-- Lean 4 proof step from Mathlib.Combinatorics.Additive.VerySmallDoubling (goal)
Goal:
G : Type u_1
inst : Group G
inst_1 : DecidableEq G
K : ℝ
A : Finset G
hK₁ : 1 < K
hKφ : K < φ
hA₁ : (↑(#(A⁻¹ * A)) : ℝ) ≤ K * (↑(#A) : ℝ)
hA₂ : (↑(#(A * A⁻¹)) : ℝ) ≤ K * (↑(#A) : ℝ)
Some : 0 < K
Some₁ :
  ∀ (K_pos : 0 < K),
    ∃ (H : Subgroup G) (x : Fintype ↥H) (Z : Finset G),
      (↑(#Z) : ℝ) ≤ (2 - K) * K / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ)) ∧ (↑H : Set G) * (↑Z : Set G) = (↑A : Set G) * (↑A⁻¹ : Set G)
Some₂ : 0 < K
Some₃ Some₄ :
  ∀ (K_pos : 0 < K),
    ∃ (H : Subgroup G) (x : Fintype ↥H) (Z : Finset G),
      (↑(#Z) : ℝ) ≤ (2 - K) * K / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ)) ∧ (↑H : Set G) * (↑Z : Set G) = (↑A : Set G) * (↑A⁻¹ : Set G)
Some₅ :
  ∀ (K_pos hK₀ : 0 < K),
    ∃ (H : Subgroup G) (x : Fintype ↥H) (Z : Finset G),
      (↑(#Z) : ℝ) ≤ (2 - K) * K / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ)) ∧ (↑H : Set G) * (↑Z : Set G) = (↑A : Set G) * (↑A⁻¹ : Set G)
Some₆ :
  ∀ (K_pos hK₀ : 0 < K) (hKφ' : 0 < φ - K),
    ∃ (H : Subgroup G) (x : Fintype ↥H) (Z : Finset G),
      (↑(#Z) : ℝ) ≤ (2 - K) * K / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ)) ∧ (↑H : Set G) * (↑Z : Set G) = (↑A : Set G) * (↑A⁻¹ : Set G)
Some₇ :
  ∀ (K_pos hK₀ : 0 < K) (hKφ' : 0 < φ - K) (hKψ' : 0 < K - ψ),
    ∃ (H : Subgroup G) (x : Fintype ↥H) (Z : Finset G),
      (↑(#Z) : ℝ) ≤ (2 - K) * K / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ)) ∧ (↑H : Set G) * (↑Z : Set G) = (↑A : Set G) * (↑A⁻¹ : Set G)
Some₈ :
  ∀ (K_pos hK₀ : 0 < K) (hKφ' : 0 < φ - K) (hKψ' : 0 < K - ψ) (hK₂' : 0 < 2 - K),
    ∃ (H : Subgroup G) (x : Fintype ↥H) (Z : Finset G),
      (↑(#Z) : ℝ) ≤ (2 - K) * K / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ)) ∧ (↑H : Set G) * (↑Z : Set G) = (↑A : Set G) * (↑A⁻¹ : Set G)
Some₉ :
  ∀ (K_pos hK₀ : 0 < K) (hKφ' : 0 < φ - K) (hKψ' : 0 < K - ψ) (hK₂' : 0 < 2 - K)
    (const_pos : 0 < K * (2 - K) / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ))),
    ∃ (H : Subgroup G) (x : Fintype ↥H) (Z : Finset G),
      (↑(#Z) : ℝ) ≤ (2 - K) * K / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ)) ∧ (↑H : Set G) * (↑Z : Set G) = (↑A : Set G) * (↑A⁻¹ : Set G)
inl :
  ∀ (K_pos hK₀ : 0 < K) (hKφ' : 0 < φ - K) (hKψ' : 0 < K - ψ) (hK₂' : 0 < 2 - K)
    (const_pos : 0 < K * (2 - K) / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ)))
    (hA₁ : (↑(#(HMul.hMul (α := Finset G) ∅⁻¹ ∅)) : ℝ) ≤ K * (↑(card.{u_1} (α := G) ∅) : ℝ))
    (hA₂ : (↑(#(HMul.hMul (α := Finset G) ∅ ∅⁻¹)) : ℝ) ≤ K * (↑(card.{u_1} (α := G) ∅) : ℝ)),
    ∃ (H : Subgroup G) (x : Fintype ↥H) (Z : Finset G),
