aveni-ai/aveni-bench-tat-qa huggingface dataset:
In addition to the results reported in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“US GAAP” or “GAAP”), we also use certain non-GAAP measures such as EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA to evaluate operating performance and to facilitate the comparison of our historical results and trends. These financial measures are not a measure of financial performance under US GAAP and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net income (loss) as a measure of performance and net cash provided by operating activities as a measure of liquidity. EBITDA is defined as net earnings before interest expense, income taxes, and depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA is comprised of EBITDA, adjusted for certain items as permitted or required under our credit facility as described in the reconciliations below. These measures are a common measure of operating performance in the telecommunications industry and are useful, with other data, as a means to evaluate our ability to fund our estimated uses of cash. The following tables are a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA: The following tables are a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA: (a) Other, net includes the equity earnings from our investments, dividend income, income attributable to noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries, acquisition and transaction related costs including severance, non-cash pension and postretirement benefits and certain other miscellaneous items. (b) Includes all cash dividends and other cash distributions received from our investments. (c) Represents the redemption premium (discount) and write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs in connection with the redemption or retirement of our debt obligations. (d) Represents intangible asset impairment charges recognized during the period. (e) Represents compensation expenses in connection with the issuance of stock awards, which because of their non-cash nature, these expenses are excluded from adjusted EBITDA.

Year Ended December 31,

(In millions, unaudited)	2019	2018	2017	2016	2015

Net income (loss)	$ (20.0)	$ (50.5)	$ 65.3	$ 15.2	$ (0.7)

Add (subtract):

Interest expense, net of interest income	136.7	134.5	129.8	76.8	79.6

Income tax expense (benefit)	(3.7)	(24.1)	(124.9)	23.0	2.8

Depreciation and amortization	381.2	432.6	291.8	174.0	179.9

EBITDA	494.2	492.5	362.0	289.0	261.6

Adjustments to EBITDA:

Other, net (a)	(8.8)	0.6	19.3	(25.5)	(22.3)

Investment distributions (b)	35.8	39.1	30.0	32.1	45.3

(Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt (c)	(4.5)	—	—	6.6	41.2

Loss on impairment (d)	—	—	—	0.6	—

Non-cash, stock-based compensation (e)	6.8	5.1	2.8	3.0	3.1

Adjusted EBITDA	$ 523.5	$ 537.3	$ 414.1	$ 305.8	$ 328.9

Question: What is the increase/ (decrease) in Net income (loss) from 2018 to 2019?
Answer: 30.5
In addition to the results reported in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“US GAAP” or “GAAP”), we also use certain non-GAAP measures such as EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA to evaluate operating performance and to facilitate the comparison of our historical results and trends. These financial measures are not a measure of financial performance under US GAAP and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net income (loss) as a measure of performance and net cash provided by operating activities as a measure of liquidity. EBITDA is defined as net earnings before interest expense, income taxes, and depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA is comprised of EBITDA, adjusted for certain items as permitted or required under our credit facility as described in the reconciliations below. These measures are a common measure of operating performance in the telecommunications industry and are useful, with other data, as a means to evaluate our ability to fund our estimated uses of cash. The following tables are a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA: The following tables are a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA: (a) Other, net includes the equity earnings from our investments, dividend income, income attributable to noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries, acquisition and transaction related costs including severance, non-cash pension and postretirement benefits and certain other miscellaneous items. (b) Includes all cash dividends and other cash distributions received from our investments. (c) Represents the redemption premium (discount) and write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs in connection with the redemption or retirement of our debt obligations. (d) Represents intangible asset impairment charges recognized during the period. (e) Represents compensation expenses in connection with the issuance of stock awards, which because of their non-cash nature, these expenses are excluded from adjusted EBITDA.

