Claim: JUULing, or use of a JUUL e-cigarette, has caused cancer in four students.
Verdict: REFUTES

Retrieved passages:
title: Electronic cigarette
text: use JUUL. Vaping frequently takes place in bathroom stalls at school, and some students are able to vape in class undetected by teachers. There has been an increasing trend in vaping among adolescents. In 2011 the National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) began surveying vaping use. Lifetime use among middle school aged students in 2011 was 1.4% and increased 3% by 2013. Ongoing use (use within 30 days) among middle school students in 2011 was 0.6% and increased to 3.9% by 2014. Among high school students, Lifetime use in 2011 was 4.7% and increased to 11.9% by 2013, and ongoing use

title: Electronic cigarette
text: and Juuling is a large part of internet culture for young people and the subject of many memes on social media. In 2017, about 13 percent of 8th graders, 24 percent of 10th graders, and nearly 28 percent of 12th graders at American schools reported vaping in the past year, according to research sponsored by the National Institutes of Health. Survey data suggests that teens use e-cigarettes substantially more than cigarettes and that teenagers tend to perceive as e-cigarettes as safer than cigarettes or harmless. Boys are more likely to use e-cigarettes than girls and are twice as likely to

title: JUUL
text: 15-year old son of the plaintiff made him "heavily addicted to nicotine" causing him to be "anxious, highly irritable and prone to angry outbursts." In late 2018, news reports noted increasing rates of JUUL addiction in teenagers, which negatively impacts brain development and relationships. JUUL's high nicotine content has attracted concern because of nicotine's addictive properties and also because nicotine can cause impaired lung and brain development, especially of the prefrontal cortex, which affects judgement and impulse control. Particular concern has been expressed about the lack of vaping cessation treatments for adolescents, and the FDA has scheduled a public hearing

title: Causes of cancer
text: to what some organizations have described as the "tobacco epidemic". Electronic cigarettes or e-cigarettes are handheld electronic devices that simulate the feeling of tobacco smoking. Daily long-term use of high voltage (5.0 V) electronic cigarettes may generate formaldehyde-forming chemicals at a greater level than smoking, which was determined to be a lifetime cancer risk of approximately 5 to 15 times greater than smoking. However, the overall safety and long-term health effects of electronic cigarettes is still uncertain. Some substances cause cancer primarily through their physical, rather than chemical, effects on cells. A prominent example of this is prolonged exposure to

title: JUUL
text: that 7% of teenagers ages 15–17 and 12% of young adults ages 18–24 use JUUL. Teenagers use the verb "Juuling" to describe their use of JUUL, which frequently takes place in bathroom stalls at school. Former PAX Labs CEO Goldman said to "Fortune" in 2016 that "JUUL should not be used by those under the legal age, nor should any nicotine products, as stated by the U.S. Surgeon General." In 2018 Matt Myers, president of Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, said the design "misleads about risk" of addiction. The 2017 Truth Initiative survey found 63% of teens and young adults do

title: Electronic cigarette
text: in Europe to minimize the EU Tobacco Product Directive in October 2013. True grassroots lobbying also influenced the TPD decision. Rebecca Taylor, a member of the European Parliament, stated, "to say it's an orchestrated campaign is absolute rubbish." Contempt for "big tobacco" is part of vaping culture. In the United States, vaping has become a major part of youth culture since 2015, especially among teenagers in high school, even though use of e-cigarettes by a minor is illegal. The most popular vaporizer used by American youth is the JUUL. Teenagers use the verb "Juuling" to describe their use of JUUL,

title: JUUL
text: addiction. Gottlieb further stated, "In some cases, our kids are trying these products and liking them without even knowing they contain nicotine. And that’s a problem, because as we know the nicotine in these products can rewire an adolescent’s brain, leading to years of addiction." Concerns about the effect of nicotine delivered by JUUL on the developing adolescent brain have led to a lawsuit against the company. The suit, filed in US District Court in New York in June 2018, alleges that JUUL contains more nicotine than necessary to satisfy an adult smoker, and that use of JUUL by the

title: Youth smoking
text: as having less than one puff of a cigarette, e-cigarette use was associated with lower odds of remaining abstinent from conventional cigarettes. A study of nearly 2,000 high school students found that students who used both e-cigarettes and regular cigarettes had a significantly greater amount of risk factors associated with smoking. In comparison to students who did not smoke, students who used e-cigarettes only or used both e-cigarettes and regular cigarettes more often viewed e-cigarettes as healthier than regular cigarettes. Additionally, there is little disapproval for the use of e-cigarettes among adolescents. The role of e-cigarettes as being primarily a

title: Marketing of electronic cigarettes
text: flavors being added each month; fruit, candy, and dessert flavours are common. Marketing flavoured e-cigarette products has been shown to attract children. Ads for flavoured e-cigarettes have been shown to cause children to be more interested in buying and trying e-cigarettes, as compared to ads for unflavoured e-cigarettes. Children's belief that fruit-flavoured e-cigarettes are less harmful also increases their appeal, and restrictions on advertising for flavoured e-cigarettes have also been urged on these grounds. Products such as JUUL are marketed in a design which can easily be mistaken for a flash drive by parents and teachers. JUUL is under federal

title: JUUL
text: cigarettes. According to the first suit, filed in US District Court in April, "the intense dosage of nicotine salts delivered by the Juul products resulted in an increased nicotine addiction, and an increased consumption of nicotine by [plaintiff] Colgate." JUUL JUUL Labs ( , like "jewel") is an electronic cigarette company which spun off from PAX Labs in 2017. It makes the JUUL e-cigarette, which was introduced by PAX Labs in 2015. JUUL is a type of e-cigarette that uses nicotine salts that exist in leaf-based tobacco for its key ingredient. The JUUL became the most popular e-cigarette in the

