baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent PT-115616-A (PT)
Title: Método, dispositivo transmissor e dispositivo recetor para proteger o treino ao canal em um sistema de acesso múltiplo não ortogonal no domínio da potência
Inventor: ATILIO MANUEL DA SILVA GAMEIRO
IPC: H04W4/06
Filed: 2019-06-28
Abstract: A PRESENTE DIVULGAÇÃO DIZ RESPEITO A UMA TÉCNICA DE PROTEÇÃO DE CAMADA FÍSICA PARA COMUNICAÇÕES SEM FIO QUE COMPREENDE UM MÉTODO SEGURO DE TREINO AO CANAL PROJETADO PARA MELHORAR O NÍVEL DE CONFIDENCIALIDADE DE UM SISTEMA DE COMUNICAÇÃO DE ACESSO MÚLTIPLO NÃO ORTOGONAL NO DOMÍNIO DA POTÊNCIA (NOMA) QUANDO É PREJUDICADO POR ATAQUES DE EAVESDROPPER VINDOS DE DENTRO [3] E DE FORA [5] DA REDE. NÃO SE LIMITANDO, A PRESENTE INVENÇÃO FOI DESENVOLVIDA PARA DOIS CENÁRIOS DE APLICAÇÃO. NO PRIMEIRO CENÁRIO, UM EMISSOR COOPERATIVO INTERFERENTE, DO INGLÊS JAMMER, [2] DISPONÍVEL NO SISTEMA DEFINE UMA FONTE EXTERNA DE ENTROPIA QUE É INDEPENDENTE DA TAXA DE VARIAÇÃO DO CANAL. ENQUANTO O JAMMER FORNECE SIGILO DENTRO DA REDE, A SOLUÇÃO PROPOSTA É CONFIGURADA PARA PROTEGER A REDE A PARTIR DO EXTERIOR, CODIFICANDO AS INFORMAÇÕES DO SISTEMA, QUE DEVEM SER TROCADAS DURANTE UMA FASE DE TREINO, UTILIZANDO APENAS O ESTADO DO CANAL. NO SEGUNDO CENÁRIO, O JAMMER COOPERATIVO NÃO ESTÁ DISPONÍVEL; SENDO O SIGILO DENTRO E FORA DA REDE ASSEGURADO ATRAVÉS DE UMA PARAMETRIZAÇÃO DIFERENTE. ESTA PARAMETRIZAÇÃO É FEITA DE FORMA A CODIFICAR A INFORMAÇÃO REQUERIDA PELO SISTEMA USANDO NÃO SÓ OS CANAIS, MAS TAMBÉM UMA FASE ALEATÓRIA DEFINIDA NA FASE DE COMUNICAÇÃO DE DADOS.
Patent PT-116062-A (PT)
Title: Bis-pirimidinonas como inibidores da xantina oxidase para o tratamento de condições patológicas causadas por hiperuricemia
Inventor: JOÃO PAULO LOURENÇO SERRANO
IPC: A61K31/505
Filed: 2020-01-20
Abstract: A PRESENTE INVENÇÃO CONSISTE NA UTILIZAÇÃO DE BIS-PIRIRNIDINONAS COM A FÓRMULA GERAL (I) , OS SEUS TAUTÓRNEROS E/ OU OS SEUS RESPETIVOS SAIS CORNO INIBIDORES DA XANTINA OXIDASE (XO), TENDO UTILIDADE NO TRATAMENTO DE CONDIÇÕES PATOLÓGICAS CAUSADAS POR HIPERURICERNIA, ENTRE AS QUAIS SE DESTACA A GOTA . X FÓRMULA (I) NAS BIS-PIRIRNIDINONAS COM A FÓRMULA GERAL (I), R1 , R2 E RJ SÃO VÁRIOS TIPOS DE RADICAIS E TANTO X CORNO Y SÃO UM HETEROÁTORNO, CORNO DESCRITO NO PRESENTE DOCUMENTO. A INVENÇÃO DESTACA-SE PELA CAPACIDADE DESTES COMPOSTOS INIBIREM A ATIVIDADE DA ENZIMA XANTINA OXIDASE, DEMONSTRANDO, EM ALGUNS CASOS, URNA POTÊNCIA SUPERIOR À DO PRINCIPAL FÁRMACO INIBIDOR DESTA ENZIMA UTILIZADO NA CLÍNICA, O ALOPURINOL. A UTILIZAÇÃO DESTES COMPOSTOS APRESENTA CORNO VANTAGENS UM BAIXO CUSTO DE PRODUÇÃO, ASSIM CORNO ELEVADA RAPIDEZ E SIMPLICIDADE NA SUA SÍNTESE QUÍMICA E BONS RENDIMENTOS REACIONAIS. FOI AINDA DEMONSTRADO QUE ESTES COMPOSTOS NÃO APRESENTAM CITOTOXICIDADE MARCADA EM FIBROBLASTOS NORMAIS DA DERME HUMANA. DESTA FORMA, A PRESENTE INVENÇÃO É ÚTIL NO TRATAMENTO E PREVENÇÃO DE PATOLOGIAS CARATERIZADAS POR UM AUMENTO DA CONCENTRAÇÃO PLASMÁTICA DE ÁCIDO ÚRICO, POR LEVAR A UMA REDUÇÃO DA SUA FORMAÇÃO MEDIANTE A INIBIÇÃO DA ATIVIDADE ENZIMÁTICA DA XANTINA OXIDASE.
