Claim: Humira Provides Effective, Non-Steroid Alternative for Eye Inflammation
Verdict: SUPPORTS

Retrieved passages:
title: Birdshot chorioretinopathy
text: name Humira, have proven to be effective treatment options for birdshot chorioretinopathy. Substantial reduction and even stabilization of both vitreous inflammation and retinal vasculitis have been evident via electroretinography, during daclizumab (IL-2 receptor blocker) therapy. This is also supported by the observation of elevated levels of IL-2 in the eyes of patients. Loss of visual acuity unrelated to the inflammation caused by the disorder, however, often remains unchanged despite usage of the drug. This is reflected by the lack of difference in visual acuity and the vision-related quality of life among various treatment categories in birdshot patients. Contraindications and adverse

title: Adalimumab
text: Adalimumab Adalimumab, sold under the trade name Humira among others, is a medication used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, chronic psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. It has also been approved to treat the rare chronic eye condition Birdshot retinochoroidopathy, commonly referred to simply as “birdshot”. In rheumatoid arthritis, adalimumab has a response rate similar to methotrexate, and in combination, it nearly doubles the response rate of methotrexate alone. Adalimumab is a TNF-inhibiting, anti-inflammatory, biologic medication. It binds to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), which normally binds to TNFα receptors, leading to the

title: Rimexolone
text: Rimexolone Rimexolone is a glucocorticoid steroid used to treat inflammation in the eye. It is marketed as a 1% eye drop suspension under the trade name Vexol by Alcon Laboratories, but was discontinued in the US and other countries. Rimexolone is used to treat inflammation after eye surgery, to treat anterior uveitis, conjunctivitis and keratitis. The substance is contraindicated in herpes simplex and most other viral eye infections, as well as mycobacterial, fungal and amoebal eye infections because it only reduces the inflammation but does not act against such microorganisms. The most common adverse effects are blurred vision, tearing and

title: Keratoendotheliitis fugax hereditaria
text: Molecular genetic testing is also an option. Patients have reported benefit from immediate treatment of their attacks with a topical corticosteroid or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) applied a few times a day for up to one week. Some patients have found more benefit from an oral NSAID. The repeated corneal inflammation over time can lead to reduced visual acuity. Keratoendotheliitis fugax hereditaria was first described in 1964 by Olavi Valle (1934-2013), a Finnish ophthalmologist with an interest in hereditary eye diseases. He reported this disease as keratitis fugax hereditaria in a family with 10 affected members over 4 generations. Two

title: Macular edema
text: with NSAID or cortisone eye drops. Prophylactic use of Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been reported to reduce the risk of macular edema to some extent. In 2010 the US FDA approved the use of Lucentis intravitreal injections for macular edema. Iluvien, a sustained release intravitreal implant developed by Alimera Sciences, has been approved in Austria, Portugal and the U.K. for the treatment of vision impairment associated with chronic diabetic macular edema (DME) considered insufficiently responsive to available therapies. Additional EU country approvals are anticipated. In 2013 Lucentis by intravitreal injection was approved by the National Institute for Health and Care

title: Rimexolone
text: faeces. Rimexolone Rimexolone is a glucocorticoid steroid used to treat inflammation in the eye. It is marketed as a 1% eye drop suspension under the trade name Vexol by Alcon Laboratories, but was discontinued in the US and other countries. Rimexolone is used to treat inflammation after eye surgery, to treat anterior uveitis, conjunctivitis and keratitis. The substance is contraindicated in herpes simplex and most other viral eye infections, as well as mycobacterial, fungal and amoebal eye infections because it only reduces the inflammation but does not act against such microorganisms. The most common adverse effects are blurred vision, tearing

title: Amcinonide
text: drug formulation itself has not been patented but ways to incorporate it into occlusive dressings such as a pressure sensitive adhesive layer as demonstrated by Senju USA, Inc. in 2012 - 2014. Specifically, these new dosage forms target diseases of the eyelid such as blepharitis, allergic conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, and atopic keratoconjunctivitis. This is significant as previous formulations of Amcinonide have not been used to treat ocular inflammations. Patents such as these are likely to continue to be published as research searches for low cost alternatives to new drugs to increase bioavailability and patient compliance. Taro Pharmaceuticals obtained FDA approval

