retinoblastoma is the most frequent childhood intraocular tumour with an approximately incidence of one in 15,00020,000 births in the world . in africa
management of retinoblastoma has been changing during years with a survival rate of more than 95% in developed countries [ 5 , 6 ] .
however , in developing countries these cures are less than 50% , primarily because of advanced disease at time of diagnosis [ 79 ] .
previous studies had reported epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the disease [ 1012 ] . in the democratic republic of congo ( drc )
in other previous study , retinoblastoma was the most common histologic form representing 31.7% of all malignant of the eye . however , there is still a paucity of information on clinical findings and on the outcomes of children with retinoblastoma .
the last paper on presenting signs of retinoblastoma in congolese patients gave a five - year ophthalmology view .
at the other side , it is necessary for health plan to have the main characteristics of all children with retinoblastoma followed in democratic republic of congo .
this information will give the whole view of patients and may serve to rule out general public health and in - hospital cancer politics in poor resources settings .  
the aim of this study is to present data over two decades about clinical presentation and outcome of children with retinoblastoma treated at the university hospital of kinshasa , which is a referral and tertiary care center in west of democratic republic of congo and to compare the results with those reported in the literature .
the medical records of all patients with a diagnosis of retinoblastoma seen in the pediatrics oncology unit at the university teaching hospital of kinshasa , between january 1985 and december 2005 were reviewed retrospectively .
we used hospital - based data from the records because there is no population - based cancer registry in democratic republic of congo .
the diagnosis of retinoblastoma was based upon history , clinical examination at university hospital of kinshasa . clinical examination with complete ocular examination including dilated ophthalmoscopy under general anaesthesia and physical examination by a paediatrician
ancillary studies consisted of ocular ultrasonography and computed tomography when affordable , which showed the presence of solid intraocular tumor with calcium deposits . the data collected included demographics features , reference , order among siblings , the initial sign noticed by the family , age at first symptom , clinical findings , age at diagnosis , laterality , different time lag , treatment modalities , treatment adherence , and outcome .
age at first sign means the age of the child when families noticed for the first time the abnormality ( alarming sign ) .
the clinical presentation report to what the physician had seen when examining the patient at our institution .
different lag times include four latency periods : ( 1 ) the time from the first sign to a referral service , ( 2 ) the time from the reference to the pediatrics oncology unit , ( 3 ) the time from pediatrics consultation to the initiation of treatment , and ( 4 ) the observational time from treatment ( followup ) .
we divided the study period in two parts considering the year 1998 as the limitation .
chemoreduction regimen consisted in vincristine , adriamycin , cyclophosphamide for a maximum of six cycles given every 3 weeks before and after enucleation ) following the international conference on paediatric oncology in morocco in 1998 ( http://www.smhop.org.ma/ ) .
statistical analysis was performed using the statistics software spss for windows ( 15.0 spss , chicago ) .
data are represented as meanssd when the distribution was normal and median with range when the distribution was not normal .
nine of them were excluded because of insufficient information , and data of 40 patients , including 28 males ( 70% ) and 12 females ( 30% ) were reviewed .
our patients were referred from the ophthalmology unit of the hospital ( 33 cases 82.5% ) and other centres ( 7 cases 17.5% ) .
their median order among siblings was 4 ( range 1 to 10 ) . during the study period , 31 cases ( 77.5% ) had unilateral disease [ 16 cases ( 40% ) left and 15 cases ( 37.5% ) right ] and 9 cases ( 22.5% ) had bilateral disease , resulting in 49 affected eyes . in unilateral retinoblastoma , there were 20 boys and 11 girls with sex ratio 2  :  1 . in bilateral disease , there were 8 boys and 1 girl with sex ratio 8  :  1 .
the median age at the first sign noticed by families was 1.9 years ( range one month to six years ) for unilateral disease and 1.4 year ( range one month to three years and half ) for bilateral disease while the median age of the diagnosis in our institution was 2.8 years ( range six months to six years ) for unilateral disease and 2.4 years ( range nine months to four years ) for bilateral disease .
