baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent RU-2017185-C1 (RU)
Inventor: KHANS-ROLF DYUBAL
IPC: G02F1/1337
Filed: 1991-04-19
Granted: 1994-07-30
Abstract: Сущность изобретения: при изготовлении жидкокристаллического дисплея с сегнетоэлектрическим жидким кристаллом в первом варианте изготовления на ориентирующий слой, выполненный из полиамида, поливинила или поливинилового спирта, наносят амфифилизирующее соединение из группы криптандов, коронандов, подандов, меркаптосоединений, макроциклов или ионофоров. Во втором варианте изготовления в ориентирующий слой вводят соединение с амфифилизирующими свойствами. Возможно присоединение этого соединения к материалу ориентирующего слоя химическим путем. В ориентирующий слой вводят 0,01 - 50 мас.% амфифилизирующего соединения, преимущественно 0,1 - 25 мас.%. Кроме того, амфифилизирующее соединение может содержать жидкокристаллическая среда. Для ориентации жидкокристаллической среды в виде "букшелф" или "квази-букшелф" геометрии к электродам дисплея прикладывают переменное напряжение. 2 с. и 5. з.п. ф-лы, 8 табл., 18 ил.
Patent RU-2021274-C1 (RU)
Title: Process for preparing aminothiazolyl cephalosporin derivatives
Inventor: GROKHOVSKI EDVARD
IPC: C07D501/06
Filed: 1991-05-17
Granted: 1994-10-15
Abstract: FIELD: medicine. SUBSTANCE: the product: aminothiazole cephalosporin derivatives of the formula 1. Reagent 1: L- (2-aminothiazoline-4)-2-alkoxyiminoacetic acid. Reagent 2: a reagent resulting from dimethylformamide and thionyl chloride. Reaction conditions 273-233 K; cliphatic nitride. The compound 1 has the following structural formula (image). EFFECT: improved properties of the compounds. 2 cl
Patent RU-2014636-C1 (RU)
Inventor: KOSHELEV NIKOLAJ V
IPC: G01V1/155
Filed: 1991-01-30
Granted: 1994-06-15
Abstract: FIELD: prospecting for oil and gas fields. SUBSTANCE: hydraulic cylinder 9 of vibration exciter is provided with distribution control valve and two shut-off valves placed in circuit of hydraulic control of positioning of control valve. Amplitude of vibrations is controlled with the aid of controlled butterfly-type valve 19 with damper 20. Change of vibration frequency of inert mass 12 is achieved by supply of changing volume of working fluid through duct 28 fed with hydraulic power plant with servo valve. EFFECT: enhanced operational characteristics. 3 cl, 2 dwg
Patent RU-2016380-C1 (RU)
Title: Method and device for automatic interpolation of phase-shift in laser interferometers
Inventor: MIKHALCHENKO EVGENIJ P
IPC: G01B21/00
Filed: 1991-02-15
Granted: 1994-07-15
Abstract: FIELD: measurement technology. SUBSTANCE: method involves converting a measured displacement into an electric signal at a harmonic modulation frequency a phase-shift of which relative to a modulation signal is proportional to a measured displacement with the aid of an interference converter using harmonic modulation, obtaining n synchronous signals shifted by Π/n in phase from the harmonic modulation signal, multiplying an initial electric signal by n synchronous signals in n balanced mixers, respectively, a frequency of n harmonic signals being K times the harmonic modulation frequency in the interference converter (K is an odd integral number), forming 2 nK pulses from n electric signals obtained as a result of multiplication for each period of phase shift of light waves. Device for effecting the method has a laser, a light-dividing cube, reference and measuring reflectors, modulator 2, stable frequency generator 3, photodetector 4, two balance mixers coupled with the photodetector. Signals from the generator shifted by Π/2 in phase are applied to the second inputs of balance mixers the outputs of which are coupled through rectangular pulse shapers with a digital indication device. The stable frequency generator is coupled through an odd-ratio frequency divider with the optic modulator. EFFECT: enhanced accuracy and resolution, simplified electric circuit. 2 cl, 2 dwg
Patent RU-2019975-C1 (RU)
Title: Method for preparation of whipped dessert
Inventor: ABRAMOVA ZHANNA I
IPC: A23L9/10
Filed: 1990-12-10
Granted: 1994-09-30
