baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent DD-289479-A5 (DD)
Title: Einrichtung zum schutz thermisch hochbelasteter bauteile an ventilatormuehlen
Inventor: FRIEDRICH ALFRED
IPC: B02C13/31
Filed: 1989-07-28
Abstract: Die Erfindung betrifft eine Einrichtung zum Schutz thermisch hochbelasteter Bauteile an Ventilatormuehlen, insbesondere von Einlaufkasten und Muehlentuer, die mit einem Verschleiszschutz aus sich ueberlappenden Panzerplatten versehen sind. Die Einrichtung weist zwischen Auszenhaut und Panzerung einen Hohlraum auf, in dessen unteren Teil eine Eintrittsstelle und in dessen oberen Teil eine oder mehrere Austrittsstellen fuer ein Kuehlmedium angeordnet sind. Das Kuehlmedium wird an den Austrittsstellen durch die aufgrund der UEberlappung der Panzerung nach unten offene Spalte umgelenkt und stroemt als Schleier nach unten. Mit dieser Einrichtung wird die Auszenhaut von innen und die Panzerung von beiden Seiten gekuehlt. Figur{Ventilatormuehle; Einlaufkasten; Muehlentuer; Auszenhaut; Panzerung; Hohlraum; Eintrittsstelle; Austrittsstelle; Kuehlmedium; Panzerplatten, ueberlappen; Spalt; Umlenkung; Kuehlschleier}
Patent DD-287699-A5 (DD)
Title: Stapelrueckhalter
Inventor: BUHLMANN JOACHIM
IPC: B65H3/50
Filed: 1989-09-01
Abstract: Die Erfindung betrifft einen Stapelrueckhalter zur Erleichterung des Vereinzelns der untersten Bogen eines Stapels in Zusammentragmaschinen. Ein mit einer Fuehrungsnutz versehender Stapelhebel ist an einem Stellhebel angelenkt, der seinerseits auf einer Antriebswelle angeordnet ist und von dieser nach rechts bzw. links geschwenkt werden kann. Die Fuehrungsnut gleitet durch die Bewegung des Stellhebels ueber das feststehende Gleitelement und gibt damit je nach Schwenkrichtung des Stellhebels entweder die ihm zugewandte Stapelseite frei oder hebt sie an. In der freigebenden Lage kann der unterste Bogen mittels Sauger vom Stapel geloest werden und in der anhebenden Lage wird der Stapel von seiner Auflageflaeche soweit angehoben, dasz dieser unterste Bogen durch Greiforgane leicht hervorgezogen werden kann. Fig. 1{Stapelrueckhalter; Stapelheber; Fuehrungsnut; Antriebswelle; Stellhebel; Gleitelement; Sauger; Greiforgane; Vereinzeln; Bogen}
Patent DD-287875-A5 (DD)
Title: Drallduese
Inventor: TUERPITZ LOTHAR
IPC: B05B1/34
Filed: 1989-09-22
Abstract: Die Erfindung betrifft eine Drallduese zur Erzeugung bestimmter Tropfengroeszespektren fuer die Applikation von Fluessigkeiten. Ihre Anwendungsgebiete liegen in der Landwirtschaft und Lebensmittelindustrie sowie in der chemischen und metallurgischen Industrie. Durch abgestufte geometrische Abmessungen von Drallkammer und Duesenoeffnung sowie von Kanaelen und Kanalquerschnitten und durch Auswechselbarkeit von Drallkoerper und Duesenplatte und speziellen Materialeinsatz werden Kavitationswirkungen entgegengewirkt, der Verschleisz verringert und eine Erhoehung der Stroemungsgeschwindigkeit bzw. Zentrifugalkraft in der Drallkammer erreicht. Fig. 1{Drallduese; Tropfengroeszespektrum; Applikation; Fluessigkeit; Drallkoerper; Duesenoeffnung; Kanaele; Drallkammer; Duesenplatte; Kavitationswirkungen; Stroemungsgeschwindigkeit; Verschleisz; Zentrifugalkraft}
Patent DD-291567-A5 (DD)
Title: Impraegnierflotte fuer die vliesherstellung
Inventor: NIKLAS NORBERT
IPC: D04H1/64
Filed: 1990-01-22