Year Ended December 31,

(In millions, unaudited)	2019	2018	2017	2016	2015

Net income (loss)	$ (20.0)	$ (50.5)	$ 65.3	$ 15.2	$ (0.7)

Add (subtract):

Interest expense, net of interest income	136.7	134.5	129.8	76.8	79.6

Income tax expense (benefit)	(3.7)	(24.1)	(124.9)	23.0	2.8

Depreciation and amortization	381.2	432.6	291.8	174.0	179.9

EBITDA	494.2	492.5	362.0	289.0	261.6

Adjustments to EBITDA:

Other, net (a)	(8.8)	0.6	19.3	(25.5)	(22.3)

Investment distributions (b)	35.8	39.1	30.0	32.1	45.3

(Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt (c)	(4.5)	—	—	6.6	41.2

Loss on impairment (d)	—	—	—	0.6	—

Non-cash, stock-based compensation (e)	6.8	5.1	2.8	3.0	3.1

Adjusted EBITDA	$ 523.5	$ 537.3	$ 414.1	$ 305.8	$ 328.9

Question: What is the increase/ (decrease) in Interest expense, net of interest income from 2018 to 2019?
Answer: 2.2
In addition to the results reported in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“US GAAP” or “GAAP”), we also use certain non-GAAP measures such as EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA to evaluate operating performance and to facilitate the comparison of our historical results and trends. These financial measures are not a measure of financial performance under US GAAP and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net income (loss) as a measure of performance and net cash provided by operating activities as a measure of liquidity. EBITDA is defined as net earnings before interest expense, income taxes, and depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA is comprised of EBITDA, adjusted for certain items as permitted or required under our credit facility as described in the reconciliations below. These measures are a common measure of operating performance in the telecommunications industry and are useful, with other data, as a means to evaluate our ability to fund our estimated uses of cash. The following tables are a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA: The following tables are a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA: (a) Other, net includes the equity earnings from our investments, dividend income, income attributable to noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries, acquisition and transaction related costs including severance, non-cash pension and postretirement benefits and certain other miscellaneous items. (b) Includes all cash dividends and other cash distributions received from our investments. (c) Represents the redemption premium (discount) and write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs in connection with the redemption or retirement of our debt obligations. (d) Represents intangible asset impairment charges recognized during the period. (e) Represents compensation expenses in connection with the issuance of stock awards, which because of their non-cash nature, these expenses are excluded from adjusted EBITDA.

Year Ended December 31,

(In millions, unaudited)	2019	2018	2017	2016	2015

Net income (loss)	$ (20.0)	$ (50.5)	$ 65.3	$ 15.2	$ (0.7)

Add (subtract):

Interest expense, net of interest income	136.7	134.5	129.8	76.8	79.6

Income tax expense (benefit)	(3.7)	(24.1)	(124.9)	23.0	2.8

Depreciation and amortization	381.2	432.6	291.8	174.0	179.9

EBITDA	494.2	492.5	362.0	289.0	261.6

Adjustments to EBITDA:

Other, net (a)	(8.8)	0.6	19.3	(25.5)	(22.3)

Investment distributions (b)	35.8	39.1	30.0	32.1	45.3

(Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt (c)	(4.5)	—	—	6.6	41.2

Loss on impairment (d)	—	—	—	0.6	—

Non-cash, stock-based compensation (e)	6.8	5.1	2.8	3.0	3.1

Adjusted EBITDA	$ 523.5	$ 537.3	$ 414.1	$ 305.8	$ 328.9

Question: What is the increase/ (decrease) in Income tax expense (benefit) from 2018 to 2019?
Answer: 20.4
The following table sets forth our sources of revenue for each of the periods indicated (in thousands, except for percentages): Subscription revenue increased by $69.9 million, or 15%, in 2019 when compared to 2018. Subscription revenue growth on a constant currency basis increased 16% in 2019 when compared to 2018. The increase was attributable to new business, which includes new customers, upsells, cross-sells, and renewals from existing customers. Professional services revenue decreased by $31.3 million, or 48%, in 2019 when compared to 2018. The decrease of professional services revenue is attributable to the continued migration of implementation services to our global partners. Subscription revenue increased by $76.3 million, or 19%, in 2018 when compared to 2017. The increase was attributable to new business, which included new customers, upsells, and renewals from existing customers. Professional services revenue decreased by $20.4 million, or 24%, in 2018 when compared to 2017. The decrease of professional services revenue is attributable to the execution of our strategic initiative to migrate much of our implementation services to our global partners.