Abstract: FIELD: food industry. SUBSTANCE: method involves stirring powder mixture with cold boiled water in a relation of 1:3, whipping it for 1-2 min and cooled for 5-10 min. Foam-forming component of mixture is soya concentrate of modified food protein at the following relation of components, wt.-%: concentrate of soya modified food protein, 39-41; citric acid, 0.4-0.5; food colorant, 0.4-0.5; food essence, 0.3-0.4; sugar powder, the balance. For preparation of aerated drinks the powder mixture is mixed before whipping with 10% aqueous solution of sugar in a relation of 1:6. EFFECT: higher efficiency. 2 cl, 1 tbl
Patent RU-2019077-C1 (RU)
Title: Material chopper
Inventor: GUBAJDULIN FARIT N
IPC: A01F29/00
Filed: 1991-03-28
Granted: 1994-09-15
Abstract: FIELD: agricultural engineering. SUBSTANCE: material chopper has a jacket with loading and discharging chambers, rotor with knives and countercutters, blade spinner and drive. The latter is provided with rotation mechanism in the form of eccentric non-round rings, the projections of which are equal or aliquot to quality of the countercutters in sections. EFFECT: enhanced efficiency. 2 cl, 3 dwg
Patent RU-2081206-C1 (RU)
Title: Method of preparing coatings based on transuranium elements
Inventor: DANILIN LEV D
IPC: C23C16/18
Filed: 1992-04-01
Granted: 1997-06-10
Abstract: FIELD: thin-film sources of radioactive emission. SUBSTANCE: working substance - americium ethylacetonate with tributyl phosphate is first synthesized and then placed into vacuum chamber evaporator, wherein it is exposed to thermal decomposition conditions (350-400 C and vacuum 4•10 -4 ÷ 1•10 -4  Pa) observing distance between substrate and mirror of organometallic compound (15-30)•10 -3  m and proportion of initial weight of organometallic compound to evaporator volume (cu.m) 1•10 -3 ÷ 2•10 -2 . EFFECT: improved procedure. 1 dwg
Patent RU-2000513-C1 (RU)
Inventor: DREJTSER VLADIMIR I
IPC: F16L58/02
Filed: 1991-06-27
Granted: 1993-09-07
Abstract: Сущность изобретени : в трубопровод  ввод т облицовочный рукав из армирующего  материала, пропитанною св зующим, заключенный  между внутренним и наружным  герметичными рукавами из синтетического  пленочного материала. Рукава прижимают к  внутренней поверхности трубопровода путем  создани  в внутреннем рукаве давлени   теплоносител  и последующего отверждени  облицовочного рукава. Внутренний и  наружный рукава выполнены из материалов , имеющих соотношение пластических  деформаций (1,5-3,5): 1 при т-ре теплоносител  60-80&deg;С, и (1,5-5): 1 при т-ре теплоносител  80-100&deg;С. 1 табл.
Patent RU-2008715-C1 (RU)
Title: Device for diffusion treatment of photographic materials
Inventor: SAVVIN NIKOLAJ I
IPC: G03D9/00
Filed: 1991-06-28
Granted: 1994-02-28
Abstract: FIELD: photography-cinematographic processing technology. SUBSTANCE: device has body with spool for fixative film winding, rollers, drawing die, bobbin for carrier film rewinding, bobbin for photographic material film winding after processing and punching roller for fixative agent deposition. There are heating element and temperature regulator, splitting spindle placed near driving roller so that it has axis parallel to driving roller one and both are arranged so to make controlled separation between its surfaces and opposite side rotating. Guiding chamfer is made arched and it is fixed tightly under roller at minimal distance with respect to rollers pair to provide photographic film going exactly through rollers separation. Splitting spindle diameter is chosen so to change rewinding film motion direction more then 45 deg, which is sufficient for carrier and photographic material films dividing for two separate bobbins rewinding. EFFECT: more effective operating of photographic material treatment machine. 1 dwg
Patent RU-2040646-C1 (RU)
Inventor: DIMITRIS PAPANIKOLAOU
IPC: E04B1/348
Filed: 1991-07-29
Granted: 1995-07-25
Abstract: Использование: конструктивный элемент для строительства зданий. Сущность изобретения: плита оперта по углам на стойки и имеет арматурные выпуски и опоры по углам. Арматура плиты образована в виде пространственной несущей конструкции и имеет проходящие по периметру и по диагонали перекрестные решетчатые балки, замоноличенные в бетоне ребер плиты. Решетчатые балки подвешены к опорам плиты. 10 з.п. ф-лы, 14 ил.