Patent RU-94007658-A (RU)
Inventor: BAKHTIN M V
IPC: E03C1/30
Filed: 1994-03-01
Abstract: FIELD: devices for elimination of stoppages in pipelines, foulings of sinks, baths and toilet bowls. SUBSTANCE: washing device has body made in the form of runner cylindrical sleeve with internal socket for pressing rod on generating surface and hole on diametrically opposite side. Body from open end is joined with hollow truncated cone with internal socket for rod. Volume of cone cavity is equal or larger than that of sleeve cavity. EFFECT: higher efficiency. 2 dwg
Patent RU-94014977-A (RU)
Inventor: SIDEL NIKOV JU N
IPC: G01N33/48
Filed: 1994-04-26
Abstract: FIELD: medicine. SUBSTANCE: method involves taking into consideration serotonin concentration from a formula. EFFECT: enhanced accuracy and reliability of estimation.
Patent RU-94021376-A (RU)
Inventor: MIKASHINOVICH Z I
IPC: A61K35/14
Filed: 1994-06-07
Abstract: FIELD: medicine. SUBSTANCE: method involves the analysis of umbilical blood newborn at the III-d delivery period. Method involves the determination of water bound with erythrocytes by volume-weight dilatometric procedure. Obtained data allow to estimate compensatory processes in newborn and make the development prognosis. Noncomplicated course of neonatal period is forecasted at the content of water bound with erythrocytes less than 12.5%. Perinatal risk is forecasted if this value is above 12.5%. EFFECT: accelerated, simplified method, enhanced precision of prognosis.
Patent RU-94022481-A (RU)
Inventor: ANNA INGLOT
IPC: A61K35/10
Filed: 1992-09-28
Abstract: FIELD: medicine, immunology. SUBSTANCE: immunological activity of definite bioactive substances is estimated by treatment of human peripheral blood leukocyte culture or murine resident peritoneal cells suspension (strain BALB/c) with substance to be tested in order to induce cytokine production. Cytokines were assayed by conventional methods of identification. Improved results can be obtained by addition of nonsteroid antiinflammatory drug, mainly indomethacin, to the tested solution. Method can be used for estimation of immunological response in human persons to therapy that uses substances inducing cytokine production. EFFECT: improved method of immunogenic activity estimation.
Patent RU-94022709-A (RU)
Inventor: VORONOV JU I
IPC: C21C5/54
Filed: 1994-06-10
Abstract: FIELD: ferroalloy production. SUBSTANCE: method for production of technical powdery slag belite includes silicon reduction in electric arc furnace of chromium ore by chromium ferrosilicon in the presence of lime taken in the amount ensuring the mass ratio of CaO/SiOin produced slag equalling 1.9-2.2; metal tapping from the furnace; separation of slag from metal; cooling of slag down to self-disintegration and its multiple air classification. In so doing, introduced into slag before its tapping from the furnace is aluminum in the amount of 1.5-3.5% of lime mass preset for heat. EFFECT: provision of production of technical powdery slag belite as byproduct in melting of ferroalloys.