title: Adalimumab
text: costing more than £400 million a year for about 46,000 patients. It may not become available in the US until 2023. Adalimumab Adalimumab, sold under the trade name Humira among others, is a medication used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, chronic psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. It has also been approved to treat the rare chronic eye condition Birdshot retinochoroidopathy, commonly referred to simply as “birdshot”. In rheumatoid arthritis, adalimumab has a response rate similar to methotrexate, and in combination, it nearly doubles the response rate of methotrexate alone. Adalimumab is

title: Mentholatum
text: new eye product called Zi, which is designed to cool and refresh the eyes with natural camphor and pH-balanced purified water solution. Later that year, Zi for Eyes was named "Best New Eyecare Product" in the 1999 Superdrug Health & Beauty Awards. The company continued to manufacture new products, such as Migraine Ice (chill pads for migraine sufferers), Softlips Lip Protectant, Deep Heating Rub, Natural Ice Medicated Lip Balm, Pain Patch, Fisherman's Friend cough drops, Fletcher's Castoria, Red Cross Toothache Remedy, Red Cross Canker Sore Medication, and of course, its original Mentholatum Ointment. By the end of 1999, Mentholatum alone

title: Loteprednol
text: Loteprednol Loteprednol (as the ester loteprednol etabonate) is a corticosteroid used to treat inflammations of the eye. It is marketed by Bausch and Lomb as Lotemax and Loterex. Applications for this drug include the reduction of inflammation after eye surgery, seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, uveitis, as well as chronic forms of keratitis (e.g. adenoviral and Thygeson's keratitis), vernal keratoconjunctivitis, pingueculitis, and episcleritis. As corticosteroids are immunosuppressive, loteprednol is contraindicated in patients with viral, fungal or mycobacterial infections of the eye. The most common adverse effects in patients being treated with the gel formulation are anterior chamber inflammation (5%), eye pain (2%),

title: Adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis
text: because they prolong viral replication, frequently lead to long-lasting dry eye symptoms, and corneal opacities almost always recur after discontinuation of topical steroids. There is currently no effective and clinically applicable topical antiviral agent for the treatment of the acute phase of AKC. Topical cidofovir is the first antiviral agent which has effectively reduced the incidence of corneal opacities, but local toxicity rules out its clinical application. Recently, NMSO3, a sulfated sialyl lipid, has demonstrated a greater antiviral potency against adenovirus in vitro than cidofovir exhibiting minimal cytotoxicity. Topical cyclosporin A (CsA) appears to be effective in the treatment of

title: Photokeratitis
text: did) to avoid any further reflection. The pain may be temporarily alleviated with anaesthetic eye drops for the examination; however, they are not used for continued treatment, as anaesthesia of the eye interferes with corneal healing, and may lead to corneal ulceration and even loss of the eye. Cool, wet compresses over the eyes and artificial tears may help local symptoms when the feeling returns. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) eyedrops are widely used to lessen inflammation and eye pain, but have not been proven in rigorous trials. Systemic (oral) pain medication is given if discomfort is severe. Healing is usually

title: Adalimumab
text: inflammatory response of autoimmune diseases. By binding to TNFα, adalimumab reduces this inflammatory response. Because TNFα is also part of the immune system, which protects the body from infection, treatment with adalimumab may increase the risk of infections. Humira costs approximately $4370 per month (2017). From 2012 until the US patent expiry in 2016, Humira led the list of top-selling pharmaceutical products, and in 2016, it had $16 billion of global sales. In 2014, in India, the first adalimumab biosimilar came to market at a price of $200. Two years later, another Indian drugmaker, Torrent Pharmaceuticals, launched a second biosimilar.

