baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent IT-MI952700-A1 (IT)
Title: Mutanti termostabili della d-m-alfa-carbamilasi
Inventor: GRIFANTINI RENATA
IPC: C12N15/55
Filed: 1995-12-21
Abstract: La presente invenzione riguarda mutanti termostabili della D-N-?-carbamilasi e mezzi e metodi per la loro preparazione.Detti mutanti termostabili esibiscono una attività inalterata o migliorata rispetto all'enzima wild type e sono particolarmente utili nella preparazione di D-?-amminoacidi.
Patent IT-TO940496-A1 (IT)
Title: Metodo di verifica delle condizioni del carico dei panni in una macchina per il lavaggio e/o l'asciugatura di biancheria, e macchina
Inventor: MARIOTTI COSTANTINO
IPC: D06F37/20
Filed: 1994-06-16
Abstract: Viene descritto un metodo di verifica delle condizioni del carico dei panni in una macchina per il lavaggio e/o l'asciugatura di biancheria comprendente un cestello contenente la biancheria, mosso in rotazione da un motore (M), ove nel corso di una fase di funzionamento è previsto gradualmente il raggiungimento di un'alta velocità di centrifuga (MC); la caratteristica principale del metodo descritto consiste nel fatto che prima del raggiungimento di detta alta velocità di centrifuga (MC) è prevista una verifica dell'entità del carico e, nel caso in cui il carico superi una massa predeterminata, anche la verifica delle condizioni di bilanciamento del carico, e dal fatto che, allo scopo di evitare rischi per la struttura meccanica della macchina, il raggiungimento della velocità massima di centrifuga (1400 g/m) è inibito in caso di rilevamento di un carico superiore a detta massa predeterminata e di uno sbilanciamento dello stesso.
Patent NO-20120541-A1 (NO)
Title: Utplassering av et elektrisk aktivert verktoy i en undersjoisk bronn
Inventor: WILSON STEVE
IPC: E21B23/00
Filed: 2012-05-10
Abstract: Et apparat for bruk med en undersjøisk brønn inkluderer en lubrikator konfigurert til å festes til undersjøisk brønnhodeutstyr, et elektrisk aktivert verktøy og et kveilrør festet til det elektrisk aktiverte verktøy. Det elektrisk aktiverte verktøy er initialt anordnet i lubrikatoren for å tillate utplassering av det elektrisk aktiverte verktøy på kveilrøret, inn i den undersjøiske brønn. Flere verktøy kan utplasseres uavhengig fra inne i lubrikatoren for å låses inn i en konsentrisk elektrisk konnektor inne i brønnen, som også kan virke som en sjalteinnretning. En konsentrisk elektrisk konnektor vil tillate passasje av et verktøy gjennom hoveddelen av konnektoren, hvilket opprettholder adgang til full boring når verktøyet trekkes opp.
Patent NO-20121433-A1 (NO)
Title: Kontrolledningsbeskyttelse
Inventor: BARRILLEAUX MARK FRANCIS
IPC: E21B19/08
Filed: 2012-11-29
Abstract: En kontrolledningsbeskytterfor bruk med en rørstreng, for eksempel produksjonsrør som har minst en kontrolledning på en ytre overflate derav er beskrevet. Kontrolledningsbeskytteren omfatter en hylse med en sylindrisk stiv ytre vegg, hylse er lokaliserbar rundt rørstrengen og den minst ene kontrolledningen, og et polymert tetningselement anordnet, i bruk mellom en indre overflate av hylsens yttervegg og rørstrengen, opererbar for hovedsakelig å forsegle mellomrommet mellom den ytre veggen av hylsen og rørstrengen.