Patent RU-2019955-C1 (RU)
Title: Plant-growing device
Inventor: MELIKOV EDUARD N
IPC: A01G9/02
Filed: 1991-10-09
Granted: 1994-09-30
Abstract: FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: device comprises container accommodating a perforated container with saplings. Disposed on ground surface are supports with mirror coatings. EFFECT: higher efficiency of plant growing achieved by optimum thermal conditions. 3 dwg
Patent RU-2043787-C1 (RU)
Title: Jaw crusher
Inventor: VODOPYANOV IYULIJ L
IPC: B02C1/02
Filed: 1991-09-30
Granted: 1995-09-20
Abstract: FIELD: mining industry, civil engineering and other industrial fields. SUBSTANCE: jaw crusher comprises bed 1, movable 2 and stationary 3 jaws, eccentric shaft 4, spacer plate 5, and hydraulic support in the form of banks of hydraulic cylinders 7. The rod ends of cylinder pistons carry supports with a spherical bearing surface. The bank of hydraulic cylinders has a common rear cover and a common flange, each being provided with one inlet hole. The rod ends and head ends of cylinders are interconnected through holes located, correspondingly, in the flange and the rear cover in the piston zone. The rear cover and flange are bevelled for fastening the bank of cylinders with wedges. EFFECT: improved design. 4 cl, 7 dwg
Patent RU-2081848-C1 (RU)
Title: Apparatus for automatically metering out reactants
Inventor: NAJDENKO VALENTIN V
IPC: G05D27/00
Filed: 1991-12-17
Granted: 1997-06-20
Abstract: FIELD: purification of natural and sewage water, automatic dosage of reactants in water treatment practice. SUBSTANCE: proposed apparatus comprises chamber-mixer 1, vessels for coagulant 2 and flocculant 3, dose meters 4, 5, actuating mechanism 11 for additionally metering out final coagulant dose, connected, via control unit 8, to treated water quality control unit 9, water flow rate sensor 12 which is arranged at inflowing water supply line and connected, via converter 13, to first data input 14 of control unit 8, second data input 15 of which is connected, via controller 10 for additionally metering out final coagulant dose, to water quality control unit. Control unit comprises programming device with selector adapted to set conditions for supply of coagulant and flocculant. Programming device is connected, via adder and power amplifier, to second data input and has independent outputs, via amplifiers, to windings of control relay adapted to control supply of coagulant and flocculant. Inputs of relay are in-parallel connected, via secondary device, to first data input of control unit 8, while outputs of relay are connected to control pulse shaper adapted to issue control pulses 6 and 7 to dose meters 4 and 5. EFFECT: useful invention for water treatment practice. 3 cl, 4 dwg
Patent RU-2065566-C1 (RU)
Title: Container for explosion-risky cargoes
Inventor: SIDORENKO VIKTOR IGNATEVICH
IPC: F42B39/00
Filed: 1992-01-23
Granted: 1996-08-20
Abstract: FIELD: container shipments. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to special containers meant for safe transportation, storage and servicing of ecologically hazardous and explosion-risky cargoes, predominantly large-sized cargoes, especially in regions with social tension and in zones of high terrorist hazard, under conditions of emergencies when containers with explosion-risky cargoes may be set on fire ar may be exposed to hitting factors of conventional weapons. Container for explosion-risky cargoes has stamped and welded frame 1 with covers 2 and 3, internal armored chamber 4 with separable cradles and gear 7 to fasten cargoes, intermediate layer of high-strength sheet steel, bullet-proof shield in the form of continuous rubber plate placed inside internal chamber. Frame and cover of container are covered with thermal protection 22 on the outside of material based on thermally foaming graphites. Heat insulation shield in the form of jacket formed by two layers of thermally stable fibre material is mounted in internal chamber attached to frame of container with the aid of elastoplastic conical shells 23 and 24. Each layer of fiber material is lined with cloth of thermally stable material. Container can be used for wide assortment of cargoes with various outlines. EFFECT: enhanced operational capabilities of container. 11 dwg
Patent RU-2019874-C1 (RU)
Title: Method of keeping of steady-state current in plasma of toroidal plants of tokamac type
Inventor: ARTEMENKOV LEV I
IPC: G21B1/00
Filed: 1992-01-30
Granted: 1994-09-15