Patent RU-94026047-A (RU)
Inventor: POLKOVSKIJ I M
IPC: H04J3/00
Filed: 1994-07-15
Abstract: FIELD: devices for electric communications. SUBSTANCE: local communication network has multiple wire trunk cable, to which communication boards and phone sets are connected. In addition device has interface units which number is equal to number of users and which have routing unit, starting and dialing unit, subtraction unit, call receiver, decoupling unit, first and second oscillators of tonal signal, first and second receivers of tonal signals, control unit. In addition device has 2N switching gates where N is number of circuits (channels) of trunk cable. EFFECT: doubled transmission capacity of each channel of trunk cable, halved weight of trunk cable. 1 dwg
Patent RU-94027748-A (RU)
Inventor: DUSKABILOVA T I
IPC: A01G1/00
Filed: 1994-07-21
Abstract: FIELD: agricultural technology. SUBSTANCE: method implies production of grafts, thermal stratification and planting of engrafted saplings into open ground. Upon thermal stratification, engrafted saplings are selected and those which stroke root are planted in substratum at distance of 3-4 cm. Then engrafted saplings are subjected to additional thermal stratification during 15-20 days. EFFECT: high efficiency. 1 tbl
Patent RU-94028163-A (RU)
Inventor: KIEK V A
IPC: F16H21/14
Filed: 1994-07-27
Abstract: FIELD: mechanical engineering. SUBSTANCE: converting mechanism has casing 1 with guides 2, slide 3 coupled with connecting rod 5 through shaft 4. Toothed gear 6 mounted within body of connecting rod 5 is engageable with gear 8 rigidly fitted onto drive shaft 7 positioned within casing 1. Engagement between toothed gear 6 and gear 8 is maintained by insert 9 formed as cylindrical disk with gear receiving slot. Insert 9 is positioned in space between gears so that peripheral cylindrical surface of insert 9 is supported by tooth projections of gears 8 and 6. EFFECT: increased efficiency, simplified construction, reduced dimensions and enhanced reliability in operation. 24 cl, 5 dwg
Patent RU-94028210-A (RU)
Inventor: ZAJTSEV A I
IPC: E01C19/10
Filed: 1994-07-25
Abstract: FIELD: road building, building materials production, namely, devices for producing asphalt concrete. SUBSTANCE: unit has devices to feed bitumen, foam generating agent, mineral row material, and stirrer to mix mineral row material and bitumen foam representing roller stirrer of "running wave" type. This unit is made in the form of belt conveyor system. The unit is operated by the following way. Frothed bitumen is fed to "running wave" section and mineral row material enters the same section. Effective preparation of asphalt concrete mixture is carried out. Then the mixture enters accumulator. EFFECT: high efficiency. 1 dwg
Patent RU-94028998-A (RU)
Inventor: KOCHETOV EH I
IPC: C21D1/78
Filed: 1994-08-03
Abstract: FIELD: metallurgy, change of physical structure of metals. SUBSTANCE: method of preliminary themocyclic treatment of carbon alloyed and instrumental steels is exercised under maximum temperature of heating by 20 - 80 C over Tc (temperature of final stage of conversion α_→γ) under speed of heating V = 20 - 100 C/minute, that causes formation of thermokinetic curves of phase conversions in process of heating - beginning Tcand end Tca_→γ of, phase conversion (in the form of absorption of hidden heat of conversion), and during cooling, that does not exceed critical speed of hardening Vcr, beginning Tcand end Tcof reverse g_→α conversion ( in the form of emission of hidden heat of conversion). Thermocycling is exercised in vacuum medium without isothermal holding, under pressure of not less than 1.33 Pa ( 1 . 10mmHg). As a result of it control parameters of thermokinetic curves of phase conversions are clearly expressed. In the case difference of temperatures of beginning and end of phases conversions is changing depending on formation of structure till system begins to consume minimum of spent energy used for changing enthalpy (heat amount) of solid material solution in process of phase conversions, that corresponds to optimal number of thermocycles under given temperature-speed mode of thermocycling, under conditions of initial structural state and difference of chemical potentials, under action on it of outer conditions of environment. EFFECT: method allows to improve physical and mechanical properties of steel.
