postpartum psychiatric disorders , described as lactational psychoses by hippocrates in the 4 century bc , have long been of interest to the medical community .
pregnancy and postpartum period are widely considered periods of increased vulnerability to psychiatric disorders . after more than 50 years and four revisions , 
postpartum  disorders were incorporated into the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , fourth edition text revision ( dsm - iv - tr ) .
although diagnostic guidelines in dsm - iv tr have been restricted to the first 4 weeks after delivery , most clinicians and researchers regard the postpartum period as 6 months or even 1 year after childbirth . in the international classification of diseases-10 edition ( icd-10 ) ,
the postpartum disorders are grouped under behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors as mental and behavioral disorders associated with the puerperium , not elsewhere classified ( f53.053.9 ) .
in icd 10 , the duration criteria in contrast to dsm - iv - tr is 6 weeks .
further , in dsm-5 , the specifier  with postpartum onset  has been replaced by  with peripartum onset . 
this specifier is used if the onset of mood symptoms occurs during pregnancy or within the 4 weeks following delivery .
however , postpartum psychiatric disorders may manifest weeks beyond the 1 month or 6 weeks after delivery .
hence , the utility of dsm specifiers and icd special code in the classification of puerperal disorders is limited .
in addition , very little is known about whether the assessment or screening can be done on the days immediately after birth .
the traditional view that there are three postpartum psychiatric disorders such as postpartum blues , depression , and puerperal psychosis is an oversimplification .
childbirth presents many challenges to the mother such as trauma , sleep deprivation , breastfeeding , and adjustments in relationships and is a major life transition and developmental process .
these include  the blues ,  which occur in the 1 day after birth and which is very common , ranging from 50% to 75% , and self - limiting .
the most severe form of mental disorder associated with postpartum period is postpartum psychosis , observed in 12/1000 child - bearing women occurring as early as 23 days after childbirth . the mild to moderate depression
recent studies suggest that postpartum anxiety disorders are underemphasized and are more common than depression .
the case series of obsessions of infanticide are many . also , posttraumatic stress disorders ( ptsds ) and newer entities such as the morbid preoccupations regarding the childbirth and the disorders of the mother 
maternal morbidity and mortality are not the only reasons why effective action is necessary to deal with postpartum illnesses , but the impact it has on the family and the child and the subsequent bonding .
maternal psychiatric disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period are also associated with numerous adverse outcomes for the offspring , including maladaptive fetal growth and development , poor cognitive development and behavior during childhood and adolescence , and negative nutritional and health effects .
hence , our primary objective was to assess the proportion and types of psychiatric morbidity and correlates in postpartum women in a tertiary care hospital as per dsm - iv tr .
our secondary objective was to study the relationship between the psychiatric morbidity and specific sociodemographic and clinical variable correlates in postpartum women ( within 4 weeks ) in a tertiary care hospital .
after obtaining the approval from the institutional ethics committee , the study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital attached to a medical college at mysore , india , during june  december 2011 .
the subjects were explained in their language about the purpose of the study and that their identity will not be revealed in the published material .
then , written consent was taken on the consent form before recruiting them . the study sample consisted of women getting admitted for delivery in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of the study venue .
all consenting consecutive patients who are in the postpartum period ( < 4 weeks as per dsm iv tr ) were considered for the study .
women with mental retardation , organic mental disorders , and severe comorbid medical disorders were excluded from the study .
the sociodemographic data were obtained on a semistructured proforma consisting of items relating to patients ' age , social , educational , cultural background , education , and occupation of the spouse .
then , clinical data were obtained on a similar semistructured proforma comprising items related to patients ' family history of psychiatric illness , history of psychiatric illness , clinical details of delivery , sex of fetus , current episode including onset , duration , and timing of illness , and parity and state of physical health of infant . following this , the mini international neuropsychiatric inventory ( mini ) , a short
, structured diagnostic interview designed to diagnose dsm - iv and icd-10 psychiatric disorders for multicenter clinical trials and epidemiology studies as well as the first step in outcome tracking in nonresearch clinical settings was administered . in our study ,
an additional question about  obsession of child harm  was included while assessing the obsessive  compulsive disorder ( ocd ) . in the end , the patients were rated on the global assessment of functioning ( gaf ) .
it was usually the 3 postpartum day in case of a normal delivery and the 7 or 8 day in case of a delivery by episiotomy or cesarean section .
the sample size was calculated at 95% confidence interval and 20% relative precision considering the prevalence of postpartum depression as 23.7% .
the sample size was calculated using  n master software ( developed by department of biostatistics , christian medical college , vellore ) . 
