BACKGROUND
apc loss causes progenitor expansion in development and disease
the wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway acts to maintain the undifferentiated progenitor state in multiple epithelial tissues, and overactivation of this pathway is a major contributor to cancer.
the tumor suppressor apc normally functions to inhibit wnt/ß-catenin signaling, and apc mutations are oncogenic in tissues such as the colorectal epithelium  <cit> .
during normal embryonic development, wnt and apc activities are balanced to allow both progenitor cell expansion and differentiation of postmitotic derivatives.
zebrafish embryos homozygous for apc mutations exhibit mispatterning and failure of differentiation in multiple tissues including the central nervous system   <cit> .
furthermore, in the cns of other vertebrates, loss of apc function specifically leads to arrest in the neural progenitor state  <cit> .
despite a clear picture of the cellular phenotypes following loss of apc, the molecular pathways underlying cns progenitor cell expansion are largely unknown.
these pathways may represent good candidates for mediators of oncogenesis in other epithelial cells.
transcriptional targets of wnt signaling mediate apc mutant phenotypes
the main downstream output of wnt/ß-catenin signaling is the transcriptional regulation of target genes, mediated by lef/tcf family members.
typically, these targets are repressed by lef/tcf factors in the absence of wnt signaling, and following wnt activation ß-catenin translocates to the nucleus where it binds to lef/tcf proteins and acts as a co-activator.
the identification of wnt/ß-catenin transcriptional targets has thus been a major focus of investigation in past studies of the pathway's role in development and disease.
some identified target genes have been shown to be common targets in both normal embryos and the oncogenic state.
for example, mitf is a direct target of lef <dig> during melanocyte specification, and also plays an important role in melanoma progression downstream of wnt pathway hyperactivation  <cit> .
similarly, wnt targets such as ascl <dig> and lgr <dig> may function in both intestinal epithelium homeostasis as well as colon cancer  <cit> .
stat <dig> functions synergistically with wnt signaling in cancer
like wnt signaling, the jak/stat pathway has been shown to mediate proliferation and tumor growth in cancer.
in particular, constitutive stat <dig> activity is associated with malignancy in colon cancer  <cit> , the primary carcinoma caused by apc mutations.
a previous study showed that wnt signaling can stimulate stat <dig> activity during early zebrafish development  <cit> , but the mechanism underlying this activation was not characterized.
one potential mechanism of regulation has been suggested by a study in esophageal carcinoma, where stat <dig> was shown to be a transcriptional target of ß-catenin via tcf <dig>  <cit> .
intriguingly, stat <dig> has also been suggested to be a target of wnt signaling in es cells  <cit> , suggesting that this pathway may represent a developmentally important mechanism.
however, the regulatory relationship between wnt signaling and stat <dig> activation has not been explored in vivo in untransformed tissue.
here we demonstrate that stat <dig> is a direct transcriptional target of wnt/ß-catenin signaling in developing zebrafish embryos.
we show that increased stat <dig> expression in apc mutants correlates with increased proliferation and failure of neuronal differentiation in the developing hypothalamus.
conditional inhibition of jak/stat signaling rescues proliferation defects as well as ectopic expression of progenitor markers, but not the general activation of wnt targets or the complete process of neurogenesis.
together, these data indicate a specific function for jak/stat activation in mediating neural progenitor expansion downstream of apc mutations, and suggest a conserved role for this pathway in development and disease.
RESULTS
stat <dig> is a direct target of the wnt pathway via lef1
we have previously shown that wnt signaling, mediated by the transcriptional effector lef <dig>  is required for hypothalamic neurogenesis in the zebrafish brain  <cit> .
to identify transcriptional targets of the wnt pathway, we performed chip-seq analysis using a lef <dig> antibody.
immunoprecipitation was performed using chromatin from whole  <dig> hours post-fertilization  embryos, corresponding with a time of high lef <dig> expression in the hypothalamus.
after deep sequencing of precipitated chromatin, we observed high enrichment of the stat <dig> promoter region compared to total input as well as chromatin from lef <dig> deletion mutant embryos.
the genomic sequence identified by chip-seq  contains several putative lef/tcf consensus binding sites , and we confirmed the direct interaction with lef <dig> using chip followed by quantitative pcr .
we next tested whether the endogenous expression of stat <dig> in the zebrafish embryo depends on wnt-mediated transcription.
we used a transgenic inducible repressor of lef/tcf target genes  to globally inhibit pathway activity in vivo.
