baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent JP-2003173573-A (JP)
Title: Optical information recording medium and optical disk drive
Inventor: NAKAMURA NAOMASA
IPC: G11B7/24038
Filed: 2001-12-07
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an optical information recording medium which has n layer(s) at one side and is suitable for high-density recording.  <P>SOLUTION: This optical information recording medium is provided with a substrate (120), a light-incident plane (170a), a first information recording layer (160) which is a layer arranged between the substrate and the light-incident plane and changes a crystallized state into an amorphous state in response to the exposure of a light beam, and a second information recording layer (140) which is a layer arranged between the substrate and the first information recording layer and transits between the crystalline state and the amorphous state in response to the exposure of the light beam. The first information recording layer is provided with, in order from a light-incident plane side to the substrate side, a recording film (165), a first dielectric film (163) whose real part of a complex refractive index is n1, a second dielectric film (162) whose real part of the complex refractive index is n2, a third dielectric film (161) whose real part of the complex refractive index is n3, and the relations of n1>n2 and n3>n2 are satisfied.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2003,JPO
Patent JP-2003169933-A (JP)
Title: Game machine, performance expression method thereof, memory medium and server
Inventor: MATSUMOTO YOSHIJI
IPC: A63F7/02
Filed: 2001-12-07
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a game machine which allows players to continue games without losing their interests in the games while sustaining thrilling and excitement as caused by games by generating sounds so as to make the players easily realize that specified profits or the like is offered and completely vanish suspicion and displeasure felt for the games even when irritated of seeing the generation of no big wins or the like for a long period of time.  <P>SOLUTION: In the game machine, sounds are generated to notify the players that the frequency of seeing loss figures stopped and displayed continuously approaches or reaches a specified value. When or after the specified frequency is reached, specified profits and/or advantageous states are offered to the players.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2003,JPO
Patent JP-2003177161-A (JP)
Title: Ad converter, test device and test method
Inventor: ASAMI KOJI
IPC: H03M1/36
Filed: 2001-12-11
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To reduce the test cost of an electronic device for outputting analog signals.  <P>SOLUTION: This converter is equipped with a threshold voltage generation part for generating a first threshold voltage determined beforehand and a second threshold voltage different from the first threshold voltage, a first comparator for outputting a result acquired by comparing a potential shown by a converted signal with the first threshold voltage as a first comparison signal, a second comparator for outputting a result acquired by comparing the potential shown by the converted signal with the second threshold voltage as a second comparison signal, a switching part for switching whether the converted signal is to be supplied to either of the first comparator and the second comparator or to both comparators, and a signal processing part for generating a digital converted signal for showing the potential of the converted signal based on the first comparison signal and the second comparison signal.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2003,JPO
Patent JP-2003177169-A (JP)
Title: Magnetic sensor
Inventor: TOMAKI KENJI
IPC: G01R33/02
Filed: 2001-12-12
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a magnetic sensor having high abrasion resistance against bills.  <P>SOLUTION: In this magnetic sensor formed by storing a magnetic resistance element 1 and a permanent magnet 2 in a case 5, a nickel-plated layer 6 including ceramic particles is formed on the surface of the case 5 of the magnetic sensor. Hereby, the abrasion life against bills becomes more than ten million passes. Consequently, the sensor can be used for a twenty-four-hour cash automatic saving machine or the like.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2003,JPO
Patent JP-2003058142-A (JP)
Title: Handwriting-like character font generation system, recording medium, and program
Inventor: NAKAJIMA MASATO
IPC: G09G5/24
Filed: 2001-12-13
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a handwriting-like character font generation system for generating a character font on which user's individuality is reflected for arbitrary characters with simple constitution so that many users can have 'their own different unique fonts'. SOLUTION: A standard character font storage function 21 stores a standard character font and a registered character input and storage function 22 inputs and stores registered characters; and a displacement information extracting function 24 extracts the displacement of the registered characters from standard characters and a displacement information adding function 26 adds geometric displacement information of a registered user to the respective characters of the standard character font stored in a memory and outputs them.