Abstract: FIELD: physics of high-temperature plasma. SUBSTANCE: additional pulse from electron beam penetrating to center of plasma is sent to plasma electrons to simplify keeping of steady-state current in Tokamac and other toroidal systems. It is achieved thanks to interaction of two or more opposite electron beams passing torus many times. Plasma sources are located on its edge and electrons are injected along magnetic field. Location of plasma sources and parameters of plasma are chosen from condition I 1 >I 2 >I p /n, where I p  is current in plasma; n is number of passes of electron beam around torus; I 1 , I 2  are currents of beams. In addition to this it is necessary that energy of particles of beams should be higher than thermal energy of them. EFFECT: simplified approach to keeping steady-state current in plasma of toroidal plants. 2 dwg
Patent RU-2001439-C1 (RU)
Inventor: KRUCHININ DMITRIJ V
IPC: G08B13/24
Filed: 1992-02-24
Granted: 1993-10-15
Abstract: Изобретение предназначено дл  обнаружени   движущегос  нарушител . Оно включает в себ   высокочастотный детектор и высокочастотный генератор , которые с помощью двух антенн обеспечивают  формирование в пределах охран емого пространства лучевого электромагнитного пол   При движении нарушитель пересекает это поле,  вызыва  модул цию амплитуды выходного сигнала  высокочастотного детектора Высокочастотный генератор  и высокочастотный детектор периодически  переключаютс  коммутаторами соответственно, в  режим высокочастотного детектора и высокочастотного  генератора Мгновенные значени  выходных  сигналов этих блоков, возникающие во врем   работы их в режиме высокочастотного детектора  после видеоусилени  и фильтрации сравниваютс   между собой, что обеспечивает работу устройства с  повышенной помехоустойчивостью к собственным  шумам 3 ил
Patent RU-2020788-C1 (RU)
Title: Режущий аппарат для жаток
Inventor: KALININ ALEKSANDR A
IPC: A01D13/00
Filed: 1992-04-20
Granted: 1994-10-15
Abstract: Изобретение относится к сельскохозяйственному машиностроению, а именно к устройствам жатвенных агрегатов и комбайнов для уборки трав, зерновых и т. п. сельскохозяйственных культур. Режущий аппарат для жаток содержит подвижный и неподвижный ножи, выполненные из сегментов, соединенных полосой, при этом подвижный нож совершает колебательные движения через водило между накладкой и неподвижным ножом. Полоса соединения сегментов подвижного ножа выполнена из секций, соединенных между собой замком, причем соединяемые концы секций имеют фигурные стыки. Неподвижный нож выполнен в виде отдельных взаимозаменяемых секций, не соединенных между собой. Соединение неподвижного ножа с накладкой выполнено разъемным. Данное выполнение режущего аппарата позволяет предотвратить возникновение зазора между ножами при эксплуатации за счет уменьшения деформации конструкции при сборке, повысить надежность и удобство эксплуатации с обеспечением возможности ремонта в полевых условиях. 6 з.п. ф-лы, 12 ил.
Patent RU-2092125-C1 (RU)
Title: Compressing device for treatment of tubular bones
Inventor: KHODZHAEV RAKHMONBERDY RAKHIMO
IPC: A61B17/80
Filed: 1992-04-30
Granted: 1997-10-10
Abstract: FIELD: medical engineering; osteosynthesis of tubular bones at T-shaped fructures. SUBSTANCE: device has two plates with holes, fasteners positioned in holes and turn buckle which couples plates to fasteners. One of plates has teeth and tightening stud. Device has also straps mounted crosswise on plates, strip coupling straps and positioned in parallel to longitudinal axis of plates. Device is also provided with sharpened rods having triangular cross-section and fixed eccentrically to plate fitted with teeth. EFFECT: improved process of osteosynthesis. 4 dwg
Patent RU-2024992-C1 (RU)
Title: Способ планаризации интегральных схем
Inventor: BLIZNETSOV VLADIMIR N
IPC: H01L21/312
Filed: 1992-06-11
Granted: 1994-12-15
Abstract: Использование: микроэлектроника, производство БИС и СБИС. Сущность изобретения: способ планаризации интегральных схем путем плазменного травления в индивидуальном диодном реакторе при давлении от 150 до 600Па и плотности ВЧ мощности от 3,5 до 8,0 Вт/см 2  в четырехкомпонентной смеси при следующем соотношении компонентов, об. % : октофторпропан или тексафторэтан 13 - 70, гексафторид серы или трифторид 7 - 25, кислород 5 - 10, инертный газ 18 - 52, что позволяет увеличить равномерность и скорость планаризации, увеличить селективность травления и уменьшить осаждение фторуглеродных полимеров на планаризуемых поверхностях. 3 ил.
