baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20000050078-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM HYUN YEONG
Filed: 2000-05-15
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method for mediating bank services using the internet is provided to utilize a new virtual bank openly operated, to reduce inconvenience of dealings generated between a user and the bank, and inconvenience of dealings caused by application to the goods criteria of the bank and absence of goods information when subscribing the reception goods. The method is provided to reduce procedure of the bank services and processing charges, by connecting an applicant for subscribing reception goods presented through a corresponding bank for free goods competition, and by connecting a real bank to a virtual bank of the internet, according to a predetermined criteria application. CONSTITUTION: A method for mediating bank services by using the internet comprises the steps as follows. A user demanding subscription of reception goods is connected to the internet to go through a network solution of a virtual bank on the internet acting for each bank. A subscription condition and information are registered by the user through the virtual bank network solution and a subscription of bank goods is requested. The information demanded by a computer system of the user is registered to the network solution of the virtual bank, a goods condition and information demanded by the user, is transmitted to a computer system of each bank, through a computer system of the virtual bank. The computer system of each financial reception system, retrieves its own goods, evaluates every goods information for the subscription condition of the bank goods demanded by the user and information supplied from the computer system of the virtual bank, and transmits results to the computer system of the virtual bank. And the computer system of the virtual financial reception, classifies or analyzes an information evaluation result and goods information transmitted from the computer system of each bank, selects an optimum bank and goods for the user, and transmits a selected result to the computer system of the user.
Patent KR-20010106044-A (KR)
Title: Method for advertising on internet and the system
Inventor: LEE YEON JEONG
Filed: 2000-05-20
Abstract: A preventive or remedy for kidney diseases containing as the active ingredient a mushroom extract obtained by using a hydrophilic solvent. The mushroom extract is efficacious in remarkably ameliorating or maintaining the renal functions of patients with renal failure, who have not been subjected to dialysis as yet, and can evade or extremely retard the subjection of patients with renal failure at a terminal stage to dialysis, which has been unavoidable heretofore.
Patent KR-20010107151-A (KR)
Inventor: HAN YEONG MIN
Filed: 2000-05-25
Abstract: 본 발명은 컴퓨터 네트워크를 이용한 다목적 멀티미디어 가판대(Kiosk) 서비스 제공 방법 및 장치에 관한 것이다. 보다 구체적으로, 멀티 미디어 입출력 장치 및 기록매체 저장/이송/기록장치를 포함한 컴퓨터 시스템인 다기능의 멀티 미디어 가판대(Kiosk) 및 다수의 상기 가판대(Kiosk)와 연결되어진 서버를 통하여 멀티 미디어 컨텐츠 제공, 인터넷 서비스 및 광고를 다수의 사용자에게 공공장소에 설치된 상기 멀티 미디어 가판대(Kiosk)에서 제공하는 방법 및 장치이다. 또한 상기 작업시에 등록된 사용자에게는 자신만의 캐릭터 육성 게임을 진행할 수 있도록 한다. 
     따라서 본 발명은 공공 개인용 컴퓨터(PC)의 역할을 담당하여 다수의 사용자가 다목적 멀티미디어 가판대(Kiosk)가 설치된 공공장소에서 서버로부터 제공되는 컨텐츠와 이미지뿐만 아니라 자신의 이미지나 메시지를 입력하여 맞춤 컴팩트 디스크를 제작할 수 있게 하고 인터넷 접속을 통한 전자상거래와 같은 인터넷 서비스를 제공받을 수 있도록 한다. 또한 상기 인터넷 접속중 원하는 자료를 상기 맞춤 컴팩트 디스크의 내용으로 기록할 수 있도록 한다. 광고주의 경우는 상기 가판대(Kiosk)를 이용하여 경품제공이나 별도의 이벤트 없이 사용자의 캐릭터 육성 게임을 통한 효과적인 광고를 실시할 수 있다.
