this study provides class iv evidence that for patients with pms , rituximab provided via an ommaya reservoir depletes peripheral blood b lymphocytes .
the itt - pms trial ( clinicaltrials.gov identifier nct01719159 ) is an open - label interventional study primarily aimed at studying the feasibility and safety of it administration of rituximab in pms .
a secondary endpoint is to study treatment effects on subsets of lymphocytes in peripheral blood ( pb ) and csf .
inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of pms and a failure to respond to or ineligibility for conventional therapies .
ten patients were included from september 2009 to march 2011 and followed for 1 year .
informed consent was obtained prior to enrollment , and the study was approved by the regional ethical review board of ume university ( dnr 08 - 157 m ) .
the primary research question of this substudy was whether injection of rituximab would cause depletion of pb b lymphocytes .
this observational study without a control group provides class iv evidence regarding this question . under general anesthesia ,
a ventricular catheter was introduced into the right frontal horn through a 10 mm diameter burr hole placed 2 cm to the right of the midline at the level of the coronal suture and connected to a subcutaneous ommaya reservoir .
rituximab ( 10 mg / ml ; roche ab , stockholm , sweden ) was administered as 3 doses of 25 mg at weekly intervals .
the first injection was performed approximately 3 weeks after implantation of the ommaya reservoir in order to allow surgery - related subcutaneous swelling to subside .
patients were premedicated with 1 mg iv clemastine and 4 mg oral betamethasone 1 hour before the it rituximab injection . in order to assess tolerance ,
the rituximab dose was titrated for the first 3 patients , with daily doses of 1 mg , 2.5 mg , 5 mg , 10 mg , and finally 25 mg .
daily monitoring of routine blood parameters and lymphocyte subpopulations by flow cytometry was performed to assess the safety and pharmacodynamic profile of it treatment .
patients were evaluated clinically at baseline and then at 1 , 3 , 6 , 9 , and 12 months posttreatment .
lumbar puncture was performed at each visit to follow i m parameters and axonal damage markers .
lymphocyte subsets were determined using monoclonal antibodies to the following surface antigens : cd3 ( bd 560365 ) , cd4 ( bd 341115 ) , cd8 ( bd 345772 ) , cd16 cd56 ( bd 337166 ) , cd45 ( bd 560777 ; bd biosciences , san jose , ca ) , and cd19 ( 302230 ; biosite , san diego , ca ) .
csf was centrifuged at 800 g for 15 minutes , supernatant was gently removed , and the cell pellet was resuspended in phosphate - buffered saline before analysis using a facscanto ii ( bd biosciences ) .
the itt - pms trial ( clinicaltrials.gov identifier nct01719159 ) is an open - label interventional study primarily aimed at studying the feasibility and safety of it administration of rituximab in pms .
a secondary endpoint is to study treatment effects on subsets of lymphocytes in peripheral blood ( pb ) and csf .
inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of pms and a failure to respond to or ineligibility for conventional therapies .
ten patients were included from september 2009 to march 2011 and followed for 1 year .
informed consent was obtained prior to enrollment , and the study was approved by the regional ethical review board of ume university ( dnr 08 - 157 m ) .
the primary research question of this substudy was whether injection of rituximab would cause depletion of pb b lymphocytes .
under general anesthesia , a ventricular catheter was introduced into the right frontal horn through a 10 mm diameter burr hole placed 2 cm to the right of the midline at the level of the coronal suture and connected to a subcutaneous ommaya reservoir .
rituximab ( 10 mg / ml ; roche ab , stockholm , sweden ) was administered as 3 doses of 25 mg at weekly intervals .
the first injection was performed approximately 3 weeks after implantation of the ommaya reservoir in order to allow surgery - related subcutaneous swelling to subside .
patients were premedicated with 1 mg iv clemastine and 4 mg oral betamethasone 1 hour before the it rituximab injection . in order to assess tolerance ,
the rituximab dose was titrated for the first 3 patients , with daily doses of 1 mg , 2.5 mg , 5 mg , 10 mg , and finally 25 mg .
