sexually transmitted infections ( stis ) , including human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) , continue to present major health , social , and economic problem in the developing world , leading to considerable morbidity , mortality , and stigma .
unprotected sex with an infected partner is by far the most important risk factor for sti / hiv infection .
they show various trends in different parts of the country and constitute a major public health problem for both developing and developed countries .
stis increases the risk of transmission of hiv infection causing immense need to understand the patterns of stis prevailing in the regions of a country for proper planning and implementation of sti control strategies . due to the lack of adequate laboratory infrastructure in the country , information regarding the profile of stis relies essentially on syndromic diagnosis .
the availability of baseline information on the epidemiology of stis and other associated risk behaviors remain essential for the designing , implementing , and monitoring successful targeted interventions . to study the pattern of common stis and prevalence of hiv infection in patients attending the sti clinic of a tertiary care hospital in northern part of india using a syndromic approach .
to study the pattern of common stis and prevalence of hiv infection in patients attending the sti clinic of a tertiary care hospital in northern part of india using a syndromic approach .
a retrospective analysis of data collected from the clinical records of 2700 patients over a period of 21 months ( july 2012 to march 2014 ) was carried out .
the data were collected from individuals attending the sti clinic at the skin and vd department of sms hospital , jaipur .
detailed history , demographical data , and clinical features were recorded from all the patients .
all patients were tested for hiv by elisa / rapid tests as recommended by the national aids control organization ( naco ) .
stis were categorized in different syndromes as depicted by naco in the syndromic management of stis .
the syndromes depicted by naco were urethral discharge , vaginal discharge , genital ulcer disease herpetic and nonherpetic ( gud - h and gud - nh ) , inguinal bubo , lower abdominal pain , scrotal swelling , etc .
stis , which were not included in the syndromic management such as molluscum contagiosum , condyloma acuminata , and balanoposthitis were detected clinically .
in the study population , 78% ( 2108/2700 ) were males , 22% ( 592/2700 ) were females with male to female ratio being 3.5:1 .
the majority of patients attending sti clinic belonged to the age group 25 - 44 years 57.47% ( 1552/2701 ) , followed by the 20 - 24 years 20.7% ( 559/2700 ) , > 44 years 15.84% ( 428/2700 ) , and < 20 years 5.92% ( 161/2700 ) [ figure 1 ] .
the overall most common sti was balanoposthitis ( 39.62% ) followed by genital herpes ( 17.5% ) , vaginal / cervical discharge ( 13.4% ) , genital molluscum ( 11.74% ) , genital warts ( 10.77% ) , gud - nh ( 4.59% ) , lower abdominal pain ( 2.66% ) , and urethral discharge ( 2.55% ) in decreasing order .
balanoposthitis = bp ; genital ulcer disease herpetic = gud - h ; vaginal/ cervical discharge = vd / cd ; anogenital warts = ca ; molluscum contagiosum = mc ; genital ulcer disease nonherpetic = gud - nh ; lower abdominal pain = lap ; urethral discharge = ud ; scrotal swelling = ss ; inguinal bubo = ib among the male patients , balanoposthitis 50.75% ( 1070/2108 ) was the most common sti , followed by gud - h 19.87% ( 419/2108 ) , condyloma acuminata 12.28% ( 259/2108 ) , and molluscum contagiosum 9% ( 190/2108 ) . in the females ,
the most common sti was combination of cervical and vaginal discharge 61.04% ( 362/593 ) followed by molluscum contagiosum 20.2% ( 120/593 ) , gud - h 9.1% ( 54/593 ) , and condyloma acuminata 5.3% ( 32/593 ) .
of the 4.59% ( 123/2700 ) patients of gud - nh , 62.6% ( 77/123 ) patients were rapid plasma reagin ( rpr ) positive with 56 males and 21 female patients . among the study population , 2.55% ( 69/2700 )
were found to be hiv - positive , in which 84% ( 58/69 ) were males and 16% ( 11/69 ) were females [ figures 3 and 4 ] .
pie chart showing prevalence of hiv positivity among the sti patients pie chart showing male and female distribution among hiv positivity patients
the pattern of stds differs from country to country and from region to region , especially in large countries such as india .
they are responsible for a significant proportion of infertility in both sex , morbidity , economic loss to the family , and increased susceptibility to hiv infection .
sti are a major contributor to fetal deaths , abortions , and the delivery of low birth weight babies .
early diagnosis and appropriate treatment will definitely curb the transmission of hiv / aids . to achieve this ,
it is an approach where the health care providers diagnose and treat patients on the basis of signs and symptoms ( syndrome ) rather than specific stis . in the present study , males accounted for 78% cases , females were 22% ( m : f = 3.5:1 ) , which was almost similar to the north eastern study where males constituted 75.45% and females constituted 24.24% ( m : f = 3.09:1 ) .