Patent JP-2003180481-A (JP)
Title: Seat
Inventor: FUJITA YOSHINORI
IPC: B60N2/90
Filed: 2001-12-20
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a seat which has small repulsion with a large damping ratio to suppress jumping-up of a human body.  <P>SOLUTION: A swelling part 11 is formed on the seat cushion member 14 of a tension structure body which has a structure in which variations of strain energy and tension by deformation caused by plane waves of the tension structure body are changed corresponding to excitation force of input vibration to change acting damping characteristics. Accordingly, because damping characteristics in a small damping ratio act on a small input of excitation force, vibration is damped by phase difference by spring characteristics of the seat cushion member 14 and/or the back cushion member 24, and damping characteristics act on a large input of excitation force in a large damping ratio for a long time by increase of strain energy and decrease of tension can suppress jumping-up of a human body.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2003,JPO
Patent JP-2003187166-A (JP)
Title: Information delivery method, server, client, information delivery program
Inventor: NINO YUICHI
IPC: G06F21/10
Filed: 2001-12-20
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a right information delivery method in a system for acquiring a right by electronically storing right information (information including the use right in itself such as ticket) in a right storage device (an IC card, the nonvolatile storage of a portable terminal, or the like).  <P>SOLUTION: A client comprises an information analysis part 102, a registration propriety determining part 105, an information registration part 107, an information cancel processing part 108, and a registration confirmation transmitting part 106. When the right information is registered according to the determination of the registration propriety determining part 105, it is registered in the information registration part, and the effect that the right information is cancelled and registered by the information cancelling processing part 108 is transmitted to an information transmitter 200 by the registration confirmation transmitting part 106, and when the right information is not registered, the effect that the right information is not cancelled or registered by the information cancel processing part 108 is transmitted to the information transmitter 200 by the registration confirmation transmitting part 106.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2003,JPO
Patent JP-2002315734-A (JP)
Title: Multi-plane graphic prescription interface and method
Inventor: BALLONI WILLIAM J
IPC: G06T19/00
Filed: 2001-12-26
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To make an imaging processing being easily understood to a user possible. SOLUTION: The first and second two-dimensional views of first and second localizer images (202, 204, 206) are displayed in the first and second viewing regions (201, 203, 205) of graphic prescription interfaces (200, 300). The three- dimensional view shows the first and second localizer images relative to each other in overlapping fashion in a common viewing region (301) of the graphic prescription interface. This method also allows a previous prescription to be displayed as a cross reference and allows to support any localizer image in a sequence of localizer images.
Patent JP-2003197977-A (JP)
Title: Method of manufacturing light emitting diode
Inventor: KOGA HIROMI
IPC: H01L23/28
Filed: 2001-12-27
