there have been a number of internal fixation procedures used for instability of the cervical spine .
recently , developed posterior fixation procedures have been performed in the cervical spine by using a lateral mass screw or a pedicle screw . both of these procedures , which do not require that the lamina be used for stabilization , are useful in patients undergoing one - stage posterior decompression and stabilization of the cervical spine .
lateral mass plating has become the technique of choice for posterior cervical fixation for a long time and effective surgical technique .
although these systems are safe and reliable , they can be difficult to use in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy ; lateral screw placement can be compromised by the fixed hole spacing of the plate ; screw back - out and other forms of implant failure can occur ; and late kyphosis may occur in osteoporotic spine .
there is superior biomechanical stability with cervical pedicular fixation ( cpf ) compared to use of lateral mass screws.[13 ] during the last decade , cpf has been used in the treatment of degenerative disorders , as well as in trauma surgery . since 1994
based on current experimental and clinical studies[59 ] computer - assisted surgery systems are suggested to be the safest procedures for cpf.[1014 ] appealing clinical results were achieved with cpf . however , in laboratory studies pedicle perforation could not be completely prevented with any technique.[781618 ] some authors have been more critical of this technique(cpf ) with used to stereotactic or computed tomographic ( ct ) guidance .
many surgical procedures may be performed for cervical spondylotic myelopathy or ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament , and associated with a high incidence of neurologic morbidity , construct failure , and pseudoarthrosis in lateral mass screw placement.[1618 ] we theorized that laminectomy and stabilization of the cervical spine with cpf would obviate the advantages in osteoporotic cervical spine decompression , prevent the development of kyphotic deformity .
the purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy using of fluoroscopy cpf in a standardized clinical protocol for patients with spinal spondylotic myelopathy treated by laminectomies .
we performed a total of 70 posterior cpfs in 10 cases in a clinical study held in our clinic between 2006 and 2009 .
two of these were at the c5c6 segments , while the other 4 were at the c4c5 segments .
five of the degenerative cases had cervical spondylotic myelopathy in all cervical levels ( c3c7 ) .
the most common indications of cervical pedicle screw fixation was both osteoporosis and cervical kyphosis the exclusion criteria was transverse foramen stenosis .
all the cases were monitored for anterior additional pathologies in the preoperative evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) .
detailed pedicle length and diameters , and frontal , sagittal , and longitudinal angles of all pedicles were calculated prior to the operations with 3d ct .
grade i : screw centered in the pedicle causing only minor plastic deformation of the pedicle cortex at most .
grade iia : screw threads or less than one - fourth of the screw cross section penetrating the cortex ; no contact of the screw with the spinal cord , nerve root , or vertebral artery .
grade iib : more than one - fourth of the screw cross section penetrating the cortex but no contact with neurovascular structures .
grade iii : screw position according to grade ii , however , in contact with neurovascular structures .
a case of a 64-year - old man who underwent right nephrectomy 5 years ago due to renal clear cell carcinoma .
both ct and mri showed marked spinal stenosis due to degenerative spondyloarthropathy [ figures 2 and 3 ] .
the portion projecting into the posterior decompression was performed in the prone position , and fusion technique with the graft obtained from the iliac wing was performed after c3c6 [ figure 4 ] .
postoperative ct showed correct position transpedicular insertion in the cervical pedicle spine [ figure 5 ] .
the patient 's vas score was 3 , and nurick scale was 1 at the 20-month follow - up .
cervical plain lateral ( a ) and anterior  posterior radiography images ( b ) demonstrating degenerative cervical spine preoperative sagittal ct scan showing spondylotic degenerative changes both spondylolisthesis and stenosis at the level of cervical spine preoperative sagittal ( a ) and axial ( b ) mri showing spondylotic degenerative changes stenosis at the level of cervical spine intraoperative appearance demonstrating at the final fixation , showing autologous iliac graft and well - maintained cervical decompression postoperative lateral ( a ) and axial ct ( b ) scan showing total laminectomies with transpedicular screw / rod system ; ( c ) postoperative ct scan demonstrating accurate pedicle screw placement in c7 bilaterally the head is fixed in natural prone position .
