BACKGROUND
a ‘head-to-head’  gene pair is defined as a genomic locus in which two adjacent genes are divergently transcribed from opposite strands of dna, and, the region between the two transcription start sites , commonly shorter than  <dig> bp, is termed the ‘bi-directional promoter’  <cit> .
h2h gene pairs have been found to be a unique gene arrangement in vertebrates, particularly in human genome  <cit> .
recent studies have been characterizing the sequential features of the bi-directional promoters  <cit> , exploring the co-regulation pattern among h2h gene pairs  <cit> , and investigating their functional relevance such as that with tumorigenesis  <cit> .
taken together, these findings seem to echo a preliminary conclusion we made in  <dig>  <cit> : “the head-to-head gene organization is ancient and conserved, which subjects functionally related genes to correlated transcriptional regulation and thus provides an exquisite mechanism of transcriptional regulation based on gene organization.” however, there is still some doubt or uncertainty on specific features of h2h gene pairs to be resolved by close-up investigations.
for instance, we observed in our previous study that pairs with tsss separated 1- to 400- bp apart formed the peak columns in the tss distance distribution, and we anticipated a compression of these columns to a narrower or sharper region.
although we did witness a significant inflation of rat h2h pairs in the 1- to 400- bp tss distance group during a three-year update, we still could not affirm how long a bi-directional promoter most optimally is.
for another example, we observed positive, negative, and alternative expression correlation between h2h paired genes, but negative correlation was not confirmed by peer studies  <cit> , and a novel opinion came up that significant expression correlation may exist among h2h genes   <cit> .
other aspects of h2h gene pairs, such as their transcriptional regulation and function coordination, are still ambiguous to some extent.
in the present study, we sorted previously asserted features of h2h gene pairs, trying to remove these uncertainties and identify the inherent features of this gene arrangement.
based on a commonly accepted principle that evolutionarily conserved facts are by all means associated with biological significances  <cit> , we believed that the more conserved head to head gene pairs, of greater biological importance, must more likely represent the inherent features of h2h gene pairs.
therefore, we assorted human h2h pairs into four sets of incremental conservation in vertebrates, and sorted out inherent features of vertebrate h2h gene pairs by comparing the four h2h pair sets on a series of points.
we gave comprehensive analyses on h2h pair features including tss distance, expression correlation nature, transcription factor association, and functional coordination, and provided unambiguous judgment on specific features according to their evolutionary conservation.
this study provides useful clues for the mechanism study on the transcriptional regulation of the h2h gene organization.
methods
data sources
according to dbh2h  <cit> , we determined human, chicken, and fugu h2h gene pairs, and the tss distances of each pair.
expression correlation data were downloaded from two sources: dbh2h  <cit>   and coxpresdb  <cit> .
transcription factor association of h2h gene pairs was enabled by the integrated transcription factor platform  <cit>  , which maintains both experimentally verified tfs and in-silico predicted tfs.
annotation of gene ontology  terms of h2h genes was aided by bioconductor packages org.hs.eg.db  <dig> .
<dig> and go.db  <dig> .
<dig>
expression correlation of head-to-head gene pairs
from dbh2h, we got pearson and spearman expression correlation data of human h2h gene pairs on  <dig> public datasets respectively; from coxpresdb, we got the pearson expression correlation value, as well as a relative correlation index mr   <cit> , for each of all possible pairs among  <dig> human genes.
coxpresdb data were calculated from gene expression profiles across  <dig> human samples.
specifically, mr is defined as the geometric mean of the reciprocal relative expression correlation ranks with respect to the two genes of a pair:  .additionally, we calculated another relative expression correlation index rr , defined as rr=min,rank).
wherever one single expression correlation value was used for summarizing an h2h pair set, we performed the average operation over all coxpresdb values of the set.
a total of  <dig>  of random gene pairs and  <dig> same-strand adjacent pairs involving  <dig> h2h genes were determined for control.
their expression correlation values were also taken from the coxpresdb data.
with dbh2h expression correlation data, we determined for each h2h pair the significant correlations with the corresponding p-values lower than  <dig> .
as the significant correlations could be positive or negative, we got three total numbers respectively: sp, sn, and sp+sn.
dividing the three total numbers with the number of investigated datasets separately, we obtained the spr , snr , and sr , representing the proportion of significant positive correlation, significant negative correlation, and significant correlation of an h2h pair, respectively.