Patent NO-20140245-A1 (NO)
Title: Mekanisk høyspentspleiseforbinder
Inventor: TETZLAFF STEVEN K
IPC: H01R24/00
Filed: 2014-02-26
Abstract: En elektrisk kraft-sammenstilling omfatter en motorledning med individuelle metallkledde ledere, en kraftkabel med individuelle metallkledde ledere og en spleiseforbinder for å forbinde hver av lederne. Hver spleiseforbinder har et rørformet metallfestelegeme med en oppadvendt skulder ved en øvre ende og en nedadvendt skulder ved en nedre ende. En metallmuttersammenstilling festes til én av kraftkabellederne med en nedadvendt skulder i metall-til-metall-forseglende inngrep med festelegemets oppadvendte skulder. En metallkopler festet til én av motorledninglederne med en oppadvendt skulder i metall-til-metall-forseglende inngrep med festelegemets nedadvendte skulder. Kontakter forbinder elektrisk én av motorledningens ledere med én av kraftkabelens ledere inne i festelegemet. En elastomerforsegling anbrakt mellom muttersammenstillingen og festelegemet, har ekspansjonsbufferhulrom som kan pereres til å kollapse og fjerne belastninger som påføres av forseglingen når forseglingen gjennomgår termisk ekspansjon.
Patent NO-20162010-A1 (NO)
Inventor: MARTINSEN TORD
Filed: 2016-12-17
Abstract: High pressure depth compensated actuator (100)for use in subsea conditions comprising: -a Hollow rod actuator (10), consisting of a first cylinder (11), a first piston (12), a first hollow rod (13), connection means (16) at each axial end ofthe hollow rod actuator (10), a second cylinder (14) mounted concentric with the first cylinder (11) and fastened to the upperend of the first cylinder (11) and a second piston (15) mounted at the lower end of the second cylinder (14);- a first volume (V1) is formed by the Outer diameter of the hollow rod (13), the lower end of the first cylinder (11), the inner diameter of the first cylinder (11) and the lower end of the first piston (12), and may be filled with oil, gas or be under vacuum; - a second volume (V2) is formed by the Outer diameter of the second cylinder (14), the upperend of the first cylinder (11), the inner diameter of the first cylinder (11), the upper end of the first piston (12), the inner diameter of the first hollow rod (13) and the upper end of the second piston (15) and may be filled with oil, gas or be under vacuum; - a third volume (V3) is formed by the inner diameter of the second cylinder (14), the upperend of the first cylinder (11), the inner diameter of the hollow rod (13),the lower end of the second piston (15) and the lower end of the hollow rod (13),and may be filled with oil, gas or be under vacuum; - a depth compensator(20), consisting of a third cylinder (21), a second hollow rod (22), a fourth cylinder (23) mounted concentric with the third cylinder (21) and fastened to the upper end of the third cylinder (21), a third piston (24) mounted at the lower end of the fourth cylinder and a mechanical stroke limiter (25) mounted at the upperend of the second hollow rod (22), preventing the second hollow rod (22) from stroking excessively; -a fourth volume (V4) volume is formed between the lower end of the third cylinder (21), the inner diameter of the third cylinder (21), the Outer diameter of the fourth cylinder(23), upperend of the third piston (24) and displaced by the second hollow rod (22) as well as the mechanical stroke limiter(25), which may be filled with gas orbe under vacuum; - a fifth volume (V5) is formed between the lower end of the second hollow rod (22), the inner diameter of the fourth cylinder (23), the lower end of the second hollow rod (22), the upper end of the third cylinder(23) and the lower end of the third piston (24), which may be filled with oil; conduit means (17) between the fifth volume (V5) and the third volume (V3).
Patent PE-37198-A1 (PE)
Inventor: FITZGERALD JAMESINA ANNE
IPC: A61K33/24
Filed: 1996-12-09
Abstract: The subject invention encompasses methods for the prevention and treatment of a human or lower animal subject having a gastrointestinal disorder caused or mediated by one or more intestinal helminths comprising administering bismuth to the subject.
