Patent GB-1224333-A (GB)
Title: Improvements in or relating to modulation apparatus for coherent radiation
Inventor: BUCHSBAUM SOLOMON JAN
IPC: G02F1/015
Filed: 1968-06-14
Abstract: 1,224,333. Light modulators. WESTERN ELECTRIC CO. Inc. 14 June, 1968 [20 June, 1967], No. 28345/68. Heading H4F. [Also in Division H1] Modulation apparatus for coherent radiation comprises a crystal of a material having a non- parabolic conduction band, a source of coherent radiation of a frequency at which the crystal is substantially transparent, the polarization of the radiation with respect to the crystalline axes of the crystal being such as to suppress generation of the second harmonic of the coherent radiation due to lattice polarization, whereby generation of the second harmonic occurs predominantly in an isotropic interaction involving mobile carriers in the conduction band, means for applying a signal to the crystal to modulate the second harmonic, and means for deriving for utilization the modulated second harmonic radiation. A conduction band is non-parabolic when the effective mass of the charge carriers (i.e. mobile electrons) varies significantly, i.e. at least 10%, as their momentum is changed. In a first embodiment, Fig. 1, a single crystal 16 of N-type indium arsenide, lead telluride or bismuth is supplied with coherent optical radiation from a Q-switched carbon dioxide laser 12 (as described in Specification 1,150,463) and produces an interaction between that radiation and its mobile charge carriers that is amplitude-modulated by a signal from a pulsed direct-current source 13 connected to electrodes 17 and 18 attached to the crystal. Filter 14, e.g. a germanium substrate interference filter, removes the remnants of the fundamental radiation and the modulated radiation at the secondharmonic frequency is passed via a transmission medium to a receiver 15. Crystal 16 is cut and orientated so that its 100 crystalline axis is in the Y-direction parallel to the laser field polarization. The orientation is used in order to suppress the generation of the second harmonic of the laser beam resulting from crystalline lattice polarization. The generation of the second harmonic is produced by the interaction of the fundamental radiation with the pulsed directcurrent electric field and the mobile electrons in the crystal and is dependent upon the non- parabolic nature of the conduction band, i.e. the variation in effective electron mass with variation in momentum. The power of the generated second-harmonic field E 2 (2# 1 ) is directly proportional to the square of the E 1  power and to the magnitude of the pulsed direct-current power. The signal from source 13 need not be pulsed but may be continuously varying. Since the band of frequencies present in the signal from source 13 which are effective in modulating the second harmonic is determined by the socalled skin effect in crystal 16 (specifically the skin depth for a particular modulating frequency must be greater than the coherence length for generation of the second harmonic), for frequencies too high to have such a skin depth in the crystal a modulated helicon wave is produced in the crystal to produce 100% modulation. In a second embodiment, Fig. 2, a static magnetic field bias provided by a coil 34 enables the launching of a helicon wave (circularly polarized electromagnetic wave) in crystal 36 in response to the time varying flux supplied in the crystal by field coil 32. In all other aspects the embodiment of Fig. 2 is the same as that of Fig. 1. In Fig. 2 the power of the generated second harmonic, which may be frequencymodulated, is proportional to the power of the helicon wave. Instead of N-type materials, P-type materials having non-parabolic conduction bands and subjected to uniaxial stress may be utilized, the mobile charge carriers involved in the interaction being holes instead of electrons.