note that spr+snr=sr.
when different sets of h2h pairs were compared in terms of expression correlation level, we reported the average spr, snr, or sr of each set.
functional similarities between head-to-head paired genes
the gene ontology   <cit>  annotation system was used to annotate h2h genes.
in go system, a gene can be annotated to more than one functional term, and it is common to see one gene annotated simultaneously in three go subsystems.
when both genes are annotated in a same go category, we judged that this gene pair was annotated by the go category.
the lin semantic measure  <cit> , derived from resnik’s go term similarity measure  <cit> , is a normalized index ranging between  <dig> and  <dig>  resnik’s similarity measures relies on the notion of the so-called minimum subsumer t of two go terms t <dig> and t <dig>  which is the lowest common ancestor in the go hierarchy.
its information content icms, which is the resnik semantic similarity measure between t <dig> and t <dig>  is given by equation  <dig>  here pa denotes the set of all common  ancestors shared by go terms t <dig> and t <dig>  and ic is defined as the negative logarithm of the probability of observing term t ).
p can be technically approximated by the number of genes annotated to term t. finally, the lin semantic similarity measure is determined through normalizing the resnik measure to the range between  <dig> to  <dig> .
the calculations of functional similarity were performed using the gosim  <cit>  package, version  <dig> .
<dig>  in the r environment  .
we also calculated the functional similarity of random pair sets with the same size of annotated h2h gene pairs, with iteration  <dig> times.
RESULTS
we studied head-to-head gene organization in vertebrates by selecting fugu rubripes, gallus gallus, mus musculus, and homo sapiens genomes as the representative vertebrate phylogeny.
fugu has the shortest known genome  of any vertebrate species - around one eighth of the size of the human genome  <cit> , therefore roughly representing the start-point of the vertebrate phylogeny.
the chicken has a genome of  <dig>  gb, approximately 40% of the size of the human genome, and is the premier non-mammalian vertebrate model organism  <cit> .
mouse and human are two of the most well-studied mammalian model animals, and, in contrast to fugu, they approximately represent the end-point of the vertebrate phylogeny.
based on data downloaded from dbh2h  <cit> ,  <dig> human h2h gene pairs were assorted into four sequentially inclusive sets: set h, including all  <dig> human pairs; set hm, including  <dig> pairs conserved between human and mouse; set hmc, including  <dig> pairs conserved across human, mouse and chicken; set hmcf, including the  <dig> pairs conserved across human, mouse, chicken and fugu.
the four sets of human h2h pairs with gradually increasing conservation levels were compared in terms of genomic tss distance, expression correlation, transcriptional factor association, and functional similarity.
in each analysis, we firstly compared the feature of the largest set h and that of a randomly sampled gene pair set or a set of ‘adjacent’ gene pairs composed of h2h genes and their adjacent genes.
if a statistically significant difference between set h and the random set  was observed, we furthermore compared the feature between the four h2h pair sets, and relied on two-group t-tests or wilcoxon rank-sum tests to decide whether there was statistically significant difference between the different conservation levels.
if a feature was validated in both stages of statistical tests, we declared it was an inherent feature of the h2h gene organization; if a feature was not validated by either stage, or if it showed contrary trend in the conservation-based test, we tentatively negated it.
if a feature had significant difference between set h and the random set , but did not display significant difference, in consistent directions, between the different conservation levels, we postponed the related declaration to future studies where hopefully expanded data would lead to an unambiguous
CONCLUSIONS
h2h pair with 1- <dig> tss distance probably has a functional bi-directional promoter
given the tss distances of all h2h pairs in hand, we examined the tss distance distributions of the four h2h pair sets in a comparative manner.
we found that non-overlapping h2h pairs separated by less than  <dig> bp formed the majority of the four sets , resonating the earlier observation of human, mouse, and rat h2h pairs  <cit> .
remarkably, the peak tss distance interval in hmcf was , and a gradually incremental trend of the proportion of the four h2h gene pairs  located in .
this result accorded with our previous guess that ‘the peak column  in the tss distance distribution might actually move somewhat to the left or be much sharper’  <cit> .
