team working in health care involves interaction among health professionals who work interdependently to provide a given type of care.13 multiprofessional team working has been classified into three major types , each of which has its own characteristics related to the amount and type of collaboration among team members.4 these include multidisciplinary , interdisciplinary , and transdisciplinary team working.47 the need for team working and collaboration in health care delivery for the purpose of improving patient outcomes has been a major area of research in the last two decades.810 team working has been shown to be desirable for achieving quality outcomes in health services through facilitation of information flow and coordination and provision of health care within the increasing diversity of disciplines in health care.11 studies have shown that team work is an important factor in prevention of adverse patient events in health care.12 in nigeria , anecdotal evidence shows that clinical services are often organized along strict professional lines and teams are formed by and within individual professions independent of one another .
consultant - led obstetrics and gynecology teams ( units ) , for instance , are made up of doctors only and deliver services along strict professional lines .
nursing care is often organized according to wards and clinics , and complements the medical care in those wards and clinics .
collaboration among these groups occurs only to the extent that each group carries out its functions to permit patient care to proceed in a coordinated fashion
. a semblance of multiprofessional teams can be found only in high dependency units such as accident and emergency departments , labor wards , intensive care units , and newborn special care units .
while the literature on multiprofessional collaboration in health care has steadily increased in north america and europe , and multiprofessional collaboration has been promoted by the world health organization,1317 little is known about collaborative models of health care in africa where team working is necessary , among other benefits , to address perennial challenges such as staff shortages and interprofessional conflicts in the health sector .
we found no studies that addressed team working in obstetrics and gynecology practice in south east nigeria .
the aims of this study were to describe the knowledge of interdisciplinary team working among obstetricians and gynecologists in two teaching hospitals in south east nigeria and to determine their attitude toward development of an interdisciplinary collaborative approach to patient care in these institutions .
south east nigeria is made up of five states and has a combined population of approximately 20 million according to the 2006 nigeria national census.18 the area is served by ten university teaching hospitals .
this study took place at two of these centers in enugu and ebonyi states , namely , the university of nigeria teaching hospital enugu and the federal teaching hospital abakaliki , in ebonyi state .
both centers had a total of approximately 160 doctors working in the obstetrics and gynecology departments .
the study covered the period from december 1 , 2013 to january 30 , 2014 .
ethical clearance for the study was obtained from the research ethics committees of the two study centers .
. a convenient sample of two hospitals was selected from the ten teaching hospitals in the south east geopolitical zone of nigeria .
doctors were approached in their outpatient clinics and informed about the study and their consent sought .
those who agreed to participate in the study were given the questionnaire ( see supplementary materials section ) and asked to bring the completed questionnaire to their next clinic for collection .
in all , 140 doctors working in the obstetrics and gynecology departments of both hospitals were given the questionnaire .
a 25-item , self - administered , anonymized , semistructured questionnaire developed for the study was used for data collection .
the questionnaire was pretested in a group of 20 resident doctors in a sister department ( pediatrics ) at the university of nigeria teaching hospital , enugu .
the questionnaire was in four parts : the first part was concerned with sociodemographic data ; the second explored current interprofessional relationships among health workers ; the third explored the respondents awareness and knowledge of multiprofessional and interdisciplinary team working ; and the fourth focused on their perceptions of and attitude toward interprofessional team working .
the statistical analysis was done using statistical package for the social sciences version 17.0 software for windows ( spss inc . ,
the main outcome measures were the proportion of respondents who had good knowledge of interdisciplinary team working and the proportion that had a good attitude toward interdisciplinary team working .
the statistical analysis was done using statistical package for the social sciences version 17.0 software for windows ( spss inc . ,
the main outcome measures were the proportion of respondents who had good knowledge of interdisciplinary team working and the proportion that had a good attitude toward interdisciplinary team working .
a total of 140 questionnaires were distributed , of which 116 were returned , giving a response rate of 82.9% .
approximately 74% of respondents were of the opinion that existing arrangements that emphasized strict professional boundaries in the formation and functioning of clinical service units in the different health professions inadvertently promoted professional segregation and rivalry .