<dig> hpf embryos were heat shocked for one hour, allowed to recover until  <dig> hpf, and then processed for in situ hybridization.
we observed a qualitative decrease in stat <dig> expression throughout embryos expressing Δtcf, including in the hypothalamus .
together, these results suggest that stat <dig> is a direct transcriptional target of the wnt pathway.
stat <dig> expression and stat <dig> phosphorylation are increased in apc mutants
previous studies have reported multiple developmental defects in the cns of apc mutant zebrafish embryos, including axon pathfinding errors  <cit> , loss of normal brain patterning  <cit> , and expansion of the putative retinal stem cell zone  <cit> .
an additional striking phenotype that we observed in mutant embryos was a dramatic increase in proliferating cells particularly in the hypothalamus, accompanied by a dramatic decrease in differentiated neurons .
an earlier study identified stat <dig> as a marker that was increased in apc mutant embryos in the putative retinal stem cell zone and the hypothalamus  <cit> .
we examined stat <dig> expression throughout the apc mutant embryo and observed a qualitative increase in mrna levels, with specific enrichment in known cns progenitor zones including the hypothalamus .
quantitative pcr analysis of apc mutant embryos showed an increase in the level of stat <dig> mrna of  <dig>  ± .
<dig> fold  compared to wild-type siblings.
we also found a qualitative increase in pstat <dig> immunostaining in the apc mutant hypothalamus compared to control embryos , suggesting that stat <dig> mrna levels may normally limit the signaling output of this pathway.
based on the known roles of stat <dig> function in progenitor cell maintenance, these results raised the possibility that increased jak/stat signaling might underlie some of the progenitor differentiation defects present in the apc mutant brain.
increased proliferation in apc mutants can be rescued by blocking jak/stat signaling
in other tissues, apc mutations and stat <dig> hyperactivation can both lead to increased cell proliferation.
to quantify the proliferative increase in apc mutant zebrafish, we performed short-pulse  brdu labeling in wild-type and mutant embryos.
at  <dig> hpf, significantly more cells within the developing hypothalamus of apc mutant embryos incorporated brdu than in wild-type siblings .
these data are consistent with an increased number of progenitor cells in the cns of apc mutants compared to wild-type embryos.
we next tested whether inhibition of jak/stat activity could reverse the increased proliferation found in apc mutants.
to block jak/stat signaling, we used the jak <dig> inhibitor ag- <dig>  which has been demonstrated to prevent stat <dig> phosphorylation in many other experimental systems including zebrafish  <cit>  and allowed us to bypass early developmental defects resulting from stat <dig> knockdown.
when wild-type embryos were incubated in 40µm ag- <dig> from 24- <dig> hpf, we did not observe a significant change in the brdu labeling index compared to untreated controls .
in contrast, ag- <dig> incubation completely reversed the increase in proliferation observed in apc mutant embryos, restoring the brdu labeling index to wild-type levels .
together, these data indicate that jak/stat signaling is required for increased proliferation in apc mutant brains.
our observations of increased stat <dig> mrna expression in apc mutants suggest that stat <dig> levels may be limiting in the developing brain, and that regulation by the wnt pathway may control the ability of jak/stat signaling to drive cell proliferation.
increased progenitor marker expression in apc mutants requires jak/stat activity
because proliferation is closely linked to the progenitor cell phenotype in the developing cns, we wanted to determine whether other markers of neural progenitors were also increased in apc mutants and whether this increase depends on jak/stat activity.
we first examined the expression of ascl1b, which encodes a proneural bhlh transcription factor essential for neurogenesis.
using in situ hybridization, we found that ascl1b mrna levels were qualitatively increased in the apc mutant hypothalamus at  <dig> hpf .
incubation in 40µm ag- <dig> from 24- <dig> hpf was able to eliminate this increase and restore ascl1b expression to wild-type levels in apc mutants , suggesting that increased proneural gene expression is mediated by jak/stat activity.
in the zebrafish retina, otx <dig> expression marks the putative stem cell zone of the ciliary margin, and is expanded in apc mutants  <cit> .