Patent RU-2099656-C1 (RU)
Title: Lumber drying method
Inventor: VASILENKO NIKOLAJ V
IPC: F26B3/34
Filed: 1992-06-22
Granted: 1997-12-20
Abstract: FIELD: woodworking industry. SUBSTANCE: direction of heat carrier flow in process of lumber drying is changed for opposite direction at least 3-5 times in process of drying. Ratio of heat carrier delivery time in forward and reverse directions is 0.5-1.5. EFFECT: improved quality of drying. 3 dwg , 1 tbl
Patent RU-2067223-C1 (RU)
Title: Device for starting centrifugal pump
Inventor: VYRODOV ALEKSEJ DMITRIEVICH
IPC: F04D9/02
Filed: 1992-08-17
Granted: 1996-09-27
Abstract: FIELD: pump engineering. SUBSTANCE: device has delivery and sucking pipe lines 4 and 2 and centrifugal pump. Delivery pipe line 4 is provided with V-shaped segment. The bottom bend of the segment underlies the inlet opening of the sucking pipe line. EFFECT: enhanced reliability. 1 dwg
Patent DE-10021982-C1 (DE)
Inventor: GRUNDKE EDGAR
IPC: B60T7/04
Filed: 2000-05-05
Granted: 2001-11-22
Abstract: The foot-operated parking brake acts on the rear wheel and is operated by a pedal via a Bowden cable. The pedal and brake are linked by a connector which consists of pivot comprising a sleeve (16) into which a bolt (13) fits and on which levers (14, 15) are mounted. One of these (14) is attached to the Bowden cable while the other is connected via a pull rod (17) and connector (18) to the brake.
Patent DE-10037676-C1 (DE)
Title: Vorrichtung zur Regelung eines Antriebssystems für ein Flurförderzeug
Inventor: MAENKEN FRANK
IPC: B60K31/00
Filed: 2000-07-26
Granted: 2002-05-23
Abstract: Vorrichtung zur Regelung eines Antriebssystems für ein Flurförderzeug, das eine Verbrennungskraftmaschine und ein hydrostatisches Getriebe aufweist, wobei das hydrostatische Getriebe eine im Fördervolumen verstellbare Pumpe und mindestens einen auf mindestens ein Rad des Flurförderzeugs wirkenden Hydromotor aufweist, mit einer ersten Regelvorrichtung für die Geschwindigkeit des Flurföderzeugs, in der ein Geschwindigkeitssollwert mit einem von einem Geschwindigkeitsgeber kommenden Istwert vergleicht, in der ferner ein Geschwindigkeitsregler eine entsprechende Soll-Antriebskraft ermittelt und in der das Signal für die Antriebskraft und die Ist-Geschwindigkeit auf eine Kennlinienstufe gegeben wird, in der mindestens eine Kennlinie gespeichert ist, die Leistungswerten der Verbrennungskraftmaschine annähernd optimalen Drehzahlwerten zuordnet und die ein entsprechendes Sollsignal für die Drehzahl der Verbrennungskraftmaschine vorgibt und einer der ersten Regelvorrichtung unterlagerten zweiten Regelvorrichtung mit einem Soll-Istwertvergleich, in dem ein von einem Druckgeber kommender Istwert der Pumpe mit einem Druck-sollwert verglichen wird, in der ferner ein Druckregler ein Stellsignal für das Fördervolumen in der Pumpe erzeugt, wobei ein Sollwertgeber für den Druck den Sollwert aus der Sollwert-Antriebskraft und Parametern des Antriebssystems ermittelt.