Abstract: Die Erfindung betrifft eine Imprägnierflotte für die Vliesherstellung. Ziel und Aufgabe der Erfindung bestehen darin, eine Imprägnierflotte zu entwickeln, die den Praxisanforderungen bezüglich Stabilität und Koagulation gerecht wird. Erfindungsgemäß werden eine Butadien-Acrylnitril-Copolymerisatlatex 15 bis 25% einer Mischung aus a) 20 bis 30% nichtionischem Emulgator b) 15 bis 20% Tensid c) 1 bis 5% Koagulationsmittel auf Silikonbasis d) 64 bis 45% Vulkanisationspaste zugemischt. Die erfindungsgemäße Imprägnierflotte ist lager- und rührstabil und koaguliert spontan.{Imprägnierflotte; Vlies; Latex; Butadien-Acrylnitril-Latex; Mischung; Emulgator; Tensid; Koagulationsmittel; Vulkanisationspaste}
Patent DD-299279-A5 (DD)
Title: Verfahren zur bestimmung der notwendigen mischdauer
Inventor: DOSE HARTMUT
IPC: G01N33/38
Filed: 1990-02-12
Abstract: Dieses Verfahren zur Bestimmung der notwendigen Mischdauer wird vorteilhafterweise fuer die Ermittlung und Festlegung eines zweckmaeszigen Homogenisierungszustandes bei der Betonherstellung im Bauwesen genutzt. Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, die fuer die jeweilige Charge notwendige Mischdauer zur Erreichung der notwendigen Homogenitaet oder Druckfestigkeit zu ermitteln und fuer die Steuerung des Mischvorganges zu nutzen. Erfindungsgemaesz wird die Aufgabe dadurch geloest, dasz die Abklingkonstante als Masz der Zementhomogenisierung im Mischgut genutzt und durch Anwendung einer mathematischen Beziehung nach Vorgabe einer Toleranzschwelle fuer Zementgehaltsschwankungen die notwendige Mischdauer mittels Rechentechnik bestimmt wird.{Zwangsmischer; Mischdauer; Homogenisierung; Druckfestigkeit; Rechner; Belastungsmessung; Abklingkonstante; Steuerung; Belastungskurve; Mischerumdrehung}
Patent DD-295966-A5 (DD)
Title: Zentrifugalduengerstreuer
Inventor: DREYER HEINZ
IPC: A01C17/00
Filed: 1990-06-22
Abstract: Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf einen Zentrifugalduengerstreuer mit einem Vorratsbehaelter und Auslauftrichtern mit Auslaufoeffnungen. Um auf einfache Weise eine genaue Einstellung bei einem gleichmaeszigen Streuergebnis bei allen Ausbringmengen zu erreichen, ist vorgesehen, dasz in Verbindung mit Schiebern durch Verstellung derselben der Aufgabeschwerpunkt des durch die Auslaufoeffnung hindurchflieszenden Duengers auf der Schleuderscheibe auf eine Linie verlagert wird, die ueber den OEffnungsbereich der Auslaufoeffnung entgegen der Drehrichtung der Schleuderscheiben verlaeuft. Die Schleuderscheiben rotieren im entgegengesetzten Drehsinn zueinander. Die Anschlaege sind auf der Rueckseite des Zentrifugalduengerstreuers am dachfoermigen Mittelteil oder dem Vorratsbehaelters angeordnet, wobei den vorzugsweise stufenlos verstellbaren Anschlaegen jeweils Skalen zum Einstellen der Anschlaege zugeordnet sind.{Zentrifugalduengerstreuer; Vorratsbehaelter; Auslaufoeffnungen; Schieber; Duenger; Schleuderscheibe; Linie; OEffnungsbereich; Drehrichtung; Anschlaege; Skalen}
Patent DD-298574-A5 (DD)
Title: Verfahren zur parameteroptimalen einstellung eines, durch strukturoptimale anpassung des reglers an die regelstrecke, verwendeten pi-reglers fuer antriebe mit drehelastischer mechanik
Inventor: VOECHEL ERHARD
IPC: H02P5/00
Filed: 1987-04-15
Abstract: Verfahren zur parameteroptimalen Einstellung eines, durch strukturoptimale Anpassung des Reglers an die Regelstrecke, verwendeten PI-Reglers fuer Antriebe mit drehelastischer Mechanik. Um elektrische Antriebsregelkreise mit drehelastischer Mechanik (Zweimassensysteme) nicht nur stabil zu machen, sondern auch die Standzeiten der mechanischen Systemteile, wie Kupplungen, Getriebe und Wellen, wesentlich zu erhoehen, ist es notwendig, gleichzeitig eine Torsionsoptimierung vorzunehmen. Unter Beruecksichtigung der drehelastischen Mechanik in Form einer multiplikativen Ergaenzungsfunktion fuer die Motordrehzahl und fuer die Lastdrehzahl wurde erkannt, dasz es in Abhaengigkeit von der Lage der