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method of manufacturing a light emitting diode by which the variation of luminous intensity among light emitting diodes can be reduced.  <P>SOLUTION: After an LED chip 16 is die-bonded to the bottom face of a reflector 14 provided in a first lead frame 12, the chip 16 is connected to a second lead frame 18 through a bonding wire 20. Then the top and side faces of the chip 16 are coated with a coating material 22 composed of a light- transparent inorganic material by filling the uncured material 22 in the reflector 14. Thereafter, a powdery phosphor 24 deposited on the surface of the coating material 22 to form a layer by using an electrostatic attracting force by electrostatically charging the powdery phosphor 24 with minus electric charges and the surface of the coating material 22 with plus electric charges. After the material 22 is cured by heating the material 22 to a prescribed temperature, the LED chip 16, coating material 22, phosphor 24, and the upper ends of the first and second lead frames 12 and 18 are coated and sealed with an outer packaging material 28 composed of a light-transparent epoxy resin, etc., and having a convex lens section 26 at its front end.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2003,JPO
Patent JP-2003193495-A (JP)
Title: Underground structure constructing method
Inventor: KAYAMA YASUHARU
IPC: E21D13/00
Filed: 2001-12-27
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an underground structure constructing method, which takes up only a small working area in a road during the construction of an underground structure, contributes to a shortened occupation period or construction period, can reduce the number of employed timbering such as cut beams to a minimum extent even if an interval between earth retaining walls is extended according to the width of the underground structure, to thereby improve the workability of the construction.  <P>SOLUTION: According to the method, the earth retaining walls 54, 54 are embedded in the ground on both sides of a plot in which the underground structure 53 is to be constructed, and the ground 52 between the earth retaining walls 54, 54 is excavated down to a predetermined depth while upper portions of the respective earth retaining walls 54, 54 are exposed, followed by erecting a precast concrete girder member 56a over the exposed portions of the earth retaining walls 54, 54, to thereby form a top slab portion 56 of the underground structure. Then, an area below the top slab portion 56 is excavated to form an excavated hole 65 having a predetermined depth, and a bottom slab portion 59 and side wall portions 63 of the underground structure 53 are formed on a bottom portion and side portions of the excavated hole 65, respectively, followed by connecting the top slab portion 56 to the side wall portions 63, to thereby construct the underground structure 53.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2003,JPO
Patent JP-2003196570-A (JP)
Title: System and method for erasing active debt
Inventor: OTANI SHUNJI
IPC: G06Q40/02
Filed: 2001-12-28
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an active debt management system using an information system capable of automating erasing processing of an active debt and classification processing thereof to make active debt management efficient, by connecting an enterprise to a client each other by the Internet, and by opening request information classified by the client in the enterprise in a style not leaked to a third party, to be confirmed by the corresponding client.  <P>SOLUTION: An electronic invoice is prepared by information input from an enterprise side terminal and an active debt database, based on an order database input in a client side terminal, the electronic invoice is opened on a web page prepared by a web server, and planned cash receipt information is input in the client side terminal to conduct the erasing processing for the active debt.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2003,JPO
Patent JP-2003199885-A (JP)
Title: Game machine
Inventor: SATO SHOJI
IPC: A63F7/02
Filed: 2001-12-28
