Claim: Nurse’s kidney donation triggers bi-state transplant chain.
Verdict: SUPPORTS

Retrieved passages:
title: Kidney Paired Donation
text: Chains" that amplified the matching power of Domino Chains by allowing Bridge Donors to extend chains. Prior to the utilization of Bridge Donors, a chain of transplant surgeries would be completed in one day, which limited the number of transplants that could be performed. A bridge Donor is someone whose paired recipient has received a kidney but does not donate for some period of time (generally 1 week to 3 months). Just like Domino Chains increased KPD transplants, the utilization of bridge donors also dramatically increased KPD transplants because chains could now be organized over several months and avoid the

title: Kidney Paired Donation
text: Paired Kidney Exchange (NEPKE) led by Dr. Delmonico and Professor Alvin Roth and the Ohio Organ Consortium which later reorganized as two competing programs, the Paired Donation Network (PDN) led by Dr. Woodle and the Alliance for Paired Exchange (APD) led by Dr. Rees. The Hopkins program, which was based out of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, led the industry in early innovations including the critical "Domino Chain" breakthrough which allowed Good Samaritan donors to start chains, dramatically increasing the number of pairs that could be matched in a swap compared to the loop approach that was used previously. Once the

title: Kidney Paired Donation
text: Hopkins team began organizing Domino Chains, these swaps became larger and began attracting national media attention due to the massive complexity and significant impact of these large swaps. Unlike the Hopkins program that was hospital based, NEPKE was launched within the New England Organ Procurement Organization which served several states in the North East. The PDN and APD organizations were founded by transplant surgeons but attempted to create networks of transplant centers that would work together to pool their incompatible pairs, much like NEPKE but without OPO support. In 2006, the APD conceived of a critically important innovation called "NEAD

title: Kidney transplantation
text: 3–5 days to reach normal functioning levels, while cadaveric donations stretch that interval to 7–15 days. Hospital stay is typically for 4–10 days. If complications arise, additional medications (diuretics) may be administered to help the kidney produce urine. Immunosuppressant drugs are used to suppress the immune system from rejecting the donor kidney. These medicines must be taken for the rest of the recipient's life. The most common medication regimen today is a mixture of tacrolimus, mycophenolate, and prednisolone. Some recipients may instead take ciclosporin, sirolimus, or azathioprine. The risk of early rejection of the transplanted kidney is increased if corticosteroids

title: Kidney Paired Donation
text: the chain starts in the United States. As adoption of Advanced Donation increased, due to the timing advantages that made donation surgery more convenient for the donor, the size and complexity of KPD swaps were reduced, with the logical extension of this trend being the eventual elimination of traditional chain and loop swaps, replaced by 1-deep chains. The following academic publications highlight the most significant innovations and results in the field of KPD. Kidney Paired Donation Kidney Paired Donation (KPD) or Paired Exchange, is an approach to living donor kidney transplantation where patients with incompatible donors swap kidneys to receive

title: National Kidney Registry
text: repeatedly go to the hospital for blood draws. The NKR’s second swap started with the shipment of a kidney from Cornell to UCLA School of Medicine. This was the first time a living donor kidney was shipped on a commercial airplane. This second chain crossed the country three times, facilitating eight total transplants at UCLA, Cornell, Stanford University School of Medicine, and California Pacific Medical Center Ultimately, this chain was broken when the bridge donor reneged. Based on these early experiences, many safe guards were implemented to reduce the risk of broken chains, which dropped the frequency of broken chains

title: Kidney transplantation
text: in the patient's care in any manner until after death has been declared. In general, the donor and recipient should be ABO blood group and crossmatch (human leukocyte antigen — HLA) compatible. If a potential living donor is incompatible with their recipient, the donor could be exchanged for a compatible kidney. Kidney exchange, also known as "kidney paired donation" or "chains" have recently gained popularity. In an effort to reduce the risk of rejection during incompatible transplantation, ABO-incompatible and densensitization protocols utilizing intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) have been developed, with the aim to reduce ABO and HLA antibodies that the recipient

title: Kidney transplantation
text: recipient who also had a willing but incompatible donor. Michael Rees from the University of Toledo developed the concept of open-ended chains. This was a variation of a concept developed at Johns Hopkins University. On July 30, 2008, an altruistic donor kidney was shipped via commercial airline from Cornell to the University of California, Los Angeles, thus triggering a chain of transplants. The shipment of living donor kidneys, computer-matching software algorithms, and cooperation between transplant centers has enabled long-elaborate chains to be formed. In carefully screened kidney donors, survival and the risk of end-stage renal disease appear to be similar

title: Kidney Paired Donation
text: logistical limitations of performing all surgeries on one day. In 2007, the APD completed the first NEAD chain. That same year, the U.S. Congress passed the Charlie Norwood Act which clarified that paired exchange was legal. Prior to the passage of this law, many in the U.S. transplant community feared that KPD was unlawful due to the prohibition of "valuable consideration" as articulated in the NOTA laws that govern the U.S. transplant industry. With the passage of the Charlie Norwood Act, many more KPD programs were launched in the USA including the UNOS KPD program which was government sponsored with

title: National Kidney Registry
text: exchange programs in the United States, a compatible donor was found. After this transplant ordeal, the Hil family founded the National Kidney Registry to eliminate the problem of incompatible donors, by building a national kidney paired donation (KPD) program. The NKR organized its first swap on Valentine’s Day in 2008 at Cornell Medical Center in New York City. This first swap was a 3-deep chain that ended with a bridge donor who donated two months later, extending the chain to 5-deep. This chain was broken after the bridge donor reneged following many failed cross matches that required the donor to