Year Ended December 31,

2019	2018	2017

Subscription revenue	$542,968	$473,052	$396,764

Percentage of subscription revenue to total revenue	94.2%	87.9%	82.3%

Professional services revenue	$33,555	$64,839	$85,221

Percentage of professional services to total revenue	5.8%	12.1%	17.7%

Total revenue	$576,523	537,891	481,985

Question: Why did subscription revenue increase by $76.3 million between 2018 and 2017?
Answer: The increase was attributable to new business, which included new customers, upsells, and renewals from existing customers.
The following table sets forth our sources of revenue for each of the periods indicated (in thousands, except for percentages): Subscription revenue increased by $69.9 million, or 15%, in 2019 when compared to 2018. Subscription revenue growth on a constant currency basis increased 16% in 2019 when compared to 2018. The increase was attributable to new business, which includes new customers, upsells, cross-sells, and renewals from existing customers. Professional services revenue decreased by $31.3 million, or 48%, in 2019 when compared to 2018. The decrease of professional services revenue is attributable to the continued migration of implementation services to our global partners. Subscription revenue increased by $76.3 million, or 19%, in 2018 when compared to 2017. The increase was attributable to new business, which included new customers, upsells, and renewals from existing customers. Professional services revenue decreased by $20.4 million, or 24%, in 2018 when compared to 2017. The decrease of professional services revenue is attributable to the execution of our strategic initiative to migrate much of our implementation services to our global partners.

Year Ended December 31,

2019	2018	2017

Subscription revenue	$542,968	$473,052	$396,764

Percentage of subscription revenue to total revenue	94.2%	87.9%	82.3%

Professional services revenue	$33,555	$64,839	$85,221

Percentage of professional services to total revenue	5.8%	12.1%	17.7%

Total revenue	$576,523	537,891	481,985

Question: What was subscription revenue in 2019?
Answer: $542,968
The following table sets forth our sources of revenue for each of the periods indicated (in thousands, except for percentages): Subscription revenue increased by $69.9 million, or 15%, in 2019 when compared to 2018. Subscription revenue growth on a constant currency basis increased 16% in 2019 when compared to 2018. The increase was attributable to new business, which includes new customers, upsells, cross-sells, and renewals from existing customers. Professional services revenue decreased by $31.3 million, or 48%, in 2019 when compared to 2018. The decrease of professional services revenue is attributable to the continued migration of implementation services to our global partners. Subscription revenue increased by $76.3 million, or 19%, in 2018 when compared to 2017. The increase was attributable to new business, which included new customers, upsells, and renewals from existing customers. Professional services revenue decreased by $20.4 million, or 24%, in 2018 when compared to 2017. The decrease of professional services revenue is attributable to the execution of our strategic initiative to migrate much of our implementation services to our global partners.

Year Ended December 31,

2019	2018	2017

Subscription revenue	$542,968	$473,052	$396,764

Percentage of subscription revenue to total revenue	94.2%	87.9%	82.3%

Professional services revenue	$33,555	$64,839	$85,221

Percentage of professional services to total revenue	5.8%	12.1%	17.7%

Total revenue	$576,523	537,891	481,985

Question: What was Total Revenue in 2019?
Answer: $576,523
The following table sets forth our sources of revenue for each of the periods indicated (in thousands, except for percentages): Subscription revenue increased by $69.9 million, or 15%, in 2019 when compared to 2018. Subscription revenue growth on a constant currency basis increased 16% in 2019 when compared to 2018. The increase was attributable to new business, which includes new customers, upsells, cross-sells, and renewals from existing customers. Professional services revenue decreased by $31.3 million, or 48%, in 2019 when compared to 2018. The decrease of professional services revenue is attributable to the continued migration of implementation services to our global partners. Subscription revenue increased by $76.3 million, or 19%, in 2018 when compared to 2017. The increase was attributable to new business, which included new customers, upsells, and renewals from existing customers. Professional services revenue decreased by $20.4 million, or 24%, in 2018 when compared to 2017. The decrease of professional services revenue is attributable to the execution of our strategic initiative to migrate much of our implementation services to our global partners.