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a lamp device yielding sufficient electric decoration effects, a display device and a central unit which achieve lower costs and moreover, facilitate the securing of installing spaces.  <P>SOLUTION: The game machine is provided with a playing board 10 having a playing area 11, the display device 27 installed on the front side of the playing board 10 and the lamp devices 800 and 850 which are disposed in an area other than the display area of the display device 27 and performs at least one of lighting drive and flashing drive by starting discharge from a cathode at the normal temperature. In an example, the lamp devices 800 and 850 have a cold cathode ray tube.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2003,JPO
Patent JP-2003202071-A (JP)
Title: Control device for vehicle and control method thereof and control program thereof
Inventor: SHIIMADO TOSHIHIRO
IPC: F16H61/02
Filed: 2001-12-28
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a control device for vehicle which completes execution of speed change of an automatic transmission by a speed change execution means by the time when reaching an arrival point.  <P>SOLUTION: A corner detection means detects a specific corner and a change speed setting means sets a changing speed so that an input shaft rotation number becomes equal to a predetermined target input shaft rotation number before a vehicle reaches a destination position a predetermined distance Lh short of a specific corner based on a setting result by a destination setting means and a target input shaft rotation number setting means. The speed change execution means makes a transient target input shaft rotation number NS to reach a final target input shaft rotation number NF before the vehicle passes the position the predetermined distance Lh short of the corner based on the setting result. For example, in the case that an accelerator is turned off when a vehicle reaches a distance X<SB>3</SB>', change speed of a continuously variable transmission is completed by the speed change execution means when the vehicle passes the position the predetermined distance Lh short of a corner, the vehicle stably travels a node N<SB>1</SB>of the corner.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2003,JPO
Patent JP-2003199651-A (JP)
Title: Warmth retaining bed using bamboo ash powder
Inventor: TACHIBANA SUKEAKI
IPC: A47C27/00
Filed: 2001-12-31
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a warmth retaining bed using bamboo ash powder which is less prone to be damaged during a long-time use and can be washed in the warmth retaining bed configured by sealing bamboo ash powder in a bag-like body.  <P>SOLUTION: In the warmth retaining bed using the bamboo ash powder formed approximately planar and configured by sealing bamboo ash powder 2 into a gas-permeable bag-like body 1 and covering the bag-like body 1 with an exterior body 3, the bag-like body 1 is sealed in a storage bag 4 formed a little larger than the bag-like body 1 for free inside movement.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2003,JPO
Patent JP-2003500777-A (JP)
Title: 情報の記録
IPC: G06F3/042
Filed: 2000-05-26
Abstract: (57)【要約】
製品は、情報の記録に関連して使用するよう意図され、複数の異なる情報選択肢がある表面（２）を備える。各情報選択肢は、関連付けされたコードエリアを備える。前記表面は、また、前記表面上の複数の位置の座標を符号化した二次元の位置コード（４）を備え、該二次元の位置コードが、記録される情報に関連付けされていないものであると共に、所望の情報選択肢に関連付けられた前記コードエリア内の位置に関して前記位置コードを読むことにより、該所望の情報選択肢の記録を可能にしたものである。本製品は、レストランにおいて、また旅行の予約やホテルの予約のときなどに有益に用いることができる。情報記録のシステム、同様に、本製品を製造するための方法及びソフトウェアが更に記述されている。
Patent JP-2003501959-A (JP)
Title: 音声制御による動作を制御するための装置および方法
IPC: H04M1/724
Filed: 2000-06-02
Abstract: (57)【要約】
例えば移動電話などの電子装置であって、音声コマンド（１０５）に応じて前記装置（１０１）の動作を制御するための音声認識手段（１０２）を含み、加えて、前記装置（１０１）は、装置（１０１）の近隣に物体が存在するかを示す制御信号（１０８）を提供するための、例えば、静電容量、誘導もしくは赤外線センサーなどの近接センサー（１０３）と、制御信号（１０８）に応じて前記装置の音声制御による動作を制御する手段（１０７）を含む。
Patent JP-2003502475-A (JP)
IPC: C09J153/02
Filed: 2000-06-09