title: Kidney transplantation
text: (spouses, friends). Now the elasticity of the donor relationship has been stretched to include acquaintances and even strangers ('altruistic donors'). In 2009, Minneapolis transplant recipient Chris Strouth received a kidney from a donor who connected with him on Twitter, which is believed to be the first such transplant arranged entirely through social networking. The acceptance of altruistic donors has enabled chains of transplants to form. Kidney chains are initiated when an altruistic donor donates a kidney to a patient who has a willing but incompatible donor. This incompatible donor then 'pays it forward' and passes on the generosity to another

title: Dorry Segev
text: moving forward with a live donor kidney transplant could be the best option for highly sensitized patients who have a healthy and willing donor. Kidney Paired Donation is a form of live donation where patients with incompatible donors swap kidneys to receive a compatible kidney. The first kidney-paired donation was performed in South Korea in 1991, followed by one in Europe in 1999. Sommer Gentry and Dorry Segev found that the existing matching programs were not sufficient to accommodate the scale of the transplant waitlist in the United States. Previous matching programs limited kidney-transplant patients and their families to connect

title: Kidney Paired Donation
text: KPD centers in the U.S. By 2010 the UNOS KPD program had completed its first swap and the NEPKE and PDN programs folded due to funding issues and increased regulatory requirements imposed on U.S. KPD programs by CMS and UNOS. During this time, the NKR developed the first donor preselect system that allowed donors to be accepted or declined before a match was offered. This innovation was taken from the brokerage industry, essentially porting the limit order concept to KPD. The preselect concept eliminated the need to use supercomputers for match runs because the number of valid one-ways was dramatically

title: Kidney Paired Donation
text: less immunosuppression and less immunosuppression reduces nephrotoxicity and other negative side effects from post-transplant anti-rejection medications. Equally important, better HLA matching reduces the number of antibodies that a transplant recipient will create making it easier to get a second, third or fourth transplant. This issue is critical for young transplant recipients who have a life expectancy that is longer than the expected graft survival (i.e. how long a transplanted kidney lasts). Deceased donor kidneys typically last 5 – 15 years and living donor kidneys typically last 10 – 30 years. When KPD first started, the focus was only on enrolling

title: Kidney Paired Donation
text: receive a life-saving transplant. KPD overcomes donor-recipient incompatibility by swapping kidneys between multiple donor-recipient pairs. KPD is also being used to find better donor-recipient matches for compatible pairs who want a lower lifetime mortality and longer lasting transplant. The first paper outlining the concept of paired exchange was authored by Rappaport and published in 1986. The first recorded paired exchange transplants were organized in South Korea by Dr. Park beginning in 1991. For nearly a decade, only Dr. Park and his team in South Korea utilized this novel approach to facilitate transplants for incompatible donor - recipient pairs. In 1999,

title: National Kidney Registry
text: from 33% in 2008 to 2% in 2015. In 2012, the NKR broke the world record for the largest kidney swap by organizing a 30-deep chain] involving 60 donors and recipients. This chain was started by Rick Ruzzamenti a 44-year-old from Riverside, California. The swap took four months to complete and involved 17 different transplant centers across 11 states. Three years later, on March 26, the next record breaking chain was set into motion by Kathy Hart, a 48-year-old attorney from Minneapolis. This swap took two months to complete and involved 26 different transplant centers. The NKR has facilitated 2084

title: Tayfun Sönmez
text: in the transplant community initially felt that the practical burden of allowing three pairwise exchanges would be too large. However research by Roth, Sönmez, and Unver revealed that the efficiency loss from the lack of three pair exchanges are considerable. A 12-party (six donors and six recipients) kidney exchange was performed in April 2008. Nancy Lutz, program director for the Social and Economic Sciences (SES) Division of NSF's Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences remarked "it's especially rewarding to see such a clear and immediate benefit to the public. This research moved from abstract, academic theory to real world,

title: Kidney transplantation
text: for a donated kidney is ten to fifteen years. When a transplant fails, a patient may opt for a second transplant, and may have to return to dialysis for some intermediary time. Infections due to the immunosuppressant drugs used in people with kidney transplants most commonly occur in mucocutaneous areas (41%), the urinary tract (17%) and the respiratory tract (14%). The most common infective agents are bacterial (46%), viral (41%), fungal (13%), and protozoan (1%). Of the viral illnesses, the most common agents are human cytomegalovirus (31.5%), herpes simplex (23.4%), and herpes zoster (23.4%). BK virus is now being increasingly

title: National Kidney Registry
text: connecting them in longer chains, as well as taking an altruistic non-directed donor, and start chains of kidney transplants. What the NKR does is consolidate the incompatible pairs of donors and recipients from transplant centers all over the United States, into a single registry, and facilitate the transplant process. The NKR was founded in 2007 by the Hil family, after their youngest daughter lost her kidney function at age ten. Both parents were ruled out from donating to their daughter because they were biologically incompatible. After many unsuccessful attempts to find a compatible donor through all of the kidney paired

title: Transplant rejection
text: fluid rushes into the cell and ruptures it. Cell debris can be recognized as damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), on membranes of phagocytes, which thereupon secrete proinflammatory cytokines, recruiting more phagocytes to traffic to the area by sensing the concentration gradient of the secreted cytokines (chemotaxis). Initiated by preexisting humoral immunity, "hyperacute rejection" manifests within minutes after transplant, and if tissue is left implanted brings systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Of high risk in kidney transplants is rapid clumping, namely agglutination, of red blood cells (RBCs or erythrocytes), as an antibody