efforts in the field of biomarker research have pointed to the existence of circulating immune complexes as a novel class of tumor markers with diagnostic potential comparable with or greater than that of the corresponding free biomarker .
they include biomarker - immunoglobulin m ( igm ) complexes , which have been found in several neoplastic diseases , such as colorectal , liver , and prostate cancer [ 13 ] .
although they are supposed to be a valuable adjunct in differential diagnostics , the biological meaning of this kind of complexes has not been elucidated ; that is , it is not known whether they have any physiological role .
in addition , from the biochemical point of view , there is no insight into their composition in terms of the structural properties of the molecules recognized by igm .
prostate - specific antigen ( psa ) , a well - known tumor marker for prostate cancer ( pca ) , has been found complexed with igm in both benign prostatic hyperplasia ( bph ) and cancer . in general , psa comprises heterogeneous molecules differing in primary structure and in glycan composition .
structural variability exists among psa forms in serum , seminal plasma , and hyperplastic or cancerous tissues [ 46 ] .
thus , using different experimental approaches , more than 30 immunoreactive glycoisoforms ranging in molecular mass from 6 to 35  kd have been separated from serum , seminal plasma , or prostate tissue [ 712 ] .
investigation of the structural heterogeneity of psa revealed that some distinct forms are more frequently associated with pca than with bph [ 1315 ] .
for example , some isoforms of precursor or pro - psa are cancer specific , whereas other internally cleaved or nicked ( multichain ) psa isoforms are characteristic for bph [ 16 , 17 ] .
this study was aimed at complementing existing data on psa - igm by defining molecular species of psa in circulating immune complexes .
having in mind the oligoreactivity and multivalency of igm and its preference for carbohydrate antigens , there is the possibility that it can selectively recognize known psa glycoisoforms [ 18 , 19 ] . beyond the clinical relevance for cancer detection
, this might be of basic importance , since tumor - associated antigens are known to be targets of immune surveillance [ 20 , 21 ] .
circulating psa - igm complexes separated by gel filtration from subjects with bph and pca were subjected to on - chip immunoaffinity profiling using monoclonal anti - psa antibodies .
the detected molecular species were subsequently analyzed for protein and glycan composition and compared to established psa forms .
monoclonal anti - free psa antibody , clone 8a6 ( recognizing epitope i ) , was purchased from hy test ( turku , finland ) .
monoclonal anti - psa antibody , clone 8311 ( recognizing free and complexed psa forms ) , was from medix biochemica ( kauniainen , finland ) .
alkaline phosphatase - conjugated anti - human igm and p - nitrophenyl phosphate ( pnpp ) were from institut virion\serion gmbh ( wrzburg , germany ) .
broad range sds - page molecular mass standards and silver stain kit were purchased from bio - rad ( hercules , ca , usa ) .
proteinchip : ps20 ( preactivated surface ) , q10 ( strong anion exchanger ) , cm10 ( weak cation exchanger ) , sinapinic acid , and proteinchip all - in - one protein standards ii were from bio - rad ( hercules , ca , usa ) .
microwell plates were from nunc ( roskilde , denmark ) and star - bottom tubes were from spektar ( aak , serbia ) .
total psa ( tpsa ) and free psa ( fpsa ) were quantitated using the appropriate commercially available irma psa assays ( inep , serbia ) according to the manufacturer 's instructions .
serum samples from subjects with benign prostatic hyperplasia ( bph ) and prostate cancer ( pca ) seen at inep , zemun , for psa determination as a part of followup , were obtained according to local ethical standards ( document gsp/05 and pr030/09 , approved by the institutional committee of inep ) .
diagnoses were confirmed using clinically established protocols based on psa level , physical examination , ultrasound , and biopsy .
individual serum samples from 18 patients with pca and bph were randomly used ( to reflect intrinsic heterogeneity ) to form three pools ( each n = 6 ) .
psa concentration ranges of the pca pools were 15.6776  g / l ; 35.4987.2  g / l and 20.73063.3  g / l .
psa concentration ranges of the bph pools were 0.85.1  g / l ; 0.42.5  g / l and 0.35.1  g
serum samples ( 400  l ) were applied to a sephacryl s-300 column ( 1.3  25  cm ) equilibrated with 0.05  m  pbs , ph 7.2 , and eluted with the same buffer and 1  ml fractions were collected .
psa - igm or psa was detected in the expected fractions , using solid phase assays with immobilized monoclonal anti - psa antibody .
antibody - coated tubes ( 1.2  g per tube ) were prepared by physical adsorption , overnight at 4c . after washing with 0.05  m  pbs , ph 7.2 ,
tubes were blocked with 0.5% casein for 3  h at 37c and rinsed again .
