Claim: Italy “went against the WHO's ‘law’” against COVID-19 autopsies and “discovered covid is not a virus, but a bacterium” that “clots the blood and reduces the oxygen saturation.”
Verdict: REFUTES

Retrieved passages:
title: Duilio Poggiolini
text: for the presence of viruses or treated with viral inactivation, which led to the distribution and sale of infectious material and patients were infected. On 27 December 2007, Maria Vittoria De Simone, ordered the Public Prosecutor of Naples to charge Duilio Poggiolini and 10 other suspects for manslaughter. Consequently, 25 years after the first deaths from AIDS among hemophiliacs, a historic criminal trial commenced for hundreds of dead Italians. On 31 July 2008 the Public Prosecutor of Naples requested the indictment e Duilio Poggiolini and 10 other defendants for manslaughter and the Court of Naples was set 6 October 2008.

title: Negri bodies
text: at a meeting of the Società Medico-Chirurgica of Pavia. The American pathologist Anna Wessels Williams made the same discovery, but because Negri published his results first, the bodies bear his name. Negri was convinced the inclusions were a parasitic protozoon and the etiologic agent of rabies. Later that same year, however, Paul Remlinger and Rifat-Bey Frasheri in Constantinople and, separately, Alfonso di Vestea in Naples showed that the etiologic agent of rabies is a filterable virus. Negri continued until 1909 to try to prove that the intraneuronal inclusions named after him corresponded to steps in the developmental cycle of a

title: Maiztegui National Human Viral Disease Institute
text: 1,000 people annually and claimed up to a 30% mortality rate in its early years. One of its researchers, Dr. Julio Isidro Maiztegui, developed breakthrough in the treatment of the disease in 1971 when he devised the introduction of blood plasma from recovered patients in saline solution to those whose exposure had taken place under eight days earlier. The treatment, which reduced motality rates from 30% to around 1% of those infected, led to greater support for the work at CEMIC, and in 1978, the National Institute of Hemorrhagic Viruses (INVH) was established in Pergamino, with Dr. Maiztegui as its

title: Baxter International
text: settle a lawsuit involving 200 Japanese haemophilia patients who had become infected with HIV as a result of using contaminated haemophilia products which were unheated. The Japanese courts ordered for each victim to receive $411,460 by March 29 that year. The Baxter Althane disaster in autumn 2001 was a series of 56 sudden deaths of renal failure patients in Spain, Croatia, Italy, Germany, Taiwan, Colombia and the USA (mainly Nebraska and Texas). All had received hospital treatment with Althane hemodialysis equipment, a product range manufactured by Baxter International, USA. In 2008, the quality of blood thinning products produced by Baxter

title: Contaminated haemophilia blood products
text: supplied by the Blood Transfusion Service Board. Angelo Magrini, the head of a hemophiliacs' association, said that as of 2001, 1,300 people, including almost 150 children, had died in Italy from infected blood infusions since 1985. An Italian court in Rome ordered the Health Ministry to pay damages to 351 people who contracted HIV and Hepatitis C through blood transfusions; the court said that the ministry was too slow to introduce measures to prevent the virus being spread by donated blood, and did not establish proper checks on plasma and plasma-derived products. Although almost 100 of the victims had already

title: Paolo Boffetta
text: studies with his participation are running in Germany, France, Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Finland and Israel for lung cancer risk among asphalt workers; and in Iran for esophageal cancer. Other studies where he is the principal investigator are the retrospective mortality study and cohort study of alcohol-associated cancers in Western Siberia, Russia; the Case-only and case-control study of hepatocellular carcinoma within the International Liver Cancer Study (3 centers in Thailand, Egypt and Italy); or the Case-control study of esophageal cancer in high-risk populations (2 centers in Iran and India). Paolo Boffetta is a Member of the Steering Committee of the Asia