Patent KR-20000050254-A (KR)
Inventor: JUNG HEE GYU
IPC: G06F17/00
Filed: 2000-05-31
Abstract: PURPOSE: An internet service system for a character advertisement is provided to utilize a process generating one new file on the Internet in real time, by synthesizing each component composing graphic data, and to supply various web contents. CONSTITUTION: An internet service system for a character advertisement utilizes a process generating one new file on the Internet in real time, by synthesizing each component(ears, eyes, and etc) composing graphic data such as characters, and supplies various web contents. Through the Internet service, an advertisement of fashion, fancy products or brands is effective on a spontaneous use. Further, a method for synthesizing the graphic data synthesizes each GIF file in real time, to generate a new GIF file by use of a function supporting each graphic component of the GIF file sizes on a web, in a PHP.
Patent KR-20010109729-A (KR)
Inventor: JUNG HAE DO
Filed: 2000-06-02
Abstract: 본 발명은 빌드업 다층 인쇄회로판 제조방법에 관한 것으로서, 특히 동입힘 사진현상형 절연수지판(CCPID : copper clad photo imaginary dielectric)과 도전성 페이스트(conductive paste)를 사용하여, 노광/현상공정 및 인쇄공정에 의해 다층 인쇄회로판을 제조할 수 있도록 한 것이다. 
     이를 위하여 본 발명은 양면 또는 다층의 중심기판을 제조하는 공정; 노광 및 현상이 가능한 사진현상형 절연수지와 동박을 부착하여 동입힘 사진현상형 절연수지판을 제조하는 공정; 상기 동입힘 사진현상형 절연수지판에 노광 및 현상공정을 통하여 비아홀을 형성하는 공정; 층간의 전기적 접속을 위하여 상기 형성된 비아홀에 도전성 페이스트를 스크린 인쇄법으로 채워 넣고, 경화시켜 필드 비아(filled via)를 제조하는 공정; 상기 공정으로 제조된 하나 이상의 기판을 상기 중심기판의 상면 및/또는 하면에 가열 압착하는 적층(laminate) 공정; 부착된 외층의 동박을 에칭하여 소정의 회로패턴을 형성하는 공정; 상기 공정에 의해 제조된 다층 인쇄회로판의 상면 및/또는 하면에 추가적으로 한층 이상을 형성하는 과정을 더 포함하는 빌드업 다층 인쇄회로판 제조방법을 제공한다. 
     따라서 본 발명에 의하면 드릴공정과 도금공정에 의하지 않고도 인터스티셜 비아를 형성한 다층 인쇄회로판을 보다 손쉽고 간편하게 제조할 수 있게 된다.
Patent KR-20000063245-A (KR)
Inventor: AN JUNG O
IPC: A01G31/00
Filed: 2000-06-02
Abstract: PURPOSE: Provided is a method for raising bean sprout using silver and/or gold solution. CONSTITUTION: The solution for raising bean sprout comprises 98 wt.% of water, 0.6 wt.% of fine germanium powder being screened with 800 mesh or higher, 0.6 wt.% of fine selenium powder being screened with 800 mesh or higher, 0.4 wt.% of colloidal silver being electrolyzed ranging 0.0005 from 0.015 Angstrom, 0.4 wt.% of colloidal gold being electrolyzed ranging 0.0005 from 0.015 Angstrom,
Patent KR-20010113077-A (KR)
Inventor: HA MUN GEUN
IPC: G06F15/02
Filed: 2000-06-16
Abstract: 본 발명은 선박의 사운딩 관리용 전자수첩에 관한 것으로, 선박의 액체화물 선적시나 하역시 또는 항해중의 액체화물출입시 이에 따른 액화물의 용량이나 상태 등을 관리함에 있어, 수작업에 의한 액화물관리방식을 배제하고 자동화된 전자수첩 조작방식으로, 전원버튼(100)ㆍ기능버튼ㆍ엔터버튼(800)ㆍ커서이동버튼(900)ㆍ페이지이동버튼(910), 액정화면(950)을 구비하고, 기능버튼을 1∼6 버튼(200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700)으로 형성하여, 사운딩 및 얼리지 관리를 위한 탱크의 상태를 표와 그래프 등으로 표현하고, 선박의 선적용량 계산시 각 기능버튼과 숫자버튼을 사용하여 액체화물창의 라운딩 라벨 거리를 입력함과 동시에 탱크내의 용량이 자동적으로 계산되도록 함으로써, 탱크의 용량과 상태를 선적 및 하역시는 물론 항해중에도 항시 정확하고 간편하게 확인할 수 있고, 간단한 입력으로 사운딩 및 얼리지 용량을 표시함으로써 선박내에 적재된 모든 액화물의 용량 또는 용적을 용이하게 계산할 수 있는 것은 물론, 선박 액화물의 용량관리를 적은 시간과 노력으로 수행할 수 있는 효과가 있다.