Patent DE-10048032-C1 (DE)
Title: Solar-Dacheindeckungselement
Inventor: KALBERLAH KLAUS
IPC: H02S20/23
Filed: 2000-09-26
Granted: 2002-05-23
Abstract: Solar-Dacheindeckungselemente sind unter der Bezeichnung "BIPV-Dachelemente" bekannt. Dabei werden glas- und rahmenlose, flexible sogenannte "Solar-Laminate" auf oberflächenvergütetes oder lackiertes Stahlblech unter Verwendung einer EVA-Schmelzklebefolie auf einem Heiztisch bei etwa 130 DEG C "aufvulkanisiert" (Bonding). DOLLAR A Werden die Solarlaminate (1) mittels zweier Klebstoffschichten (3) und einer zwischen diese eingelegten Metallfolie (4), letztere aus dem gleichen Material wie das Substrat der Solar-Laminate (1) bestehend, mit dem Blech (2) verklebt, so sind die Solar-Laminate auch für die Verlegung auf NE-Metall-Blechen, die den Großteil von Blech-Dacheindeckungen ausmachen, geeignet.
Patent DE-10154404-C1 (DE)
Title: Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Messung physikalischer Kenngrößen von dünnen, optisch transparenten Schichten und Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens
Inventor: GEHR PETER
IPC: G01B11/06
Filed: 2001-11-06
Granted: 2003-06-18
Abstract: Es wird ein Verfahren zur Messung der Dicke einer dünnen, auf einem sich relativ zu einem Sensor bewegenden Träger aufgebrachten transparenten oder semitransparenten Schicht oder Schichtfolge vorgeschlagen, wobei durch entsprechende Belichtung oder Messung über einen großen Raumwinkelbereich und entsprechende Messung bzw. Belichtung über einen kleinen Raumwinkelbereich dafür gesorgt wird, dass auch bei unterschiedlich strukturierter Oberfläche des Trägers oder der Schicht(en) sich Lichtverhältnisse ergeben, die den Verhältnissen bei glatter Oberfläche angenähert sind. Weiterhin erfolgt die Bestimmung der Dicke der transparenten Schicht(en) durch einen Vergleich der tatsächlich ermittelten spektralen Intensitätsverteilung des reflektierten Lichtes mit der in Abhängigkeit von den Kennwerten der vorhandenen Materialien theoretisch im Wege der Berechnung ermittelten spektralen Intensitätsverteilung. Zur Beleuchtung dient vorteilhafterweise eine Ulbricht-Kugel (8), die über einen Sensor (16) mit einer Recheneinrichtung (23) verbunden ist, die mittels erster und zweiter Recheneinheiten (24, 25) und einer Vergleichereinheit (26) eine Kenngröße erzeugt, die über einen Regler (28) die aufgebrachte Schichtdicke steuert.
Patent DE-10215577-C1 (DE)
Title: Plug connector for underground hydraulic solenoid valves includes passage opening accommodating plug section with locking component in solenoid casing
Inventor: SUILMANN FRANZ-HEINRICHT
IPC: H01R12/71
Filed: 2002-04-10
Granted: 2003-08-14
Abstract: The second connecting section (12) has a casing with a cylindrical plug section (53b) including grooves accommodating a resilient locking component. To couple the connecting sections (11, 12), the solenoid casing (2, 13) has a passage opening (14) for one of the plug sections (53A, 53B)
Patent DE-19500848-C1 (DE)
Title: Adaptor fitting for emergency supply of water house connection
Inventor: ZACH DIETMAR
IPC: E03B7/07
Filed: 1995-01-13
Granted: 1996-08-14
Abstract: The connecting stirrup has coaxial pipe screwing arrangements, of which one has an axially displaceable connection screwing piece. Between the rigid pipe screwing arrangement (8,11) and the axially displaceable connection screwing arrangement (9,10,11) of the connecting stirrup (5) the adaptor fitting in the form of a one-part fitting body (12) is inserted and screwed. The fitting body has two coaxial connections (13,14) at the ends turned away from each other. The fitting body has two outlets (16,17) positioned crossways from the tubular area (15) having the connections. Between the outlets the tubular area is interrupted by a dividing wall (18).