Patent PE-121399-A1 (PE)
Title: Un proceso para hacer analogos de prostaglandina f
Inventor: WOS JOHN AUGUST
IPC: A61K31/557
Filed: 1998-10-02
Abstract: SE REFIERE A UN PROCESO PARA PREPARAR ANALOGOS DE PROSTAGLANDINA F DE FORMULA I, DONDE R1 ES COOH, C(O)NHOH, COOR5, CH2OH, S(O)2R5, C(O)NHR5, C(O)NHS(O)2R5 O TETRAZOL; R5 ES ALQUILO, HETEROALQUILO, ANILLO ALIFATICO CARBCOCICLICO O HETEROCICLICO, ANILLO AROMATICO O HETEROAROMATICO; R2 ES H o ALQUILO; R3 ES H, ALQUILO, ALCOXI, HALOALQUILO, ANILLO ALIFATICO CARBOCICLICO, HETEROCICLICO, ANILLO AROMATICO O HETEROAROMATICO; Y ES NR4, S, S(O), S(O)2, O, ENLACE; R4 ES H, ALQUILO o ACILO; p, q, p+q SON 0-5; SIEMPRE QUE Y ES UN ENLACE p ES POR LO MENOS 1; Z ES H, METILO, ANILLO ALIFATICO CARBOCICLICO O HETEROCICLICO, ANILLO AROMATICO O HETEROAROMATICO; QUE COMPRENDE a)PREPARAR UN INTERMEDIO DE FORMULA A, DONDE R6 ES ACIDO CARBOXILICO, ESTER DE ACIDO CARBOXILICO, ENTRE OTROS, R7 ES ALQUILO O LOS DOS R7 FORMAN UN HETEROCICLO ALIFATICO MONOCICLICO DE 8-12 MIEMBROS OPCIONALMENTE SUSTITUIDO; b)RETIRAR EL CETAL DEL INTERMEDIO A PARA FORMAR UN ALDEHIDO Y ACOPLAR EL ALDEHIDO CON UN REACTIVO WADSWORTH-HORNER-EMMONS COMO 3-(2,4-DICLOROFENOXI)-DIMETIL-2-OXI-PROPILFOSFONATO, ENTRE OTROS
Patent PE-52799-A1 (PE)
Title: Cicloalquilo, lactama, lactona y compuestos relacionados, composiciones farmaceuticas que comprenden los mismos, como inhibidores de la liberacion de peptido �-amiloide y no cicloalquilo, lactama, lactona y compuestos relacionados, como inhibidores de la liberacion del peptido �-amiloide
Inventor: AUDIA JAMES E
IPC: C07D243/12
Filed: 1997-12-23
Abstract: SE REFIEREN A COMPUESTOS (I), EN DONDE: R1 ES FENILO o HETEROARILO, ENTRE OTROS; "W" Y C(H)pC(=X) FORMAN UN CICLOALQUILO, HETEROCICLO, ENTRE OTROS; "X" ES =O, =S, (H,OH), (H,SH) e (H,H); "Y" ES CH(R2)-CO-NH; R2 ES ALQUILO, CICLOALQUILO, ENTRE OTROS; "Z" ES TCX`X"CO; "T" ES UN ENLACE; X' Y X" SON H, OH, F o AMBOS FORMAN =O; m Y p SON 0-1; n ES 0-2; CON LA CONDICION DE QUE a)CUANDO R1 ES 3,5-DIFLUOROFENILO, R2 ES CH3, "Z" ES CH2CO, m, n Y p SON 1 ENTONCES W Y CH Y C=X NO FORMAN UN GRUPO 2-(S)-INDANOL, ENTRE OTRAS CONDICIONES LOS COMPUESTOS (I) PUEDEN SER UTILES EN EL TRATAMIENTO Y PREVENCION DE LA ENFERMEDAD DE ALZHEIMER
Patent PE-10290-A1 (PE)
Title: Procedimiento de preparacion de derivados de benzotriazol
Inventor: JOHN EDWARD DUNCAN BARTON
IPC: C07D401/12
Filed: 1989-08-14
Abstract: CARACTERIZADO PORQUE SE PROPORCIONA UN COMPUESTO DE FORMULA GENERAL (1) EN DONDE R1 ES SELECCIONADO INDEPENDIENTEMENTE DE H, CN, NO2, HALOGENO, ALQUILO, INFERIOR, HALOALQUIL INFERIOR; m ES UN NUMERO ENTERO DE 1 A 4; R2 ES N o CR1, R3 ES UN GRUPO BENZOTRIAZOL O UN DERIVADO DEL MISMO. LOS COMPUESTOS OBTENIDOS SON UTILES COMO HERBICIDAS
Patent PE-10095-A1 (PE)
Inventor: D'AMATO ROBERT
IPC: A61K31/56
Filed: 1994-03-01
Abstract: Thalidomide for treating solid and blood-borne tumours, wherein said tumour is a breast cancer, leukaemia, neoplastic disease of the bone marrow, Kaposi's sarcoma, hemangioma, rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, acoustic neuroma, neurofibroma, trachoma, or pyogenic granuloma;and for treating ocular neovascular disease, macular degeneration, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, retrolental fibroplasia, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, diabetic retinopathy, Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, hereditary hemorrhagic telangienctasia or osteoarthritis.