*the largest percentage within a 100-bp interval.
it can be seen that the peak intervals at the four gradually-increasing conservation levels are  bp,  bp,  bp, and  bp, respectively.
considering another fact that the core promoter  <cit> , or the minimal portion of the promoter required to properly initiate transcription, is confined to  <dig> bp region upstream of a tss, we have increased confidence in that the h2h pair with their tsss separated 1- <dig> bp most likely has a functional bi-directional promoter, which has biological relevance to the co-regulation of the two genes.
as we witnessed a compression of tss distances of rat h2h pairs between two batches of analyses  <cit> , we anticipated an impending replacement of the then peak column , mutual rank  and relative rank , were used to evaluate gene coexpression level .
it was found that the pccs within h2h gene pairs were significantly higher than those of random pairs , and higher than same-strand adjacent pairs involving h2h genes too ; the similar results were observed for mr and rr as well .
furthermore, the pccs and mrs were increasing and decreasing, respectively, with the conservation level.
these comparisons were visualized in figure  <dig>
the coexpression strengthening with conservation level was also revealed in dbh2h data .
as dbh2h  <cit>  provides dataset-specific expression correlation values of h2h pairs, we were able to know the significance ratio  of each h2h pair, which represented the fraction of datasets in which an h2h pair was significantly correlated .
as revealed in table  <dig>  one notable fact that on average an h2h pair of set h had a sr of around 50%  indicated a remarkable tendency of transcription co-regulation between h2h paired genes, and this tendency was further supported by the other fact that the sr statistic was increasing with the conservation level .
the trend was similar for pearson and spearman correlation coefficients .
taking together the results from coxpresdb and dbh2h, we approved a significant tendency of transcription coordination between a pair of h2h genes.
in addition, as the median rrs of h2h gene pairs were quite small , we infer that the strongest correlation associated to an h2h gene probably exists between this gene and its h2h pairing partner.
a two-group wilcoxon test, p< <dig>  for set h vs set hm
b two-group wilcoxon test, p< <dig>  for set h vs set hm
c a percentage in round brackets refers to the average significance ratio .
furthermore, we examined whether negative correlation is an inherent feature of h2h gene pairs.
we first noticed that, in coxpresdb, set h had a smaller fraction of gene pairs with negative expression correlation than random pair set and adjacent pair set , and the fractions in sets hm, hmc and hmcf were even smaller .
additionally, the average correlation values separately for positive and negative correlation of each h2h pair were examined according to dbh2h  <cit> .
interestingly, we observed a stable increment in positive correlation between the four h2h sets, but no similar trend in negative correlation.
moreover, we discerned a remarkable preponderance of positive correlation over negative correlation, as the significance ratios  were mostly contributed by significant positive ratios  .
the average ‘significant negative ratio’  of h2h pairs, at any conservation level, was lower than 10%, and it even decreased a little from set h to set hmcf .
a more typical decreasing trend was found with the average proportion of datasets showing negative correlation .
this indicated that negative correlation was quite likely not an inherent feature of the h2h gene arrangement, in accordance with a previous claim that there was no evidence for negative expression correlation of a significant number of gene pairs  <cit> .
it was proposed that expression correlation may happen not only within h2h gene pairs, but also across different h2h pairs  <cit> .
to verify this hypothesis, we determined all possible gene pairs within the scope of h2h genes while purposely excluded the actual h2h pairs, and checked their average coxpresdb pcc and the average mr at the four conservation levels.
we saw that pcc was steadily increasing while mr was steadily decreasing with the conservation level , and that both statistics in all four h2h sets were significantly different from the counterpart statistics of random gene pairs .
moreover, we inspected expression correlation between h2h genes and the other genes that are not involved in the h2h arrangement.
it was found that the expression correlation at all conservation levels were very close to random gene pairs .
in summary, our conservation-based analyses validated the significant positive coexpression tendency within and between h2h gene pairs, but negated the universal existence of negative expression correlation of h2h pairs.
the intra-pair expression correlation level seems higher than the inter-pair one.
a further study on the roles of h2h genes in coexpression networks is still going on.
high expression correlation owes to shared transcription factors
despite the consensus that h2h gene pairs are often co-transcribed, the transcriptional regulation mechanisms of h2h gene pairs remain unclear.
lin et al  <cit>  addressed this issue by discriminating over-represented and under-represented transcription factor binding sites  from bi-directional promoters.
we wanted to complement their work by emphasizing the transcription factors  which potentially regulate h2h genes.
we tried associating tfs to human h2h genes  based on the experiment and computation-based itfp database  <cit>  and the experiment-based transfac database.