only the facet joint surfaces to be operated are decorticated to thoroughly clean up the capsule .
the dominant vertebral arteries of all patients were detected at the preoperative stage , and screw fixation was applied at the nondominant side of the same level .
following nonproblematic insertion of the first screw , in other words after seeing that there is no rupture , the screw of the dominant side was placed .
this process is applied before the screw is placed , in the cases to go through laminectomy .
this way , the position of the screw inside the spinal canal can be observed .
the entry point of the pedicles between c3 and c7 is 2 mm lateral to the superior articular process midpoint . in the sagittal plane , it is angled nearly 10 at c3 , whereas it is kept neutral or angled 2 at c7 .
the medial orientation angle of the pedicle , on the other hand , is 45 on average .
after biplanar control of the position of the deformity and the screws with scopy image , bone grafts obtained from the iliac wing are placed at the decorticated areas .
grade i : screw centered in the pedicle causing only minor plastic deformation of the pedicle cortex at most .
grade iia : screw threads or less than one - fourth of the screw cross section penetrating the cortex ; no contact of the screw with the spinal cord , nerve root , or vertebral artery .
grade iib : more than one - fourth of the screw cross section penetrating the cortex but no contact with neurovascular structures .
grade iii : screw position according to grade ii , however , in contact with neurovascular structures .
a case of a 64-year - old man who underwent right nephrectomy 5 years ago due to renal clear cell carcinoma .
both ct and mri showed marked spinal stenosis due to degenerative spondyloarthropathy [ figures 2 and 3 ] .
the portion projecting into the posterior decompression was performed in the prone position , and fusion technique with the graft obtained from the iliac wing was performed after c3c6 [ figure 4 ] .
postoperative ct showed correct position transpedicular insertion in the cervical pedicle spine [ figure 5 ] .
the patient 's vas score was 3 , and nurick scale was 1 at the 20-month follow - up .
cervical plain lateral ( a ) and anterior  posterior radiography images ( b ) demonstrating degenerative cervical spine preoperative sagittal ct scan showing spondylotic degenerative changes both spondylolisthesis and stenosis at the level of cervical spine preoperative sagittal ( a ) and axial ( b ) mri showing spondylotic degenerative changes stenosis at the level of cervical spine intraoperative appearance demonstrating at the final fixation , showing autologous iliac graft and well - maintained cervical decompression postoperative lateral ( a ) and axial ct ( b ) scan showing total laminectomies with transpedicular screw / rod system ; ( c ) postoperative ct scan demonstrating accurate pedicle screw placement in c7 bilaterally
only the facet joint surfaces to be operated are decorticated to thoroughly clean up the capsule .
the dominant vertebral arteries of all patients were detected at the preoperative stage , and screw fixation was applied at the nondominant side of the same level .
following nonproblematic insertion of the first screw , in other words after seeing that there is no rupture , the screw of the dominant side was placed .
this process is applied before the screw is placed , in the cases to go through laminectomy .
this way , the position of the screw inside the spinal canal can be observed .
the entry point of the pedicles between c3 and c7 is 2 mm lateral to the superior articular process midpoint . in the sagittal plane ,
it is angled nearly 10 at c3 , whereas it is kept neutral or angled 2 at c7 .
the medial orientation angle of the pedicle , on the other hand , is 45 on average .
after biplanar control of the position of the deformity and the screws with scopy image , bone grafts obtained from the iliac wing are placed at the decorticated areas .
as a result of 70 pedicles applications on a total of 10 patients , the pedicle screws were at their correct positions 100% of the time .
the screws were of length 31.4 mm for c3c7 , and overall thickness was measured to be 3.0 mm .
two patients had screw malposition , which did not require reoperation due to minor breaking .
the cases were followed - up for an average of 35.7 months ( 3037 months ) .
preoperatively , we obtained imaging studies in all patients by using plain cervical roentgenography , biplanar ct scanning through bone windows , and mri .