      (↑(#Z) : ℝ) ≤ (2 - K) * K / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ)) ∧ (↑H : Set G) * (↑Z : Set G) = (↑∅ : Set G) * (↑∅⁻¹ : Set G)
inr inr₁ inr₂ inr₃ :
  ∀ (K_pos hK₀ : 0 < K) (hKφ' : 0 < φ - K) (hKψ' : 0 < K - ψ) (hK₂' : 0 < 2 - K)
    (const_pos : 0 < K * (2 - K) / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ))) (A_nonempty : A.Nonempty),
    ∃ (H : Subgroup G) (x : Fintype ↥H) (Z : Finset G),
      (↑(#Z) : ℝ) ≤ (2 - K) * K / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ)) ∧ (↑H : Set G) * (↑Z : Set G) = (↑A : Set G) * (↑A⁻¹ : Set G)
inr₄ :
  ∀ (K_pos hK₀ : 0 < K) (hKφ' : 0 < φ - K) (hKψ' : 0 < K - ψ) (hK₂' : 0 < 2 - K)
    (const_pos : 0 < K * (2 - K) / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ))) (A_nonempty : A.Nonempty),
    let S := A * A⁻¹;
    ∀ (S_nonempty : S.Nonempty),
      ∃ (H : Subgroup G) (x : Fintype ↥H) (Z : Finset G),
        (↑(#Z) : ℝ) ≤ (2 - K) * K / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ)) ∧ (↑H : Set G) * (↑Z : Set G) = (↑A : Set G) * (↑A⁻¹ : Set G)
inr₅ :
  ∀ (K_pos hK₀ : 0 < K) (hKφ' : 0 < φ - K) (hKψ' : 0 < K - ψ) (hK₂' : 0 < 2 - K)
    (const_pos : 0 < K * (2 - K) / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ))) (A_nonempty : A.Nonempty),
    let S := A * A⁻¹;
    let H : Subgroup G := stabilizer G S;
    ∀ (S_nonempty : S.Nonempty) (this : Finite.{u_1 + 1} ↥H),
      ∃ (H : Subgroup G) (x : Fintype ↥H) (Z : Finset G),
        (↑(#Z) : ℝ) ≤ (2 - K) * K / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ)) ∧ (↑H : Set G) * (↑Z : Set G) = (↑A : Set G) * (↑A⁻¹ : Set G)
inr₆ :
  ∀ (K_pos hK₀ : 0 < K) (hKφ' : 0 < φ - K) (hKψ' : 0 < K - ψ) (hK₂' : 0 < 2 - K)
    (const_pos : 0 < K * (2 - K) / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ))) (A_nonempty : A.Nonempty),
    let S := A * A⁻¹;
    let H : Subgroup G := stabilizer G S;
    ∀ (S_nonempty : S.Nonempty) (this : Finite.{u_1 + 1} ↥H) (val : Fintype ↥H),
      ∃ (H : Subgroup G) (x : Fintype ↥H) (Z : Finset G),
        (↑(#Z) : ℝ) ≤ (2 - K) * K / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ)) ∧ (↑H : Set G) * (↑Z : Set G) = (↑A : Set G) * (↑A⁻¹ : Set G)
inr₇ :
  ∀ (K_pos hK₀ : 0 < K) (hKφ' : 0 < φ - K) (hKψ' : 0 < K - ψ) (hK₂' : 0 < 2 - K)
    (const_pos : 0 < K * (2 - K) / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ))) (A_nonempty : A.Nonempty),
    let S := A * A⁻¹;
    let H : Subgroup G := stabilizer G S;
    ∀ (S_nonempty : S.Nonempty) (this : Finite.{u_1 + 1} ↥H) (val : Fintype ↥H)
      (H_mul_S : (↑H : Set G) * (↑S : Set G) = (↑S : Set G)),
      ∃ (H : Subgroup G) (x : Fintype ↥H) (Z : Finset G),