approximately 78% ( 91/116 ) believed that interprofessional conflicts / rivalry hinders delivery of medical care in the study centers ; this opinion was expressed by 66% of consultants , 83% of senior registrars , 79% of registrars , and 76% of senior house officers .
approximately 55.2% ( 64/116 ) of respondents had observed interprofessional conflicts in their work places .
the commonest sources of conflict were assertion of professional boundaries ( 48.3% , 56/116 ) , superiority ( 36.2% , 42/116 ) , accusation of incompetence ( 30.2% , 35/116 ) , and accusation of irresponsibility ( 18.9% , 22/116 ) .
the most common interprofessional conflict / rivalry identified was between doctors and other health workers .
table 2 summarizes the responses of participants to questions on knowledge of and attitude to interprofessional team working .
approximately 74.1% ( 86/116 ) of respondents stated that they were aware of the concept of interdisciplinary team working , with 15% of these having very good knowledge , 35% having good knowledge , and 29% having poor knowledge .
approximately 37% ( 32/86 ) of respondents who were aware of team working reported received formal teaching / training on multiprofessional team working in the course of their professional development .
approximately 71% ( 61/86 ) of the respondents believed that medical care would be best delivered by interdisciplinary teams , and 74.1% ( 64/86 ) felt that interprofessional team working was feasible in nigeria .
seventy - three percent ( 63/86 ) felt that interdisciplinary team working would be necessary for the development and functioning of subspecialty units in obstetrics and gynecology at nigerian hospitals .
approximately 77.6% ( 67/86 ) of respondents who were aware of team working believed that interdisciplinary teams would be useful in obstetrics and gynecology practice in nigeria , with 89% of these ( 60/67 ) rating its prospects as very useful .
a total of 140 questionnaires were distributed , of which 116 were returned , giving a response rate of 82.9% .
approximately 74% of respondents were of the opinion that existing arrangements that emphasized strict professional boundaries in the formation and functioning of clinical service units in the different health professions inadvertently promoted professional segregation and rivalry .
approximately 78% ( 91/116 ) believed that interprofessional conflicts / rivalry hinders delivery of medical care in the study centers ; this opinion was expressed by 66% of consultants , 83% of senior registrars , 79% of registrars , and 76% of senior house officers .
approximately 55.2% ( 64/116 ) of respondents had observed interprofessional conflicts in their work places .
the commonest sources of conflict were assertion of professional boundaries ( 48.3% , 56/116 ) , superiority ( 36.2% , 42/116 ) , accusation of incompetence ( 30.2% , 35/116 ) , and accusation of irresponsibility ( 18.9% , 22/116 ) .
the most common interprofessional conflict / rivalry identified was between doctors and other health workers .
table 2 summarizes the responses of participants to questions on knowledge of and attitude to interprofessional team working .
approximately 74.1% ( 86/116 ) of respondents stated that they were aware of the concept of interdisciplinary team working , with 15% of these having very good knowledge , 35% having good knowledge , and 29% having poor knowledge .
approximately 37% ( 32/86 ) of respondents who were aware of team working reported received formal teaching / training on multiprofessional team working in the course of their professional development .
approximately 71% ( 61/86 ) of the respondents believed that medical care would be best delivered by interdisciplinary teams , and 74.1% ( 64/86 ) felt that interprofessional team working was feasible in nigeria .
seventy - three percent ( 63/86 ) felt that interdisciplinary team working would be necessary for the development and functioning of subspecialty units in obstetrics and gynecology at nigerian hospitals .
approximately 77.6% ( 67/86 ) of respondents who were aware of team working believed that interdisciplinary teams would be useful in obstetrics and gynecology practice in nigeria , with 89% of these ( 60/67 ) rating its prospects as very useful .
this was an initial prevalence study to evaluate the feasibility of implementing interdisciplinary team working in nigerian hospitals .
we chose to emphasize interdisciplinary team working because other types of multiprofessional team working may not suitable for our environment given our level of socioeconomic development .
multidisciplinary team working does not allow sufficient collaboration to tap the expertise of different professions , while the blurring of professional boundaries in transdisciplinary team working may require higher than existing levels of professional discipline and control in our society .
