endoscopic ultrasound ( eus)-guided tissue acquisition is the diagnostic procedure of choice in many diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and adjacent structures .
this procedure is well known for its high accuracy and low complication rate ; however , its outcome closely relies on several factors .
the location and characteristics of the lesion , endosonographer 's experience , needle size and type , sampling technique , sample preparation , presence of a cytopathologist for rapid on - site examination ( rose ) , and cytologist 's expertise are considered some of the important factors.1,2 issues related to needle selection will be discussed here .
currently , there are three different sizes of commercially available eus fine - needle aspiration ( eus - fna ) needles : 19 , 22 , and 25 gauge ( g ) .
the size of the needle should be chosen consciously because it can directly affect the quality of the procured sample . generally speaking ,
larger needles may render bigger tissue for diagnosis ; however , samples tend to be bloodier , which might hinder the cytologic interpretation .
as a 19 g conventional needle is stiff and has limitation in the transduodenal approach , a new flexible 19 g nitinol needle ( expect 19 g flex ; boston scientific , natick , ma , usa ) has been introduced.3 recently , a new side - port needle has been developed by olympus ( tokyo , japan ) , and it is expected to allow better cellular acquisition.4 the spring - loaded 19 g biopsy needle trucut ( cook medical , winston - salem , nc , usa ) has been designed for the procurement of tissue core samples;5 however , it is not feasible to use with the transduodenal approach and has been reported to result in technical failures . the newly developed procore needle ( cook medical ) , which incorporates reverse bevel technology , has various available sizes and enables the transduodenal approach.6
currently , there are three different sizes of commercially available eus fine - needle aspiration ( eus - fna ) needles : 19 , 22 , and 25 gauge ( g ) .
the size of the needle should be chosen consciously because it can directly affect the quality of the procured sample . generally speaking ,
larger needles may render bigger tissue for diagnosis ; however , samples tend to be bloodier , which might hinder the cytologic interpretation .
as a 19 g conventional needle is stiff and has limitation in the transduodenal approach , a new flexible 19 g nitinol needle ( expect 19 g flex ; boston scientific , natick , ma , usa ) has been introduced.3 recently , a new side - port needle has been developed by olympus ( tokyo , japan ) , and it is expected to allow better cellular acquisition.4
the spring - loaded 19 g biopsy needle trucut ( cook medical , winston - salem , nc , usa ) has been designed for the procurement of tissue core samples;5 however , it is not feasible to use with the transduodenal approach and has been reported to result in technical failures .
the newly developed procore needle ( cook medical ) , which incorporates reverse bevel technology , has various available sizes and enables the transduodenal approach.6
the advantage of eus - guided tissue acquisition is its high accuracy and safety . according to a meta - analysis ,
the pooled diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of eus - fna in the diagnosis of solid pancreatic masses were 86.8% ( 95% confidence interval [ ci ] , 85.5 to 87.9 ) and 95.8% ( 95% ci , 94.6 to 96.7 ) , respectively.7 however , there is no consensus on the number of passes to achieve the highest diagnostic accuracy . increased number of passes may yield a higher diagnostic accuracy with a theoretically higher complication rate .
the average numbers of passes to obtain an adequate diagnostic sample for a solid lesion are known to be five to seven passes for the conventional fna needle .
however , the mean number of passes required for diagnosis with the new olympus 22 g side - port needle was only 1.7 in a prospective multicenter study ; however , the number of enrolled cases in that study was small.8 the procore needle seems to be able to obtain enough tissue for diagnosis with only a few passes . when single and multiple ( two to four ) passes of the 25 g procore needle were compared in the diagnosis of solid pancreatic lesions , the sensitivity , specificity , and accuracy were 85% vs. 96% , 100% vs. 100% , and 86% vs. 96% , respectively.9 in a prospective study , the diagnostic accuracy of eus - guided trucut needle core biopsy was 61% , with a mean value of 1.4 needle passes.10 the transduodenal approach was possible only in 40% of the patients . when subgroup analysis was done on technically successful cases only , the diagnostic accuracy was 87.5% . in a multicenter , pooled , cohort study ,
the overall diagnostic accuracy of the 19 g procore needle was 85%.6 during transduodenal procedures , sampling was done in 94% ; however , there were some technical difficulties .