        (↑(#Z) : ℝ) ≤ (2 - K) * K / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ)) ∧ (↑H : Set G) * (↑Z : Set G) = (↑A : Set G) * (↑A⁻¹ : Set G)
inr₈ :
  ∀ (K_pos hK₀ : 0 < K) (hKφ' : 0 < φ - K) (hKψ' : 0 < K - ψ) (hK₂' : 0 < 2 - K)
    (const_pos : 0 < K * (2 - K) / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ))) (A_nonempty : A.Nonempty),
    let S := A * A⁻¹;
    let H : Subgroup G := stabilizer G S;
    ∀ (S_nonempty : S.Nonempty) (this : Finite.{u_1 + 1} ↥H) (val : Fintype ↥H)
      (H_mul_S : (↑H : Set G) * (↑S : Set G) = (↑S : Set G)) (Z : Finset G)
      (hZ :
        Z ⊆ S ∧
          (↑H : Set G) * (↑Z : Set G) = (↑H : Set G) * (↑S : Set G) ∧
            Set.InjOn (β := Set G) (fun (x : G) ↦ (↑H : Set G) <• x) (↑Z : Set G)),
      ∃ (H : Subgroup G) (x : Fintype ↥H) (Z : Finset G),
        (↑(#Z) : ℝ) ≤ (2 - K) * K / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ)) ∧ (↑H : Set G) * (↑Z : Set G) = (↑A : Set G) * (↑A⁻¹ : Set G)
⊢ ∃ (H : Subgroup G) (x : Fintype ↥H) (Z : Finset G),
    (↑(#Z) : ℝ) ≤ (2 - K) * K / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ)) ∧ (↑H : Set G) * (↑Z : Set G) = (↑A : Set G) * (↑A⁻¹ : Set G)
have inr₉ : ∀ (K_pos hK₀ : 0 < K) (hKφ' : 0 < φ - K) (hKψ' : 0 < K - ψ) (hK₂' : 0 < 2 - K)
  (const_pos : 0 < K * (2 - K) / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ))) (A_nonempty : A.Nonempty),
  let S := A * A⁻¹;
  let H : Subgroup G := stabilizer G S;
  ∀ (S_nonempty : S.Nonempty) (this : Finite.{u_1 + 1} ↥H) (val : Fintype ↥H)
    (H_mul_S : (↑H : Set G) * (↑S : Set G) = (↑S : Set G)) (Z : Finset G)
    (hZ :
      Z ⊆ S ∧
        (↑H : Set G) * (↑Z : Set G) = (↑H : Set G) * (↑S : Set G) ∧
          Set.InjOn (β := Set G) (fun (x : G) ↦ (↑H : Set G) <• x) (↑Z : Set G))
    (H_mul_Z : (↑H : Set G) * (↑Z : Set G) = (↑S : Set G)),
    ∃ (H : Subgroup G) (x : Fintype ↥H) (Z : Finset G),
      (↑(#Z) : ℝ) ≤ (2 - K) * K / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ)) ∧ (↑H : Set G) * (↑Z : Set G) = (↑A : Set G) * (↑A⁻¹ : Set G)
Tactic: classical
  -- Some useful initial calculations
  have K_pos : 0 < K := by positivity
  have hK₀ : 0 < K := by positivity
  have hKφ' : 0 < φ - K := by linarith
  have hKψ' : 0 < K - ψ := by linarith [Real.goldenConj_neg]
  have hK₂' : 0 < 2 - K := by linarith [Real.goldenRatio_lt_two]
  have const_pos : 0 < K * (2 - K) / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ)) := by positivity
  -- We dispatch the trivial case `A = ∅` separately.
  obtain rfl | A_nonempty := A.eq_empty_or_nonempty
  · exact ⟨⊥, inferInstance, ∅, by simp; positivity⟩
  -- In the case where `A` is non-empty, we consider the set `S := A * A⁻¹` and its stabilizer `H`.