we also chose to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of physicians first because doctors drive most clinical activities in our hospitals and their attitude to interdisciplinary collaboration could be key to operationalizing any policy to introduce interdisciplinary team working in government - owned health institutions in nigeria.19 our results show a high level of awareness of interprofessional team working among respondents .
however , this did not translate into a high level of knowledge of the meaning of the concept of interprofessional team working .
the results suggest that awareness was not based on a deep understanding of the meaning and content of interprofessional team working
. this may not be surprising considering that a much smaller proportion of respondents had been exposed to formal teaching or training on interprofessional team working .
therefore , this study suggests that there might be a need for theoretical training of health workers on interdisciplinary team working in the study centers .
anecdotal evidence suggests that team working is not taught in medical or nursing schools in nigeria , unlike in europe , the uk , and the usa .
while changes in the curricula of nigerian medical schools might need to include team working , short - term measures , such as workshops and update courses , could be organized for health workers to include topics on interprofessional team working . meanwhile
, a very high proportion of respondents agreed that interprofessional rivalry was an important feature of patient care in the two departments studied .
this may mirror the situation of medical practice in the entire country , given a previous study showing that the recent industrial disputes in the nigeria health sector had been instigated by struggles between doctors and other health professionals for leadership of the health team.20 a high proportion of respondents in this study expressed the opinion that the current method of organizing clinical units in the different professions promoted unnecessary professional segregation and fanned rivalry .
first , although they may still allow work in hospitals to proceed in a coordinated way , fractious relationships arising from them may delay the processes of care.21 secondly , they could engender an unfriendly working environment , which could impair the efficiency of individual health workers as well as that of the system itself.21 our results suggest that respondents acknowledged the need to begin to think about promoting professional collaboration in order to improve patient care in our hospitals . our results also show that there was a significant desire for team working by doctors in the obstetrics and gynecology departments of the study centers .
this finding suggests that the attitudes of doctors may not be an impediment to the establishment and implementation of collaborative interprofessional team working in this area .
this finding is important , given the dominant position of doctors in public hospital services .
although this study involved only one department and a relatively small proportion of all health workers , our results suggest the need to begin to look into ways of entrenching collaborative care in our hospitals .
more research will definitely be needed to determine the views of health workers across different professions ; however , we do not expect the opinions of doctors in other departments in the study centers to be markedly different from those of their colleagues in the obstetrics and gynecology department .
curriculum developers should explore ways of increasing interprofessional education among the different health professions in nigeria in order to expose potential entrants into the professions to collaborative relationships early in their careers.22 the usefulness of interprofessional education in promoting and facilitating interdisciplinary team working has been extensively explored in the literature.2326 the limitations of this study include the use of a single profession and one department in each hospital , which limits the external validity of our results .
although qualitative studies should have been able to explore the opinions of respondents in greater detail , use of anonymized self - administered questionnaires enabled the respondents to express their opinions freely without bias .
no formal psychometric analysis of the questionnaire was undertaken , but the ability of the questionnaire to elicit correct responses from respondents was ensured by pretesting and modification of the final version based on the results of the pretest .
we conclude that there was a fair knowledge of the concept and a very positive attitude toward interprofessional team working among obstetricians and gynecologists in the study centers , suggesting that the attitude of physicians may not be an impediment to implementation of a collaborative interdisciplinary approach to clinical care in the study centers .
section 1 sociodemographic characteristics fill or tick as appropriate 
 age ( years)            sex              .religion ( denomination)               .. professional rank                  ..institution / health facility where you work : tick as appropriate 
 federal teaching hospital abakalikiuniversity of nigeria teaching hospitalwhich country did you have your basic medical degree ?
state as appropriate 
 nigeriaukusagermanyothers : state as appropriate            . age ( years )            religion ( denomination )               .. professional rank                  .. institution / health facility where you work : tick as appropriate 
 federal teaching hospital abakalikiuniversity of nigeria teaching hospital federal teaching hospital abakaliki university of nigeria teaching hospital which country did you have your basic medical degree ?
state as appropriate 
 nigeriaukusagermanyothers : state as appropriate            . others : state as appropriate            . section 2 current interprofessional relationship among health workers tick yes or no , or fill as appropriate 
 do you think that current ways of organizing professional groups in patient care in your hospital promotes interprofessional conflicts ? tick yes or no 
 yesnoare there any interprofessional conflicts that you have observed among your work colleagues and other professionals in your department ? 