Patent RU-94035043-A (RU)
Inventor: RYKOV V B
IPC: A01B35/20
Filed: 1994-09-20
Abstract: FIELD: agricultural engineering. SUBSTANCE: working tool has standard 1 and a sweep. The latter has front part 2 and back part 3 hinged together. The axle of back part 3 is located in a bushing secured on member 4 of front part 2. This arrangement ensures that as the sweep works in row spacings of alfalfa for seed, the soil is ripped by front part 2. As the soil reacts, it raises back part 3 to damper 12. Part 3 penetrates the soil almost vertically to minimize damage of the alfalfa crop necks. EFFECT: higher efficiency; higher cultivation quality. 6 dwg
Patent RU-94040282-A (RU)
Inventor: ROZENBLJUM JU Z
IPC: A61F9/00
Filed: 1994-11-01
Abstract: FIELD: medicine. SUBSTANCE: method involves determining sensitivity level with respect to image defocussing before and after operation to calculate defocussing drop level stability coefficient from curves of dependance of vision acuity on defocussing degree as ratio between the vision acuity octave number and the corresponding diopter number. The most important segment from the point of view of coefficient evaluation is the nonlinear segment of defocussing curve. EFFECT: quick and reliable method.
Patent RU-94041504-A (RU)
Inventor: CHISTJAKOV N N
IPC: F25B30/02
Filed: 1994-11-16
Abstract: FIELD: refrigerating engineering; refrigerating machines with condenser. SUBSTANCE: refrigerating machine with condenser has circular pipeline connected with condenser. Water is circulating in pipeline. Heat exchanger installed on pipeline is designed for cooling water circulating in circular pipelines by water supplied from to building water supply system. EFFECT: reduced service expenses owing to reduction of water drain into sewage system.
Patent RU-95103861-A (RU)
Inventor: GRIGOR EVA L K
IPC: H01M4/80
Filed: 1995-03-27
Abstract: FIELD: alkaline storage batteries electrodes production. SUBSTANCE: base of alkaline electrode is made of porous nickel foil of 20 - 75 mcm thick, 30 - 60 5 porosity and 0.1 - 10 mcm pores size. Method of the base production provides for rolling of nickel powder by rollers covered with mixture of active lubricating substance and organic solvent, for example, oxide of oleic acid and acetone. EFFECT: simplified process of production.
Patent RU-95104132-A (RU)
Inventor: KVASENKOV O I
IPC: A23L3/00
Filed: 1995-03-24
Abstract: FIELD: food industry; canning industry. SUBSTANCE: method involves continuous taking measurements of temperatures in the least heated point for calculating the actual lethality of microorganisms using an empirical equation. As a prescribed value is attained, the process of sterilization is completed. EFFECT: simpler and more reliable method. 1 dwg
Patent RU-95104729-A (RU)
Inventor: BLOKHIN V M
IPC: B65B1/32
Filed: 1995-03-31
Abstract: FIELD: prepacking of consumer goods. SUBSTANCE: equipment for packing loose materials has hopper with outlet located at points of positioning of containers and belt conveyers for transportation of containers. Counterweight is put on shaft perpendicular to planes of L-shaped forms for containers. Counterweight is directed upwards. L-shaped forms on axle have two stable positions. In one position outlet of hopper is located above clearance in lower container formed by side walls of lower and upper containers. In second stable position outlet of hopper is located above upper container. EFFECT: simplified design, increased operational reliability.
Patent RU-95105426-A (RU)
Inventor: PITER DEL FINA SHTEENAKERS
IPC: B01J35/04
Filed: 1995-04-10
Abstract: FIELD: mechanical engineering. SUBSTANCE: catalyzer 201 for catalytic treatment of waste gas has housing 203, intake device 207 and exhaust device 208. Housing 203 has catalytic means 210 with at least two stacks of sheet members. Exhaust device 207 is in communication with internal chamber 221 located between stacks. Exhaust device has the same form of cross section at its mouth and the same sizes of cross section as internal chamber 221 which has at least one free area whose cross section reduces from exhaust device 437. Exhaust device 208 is connected with external chamber 222 located between inner surface sections of housing 203 and catalytic means 440. Each stack of sheet members limits passages 217 which run to opposite sides from internal chamber 221 to external chamber which makes housing adaptable to any position. Catalyzer 201 possesses good aerodynamic and cooling properties. EFFECT: economical efficiency.
