 methyl - 1α,2α - methylene - 5α - estran - 3 - one is prepared by methylation of the novel 17# - hydroxy - 18 - methyl- 1α,2α -<SP> </SP>methylene - 5α . estran - 3 - one, in turn prepared by hydrolysis of its 17-acetate. The novel 17# - methoxy - 1α,2α - methylene - 5α- estran - 3 - one is prepared by methyleneation of 17# - methoxy - 5α - estr - 1 - en - 3 - one, in turn prepared from 17#-hydroxy-5α-estran-3-one via 1 7#-methoxy-5α-estran-3-one and its bromo derivative. The novel steroids of the first general formula above are stated to be anabolic agents, and they may be made up into pharmaceutical compositions with suitable carriers. Specifications 1,239,479 and 1,105,999 are referred to
[GB1265393A]
Patent IE-43018-B1 (IE)
Title: Improvements in or relating to internal combustion engines
IPC: F01L7/02
Filed: 1975-03-10
Abstract: 1496283 Rotary valve engines DANA CORP 7 March 1975 [8 March 1974 13 Dec 1974] 9488/75 Heading F1B The subject matter of this Specification is the same as that of Specification 1496281 but the claims are directed to a rotary valve having an exhaust passage extending diametrally therethrough and a tubular heat shield co-extensive with the passage and in spaced relationship with the walls thereof.
Patent IE-62580-B1 (IE)
Title: Processes for the stabilization of prostate specific antigen in natural matrices
Inventor: BERGER TINA SUSAN
IPC: G01N33/574
Filed: 1986-03-18
Abstract: Processes for preparing stable natural matrices for prostrate specific antigen (PSA) are disclosed. Biological carrier fluids for PSA obtained from a suitable mammal are modified to inhibit the activity of components of the biological fluids destabilizing to PSA. The stable natural matrices, prepared in accordance with the present invention, are useful in the measurement of PSA in a sample by means of an immunoassay.
Patent IE-39241-B1 (IE)
Title: Preparation of acrylic acid and methycrylic acid
IPC: C07C57/05
Filed: 1974-04-30
Abstract: 1465916 Oxidation catalysts STANDARD OIL CO 24 April 1974 [30 April 1973] 17877/ 74 Heading B1E [Also in Division C2] An oxidation catalyst composition comprises (1) a catalyst where A is an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, Zn, Cd, T1, In, Nb, Ta, a rare earth or mixture thereof; B is Ni, Co, Mn or a mixture thereof; D is P, As, Sb, B, W, Cr, V a mixture thereof, and X is Bi or a mixture of Bi and Te, and a and c are numbers 0-10, b is 0 to 20, is greater than 0 and less than 10, d is 0 to 5 and x is the number of oxygen atoms to satisfy the valency of the elements present and (2) a catalyst in which E is Sn, Cu, Ge, Sb, Bi, Te, Mn, Fe, Mg, Zn, Ni or mixture thereof; G is W or Cr or a mixture thereof; J is V, P, Sb, Co or a mixture therof; g and h are 0 to 20, i is greater than 0 and less than 20; and x is the number of oxygen to satisfy valency of elements present, and is used for the preparation of acrylic or methacrylic acid by reaction of propylene or isobutylene with molecular oxygen (see Division C2). The reaction is in a fluid-bed reactor and the catalyst particle size is preferably less than 300 microns and the bed volume during operation is 5-50% greater than the unexpanded bed. The catalyst may be a mixture of separate particles of the two types in an open-bed reactor or a reactor with sieve trays. The catalyst may be on a silica, alumina, titania, zirconia, or calcium phosphate supports. The catalysts are prepared by conventional methods with calcination and examples describe the preparation of K 0 1 Ni 2 5 Co 4 5 Fe 3 Bi 1 P 0 5 Mo 12 O x with SiO 2 and W 1 2 V 3 Mo 12 O x and SiO 2 , and a physical mixture of the two catalyst is used to prepare acrylic or methacrylic acid. Other examples of the catalyst compositions are listed.
[GB1465916A]
Patent MA-28702-B1 (MA)
Inventor: CASTRO ALFREDO C
Filed: 2006-12-29
Abstract: One aspect of the present invention relates to heterocyclic compounds that bind to bcl proteins and inhibit Bcl function. Another aspect of the present invention relates to compositions comprising a heterocyclic compound of the invention. The present invention provides methods for treating and modulating disorders associated with hyperproliferation, such as cancer.
Patent MA-29213-B1 (MA)
Title: Quinolones a substitution macrolones - amino
Inventor: BEST DESMOND JOHN
IPC: C07H17/08
Filed: 2007-05-22
Abstract: L'INVENTION CONCERNE DES COMPOSÉS DE FORMULE (I) OU DES DÉRIVÉS ACCEPTABLES SUR LE PLAN PHARMACEUTIQUE DE CEUX-CI POSSÉDANT UNE ACTIVITÉ ANTI-MICROBIENNE, DES PROCÉDÉS DE PRÉPARATION DE CEUX-CI, DES COMPOSTIONS RENFERMANT CEUX-CI ET L'UTILISATION DE CEUX-CI EN MÉDECINE.
Patent MA-30783-B1 (MA)
Title: Compositions photosensibles contenant de l'alcool polyvinylique et leurs utilisation dans des procedes d'impression
Inventor: BERETTI VITTORIO
Filed: 2009-04-06
Abstract: LA PRÉSENTE INVENTION CONCERNE UNE COMPOSITION PHOTOSENSIBLE CONTENANT DE L'ALCOOL POLYVINYLIQUE, UNE OU DES RÉSINES SYNTHÉTIQUES, AU MOINS UN AGENT DE RÉTICULATION POUR L'ALCOOL POLYVINYLIQUE ET UN CONSTITUANT SENSIBILISATEUR COMPRENANT AU MOINS UN AGENT DE GÉLIFICATION ET AU MOINS UN COMPOSÉ ORGANIQUE CHOISI PARMI DES SELS DE DIAZONIUM. LA COMPOSITION EST APTE À LA PRODUCTION DE CYLINDRES D'IMPRESSION ROTATIFS, NOTAMMENT DANS LE DOMAINE DES TEXTILES
Patent MA-31258-B1 (MA)
Inventor: PEUKERT STEFAN
IPC: C07F9/58
Filed: 2009-09-24
Abstract: La présente invention porte sur des composés se rapportant au diagnostic et au traitement de pathologies concernant la voie de hedgehog, comprenant mais sans y être limitées, la formation de tumeur, le cancer, la néoplasie, et les troubles hyperprolifératifs non malins. De façon précise, l'invention porte sur les composés représentés par la formule (i).
Patent MA-35372-B1 (MA)
Title: Formulation avec ingredients naturels contre l'ashme la toux a un effet nettoyant pulmonaire pour les fumeurs
Inventor: KHRIBECH BAHIJA
IPC: A61P11/14
Filed: 2013-01-28
Abstract: La présente invention concerne une formule naturelle à base des plantes médicinale ; remède contre les maladies respiratoires comme la bronchite et l’asthme ; à des propriétés expectorants ; antiseptiques et antispasmodique ; la préparation combat les inflammations des voies respiratoires et exerce un effet de nettoyage très fort des substances toxiques que la cigarette laisse sur cesvoies ;mais n’oubliant pas que le mode de vie tel que l’exercice régulier et l’alimentation saine sont important dans la prévention et même l’aide pour une bonne résultat de traitement des maladies respiratoires.