Year Ended December 31,

2019	2018	2017

Subscription revenue	$542,968	$473,052	$396,764

Percentage of subscription revenue to total revenue	94.2%	87.9%	82.3%

Professional services revenue	$33,555	$64,839	$85,221

Percentage of professional services to total revenue	5.8%	12.1%	17.7%

Total revenue	$576,523	537,891	481,985

Question: What was the change in Subscription Revenue between 2018 and 2019?
Answer: 69916
The following table sets forth our sources of revenue for each of the periods indicated (in thousands, except for percentages): Subscription revenue increased by $69.9 million, or 15%, in 2019 when compared to 2018. Subscription revenue growth on a constant currency basis increased 16% in 2019 when compared to 2018. The increase was attributable to new business, which includes new customers, upsells, cross-sells, and renewals from existing customers. Professional services revenue decreased by $31.3 million, or 48%, in 2019 when compared to 2018. The decrease of professional services revenue is attributable to the continued migration of implementation services to our global partners. Subscription revenue increased by $76.3 million, or 19%, in 2018 when compared to 2017. The increase was attributable to new business, which included new customers, upsells, and renewals from existing customers. Professional services revenue decreased by $20.4 million, or 24%, in 2018 when compared to 2017. The decrease of professional services revenue is attributable to the execution of our strategic initiative to migrate much of our implementation services to our global partners.

Year Ended December 31,

2019	2018	2017

Subscription revenue	$542,968	$473,052	$396,764

Percentage of subscription revenue to total revenue	94.2%	87.9%	82.3%

Professional services revenue	$33,555	$64,839	$85,221

Percentage of professional services to total revenue	5.8%	12.1%	17.7%

Total revenue	$576,523	537,891	481,985

Question: What was the change in Professional services revenue between 2018 and 2019?
Answer: -31284
The following table sets forth our sources of revenue for each of the periods indicated (in thousands, except for percentages): Subscription revenue increased by $69.9 million, or 15%, in 2019 when compared to 2018. Subscription revenue growth on a constant currency basis increased 16% in 2019 when compared to 2018. The increase was attributable to new business, which includes new customers, upsells, cross-sells, and renewals from existing customers. Professional services revenue decreased by $31.3 million, or 48%, in 2019 when compared to 2018. The decrease of professional services revenue is attributable to the continued migration of implementation services to our global partners. Subscription revenue increased by $76.3 million, or 19%, in 2018 when compared to 2017. The increase was attributable to new business, which included new customers, upsells, and renewals from existing customers. Professional services revenue decreased by $20.4 million, or 24%, in 2018 when compared to 2017. The decrease of professional services revenue is attributable to the execution of our strategic initiative to migrate much of our implementation services to our global partners.

Year Ended December 31,

2019	2018	2017

Subscription revenue	$542,968	$473,052	$396,764

Percentage of subscription revenue to total revenue	94.2%	87.9%	82.3%

Professional services revenue	$33,555	$64,839	$85,221

Percentage of professional services to total revenue	5.8%	12.1%	17.7%

Total revenue	$576,523	537,891	481,985

Question: What is the change in Total Revenue between 2017 and 2018 as a percentage?
Answer: 11.6
15. Income Taxes Income before income taxes is as follows (in thousands):

Year Ended

June 30, 2019	June 30, 2018	June 30, 2017

Domestic	$22,330	$(55,197)	$(7,228)

Foreign	(48,204)	8,550	9,824

Total	$(25,874)	$(46,647)	$2,596

Question: Which years does the table provide information for Income before income taxes?
Answer: 2019; 2018; 2017
15. Income Taxes Income before income taxes is as follows (in thousands):

Year Ended

June 30, 2019	June 30, 2018	June 30, 2017

Domestic	$22,330	$(55,197)	$(7,228)

Foreign	(48,204)	8,550	9,824

Total	$(25,874)	$(46,647)	$2,596

Question: What was the domestic income before income taxes in 2019?
Answer: 22,330
15. Income Taxes Income before income taxes is as follows (in thousands):

Year Ended

June 30, 2019	June 30, 2018	June 30, 2017

Domestic	$22,330	$(55,197)	$(7,228)

Foreign	(48,204)	8,550	9,824

Total	$(25,874)	$(46,647)	$2,596

Question: What was the total income in 2017?
Answer: 2,596
15. Income Taxes Income before income taxes is as follows (in thousands):