daily monitoring of routine blood parameters and lymphocyte subpopulations by flow cytometry was performed to assess the safety and pharmacodynamic profile of it treatment .
patients were evaluated clinically at baseline and then at 1 , 3 , 6 , 9 , and 12 months posttreatment .
lumbar puncture was performed at each visit to follow i m parameters and axonal damage markers .
lymphocyte subsets were determined using monoclonal antibodies to the following surface antigens : cd3 ( bd 560365 ) , cd4 ( bd 341115 ) , cd8 ( bd 345772 ) , cd16 cd56 ( bd 337166 ) , cd45 ( bd 560777 ; bd biosciences , san jose , ca ) , and cd19 ( 302230 ; biosite , san diego , ca ) .
csf was centrifuged at 800 g for 15 minutes , supernatant was gently removed , and the cell pellet was resuspended in phosphate - buffered saline before analysis using a facscanto ii ( bd biosciences ) .
one day after the first dose ( 1 mg ) , peripheral b lymphocytes were clearly depleted , and after the second day 's dose ( 2.5 mg ) , peripheral b lymphocytes were virtually undetectable ( figure 1a ) .
b - lymphocyte ( cd19 ; a ) and total lymphocyte ( cd45 ; b ) counts ( cells/l ) in peripheral blood during dose titration ( n = 3 ) . treatment days indicated by vertical arrows .
the full dose ( 3  25 mg given 1 week apart ) resulted in complete depletion of peripheral b lymphocytes for 36 months and an initial reduction of total cd45 lymphocytes ( figure 2 ) .
most patients had very low csf lymphocyte counts prior to treatment , which reduced them even further , making consistent changes difficult to evaluate . in 2 patients
in whom the initial cell counts were slightly elevated , the same pattern of depletion was seen in the csf as in pb : an immediate drop in both b lymphocytes and total cd45 lymphocytes ( figure 3 ) .
b - lymphocyte ( cd19 ; a ) and total lymphocyte ( cd45 ; b ) counts ( cells/l ) in peripheral blood for 1 year posttreatment ( n = 10 ) .
b - lymphocyte ( cd19 ; a ) and total lymphocyte ( cd45 ; b ) counts ( cells/l ) in csf for 1 year posttreatment ( n = 10 ) .
the primary outcome of the clinical trial , safety and tolerability , will be presented when the trial is complete . up to this point
, no unexpected side effects have occurred ; the most common side effect is transient vertigo in conjunction with the it injections .
the only serious side effect so far has been a low virulent infection introduced via the ommaya reservoir that responded promptly to standard antibiotic treatment and removal of the reservoir .
in this ongoing trial , we observed an almost immediate effect on b - lymphocyte counts in the peripheral compartment at ultra - low doses of intrathecally administered rituximab . following a dose of 3.5 mg given over 2 days , peripheral b lymphocytes
were essentially eliminated , and the total dose of 3  25 mg given 1 week apart resulted in complete peripheral depletion of b lymphocytes for 36 months .
there was a concomitant depletion of total csf lymphocytes and b lymphocytes , albeit with low baseline counts .
although the rationale for administering rituximab it was to achieve an effective therapeutic antibody concentration within the bbb , we observed a rapid and potent effect on lymphocytes in the peripheral compartment .
it has previously been shown in nonhuman primates that the pharmacokinetics of rituximab delivered it involves a biphasic clearance with a 5-hour terminal half - life of the drug in the csf compartment , which concurs with the observations in the present study .
similar depletion of peripheral b lymphocytes was also noted in a recent study of it administration of anti - cd20 antibodies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis ( eae ) .
hence , it is important to evaluate the effect on csf lymphocytes , considering the rapid clearance from the it compartment .
only 2 patients had a high enough baseline csf total cell count to be able to reliably discern a change posttreatment .
both showed an initial depletion of b lymphocytes with a return to baseline by 6 months .
total csf lymphocyte counts also decreased to almost zero in these 2 patients , which can not be explained by b - lymphocyte depletion alone .
this is in agreement with previous data on csf t cells after rituximab treatment , but the exact mechanisms are unknown .