through itfp, we determined  <dig> ‘tf-associated h2h gene pairs’ of which the two h2h paired genes were both associated to tfs; this number was by far larger than that obtained through transfac.
by adopting itfp, therefore, we achieved an optimal trade-off between data size and credibility.
of these  <dig> tf-associated pairs,  <dig> shared no common tf,  <dig> shared one common tf, and  <dig> shared more than one common tfs .
comparing the expression correlations among the four groups of tf-associated pairs, we found that the groups with more common tfs consistently displayed higher expression correlation .
as a matter of fact, we observed a positive correlation between the expression correlations and tf similarities of the  <dig> tf-sharing h2h pairs, provided that tf similarity was defined as the fraction of shared tfs in the union tfs .
it was noted that the proportion of tf-sharing pairs within tf-associated pairs,  <dig> %, was statistically higher than  <dig> %, the counterpart statistics from same-strand adjacent pairs at p< <dig> .
projecting the  <dig> tf-associated h2h gene pairs into the three conserved h2h pair sets hm, hmc and hmcf, we obtained  <dig> in set hm,  <dig> in set hmc, and  <dig> in set hmcf .
as table  <dig> showed, the tf-sharing pairs accounted for an increasing fraction of the tf-associated pairs as the conservation level increased.
in sets hm and hmc, we also noted a possible positive relationship between expression correlation and tf-sharing, although the p-values were not significant, possibly due to the minimal sample sizes .
in addition, there were seven h2h pairs in which one gene was a tf regulating the other one .
these self-regulating h2h pairs demonstrated rather high expression correlation, even higher than the group of  <dig> tf-sharing h2h pairs .
a number of annotated h2h pairs are shown in round brackets.
b functional similarities of set h were significantly higher than h2h genes’ adjacent gene pairs .
c functional similarities of set h, at any go subsystem, were significantly higher than random pair sets of comparable sizes .
*  <dig>  was the median expression correlation of go-annotated human h2h gene pairs.
according to our results, h2h paired genes tend to share tfs, and the tf sharing degree is positively correlated with expression correlation.
sharing regulators seems to be a universal characteristic of h2h gene pairs which partially explains the significant positive expression correlation between h2h paired genes.
functional similarity analysis of h2h gene pairs
based on gene function classification system gene ontology   <cit> ), we determined go-annotated h2h pairs for the three subsystems of go respectively , and these annotated pairs were projected in all four h2h sets of different levels of conservation .
note that an annotated h2h pair is one having its both genes annotated in a common go subsystem, and the functional similarity  of each pair of h2h genes is measured using the method proposed by lin  <cit> .
since each pair of genes was tagged with three semantic similarities calculated in the three go subsystems separately, the maximum semantic similarity of the three was taken as the representative functional similarity of an h2h pair.
firstly, we found out that, in any go subsystem, human h2h gene pairs  manifested significantly higher functional similarity than random pairs ; the same conclusion was drawn when compared to same-strand adjacent pairs in subsystems cc and bp .
and the average functional similarities in bp and cc in set hmcf were higher than those in set h .
however, functional similarity in mf dropped with the conservation level .
secondly, we noted a significant correlation between functional similarity and expression correlation of human h2h paired genes .
as table  <dig> showed, h2h gene pairs with higher expression correlation were associated with higher functional similarity, and this phenomenon was conserved in sets hm, hmc and hmcf.
we particularly pointed out that the correlation between functional similarity and negative expression correlation degenerated , which was possibly another evidence negating the negative expression correlation of h2h gene pairs.
taking the above two points together, there seems to be a functional similarity between h2h organized genes and a correlation between the functional coordination and the expression correlation.
in all, through sharing bi-directional promoters, h2h gene pairs tend to be coexpressed and their products tend to perform similar functions.
as we previously proposed, similar to operons in bacteria, h2h gene arrangement is an economic and ingenious strategy in eukaryotes to achieve coordination between functionally related genes.

