pelvic organ prolapse ( pop ) is a major health issue for women , affecting quality - of - life and requiring costly surgery.1,2 pop is an age - related disorder , and the prevalence increases as a population ages .
women who attain the age of 80 years have a greater than 10% risk of requiring surgery to treat pop.3 treatment of genital prolapse in elderly women is challenging and almost always depends on the medical condition and sexual activity level of the patient .
although pessaries are offered as first - line therapy to such patients,4,5 surgery may be indicated for patients who have failed or do not desire the lifelong use of a pessary .
various surgical techniques using laparotomy , laparoscopy , and vaginal surgery , including colporrhaphy ( with or without mesh placement ) , sacrospinous ligament fixation ( sslf ) , abdominal sacrocolpopexy ( asc ) , high sacrouterine ligament fixation , prolapse kit placement , colpocleisis , and constricting surgical procedures , have been utilized .
asc has an 80%85% long - term success rate , while sslf has a 70%75% long - term success rate.6,7 prolapse kits ( gynecare prolift ; ethicon , inc . ,
somerville , nj , usa ) have a success rate of 96.5%.8 however , all procedures may cause major complications , such as bladder injury , hemorrhage , wound dehiscence , rectal injury , and postoperative vault infection .
asc has disadvantages , including a long operative time , a long recovery time , possible injury to pelvic structures , hemorrhage , and ileus .
sslf also has disadvantages , including the possibilities of hemorrhage , infection , and nerve damage .
prolift kits can have adverse events , such as bladder injury and mesh erosion . on the other hand ,
obliterative and constrictive surgical procedures have lower levels of complications , a low risk of perioperative morbidity , and an extremely low risk of prolapse recurrence .
patients who are not interested in a functional vagina because they are not sexually active and have no desire to be so active in the future , are the best candidates for obliterative or constrictive vaginal surgery .
various techniques have been described , but lefort colpocleisis is the preferred procedure for obliterative surgery.911 although colpocleisis with uterine preservation is effective , drawbacks are apparent .
other drawbacks include late vaginal bleeding , ureteric occlusion or injury as a result of kinking in the distal ureter , a risk of gynecological cancer , vaginal discharge , and an uncomfortable feeling of fullness in the vagina.12,13 constricting surgical procedures are alternatives avoiding these drawbacks . the goal is to narrow the vaginal tube to close the defect .
we performed constricting anterior and posterior colporrhaphy , levator myorrhaphy , and high perineorrhaphy with concurrent hysterectomy , and investigated the feasibility , intraoperative complications , and short - term follow - up results of these constricting procedures in 54 patients aged 75 years or older .
we performed constricting anterior and posterior colporrhaphy , levator myorrhaphy , and high perineorrhaphy with concurrent hysterectomy , and investigated the feasibility , intraoperative complications , and short - term follow - up results of these constricting procedures in 54 patients aged 75 years or older .
this study was performed at the obstetrics and gynecology department at tepecik training and research hospital .
the study was approved by the institutional review board of tepecik education and research hospital and all participants provided informed consent . the hospital database was searched for cases treated between january 2011 and january 2014 ; we sought women over the age of 75 years who underwent surgery for pelvic floor disorders , with or without incontinence surgery . in total , 202 such women were identified . with the increase in life expectancy , an age of 75 years has been used as a cutoff for  elderly  in several studies.14,15 we used the same cutoff .
our study inclusion criteria were an age greater than 75 years and surgery for pop stage 2 or higher ( figure 1 ) , with vaginal hysterectomy , constricting anterior and posterior colporrhaphy , levator myorrhaphy , and a high perineorrhaphy , with or without a urinary incontinence procedure . a total of 123 patients who underwent other types of pop surgery were excluded .
demographic characteristics , including age , parity , mode of delivery , and the presence / absence of hypertension and diabetes , were recorded .
prolapse assessment was performed by a specialist , using the pop quantification ( pop - q ) system.16 objective recurrence was defined as stage 2 or higher pop .
subjective recurrence was defined as a perception of prolapse ( bulge symptoms ) by the patient .