Patent KR-20010114079-A (KR)
Inventor: CHOI JIN HO
IPC: A23C9/13
Filed: 2000-06-21
Abstract: 본 발명은 항스트레스 장미요구르트의 제법에 관한 것으로 장미열매 추출물 (rose fruit extract : RFE)을 주재로 하고 RFE의 1.0∼5.0%용액에 강화제로서 대두배아, 죽순, 표고버섯 추출물 각각 0.05증량`부를 첨가ㆍ혼합하여 92-95℃에서 약 20분간 열처리한 다음 여기에 혼합균주( Lactobacillus acidophilus/ Streptococcus thermophilus/Bifidobacterium longum )를 약 0.01%씩 접종하여 40℃에서 5∼7시간 정도에서 pH 4.6이 되면 배양을 종료하고 다시 여기에 강화제로서 타우린,비타민 C, 젖산칼슘을 각각 0.05중량부씩, 아스파라긴 0.1중량부, 오오드화칼륨 0.0001중량부, 식미제로 구연산 0.005중량부, 솔빈산 0.5중량부, 백설탕 2.5중량부 및 과당 4.5중량부를 첨가하여 제조한다. 이를 마시면 스트레스억제 효과가 있다.
Patent KR-20010007505-A (KR)
Inventor: GREBS THOMAS
IPC: H01L23/482
Filed: 2000-06-23
Abstract: PURPOSE: A back metal drain terminal with low stress and heat resistance is provided to reduce resistance and improve thermal conductivity and low- compression stress and to easily solder a terminal to a frame by providing a first layer made of tantalum and an outermost second layer made of copper to a back metal drain terminal that is provided on a lower surface. CONSTITUTION: A semiconductor device(100) of double diffusion MOS having a well region(102), a source region(103), and a gate(104) located on the upper surface of a silicon substrate (101) is formed. A drain region(105) is provided at the lower portion of the substrate(101), and current is allowed to flow from a back metal drain terminal(106) to a source metal terminal(108) via a channel region(107) and the source region(103) on the substrate. A first layer made of tantalum, an outermost second layer made of copper, and an arbitrary third layer in contact with the drain region(105) are provided at the back metal drain terminal(106) adjacent to the drain region(105) of the drain region. In this case, the back metal lamination(3) is made of three or more layers, and the drain terminal including a copper layer whose first layer is as thick as 5,000-15,000 angstrom; requires less entire metal layer.
Patent KR-20020001347-A (KR)
Title: Dual switching method between rt/qrt cell data
Inventor: PARK GEON PYO
IPC: H04Q1/20
Filed: 2000-06-28
Abstract: PURPOSE: A duplex switching method between RT/QRT cell data is provided to increase a compatibility between an ATM switching board and a subscriber board and implement a more effective and stable system by adopting a duplex algorithm in a board switching RT cell and QRT cell together to enable a transmission of an ATM cell for service without a loss. CONSTITUTION: A switching over signal is generated to hand over a master right to a board operated in a standby mode(300), a control logic unit applies a control signal for generating an input limit signal to an RT interface(302). The control logic unit checks whether an RX-FIFO of an RT2QRT cell converting unit is empty(304) by means of an RT2QRT RX-FIFO state inspecting unit. If the RX-FIFO of the RT2QRT cell converting unit is empty, the control logic unit checks whether an RX-FIFO of a QRT unit is empty(306). A QSE unit generates a QRT input limit signal so that QRT cell data can't be received anymore(308). The control logic unit checks whether a QSE RX/TX-FIFO is empty by means of a QSE memory inspecting unit(310). If the QSE RX/TX-FIFO is empty, the control logic unit checks a memory state of a QRT in a utopia interface of an RT2QRT and the QRT(312). If the QRT TX-FIFO is recognized as being empty, the control logic unit determines whether a data received from the QRT unit is all transmitted from the RT2QRT cell converting unit to RT and the RT2QRT TX-FIFO is empty by means of the RT2QRT TX-FIFO state inspecting unit(314). The control logic unit determines that the RT2QRT TX-FIFO is empty, it hands over the master right of the current active switch board to the standby duplex board to perform a switch board switching over.