( a ) gel filtration fractions ( fractions 120 ) were added ( 100  l ) to coated tubes and incubated for 4  h at room temperature ( rt ) .
after washing thrice with 0.05  m  pbs , ph 7.2 , alkaline phosphatase - conjugated anti - human igm ( 100  l ) was added and incubated for 2  h at rt .
unbound conjugate was washed , and 100  l of pnpp substrate solution was added .
the reaction was quenched with 100  l  1  m  naoh after 30  min .
the absorption was measured at 405  nm using a wallac 1420 multilabel counter ( perkin elmer , monza , italy ) .
fractions containing psa - igm were concentrated and used for further analysis . in parallel ,
the total igm was detected in void volume gel filtration fractions after direct immobilization on polystyrene microwell plates , using alkaline phosphatase - conjugated anti - human igm , as described above .
( b ) psa was probed by the addition of corresponding gel filtration fractions ( 100  l of fractions 130 ) to anti - psa coated tubes following simultaneous incubation with iodinated anti - psa antibody ( 300000  cpm / tube ) , overnight at rt . after washing steps
, bound radioactivity was detected on a wallac wizard 1470 automatic -counter ( perkin elmer , waltham , usa ) .
samples of igm or psa - igm preparations ( 10  l ) were subjected to immunoelectrophoresis on 1% agar gel for 1.5  h at 4c .
purified sheep anti - human igm ( inep , zemun , serbia ) was used for detection .
psa fractions ( psa - igm or fpsa ) separated by gel filtration were profiled using on - chip immobilized monoclonal anti - psa antibodies , as described .
the corresponding antibody ( 5  l ) was applied to each spot of the preactivated surface protein chip array and incubated in a humid chamber overnight at 4c .
the spots were washed thrice with 5  l of 0.05  m  pbs ,
ph 7.2 for 1  min at rt and then blocked with 0.05  m  tris - hcl , ph 8.0 buffer for 1  h in a humid chamber at rt . after washing three times using the same procedure , 5  l of examined sample was added to each spot and incubated for 2  h in a humid chamber at rt .
the spots were rinsed again thrice with 0.05  m  pbs , ph 7.2 , and twice with deionized water .
all procedures included shaking ( 150  rpm ) . after drying , 1  l of 50% sinapinic acid in acetonitrile / dh2o / trifluoroacetic acid ( 50%/49.9%/0.1% ) was added to each spot , dried , and then reapplied .
nonspecific binding was monitored using igm ( figure 1 , fraction 10 ) as control sample .
protein chips were analyzed by surface - enhanced laser desorption / ionization time of flight mass spectrometry ( seldi - tof / ms ) using the proteinchip reader , series 4000 , personal edition ( bio - rad ) .
all spectra were acquired in 25  kv positive ion acquisition mode , in mass range 2.5300  kda , and with 8815 laser shots per spot .
all spectra were analyzed using ciphergen express software 3.0 ( bio - rad , hercules , ca , usa ) .
the spots with incorporated quaternized ammonium groups ( q10 , strong anion exchanger ) or carboxymethyl groups ( cm 10 , weak cation exchanger ) were prewetted twice with 5  l of 0.05  m  tris - hcl , ph 8 , for 5  min at rt . after removing the prewetting buffer , 5  l of the examined sample ( bph fpsa or pca fpsa ) was added to each spot and incubated for 1.5  h in a humid chamber at rt .
the spots were rinsed thrice with 0.05  m  tris - hcl , ph 8 , and twice with deionized water .
after drying , 1  l of 50% sinapinic acid in acetonitrile / dh2o / trifluoroacetic acid ( 50%/49.9%/0.1% ) was added to each spot , dried , and then reapplied .
a representative psa - immunogram , revealing typical differential elution positions of the main serum fractions , is shown in figure 1 .
psa - igm ( b ) is eluted at the trailing edge of the total igm peak ( a ) .
as deduced from its elution position and immunoelectrophoretic appearance ( data not shown ) , psa - immunoreactivity of igm complexes seemed to be partly associated with low molecular mass igm .
gel filtration profiles of several individual runs of pooled pca and bph sera gave no striking difference in psa - igm peaks , but psa - act ( c ) and fpsa ( d ) peaks were considerably lower in bph , as expected .
psa - igm preparations from pooled pca and bph sera were further subjected to on - chip immunoaffinity chromatography , to determine psa forms in the immune complexes .
typical mass spectra of psa - igm preparations from bph and pca sera , profiled using anti - fpsa antibody , are shown in figure 2 and table 1 .
the general pattern was similar , comprising dominant peaks at 17  kda and 28  kda .
the main difference was the presence of a 26889.27  da species in pca psa - igm absent from bph psa - igm .