  let S := A * A⁻¹
  let H := stabilizer G S
  -- `S` is finite and non-empty (because `A` is), and therefore `H` is finite too.
  have S_nonempty : S.Nonempty := by simpa [S]
  have : Finite H := by simpa [H] using stabilizer_finite (by simpa) S.finite_toSet
  cases nonempty_fintype H
  -- By definition, `H * S = S`.
  have H_mul_S : (H : Set G) * S = S := by simp [H, ← stabilizer_coe_finset]
  -- Since `H` is a subgroup, find a finite set `Z ⊆ S` such that `H * Z = S` and `|H| * |Z| = |S|`.
  obtain ⟨Z, hZ⟩ := exists_subset_mul_eq_mul_injOn H S
  have H_mul_Z : (H : Set G) * Z = S := by simp [hZ.2.1, H_mul_S]
  have H_toFinset_mul_Z : Set.toFinset H * Z = S := by simpa [← Finset.coe_inj]
  have card_H_mul_card_Z : Fintype.card H * #Z = #S := by
    simpa [card_mul_eq_mul_card_of_injOn_opSMul hZ.2.2] using congr_arg _ H_toFinset_mul_Z
  -- It remains to show that `|Z| ≤ C(K)` for some `C(K)` depending only on `K`.
  refine ⟨H, inferInstance, Z, ?_, mod_cast H_mul_Z⟩
  -- This is equivalent to showing that `|H| ≥ c(K)|S|` for some `c(K)` depending only on `K`.
  suffices ((φ - K) * (K - ψ)) / ((2 - K) * K) * #S ≤ Fintype.card H by
    calc
          (#Z : ℝ)
      _ = (Fintype.card H / #S : ℝ)⁻¹ := by simp [← card_H_mul_card_Z]
      _ ≤ (((φ - K) * (K - ψ) / ((2 - K) * K) * #S) / #S)⁻¹ := by gcongr
      _ = (2 - K) * K / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ)) := by
        have : (#S : ℝ) ≠ 0 := by positivity
        simp [this]
  -- Write `r(z)` the number of representations of `z ∈ S` as `x * y⁻¹` for `x, y ∈ A`.
  let r z : ℕ := A.convolution A⁻¹ z
  -- `r` is invariant under inverses.
  have r_inv z : r z⁻¹ = r z := by simp [r, inv_inv]
  -- We show that every `z ∈ S` with at least `(K - 1)|A|` representations lies in `H`,
  -- and that such `z` make up a proportion of at least `(2 - K) / ((φ - K) * (K - ψ))` of `S`.
  calc
        (φ - K) * (K - ψ) / ((2 - K) * K) * #S
    _ ≤ #{z ∈ S | (K - 1) * #A < r z} := ?_
    _ ≤ #(H : Set G).toFinset := ?_
    _ = Fintype.card H := by simp
  -- First, let's show that a large proportion of all `z ∈ S` have many representations.
  · -- Let `l` be that number.
    set l : ℕ := #{z ∈ S | (K - 1) * #A < r z} with hk
    -- By upper-bounding `r(z)` by `(K - 1)|A|` for the `z` with few representations,
    -- and by `|A|` for the `z` with many representations,
    -- we get `|A|² ≤ l|A| + (|S| - l)(K - 1)|A| = ((2 - K)l + (K - 1)|S|)|A|`.