title: Cigarette smoking among college students
text: 1990s, but has since leveled off and seen decreases in recent years. Education on the dangers of cigarettes is seen as a leading cause for this decrease. This activity is being seen as less socially acceptable than it was in the past. Cigarette smoking on college campuses has become an important public health issue and there has been increase in campus wide smoking bans and other preventative programs to reduce the rates of students smoking. The cause of these bans are now starting to be discovered and there is controversy that goes along with implementing them across various schools in

title: JUUL
text: Vuse, Altria's MarkTen, Imperial Brands' blu eCigs, and Japan Tobacco International's Logic—giving them 60 days to lay out their plans to address widespread youth use of their products. If they fail to comply, FDA may "remove some or all of their flavored products that may be contributing to the rise in youth use from the market." FDA also sent over 1,300 warning letters to stores that undercover investigators had found to be selling JUUL and other e-cigarettes to minors, and issued 131 fines ranging from $279 to $11,182. JUUL responded with a statement that "JUUL Labs will work proactively with

title: E. Cuyler Hammond
text: of smoking cigarettes. Later research demonstrated a link between smoking cigarettes and cancers other than lung cancer. The research also showed a decreased risk of cancer after people stopped smoking and a relationship between cigarette smoking and cancer in women. To develop on his 1952 conclusions, he helped to establish in 1959 a force of more than 60,000 volunteers who worked for the American Cancer Society to gather data on the smoking habits of more than 1 million Americans. He also published, in collaboration with Dr. Oscar Auerbach, a series of studies of the cellular changes caused by smoking. Other

title: Electronic cigarette
text: Rose at Duke University. The technology is based on the chemical reaction between pyruvic acid and nicotine, which produces an inhalable nicotine pyruvate vapor. PAX Labs has developed vaporizers that heats the leaves of tobacco to deliver nicotine in a vapor. On 1 June 2015, they introduced JUUL, a type of e-cigarette which delivers 10 times as much nicotine as other e-cigarettes, equivalent to an actual cigarette puff. JUUL was spun off from PAX Labs in December 2017 and is now made by independent company JUUL Labs. BLOW started selling e-hookahs, an electronic version of the hookah, in 2014. Several

title: JUUL
text: JUUL JUUL Labs ( , like "jewel") is an electronic cigarette company which spun off from PAX Labs in 2017. It makes the JUUL e-cigarette, which was introduced by PAX Labs in 2015. JUUL is a type of e-cigarette that uses nicotine salts that exist in leaf-based tobacco for its key ingredient. The JUUL became the most popular e-cigarette in the United States at the end of 2017 and has a market share of 72% as of September 2018. Its widespread use by youth has triggered multiple investigations by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The JUUL electronic cigarette was

title: JUUL
text: of unregulated products such as e-cigarettes." Similarly, CTFK Vice President of Communications Wilmore stated that JUUL Labs "used the same imagery and themes that tobacco companies have always used to appeal to kids, and they fueled it with social media." JUUL Labs argues that its marketing is targeted at adult cigarette smokers who are looking to quit. The rectangular design of the JUUL e-cigarette, for example, was chosen to avoid reminding smokers of a cigarette, according to a JUUL executive. In 2018, JUUL implemented a new marketing code to avoid the appearance of targeting youth. Changes brought about by the

title: Sidestream smoke
text: is also evidence that sidestream smoke causes negative effects in children, both behaviorally and cognitively. One study found that higher levels of cotinine in children were correlated with a decreased ability to perform in reading and math. Factors such as age, gender and different occupations put a person at risk for bladder cancer - smoking is the only other known risk. 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) is an integral component in tobacco smoke, as well as a risk factor for bladder cancer. Sidestream smoke puts individuals at an increased risk of bladder cancer because the 4-ABP concentrations are over ten times that of

title: Cigarette smoking among college students
text: Mathematics, Engineering, and sciences (21.0%).<br>A study conducted at the University of Saint Joseph in Connecticut found that only 4% of nursing and bio-medical or health majors smoked cigarettes while up to 12% of students in other majors smoked. Smoking is viewed, by some students, as a way to socialize and take study breaks. Smoking is also correlated with alcohol use among college students. This is significant because alcohol use is highly prevalent among college students. Smoking is perceived by college students to aid in social interactions, particularly with potential dating or sexual partners. Tobacco companies use this conception in their

title: Cigarette smoking among college students
text: low self esteem, which leads to higher reports of smoking among depressed individuals. For women in particular, smoking is a tool for weight loss and weight management. Nicotine in cigarettes is a successful appetite suppressant, which contributes to the use of cigarettes as a dieting tool. The pressure to be thin along with a need for social approval drives many young college women to smoke. Body-conscious college women are also shown to be at higher risk for the continuation of smoking. Women who discontinue the use of nicotine as an appetite suppressant tend to gain weight initially, and women who

title: Lung cancer
text: smokes have a 20–30% increase in risk while those who work in an environment with secondhand smoke have a 16–19% increase in risk. Investigations of sidestream smoke suggest that it is more dangerous than direct smoke. Passive smoking results in roughly 3,400 lung cancer-related deaths each year in the U.S. Marijuana smoke contains many of the same carcinogens as those in tobacco smoke. However, the effect of smoking cannabis on lung cancer risk is not clear. A 2013 review did not find an increased risk from light to moderate use. A 2014 review found that smoking cannabis doubled the risk