yesnoif you ticked yes to the question above , state the type of conflicts that you have observed                            which of these have you experienced in the course of your work in your center ?
tick as appropriate 
 being told that some procedures are meant for other doctors or other professionalsbeing told by colleagues or other professionals that you should mind your own workworking in an arrangement where professional boundaries are emphasizedbeing reported to a higher officer for interfering with other peoples professional responsibilitieswhat do you consider the impediments to team working in obstetrics and gynecology care in nigerian hospitals ?                                           do you think that current ways of organizing professional groups in patient care in your hospital promotes interprofessional conflicts ?
tick yes or no 
 yesno are there any interprofessional conflicts that you have observed among your work colleagues and other professionals in your department ? 

yesno if you ticked yes to the question above , state the type of conflicts that you have observed which of these have you experienced in the course of your work in your center ?
tick as appropriate 
 being told that some procedures are meant for other doctors or other professionalsbeing told by colleagues or other professionals that you should mind your own workworking in an arrangement where professional boundaries are emphasizedbeing reported to a higher officer for interfering with other peoples professional responsibilities being told that some procedures are meant for other doctors or other professionals being told by colleagues or other professionals that you should mind your own work working in an arrangement where professional boundaries are emphasized being reported to a higher officer for interfering with other peoples professional responsibilities what do you consider the impediments to team working in obstetrics and gynecology care in nigerian hospitals ?
section 3 awareness and knowledge of interdisciplinary team working 
 are you aware of the term interdisciplinary team working ?
tick yes or no 
 yesnohave you been exposed to any form of training on team working ?
tick yes or no 
 yesnoidentify the key components on interprofessional team working : tick five correct responses 
 common decision - making processdecisions made by doctors as leaders of the health teamcommon goalgoals are based on individual professionsregular meetingsmeetings are held only when the leader choosescontribution of expertise in collective patient care within each professional areaprofessional expertise can be contributed in any area a member choosescommon approacheach profession chooses its own approach to patient care are you aware of the term interdisciplinary team working ?
tick yes or no 
 yesno have you been exposed to any form of training on team working ?
tick yes or no 
 yesno identify the key components on interprofessional team working : tick five correct responses 
 common decision - making processdecisions made by doctors as leaders of the health teamcommon goalgoals are based on individual professionsregular meetingsmeetings are held only when the leader choosescontribution of expertise in collective patient care within each professional areaprofessional expertise can be contributed in any area a member choosescommon approacheach profession chooses its own approach to patient care common decision - making process decisions made by doctors as leaders of the health team goals are based on individual professions meetings are held only when the leader chooses contribution of expertise in collective patient care within each professional area professional expertise can be contributed in any area a member chooses each profession chooses its own approach to patient care section 4 attitude to interdisciplinary team working 
 do you consider interdisciplinary team working as a useful approach to effective and sustainable high quality obstetrics and gynecology care in nigeria ?
tick yes or no 
 yesnohow would you rate the usefulness of interdisciplinary team working in the delivery of obstetrics and gynecology care ?
tick only one as appropriate 
 very usefulmoderately usefulusefulnot usefulwill you accept to work in a team where nurses and other health professionals share responsibilities for patient care with doctors ?
tick as appropriate 
 very readily acceptreadily acceptacceptbarely acceptnodo you think that interprofessional team working is necessary for the establishment and maintenance of subspecialty units in obstetrics and gynecology care in nigeria ?
tick yes or no 
 very happyhappybarely happynodo you think that it is feasible to form interprofessional teams in obstetrics and gynecology departments in nigerian hospitals ?
tick yes or no 
 yesnoare you happy to consult with and/or communicate your thoughts about patient care to nurses or other health workers in your team and have them offer their opinions to guide your decisions about patient care ?
tick as appropriate 
 very happyhappybarely happyno do you consider interdisciplinary team working as a useful approach to effective and sustainable high quality obstetrics and gynecology care in nigeria ?
