feat_summary_path: finished_summaries/gradesaver/Tess of the D'Urbervilles/section_5_part_1.txt
feat_book_id: Tess of the D'Urbervilles.chapter 45
feat_summary_id: chapter 45
feat_summary: {"name": "Chapter 45", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210410060617/https://www.gradesaver.com/tess-of-the-durbervilles/study-guide/summary-phase-6-chapters-45-52", "summary": "Alec d'Urberville appears with the same unpleasantness, but now has a neatly-trimmed mustache and a half-clerical dress. Alec has not been reformed, but rather transfigured, his passion for religious devotion instead of sensuality. Tess feels that this change is unnatural, although Christianity has a pattern of great sinners becoming great saints. Alec approaches her and tells her that his duty is to save, and there is no person to whom he has a greater duty than Tess. Tess asks him if he has saved himself, for charity begins at home. He says indifferent that he has done nothing and that no amount of contempt will equal what he has brought upon himself. Alec mentions Reverend Clare, who has been his religious inspiration since confronting Alec. She tells Alec that she does not believe his conversion, for a better man does not believe as much as Alec claims. Alec tells Tess that he should not look at her too often, for women's faces have too much power over him already. The two reach the point called Cross-in-Hand, named for a stone pillar that once stood there. Alec asks her who has taught her such proper English, and she claims that she has learned things in her troubles. She tells him about Sorrow, which shocks him. He asks Tess to swear on the Cross-in-Hand that she will never tempt him by her charms and ways. Upon leaving Tess, Alec opens a letter from Reverend Clare that expresses joy at Alec's conversion. Tess asks a shepherd the meaning of the Cross-in-Hand, and he says that it is no holy cross, but rather a medieval torture device and a place of ill omen.", "analysis": "The change in Alec d'Urberville is significant, yet Hardy almost immediately establishes that his great conversation is superficial. He remains the same hedonist as before, but has merely shifted his passion from sexuality to spirituality. This suggests that Alec may easily shift back to his former ways; he even admits as such when he tells Tess that he risks returning to his former lust when he looks at women's faces. However, the most prominent evidence that Alec remains little changed from his previous incarnation remains his assured belief that it is Tess who is responsible for Alec's sins and not Alec himself. Although he claims a duty and devotion to Tess, Alec essentially blames her for her own troubles, asking her never to tempt him again when she has done nothing to lure Alec or even show any interest for him. Hardy takes a very critical view of religion in this chapter. He does not present Alec as atypical within Christian history. As Tess notes, the religion has a tradition of holding up its greatest sinners as its greatest saints, yet the evidence that Alec has truly mended his ways seems incredibly doubtful. Furthermore, Hardy presents Alec's attempt to save Tess's soul as intensely hypocritical. Hardy even connects Alec's religious conversion to the style of religion promoted by Reverend Clare, previously derided by Angel as archaic and dogmatic. Perhaps the most grotesque portrayal of religion in the chapter is the Cross-in-Hand; while both Alec and Tess assume that this landmark is a Christian cross, it in fact represents grotesque violence. The Cross-in-Hand thus symbolizes the lack of authenticity within Alec's conversion. This relic that Alec asks Tess to swear upon seems to represent Christian teachings, but in fact symbolizes violence and suffering akin to that Alec has inflicted upon Tess"}
text: 
  
  Till this moment she had never seen or heard from d'Urberville since
  her departure from Trantridge.
  
  The rencounter came at a heavy moment, one of all moments calculated
  to permit its impact with the least emotional shock.  But such was
  unreasoning memory that, though he stood there openly and palpably a
  converted man, who was sorrowing for his past irregularities, a fear
  overcame her, paralyzing her movement so that she neither retreated
  nor advanced.
  