Patent KR-20020002971-A (KR)
Title: Plasma Display Panel and Method of Fabricating the Same
Inventor: AHN YEONG JUN
IPC: H01J9/02
Filed: 2000-06-30
Abstract: PURPOSE: A plasma display panel and a fabricating method thereof are provided to reduce a manufacturing costs of a plasma display panel by using a low-priced soda lime glass. CONSTITUTION: The first dielectric layer(52) is formed on an upper portion of an upper substrate(50). A multitude of upper electrodes(54) are formed on a predetermined portion of the first dielectric layer(52). The second dielectric layer(56) is formed on the first dielectric layer(52) and the upper electrodes(54). The third dielectric layer(58) is formed on the second dielectric layer(56). A protective layer(59) is formed on the third dielectric layer(58). The first dielectric layer(52) is formed on a lower substrate(60). A lower electrode(66) is formed on the first dielectric layer(52). The second dielectric layer(56) is formed on the lower electrode(66). The upper substrate(50) and the lower substrate(60) are formed by a low-priced soda lime glass comprising an alkali metal.
Patent KR-20020004694-A (KR)
Title: Apparatus for processing video-ID signal and method thereof
Inventor: JUN JONG GU
IPC: H04N5/782
Filed: 2000-07-07
Abstract: PURPOSE: An apparatus and method for processing an image identification signal are provided, which records the image identification signal in a time lapse image recording and reproducing system and identifies the image identification signal with an image signal to compress and recover the image identification signal. CONSTITUTION: The starting point of an image identification signal is detected from an input image signal to compress image data starting from the image identification signal in a predetermined compression unit. The detected starting point of the image identification signal is recorded in a recording area. The starting point recorded in the recording area is detected and the image identification signal is inserted into the starting point to decode the signal.
Patent KR-20020008648-A (KR)
Title: Deposit transfer and remittance method using portable telephone
Inventor: SONG GEUN SEOP
Filed: 2000-07-24
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method for remitting money by using a cellular phone is provided so that a remitter can remit money to a remittee through a cellular phone number of the remittee by registering as a member of a site, and that the remittee can receive the remittance in his/her accounts by registering as a member of the site. CONSTITUTION: A remitter member who intends to use a remittance request service by using a cellular phone accesses a call center through the cellular phone. The call center receives identification, password, authentication letter password, remittance, cellular phone number and name of a remittee member, remittance reason and remittance reservation date, stores the data in a remittance request/remittance acceptance database, and receives the remittance from an accountant or credit card of the remitter member according to a previously-maid contract. On the other hand, when the remitter member who intends to use the remittance request service through an Internet accesses a corresponding service site, a remittance request/remittance acceptance is confirmed through a service screen. The remitter member directly transmits the remittance through Internet banking or tele-banking. Then, the remitter member inputs the authentication letter password, remittance, cellular phone number and name of the remittee member, remittance reason and remittance reservation date.
Patent KR-20000077496-A (KR)
IPC: B32B5/16
Filed: 2000-07-28
Abstract: 본 발명은 2개의 부재를 접합할 때의 열팽창 계수차 등에 기인하는 응력을 도피시킴과 동시에, 소정의 방향으로는 적정한 강성을 구비하는 것으로 두께 방향의 압축 응력에 대해서는 소정 이상의 높은 영률을 나타내는 고탄성 계수체(15)적인 특성을 갖고, 상기 두께 방향과 교차하는 평면 방향의 인장 응력 및 전단 응력에 대해서는 상기 두께 방향의 특성에 비해서 낮은 영률을 나타내는 저탄성 계수체(14)적인 특성을 갖는 이방성 응력완충체를 사용한 반도체 장치이다.