the statistical analysis of the data has been done using the statistical package for social sciences ( spss ) windows version 15 ( ibm corporation , new york , usa ) . for frequencies ,
test of significance was done using independent t - test and chi - square test .
the study venue provides tertiary care and is a referral center for the district of mysore and the four neighboring districts .
the age range varied from 18 to 35 years with a mean age of 23  4.8 years .
table 1 shows the sociodemographic picture of the study population . socio - demographic profile of the 152 patients , 146 ( 96.1% ) had received antenatal care as against only 6 ( 3.9% ) who did not ; similar numbers followed in the number of pregnancies  planned and unplanned
. majority delivered normally  93 ( 64.2% ) and at term - 148 ( 97.4% ) . only 4 ( 2.6% ) delivered preterm .
fifty - five ( 36.2% ) had undergone episiotomy and only 4 ( 2.6% ) underwent cesarean section .
clinical profile of study population the psychiatric morbidity was seen in 67 ( 44% ) of the study subjects as shown in graph 1 .
depressive disorder not otherwise specified ( nos ) , obsessive harm to the child , panic disorder , and social phobia were the different disorders identified .
there were no cases of mania , bipolar disorder , psychosis , ptsd , or substance use disorder diagnosed across the sample .
graph 2 and table 3 represent the different psychiatric disorders seen in the study population .
pie chart showing psychiatric morbidity pie chart of different psychiatric disorders psychiatric morbidity in study population psychiatric illness detected in the study population was studied for association with education , education of spouse , religion , type of family , occupation , occupation of spouse , antenatal care , consanguinity , order of child , number of dead children before this delivery , number of abortions before this delivery , term of delivery , mode of delivery , planning of pregnancy , and congenital anomalies .
statistically significant association was seen to be present between psychiatric illness and number of previous stillbirths and dead children before this delivery ( p = 0.045 ) .
association between psychiatric illness and number of children dead ( stillbirths and neonatal deaths ) prior to the present delivery
this is a cross - sectional hospital - based study in which we assessed the proportion of psychiatric morbidity of postnatal women attending the department of obstetrics and gynecology of the hospital .
we found that the psychiatric morbidity was as high as 44% , found in 67 of 152 study subjects .
the disorders were diagnosed using mini , the diagnostic schedule based on dsm - iv tr .
the overall psychiatric morbidity found in our study is comparable with that quoted as 33.4% in an epidemiological study .
however , that study gave the prevalence rates of postnatal blues , postpartum depression , and psychosis .
the tools used in the study included general health questionnaire , hamilton depression rating scale , and edinburgh depression rating scale .
they assessed the psychopathology on day 3 of delivery as well as after 3 weeks .
of 478 subjects , 129 ( 27% ) had postnatal blues , 28 ( 5.86% ) had postpartum depression and 3 ( 0.63% ) had postpartum psychosis .
a higher rate reported in our study might be due to the different assessment tools used in our study and difference in the sample size .
a majority of the studies have only looked into depression in postpartum period and report a prevalence rate ranging from 10% to 18% .
those earlier studies that have reported psychiatric morbidity in general , have followed the same traditional view of assessing the three frequently reported disorders , mentioned earlier .
one of them has studied 100 consecutive postpartum women who are known cases of psychiatric syndromes , according to icd-9 .
interestingly , it infers that 67 patients had schizophrenic psychosis , which was the most common disorder .
this was followed by postpartum blues ( 14 ) , manic excitement ( 6 ) , depressive psychosis ( 5 ) , hysteria ( 4 ) , hysterical psychosis ( 3 ) , and psychogenic paranoid psychosis ( 1 ) . however , the recent studies have thrown light on the other postpartum psychiatric syndromes .
different studies across europe report a frequency of ptsd to be 0.18% although no indian data are available , and it is said to be the fourth most common postpartum disorder .
further , many studies observe that other puerperium - related anxiety disorders such as  maternity neurosis ,  phobia , and panic disorder are underemphasized .
even , obsession of child harm is not an uncommon phenomenon , found to be comorbid to postpartum depression in some cases . in our study , though we did not come across any ptsd , there were cases of panic disorder ( 2% ) and social phobia ( 6% ) .
we have also reported two subjects who had obsessions of child harm and in one subject , it was comorbid to social phobia .
the most common psychiatric disorder in our study population was depression , seen in 41 subjects ( 27% ) . among them , 9 had social phobia comorbid to depression and one had obsession of child harm .
the diagnosis of nos category of depression was used , due to the fact that the majority of the patients seen were in the 1 week of postpartum period and had onset of mood symptoms following delivery , whereas the mini specifies that the depressive disorder to be present for a duration of 2 weeks .