leukokoria ( n = 27 ) and proptosis ( n = 6 ) were the most frequent initial signs noticed by families ( table 1 ) . at diagnosis in our institution ( table 2 ) , the most frequent clinical findings were proptosis ( n = 22 ) and leukokoria ( n = 10 ) .
a median 9 months ( range , 1 to 79 months ) passed from detection of the first sign to referral ( lag time ) , 1 month ( range , 0 to 23 months ) from referral to paediatric oncology unit , 9.5 months ( range , 0 months to 3.3 years ) from paediatric consultation to treatment , and 2.3 months ( range , 0 to 18 moths ) from treatment initiation to last followup .
an average of 15 months passed between the detection of the first sign and the beginning of therapy if applied . at diagnosis , 36 ( 90% ) patients had stage 4 of the reese - ellsworth classification .
four patients had localized disease , twenty six had locoregional disease , and ten had metastatic disease .
the sites of metastatic disease were brain ( n = 4 ) , lymph nodes ( n = 3 ) , bone ( n = 2 ) , and bone marrow ( n = 1 ) . from 1985 to 1998 , 23 patients ( 57.5% ) have been treated and 17 ( 42.5% ) from 1998 to the 2005 .
the table 3 shows chemotherapy protocols to be used and those effectively applied to patients .
the outcomes of our patients were as follows : 30 ( 75% ) children were lost from followup , 7 ( 17.5% ) died among which 5 had proptosis with an orbital extension , 2 had protruded mass development after enucleation ( characteristics presented in table 4 ) , one was referred abroad for treatment , and two were alive at the time of final data entry . assuming that cases lost to followup worsened and died ,
our study is the first to look at the outcome and the limitations to management of retinoblastoma in democratic republic of congo .
the study spanned 20 years and 49 cases of retinoblastoma were identified during that time . from mid 1998 to 2005 , 17 patients were identified .
the calculation based on incidence of retinoblastoma in africa , data from index mundi available for 2005 ( http://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?c=cg&v=25/ ) , and estimate population in 1999 , we can give an estimate o incidence of retinoblastoma in democratic republic of congo approximately of 9761098 cases and the the total number of children in this study indicates that only a tiny fraction of congolese children with retinoblastoma benefited from treatment in our tertiary referral center .
it is common for some children with retinoblastoma to be taken to herbalist or prayer houses instead of hospital .
this situation is due to cultural beliefs , stigma , and ignorance [ 17 , 18 ] .
many authors reported similar observations [ 14 , 16 , 19 , 20 ] , but in others the occurrence of retinoblastoma is almost the same in both sexes [ 11 , 21 , 22 ] .
the fact of sex ratio in the present study had been reported to be related to environmental factors or to bias referral .  
the main referral to paediatric oncology was the ophthalmology unit of our institution with 82.5% of patients . in a previous study from the ophthalmology unit of the university hospital of kinshasa ,
this may be explained by some obstacles outside university hospital of kinshasa as lack of paediatrician and ophthalmologist . in - hospital
reference from ophthalmologist to paediatrician could help in the early management because it was reported in argentina that the paediatrician underestimated the complaints in half patients while the diagnosis was suspected by the ophthalmologist on the first visit .
this frequency varies from 10 to 50% in different studies [ 1 , 19 , 2426 ] . it might be that some bilateral cases are lost to followup before second eye involvement appears , leading to misclassification as unilateral in our context .  
the age at diagnosis of retinoblastoma in developing countries varies from 24 months to 3 years [ 16 , 24 , 27 , 28 ] . in this study ,
the age of our patients ranged from 6 months to 6.6 years and averaged 32 months .
the mean age when first sign had noticed by parents was 20 , 4 months , meaning a year average lost of time before reaching a hospital due to lake of information , education , or poor socioeconomic level .