Abstract: The present invention relates to an adhesive composition comprising: (i) a block copolymer containing at least two poly(monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon) blocks and at least one hydrogenated poly(conjugated diene) block; (ii) 20 to 80 parts by weight of an at least partially hydrogenated tackifying resin per 100 parts by weight of block copolymer; (iii) 0 to 40 parts by weight of aromatic resin per 100 parts by weight of block copolymer; (iv) 10 to 60 parts by weight of a polybutene-1 per 100 parts by weight of block copolymer; and (v) 0 to 25 parts by weight of plasticiser per 100 parts by weight of block copolymer. The present invention further relates to a process for preparing pellets containing the adhesive composition and to a protective film comprising a substrate layer and an adhesive layer comprising the adhesive composition as defined above. The present invention further relates to a process for preparing a protective film by co-extrusion and to articles containing a protective film.
Patent JP-2003502186-A (JP)
Title: プラスチックの吹込成形の金型内ラベル付装置
IPC: B29C49/24
Filed: 2000-05-25
Abstract: (57)【要約】
【解決手段】  回転式の吹込成形機械（１０）と共に使用するための金型内ラベル付装置であって、第１及び第２の電気的なサーボモータ（４６，６４）と、それぞれのサーボモータによって駆動される第１及び第２のカム機構（４８，６６）とを含み、分配ヘッド（３６）を供給位置と配達位置との間にて動かすと共に、分配ヘッドのラベルキャリア（３８）を引込み位置とラベル搬送位置との間にて前記分配ヘッドとは独立して動かす。装置のセンサ（９２）は機械の回転ホイール（１２）の回転を検出して、第１及び第２の制御装置（８４，８６）を動作させ、これらの制御装置がそれぞれ第１及び第２の電気的なサーボモータ（４６，６４）を機械の動作と協働しつつも互いに独立的に駆動する。
Patent JP-2003504707-A (JP)
Title: 減圧装置および圧力制御バルブ
IPC: C23C16/455
Filed: 2000-06-28
Abstract: (57)【要約】
【課題】  非常に異なる所定圧力で処理可能な減圧装置を提供する。
【解決手段】  ウェーハ処理システムにおいて、排気管６に設けられてバルブ開口を調整する圧力制御バルブ９であって、流路１０と、第１の通気素子１２を備える。第１の通気素子１１と第２の通気素子１２は、流路１０内でガスが流れる方向で互いに背中合わせに配設され、それぞれ第１の通気開口と第２の通気開口の境界をなす。第１の通気素子１１と第２の通気素子１２の少なくとも一つは、第１の通気開口と第２の通気開口との間で所望のオーバーラップを確立してバルブ開口とみなされる共通の開口を形成するために、ガス流の方向１３を実質的に横断するように移動可能である。第１の通気開口は、２つの第１のエッジによって境界が形成される第１の開口部を少なくとも備える。これら第１のエッジは、尖端部に向けて相互に傾斜し、これにより、上記移動可能な通気素子は、上記バルブ開口が上記第１の開口部の上記尖端部のみを排他的に備えるような位置に少なくとも調整可能である。
Patent JP-2004511682-A (JP)
Title: 拡張可能な継手連結具
IPC: F16J15/10
Filed: 2000-07-11
Abstract: 入れ子状の２個の筒状対（２６及び２７）の重なっている区域において確実な機械的連結及び耐圧シールを得るための方法及び装置が提供される。重なっている区域を含んだ２個の筒状体は、筒状体の内径を大きくするように半径方向で拡張される。この拡張が、重なっている部分における環状区域（２８）を筒状体間の圧力封鎖組合状態にに強制する。入れ子状になってネジ結合された拡張されたピン（２６）及びボックス（２７）連結により互いに固定された連結より組み立てられた長いパイプは、長いパイプの元来の内径より大きい内径を有する井筒を提供するように、周囲の井戸穴内に半径方向に拡張させることができる。連結具の環状のシールは、環状のシールリング（２９）及び環状テフロンのスペーサーリング（３０）を備える。連結具の半径方向拡張が溝（３１）の軸方向の収縮を生じ、これがスペーサーリングと共に作用してシールリングを半径方向で拡張させ、拡張されたピン（２６）とボックス（２７）との間の作られる環状の空間を封鎖する。 【選択図】図８
Patent JP-2003508353-A (JP)
IPC: A61K31/5377
Filed: 2000-07-26
Abstract: This invention is directed to oxoazaheterocyclyl compounds which inhibit Factor Xa, to oxoazaheterocyclyl compounds which inhibit both Factor Xa and Factor IIa, to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds, to intermediates useful for preparing these compounds, to a method of directly inhibiting Factor Xa and to a method of simultaneously directly inhibiting Factor Xa and Factor IIa.
Patent JP-2003506385-A (JP)
IPC: A61F7/12
Filed: 2000-07-26
Abstract: A method and apparatus for lowering the body temperature of a patient while reducing shivering by using a heat exchange device in combination with an alpha2-adrenoreceptor agonist, a non-opiod analgesic monoamine uptake inhibitor or neuropeptide that temporarily reduces shivering. The devices disclosed include a catheter having a heat exchange balloon thereon with heat exchange fluid circulating through the interior of the balloon. The heat exchange balloon is placed in the vasculature of a patient, and heat exchange fluid at a temperature other than the temperature of the blood in the vasculature is circulated through the interior of the balloon to add or remove heat from the blood of the patient. Various alpha2-adrenoreceptor agonistalpha2-adrenoreceptor agonists, non-opiod analgesic monoamine uptake inhibitors and neuropeptides are disclosed including dexmedetomidine, nefopam, neurotensin and anticonvulsant medications and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. A control system for the control of the patient's temperature is disclosed for controlling the patient's temperature in conjunction with administering the alpha2-adrenoreceptor agonist, non-opiod analgesic monoamine uptake inhibitor or neuropeptide.