  To think of what emanated from that countenance when she saw it last,
  and to behold it now! ...  There was the same handsome unpleasantness
  of mien, but now he wore neatly trimmed, old-fashioned whiskers, the
  sable moustache having disappeared; and his dress was half-clerical,
  a modification which had changed his expression sufficiently to
  abstract the dandyism from his features, and to hinder for a second
  her belief in his identity.
  
  To Tess's sense there was, just at first, a ghastly _bizarrerie_,
  a grim incongruity, in the march of these solemn words of Scripture
  out of such a mouth.  This too familiar intonation, less than four
  years earlier, had brought to her ears expressions of such divergent
  purpose that her heart became quite sick at the irony of the
  contrast.
  
  It was less a reform than a transfiguration.  The former curves of
  sensuousness were now modulated to lines of devotional passion.
  The lip-shapes that had meant seductiveness were now made to
  express supplication; the glow on the cheek that yesterday could be
  translated as riotousness was evangelized to-day into the splendour
  of pious rhetoric; animalism had become fanaticism; Paganism,
  Paulinism; the bold rolling eye that had flashed upon her form in
  the old time with such mastery now beamed with the rude energy of a
  theolatry that was almost ferocious.  Those black angularities which
  his face had used to put on when his wishes were thwarted now did
  duty in picturing the incorrigible backslider who would insist upon
  turning again to his wallowing in the mire.
  
  The lineaments, as such, seemed to complain.  They had been diverted
  from their hereditary connotation to signify impressions for which
  Nature did not intend them.  Strange that their very elevation was a
  misapplication, that to raise seemed to falsify.
  
  Yet could it be so?  She would admit the ungenerous sentiment no
  longer.  D'Urberville was not the first wicked man who had turned
  away from his wickedness to save his soul alive, and why should she
  deem it unnatural in him?  It was but the usage of thought which had
  been jarred in her at hearing good new words in bad old notes.  The
  greater the sinner, the greater the saint; it was not necessary to
  dive far into Christian history to discover that.
  
  Such impressions as these moved her vaguely, and without strict
  definiteness.  As soon as the nerveless pause of her surprise would
  allow her to stir, her impulse was to pass on out of his sight.  He
  had obviously not discerned her yet in her position against the sun.
  
  But the moment that she moved again he recognized her.  The effect
  upon her old lover was electric, far stronger than the effect of his
  presence upon her.  His fire, the tumultuous ring of his eloquence,
  seemed to go out of him.  His lip struggled and trembled under the
  words that lay upon it; but deliver them it could not as long as she
  faced him.  His eyes, after their first glance upon her face, hung
  confusedly in every other direction but hers, but came back in a
  desperate leap every few seconds.  This paralysis lasted, however,
  but a short time; for Tess's energies returned with the atrophy of
  his, and she walked as fast as she was able past the barn and onward.
  
  As soon as she could reflect, it appalled her, this change in their
  relative platforms.  He who had wrought her undoing was now on the
  side of the Spirit, while she remained unregenerate.  And, as in the
  legend, it had resulted that her Cyprian image had suddenly appeared
  upon his altar, whereby the fire of the priest had been well nigh
  extinguished.
  
  She went on without turning her head.  Her back seemed to be endowed
  with a sensitiveness to ocular beams--even her clothing--so alive
  was she to a fancied gaze which might be resting upon her from the
  outside of that barn.  All the way along to this point her heart
  had been heavy with an inactive sorrow; now there was a change in
  the quality of its trouble.  That hunger for affection too long
  withheld was for the time displaced by an almost physical sense
  of an implacable past which still engirdled her.  It intensified
  her consciousness of error to a practical despair; the break of
  continuity between her earlier and present existence, which she had
  hoped for, had not, after all, taken place.  Bygones would never be
  complete bygones till she was a bygone herself.
  