otx <dig> and otx <dig> are also expressed in the developing vertebrate hypothalamus and label neural progenitors in the zebrafish hypothalamus.
we observed increased otx <dig> mrna expression in the hypothalamus of apc mutants , and to provide a more quantitative measurement, we examined the number of cells labeled with an antibody that recognizes both otx <dig> and otx <dig>  within the hypothalamus, apc mutants showed a significant increase in otx1/2-positive cells at  <dig> hpf , and this increase was rescued to wild-type levels by ag- <dig> incubation .
these data suggest that cells may be arrested in an otx-positive progenitor state following apc inactivation, and that jak/stat function mediates this arrest.
inhibition of jak/stat activity is not sufficient to rescue neurogenesis in apc mutants
while jak/stat activity is required for the expansion of cns progenitor characteristics downstream of apc inactivation and stat <dig> transcription, we hypothesized that this pathway is not likely to mediate all outputs of wnt activation.
indeed, when we examined the expression of the wnt target gene axin <dig>  we observed a strong increase in mrna expression that was not rescued by ag- <dig> incubation .
this result indicates that many transcriptional targets of wnt/ß-catenin signaling are likely to be independent of jak/stat activity, and that these targets may act in parallel pathways.
furthermore, while ag- <dig> incubation could rescue increases in proliferation and progenitor gene expression, it was insufficient to restore neurogenesis in apc mutants.
the loss of huc/d expression observed in the hypothalamus was still seen in embryos after incubation in ag- <dig> , suggesting that neural progenitors were still unable to differentiate into neurons.
therefore, other stat3-independent targets of apc must be important for regulating the full program of differentiation.
these could possibly include wnt-independent apc targets, as has been demonstrated previously in other studies  <cit> .
CONCLUSIONS
here we have shown that stat <dig> is a direct transcriptional target of wnt signaling in the developing embryo, and that jak/stat signaling mediates the expansion and maintenance of cns progenitor characteristics downstream of wnt hyperactivation in apc mutants.
together, our data suggest that transcriptional regulation of stat <dig> may represent a general mechanism linking wnt pathway overactivation to the expansion of undifferentiated cells in the disease state.
at higher doses of ag- <dig>  we were able to completely eliminate both proliferation and progenitor marker expression in wild-type embryos .
combined with the endogenous expression pattern of stat <dig>  and the fact that Δtcf can repress stat <dig> in wild-type embryos, this suggests that a wnt/stat <dig> pathway may also play an important role in normal cns development.

 apc loss causes progenitor expansion in development and disease the wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway acts to maintain the undifferentiated progenitor state in multiple epithelial tissues, and overactivation of this pathway is a major contributor to cancer. the tumor suppressor apc normally functions to inhibit wnt/ß-catenin signaling, and apc mutations are oncogenic in tissues such as the colorectal epithelium. during normal embryonic development, wnt and apc activities are balanced to allow both progenitor cell expansion and differentiation of postmitotic derivatives. zebrafish embryos homozygous for apc mutations exhibit mispatterning and failure of differentiation in multiple tissues including the central nervous system. furthermore, in the cns of other vertebrates, loss of apc function specifically leads to arrest in the neural progenitor state. despite a clear picture of the cellular phenotypes following loss of apc, the molecular pathways underlying cns progenitor cell expansion are largely unknown. these pathways may represent good candidates for mediators of oncogenesis in other epithelial cells. transcriptional targets of wnt signaling mediate apc mutant phenotypes the main downstream output of wnt/ß-catenin signaling is the transcriptional regulation of target genes, mediated by lef/tcf family members. typically, these targets are repressed by lef/tcf factors in the absence of wnt signaling, and following wnt activation ß-catenin translocates to the nucleus where it binds to lef/tcf proteins and acts as a co-activator. the identification of wnt/ß-catenin transcriptional targets has thus been a major focus of investigation in past studies of the pathway's role in development and disease. some identified target genes have been shown to be common targets in both normal embryos and the oncogenic state. for example, mitf is a direct target of lef during melanocyte specification, and also plays an important role in melanoma progression downstream of wnt pathway hyperactivation. similarly, wnt targets such as ascl and lgr may function in both intestinal epithelium homeostasis as well as colon cancer. stat functions synergistically with wnt signaling in cancer like wnt signaling, the jak/stat pathway has been shown to mediate proliferation