    have ineq : #A * #A ≤ ((2 - K) * l + (K - 1) * #S) * #A := by
      calc
            (#A : ℝ) * #A
        _ = #A * #A⁻¹ := by simp
        _ = #(A ×ˢ A⁻¹) := by simp
        _ = ∑ z ∈ S, ↑(r z) := by
          norm_cast
          exact card_eq_sum_card_fiberwise fun xy hxy ↦
            mul_mem_mul (mem_product.mp hxy).1 (mem_product.mp hxy).2
        _ = ∑ z ∈ S with (K - 1) * #A < r z, ↑(r z) + ∑ z ∈ S with r z ≤ (K - 1) * #A, ↑(r z) := by
          norm_cast; simp_rw [← not_lt, sum_filter_add_sum_filter_not]
        _ ≤ ∑ z ∈ S with (K - 1) * #A < r z, ↑(#A)
          + ∑ z ∈ S with r z ≤ (K - 1) * #A, (K - 1) * #A := by
          gcongr with z hz z hz
          · exact convolution_le_card_left
          · simp_all
        _ = l * #A + (#S - l) * (K - 1) * #A := by
          simp [hk, ← not_lt, mul_assoc,
            ← S.card_filter_add_card_filter_not fun z ↦ (K - 1) * #A < r z]
        _ = ((2 - K) * l + (K - 1) * #S) * #A := by ring
    -- By cancelling `|A|` on both sides, we get `|A| ≤ (2 - K)l + (K - 1)|S|`.
    -- By composing with `|S| ≤ K|A|`, we get `|S| ≤ (2 - K)Kl + (K - 1)K|S|`.
    have : 0 < #A := by positivity
    replace ineq := calc
          (#S : ℝ)
      _ ≤ K * #A := ‹_›
      _ ≤ K * ((2 - K) * l + (K - 1) * #S) := by
        gcongr; exact le_of_mul_le_mul_right ineq <| by positivity
      _ = (2 - K) * K * l + (K - 1) * K * #S := by ring
    -- Now, we are done.
    calc
          (φ - K) * (K - ψ) / ((2 - K) * K) * #S
      _ = (φ - K) * (K - ψ) * #S / ((2 - K) * K) := div_mul_eq_mul_div ..
      _ ≤ (2 - K) * K * l / ((2 - K) * K) := by
        have := Real.goldenRatio_mul_goldenConj
        have := Real.goldenRatio_add_goldenConj
        rw [show (φ - K) * (K - ψ) = 1 - (K - 1) * K by grind]
        gcongr ?_ / _
        linarith [ineq]
      _ = l := by field
  -- Second, let's show that the `z ∈ S` with many representations are in `H`.
  · gcongr
    simp only [subset_iff, mem_filter, Set.mem_toFinset, SetLike.mem_coe, and_imp]
    rintro z hz hrz
    -- It's enough to show that `z * w ∈ S` for all `w ∈ S`.
    rw [mem_stabilizer_finset']
    rintro w hw
    -- Since `w ∈ S` and `|A⁻¹ * A| ≤ K|A|`, we know that `r(w) ≥ (2 - K)|A|`.
    have hrw : (2 - K) * #A ≤ r w := by
      simpa [card_mul_inv_eq_convolution_inv] using le_card_mul_inv_eq hA₁ (by simpa)
    -- But also `r(z⁻¹) = r(z) > (K - 1)|A|`.
    rw [← r_inv] at hrz
    simp only [r, ← card_inter_smul] at hrz hrw
    -- By inclusion-exclusion, we get that `(z⁻¹ •> A) ∩ (w •> A)` is non-empty.
    have : (0 : ℝ) < #((z⁻¹ •> A) ∩ (w •> A)) := by
      have : (#((A ∩ z⁻¹ •> A) ∩ (A ∩ w •> A)) : ℝ) ≤ #(z⁻¹ •> A ∩ w •> A) := by
        gcongr <;> exact inter_subset_right
      have : (#((A ∩ z⁻¹ •> A) ∪ (A ∩ w •> A)) : ℝ) ≤ #A := by
        gcongr; exact union_subset inter_subset_left inter_subset_left
      have :
          (#((A ∩ z⁻¹ •> A) ∩ (A ∩ w •> A)) + #((A ∩ z⁻¹ •> A) ∪ (A ∩ w •> A)) : ℝ) =
            #(A ∩ z⁻¹ •> A) + #(A ∩ w •> A) := mod_cast card_inter_add_card_union ..
      linarith
    -- This is exactly what we set out to prove.
    simpa [S, card_smul_inter_smul, Finset.Nonempty, mem_mul, mem_inv, -mem_inv', and_assoc]
      using this