different studies reported similar observations in developing countries [ 12 , 20 , 24 , 28 ] .
leukokoria ( 67.5% ) had been the first sign noticed by parents . in medical consultation , proptosis and
leukokoria were the most common clinical presentation , similar to that from other developing countries [ 4 , 20 , 23 , 26 , 28 , 29 ] .
computer tomography is generally avoided in bilateral retinoblastoma because radiation may increase risk of second cancers .
similar observations were reported in other studies in developing countries [ 20 , 23 , 26 , 30 ] .
the predominance of proptosis is due to the delay in consultation and the development of the tumour because there is a link between the lag time and the expansion of the tumour .
however , in other settings leukokoria still remains the presenting sign at the hospital [ 32 , 33 ] .
another explanation rises as been reported from the use of self - treatments or traditional healers ' treatments before reaching a hospital or during the period between a health centre and the pediatrics oncology unit [ 34 , 35 ] .
so , retinoblastoma is diagnosed late with extraocular dissemination , and there is tremendous scope for improvement in its managements as performed in developed countries .
this should lead to set up an informational program for careful screening and referral of  white pupil  for early diagnosis and treatment as proposed elsewhere [ 36 , 37 ] .  
the chemotherapy of retinoblastoma in kinshasa evolved from one drug to a 3 drugs combination therapy every 3 weeks during the study period .
the chemotherapy regimen ( vincristine ; adriamycine cyclophosphamide ) had been systematically applied since 1998 .
most of the parents of our patients are poor and because a free health care facility is not available in most developing countries , these drugs are not affordable to many of the patients .
an additional factor is the unavailability and high cost of some drugs in democratic republic of congo .
this situation contributes to lack of treatment adherence and patients being lost to followup . in our series ,
this high treatment abandonment may be the result of late presentation as well as poor compliance with chemotherapy regimen .
treatment abandonment as well as loss to followup has also been reported from other developing countries [ 20 , 24 , 30 ] .
we think that it derives from complex factors such as ignorance , poverty without health insurance system , financial constraint regarding investigations and procurement of drugs , lack infrastructure resources , poor communication between medical teams and patients , and deep lack of financial and infrastructure resources . in our study ,
limited management for above reasons and lack of an accurate tracing system are factors predicting a worse prognosis . during these 2 decades
, retinoblastoma remains a life - threatening disease in democratic republic of congo characterized by advanced intraocular disease , late referral to a specialized unit , delay in treatment , important lost to followup , and affordability of chemotherapy .
early educational detection program , prompt referral to specialized centers , use of current methods treatment , and an implementation of a health insurance system particularly for cancers will improve outcomes for children with retinoblastoma in our settings .
 
 background . to determine clinical profile and management of retinoblastoma among children at kinshasa in democratic republic of congo . 
 patients and methods . the medical records of patients with a diagnosis of retinoblastoma seen at the university hospital of kinshasa from january 1985 till december 2005 were retrospectively reviewed . 
 demographic profile , clinical data , modes of treatment and outcome were analysed . results . 
 a total of 49 children , of whom 40 had adequate data on record were identified as retinoblastoma ( 28 males and 12 females ) . 
 nine cases had bilateral disease . 
 the median age at the first symptoms was 9 months ( range , 1 month to 6 years ) for unilateral retinoblastoma and 18 months ( range , 1 month to 3.5 years ) for bilateral retinoblastoma . 
 the median age at the first oncology consultation was 2.4 years ( range , 6 months to 6 years ) for unilateral retinoblastoma and 2.4years ( range , 9 months to 4 years ) for bilateral disease . 
 leukokoria was present in 67.5% of subjects . 
 seventy - five percent abandoned the treatment . 
 the mortality was 92.5% . 
 conclusion . in democratic republic of congo , retinoblastoma remains a life threatening disease characterized by late referral to a specialized unit and affordability of chemotherapy ; all leading to an extension of the disease and high mortality . 