regret and satisfaction were assessed using the decision regret scale  pelvic floor disorders ( drs - pfd ) and satisfaction decision scale  pelvic floor disorders ( sds - pfd ) forms.17 the drs - pfd is a five - item questionnaire with a five - point response scale .
the sds - pfd is a six - item questionnaire with a five - point response scale .
the pelvic floor distress inventory ( pfdi ) was used to assess quality of life outcomes.18 pfdi has three subscales : the urinary distress inventory , the colorectal - anal distress inventory , and the pelvic organ prolapse distress inventory .
patient answers are ranked on a likert scale , with 1= not at all , 2= somewhat , 3= moderately , and 4= quite a bit . 
the mean value of all questions answered is then multiplied by 25 for the actual score ( range 0100 ) . the higher the score , the greater the perceived impact that pelvic floor dysfunction has on a patient s life .
results were presented as mean  standard deviation ( sd ) or as median ( interquartile range ) .
preoperatively , all patients underwent a stress test in the standing position , at a bladder volume of 300 ml , with the pessary placed and the prolapse reduced .
the results of the cough stress test were recorded as positive if urine loss occurred with a cough , or as negative if no urine loss was noted .
they received an intravenous first - generation cephalosporin 1 hour before surgery and underwent a prophylactic antiseptic vaginal wash with iodine - containing soap before surgery .
after hysterectomy , the anterior midline of the vaginal cuff was used as the starting point for anterior vaginal wall incision .
a full - length and full - width dissection of the anterior vaginal wall from the underlying musculoconnective tissue was performed .
after dissection of the vaginal epithelium from the underlying pubocervical fascia , a vicryl # 2 suture was placed on the fascias , using a continuous circular clockwise motion .
the floor of the bladder was next pushed up as the purse - string suture was tied .
excess vaginal epithelium was excised , and the paravaginal connective tissue and vaginal epithelium were approximated in the midline , using a delayed absorbable suture .
after the anterior colporrhaphy , the vaginal cuff was closed with three interrupted 0-dexon sutures .
ovarian ligaments , the round ligaments , and the cardinal and uterosacral ligaments were attached to the vaginal vault to support the vaginal apex .
next , two allis clamps were placed at the 4- and 8-oclock positions of the hymenal ring .
the goal of vaginal incision was to allow separation of epithelium from the underlying connective tissue .
the plane of separation was continued as far laterally as necessary , in either direction , toward the pelvic sidewall to expose the puborectalis muscle , the bulbocavernosus muscle , and the perineal membrane .
excess vaginal epithelium was excised and the puborectalis muscle , the bulbocavernosus muscle , and the vaginal epithelium approximated in the midline , using a delayed absorbable suture .
finally , the vaginal introital epithelium was approximated with an absorbable running suture , rendering the resultant genital hiatus about 1 cm in length ( figure 3 ) .
a concomitant transobturator sling operation , using a safyre t ( promedon , cordoba , argentina ) polypropylene monofilament sling ( placed through a separate vaginal incision ) was performed in women for whom the stress test was positive .
after surgery , saline - soaked gauze was packed into the vagina , and a urethral catheter inserted .
preoperatively , all patients underwent a stress test in the standing position , at a bladder volume of 300 ml , with the pessary placed and the prolapse reduced .
the results of the cough stress test were recorded as positive if urine loss occurred with a cough , or as negative if no urine loss was noted .
they received an intravenous first - generation cephalosporin 1 hour before surgery and underwent a prophylactic antiseptic vaginal wash with iodine - containing soap before surgery .
after hysterectomy , the anterior midline of the vaginal cuff was used as the starting point for anterior vaginal wall incision .
a full - length and full - width dissection of the anterior vaginal wall from the underlying musculoconnective tissue was performed .
after dissection of the vaginal epithelium from the underlying pubocervical fascia , a vicryl # 2 suture was placed on the fascias , using a continuous circular clockwise motion .
the floor of the bladder was next pushed up as the purse - string suture was tied .
excess vaginal epithelium was excised , and the paravaginal connective tissue and vaginal epithelium were approximated in the midline , using a delayed absorbable suture .