this appeared as doubly charged ion , which might be related to its structural properties . in comparison to the species at 26.8  kda ,
the observation of minor peaks at 15.8  kda or at 16.0  kda which have close molecular masses was not considered as relevant difference .
in addition to anti - fpsa antibody , anti - psa antibody , recognizing both free and complexed forms , was also used for on - chip chromatography .
comparable spectra were obtained but the intensity and frequency of particular peaks differed slightly . however
, this did not additionally contribute to separation and individual characterization of psa ( data not shown ) .
psa - immunoreactive forms complexed with igm , in both bph and pca , overlapped distinct molecular species observed in mass spectra of fpsa fraction ( figure 3 ) .
cluster at 28  kda was common for both pca psa - igm ( figure 2(a ) ) and pca fpsa ( figure 3(a ) ) , whereas the 15.8  kda species was more abundant in pca fpsa compared to pca psa - igm .
as for bph , fpsa fraction displayed a more restricted pattern with the main forms at 27595.81  da and 28244.95  da ( figure 3(b ) ) in contrast to bph psa - igm ( figure 2(b ) ) . taking the mass spectra of psa - igm preparations obtained from different pools of sera together , subtle differences ( some peaks were occasionally present ) were noticeable but they all revealed psa separation into several peaks ; that is , they suggested the presence of different psa glycoisoforms in immune complexes with igm .
taking into account the theoretical mass of psa peptides and their carbohydrate moiety , the observed psa - igm species were matched to amino acid sequence and glycan composition of established psa isoforms ( table 2 ) .
the deduced glycan masses of dominant peaks at 17  kda in bph psa - igm and pca psa - igm ranged between 1121 and 1259  da .
the distinct pca psa species at 26889.27 is supposed to contain trimannosyl core / paucimannosidic structures ( mm ) , based on the deduced glycans mass of 800.16  da .
psa species at 28  kda are assessed to contain fucosylated or nonfucosylated monosialylated biantennary chain with terminal n - acetylglucosamine ( gnnaf / nagnf ) or galactose ( naa / ana ; anaf / naaf ) .
in addition , the modification through bisecting glucosaminylation ( nagnfbi / gnnafbi ) is also suggested .
28.9  kda peaks in both bph and pca have estimated glycan mass of 2817  da .
this is higher than mass of complete psa glycan ( 2352  da ) , and it might be assigned to triantennary oligosaccharide chains . due to the limited amounts of particular psa species for direct analysis , the predictions were validated using ion - exchange chromatography of uncomplexed psa as reference . taking into account ,
known data on isoelectric point of psa glycoisoforms ( pi 6.97.7 ) , corresponding samples were separated on anion and cation exchangers at ph 8.0 .
the results obtained indicated that incompletely glycosylated psa ( 17  kda ) showed weak binding to both ionic exchangers in contrast to sialylated forms ( 28  kda ) which bound strongly to anionic exchanger ( figure 4 ) .
thus , the observed charge heterogeneity of psa molecular species was in agreement with their predicted various degrees of glycosylation .
according to the observed molecular masses , psa has been classified into two more or less heterogeneous groups of glycosylated ( gp28 , gp22 , gp18 , and gp12 ) or nonglycosylated ( p26-full length nonglycosylated psa , p20 , p16 , p10 , and p6 ) peptides .
lower molecular mass psa results from protein cleavage at several different sites , among which major forms comprise those cuts at either lys182/ser183 or lys145/ser146 or at both residues [ 4 , 16 ] .
our results indicate that the major molecular species of pca psa and bph psa found complexed with igm corresponded to gp18 , which is glycosylated psa amino acid residues 1145 .
in addition , minor forms corresponding to the entire mature glycosylated psa species , that is , gp28 , were also observed .
psa is defined as a 28.430  da glycoprotein containing 8% of carbohydrates mainly as a biantennary n - linked oligosaccharide of n - acetyllactosamine type with sialic acid group at the end of each of the two branches . however
, available data indicate that there is pronounced heterogeneity under both normal and pathological conditions .
psa isoforms differ , generally , in sialic acid content as well as outer chain features [ 2325 ] .
besides biantennary chains , monoantennary sugar chains and peripheral structures composed only of n - acetylhexosamine residues also occur .
the results obtained in this study indicated that psa species complexed with igm mostly contained incomplete glycan chain lacking sialic acid .
thus , the main psa species complexed with igm are assessed to have oligomannosidic structure in both bph and pca . in addition ,
alterations in psa glycosylation were reported in both bph and pca [ 2630 ] . specifically , psa forms with reduced sialylation , fucosylation changes , and increased pi were found in pca . as for unusual mannosidic structures found in psa - igm ,
it represented a minor fraction , that is , only 0.6% of the total psa isoforms , and comprised four psa species ranging from 26808.9 to 27295.8  da .
