Patent GB-963487-A (GB)
Title: Improvements in or relating to aqueous emulsions of waxes and resins
IPC: C08B31/12
Filed: 1960-12-15
Abstract: Cationic amine-modified starches of formula: <FORM:0963487/C3/1> wherein R is the repeating starch unit, R1 is alkylene, hydroxyalkylene, phenylalkylene or alkyl-alkylene, R2 and R3 are alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl or hydrogen and n is the degree of substitution of the starch molecule and equal to 0.005-3, are prepared by etherifying ungelatinised starch and modified starch, e.g. dextinised, hydrolysed or oxidised starch with an etherifying agent. Specified etherifying agents are dialkylaminoalkyl epoxides (3-dibutylamino-1:2-epoxypropane, N-(2:3-epoxypropyl) piperidine, N:N-(2:3-epoxypropyl)methyl aniline), dialkylaminoalkyl halides (b -dimethylaminoethyl chloride, b -diethyl aminoethyl chloride, b -dimethylamino isopropyl chloride); the various halides can be used interchangeably and salts of the reagents (e.g. b -diethylaminoethyl chloride) may be used: in addition to alkyl esterifying agents, aryl, aralkyl and cyclic groups may be used. The modified starches may be prepared by adding the required amount of etherifying agent to an alkaline suspension of starch in water containing a base, e.g. an alkali metal hydroxide or quaternary ammonium hydroxide and a gelatinisation retarding agent such as sodium sulphate, and heating the mixture. Specification 765,880 is referred to.ALSO:Aqueous emulsions comprise a paraffin wax or a water-insoluble polyhydric ester of a rosin dispersed in a solution of a cationic amine-modified starch.  The term "rosin" includes hydrogenated rosin and polymerized rosin.  Specified waxes are crude scale wax, slack wax, refined wax and microcrystalline wax: the melting point is preferably below 100 DEG C.  Preferred rosin esters are derived from glycerol and pentaerythritol.  The preferred starches have the formula:- <FORM:0963487/B1-B2/1> wherein R is the repeating starch unit, R1 is alkylene, hydroxyalkylene, phenylalkylene or alkylalkylene in which the alkylene group has 1-3 carbon atoms, R2 and R3 are alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl or hydrogen and n is the degree of substitution of the starch molecule and equal to 0,005-3 (see Division C3).  In the exemplified products, R1 is ethylene, R2 and R3 are ethyl.  The starch is preferably first mixed with water, heated to 85-95  DEG C. with agitation; the wax or rosin ester (the latter mixed, if desired, with a high boiling hydrocarbon) is poured into the starch solution and stirred; the mix is then homogenized by means of a colloid mill, homogenizer or supersonic mill.  These processes are preferably conducted at 5-30  DEG C above the melting point of the wax or rosin ester but below the melting point of the aqueous phase.  In examples, emulsions containing also an aqueous solution of sodium pentachlorophorate and sodium salts of other chlorophenols, and zinc sulphate, were also present in stated amounts in the final emulsions and details are given of the mixing and homogenizing procedures. Specification 765,880 is referred to.ALSO:Paper is sized internally or on the surface with, and particle or hard board is waterproofed by externally applying or treating during formation with, aqueous emulsions comprising paraffin wax or a water-insoluble polyhydric alcohol ester of rosin dispersed in a cationic amine-modified starch solution.  The term "rosin" includes hydrogenated and polymerised rosin.  Specified waxes are crude scale wax, slack wax, refined wax and micro-crystalline wax: the m.p. is preferably below 100 DEG C. Preferred rosin esters are the glycerol and pentaerythritol esters of rosin, hydrogenated rosin and polymerised rosin.  The preferred amine-modified starches have the formula:  <FORM:0963487/D1-D2/1> wherein R is the repeating starch unit, R1 is alkylene, hydroxyalkylene, phenylalkylene or alkylalkylene in which the alkylene group has 1-3 carbon atoms, R2 and R3 are alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl or hydrogen and n is the degree of substitution of the starch molecule and equal to 0.005-3 (see Division C3).  In the exemplified products, R1 is ethylene, R2 and R3 are ethyl.  When used for internal sizing of paper, the wax emulsions are added to the aqueous pulp after refining and preferably between the intake side of the fan pump and the head box, preferably so as to provide 0.05-5% of the dry weight of fibre.  The rosin ester emulsions may be added at the calender rolls to increase the friction in amounts of 0.05-0.5% of the fibre.  They may be used for this purpose with ketene dimer-sized paper or may be used with a ketene dimer/cationic starch size as a supplementary sizing agent.  In the examples, emulsions comprising also an aqueous solution of sodium pentachorophenate and sodium salts of other chorophenols, and zinc sulphate, were also present in the sizing emulsions, and details are provided of the amounts present and of the mixing and homogenising procedures. Specification 765,880 is referred to.