the combination of eus - fna / fine - needle biopsy ( fnb ) techniques revealed the highest diagnostic accuracy of 91% compared with 77% for eus - fna alone and 73% for eus - fnb alone ( p=0.008).11 another study showed an 84% diagnostic accuracy with eus - guided trucut needle biopsy and suggested the additional use of eus - fna as a rescue diagnostic tool.12 eus - fnb is useful in obtaining core tissue with a few passes
. rose is critical for the high diagnostic accuracy of eus - fna;13 however , if an endosonographer can obtain visible tissue core with an fnb needle , the outcome may not be dependent on rose , which is not always readily available for many institutions .
aspiration of core tissue with preserved architecture is beneficial for the diagnosis of some specific diseases such as submucosal masses,14 lymphomas,15 and autoimmune pancreatitis.16 as molecular profiling and personalized oncologic therapy are becoming important concepts nowadays , a histologic core biopsy sample is necessary for ancillary testing.17 tissue core can be obtained with a conventional aspiration needle or a specialized fnb needle .
a study reported that satisfactory histologic specimens were procured in 94.7% and tissue acquisition for cytological assessment was successful in 100% , including the transduodenal route , when an expect 19 g flex aspiration needle was used.3 the high tissue acquisition rate is partially because of the high elasticity of the needle , which facilitates the transduodenal pass .
small pancreatic lesions ( < 2 cm ) and nueroendocrine tumors are related to a higher complication rate ; however , no definite relation was proven with patient 's age , location of lesion , needle size , and number of needle passes.18 the type of needle does not seem to pose a big difference in the complication rate .
many studies reported that there was no significant difference in diagnostic outcome and needle size .
a study reported that the diagnostic accuracy of the 19 g needle for solid pancreatic and peripancreatic masses was 86.7% and that of the 22 g needle was 78.9% ( p=0.268).19 a 19 g aspiration needle could render a higher amount of tissue ; however , technical failure was more frequent when the mass was located in the head of the pancreas .
when technical failures were excluded , the diagnostic accuracy of the 19 g needle was 94.5% .
it can be easily bent in a perpendicular direction and also has a wider puncture range .
therefore , the 25 g needle is better for targeting pancreatic head and uncinate lesions through the transduodenal route .
the obtained sample size may be smaller , but it might result in minimal blood contamination . in a prospective , randomized trial comparing 22 and 25 g needles for solid pancreatic masses , the tissue samples provided positive diagnosis in 87.5% in the 22 g group and 95.5% in the 25 g group ( p=0.18).20 according to a meta - analysis , the pooled sensitivity of the 22 and 25 g needles was 0.85 ( 95% ci , 0.82 to 0.88 ) and 0.93 ( 95% ci , 0.91 to 0.96 ) , respectively .
the pooled specificity of the 22 and 25 g needle was 1 ( 95% ci , 0.98 to 1.00 ) and 0.97 ( 95% ci , 0.93 to 0.99 ) , respectively .
the 25 g needle showed a higher sensitivity ( p=0.0003 ) but comparable specificity to ( p=0.97 ) the 22 g needle.21 another study showed that the overall accuracy of the 25 and 22 g eus - fna needles and the 19 g trucut needle was 91.7% , 79.7% , and 54.1% , respectively , in the diagnosis of solid pancreatic masses.22 for head and uncinate lesions , the 25 g fna needle was technically more successful and had significantly superior overall diagnostic accuracy than the other needles .
a study compared same - sized fna and fnb needles for the diagnosis of solid pancreatic neoplasms and reported a striking result.23 when five passes of the 22 g echotip ultra needle and two passes of the 22 g echotip procore needle were performed for same lesion alternately for 32 cases , the ability to achieve a diagnosis was 93.8% for fna and 28.1% for fnb . during the fnb procedure ,
when the echoendoscope was positioned within the duodenum , fnb could not be performed because of technical reasons .
the authors did not explain the details of tissue processing failures but noted that the " procore needle failed to obtain enough tissue to survive processing as a regular core biopsy for histology ( tissue attrition during processing ) .