 a ‘head-to-head’ gene pair is defined as a genomic locus in which two adjacent genes are divergently transcribed from opposite strands of dna, and, the region between the two transcription start sites, commonly shorter than bp, is termed the ‘bi-directional promoter’. h2h gene pairs have been found to be a unique gene arrangement in vertebrates, particularly in human genome. recent studies have been characterizing the sequential features of the bi-directional promoters, exploring the co-regulation pattern among h2h gene pairs, and investigating their functional relevance such as that with tumorigenesis. taken together, these findings seem to echo a preliminary conclusion we made in: “the head-to-head gene organization is ancient and conserved, which subjects functionally related genes to correlated transcriptional regulation and thus provides an exquisite mechanism of transcriptional regulation based on gene organization.” however, there is still some doubt or uncertainty on specific features of h2h gene pairs to be resolved by close-up investigations. for instance, we observed in our previous study that pairs with tsss separated 1- to 400- bp apart formed the peak columns in the tss distance distribution, and we anticipated a compression of these columns to a narrower or sharper region. although we did witness a significant inflation of rat h2h pairs in the 1- to 400- bp tss distance group during a three-year update, we still could not affirm how long a bi-directional promoter most optimally is. for another example, we observed positive, negative, and alternative expression correlation between h2h paired genes, but negative correlation was not confirmed by peer studies, and a novel opinion came up that significant expression correlation may exist among h2h genes. other aspects of h2h gene pairs, such as their transcriptional regulation and function coordination, are still ambiguous to some extent. in the present study, we sorted previously asserted features of h2h gene pairs, trying to remove these uncertainties and identify the inherent features of this gene arrangement. based on a commonly accepted principle that evolutionarily conserved facts are by all means associated with biological significances, we believed that the more conserved head to head gene pairs, of greater biological importance, must more likely represent the inherent features of h2h gene pairs. therefore, we assorted human h2h pairs into four sets of incremental conservation in vertebrates, and sorted out inherent features of vertebrate h2h gene pairs by comparing the four h2h pair sets on a series of points. we gave comprehensive analyses on h2h pair features including tss distance, expression correlation nature, transcription factor association, and functional coordination, and provided unambiguous judgment on specific features according to their evolutionary conservation. this study provides useful clues for the mechanism study on the transcriptional regulation of the h2h gene organization. methods data sources according to dbh2h, we determined human, chicken, and fugu h2h gene pairs, and the tss distances of each pair. expression correlation data were downloaded from two sources: dbh2h and coxpresdb. transcription factor association of h2h gene pairs was enabled by the integrated transcription factor platform, which maintains both experimentally verified tfs and in-silico predicted tfs. annotation of gene ontology terms of h2h genes was aided by bioconductor packages org.hs.eg.db. and go.db. expression correlation of head-to-head gene pairs from dbh2h, we got pearson and spearman expression correlation data of human h2h gene pairs on public datasets respectively; from coxpresdb, we got the pearson expression correlation value, as well as a relative correlation index mr, for each of all possible pairs among human genes. coxpresdb data were calculated from gene expression profiles across human samples. specifically, mr is defined as the geometric mean of the reciprocal relative expression correlation ranks with respect to the two genes of a pair:.additionally, we calculated another relative expression correlation index rr, defined as rr=min,rank). wherever one single expression correlation value was used for summarizing an h2h pair set, we performed the average operation over all coxpresdb values of the set. a total of of random gene pairs and same-strand adjacent pairs involving h2h genes were determined for control. their expression correlation values were also taken from the coxpresdb data. with dbh2h expression correlation data, we determined for each h2h pair the significant correlations with the corresponding p-values lower than. as the significant correlations could be positive or negative, we got three total numbers respectively: sp, sn, and sp+sn. dividing the three total numbers with the number of investigated datasets separately, we obtained the spr, snr, and sr, representing the proportion of significant positive correlation, significant negative correlation, and significant correlation of an h2h pair, respectively. note that spr+snr=sr. when different sets of h2h pairs were compared in terms of expression correlation level, we reported the average spr, snr, or sr of each set. functional similarities between head-to-head paired genes the gene ontology annotation system was used to annotate h2h genes. in go system, a gene can be annotated to more than one functional term, and it is common to see one gene annotated simultaneously in three go subsystems. when both genes are annotated in a same go category, we judged that this gene pair was annotated by the go category. the lin semantic measure, derived from resnik’s go term similarity measure, is a normalized index ranging between and resnik’s similarity measures relies on the notion of the so-called minimum subsumer t of two go terms t and t which is the lowest common ancestor in the go hierarchy. its information content icms, which is the resnik semantic similarity measure between t and t is given by equation here pa denotes the set of all common ancestors shared by go terms t and t and ic is defined as the negative logarithm of the probability of observing term t ). p can be technically approximated by the number of genes annotated to term t. finally, the lin semantic similarity measure is determined through normalizing the resnik measure to the range between to. the calculations of functional similarity were performed using the gosim package, version. in the r environment. we also calculated the functional similarity of random pair sets with the same size of annotated h2h gene pairs, with iteration times.  