after the anterior colporrhaphy , the vaginal cuff was closed with three interrupted 0-dexon sutures .
ovarian ligaments , the round ligaments , and the cardinal and uterosacral ligaments were attached to the vaginal vault to support the vaginal apex .
next , two allis clamps were placed at the 4- and 8-oclock positions of the hymenal ring .
the goal of vaginal incision was to allow separation of epithelium from the underlying connective tissue .
the plane of separation was continued as far laterally as necessary , in either direction , toward the pelvic sidewall to expose the puborectalis muscle , the bulbocavernosus muscle , and the perineal membrane .
excess vaginal epithelium was excised and the puborectalis muscle , the bulbocavernosus muscle , and the vaginal epithelium approximated in the midline , using a delayed absorbable suture .
finally , the vaginal introital epithelium was approximated with an absorbable running suture , rendering the resultant genital hiatus about 1 cm in length ( figure 3 ) .
a concomitant transobturator sling operation , using a safyre t ( promedon , cordoba , argentina ) polypropylene monofilament sling ( placed through a separate vaginal incision ) was performed in women for whom the stress test was positive .
after surgery , saline - soaked gauze was packed into the vagina , and a urethral catheter inserted .
of these 79 patients , 12 did not respond to phone calls , six patients moved or died , and seven patients did not agree to participate in the study .
there was no significant difference between the study group and the nonresponders / nonagreement cohorts in terms of age , body mass index , parity , comorbidities , and stage of prolapse ( data not shown ) .
the patients mean ( sd ) age was 79.7 ( 2.6 ) years , the mean ( sd ) body mass index was 29.14 ( 3.16 ) kg / m , and the mean ( sd ) parity was 3.51 ( 1.55 ) .
intraoperative complications occurred in only one patient : this was a bladder injury that was identified and repaired intraoperatively ( table 2 ) .
three patients fitted with midurethral slings had postoperative voiding difficulties , which spontaneously resolved within 3 days .
the mean follow - up time was 24.4 months after constricting surgery ( range : 8 to 44 months ) .
the mean sds - pfd score was 4.82 , suggesting a high satisfaction ( table 3 ) .
there were four cases ( 7% ) of de novo urge incontinence ( the symptoms resolved with anticholinergic medication ) .
two patients developed de novo stress urinary incontinence after the procedure and were given midurethral sling surgery .
no anatomical ( no prolapse beyond hymen ) or subjective recurrence of the prolapse was noted during follow up .
we found that treatment of advanced prolapse using a constricting technique in elderly women is a feasible , safe , and effective surgical option that may represent an alternative to colpocleisis and other techniques that install mesh or graft material .
the complication rates were low , but the operation time and hospital stay rather long in our study .
only one intra - operative complication occurred , and no patient developed prolapse recurrence during follow up .
the low complication and high success rates are similar to those of other studies exploring the colpocleisis procedure and new sling techniques .
lu et al12 reported on 63 elderly pop patients of stages 3 or 4 who underwent total or partial colpocleisis .
similarly , zebede et al10 reported a 98.1% anatomical success rate in elderly women after lefort colpocleisis .
cho et al20 showed that the anatomical success rate was 97.1% after total mesh repair using the prolift technique to treat advanced pop in elderly women .
although the complication and success rates were similar to those of obliterative techniques , the mean operating time was longer in our study.12,20 the ultimate decision on the approach and procedure when older women require pop should be based on the overall health , physical activity status , and future sexual activity plans of the patient , as well as on surgeon training , skills , and preference .
colpocleisis is less invasive , requires a shorter operative time , and has fewer surgical risks compared with constricting procedures .
when the pelvic anatomy limits or prevents colpocleisis , or if women chose hysterectomy after being provided with detailed information , a constricting anterior and posterior colporrhaphy , with levator myorrhaphy and high perineorrhaphy , is an option in elderly patients at low anesthesiological risk .
a decision to perform ( or not ) an incontinence procedure in such patients is difficult and should be individualized .