title: Infected blood scandal (France)
text: in 1985 that the heating of blood made the virus inactive. The book included evidence that as early as 1983, researchers had put forth this assumption. In 1999, the former socialist Prime Minister Laurent Fabius, former Social Affairs Minister Georgina Dufoix and former Health Minister Edmond Herve were charged with "manslaughter". The Court of Justice of Republic found Edmond Herve guilty, and acquitted Fabius and Dufoix. Although Herve was found guilty, he received no sentence. Infected blood scandal (France) France's Infected blood scandal began in April 1991 when doctor and journalist published an article in the weekly magazine the '

title: Clodoveo Ferri
text: involved in the clinical and laboratory investigations of different autoimmune and neoplastic diseases. In particular, he investigated the pathogenetic role of some viruses in mixed cryoglobulinemia (cryoglobulinemic vasculitis) and systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). In 1991, soon after the discovery of the hepatitis C virus (HCV), he demonstrated the presence of serum viral genome (HCV-RNA) in a large series of mixed cryoglobulinemia patients. This finding suggested a causative role for the same virus in other extrahepatic manifestations of HCV infections, including autoimmune and lymphoproliferative disorders. The association of HCV with B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma was first demonstrated in 1994. On the basis of

title: Trauma Team
text: it could be developed into a cure-all as it was so aggressive that after an infection all harmful bacteria was killed. Because the virus was discovered inside its natural host, CR-S01's adopted sister Rosalia Rossellini, it is named the "Rosalia Virus". CR-S01 states that they should be able to find a cure by locating Rosalia in Mexico and cultivating a sample of her blood. Albert is discovered to have died of the Rosalia Virus when Naomi and Gabriel reconstruct and examine his skeleton, which was found in a remote area and taken into government custody. Maria and Naomi fly to

title: Beatrice Hahn
text: skin cancer and unique form of pneumonia. Gallo's laboratory had been studying this new disease outbreak and Hahn joined the investigation. In 1983, George Shaw joined Gallo's laboratory and he and Hahn began to collaborate on their research. After a fellow researcher, Mikulas Popovic, successfully cultured and isolated the virus, Hahn and Shaw cloned the virus's genome. They were able to determine that the isolated retrovirus was the cause of AIDS. They went on to discover that HIV originated from chimpanzees, gorillas, and sooty mangabey strains of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Contrary to the prevailing scientific opinion, Hahn found that

title: Public health genomics
text: gammaherpesvirus 68 and then challenged with the "Listeria monocytogenes" bacterium. Mice that had a latent infection of the virus had an increased resistance to the bacteria, but those with a non-latent strain of virus had no change in susceptibility to the bacteria. The study went on to test mice with murine cytomegalovirus, a member of the betaherpesvirinae subfamily, which provided similar results. However, infection with human herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), a member of the alphaherpesvirinae subfamily, did not provide increased resistance to bacterial infection. They also used "Yersinia pestis" (the causative agent of the Black Death) to challenge mice

title: Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever
text: virus had first been isolated by physician Ghislaine Courtois, head of the Provincial Medical Laboratory, Stanleyville, in the Belgian Congo. Strain V3010, isolated by Courtois, was sent to the Rockefeller Foundation Virus Laboratory (RFVL) in New York City and found to be identical to another strain from Uganda, but to no other named virus at that time. In June 1967, Soviet virologist Mikhail Chumakov registered an isolate from a fatal case that occurred in Samarkand in the Catalogue of Arthropod-borne Viruses. In 1969, the Russian strain, which Chumakov had sent to the RFVL, was published to be identical to the

title: Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus
text: hemorrhaging and lack of oxygen in the blood. Despite showing clinical similarities, these two viruses are genetically distinct. Worldwide, eight serotypes of EHDV have been identified. Historically, only serotypes EHDV-1 and EHDV-2 have been found in North America, but recent research has discovered at least one more in the Midwest and Southern United States. EHDV can only be spread by an insect vector. In North America, the common vector is the biting midge ("Culicoides variipennis"). The first identified outbreak of EHDV in the United States in 1955 caused several hundred white-tailed deer to die in New Jersey and Michigan. Cases