Patent RU-95109297-A (RU)
Inventor: SOLOSHENKO V A
IPC: A23K1/175
Filed: 1995-06-06
Abstract: FIELD: food industry, veterinary science. SUBSTANCE: addition as catholyte is prepared by treatment of 1.8-% aqueous solution of copper, zinc, manganese sulfate, cobalt chloride and potassium iodide in diaphragm electrolyzer at the following regime: J = 500-600 A; V = 12-15 v. Catholyte obtained by electrochemical activation, pH = 7-8, is watered to piglets, once per a week, at dose 8-9 g/1 kg living mass. Catholyte watering increases animal productivity by 17.4-11.7%. EFFECT: increased productivity of addition.
Patent RU-95111684-A (RU)
Inventor: ARUTJUNOV V A
IPC: F27B3/20
Filed: 1995-07-06
Abstract: FIELD: ferrous metallurgy. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to equipment providing postburning of atmosphere combustible components in arc steel-smelting furnaces. Furnace has bottom side walls, and roof, and additionally oxygen lance with perforations for postburning of combustible components placed into furnace laboratory through its roof, and also pipelines connected to perforations. A pocket is made in the roof of furnace with lance in its top part. Lance is constructed in the form of a barrel with bottom in its upper part. Pipelines approach inner cylindrical surface of barrel tangentially in horizontal plane, whereas lower part of barrel is made as a curved diffuser with its surface tangentially coupled with pocket surface. Body of barrel is made of metal and is cooled, or of refractory material. EFFECT: enhanced postburning efficiency and efficiency of transferring evolving heat to metal. 1 dwg
Patent RU-95112221-A (RU)
Inventor: PETROV S M
IPC: A23C21/00
Filed: 1995-07-18
Abstract: FIELD: food-processing, in particular, milk industry. SUBSTANCE: processing line has container with mixer for producing low-purity whey and dosing station, crystallizer-cooler with mixing device for providing complete suspension of dispersed phases. Drier has drum with channel-type nozzles for transverse supplying of heat carrier, conveying device for recirculation of dry product to drier inlet end and mixer. EFFECT: increased efficiency, wider operational capabilities and improved quality of product.
Patent SA-96170167-A (SA)
Inventor: HARRIS RANDALL L
IPC: B65D71/28
Filed: 1996-07-22
Abstract: وعاء على شكل سلة لنقل المواد يكشف عن جزء كبير من المواد المرزمة الطرفية . ولهذا الناقل ألواح جانبية ضيقة تشكل مع أشرطة الفصل حجيرات لتلقي أو استقبال المواد . وتتشكل الحجيرات الطرفية من أشرطة الفصل والأشرطة الجانبية الممتدة من الألواح الجانبية والأشرطة الطرفية المربوطة إلى الأشرطة الجانبية . وتتصل أشرطة الفصل بلوح داعم مركزي يحتوي على جزء للوح مقبض . أما الأشرطة الطرفية والأشرطة الجانبية فلا تتماس إلا مع إجزاء صغيرة من المواد متيحة المجال لمشاهدة بقية المواد الطرفية . شكل (١)
Patent TW-200303197-A (TW)
Title: Chemokine receptor antagonists and methods of use therefor
Inventor: LULY JAY R
IPC: A61P37/08
Filed: 2002-11-14
Abstract: Disclosed are novel compounds and a method of treating a disease associated with aberrant leukocyte recruitment and/or activation. The method comprises administering to a subject in need an effective amount of a compound represented by: or physiologically acceptable salt thereof.
Patent TW-200301846-A (TW)
Title: Process for producing an image using a first minimum bottom antireflective coating composition
Inventor: SAKAMURI RAJ
IPC: G03F7/039
Filed: 2002-11-22
Abstract: Disclosed is a process for forming an image on a substrate, comprising the steps of: (a) coating on the substrate a first layer of a radiation sensitive, antireflective compositions; (b) coating a second layer of a photoresist composition onto the first layer of the antireflective composition; (c) selectively exposing the coated substrate from step (b) to actinic radiation; and (d) developing the exposed coated substrate from step (c) to form an image; wherein both the photoresist composition and the antireflective composition are exposed in step (c); both are developed in step (d) using a single developer; wherein the antireflective composition of step (a) is a first minimum bottom antireflective coating (B.A.R.C.) composition, having a solids content of up to about 8% solids, and a maximum coating thickness of the coated substrate of λ / 2n wherein λ is the wavelength of the actinic radiation of step (c) and n is the refractive index of the B.A.R.C. composition.