Patent PL-253374-A1 (PL)
Title: Method of obtaining /s/-alpha-ethyl-2-keto-1-pyrolidinacetamide
IPC: C07D207/277
Filed: 1985-05-14
Abstract: (S)-alpha-ethyl-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide, its preparation and pharmaceutical compositions containing the same. It can be prepared either by reacting (S)-alpha-ethyl-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetic acid successively with an alkyl haloformate and with ammonia, or, by cyclizing an (S)-2-amino-butanamide of the formula X-CH2CH2-NHCH (C2H5)CONH2 wherein Y is a -CH2-radical when X represents a ZOOC-radical and Y is a -CO- radical when X represents a HalCH2-radical, Z being a C1-C4 alkyl radical and Hal a halogen atom. This laevorotatory enantiomer has been found to have significantly higher protective activity against hypoxia and ischemia than the corresponding racemate.
Patent PL-295273-A1 (PL)
Title: Method of obtaining a preparation capable to retard the synthesis of endogenous cytotoxic cytokinins
Inventor: KICZKA WITOLD
IPC: A61K38/47
Filed: 1992-07-13
Abstract: Dimerized lysozyme is used prophylactically or as a treatment for diseases associated with Tumor Necrosis Factor. Administration of the dimerized lysozyme by mouth, injection, an impregnated tampon, an antiseptive dressing, a gel or an ointment results in lowered Tumor Necrosis Factor concentrations. Therapy proved to be effective and very simple in the treatment of diseases which have a multi-factor etiology and pathogenesis.
Patent PL-307060-A1 (PL)
Title: Paper sizing aqueous suspension
Inventor: LYRMALM EBBE
IPC: D21H19/24
Filed: 1993-06-17
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/SE93/00541 Sec. 371 Date Jan. 6, 1995 Sec. 102(e) Date Jan. 6, 1995 PCT Filed Jun. 17, 1993 PCT Pub. No. WO94/01619 PCT Pub. Date Jan. 20, 1994The present invention provides a paper sizing composition which comprises a sizing agent selected from cyclic dicarboxylic acid anhydride or alkyl ketene dimer, a stabilizing and/or dispersing agent which is an amphoteric polymer and a polyaluminum compound.
Patent PL-308894-A1 (PL)
Title: Apparatus for measuring and indicating loading state of a semi-trailer
Inventor: BECKMANN JAN-DIRK
IPC: G01G19/08
Filed: 1994-01-12
Abstract: In order to improve a device for measuring and indicating the load state of a semi-trailer (11) to an extent that a measuring device which can be easily handled even independently of the traction unit for determining the load state of the semi-trailer is provided, which measuring device provides the most accurate information possible on the forces acting on the traction unit, the intention being for the device to be as easy to handle as possible, it is proposed that a pressure or force sensor (18) be arranged on the bearing coupling (12) between the traction unit (10) and the semi-trailer (11). <IMAGE>
Patent PL-311034-A1 (PL)
Title: Cargo carrying vehicle in particular a semitrailer
Inventor: BECKMANN JAN-DIRK
IPC: B60P1/56
Filed: 1994-02-22
Abstract: In order to provide a load-carrying vehicle, in particular a semi-trailer (100) with at least one load container (10) which is mounted on a set of running gear (11), has the purpose of receiving pressurisable goods and has at least one lower outlet (14) with which loading and unloading of the lorry can be carried out automatically independently of loading and unloading devices, it is proposed that the lower outlet of the load container (10) be designed as an inlet and outlet (14, 15) and be provided with inlet connections and outlet connections (16, 17) and with shut-off devices (18), and that the load-carrying vehicle has a device (21) for producing underpressure and excess pressure, which device (21) is connected to the interior (13) of the load container (10). <IMAGE>
Patent PL-314958-A1 (PL)
Title: Semiconductive linear element
Inventor: ROWLAND SIMON MARK
IPC: H01B11/22
Filed: 1994-12-15