Torsionseigenfrequenz zur Grenzfrequenz des Drehzahlregelkreises unterschiedliche Anpassungsbereiche gibt. Fuer den Bereich, dasz die Eigenfrequenz der Torsionsschwingung auszerhalb der Grenzfrequenz des Drehzahlregelbereiches liegt, werden fuer einen, durch strukturoptimale Anpassung des Reglers an die Regelstrecke, verwendeten PI-Regler bei linearer drehzahlabhaengiger Belastung parameteroptimale Reglereinstellungen vorgeschlagen. Ein Anwendungsgebiet der Erfindung ergibt sich fuer drehzahlgeregelte Gleichstromnebenschluszmotore, die drehelastische mechanische Systeme antreiben.
Patent BE-1000487-A6 (BE)
Title: Electrically driven wire feeding machine - has frequency controlled motor supplied by microprocessor and driving pulley via clutch for automated mfr. of welded wire netting
Inventor: VAN COLEN ADELIN
IPC: B21F27/10
Filed: 1988-09-16
Granted: 1988-12-20
Abstract: The crosswires (1) of the netting are laid across the longer longitudinal wires by two pulleys. One of the pulleys is driven by a motor (26) via a clutch (24) and a cylindrical shaft (18). The driven shaft is mounted in a pair of bearings (20,22). The other pulley is mounted on a non-driven shaft (10) which can rotate in two bearings (12,14). The bearing nearest to the pulley is mounted on the end of a spring (16), which keeps the pulleys in contact with the wire (1) and with each other. The motor is a frequency controlled squirrel cage type, the supply of which is controlled by a microprocessor. The mechanism forms part of an automatic mfg. plant in which the welding and longitudinal feed are also controlled by the microprocessor. The mechanism has a max. wire feed speed of 230 metres per minute.
Patent BE-1008094-A6 (BE)
Title: Device for posting of participation in a competition or a forecast thatincreases the number of possibilities, based on goal average
IPC: B42D15/00
Filed: 1994-02-24
Granted: 1996-01-16
Abstract: A device according to the invention: the surface of (1), (2) and (3) isseparated into a number of columns. Said separation increases the number ofpossibilities of competitions for the same number of participants. Theinvention is described more completely hereinafter with reference to figuresrepresenting only one mode of operation.
Patent ES-2002816-A6 (ES)
Title: Structural member and method of making.
Inventor: HARRIS RONALD RAY
IPC: E06B3/26
Filed: 1986-10-06
Abstract: Porous core material (48a) of shaped glass fiber board is impregnated with resin only in outer surface portions, the resin is cured, an additional resin casing is formed therearound, and the additional resin is cured. Glass strands may be included with the resin impregnation, and a continuous strand mat (64), a veil mat (62), and glass rovings (70) may be included with the resin encasing.
Patent ES-2007609-A6 (ES)
Title: Movable graphitizing furnace.
Inventor: ANTONI FRANCO
IPC: H05B3/60
Filed: 1987-04-30
Abstract: A movable graphitizing furnace to graphitize several columns of electrodes at the same time in two side by side tanks, said furnace having a metallic cage construction and a covering of firebricks arranged at sight on said cage construction and self-compensating the thermic expansion and the thrust exerted from outside on each column of electrodes to be graphitized, said furnace being further provided with screens protecting the framework and the wheels from heat, air forced cooling system to cool the bottom of the tanks as well as water circulation cooling system to cool the bus bar electrodes also during the movement of the furnace after the graphitizing process.
Patent ES-2004414-A6 (ES)
Title: Production of semiconductor devices.