Patent KR-20020011608-A (KR)
Title: Method and System for automatic member subscribing and logining on the Internet site
Inventor: CHAE SONG A
IPC: G06F17/00
Filed: 2000-08-03
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method for automatically becoming a member of an Internet site and performing a log-in is provided to authorize a user without performing a log-in by transmitting member information to the sub site. CONSTITUTION: In case that a user of a main site clicks a sub site linking to the main site, an SSO(Single Sign On) module is called(S700). It is judged whether the user performs a log-in to the main site(S710). It is judged whether the user is a member of the sub site(S720). In case that the user isn't the member of the sub site, an SSO membership link is outputted(S730). A log-in screen of the main site is outputted. An ID and a password are inputted from the user(S740). In case that the user is the member, the user automatically performs a log-in to the sub site(S750). In case that the user is the member, agreement provisions of the sub site are outputted(S760). It is judged whether the user agrees to become a member(S770). In case that the user agrees to become the member, an SSO interface module gets member information of the main site(S780). It is judged whether the user is the member of the sub site(S790).
Patent KR-20020013640-A (KR)
Title: One click call service system
Inventor: PARK SANG CHUL
IPC: G06F17/00
Filed: 2000-08-12
Abstract: PURPOSE: An one-click ordering system is provided to activate electronic commerce by enabling a provider who takes an order through a fax to check an ordering condition of a product, and by enabling a consumer to confirm the order. CONSTITUTION: A homepage(15) of a provider(13) is installed in a server in a system of www.emaul.net(12). In addition, a fax transmitter/receiver(3) is installed. Products and services(6) ordered by a user(1) are transmitted to the fax transmitter/receiver(3) via the server(2). In case that the fax transmitter/receiver(3) transmits ordered items(8) to a fax(4), a process for identifying the provider is performed(9). After that, a user(1) passes through a process for identifying the products and the services(6) through a telephone(5). The services(6) are provided to the user(1). In brief, the user(1) searches the products and the services(6) desired through the homepage(15) and orders the products and the services(6) with one-click.
Patent KR-20020014950-A (KR)
Title: equipment for filling of battery electrolysis liquid
Inventor: HYUN CHANG SU
IPC: H01M2/36
Filed: 2000-08-19
Abstract: PURPOSE: An injection device of a battery electrolyte solution is provided, to minimize the contact of an electrolyte solution with air by preheating and stirring the electrolyte solution at a middle container in vacuum to remove the bubble and charging the middle container and a barrel and to automatize the injection process. CONSTITUTION: The injection device comprises an electrolyte container(10); a middle container(12) which is connected with a first injection line(12a) to receive the electrolyte solution from the container(10); a barrel(16) which is connected with a second injection line(16a) to receive the electrolyte solution from the middle container(12) and has an upper/lower limit level sensor(18a, 18b) to sense the level of the electrolyte solution contained; an inert gas bombe(24) which is connected with the container(10), the middle container(12) and the barrel(16) through first, second and third gas supply lines(24a, 24b, 24c) to give pressure to the electrolyte solution; a chamber(28) whose upper part is connected with an injection unit(22) through a third injection line(22a) and whose lower part is open; a slider(30) which is risen and fallen by the load of a cylinder(32), isolates the lower part of the chamber when it is risen toward the lower part, and has a jig(36) to coincide the injection hole(34a) of a battery pack(34) to the position corresponding to the injection unit(22) of the chamber; and a vacuum pump(38) which is connected with the middle container(12) and the slider(30) through inhalation lines(38a, 38b).
Patent KR-20020018386-A (KR)
Title: Method for controlling safety of microwave oven
Inventor: KIM BYEONG SU
IPC: F24C7/08
Filed: 2000-09-01
Abstract: PURPOSE: A safe operation method of a microwave oven is provided to prevent fire and accidents, and to improve reliability by converting into a safety mode automatically in carelessness or wrong operation from operation for a long time. CONSTITUTION: Cooking is performed after setting operation condition(200), and driving time is counted after cooking. The present output is detected to be full power(210) after 30 minutes from starting cooking(205). A microwave oven is driven continuously under the established condition in case of the output not to be 100% power(215), and the safety mode is operated with detecting overheating in driving over 30 minutes with the output of 100%(220). The microwave oven is stopped with cutting off power in driving over 60 minutes. The microwave oven is automatically converted into the safety mode in driving over 30 minutes, and power is shut off automatically after 60 minutes. Reliability is improved with preventing fire and accidents.