  Thus absorbed, she recrossed the northern part of Long-Ash Lane at
  right angles, and presently saw before her the road ascending whitely
  to the upland along whose margin the remainder of her journey lay.
  Its dry pale surface stretched severely onward, unbroken by a single
  figure, vehicle, or mark, save some occasional brown horse-droppings
  which dotted its cold aridity here and there.  While slowly breasting
  this ascent Tess became conscious of footsteps behind her, and
  turning she saw approaching that well-known form--so strangely
  accoutred as the Methodist--the one personage in all the world she
  wished not to encounter alone on this side of the grave.
  
  There was not much time, however, for thought or elusion, and she
  yielded as calmly as she could to the necessity of letting him
  overtake her.  She saw that he was excited, less by the speed of his
  walk than by the feelings within him.
  
  "Tess!" he said.
  
  She slackened speed without looking round.
  
  "Tess!" he repeated.  "It is I--Alec d'Urberville."
  
  She then looked back at him, and he came up.
  
  "I see it is," she answered coldly.
  
  "Well--is that all?  Yet I deserve no more!  Of course," he added,
  with a slight laugh, "there is something of the ridiculous to your
  eyes in seeing me like this.  But--I must put up with that. ...  I
  heard you had gone away; nobody knew where.  Tess, you wonder why I
  have followed you?"
  
  "I do, rather; and I would that you had not, with all my heart!"
  
  "Yes--you may well say it," he returned grimly, as they moved onward
  together, she with unwilling tread.  "But don't mistake me; I beg
  this because you may have been led to do so in noticing--if you did
  notice it--how your sudden appearance unnerved me down there.  It was
  but a momentary faltering; and considering what you have been to me,
  it was natural enough.  But will helped me through it--though perhaps
  you think me a humbug for saying it--and immediately afterwards I
  felt that of all persons in the world whom it was my duty and desire
  to save from the wrath to come--sneer if you like--the woman whom I
  had so grievously wronged was that person.  I have come with that
  sole purpose in view--nothing more."
  
  There was the smallest vein of scorn in her words of rejoinder: "Have
  you saved yourself?  Charity begins at home, they say."
  
  "_I_ have done nothing!" said he indifferently. "Heaven, as I have
  been telling my hearers, has done all.  No amount of contempt that
  you can pour upon me, Tess, will equal what I have poured upon
  myself--the old Adam of my former years!  Well, it is a strange
  story; believe it or not; but I can tell you the means by which my
  conversion was brought about, and I hope you will be interested
  enough at least to listen.  Have you ever heard the name of the
  parson of Emminster--you must have done do?--old Mr Clare; one of the
  most earnest of his school; one of the few intense men left in the
  Church; not so intense as the extreme wing of Christian believers
  with which I have thrown in my lot, but quite an exception among the
  Established clergy, the younger of whom are gradually attenuating the
  true doctrines by their sophistries, till they are but the shadow of
  what they were.  I only differ from him on the question of Church and
  State--the interpretation of the text, 'Come out from among them and
  be ye separate, saith the Lord'--that's all.  He is one who, I firmly
  believe, has been the humble means of saving more souls in this
  country than any other man you can name.  You have heard of him?"
  
  "I have," she said.
  
  "He came to Trantridge two or three years ago to preach on behalf of
  some missionary society; and I, wretched fellow that I was, insulted
  him when, in his disinterestedness, he tried to reason with me and
  show me the way.  He did not resent my conduct, he simply said that
  some day I should receive the first-fruits of the Spirit--that those
  who came to scoff sometimes remained to pray.  There was a strange
  magic in his words.  They sank into my mind.  But the loss of my
  mother hit me most; and by degrees I was brought to see daylight.
  Since then my one desire has been to hand on the true view to others,
  and that is what I was trying to do to-day; though it is only lately
  that I have preached hereabout.  The first months of my ministry have
  been spent in the North of England among strangers, where I preferred
  to make my earliest clumsy attempts, so as to acquire courage before
  undergoing that severest of all tests of one's sincerity, addressing
  those who have known one, and have been one's companions in the days
  of darkness.  If you could only know, Tess, the pleasure of having a
  good slap at yourself, I am sure--"
  