title: Punctate inner choroiditis
text: been shown to have an anti-inflammatory effect. Thus, treatment of the underlying inflammatory disease should play a central role in the management of uveitic CNV. A two-pronged treatment that focuses on achieving control of inflammation through the use of corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressive agents, while treating complications that arise despite adequate disease control with intravitreal anti-VEGF agents, may be useful. Regular monitoring is essential to achieve a good outcome. This is because even if there is no active inflammation, there may still be occult CNV which requires treatment to avoid suffering vision loss. The visual prognosis of eyes with PIC that

title: Mapracorat
text: conducted by Intendis, a part of Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals specialized on dermatology, and completed in September or October 2010. The other trial, also with a double blind design, evaluated an ophthalmic suspension for the treatment of inflammation following cataract surgery. Various concentrations and dosing schemes were tested versus placebo in about 550 patients. The study was conducted by Bausch & Lomb and completed in September 2010. Its successor study, a phase III trial, started in November 2010 and completed in August 2011. Mapracorat Mapracorat (INN, code names BOL-303242-X, ZK-245186) is an anti-inflammatory drug belonging to the experimental class of selective

title: Tafluprost
text: and macular oedema. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can either reduce or increase the effect of tafluprost. Timolol eye drops, a common kind of glaucoma medication, does not negatively interact with this drug. No interactions with systemic (for example, oral) drugs are expected because tafluprost does not reach relevant concentrations in the bloodstream. Tafluprost is a prodrug of the active substance, tafluprost acid, a structural and functional analogue of prostaglandin F (PGF). Tafluprost acid is a selective agonist at the prostaglandin F receptor, increasing outflow of aqueous fluid from the eyes and thus lowering intraocular pressure. Other PGF analogues with the

title: Anti-inflammatory
text: albino rat. More recently plumericin from the Amazonian plant "Himatanthus sucuuba" has been described as a potent anti-inflammatory agent "in vitro" and "in vivo". Anti-inflammatory treatment trials for existing Alzheimer's disease have typically shown little to no effect on halting or reversing the disease. Research and clinical trials continue. Two studies from 2012 and 2013 found regular use of aspirin for over ten years is associated with an increase in the risk of macular degeneration. Applying ice, or even cool water, to a tissue injury has an anti-inflammatory effect and is often suggested as an injury treatment and pain management

title: Uveitis
text: treatment of active uveitis increases T-regulatory cells in the eye, which likely contributes to disease regression. In some cases an injection of posterior subtenon triamcinolone acetate may also be given to reduce the swelling of the eye. Antimetabolite medications, such as methotrexate are often used for recalcitrant or more aggressive cases of uveitis. Experimental treatments with Infliximab or other anti-TNF infusions may prove helpful. The anti-diabetic drug metformin is reported to inhibit the process that causes the inflammation in uveitis. In the case of herpetic uveitis, anti-viral medications, such as valaciclovir or aciclovir, may be administered to treat the causative

title: National Eye Institute
text: a two-year multicenter clinical trial that started in 2008 to compare the effectiveness of the two current treatments used for AMD. The results of the study concluded that both Lucentis and Avastin were equally effective in treating and improving vision, whether it was used monthly or on as needed basis. A multicenter, randomized clinical trial that treating clinically significant macular edema (CSME) with focal argon laser photocoagulation reduced the risk of additional vision loss; aspirin showed no benefit in delaying or reducing the onset or severity of retinopathy. Likewise, aspirin did not increase the risk for development of retinopathy or

title: Lifitegrast
text: Lifitegrast Lifitegrast (trade name Xiidra) is an FDA approved drug indicated for the treatment of signs and symptoms of dry eye, a syndrome called keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Lifitegrast reduces inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory cell binding. It is often used in conjunction with ciclosporin (Ikervis or Restasis) for dry eye treatment including meibomian gland dysfunction and inflammatory dry eye. Common side effects in clinical trials were eye irritation, discomfort, blurred vision, and dysgeusia (a distortion of the sense of taste). Lifitegrast is supplied as an eye drop and typically applied two times a day. Lifitegrast inhibits an integrin, lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1