the recently described effect of rituximab on a subset of t cells expressing cd20 is an interesting mechanism that needs to be investigated further .
a weakness in our study is that we can not determine whether changes occurring among lymphocyte subsets in the csf are an effect of rituximab within the cns compartment or are a result of a peripheral depletion and subsequently less recruitment into the csf from pb .
it is presently not known whether appropriate effector mechanisms exist in the csf to mediate lysis by injected monoclonal antibodies .
however , there is now believed to be an inflammatory milieu along the meninges in many cases of pms that could possibly facilitate both complement - mediated lysis and antibody - dependent cytotoxicity .
there are also data indicating increased complement activation in ms , with the highest occurrence among progressive patients .
furthermore , it was shown that it administration of anti - cd20 monoclonal antibody could reduce the amount of b lymphocytes in the meninges in eae with a concomitant modest amelioration of the clinical course .
there is a need for further research in this area in order to define the role of it therapy in neuroinflammatory conditions .
we report an unexpected and profound effect on peripheral b lymphocytes after even minute doses of rituximab injected it .
furthermore , the total dose of 75 mg rituximab given in the csf compartment resulted in complete depletion of peripheral b lymphocytes for up to 6 months .
this indicates that present doses of 5001,000 mg given intravenously in the clinic may be unnecessarily high .
the data also indicate a possible effect on csf lymphocytes , which requires further study .
the rapid redistribution of it - injected rituximab to the peripheral compartment has strong implications regarding the frequency of it injections needed to achieve the desired effect in the cns .
anders svenningsson was responsible for the design and conceptualization of the study and patient management and wrote the first draft of the article .
joakim bergman was partly responsible for patient management and sample collection and participated in data analyses and manuscript revisions .
richard birgander participated in the design and conceptualization of the study and was active in patient management and data retrieval .
thomas lindqvist participated in the design and conceptualization of the study and was active in patient management and data retrieval .
tommy bergenheim participated in the design and conceptualization of the study , was responsible for all neurosurgical procedures , and participated in manuscript revisions .
the study was funded by the research fund for clinical neuroscience at ume university hospital and the regional agreement between ume university and vsterbotten county council on cooperation in the field of medicine , odontology and health ( alf ) .
a. svenningsson has served on the advisory boards for sanofi - genzyme and biogen idec ; has received travel funding and/or speaker honoraria from biogen idec , sanofi - genzyme , novartis , and baxter medical ; and has received research support from biogen idec .
m. vgberg has received travel funding and/or speaker honoraria from biogen idec , novartis , baxter medical , and pharma industry writing honoraria and has received research support from biogen idec and neuro sweden .
 objective : we are conducting an open - label phase 1b study on the efficacy of intrathecal ( it ) administration of rituximab , provided via an ommaya reservoir , for the treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis ( pms ) . the objective of this initial study was to monitor b lymphocytes in peripheral blood ( pb ) and csf from the first 10 patients 1 year posttreatment.methods:dose titration was performed with daily escalation from 1 mg to 25 mg it rituximab ( n = 3 ) . 
 lymphocyte subpopulations were monitored daily during dose escalation in pb by flow cytometry and subsequently every 3 months for 1 year , after a total dose of 3  25 mg . 
 pb b - lymphocyte subpopulations for the remaining patients ( n = 7 ) were monitored at regular intervals . 
 csf lymphocyte subpopulations for all patients were monitored by flow cytometry every 23 months.results:the pb b - lymphocyte count dropped rapidly after the first 2 injections ( total dose of 3.5 mg it rituximab ) to undetectable levels . 
 three 25-mg doses given once per week depleted peripheral b lymphocytes entirely for the following 36 month period.conclusions:monoclonal antibodies seem to rapidly redistribute to the peripheral compartment following it injection . 
 ultra - low doses of rituximab given it are sufficient to cause complete depletion of peripheral b lymphocytes , indicating that low - dose it treatment has the potential to be effective in both the cns and systemic compartments.classification of evidence : this study provides class iv evidence that for patients with pms , rituximab provided via an ommaya reservoir depletes peripheral blood b lymphocytes . 