we studied head-to-head gene organization in vertebrates by selecting fugu rubripes, gallus gallus, mus musculus, and homo sapiens genomes as the representative vertebrate phylogeny. fugu has the shortest known genome of any vertebrate species - around one eighth of the size of the human genome, therefore roughly representing the start-point of the vertebrate phylogeny. the chicken has a genome of gb, approximately 40% of the size of the human genome, and is the premier non-mammalian vertebrate model organism. mouse and human are two of the most well-studied mammalian model animals, and, in contrast to fugu, they approximately represent the end-point of the vertebrate phylogeny. based on data downloaded from dbh2h, human h2h gene pairs were assorted into four sequentially inclusive sets: set h, including all human pairs; set hm, including pairs conserved between human and mouse; set hmc, including pairs conserved across human, mouse and chicken; set hmcf, including the pairs conserved across human, mouse, chicken and fugu. the four sets of human h2h pairs with gradually increasing conservation levels were compared in terms of genomic tss distance, expression correlation, transcriptional factor association, and functional similarity. in each analysis, we firstly compared the feature of the largest set h and that of a randomly sampled gene pair set or a set of ‘adjacent’ gene pairs composed of h2h genes and their adjacent genes. if a statistically significant difference between set h and the random set was observed, we furthermore compared the feature between the four h2h pair sets, and relied on two-group t-tests or wilcoxon rank-sum tests to decide whether there was statistically significant difference between the different conservation levels. if a feature was validated in both stages of statistical tests, we declared it was an inherent feature of the h2h gene organization; if a feature was not validated by either stage, or if it showed contrary trend in the conservation-based test, we tentatively negated it. if a feature had significant difference between set h and the random set, but did not display significant difference, in consistent directions, between the different conservation levels, we postponed the related declaration to future studies where hopefully expanded data would lead to an unambiguous  h2h pair with 1- tss distance probably has a functional bi-directional promoter given the tss distances of all h2h pairs in hand, we examined the tss distance distributions of the four h2h pair sets in a comparative manner. we found that non-overlapping h2h pairs separated by less than bp formed the majority of the four sets, resonating the earlier observation of human, mouse, and rat h2h pairs. remarkably, the peak tss distance interval in hmcf was, and a gradually incremental trend of the proportion of the four h2h gene pairs located in. this result accorded with our previous guess that ‘the peak column in the tss distance distribution might actually move somewhat to the left or be much sharper’. *the largest percentage within a 100-bp interval. it can be seen that the peak intervals at the four gradually-increasing conservation levels are bp, bp, bp, and bp, respectively. considering another fact that the core promoter, or the minimal portion of the promoter required to properly initiate transcription, is confined to bp region upstream of a tss, we have increased confidence in that the h2h pair with their tsss separated 1- bp most likely has a functional bi-directional promoter, which has biological relevance to the co-regulation of the two genes. as we witnessed a compression of tss distances of rat h2h pairs between two batches of analyses, we anticipated an impending replacement of the then peak column, mutual rank and relative rank, were used to evaluate gene coexpression level. it was found that the pccs within h2h gene pairs were significantly higher than those of random pairs, and higher than same-strand adjacent pairs involving h2h genes too; the similar results were observed for mr and rr as well. furthermore, the pccs and mrs were increasing and decreasing, respectively, with the conservation level. these comparisons were visualized in figure the coexpression strengthening with conservation level was also revealed in dbh2h data. as dbh2h provides dataset-specific expression correlation values of h2h pairs, we were able to know the significance ratio of each h2h pair, which represented the fraction of datasets in which an h2h pair was significantly correlated. as revealed in table one notable fact that on average an h2h pair of set h had a sr of around 50% indicated a remarkable tendency of transcription co-regulation between h2h paired genes, and this tendency was further supported by the other fact that the sr statistic was increasing with the conservation level. the trend was similar for pearson and spearman correlation coefficients. taking together the results from coxpresdb and dbh2h, we