Inventor: KOZE JEFFREY THOMAS
IPC: H01L21/322
Filed: 1987-05-04
Abstract: Sealing the backside of a semiconductor wafer prevents evaporation of the dopant (typically boron) when an epitaxial layer is grown on the front (active) side, thereby preventing autodoping of the epitaxial layer with excess dopant. The present technique deposits an oxide layer during the ramp-up of the furnace that also deposits the nitride cap, thereby avoiding an extra process step. It also avoids the higher temperatures required for the prior-art technique of growing the oxide layer, resulting in lower oxygen precipitation due to the capping process and a greater yield of usable wafers.
Patent ES-2003719-A6 (ES)
Title: Arrangement for controlling and stabilizing the attitude of an aircraft by which triple redundancy for at least two axes in space is achieved.
Inventor: HASSENPFLUG WOLFGANG
IPC: G05D1/00
Filed: 1987-05-11
Abstract: 1. Arrangement in aircraft for generating triple redundant information for an assessment by majority decision for at least two horizontal axes in space with two strap-down gyroscope devices which are arranged to be rigidly fixed in space relative to one another, with two two-axis gyroscopes (1, 2) arranged perpendicular to one another with in each instance two measurement axes (M11 , M12 , and M21 , M22 respectively), of which a total of six measurement axes are arranged in the horizontal plane, and with systems for stabilising and regulating the flight attitude, characterised in that the six measurement axes are arranged differently, in order to be able to obtain redundant information for each of the two horizontal axes in space by computational allocation of in each instance three of the horizontal measurement axes to the respective horizontal axis.
Patent ES-2006222-A6 (ES)
Title: Portable beverage brewing appts. e.g. for travel kit
IPC: A47J31/00
Filed: 1987-10-20
Abstract: The beverage brewing apparatus has a housing, the housing having an open-top container adapted to receive a quantity of water, the open-top container having an opening at the bottom for draining water by gravity. A puncturing device at the bottom of the open-top container punctures a water container, and a reservoir having a pair of openings below the open-top container receives water from the open-top container. - An electric heating appts. is associated with the reservoir for heating and transforming the water in the reservoir into steam, and a removable insert container receivable within the housing stores ingredients necessary to brew a beverage. A second conduit associated with the insert container and the other reservoir opening directs the steam from the reservoir to the beverage making ingredients.
Patent ES-2008533-A6 (ES)
Title: Injection-moulding of microcellular low-density parts
Inventor: SALVADOR AGUEDA RAMON
IPC: B29C35/02
Filed: 1988-06-07
Abstract: The process, for use in making floats, wheels, fenders for nautical use, shoe soles, etc., consists of (a) heating the material and injecting it into a mould and (b) shock cooling applied at the right moment after demoulding to stop contraction of the parts as they cool down.
Patent ES-2014573-A6 (ES)
Title: Automatic-closure multiple lock
Inventor: VALDAJOS GALLEGO LUIS
IPC: E05B63/14
Filed: 1989-02-06
Abstract: It consists of a vertical plate 3-4 which can be moved by actuation by means of an outer/inner key 16 and inner button 17, and also a number of automatic-closure bolts 5, 6 and a tripper 7, all these with resisting (antagonistic, release) springs 5a, 6a, 7a which generate autonomous exit of the bolts, characterized in that tripper 7 and bolts 5, 6 have no link which maintains them withdrawn in the exit position of the former and there is a "campanera" 11 which retains the voltages 5, 6 in both emergent and retracted positions, establishing stops from which the former is released by rotation of the key 16 or button 17 and the latter through the action of a ram 8b which in the retraction of the tripper 7 acts against a dowel 11k of the "campanera" 11, raising it. Each bolt 5, 6 autonomously closes without active intervention of the plate 3-4. There is a vertical lever 13 which, by means of reverse rotation of the key 16, establishes locking of the button 17 which can be released only by means of the key 16.
Patent ES-2013098-A6 (ES)
Title: Single product extractor
Inventor: GUINDULAIN VIDONDO FELIX
IPC: G07F11/22
Filed: 1989-03-10
Abstract: Single product extractor, which is useful in automatic vending machines, which are coin operated, and which are mainly cigarette machines, consisting of a motor 3 which transmits the movement to a pinion 9 which locks in a toothed wheel 8 to which a cam 6 connects rotatably and eccentrically which by its other end connects to the L-shaped strip 4 where the packs 10 rest, by means of a pair of lugs 5. The spin axis of the L-shaped strip 4 serves as the spin axis of a strip 12, assisted by a spring, retaining the second pack while the first one is being expelled. The horizontal arm of the strip 4, where the packs rest, has a profile for placement of a micro 14 and of a pair of grooves for housing the respective pins 13.