usg was preoperatively performed in all patients to determine the side of the dominant vertebral artery .
bilateral oblique plain x - ray films were routinely obtained to evaluate the condition and size of pedicles of each vertebra .
the placement of pedicle screws were inspected on postoperative ct scans ( in general , 2 mm slices ) within the first day of surgery , at later follow - up visits , stability was assessed on flexion  extension radiographs and standard lateral and posterior  anterior views .
the follow - up imaging studies were carefully interpreted to identify screw and rod loosening or breakage .
preoperatively and postoperatively , kyphotic deformity at the affected segment , which averaged to 23 ( 1643  ) , was revealed in 9 patients , which was corrected to 1.2 lordosis after surgery and 0.8 lordosis at the final follow - up examination .
controls were performed by x - ray imaging as a standard application , and tomography for postoperative pedicle - screw harmony .
the cases were followed - up for an average of 35.7 months ( 3037 months ) .
preoperatively , we obtained imaging studies in all patients by using plain cervical roentgenography , biplanar ct scanning through bone windows , and mri .
usg was preoperatively performed in all patients to determine the side of the dominant vertebral artery .
bilateral oblique plain x - ray films were routinely obtained to evaluate the condition and size of pedicles of each vertebra .
the placement of pedicle screws were inspected on postoperative ct scans ( in general , 2 mm slices ) within the first day of surgery , at later follow - up visits , stability was assessed on flexion  extension radiographs and standard lateral and posterior  anterior views .
the follow - up imaging studies were carefully interpreted to identify screw and rod loosening or breakage .
preoperatively and postoperatively , kyphotic deformity at the affected segment , which averaged to 23 ( 1643  ) , was revealed in 9 patients , which was corrected to 1.2 lordosis after surgery and 0.8 lordosis at the final follow - up examination .
controls were performed by x - ray imaging as a standard application , and tomography for postoperative pedicle - screw harmony .
the cases were followed - up for an average of 35.7 months ( 3037 months ) .
the various posterior fixation techniques , spinous process wiring , triple - wire technique , and sublaminar wiring require use of the lamina as the stabilizing anchor . these techniques allow simultaneous posterior decompression with fixation and stabilization in patients who have undergone previous laminectomy in the cervical spine however , postoperative rigid external support using a halo vest was required for many patients .
modifications of cervical facet fusion , which is supplemented by rods as longitudinal connectors , may provide some stabilizing effect but stability is not sufficient enough to preclude the need for postoperative external support .
biomechanical studies have revealed that posterior fixation devices have an advantage over anterior devices for the fixation of posterior instability after laminectomy anterior surgical approaches did not provide sufficient correction of postlaminectomy kyphosis in the cervical spine .
kotani et al . , have shown that of all the fixation devices only the pedicle screw system provide adequate stability in a three - column injury model .
joner et al . have provided evidence of greater resistance of pullout of pedicle screws compared with lateral mass screws .
in addition , cervical lordosis reconstructed with pedicle screw fixation systems may provide adequate stability , because lordotic spinal alignment allows the gravity axis to pass through the posterior structures that are reconstructed by rigid instrumentation .
therefore , cpf may obviate the need for anterior surgery in some patients , such as those with metastatic vertebral tumor who might otherwise require a combined surgery ( anterior  posterior ) .
some of the reports on lateral mass screw procedures have described several cases of screw loosening that resulted in pseudoarthrosis and loss of kyphosis correction between 2006 and 2009.[2224 ] but , our findings suggest that screws inserted into the cervical pedicle provide a more rigid anchor for internal fixation than lateral mass screws , as suggested by in vitro biomechanical studies .
we did nt observe any complications , such as pseudoarthrosis or loosening of the screw in our cases who had been operated with cpf .
strong fixation to the vertebra by pedicle screw enables application of distraction force to the cervical spinal segment .
therefore , cpf system can be safely used to reduce spondylotic changes in cervical spine in one - stage surgery , precluding the need for anterior decompression of the spinal canal .