tick yes or no 
 yesno how would you rate the usefulness of interdisciplinary team working in the delivery of obstetrics and gynecology care ?
tick only one as appropriate 
 very usefulmoderately usefulusefulnot useful will you accept to work in a team where nurses and other health professionals share responsibilities for patient care with doctors ?
tick as appropriate 
 very readily acceptreadily acceptacceptbarely acceptno do you think that interprofessional team working is necessary for the establishment and maintenance of subspecialty units in obstetrics and gynecology care in nigeria ?
tick yes or no 
 very happyhappybarely happyno do you think that it is feasible to form interprofessional teams in obstetrics and gynecology departments in nigerian hospitals ?
tick yes or no 
 yesno are you happy to consult with and/or communicate your thoughts about patient care to nurses or other health workers in your team and have them offer their opinions to guide your decisions about patient care ?
section 1 sociodemographic characteristics fill or tick as appropriate 
 age ( years)            sex              .religion ( denomination)               .. professional rank                  ..institution / health facility where you work : tick as appropriate 
 federal teaching hospital abakalikiuniversity of nigeria teaching hospitalwhich country did you have your basic medical degree ?
state as appropriate 
 nigeriaukusagermanyothers : state as appropriate            . age ( years )            religion ( denomination )               .. professional rank                  .. institution / health facility where you work : tick as appropriate 
 federal teaching hospital abakalikiuniversity of nigeria teaching hospital federal teaching hospital abakaliki university of nigeria teaching hospital which country did you have your basic medical degree ?
state as appropriate 
 nigeriaukusagermanyothers : state as appropriate            . others : state as appropriate            . section 2 current interprofessional relationship among health workers tick yes or no , or fill as appropriate 
 do you think that current ways of organizing professional groups in patient care in your hospital promotes interprofessional conflicts ? tick yes or no 
 yesnoare there any interprofessional conflicts that you have observed among your work colleagues and other professionals in your department ? 

yesnoif you ticked yes to the question above , state the type of conflicts that you have observed                            which of these have you experienced in the course of your work in your center ?
tick as appropriate 
 being told that some procedures are meant for other doctors or other professionalsbeing told by colleagues or other professionals that you should mind your own workworking in an arrangement where professional boundaries are emphasizedbeing reported to a higher officer for interfering with other peoples professional responsibilitieswhat do you consider the impediments to team working in obstetrics and gynecology care in nigerian hospitals ?                                           do you think that current ways of organizing professional groups in patient care in your hospital promotes interprofessional conflicts ?
tick yes or no 
 yesno are there any interprofessional conflicts that you have observed among your work colleagues and other professionals in your department ? 

yesno if you ticked yes to the question above , state the type of conflicts that you have observed which of these have you experienced in the course of your work in your center ?
tick as appropriate 
 being told that some procedures are meant for other doctors or other professionalsbeing told by colleagues or other professionals that you should mind your own workworking in an arrangement where professional boundaries are emphasizedbeing reported to a higher officer for interfering with other peoples professional responsibilities being told that some procedures are meant for other doctors or other professionals being told by colleagues or other professionals that you should mind your own work working in an arrangement where professional boundaries are emphasized being reported to a higher officer for interfering with other peoples professional responsibilities what do you consider the impediments to team working in obstetrics and gynecology care in nigerian hospitals ?
section 3 awareness and knowledge of interdisciplinary team working 
 are you aware of the term interdisciplinary team working ?
tick yes or no 
 yesnohave you been exposed to any form of training on team working ?
tick yes or no 
 yesnoidentify the key components on interprofessional team working : tick five correct responses 
 common decision - making processdecisions made by doctors as leaders of the health teamcommon goalgoals are based on individual professionsregular meetingsmeetings are held only when the leader choosescontribution of expertise in collective patient care within each professional areaprofessional expertise can be contributed in any area a member choosescommon approacheach profession chooses its own approach to patient care are you aware of the term interdisciplinary team working ?
tick yes or no 
 yesno have you been exposed to any form of training on team working ?