title: Luc Montagnier
text: names (LAV and HTLV-III) were dropped in favor of the new term "human immunodeficiency virus" (virus de l'immunodéficience humaine, abbreviated HIV or VIH) (Coffin, 1986). They concluded that the origin of the HIV-1 Lai/IIIB isolate discovered by Gallo was the same as that discovered by Montagnier (but not known by Montagnier to cause AIDS). This compromise allowed Montagnier and Gallo to end their feud and collaborate with each other again, writing a chronology that appeared in "Nature" that year. In 29 November 2002 issue of "Science", Gallo and Montagnier published a series of articles, one of which was co-written by

title: Accademia del Cimento
text: crossed the boundaries between physician-mathematical and medico-anatomical disciplines and can be used as a starting point in the investigation of modern-day experimental methods such as parallel trials. Francesco Redi continuously disagreed with Athanasius Kircher in the proper way to conduct experiments. In one instance Kircher let meat out in the open. After a few days maggots appeared and Kircher said that the maggots were spontaneously generated. Redi conducted parallel trials where he took meat from the same animal and left some exposed to the air, some exposed to air, but covered so flies could not land on it and some

title: Virus (novel)
text: in the Alps. Although some local communities have been reporting small animals suddenly dropping dead in their area, an Italian matinee idol's death in an auto crash in early March sparks media attention. His girlfriend dies shortly after a press conference eight days later, but not before she reveals that the actor died of a heart attack just before the accident despite being in good health. Several European countries are also reporting sudden deaths of important livestock. Over the second quarter, outbreaks of influenza and polio take place around the world, and news of random heart attacks even hog the

title: Adelchi Negri
text: smallpox vaccine, then known as "vaccine virus", or "variola vaccinae", was also a filterable virus. During the latter part of his career, he became interested in malaria and was at the forefront in efforts to eradicate it from Lombardy. Negri was buried in the Monumental Cemetery of Pavia (Viale San Giovannino), along the central lane, on the left, near the tombs of other two important medical scientists, the anatomist Bartolomeo Panizza and his teacher, the Nobel Prize–winning Camillo Golgi. Adelchi Negri Adelchi Negri (2 August 1876 – 19 February 1912) was an Italian pathologist and microbiologist born in Perugia. He

title: Corrado Tommasi-Crudeli
text: inaugurated only in 1885 when a separate building was opened at Viminale Square. He was conferred Knight of the Order of Savoy Civil on 20 February 1898. Tommasi-Crudeli, along with German pathologist Edwin Klebs, made several discoveries that bacteria caused diseases such as typhoid and diphtheria. They discovered a new bacterium from mud and waters in 1879. This was the period of intense research for discovery of the causative agent and transmission of malaria. They found the short rod-shaped bacillus while investigating Roman Campagna. They believed that the bacteria was the pathogen for malaria as they discovered from damp soil

title: Spanish flu
text: cadaver was badly decomposed. Nonetheless, samples of lung and brain tissue were taken through the split, with the coffin remaining "in situ" in the grave during this process. In December 2008, research by Yoshihiro Kawaoka of the University of Wisconsin linked the presence of three specific genes (termed PA, PB1, and PB2) and a nucleoprotein derived from 1918 flu samples to the ability of the flu virus to invade the lungs and cause pneumonia. The combination triggered similar symptoms in animal testing. In June 2010, a team at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine reported the 2009 flu pandemic vaccine

title: Mark Sykes
text: pandemics. The Spanish Flu virus itself became a human infection by a mutation of an avian virus called H1N1. There are only five other extant samples of the Spanish Flu virus. Professor Oxford's team was expecting to find a well-preserved cadaver. However, the coffin was found to be split because of the weight of soil over it, and the cadaver was found to be badly decomposed. Nonetheless, samples of lung and brain tissue were taken through the split in the coffin, with the coffin remaining "in situ" in the grave during this process. Soon afterwards, the open grave was sealed