shows that 45 ( 6.9% ) of 669 screws significantly perforated the pedicle . in a comparative study of 3 different techniques for ps placement in human cadaveric cervical spines , ludwig et al . reported a 65% rate of critical pedicle breaches with insertion based on the morphological data alone , a 40% rate of breaches with supplemental visual and tactile cues provided by minilaminotomy , and an 11% breach rate using a computer - assisted surgical guidance system . in another in vitro study , they found an incidence of ps misplacement with a critical breach of 18% using frameless stereotactic guidance , and of 12% using abumi and colleagues fluoroscopically assisted technique of probing and tapping the pedicle .
richter et al . reported 92% accuracy using image - guided drilling of 2.5 mm holes in the c3 and c4 pedicles in human cadaveric specimens .
our results after this technique of cps insertion with an obvious cortical breach incidence of 13.5 % , including a critical breaking rate of 0.9% , are somewhat similar to those of the large series ( 116 cervical pedicle ) of rath et al .
we report a 0.9% incidence of vertebral foramen penetration ( 100% ) in a clinical series of 105 pedicles .
we would think of using the intraoperative image - guided or stereotactic guidance , which may improve accuracy and significantly reduce the risk of neurovascular injury , especially in the cervical pedicle . however , the current technology is at its limits and we are not able to use these techniques .
a lot of clinical series have been published in the literature about cpf , but no vascular complications of cpf have been reported however , including our series , cases with massive encroachment of the transverse foramen by screw misplacement have been described .
included 9 cases with lateral screw perforation in their study , all without vertebral artery ( va ) injury the va does not occupy the entire transverse foramen , and the risk of injury may not be as high as most authors fear , although devastating sequelae may result from an acute lesion to this vessel careful drilling and tapping as well as cautious screw insertion seem only to displace the va without damaging or obliterating it . within the cervical spinal foramen , the nerve roots are located in the inferior half of the disc .
this can be explained by the fact that cervical pedicles have an oval shape with a significantly greater height than width at all levels peroperational neural injury or damage is a rather rare complication of cpf placement .
the incidence of nerve injury is reported only as 1%.[52831 ] with this technique by experienced surgeons , the incidence of neural injury was 0% in our series .
use of the cpf provides a very strong three - column stabilization but also carries vascular injury without nerve damage .
this technique yielded good fusion rate without complications and can be considered as a good alternative compared to other techniques .
 objective : cervical laminectomies with transpedicular insertion technique is known to be a biomechanically stronger method in cervical pathologies . 
 however , its frequency of use is low in the routine practice , as the pedicle is thin and risk of neurovascular damage is high . in this study 
 , we emphasize the results of cervical laminectomies with transpedicular fixation using fluoroscopy in degenerative cervical spine disorder.materials and methods : postoperative malposition of the transpedicular screws of the 70 pedicles of the 10 patients we operated due to degenerative stenosis in the cervical region , were investigated . 
 fixation was performed between c3 and c7 , and we used resected lamina bone chips for fusion . 
 clinical indicators included age , gender , neurologic status , surgical indication , and number of levels stabilized . 
 dominant vertebral artery of all the patients was evaluated with doppler ultrasonography . 
 preoperative and postoperative nurick grade of each patient was documented.results:no patients experienced neurovascular injury as a result of pedicle screw placement . 
 two patients had screw malposition , which did not require reoperation due to minor breaking . 
 most patients had 32-mm screws placed . 
 postoperative computed tomography scanning showed no compromise of the foramen transversarium . 
 a total of 70 pedicle screws were placed . 
 good bony fusion was observed in all patients . at follow - up , 9/10 ( 90% ) 
 patients had improved in their nurick grades . 
 the cases were followed - up for an average of 35.7 months ( 3037 months).conclusions : use of the cervical pedicular fixation ( cpf ) provides a very strong three - column stabilization but also carries vascular injury without nerve damage . 
 laminectomies technique may reduce the risk of malposition due to visualization of the spinal canal . 
 cpf can be performed in a one - stage posterior procedure . 
 this technique yielded good fusion rate without complications and can be considered as a good alternative compared other techniques . 