approved a significant tendency of transcription coordination between a pair of h2h genes. in addition, as the median rrs of h2h gene pairs were quite small, we infer that the strongest correlation associated to an h2h gene probably exists between this gene and its h2h pairing partner. a two-group wilcoxon test, p< for set h vs set hm b two-group wilcoxon test, p< for set h vs set hm c a percentage in round brackets refers to the average significance ratio. furthermore, we examined whether negative correlation is an inherent feature of h2h gene pairs. we first noticed that, in coxpresdb, set h had a smaller fraction of gene pairs with negative expression correlation than random pair set and adjacent pair set, and the fractions in sets hm, hmc and hmcf were even smaller. additionally, the average correlation values separately for positive and negative correlation of each h2h pair were examined according to dbh2h. interestingly, we observed a stable increment in positive correlation between the four h2h sets, but no similar trend in negative correlation. moreover, we discerned a remarkable preponderance of positive correlation over negative correlation, as the significance ratios were mostly contributed by significant positive ratios. the average ‘significant negative ratio’ of h2h pairs, at any conservation level, was lower than 10%, and it even decreased a little from set h to set hmcf. a more typical decreasing trend was found with the average proportion of datasets showing negative correlation. this indicated that negative correlation was quite likely not an inherent feature of the h2h gene arrangement, in accordance with a previous claim that there was no evidence for negative expression correlation of a significant number of gene pairs. it was proposed that expression correlation may happen not only within h2h gene pairs, but also across different h2h pairs. to verify this hypothesis, we determined all possible gene pairs within the scope of h2h genes while purposely excluded the actual h2h pairs, and checked their average coxpresdb pcc and the average mr at the four conservation levels. we saw that pcc was steadily increasing while mr was steadily decreasing with the conservation level, and that both statistics in all four h2h sets were significantly different from the counterpart statistics of random gene pairs. moreover, we inspected expression correlation between h2h genes and the other genes that are not involved in the h2h arrangement. it was found that the expression correlation at all conservation levels were very close to random gene pairs. in summary, our conservation-based analyses validated the significant positive coexpression tendency within and between h2h gene pairs, but negated the universal existence of negative expression correlation of h2h pairs. the intra-pair expression correlation level seems higher than the inter-pair one. a further study on the roles of h2h genes in coexpression networks is still going on. high expression correlation owes to shared transcription factors despite the consensus that h2h gene pairs are often co-transcribed, the transcriptional regulation mechanisms of h2h gene pairs remain unclear. lin et al addressed this issue by discriminating over-represented and under-represented transcription factor binding sites from bi-directional promoters. we wanted to complement their work by emphasizing the transcription factors which potentially regulate h2h genes. we tried associating tfs to human h2h genes based on the experiment and computation-based itfp database and the experiment-based transfac database. through itfp, we determined ‘tf-associated h2h gene pairs’ of which the two h2h paired genes were both associated to tfs; this number was by far larger than that obtained through transfac. by adopting itfp, therefore, we achieved an optimal trade-off between data size and credibility. of these tf-associated pairs, shared no common tf, shared one common tf, and shared more than one common tfs. comparing the expression correlations among the four groups of tf-associated pairs, we found that the groups with more common tfs consistently displayed higher expression correlation. as a matter of fact, we observed a positive correlation between the expression correlations and tf similarities of the tf-sharing h2h pairs, provided that tf similarity was defined as the fraction of shared tfs in the union tfs. it was noted that the proportion of tf-sharing pairs within tf-associated pairs, %, was statistically higher than %, the counterpart statistics from same-strand adjacent pairs at p<. projecting the tf-associated h2h gene pairs into the three conserved h2h pair sets hm, hmc and hmcf, we obtained in set hm, in set hmc, and in set hmcf. as table showed, the tf-sharing pairs accounted for an increasing fraction of the tf-associated pairs as the conservation level increased. in sets hm and hmc, we also noted a possible positive relationship between expression correlation and tf-sharing, although the p-values were not significant, possibly due to the minimal sample sizes. in addition, there were seven h2h pairs in which one gene was a tf regulating the other one. these self-regulating h2h pairs demonstrated rather high expression correlation, even higher than the group of tf-sharing h2h pairs. a number of annotated h2h pairs are shown in round brackets. b functional similarities of set h were significantly higher than h2h genes’ adjacent gene pairs. c functional similarities of set h, at any go subsystem, were significantly higher than random pair sets of comparable sizes. * was the median expression correlation of go-annotated human h2h gene pairs. according to our results, h2h paired genes tend to share tfs, and the tf sharing degree is positively correlated with expression correlation. sharing