Patent ES-2019500-A6 (ES)
Title: New process for preparing anthracyclinones and their 5- imino derivatives
Inventor: FARINA PEREZ FRANCISCO
IPC: C07C50/38
Filed: 1989-11-23
Abstract: Anthracyclinones (I, X=0, R3=H) and their 5-imino derivatives (I, X=NH, R3=H) of the following general formula < IMAGE > are obtained from 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinones II by reaction with ammonia to yield the corresponding anthraquinonines III, acylation with an acid halide IV to yield the N,O,O-triacylated derivative V, isomerisation of the N,N,O-triacylated derivative V, Diels-Alder reaction with a diene VII to yield the adduct VIII, partial hydrolysis to IX, elimination of the acyl groups to yield X, reaction with an organomagnesium compound, aromatisation and hydrolysis to yield XI, addition of water forming 5-iminoanthracyclinone I (X=NH, R3-H) and hydrolysis with a strong acid to the corresponding anthracyclinone (I, X=O, R3=H). The anthracyclins have antitumoural activity.
Patent ES-2023748-A6 (ES)
Title: Synchronized intermittent advance mechanism for an operator head with respect to the corresponding continuous supply line
Inventor: RUBIO SANZ PABLO CESAR
IPC: B25J5/02
Filed: 1990-03-12
Abstract: The head 1 is established on a carriage 2 which can be displaced horizontally against the tension of a spring 14 inside a fixed support 3, incorporating a box 4 defining a vertical housing in which there is a plunger 5 provided at the bottom with a rack 6 capable of engaging with a pinion 7 mounted in the fixed support and which permanently receives the movement of the supply line, the aforesaid plunger 5 tending to keep itself uncoupled from the pinion 7 through the effect of a pair of bands 8 and interlocking with the pinion when it receives, at the top, the actuation of a tamper 11 associated with the vertically displaceable unit of the head 1.
Patent ES-2023066-A6 (ES)
Title: Multiple plug socket base for electrical conductor cable extensions (extension leads)
IPC: H01R13/56
Filed: 1990-07-06
Abstract: This is a novel plug socket base in which provision is made for a special organization of contacts, of the type obtained by stamping or die-casting, combined with a special structure of a chassis and cover, moulded from plastic material, with the aim of allowing the connection of two- pole or three-pole plugs (pins), depending on the incorporation of the earth connection into the plug socket base. The invention comprises contacts formed by two independent plates which act as a bridge between two bases elastic-securing means for the end of the cable and stop means incorporated in the chassis of the base which keep the contacts in operational condition.
Patent ES-2027603-A6 (ES)
Title: Child's chair
Inventor: JANE CABAGNERO RAMON
IPC: A47D1/04
Filed: 1991-01-18
Abstract: It comprises its front and rear legs connected together in an articulated manner, on which front legs run, lengthwise, individual sleeves carrying the seat which can be locked at different heights. This chair folds compactly, with a small volume which is easy to achieve, for which purpose the frame of the seat is articulated via an intermediate point on its sides to the aforesaid sleeves and via its rear part it is articulated to the sides of the frame of the back which extend forwards at the bottom, and it is articulated via its end to individual bushes which run via the front legs under the aforesaid sleeves, the bushes having means for removable connection with these sleeves. To the sides of the frame of the back are articulated individual arm rests which, in their front part, are connected in an articulated manner to the sides of the frame of the seat by means of individual braces.
Patent ES-2027913-A6 (ES)
Title: Silent tactile metronome
IPC: G04F5/02
Filed: 1991-01-28
Abstract: Silent tactile metronome. It comprises an oscillating device, which produces electric pulses at a given frequency, a frequency-regulating circuit which regulates the frequency of said pulses, an amplifier which increases the amplitude of the same, an electromechanical device 11 which transforms the electric pulses into mechanical movements, and a cylinder 12, moved by said device 11, which is in contact with the skin. The frequency is adjustable by means of buttons 13, 14, and the pressure of the cylinder 12 on the skin, by buttons 15, 16. A display 7 indicates the frequency in pulses per minute. It does not emit noise which might disturb the music of the work which is being interpreted.