Patent TW-200301954-A (TW)
Title: Manufacturing method of IC chip
Inventor: FUKUOKA MASATERU
IPC: H01L21/46
Filed: 2003-01-15
Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a method of manufacturing an IC chip, by which a semiconductor wafer can be protected from breakage, etc., the handling performance of the semiconductor wafer can be improved, and the semiconductor wafer can be machined into IC chips satisfactorily, even if the thickness of the semiconductor wafer to be machined is about 50 μ m. This method of manufacturing an IC chip is characterized in having the following steps: a step of fixing a wafer on a supporting plate by using a supporting tape formed through a face formed by an adhesive (A) (containing a gas generating agent which produces gas once being stimulated) layer and a face formed by an adhesive (B) layer; a polishing step which is carried out on the wafer fixed on the supporting plate by the supporting tape; a step of peeling the supporting tape from the wafer; and a step of dicing the wafer, while in the step of fixing the wafer on the supporting plate by the supporting tape, the face formed by the adhesive (A) layer is adhered to the wafer and the face formed by the adhesive (B) is adhered to the supporting plate; and in the step of stimulating the adhesive (A) layer to peel off the supporting tape from the wafer, the stimulation is applied along with performing an uniform depressurization suction from the dicing tape side of the whole wafer.
Patent TW-200412856-A (TW)
Title: Method for pretreating feedstuff
Inventor: Chen shi-ru
IPC: A23C9/12
Filed: 2003-01-22
Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for pretreating feedstuff. In one example, the present invention first provides a process for producing a lactobacillus base, which comprises a material preparation stage, a bacterium cultivation stage, a fermentation stage, and a storage stage. Next, a lactobacillus fermentation process is carried out which comprises a first mixing step, an evaporation step, a cooling step, a second mixing step, and a fermentation step, etc. for preparing a fermented feedstuff which can be used directly for feeding, in which the fermented feedstuff includes a solid feedstuff and a fermented solution. Next, a permeation process is carried out where a fermented solution is used as a permeation agent and the following four stages are carried out for preparing and storing a dried fermented feedstuff: a mixing stage, a permeation stage, a setting stage, and a drying stage.
Patent TW-200303889-A (TW)
Title: Woody synthetic resin compositions
Inventor: MAEDA MUTSUMI
IPC: C08L97/00
Filed: 2003-02-20
Abstract: Woody synthetic resin compositions comprising: (A) from 5 to 95 parts by weight of a thermoplastic resin; (C) from 5 to 95 parts by weight of a vegetable cellulose; and (B) from 0.1 to 10 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of (A) + (C) of an ultrahigh molecular weight polymer having a viscosity-average molecular weight of 1,200,000 or above, are provided, in which the thermoplastic resin (A) is made of a polyolefin-based composition (J). Use of these woody synthetic resin compositions makes it possible to stably produce molded woody synthetic resin articles which are comparable to natural woody materials in secondary processing characteristics (nailing, sawing, screwing, etc.), excellent in strength and rigidity, free from surface roughness and favorable in appearance.
Patent TW-200401711-A (TW)
Title: Ink jet recording head
Inventor: KEIICHIRO TSUKUDA
IPC: B41J2/05
Filed: 2003-04-16
Abstract: In an ink jet recording head according to the present invention in which a small ink droplet and a large ink droplet can be discharged, a common liquid chamber is connected to discharge ports via ink flow paths and pressure chambers, and ink droplets are discharged from the discharge ports by utilizing thermal energy of heaters. Widths of the ink flow paths are narrower than widths of the pressure chambers so that the ink flow paths act as restriction portions. When it is assumed that a sectional area of the small liquid droplet ink flow path is SS, a sectional area of the small liquid droplet pressure chamber is SRS, a sectional area of the large liquid droplet ink flow path is SL and a sectional area of the large liquid droplet pressure chamber is SRL, a relationship SS/SRS < SL/SRL is established. According to the present invention, with this arrangement, even in the nozzle for discharging the small ink droplet, loss is reduced and energy efficiency can be enhanced.