  "Don't go on with it!" she cried passionately, as she turned away
  from him to a stile by the wayside, on which she bent herself.  "I
  can't believe in such sudden things!  I feel indignant with you for
  talking to me like this, when you know--when you know what harm
  you've done me!  You, and those like you, take your fill of pleasure
  on earth by making the life of such as me bitter and black with
  sorrow; and then it is a fine thing, when you have had enough of
  that, to think of securing your pleasure in heaven by becoming
  converted!  Out upon such--I don't believe in you--I hate it!"
  
  "Tess," he insisted; "don't speak so!  It came to me like a jolly new
  idea!  And you don't believe me?  What don't you believe?"
  
  "Your conversion.  Your scheme of religion."
  
  "Why?"
  
  She dropped her voice.  "Because a better man than you does not
  believe in such."
  
  "What a woman's reason!  Who is this better man?"
  
  "I cannot tell you."
  
  "Well," he declared, a resentment beneath his words seeming ready to
  spring out at a moment's notice, "God forbid that I should say I am
  a good man--and you know I don't say any such thing.  I am new to
  goodness, truly; but newcomers see furthest sometimes."
  
  "Yes," she replied sadly.  "But I cannot believe in your conversion
  to a new spirit.  Such flashes as you feel, Alec, I fear don't last!"
  
  Thus speaking she turned from the stile over which she had been
  leaning, and faced him; whereupon his eyes, falling casually upon
  the familiar countenance and form, remained contemplating her.  The
  inferior man was quiet in him now; but it was surely not extracted,
  nor even entirely subdued.
  
  "Don't look at me like that!" he said abruptly.
  
  Tess, who had been quite unconscious of her action and mien,
  instantly withdrew the large dark gaze of her eyes, stammering with
  a flush, "I beg your pardon!"  And there was revived in her the
  wretched sentiment which had often come to her before, that in
  inhabiting the fleshly tabernacle with which Nature had endowed her
  she was somehow doing wrong.
  
  "No, no!  Don't beg my pardon.  But since you wear a veil to hide
  your good looks, why don't you keep it down?"
  
  She pulled down the veil, saying hastily, "It was mostly to keep off
  the wind."
  
  "It may seem harsh of me to dictate like this," he went on; "but
  it is better that I should not look too often on you.  It might be
  dangerous."
  
  "Ssh!" said Tess.
  
  "Well, women's faces have had too much power over me already for me
  not to fear them!  An evangelist has nothing to do with such as they;
  and it reminds me of the old times that I would forget!"
  
  After this their conversation dwindled to a casual remark now and
  then as they rambled onward, Tess inwardly wondering how far he was
  going with her, and not liking to send him back by positive mandate.
  Frequently when they came to a gate or stile they found painted
  thereon in red or blue letters some text of Scripture, and she
  asked him if he knew who had been at the pains to blazon these
  announcements.  He told her that the man was employed by himself and
  others who were working with him in that district, to paint these
  reminders that no means might be left untried which might move the
  hearts of a wicked generation.
  
  At length the road touched the spot called "Cross-in-Hand."  Of all
  spots on the bleached and desolate upland this was the most forlorn.
  It was so far removed from the charm which is sought in landscape by
  artists and view-lovers as to reach a new kind of beauty, a negative
  beauty of tragic tone.  The place took its name from a stone pillar
  which stood there, a strange rude monolith, from a stratum unknown
  in any local quarry, on which was roughly carved a human hand.
  Differing accounts were given of its history and purport.  Some
  authorities stated that a devotional cross had once formed the
  complete erection thereon, of which the present relic was but the
  stump; others that the stone as it stood was entire, and that it had
  been fixed there to mark a boundary or place of meeting.  Anyhow,
  whatever the origin of the relic, there was and is something
  sinister, or solemn, according to mood, in the scene amid which it
  stands; something tending to impress the most phlegmatic passer-by.
  