Abstract: A linear element (1,61) suitable for extending between, and being supported by, towers of an overhead electrical power transmission system, includes one or more electrically semiconductive components (54, 62) that cause the element to have a linear resistance of 0.05 to 100 Mohms m<-><1>, and which exhibit a negative temperture coefficient of resistance. The element may be a rope used for stringing up conductors of the system or it may be an optical cable, Preferred materials for forming the semiconductive components include carbonaceous fibre tows formed from pyrolised acrylonitrile fibres. The element has a controllable and reproducible resistance for reducing or eliminating dry-band arcing. <IMAGE>
Patent PL-315870-A1 (PL)
Title: Crosslinkable mixes, method of obtaining them and method of using them in surface coating processes
Inventor: HASELHORST ROLF
IPC: C08L83/04
Filed: 1996-08-29
Abstract: The crosslinkable compsn. opt. also contg. water or anorganic solvent and useful in coatings comprises: (a) a polysiloxane offering at least two olefinic or acetylenic unsatd. bonds; (b) a polyhydrogen-siloxane offering at least two directly Si-bonded H atoms; (c) a hydrosilylation catalyst (pref. a Pt cpd. or complex or elemental Pt on a carrier); (d) an inhibitor; (e) a P cpd. of formula PR3 where R = H, 1-18C alkyl, 6-30C aryl, 7-31C alkaryl or OR<1> (where R<1> = as for R excluding H) and each of the aryl gps. can be alkyl-substd.; and opt. also (f) further auxiliaries.
Patent PL-316235-A1 (PL)
Title: Novel pesticide composition and strain of bacillus thuringensis
Inventor: LIU CHI-LI
IPC: A01N63/00
Filed: 1995-03-14
Abstract: The invention is related to a novel strain(s) of Bacillus thuringiensis in which essentially all of the pesticidal activity of said strain is in the supernatant of a fermentation of said strain. The strain produces a substance which has activity against an insect pest(s) of the order Coleoptera and which enhances the pesticidal activity of a Bacillus related pesticide. The invention further relates to pesticidal compositions comprising the substance and a pesticidal carrier, or the substance and a Bacillus related pesticide, a chemical pesticide and/or a virus with pesticidal properties as well as methods of using the pesticidal compositions to control a pest.
Patent PL-333096-A1 (PL)
Title: Styrene/acrylnitrile copolymer of high impact strength
Inventor: WANG HSIEN-CHANG
IPC: C08K5/098
Filed: 1997-11-20
Abstract: Styrene/acrylonitrile (SAN) resin compositions are provided having both improved room temperature impact properties as well as good weatherability. The compositions comprise a mixture of SAN resin, an elastomeric halogenated copolymer comprising a C2 to C12 monoolefin, e.g. isobutylene, and a ring-substituted alkylstyrene, e.g., para-methylstyrene, and a compatibilizing agent such as zinc stearate.
Patent PL-335767-A1 (PL)
Title: Method of and apparatus for preventing unauthorised access to a conditionally accessible system
Inventor: MAILLARD MICHEL
IPC: H04N21/8355
Filed: 1998-03-19
Abstract: A receiver/decoder is programmed only to accept a current entitlement control message (EMM) if it has received at least a previous EMM of a previous calendar period. When this is received, it is used to check present rights in the receiver/decoder. The invention prevents an original subscriber from fraudulently obtaining rights by disconnecting a decoder (before an authorising message can update the decoder's memory to prevent decryption) and by reconnecting the decoder (so as to be mistaken for a new subscriber legitimately having those rights). <IMAGE>
Patent PL-339917-A1 (PL)
Title: Method of sandblasting surfaces of workpieces
IPC: B24B29/00
Filed: 1998-10-30
Abstract: With sanding or sanding machines with rotating sanding tools comprising sanding segments which are rotated in mutually opposite directions, according to the invention a more uniform sanding result and uniform wear on the tools is achieved with a method whereby the tools (10) which are rotated in the direction like a roller are rotated in the direction like a roller are rotated slightly faster than are the tools (1) which are rotated in the opposite direction. The necessary increase in speed has shown to be around 7%, since the individual segments under the increased influence of the centrifugal force will thus obtain the same sanding pressure and herewith a uniform sanding effect for all of the sanding tools regardless of their direction of rotation to thee item.