" however , a previous randomized trial that compared a 22 g fna needle ( expect ; boston scientific ) and a 22 g fnb needle ( echotip procore ; cook endoscopy , bloomington , in , usa ) for solid pancreatic masses reported different results.24 the diagnostic sufficiency was 100% and 89.3% ( p=0.24 ) for the fna and fnb needle , respectively .
the 22 g biopsy needle procured both cytologic and histologic specimen ( 89.3% and 80% , respectively ) , with a 3.6% technical failure rate .
according to a meta - analysis , needle size confers only a limited effect on the overall outcomes in eus - fna for solid pancreatic masses.25 a study compared 22 g eus - fna without rose and 19 g trucut biopsy.26 the overall accuracy was 76% for both procedures , whereas the combination of the two procedures rendered a 95% diagnostic accuracy .
thus , eus - fnb showed a similar diagnostic accuracy to eus - fna without rose , with fewer passes .
the authors reported that they can obtain a positive report with eus - fnb when eus - fna was negative in cases of gastrointestinal stromal tumors , pancreatic adenocarcinoma , lung cancer , metastatic mediastinal node , retroperitoneal lymphoma , and mediastinal lymphoma.26
usually , a cytological sample is enough to establish a diagnosis ; however , histologic assessment may be useful in some cases such as pancreatic tumors other than pancreatic adenocarcinoma , tumors surrounded by chronic pancreatitis , submucosal and intramural gastrointestinal tumors , and for the biopsy of lesions or lymph nodes in which lymphoma is suspected.17 certain diseases such as autoimmune pancreatitis , well - differentiated adenocarcinoma , and highly desmoplastic pancreatic neoplasm may also require tissue core samples for a definitive diagnosis .
histological samples can often be obtained with a standard fna needle , and addition of cell block examination can provide good information that is comparable to an fnb sample.27 therefore , eus - fnb can be a recommendable supplementary technique when additional tissue and histologic section are necessary for an accurate diagnosis and if molecular characterization of tumors is required.8,17 the stiffness of the needle is a large obstacle to overcome in harvesting core tissues with the transduodenal approach .
the needle size and type can be some of the factors that influence the diagnostic yield of eus - guided tissue acquisition .
there are no convincing data showing any significant advantage between the three commonly used fna needle sizes . the smaller 25 g needle , which yields at least comparable results to the 22 and 19 g needles , may be easier to maneuver .
large - bore needles can procure more tissue ; however , the sample tends to be bloodier and technical failure may occur .
the yield of an fnb needle is higher with fewer passes and ancillary testing is usually possible .
needle selection is a complex process and should be made on the basis of many aspects , such as the location and physical characteristics of the lesion , availability of rose , and clinical needs considering the suspected diagnosis.29
 endoscopic ultrasound ( eus)-guided tissue acquisition is an indispensable technique for the diagnosis of many diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and adjacent structures . 
 eus - guided fine - needle aspiration ( eus - fna ) is known for its high accuracy and low complication rate . however , the outcome of eus - fna highly depends on several factors such as the location and characteristics of the lesion , endosonographer 's experience , technique of sampling and sample preparation , type and size of the needle used , and presence of a cytopathologist for rapid on - site examination . 
 eus - guided fine - needle biopsy is useful to obtain core tissue samples with relatively fewer passes . 
 aspiration of core tissue with preserved architecture is beneficial for the diagnosis of certain diseases and the performance of ancillary testing such as tumor molecular profiling . 
 issues related to needle size , type , and their acquired samples for cytologic and histologic evaluation are discussed here . 