  "I think I must leave you now," he remarked, as they drew near to
  this spot.  "I have to preach at Abbot's-Cernel at six this evening,
  and my way lies across to the right from here.  And you upset me
  somewhat too, Tessy--I cannot, will not, say why.  I must go away and
  get strength. ...  How is it that you speak so fluently now?  Who has
  taught you such good English?"
  
  "I have learnt things in my troubles," she said evasively.
  
  "What troubles have you had?"
  
  She told him of the first one--the only one that related to him.
  
  D'Urberville was struck mute.  "I knew nothing of this till now!"
  he next murmured.  "Why didn't you write to me when you felt your
  trouble coming on?"
  
  She did not reply; and he broke the silence by adding: "Well--you
  will see me again."
  
  "No," she answered.  "Do not again come near me!"
  
  "I will think.  But before we part come here."  He stepped up to the
  pillar.  "This was once a Holy Cross. Relics are not in my creed; but
  I fear you at moments--far more than you need fear me at present; and
  to lessen my fear, put your hand upon that stone hand, and swear that
  you will never tempt me--by your charms or ways."
  
  "Good God--how can you ask what is so unnecessary!  All that is
  furthest from my thought!"
  
  "Yes--but swear it."
  
  Tess, half frightened, gave way to his importunity; placed her hand
  upon the stone and swore.
  
  "I am sorry you are not a believer," he continued; "that some
  unbeliever should have got hold of you and unsettled your mind.  But
  no more now.  At home at least I can pray for you; and I will; and
  who knows what may not happen?  I'm off. Goodbye!"
  
  He turned to a hunting-gate in the hedge and, without letting his
  eyes again rest upon her, leapt over and struck out across the down
  in the direction of Abbot's-Cernel.  As he walked his pace showed
  perturbation, and by-and-by, as if instigated by a former thought,
  he drew from his pocket a small book, between the leaves of which
  was folded a letter, worn and soiled, as from much re-reading.
  D'Urberville opened the letter.  It was dated several months before
  this time, and was signed by Parson Clare.
  
  The letter began by expressing the writer's unfeigned joy at
  d'Urberville's conversion, and thanked him for his kindness in
  communicating with the parson on the subject.  It expressed Mr
  Clare's warm assurance of forgiveness for d'Urberville's former
  conduct and his interest in the young man's plans for the future.
  He, Mr Clare, would much have liked to see d'Urberville in the Church
  to whose ministry he had devoted so many years of his own life, and
  would have helped him to enter a theological college to that end; but
  since his correspondent had possibly not cared to do this on account
  of the delay it would have entailed, he was not the man to insist
  upon its paramount importance.  Every man must work as he could best
  work, and in the method towards which he felt impelled by the Spirit.
  
  D'Urberville read and re-read this letter, and seemed to quiz himself
  cynically.  He also read some passages from memoranda as he walked
  till his face assumed a calm, and apparently the image of Tess no
  longer troubled his mind.
  
  She meanwhile had kept along the edge of the hill by which lay her
  nearest way home.  Within the distance of a mile she met a solitary
  shepherd.
  
  "What is the meaning of that old stone I have passed?" she asked of
  him.  "Was it ever a Holy Cross?"
  
  "Cross--no; 'twer not a cross!  'Tis a thing of ill-omen, Miss.  It
  was put up in wuld times by the relations of a malefactor who was
  tortured there by nailing his hand to a post and afterwards hung.
  The bones lie underneath.  They say he sold his soul to the devil,
  and that he walks at times."
  