Patent PL-350229-A1 (PL)
Title: Oil treatment process
Inventor: DAVIES JOHN PHILIP
IPC: C10G53/06
Filed: 2000-02-23
Abstract: A process for the production of a process oil, the process comprising:a) contacting a petroleum distillate with a polar solvent in an extraction column which operates with a bottom temperature of 30 to 80° C.,b) withdrawing a primary raffinate from the column of step a),c) contacting the primary raffinate with a polar solvent in an extraction column which operates at a bottom temperature that is higher than the bottom temperature of the extraction column of step a), and in the range of 60 to 90° C.,d) withdrawing a secondary extract from the column of step c), ande) removing said polar solvent from said secondary extract.
Patent PL-353339-A1 (PL)
Title: Polyamines comprising urea groups, method for their production, and their use as hardeners for epoxide resins
Inventor: TILLACK JORG
IPC: C08G18/66
Filed: 2000-07-17
Abstract: The present invention provides polyamines which contain urea groups, a process for the preparation thereof and their use to produce adhesives, sealants, embedding compounds, moulded items or coatings.
Patent PL-356577-A1 (PL)
Title: Method of and apparatus for determining the physiological fluid sampling point
Inventor: MATZINGER DAVID
IPC: A61B5/103
Filed: 2002-10-10
Abstract: Methods and devices are provided for determining a suitable site for sampling physiological fluid. In the subject methods, a potentially suitable physiological sampling site is selected, the fluid flow of the site is characterized and the site is then determined to be suitable based on the whether the site has high or low flow. Suitability may also be determined based on the type of sample obtainable from the site, where the order of the above-described steps may be altered. The subject devices include at least one site flow characterization element for determining the flow characteristics of a potential physiological sampling site and/or at least one sample type characterization element for determining whether the vasculature is arterial, venous or neither, i.e., an interstitial fluid sampling site. The subject methods and devices are particularly suited for use in the detection of physiological sampling sites in the fingers, arms, legs, earlobes, heels, feet, nose and toes. Also provided are kits that include the subject devices for use in practicing the subject methods.
Patent PL-356748-A1 (PL)
Title: Apparatus for stormwater retention and release, and method of use thereof
Inventor: COURIER STUART FRANCIS
IPC: E03F5/10
Filed: 2000-10-25
Abstract: Apparatus and a method are aimed at reducing flood risk from stormwater draining from a property (1). The apparatus is adapted in use to retain stormwater at the property (1) releasing it from the property and comprises a container (6) which in use is located underneath or proximal to a building (2) of the property (1), and a control chamber (3) with which the container (6) is in fluid communication. The apparatus is operatively connected in use by at least one conduit (4) to drainage means (5) sourced externally from the building to receive stormwater into the container (6) by way of the control chamber (3), and is further operatively connected in use to at least a second conduit (7) to which stormwater exits from the container (6) by way of the control chamber (3). A level of stormwater in the control chamber (3) determines the inflow and outflow of stormwater into and from the container (6). Debris is prevented at the control chamber from entering into the container and passing to the second conduit (7). Stormwater may be pumped from the container for watering a garden or other uses. The property (1) may comprise a series of buildings (2), each with its own stormwater retention.
Patent PL-368558-A1 (PL)
Title: Use of a duplex stainless steel alloy
Inventor: SUNDSTROEM ANN
IPC: C22C38/58
Filed: 2002-09-02
Abstract: A method of providing corrosion resistance, structural stability, mechanical strength and workability in applications with aggressive environments such as chloride-containing environments, are realized by providing at least one article formed from a composition which includes (in weight- %) up to 0.03% C, up to 0.5% Si, 24.0-30.0% Cr, 4.9-10.0% Ni, 3.0-5.0% Mo, 0.28-0.5% N, 0-3.0% Mn, 0-0.0030% B, up to 0.010%, 0-0.03% Al, 0-0.010% Ca, 0-3.0% W, 0-2.0% Cu, 0-3.5% Co, 0-0.3% Ru, balance Fe and inevitable impurities. The ferrite content is 40 to 65 volume % and a PRE number of at least between 46 and 50 in both the austenite and ferrite phase, and with an optimum ratio or relationship between PRE austenite and PRE ferrite in the range of 0.90 to 1.15; preferably between 0.9 and 1.05.