it seems that newly found igm - bound isoforms could have diagnostic potential to distinguish pca and bph , but with no advantage in comparison to other established parameters ( total psa - igm or fpsa / psa ) . due to intrinsic heterogeneity of total psa - igm and complexity of the method applied ,
their possible relevance should be confirmed by testing different types of samples , using different experimental designs suitable for clinical use .
however , the finding of distinct igm - bound psa forms may be of interest in light of recent data indicating paucimannose as marker of human cancers [ 31 , 32 ] .
in contrast to these poorly glycosylated psa species found in complex with igm , the main fpsa species contained predominantly mono- or disialylated biantennary chains .
the fpsa fraction was used as the reference , because it is supposed to comprise an abundant species that can be recognized by igm .
psa complexed with act was not considered relevant for this interaction , since it predominantly contains covalently bound enzymatically active psa .
psa glycosylation is very important for its biomarker potential and this was investigated in a number of studies under diverse physiological and pathological conditions .
generally , an examination of psa glycosylation , especially numerous psa species / glycoforms , is faced with the problem of small amounts , preventing isolation in sufficient quantity for glycan analysis .
in addition , the limitation is related to the known influence of both glycan and peptide on psa behavior during electrophoretic and chromatographic separations . using data on the psa standard preparation obtained by mass spectrometry , assessment of psa glycosylation by calculation of glycan mass
has already been proved relevant . in this study , this was combined with on - chip immunoaffinity chromatography and ion - exchange chromatography , which enables simultaneous sensitive detection of various psa glycoforms .
thus , despite the differences in methods and detection systems used for this analysis and those reported in the reference literature , generalizations about the composition of psa isoforms , based on congruence in patterns of protein and glycan moieties , can be made .
differences between calculated and theoretical masses extended to 0.1  kda , which may be due to common ion adducts observed in mass spectrometry .
however , for the psa species at 28.9  da , the difference was significant .
psa species having masses higher than 28.4  kda are also reported in seminal plasma and serum , but they are not characterized in detail [ 6 , 8 , 11 , 12 ] .
their relation to psa forms containing multiantennary chains or to pro - psa , as suggested by some authors , can not be confirmed or denied .
it is known that the structural integrity of psa significantly influences its biological activity and ability to interact with different molecules . as the first line of defense
, igm has a special position in the immune system and the discovery of psa - igm complexes opens an interesting point beyond its biomarker potential . is the binding of modified carbohydrates , as in the case of psa , a general principle , not only of basic , but also of clinical interest , for instance , in relation to cancer immunotherapy ?
different active and passive vaccines , including carbohydrate - based vaccines to aberrant glycostructures , are under clinical trials but have had limited success at proof of principle and efficacy stages .
characteristic psa glycoforms bound to igm , as emerged from this study , direct further investigations to structural comparison of different tumor markers found in immune complexes and their free forms and hold promise for advancement of their use as targets for cancer detection and therapy .
the results obtained indicated distinct differences in immuno - complexed pca psa compared to bph psa , although both were predominantly composed of nonsialylated incompletely glycosylated molecular species .
it poses the question of the possible role of glycosylation as a framework for immunoreactivity and immunoediting , representing a mechanism for early elimination or inactivation of aberrant cancer molecules and cells .
 this study was aimed at defining molecular species of prostate - specific antigen ( psa ) in immune complexes with immunoglobulin m ( igm ) . having in mind the oligoreactivity of igm and its preference for carbohydrate antigens 
 , there is the possibility that it can selectively recognize known psa glycoisoforms . 
 psa - igm complexes and free psa fractions were separated from the sera of subjects with prostate cancer ( pca ) and benign prostatic hyperplasia ( bph ) by gel filtration and subjected to on - chip immunoaffinity and ion - exchange chromatography . 
 psa - immunoreactive species were detected using surface - enhanced laser desorption / ionization time of flight mass spectrometry . 
 the obtained spectra were analyzed for protein and glycan composition . 
 the general pattern of the molecular species of pca psa and bph psa found in complexes with igm was similar . 
 it comprised major peaks at 17  kda and minor peaks at 28  kda , corresponding to the entire mature glycosylated psa . 
 the main difference was the presence of incompletely glycosylated 26.8  kda species , having putative paucimannosidic structures , observed in pca psa - igm , but not in bph psa - igm . 
 characteristic pca psa - igm glycoforms pose the question of the possible role of glycosylation as a framework for immune surveillance and may be of interest in light of recent data indicating mannose - containing glycans as cancer biomarker . 