Patent JP-2003507061-A (JP)
IPC: A61P35/00
Filed: 2000-08-24
Abstract: A novel gene defining a novel human UDP-GlcNAc: Galbeta1-3GalNAca alpha1,6GlcNAc-transferase, termed C2GnT3, with unique enzymatic properties is disclosed. The enzymatic activity of C2GnT3 is shown to be distinct from that of previously identified enzymes of this gene family. The invention discloses isolated DNA molecules and DNA constructs encoding C2GnT3 and derivatives thereof by way of amino acid deletion, substitution or insertion exhibiting C2GnT3 activity, as well as cloning and expression vectors including such DNA, cells transfected with the vectors, and recombinant methods for providing C2GnT3. The enzyme C2GnT3 and C2GnT3-active derivatives thereof are disclosed, in particular soluble derivatives comprising the catalytically active domain of C2GnT3. Further, the invention discloses methods of obtaining 1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyl glycosylated saccharides, glycopeptides or glycoproteins by use of an enzymically active C2GnT3 protein or fusion protein thereof or by using cells stably transfected with a vector including DNA encoding an enzymatically active C2GnT3 protein as an expression system for recombinant production of such glycopeptides or glycoproteins. Methods are disclosed for the identification of agents with the ability to inhibit or stimulate the biological activity of C2GnT3. Furthermore, methods of using C2GnT3 in the structure-based design of inhibitors or stimulators thereof are also disclosed in the invention. Also a method for the identification of DNA sequence variations in the C2GnT3 gene by isolating DNA from a patient, amplifying C2GnT3-coding exons by PCR, and detecting the presence of DNA sequence variation, are disclosed.
Patent JP-2003508990-A (JP)
Title: 移動通信システムにおいて周波数間測定を実行する加入者局及び方法
IPC: H04W48/16
Filed: 2000-08-11
Abstract: (57)【要約】
移動通信システム（Ｔ１）において、加入者局（ＭＳ）に位置するデータ伝送決定手段（ＤＴＤＭ）は、無線基地局装置（ＲＢＳ）から加入者局（ＭＳ）にデータ伝送が指示されない所定の時間間隔を評価する。ＩＦ測定手段（ＩＦＭＭ）は、データ伝送が発生しない所定の時間間隔におけるハンドオーバ手順に必要な周波数間測定を実行する。データ伝送がないことの判断は、ネットワーク制御手段（ＲＮＣ）との信号や他のデータの交換の必要なく加入者局（ＭＳ）によって自律的になされる。本発明は、ＣＤＭＡ、ＷＣＤＭＡ、及びＴＤＭＡ移動無線通信システムにおいて特に有益である。
Patent JP-2004500489-A (JP)
IPC: B29C53/80
Filed: 2000-09-20
Abstract: An apparatus for fabricating a unique non-woven fabric which has the appearance of a woven fabric includes a supply station for adhesive coated parallel warp yarns, a support structure for orienting the parallel warp yarns into a cylindrical orientation with the adhesive coating on the outside, a weft yarn applicator for wrapping weft yarns around the cylindrically oriented warp yarns, a heating station for activating the adhesive and a cooling station for setting the adhesive, and a cutter for severing the cylindrically formed fabric composite so that it can be flattened and wrapped onto a take-up roller. The weft yarn applicator includes a rotating drum wherein a plurality of spools of weft yarn material are mounted in circumferentially spaced relationship. Tension on the weft yarns is provided by the rotation of the drum (centrifugal force) and a stationary conical aligner is used to guide the weft yarn material onto the warp yarns in substantially perpendicular alignment.
Patent JP-2003510132-A (JP)
Title: 移動可能な通気性スキンケア組成物を有する物品
IPC: A61K8/63
Filed: 2000-09-20
Abstract: (57)【要約】
本発明は、物品の少くとも一部にスキンケア組成物を配置した物品に関する。スキンケア組成物は、物品に定着させうる通気性バリヤ保護剤であって、接触、通常の着用者の動作および／または体熱により着用者の皮膚へ移動しうる。特に、スキンケア組成物は、少くとも約０．１gm/m 2 /hrの水蒸気透過速度、およびメチレンブルー染色法で測定すると、ハンターｂスケールで少くとも約−２５のバリヤ性を有しているべきである。