Patent GB-586646-A (GB)
Title: Improvements in or relating to radio object detecting systems
IPC: G01S13/53
Filed: 1944-08-02
Abstract: 586,646. Radiolocation. SPERRY GYROSCOPE CO., Inc. Aug. 2, 1944, No. 14800. Convention date, Aug. 19, 1943. [Class . 40 (v)] In a radiolocation system employing a modulated radiated wave, frequencies due to reflection from stationary objects are suppressed by a filter which passes frequencies due to reflection from moving objects, these frequencies, which are modified due to the Doppler effect being used to provide indications of the presence of moving objects. In the radiolocation system of Fig. 2, a U.H.F. oscillator 21 feeds a modulator amplifier 22, which is keyed by a square wave, Fig. 3, from a signal generator 24 so that transmission occurs - from radiator 35 for one half of the keying cycle. The aerial 35 also feeds a receiver comprising mixer 37 and I.F. amplifier 43 through a limiter 36 which may comprise a gas-filled resonator so. arranged that when ionised by the transmitted power a high impedance is presented at the junction 34. The I.F. amplifier is also rendered inoperative during the transmitting periods by a wave, Fig. 4, from the signal generator 24 fed to the screens or other control electrodes, and preferably a small blank interval is left between the transmitter and receiver operating periods to allow the limiter 36 to deionise. The mixer local oscillation is provided by feeding outputs from the U.H.F. oscillator 21 and an I.F. oscillator 39 to a modulator 41 and selecting one side band by a filter 42, so that the mixer output comprises a band of frequencies grouped around the intermediate frequency. The I.F. amplifier output is combined in a detector 46 with a wave of true interinediate frequency obtained. through alternator 45, and a stationary object producing a reflected wave envelope as in Fig. 5 will thus produce, at the output of detector 46, pulses as shown in Fig. 6 which commence when the receiver is gated on and end at a time determined by the range of the object. These pulses contain only the fundamental and harmonics of the signal frequency. A moving object, due to the Doppler shift produces, at the output of detector 46, pulses as shown in Fig. 7, which consist of the Doppler beat note modulated by the signal frequency and its harmonics. A band stop filter 27 with a series of harmonically related substantially infinite attenuation frequencies corresponding to the fundamental and harmonics of the signal frequency is arranged to pass only those signals in the output of detector 46 which correspond to moving objects. The attenuation requirements of filter 27 may be reduced in systems adapted for long range by narrowing the keying wave, Fig. 4, employed to energize the receiver, so that strong reflections from close objects are suppressed. A frequency meter 47 connected to the output of filter 27 is adapted to measure the predominant Doppler frequency and thus determine the radial velocity of the object. producing the reflection. In order to determine distance the output of filter 27 is fed to a rectifier 28 the output of which is as shown in Fig. 8 and contains the signal frequency modulated by twice the Doppler frequency and various harmonics and combinations. The wave of Fig. 8 could be employed directly for distance determination in a distance meter 29 which may operate by comparing the phase of the signal frequencies with the phase of a reference wave fed from the signal generator 24, or by measuring the width of the signal frequency pulses. Preferably a band pass filter 48 which transmits only the signal frequency and harmonics is interposed so that the wave fed to the distance meter has the general form shown in Fig. 9. Reflections from several moving objects at different ranges may be distinguished on the basis of their range. If the band width of the I.F. amplifier is sufficient, the output from the filter 48 will be of the form shown in Fig. 10 which indicates the discontinuity at 51 corresponding to the range of one object when reflections from two objects are received. This signal is differentiated in the circuit 52 to produce the peaks 53, 54, Fig. 11, corresponding to the ranges of the detected objects, the reverse pulse 55 being eliminated by clipping in the circuit 52. The pulses 53, 54 are applied to the vertical deflecting plates of the oscilloscope 57 where they are displayed on a range time base produced by the sweep circuit 59 which is energized by the square wave from the signal generator 24. Instead of employing the differentiating circuit 52, the differentiation may be accomplished by means of the filter 48 by arranging its attenuation of the harmonics of the signal frequency to be proportional to the order of the harmonic. Discrimination between moving objects having a common bearing may also be obtained in terms of their radial velocities by inserting the arrangement of Fig. 12 between the filter 27 and rectifier 28 of Fig. 2. The input to the mixer 66 of Fig. 12, contains as the most important components the Doppler frequency 73 and side bands 74, 75, Fig. 14, due to the signal frequency. A plurality of moving objects -produces a similar number of these groups of frequencies. By means of a tunable oscillator 67 the group of frequencies corresponding to the object to be selected, is heterodyned in the mixer 66 so that the resultant frequencies pass through filter 68 which has the response indicated at 76, suppressing all frequencies except those lying within the narrow bands 77-79. The output from filter 68 is impressed on a second mixer 69 wherein the wave is returned to its original frequency by heating with the output of oscillator 67, the resultant frequencies corresponding to the object at the selected velocity only. In an alternative velocity selective circuit, Fig. 13, to be inserted between filters 27 and 48, Fig. 2, the frequencies issuing from filter 27 are fed to a tunable filter 71 which is arranged to select the Doppler frequency due to a particular object to the exclusion of the side bands due to the signal frequency. This wave is then utilized to multiply the signal modulated Doppler wave 81, Fig. 15, in a balanced modulator 72 to produce the wave 82. The action of the balanced modulator is to rectify the desired pulses while pulses having a different envelope frequency are not converted. The rectified pulses 82 from the selected object are thus able to pass through the filter 48.