patients should be preoperatively evaluated for urinary incontinence and bladder function because the morbidity of postoperative stress incontinence must be balanced against the possibility of urinary retention .
hysterectomy is often suggested and performed at the time of pop repair because most of the common techniques for apical prolapse repair require hysterectomy . in sslf and asc ,
uterine - sparing procedures correct apical prolapse by attaching the lower uterus or cervix to a support structure .
these techniques are not widely used because most surgeons have not been trained to perform them .
also , the common wisdom has been that retaining the uterus increases the risk of recurrent prolapse , although there are no data to support this notion .
hysterectomy eliminates future cervical or intrauterine pathology but causes pelvic neuropathy and disruption of natural support structures .
uterine - sparing surgery has less impact on sexual function and may preserve fertility . in our study group ,
we performed constricting surgery in 79 ( 39% ) of 202 patients who had no desire to be sexually active .
we believe that this high rate of sexual inactivity is attributable to culturally induced religious beliefs in our country , to the effect that sexual activity is for the young . none of our patients reported having had intercourse in the previous 1 year .
it has been reported that recurrent anterior vaginal wall prolapse after conventional repair occurs in more than 30% of cases.21 to improve outcomes , synthetic graft materials have been introduced to reinforce native tissues .
it has been reported that anterior colporrhaphy with synthetic graft reinforcement significantly reduces anatomical recurrence , but no difference in symptomatic recurrence was noted , and the mesh erosion rate was high .
we preferred to not use mesh because of the high mesh erosion rate , and we performed constricting surgery because we did not expect a high recurrence rate .
the major limitations of our study are as follows : there was no control group that underwent either standard nonconstricting repair or colpocleisis ; preoperative questionnaires were not completed ; and all patients were of american society of anesthesiologists anesthesia risk class 1 or 2.22 it may be difficult to perform this procedure in patients of higher anesthesia risk classes . however , the performance of all surgeries by the same surgical team enhanced the validity of our study .
our results indicate that constricting anterior and posterior colporrhaphy , levator myorrhaphy , and high perineorrhaphy with concurrent hysterectomy , is a feasible , safe , and effective surgical option in elderly patients at low anesthesiological risk .
the decision to perform an incontinence procedure should be individualized based on preoperative findings after prolapse reduction .
constricting procedures should not be the sole forms of surgery offered for prolapse , being a part of the pelvic surgeon s armamentarium when treatment of severe pop is required .
 objectiveswe performed constricting anterior and posterior colporrhaphy , levator myorrhaphy , and high perineorrhaphy with concurrent hysterectomy , and investigated the intraoperative complications , and short - term outcomes of these constricting procedures in patients aged 75 years or older.methodswe searched our hospital database for cases , between january 2011 and january 2014 , of women aged over 75 years who underwent surgery for pelvic organ prolapse of stage 2 or higher , via vaginal hysterectomy , constricting anterior and posterior colporrhaphy , levator myorrhaphy , and high perineorrhaphy , with or without treatment of urinary incontinence . 
 all volunteers were evaluated via pelvic examination using the pelvic organ prolapse quantification system , the modified decision regret scale  
 pelvic floor disorders form , the satisfaction decision scale  pelvic floor disorders form , and the pelvic floor distress inventory form.resultsfifty-four patients were included in the study . 
 the mean follow - up time was 24.4 months after constricting surgery ( range : 844 months ) . there were four cases ( 7% ) of de novo urge incontinence ( the symptoms resolved upon prescription of anticholinergic medication ) . 
 two patients developed de novo stress urinary incontinence after the procedure and were treated via transobturator sling surgery using safyre t polypropylene monofilament slings . 
 no anatomical or subjective recurrence of prolapse was noted during the follow - up period . 
 no patient required additional surgery for recurrence of prolapse.conclusionconstricting anterior and posterior colporrhaphy , levator myorrhaphy , and high perineorrhaphy with concurrent hysterectomy is a feasible , safe , and effective surgical option in elderly patients at low anesthesiological risk . the decision to perform an incontinence procedure 
 should be individualized based on preoperative findings after prolapse reduction . 