the most common sti was balanoposthitis ( 39.62% ) majority of which were fungal in origin , followed by genital herpes ( 17.5% ) , vaginal / cervical discharge ( 13.4% ) , genital molluscum ( 11.74% ) , genital warts ( 10.77% ) , gud - nh ( 4.59% ) , lower abdominal pain ( 2.66% ) , and urethral discharge ( 2.55% ) in decreasing order .
this was in contrast to the north eastern study and study conducted at medical college trivandrum .
in the eastern study , gud - h ( 38.1% ) was the most common , followed by vaginal / cervical discharge ( 18.6% ) , urethral discharge ( 13.8% ) , and molluscum contagiosum ( 4.7% ) while in study at trivandrum , the commonest std was syphilis , followed by herpes genitalis and condyloma acuminata .
our data compared well with a previous study at a regional std center in new delhi were changing trends of the profile of stis and hiv seropositivity over a 15-year period were analyzed . the sti profile and hiv seropositivity were compared between 1990 and 1993 , 1994 - 1997 , 1998 - 2001 , and 2002 - 2004 .
similar to our study , that is , the viral stis such as molluscum contagiosum , gud - h , condyloma acuminata , etc .
, were much more prominent than the bacterial stis such as urethral discharge and gud - nh which were more prominent in our institution 10 years back . in the present study ,
the prevalence of hiv among sti patients was 2.55% ( males - 84% , females - 16% ) with male to female ratio being 3.5:1 which was in concordance with the epidemiological analysis of reported aids cases where disease is common in males than females , ratio being 3:1 . and with the national average ( 2.5% ) as per recent naco estimates .
there was a wide variation for seropositivity for hiv among sti patients , 8.21% in zamzachin et al , study , 9.62% in jaiswal et al , study , 17.2% in saikia et al , study , and 10.3% in choudhry et al , study .
this difference could be attributed to the high prevalence of hiv infection and intravenous drug abuse in the north - eastern part of india .
rpr reactivity was seen in 12.8% of the total ulcerative sti patients , which is contrary to the reports of vora et al ,   and mewada et al , where the incidence of vdrl reactivity was 19.41% and 53.3% , respectively .
hiv and stis are perfect examples of epidemiologic synergy as they are core transmitters of each other .
the presence of multiple stis is a risk factor for increased rate of transmission of hiv .
this can be controlled by promoting the strategies to reduce high - risk behavior , encouraging condom use , strengthening sti clinics and family health awareness programs , and imparting sex education and awareness regarding sti / hiv among the masses and vulnerable population .
our study showed that the most common presenting complaint of the patients was balanoposthitis ( 39.62% ) followed by genital herpes ( 17.5% ) , vaginal / cervical discharge ( 13.4% ) , genital molluscum ( 11.74% ) , genital warts ( 10.77% ) , gud - nh ( 4.59% ) , lower abdominal pain ( 2.66% ) , and urethral discharge ( 2.55% ) in decreasing order .
viral stis such as molluscum contagiosum , herpes genitalis , and condylomata acuminata are on the rise among sti / rti clinic attendees due to the occurrence of asymptomatic shedding , partial treatment or modified course of the bacterial stds , thereby leading to apparent reduction in the total number of cases of stds attending std clinics , as well as a decrease in the proportion of bacterial to viral stds .
 background : sexually transmitted infections ( stis ) increase the risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) infection causing immense need to understand the patterns of stis prevailing in the regions of a country for proper planning and implementation of sti control strategies . due to the lack of adequate laboratory infrastructure in the country , information regarding the profile of stis relies essentially on syndromic diagnosis.aims and objectives : to study the pattern of common stis and the prevalence of hiv infection in patients attending the sti clinic of a tertiary care hospital in northern part of india using a syndromic approach.materials and methods : a retrospective analysis of data collected from the clinical records of 2700 patients over a period of 21 months ( july 2012 to march 2014 ) was carried out at the skin and vd department of sms hospital , jaipur . 
 detailed history , demographical data , and clinical features were recorded from all the patients . 
 all patients were tested for hiv by elisa and rapid plasma reagin . 
 stis were categorized in different syndromes as depicted by national aids control organization in the syndromic management of stis . 
 the data collected was analyzed statistically . 
 the proportions were calculated for various syndromes and disease prevalence.results:the overall most common sti was balanoposthitis , followed by genital herpes , vaginal / cervical discharge , molluscum contagiosum , genital warts , nonherpetic genital ulcer disease , lower abdominal pain , and urethral discharge in decreasing order . among the study population , 
 2.55% were found to be hiv-positive.conclusion:viral stis such as molluscum contagiosum , herpes genitalis , and condylomata acuminata are on the rise among sti / rti clinic attendees . 