and tumor growth in cancer. in particular, constitutive stat activity is associated with malignancy in colon cancer, the primary carcinoma caused by apc mutations. a previous study showed that wnt signaling can stimulate stat activity during early zebrafish development, but the mechanism underlying this activation was not characterized. one potential mechanism of regulation has been suggested by a study in esophageal carcinoma, where stat was shown to be a transcriptional target of ß-catenin via tcf. intriguingly, stat has also been suggested to be a target of wnt signaling in es cells, suggesting that this pathway may represent a developmentally important mechanism. however, the regulatory relationship between wnt signaling and stat activation has not been explored in vivo in untransformed tissue. here we demonstrate that stat is a direct transcriptional target of wnt/ß-catenin signaling in developing zebrafish embryos. we show that increased stat expression in apc mutants correlates with increased proliferation and failure of neuronal differentiation in the developing hypothalamus. conditional inhibition of jak/stat signaling rescues proliferation defects as well as ectopic expression of progenitor markers, but not the general activation of wnt targets or the complete process of neurogenesis. together, these data indicate a specific function for jak/stat activation in mediating neural progenitor expansion downstream of apc mutations, and suggest a conserved role for this pathway in development and disease.  stat is a direct target of the wnt pathway via lef1 we have previously shown that wnt signaling, mediated by the transcriptional effector lef is required for hypothalamic neurogenesis in the zebrafish brain. to identify transcriptional targets of the wnt pathway, we performed chip-seq analysis using a lef antibody. immunoprecipitation was performed using chromatin from whole hours post-fertilization embryos, corresponding with a time of high lef expression in the hypothalamus. after deep sequencing of precipitated chromatin, we observed high enrichment of the stat promoter region compared to total input as well as chromatin from lef deletion mutant embryos. the genomic sequence identified by chip-seq contains several putative lef/tcf consensus binding sites, and we confirmed the direct interaction with lef using chip followed by quantitative pcr. we next tested whether the endogenous expression of stat in the zebrafish embryo depends on wnt-mediated transcription. we used a transgenic inducible repressor of lef/tcf target genes to globally inhibit pathway activity in vivo. hpf embryos were heat shocked for one hour, allowed to recover until hpf, and then processed for in situ hybridization. we observed a qualitative decrease in stat expression throughout embryos expressing Δtcf, including in the hypothalamus. together, these results suggest that stat is a direct transcriptional target of the wnt pathway. stat expression and stat phosphorylation are increased in apc mutants previous studies have reported multiple developmental defects in the cns of apc mutant zebrafish embryos, including axon pathfinding errors, loss of normal brain patterning, and expansion of the putative retinal stem cell zone. an additional striking phenotype that we observed in mutant embryos was a dramatic increase in proliferating cells particularly in the hypothalamus, accompanied by a dramatic decrease in differentiated neurons. an earlier study identified stat as a marker that was increased in apc mutant embryos in the putative retinal stem cell zone and the hypothalamus. we examined stat expression throughout the apc mutant embryo and observed a qualitative increase in mrna levels, with specific enrichment in known cns progenitor zones including the hypothalamus. quantitative pcr analysis of apc mutant embryos showed an increase in the level of stat mrna of ±. fold compared to wild-type siblings. we also found a qualitative increase in pstat immunostaining in the apc mutant hypothalamus compared to control embryos, suggesting that stat mrna levels may normally limit the signaling output of this pathway. based on the known roles of stat function in progenitor cell maintenance, these results raised the possibility that increased jak/stat signaling might underlie some of the progenitor differentiation defects present in the apc mutant brain. increased proliferation in apc mutants can be rescued by blocking jak/stat signaling in other tissues, apc mutations and stat hyperactivation can both lead to increased cell proliferation. to quantify the proliferative increase in apc mutant zebrafish, we performed short-pulse brdu labeling in wild-type and mutant embryos. at hpf, significantly more cells within the developing hypothalamus of apc mutant embryos incorporated brdu than in wild-type siblings. these data are consistent with an increased number of progenitor cells in the cns of apc mutants compared to wild-type embryos. we next tested whether inhibition of jak/stat activity could reverse the increased proliferation found in apc mutants. to block jak/stat signaling, we used the jak inhibitor ag- which has been demonstrated