Patent GB-876409-A (GB)
Title: Method for controlling polymerization reactions and apparatus therefor
IPC: C08F2/00
Filed: 1958-08-26
Abstract: <PICT:0876409/IV (a)/1> In a polymerization process wherein monomer and catalyst are introduced into a polymerization zone and the products are removed therefrom, the heat added to and removed from the zone is measured and the flow of monomer or catalyst is regulated in response to changes in the difference between the heat removed and the heat added.  This method is particularly suitable for p polymerizing 1-olefines having 8 or less carbon atoms and no branching nearer than the 4-position, using as catalyst chromium oxide with silica, alumina, zirconia or thoria as a slurry in a hydrocarbon solvent for the polymer.  Various alkanes and cycloalkanes are mentioned as suitable solvents.  Ethylene, propylene, butene, pentene and butadiene can be the monomers, and copolymers can be obtained by using a mixture.  In Fig. 1 a reactor 30 is fed with monomer (ethylene) at 32, solvent (cyclohexane) at 31, and catalyst slurry at 33, and the products removed at 40.  Cooling is effected by a jacket 34 and a coil 35 through which circulates a coolant (cyclohexane) entering at 41 and leaving at 42.  This circulates continuously via a flash tank 43 where vapour is removed at 44, condensed at 45 and returned to the tank at 46.  A stirrer 36 is driven by a motor 37.  The heat balance of the reactor is made up of eight amounts: (1) heat supplied by the solvent, calculated from measurements of its input temperature Ts and rate of flow (obtained in terms of the pressure difference across an orifice D P1) and of the reactor temperature Tr; (2) heat removed by the coolant, calculated by measurements of its input temperature Tc and rate of flow at D P2, and of the flash tank temperature Tf; (3) heat removed by cooling of the condensed vapours of the coolant, obtained from measurements of the vapour temperature Tv in the tank, and temperature TM and rate of flow D P3 of the re-entering coolant in pipe 46; (4) heat removed by vaporization of the coolant, calculated from Tv and D P3; (5) heat removed by conduction through the (insulated) walls of the reactor, obtained by measuring the temperature difference L; (6) heat supplied by the monomer, calculated from its temperature Te, the reactor temperature Tr and the rate of flow at 47; (7) heat of solution of the monomer in the solvent, also calculated from the rate of flow at 47; and (8) heat generated by rotation of the stirrer, measured by a wattmeter KW in the power supply to the motor 37.  The heat supplied by the catalyst slurry is assumed to be constant, as also that removed with the products.  The above measured quantities are obtained as electrical signals and fed to a computer 48 (see also Group XXXVIII), together with constant signals representing specific heats, latent heat, densities, the temperature coefficients of these, heat of solution of unit quantity of the monomer and a reference temperature.  The output signal from the computer energizes a controller 49 which adjusts the flow of either the monomer at 51 or the catalyst at 50 to maintain the reaction rate constant and thus provide a product having more uniform properties.  Some of the variables mentioned above may be sufficiently constant in practice as not to need measurement and the control system can then be simplified.  Provision is made for calibration and for automatic checking of the operation of the various measuring devices, and parts of the automatic control system can be switched to manual control for test purposes.  A further computer is included to provide a continuous record of the polymer concentration in the reactor.  Specification 856,869 is referred to.ALSO:A catalyst for the polymerisation of olefines (see Group IV(a)) comprises chromium oxide with one or more of the following: silica, alumina, zirconia and thoria, a substantial amount of the chromium (e.g. one half) being in the hexavalent state.  The amount of chromium (as oxide) in the catalyst may be 0.1 to 50% of the whole.  Such a catalyst can be made by impregnating a gel of 90% silica and 10% alumina with an aqueous solution of a chromium compound, drying and contacting it with a stream of an anhydrous oxygen-containing gas at 450-1500 DEG F., preferably 900-1000 DEG F. Chromium compounds that may be used in the preparation are the nitrate, acetate and trioxide, and ammonium chromate.