both indian and western literature quotes that postpartum depression is prevalent in the range of 1015% .
an indian study done with a similar methodology as ours quotes the rate of postpartum depression to be 23% .
it reports that 16% of those delivering by normal delivery had depression as compared to 20% by cesarean method , though the difference was not statistically significant .
our study reports a slightly higher rate of depression probably due to early assessment during the 1 week of delivery wherein some cases of blues might be identified that recover spontaneously after 2 weeks and are not picked up by mini as separate entity .
obsessions of child harm ( 10% ) , panic disorder without agoraphobia ( 2% ) , and social phobia ( 6% ) were the other disorders identified in our study .
hysteria ( conversion and dissociative reactions according to icd-9 ) was seen in 7% of all psychiatric morbidity among 100 consecutive postpartum subjects in an indian study though other anxiety disorders were not reported . in another study ,
social phobia was seen in 10% , simple phobia in 12% , panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in 4% , and ocd in 7% . however , most of them were present antepartum .
further , all cases of social phobia and one case of ocd were antepartum . the number of dead children before the present delivery was the only risk factor contributing for the development of psychiatric morbidity in our study . among those who had one or more previous deaths , 16 of 19
had developed psychiatric problems , thus significantly differing from those who had no previous fetal deaths ( p = 0.045 ) .
a review states that perinatal loss is a significant psychological trauma to parents both immediately as well as in the long term , and there is a tendency to focus exclusively on affective symptomatology in such cases .
women with multiple losses were more likely to be diagnosed with major depression or ptsd than women with one pregnancy loss .
another study reports that a history of previous loss by miscarriage and stillbirth is associated with depression during the current pregnancy . however , there is no significant difference in the psychopathology during current pregnancy associated with the type of loss in the past ( miscarriage vs. stillbirth ) .
it also infers that the depression persists beyond the current pregnancy even though it resulted in a healthy baby .
this is a cross - sectional , hospital - based study and we could analyze the data of all 152 subjects who participated in the study .
some of the studies in this area are longitudinal , involving assessments during different stages of pregnancy and postpartum .
although prospective studies are ideal to study psychopathology in such disorders , there will be attrition due to patients losing for follow - ups .
the aim of our study was to assess the proportion and types of psychiatric morbidity and correlates in postpartum women in a tertiary care hospital .
the study was based on the thinking that there is a need for the assessment and care of psychiatric morbidity in a tertiary care maternity centre , as the indian data in this area are not exhaustive .
we have used mini to evaluate a variety of psychiatric comorbidities unlike the earlier studies focusing on postpartum blue , depression , and psychosis based on unstructured interviews and psychopathology rating scales .
we did not administer any psychopathology rating scales as we did not compare psychopathology prospectively .
the study reveals that psychiatric comorbidity is very common in the postpartum period and can be detected as early as 1 week after delivery .
the overall psychiatric morbidity was 44% and the most common disorder was depression , seen in 26% women .
the number of dead children ( stillborn and neonatal death ) before the present delivery is a risk factor for psychiatric morbidity during the current pregnancy .
social phobia identified as a common association , though antepartum , is a new finding and needs further replication .
it needs a larger sample with a prospective assessment to generalize the findings of our study .
 background : a range of psychological disorders occur in women in the postpartum period apart from the traditional blues , postpartum depression and psychosis . 
 these include obsession of infanticide , ptsd , morbid preoccupations regarding child birth and disorders of mother - infant relationships , though they are under emphasized.methods:it is a cross - sectional study conducted in the tertiary maternity care hospital . 
 a total of 152 study subjects were interviewed on mini ( mini international neuropsychiatric inventory ) and gaf ( global assessment of functioning ) within 2 weeks after delivery.results:the psychiatric morbidity was seen in 67 ( 44% ) of the study subjects . 
 about 26% of subjects had depressive disorder nos . 
 obsessive harm to the child , panic disorder , social phobia were the other disorders identified . 
 there were no cases of mania , bipolar disorder , psychosis , post traumatic stress disorder or substance use disorder diagnosed across the sample . 
 the global assessment of functioning ( gaf ) score averaged 87.8 . 
 statistically significant association was seen to be present between psychiatric illness and number of previous still births and dead children before this delivery ( p = 0.045).conclusions : the study reveals that psychiatric co - morbidity is very common in the postpartum period and can be detected as early as first week after delivery . social phobia identified as 
 a common association is a new finding and needs further replication . 
 it needs a larger sample with a prospective assessment to generalize the findings of our study . 