tick yes or no 
 yesno identify the key components on interprofessional team working : tick five correct responses 
 common decision - making processdecisions made by doctors as leaders of the health teamcommon goalgoals are based on individual professionsregular meetingsmeetings are held only when the leader choosescontribution of expertise in collective patient care within each professional areaprofessional expertise can be contributed in any area a member choosescommon approacheach profession chooses its own approach to patient care common decision - making process decisions made by doctors as leaders of the health team goals are based on individual professions meetings are held only when the leader chooses contribution of expertise in collective patient care within each professional area professional expertise can be contributed in any area a member chooses each profession chooses its own approach to patient care section 4 attitude to interdisciplinary team working 
 do you consider interdisciplinary team working as a useful approach to effective and sustainable high quality obstetrics and gynecology care in nigeria ?
tick yes or no 
 yesnohow would you rate the usefulness of interdisciplinary team working in the delivery of obstetrics and gynecology care ?
tick only one as appropriate 
 very usefulmoderately usefulusefulnot usefulwill you accept to work in a team where nurses and other health professionals share responsibilities for patient care with doctors ?
tick as appropriate 
 very readily acceptreadily acceptacceptbarely acceptnodo you think that interprofessional team working is necessary for the establishment and maintenance of subspecialty units in obstetrics and gynecology care in nigeria ?
tick yes or no 
 very happyhappybarely happynodo you think that it is feasible to form interprofessional teams in obstetrics and gynecology departments in nigerian hospitals ?
tick yes or no 
 yesnoare you happy to consult with and/or communicate your thoughts about patient care to nurses or other health workers in your team and have them offer their opinions to guide your decisions about patient care ?
tick as appropriate 
 very happyhappybarely happyno do you consider interdisciplinary team working as a useful approach to effective and sustainable high quality obstetrics and gynecology care in nigeria ?
tick yes or no 
 yesno how would you rate the usefulness of interdisciplinary team working in the delivery of obstetrics and gynecology care ?
tick only one as appropriate 
 very usefulmoderately usefulusefulnot useful will you accept to work in a team where nurses and other health professionals share responsibilities for patient care with doctors ?
tick as appropriate 
 very readily acceptreadily acceptacceptbarely acceptno do you think that interprofessional team working is necessary for the establishment and maintenance of subspecialty units in obstetrics and gynecology care in nigeria ?
tick yes or no 
 very happyhappybarely happyno do you think that it is feasible to form interprofessional teams in obstetrics and gynecology departments in nigerian hospitals ?
tick yes or no 
 yesno are you happy to consult with and/or communicate your thoughts about patient care to nurses or other health workers in your team and have them offer their opinions to guide your decisions about patient care ?
 backgroundinterdisciplinary team working could facilitate the efficient provision and coordination of increasingly diverse health services , thereby improving the quality of patient care . 
 the purpose of this study was to describe knowledge of interdisciplinary team working among obstetricians and gynecologists in two teaching hospitals in south east nigeria and to determine their attitude toward an interdisciplinary collaborative approach to patient care in these institutions.methodsthis was a questionnaire - based cross - sectional study . 
 data analysis involved descriptive statistics and was carried out using statistical package for the social sciences software version 17.0 for windows.resultsin total , 116 doctors participated in the study . 
 the mean age of the respondents was 31.97.0 ( range 2251 ) years . 
 approximately 74% of respondents were aware of the concept of interdisciplinary team working . 
 approximately 15% of respondents who were aware of the concept of interdisciplinary team working had very good knowledge of it ; 52% had good knowledge and 33% had poor knowledge . 
 twenty - nine percent of knowledgeable respondents reported ever receiving formal teaching / training on interdisciplinary team working in the course of their professional development . about 78% of those aware of team working believed that interdisciplinary teams would be useful in obstetrics and gynecology practice in nigeria , with 89% stating that it would be very useful . 
 approximately 77% of those aware of team working would support establishment and implementation of interdisciplinary teams at their centers.conclusionthere was a high degree of knowledge of the concept and a positive attitude toward interdisciplinary team working among obstetricians and gynecologists in the study centers . 
 this suggests that the attitude of physicians may not be an impediment to implementation of a collaborative interdisciplinary approach to clinical care in the study centers . 