Patent FR-2197376-A6 (FR)
Title: Separating sheets for layered bottle carton - recesses on upper and lower faces allow sheets to be nested
IPC: B65D81/133
Filed: 1972-08-25
Granted: 1974-03-22
Abstract: Shaped recesses (1) hold the bottles, dividing walls (11) separating the recesses. The walls on one face are cut to give a straight sided flat bottomed slot near to each end and a central slot (12), the same depth but with both sides angled to each other and to the dividing wall. The other face has similar slots, and there are stepped end walls (5) such that the upper and lower faces of the spacing sheet are mirror images of each other. This allows the sheets to be stacked for storage. The bottle holding recesses receive four bottles on each face of the sheet, with adjacent bottles being top to bottom.
Patent BE-1017015-A6 (BE)
Title: Ring for beverage can, has diameter of specific millimeters for beverage can of specific millimeters, where ring is fixed on can with little glue, if can is of aluminum model, and clipped on can, if can is of plastic model
Filed: 2006-02-22
Granted: 2007-12-04
Abstract: The ring has a diameter of 74 millimeters for a beverage can of 33 millimeters. The ring is fixed on the can with a little glue, if the can is of aluminum model. The ring is clipped on the can, if the can is of plastic model.
Patent FR-2249556-A7 (FR)
Title: Concrete reinforcement loop shackle on lattice girder - with end arm bends fitting below lower girder chords
IPC: E04C5/16
Filed: 1974-10-28
Granted: 1975-05-23
Abstract: This is for time-saving assembly of lattice-girder type steel concrete reinforcement, with loop shackles extending vertically to the upper and lower chords and helping to absorb shearing stresses occurring in the reinforcement. There are sideways outward bends at the ends of the arms of the shackles, lying close against the bottom side of the lower chord, the interval between the arms being such that they fit with spring tension against the inside of these chords, where framing irons may be fitted. The bends are spaced to permit introduction of the shackle ends into the open space between the lower chords or framing irons, while the plane of the curve round the upper chord encloses an angle of 45 deg. with these bends. Such shackles can also be applied where there are multiple upper and lower chords.
Patent DD-301403-A7 (DD)
Title: Verzögerungsvorrichtung für Fangnetzsysteme von Flugzeugfanganlagen
Inventor: NEGODNOFF BORIS
IPC: B64F/
Filed: 1980-07-09
Abstract: Die Erfindung wird in Flugzeugfanganlagen, die mit Fangnetzen ausgerüstet sind, mit dem Ziel angewendet, daß die Funktionssicherheit der Netzsysteme erhöht und ihre Eignung für unterschiedliche Flugzeugtypen und Einrollpositionen gewährleistet wird. Die Verzögerungsvorrichtung besteht aus langen elastischen Gurten oder Seilen, die auf beiden Seiten einer Fanganlage zwischen den oberen Längsseilen des Fangnetzes und den Haltemasten angeordnet sind. Dabei verläuft die Verzögerungsvorrichtung etwa parallel zu den Verbindungsseilen und ist mit einer Scherkupplung wie in Figur 1 dargestellt oder mit einer Bremse verbunden. Fig. 1
Patent DD-283036-A7 (DD)
Title: Thermische trennvorrichtung
Inventor: MEHNER KLAUS
IPC: B29C65/18
Filed: 1988-06-07
Abstract: Die Erfindung betrifft eine thermische Trennvorrichtung zum Trennen von duennen thermoplasischen Schutzfolien auf oberflaechenfertigbehandelten Blechen. Das rotierende Trennmesser wird durch starr im Gehaeuse angeordnete Halogenlampen, die in den topffoermigen Querschnitt des Trennmessers hineinragen, von innen durch Strahlung beheizt. Dadurch werden keine Schleifkontakte benoetigt. Die Heizung, mit kurzer Aufheiz- und Nachheizzeit, ist energiesparend und genau regelbar. Fig. 1{thermisch; Trennvorrichtung; thermoplastisch; Schutzfolie; oberflaechenfertigbehandelt; Blech; topffoermig; Trennmesser; Strahlung; Schleifkontakt}