regulators seems to be a universal characteristic of h2h gene pairs which partially explains the significant positive expression correlation between h2h paired genes. functional similarity analysis of h2h gene pairs based on gene function classification system gene ontology ), we determined go-annotated h2h pairs for the three subsystems of go respectively, and these annotated pairs were projected in all four h2h sets of different levels of conservation. note that an annotated h2h pair is one having its both genes annotated in a common go subsystem, and the functional similarity of each pair of h2h genes is measured using the method proposed by lin. since each pair of genes was tagged with three semantic similarities calculated in the three go subsystems separately, the maximum semantic similarity of the three was taken as the representative functional similarity of an h2h pair. firstly, we found out that, in any go subsystem, human h2h gene pairs manifested significantly higher functional similarity than random pairs; the same conclusion was drawn when compared to same-strand adjacent pairs in subsystems cc and bp. and the average functional similarities in bp and cc in set hmcf were higher than those in set h. however, functional similarity in mf dropped with the conservation level. secondly, we noted a significant correlation between functional similarity and expression correlation of human h2h paired genes. as table showed, h2h gene pairs with higher expression correlation were associated with higher functional similarity, and this phenomenon was conserved in sets hm, hmc and hmcf. we particularly pointed out that the correlation between functional similarity and negative expression correlation degenerated, which was possibly another evidence negating the negative expression correlation of h2h gene pairs. taking the above two points together, there seems to be a functional similarity between h2h organized genes and a correlation between the functional coordination and the expression correlation. in all, through sharing bi-directional promoters, h2h gene pairs tend to be coexpressed and their products tend to perform similar functions. as we previously proposed, similar to operons in bacteria, h2h gene arrangement is an economic and ingenious strategy in eukaryotes to achieve coordination between functionally related genes. 
in this work, we assorted human h2h pairs into four sequentially inclusive sets of gradually incremental conservation, and examined whether those previously asserted features were conserved or sharpened in the more conserved h2h pair sets in order to identify the inherent features of the h2h gene organization. our conservation-based analyses found that the bi-directional promoters of h2h gene pairs are most likely shorter than bp; h2h gene pairs generally have only significant positive expression correlation but not negative correlation, and remarkably high positive expression correlations exist among h2h genes, as well as between h2h pairs observed in our previous study; h2h paired genes tend to share transcription factors. a ‘head-to-head’ gene pair is defined as a genomic locus in which two adjacent genes are divergently transcribed from opposite strands of dna. the features of tss distance, expression correlation within h2h pairs and among h2h genes, transcription factor association and functional similarities of h2h genes were examined. in addition, expression correlation of h2h pairs is positively related with the tf-sharing and functional coordination, while not related with tss distance. our findings remove the uncertainties of h2h genes about tss distance, expression correlation and functional coordination, which provide insights into the study on the molecular mechanisms and functional consequences of the transcriptional regulation based on this special gene organization. however, some of the biological features of h2h pairs still need further clarification.
 a ‘head-to-head’ gene pair is defined as a genomic locus in which two adjacent genes are divergently transcribed from opposite strands of dna. in our previous work, this gene organization was found to be ancient and conserved, which subjects functionally related genes to transcriptional co-regulation. however, some of the biological features of h2h pairs still need further clarification.  in this work, we assorted human h2h pairs into four sequentially inclusive sets of gradually incremental conservation, and examined whether those previously asserted features were conserved or sharpened in the more conserved h2h pair sets in order to identify the inherent features of the h2h gene organization. the features of tss distance, expression correlation within h2h pairs and among h2h genes, transcription factor association and functional similarities of h2h genes were examined. our conservation-based analyses found that the bi-directional promoters of h2h gene pairs are most likely shorter than bp; h2h gene pairs generally have only significant positive expression correlation but not negative correlation, and remarkably high positive expression correlations exist among h2h genes, as well as between h2h pairs observed in our previous study; h2h paired genes tend to share transcription factors. in addition, expression correlation of h2h pairs is positively related with the tf-sharing and functional coordination, while not related with tss distance.  our findings remove the uncertainties of h2h genes about tss distance, expression correlation and functional coordination, which provide insights into the study on the molecular mechanisms and functional consequences of the transcriptional regulation based on this special gene organization. 16– december the 21st international conference on genome informatics hangzhou, people’s republic of china 