  She felt the _petite mort_ at this unexpectedly gruesome information,
  and left the solitary man behind her.  It was dusk when she drew near
  to Flintcomb-Ash, and in the lane at the entrance to the hamlet she
  approached a girl and her lover without their observing her.  They
  were talking no secrets, and the clear unconcerned voice of the young
  woman, in response to the warmer accents of the man, spread into the
  chilly air as the one soothing thing within the dusky horizon, full
  of a stagnant obscurity upon which nothing else intruded.  For a
  moment the voices cheered the heart of Tess, till she reasoned that
  this interview had its origin, on one side or the other, in the same
  attraction which had been the prelude to her own tribulation.  When
  she came close, the girl turned serenely and recognized her, the
  young man walking off in embarrassment.  The woman was Izz Huett,
  whose interest in Tess's excursion immediately superseded her own
  proceedings.  Tess did not explain very clearly its results, and Izz,
  who was a girl of tact, began to speak of her own little affair, a
  phase of which Tess had just witnessed.
  
  "He is Amby Seedling, the chap who used to sometimes come and help at
  Talbothays," she explained indifferently.  "He actually inquired and
  found out that I had come here, and has followed me.  He says he's
  been in love wi' me these two years.  But I've hardly answered him."
  
  
  
feat_summary_name: Chapter 45
target: Alec d'Urberville appears with the same unpleasantness, but now has a neatly-trimmed mustache and a half-clerical dress. Alec has not been reformed, but rather transfigured, his passion for religious devotion instead of sensuality. Tess feels that this change is unnatural, although Christianity has a pattern of great sinners becoming great saints. Alec approaches her and tells her that his duty is to save, and there is no person to whom he has a greater duty than Tess. Tess asks him if he has saved himself, for charity begins at home. He says indifferent that he has done nothing and that no amount of contempt will equal what he has brought upon himself. Alec mentions Reverend Clare, who has been his religious inspiration since confronting Alec. She tells Alec that she does not believe his conversion, for a better man does not believe as much as Alec claims. Alec tells Tess that he should not look at her too often, for women's faces have too much power over him already. The two reach the point called Cross-in-Hand, named for a stone pillar that once stood there. Alec asks her who has taught her such proper English, and she claims that she has learned things in her troubles. She tells him about Sorrow, which shocks him. He asks Tess to swear on the Cross-in-Hand that she will never tempt him by her charms and ways. Upon leaving Tess, Alec opens a letter from Reverend Clare that expresses joy at Alec's conversion. Tess asks a shepherd the meaning of the Cross-in-Hand, and he says that it is no holy cross, but rather a medieval torture device and a place of ill omen.
feat_summary_analysis: The change in Alec d'Urberville is significant, yet Hardy almost immediately establishes that his great conversation is superficial. He remains the same hedonist as before, but has merely shifted his passion from sexuality to spirituality. This suggests that Alec may easily shift back to his former ways; he even admits as such when he tells Tess that he risks returning to his former lust when he looks at women's faces. However, the most prominent evidence that Alec remains little changed from his previous incarnation remains his assured belief that it is Tess who is responsible for Alec's sins and not Alec himself. Although he claims a duty and devotion to Tess, Alec essentially blames her for her own troubles, asking her never to tempt him again when she has done nothing to lure Alec or even show any interest for him. Hardy takes a very critical view of religion in this chapter. He does not present Alec as atypical within Christian history. As Tess notes, the religion has a tradition of holding up its greatest sinners as its greatest saints, yet the evidence that Alec has truly mended his ways seems incredibly doubtful. Furthermore, Hardy presents Alec's attempt to save Tess's soul as intensely hypocritical. Hardy even connects Alec's religious conversion to the style of religion promoted by Reverend Clare, previously derided by Angel as archaic and dogmatic. Perhaps the most grotesque portrayal of religion in the chapter is the Cross-in-Hand; while both Alec and Tess assume that this landmark is a Christian cross, it in fact represents grotesque violence. The Cross-in-Hand thus symbolizes the lack of authenticity within Alec's conversion. This relic that Alec asks Tess to swear upon seems to represent Christian teachings, but in fact symbolizes violence and suffering akin to that Alec has inflicted upon Tess