Patent KR-20010050348-A (KR)
Inventor: GARRY J OBRIAN
IPC: G01P15/125
Filed: 2000-09-06
Abstract: PURPOSE: To provide a capacitive acceleration sensor made into a micromachine capable of detecting a lateral direction. CONSTITUTION: The capacitive acceleration sensor which straightens resistance for stiction of detection fingers forming capacitive elements and is made into a micromachine capable of detecting in a lateral direction includes fixed detection fingers (316, 318, 516, 518, 536, 538) formed like beams. Each finger (316, 318, 516, 518, 536, 538) is supported by a plurality of supporting elements or fixing bodies (320, 322, 330, 332, 334, 336, 522, 530). Finger elements (312, 512) added to inertial mass (304, 502) can be fastened with each other at the tips in the same way as the roots. As a result, also hardness of lateral directions and vertical directions of the fingers (316, 318, 516, 518, 536, 538) moving simultaneously is increased.
Patent KR-20020019699-A (KR)
Title: Method for editing additional information of a portable communication terminal using a external input device
Inventor: YANG JAE DEUK
IPC: H04B1/38
Filed: 2000-09-06
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method for editing additional information of a cellular phone using an external input device is provided to easily edit an additional function menu and increase the convenience of a user by performing the editing of various additional function menus using a keyboard of a PC. CONSTITUTION: A CPU of a PC responds to infrared communication request from a cellular phone IR transmitting/receiving unit(220) and drives a hyper terminal communication program for performing a communication with an external device(222). The CPU receives an additional function menu program transmitted from a cellular phone and displays an additional function menu window of the cellular phone on a PC monitor(224). The CPU recognizes the input of cellular phone additional information change from a user through a keyboard(226), corresponds to the input from the user, and edits corresponding additional information(228). In case that the editing of cellular phone additional information is ended(230), the control unit transmits the content of various addition information edited by the user to the cellular phone through the IR transmitting/receiving unit(232).
Patent KR-20020021255-A (KR)
Title: Polyethylene Mulching Film Having Insecticidal And Weeding Effect
Inventor: CHUN BYOUNG CHUL
IPC: A01G13/02
Filed: 2000-09-14
Abstract: PURPOSE: A polyethylene film for mulching having insecticidal and herbicidal effects is provided, thereby preventing crops from being damaged by insects, reducing the use of agricultural chemicals, and increasing the yield of crops. CONSTITUTION: The polyethylene film for mulching having insecticidal and herbicidal effects is double layered film consisting of a first resin film and a second black film, where the first resin film is manufactured by the steps of: primarily mixing 80 wt.% of polyethylene basic resin and 20 wt.% of Ti based inorganic material having an average whisker length of less than 20 micrometer and a diameter of less than 1 micrometer to prepare master batch; secondarily mixing the basic resin to the manufactured master batch or the first resin film to contain less than 10 wt.% of Ti; and the second black film is manufactured by mixing carbon black master batch with a basic resin.
Patent KR-20000072607-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM GI TAE
IPC: A23L33/15
Filed: 2000-09-15
Abstract: PURPOSE: A vitamin enriched nutritious food composition is provided, which has the function of intestinal regulation, promotes digestive enzymes, and prevents intestinal disorders due to Bacillus polyfermenticus as a main effective ingredient and other additives such as vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin C, nicotinic acid amide, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, fructooligosaccharide, stevioside, lactose, crystalline cellulose, baked corn-flavored powder, and Sefol(MCT). CONSTITUTION: The vitamin enriched nutritious food composition for intestinal regulation is prepared by mixing 7.5 wt.% of Bacillus polyfermenticus with 30 wt.% of beer yeast, 0.27 wt.% of vitamin A, 0.04 wt.% of vitamin B1 hydrochloride, 1.0 wt.% of vitamin C, 0.3 wt.% of nicotinic acid amide, 0.05 wt.% of vitamin B2, 0.03 wt.% of vitamin B6 hydrochloride, 3.0 wt.% of fructooligosaccharide, 0.11 wt.% of stevioside, 23.9 wt.% of lactose, 9.2 wt.% of crystalline cellulose, 8.6 wt.% of baked corn-flavored powder, and 5.0 wt.% of Sefol; adding 2.0 wt.% of corn starch and kneading, to form granules in a particle size of 3-10cm by passing the mixture through a net; drying at 50°C for an hour and crushing; and passing the crushed granules through a net of 0.8-1.0π, to form a uniform particle size.