Year Ended

June 30, 2019	June 30, 2018	June 30, 2017

Domestic	$22,330	$(55,197)	$(7,228)

Foreign	(48,204)	8,550	9,824

Total	$(25,874)	$(46,647)	$2,596

Question: How many years did Foreign income exceed $5,000 thousand?
Answer: 2
15. Income Taxes Income before income taxes is as follows (in thousands):

Year Ended

June 30, 2019	June 30, 2018	June 30, 2017

Domestic	$22,330	$(55,197)	$(7,228)

Foreign	(48,204)	8,550	9,824

Total	$(25,874)	$(46,647)	$2,596

Question: What was the change in domestic income between 2017 and 2018?
Answer: -47969
15. Income Taxes Income before income taxes is as follows (in thousands):

Year Ended

June 30, 2019	June 30, 2018	June 30, 2017

Domestic	$22,330	$(55,197)	$(7,228)

Foreign	(48,204)	8,550	9,824

Total	$(25,874)	$(46,647)	$2,596

Question: What was the percentage change in the total income between 2018 and 2019?
Answer: -44.53
5. CASH FLOW ANALYSIS (1) Fiscal 2018 was restated to comply with IFRS 15 and to reflect a change in accounting policy as well as to reclassify results from Cogeco Peer 1 as discontinued operations. For further details, please consult the "Accounting policies" and "Discontinued operations" sections. (2) For further details on the Corporation's cash flow attributable to discontinued operations, please consult the "Discontinued operations" section. Fiscal 2019 cash flow from operating activities increased by 39.9% compared to the prior year mainly from: • higher adjusted EBITDA; • the decreases in income taxes paid and in financial expense paid; and • the decrease in integration, restructuring and acquisitions costs. Fiscal 2019 investing activities decreased by 78.5% compared to the prior year mainly due to the MetroCast acquisition of $1.76 billion in the second quarter of fiscal 2018.

Years ended August 31,	2019	2018 (1)	Change

(in thousands of dollars, except percentages)	$	$	%

Cash flow from operating activities	868,711	620,748	39.9

Cash flow from investing activities	(471,078)	(2,191,666)	(78.5)

Cash flow from financing activities	(659,222)	1,426,136	—

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents denominated in a foreign currency	(439)	1,989	—

Net change in cash and cash equivalents from continuing operations	(262,028)	(142,793)	83.5

Net change in cash and cash equivalent from discontinued operations(2)	733,807	16,333	—

Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of the year	84,725	211,185	(59.9)

Cash and cash equivalents, end of the year	556,504	84,725	—

Question: What was the increase in cash flow from operating activities in 2019?
Answer: 39.9%
5. CASH FLOW ANALYSIS (1) Fiscal 2018 was restated to comply with IFRS 15 and to reflect a change in accounting policy as well as to reclassify results from Cogeco Peer 1 as discontinued operations. For further details, please consult the "Accounting policies" and "Discontinued operations" sections. (2) For further details on the Corporation's cash flow attributable to discontinued operations, please consult the "Discontinued operations" section. Fiscal 2019 cash flow from operating activities increased by 39.9% compared to the prior year mainly from: • higher adjusted EBITDA; • the decreases in income taxes paid and in financial expense paid; and • the decrease in integration, restructuring and acquisitions costs. Fiscal 2019 investing activities decreased by 78.5% compared to the prior year mainly due to the MetroCast acquisition of $1.76 billion in the second quarter of fiscal 2018.

Years ended August 31,	2019	2018 (1)	Change

(in thousands of dollars, except percentages)	$	$	%

Cash flow from operating activities	868,711	620,748	39.9

Cash flow from investing activities	(471,078)	(2,191,666)	(78.5)

Cash flow from financing activities	(659,222)	1,426,136	—

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents denominated in a foreign currency	(439)	1,989	—

Net change in cash and cash equivalents from continuing operations	(262,028)	(142,793)	83.5

Net change in cash and cash equivalent from discontinued operations(2)	733,807	16,333	—

Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of the year	84,725	211,185	(59.9)

Cash and cash equivalents, end of the year	556,504	84,725	—

Question: In 2019, what was the decrease in cash flow from investing activities?
Answer: 78.5%