to prevent stat phosphorylation in many other experimental systems including zebrafish and allowed us to bypass early developmental defects resulting from stat knockdown. when wild-type embryos were incubated in 40µm ag- from 24- hpf, we did not observe a significant change in the brdu labeling index compared to untreated controls. in contrast, ag- incubation completely reversed the increase in proliferation observed in apc mutant embryos, restoring the brdu labeling index to wild-type levels. together, these data indicate that jak/stat signaling is required for increased proliferation in apc mutant brains. our observations of increased stat mrna expression in apc mutants suggest that stat levels may be limiting in the developing brain, and that regulation by the wnt pathway may control the ability of jak/stat signaling to drive cell proliferation. increased progenitor marker expression in apc mutants requires jak/stat activity because proliferation is closely linked to the progenitor cell phenotype in the developing cns, we wanted to determine whether other markers of neural progenitors were also increased in apc mutants and whether this increase depends on jak/stat activity. we first examined the expression of ascl1b, which encodes a proneural bhlh transcription factor essential for neurogenesis. using in situ hybridization, we found that ascl1b mrna levels were qualitatively increased in the apc mutant hypothalamus at hpf. incubation in 40µm ag- from 24- hpf was able to eliminate this increase and restore ascl1b expression to wild-type levels in apc mutants, suggesting that increased proneural gene expression is mediated by jak/stat activity. in the zebrafish retina, otx expression marks the putative stem cell zone of the ciliary margin, and is expanded in apc mutants. otx and otx are also expressed in the developing vertebrate hypothalamus and label neural progenitors in the zebrafish hypothalamus. we observed increased otx mrna expression in the hypothalamus of apc mutants, and to provide a more quantitative measurement, we examined the number of cells labeled with an antibody that recognizes both otx and otx within the hypothalamus, apc mutants showed a significant increase in otx1/2-positive cells at hpf, and this increase was rescued to wild-type levels by ag- incubation. these data suggest that cells may be arrested in an otx-positive progenitor state following apc inactivation, and that jak/stat function mediates this arrest. inhibition of jak/stat activity is not sufficient to rescue neurogenesis in apc mutants while jak/stat activity is required for the expansion of cns progenitor characteristics downstream of apc inactivation and stat transcription, we hypothesized that this pathway is not likely to mediate all outputs of wnt activation. indeed, when we examined the expression of the wnt target gene axin we observed a strong increase in mrna expression that was not rescued by ag- incubation. this result indicates that many transcriptional targets of wnt/ß-catenin signaling are likely to be independent of jak/stat activity, and that these targets may act in parallel pathways. furthermore, while ag- incubation could rescue increases in proliferation and progenitor gene expression, it was insufficient to restore neurogenesis in apc mutants. the loss of huc/d expression observed in the hypothalamus was still seen in embryos after incubation in ag-, suggesting that neural progenitors were still unable to differentiate into neurons. therefore, other stat3-independent targets of apc must be important for regulating the full program of differentiation. these could possibly include wnt-independent apc targets, as has been demonstrated previously in other studies.  here we have shown that stat is a direct transcriptional target of wnt signaling in the developing embryo, and that jak/stat signaling mediates the expansion and maintenance of cns progenitor characteristics downstream of wnt hyperactivation in apc mutants. together, our data suggest that transcriptional regulation of stat may represent a general mechanism linking wnt pathway overactivation to the expansion of undifferentiated cells in the disease state. at higher doses of ag- we were able to completely eliminate both proliferation and progenitor marker expression in wild-type embryos. combined with the endogenous expression pattern of stat and the fact that Δtcf can repress stat in wild-type embryos, this suggests that a wnt/stat pathway may also play an important role in normal cns development. 
here we show that stat a known oncogene and a target of ß-catenin in multiple tissues, is upregulated in apc mutant zebrafish embryos. while the upregulation of some target genes of wnt/ß-catenin signaling has been shown to mediate these phenotypes in individual tissues, it is unclear whether a common mechanism underlies the defects in apc mutants. we further demonstrate that jak/stat signaling is necessary for the increased level of proliferation and neural progenitor gene expression observed in apc mutants. together, our data suggest that the regulation of jak/stat signaling may represent a conserved mechanism explaining the expansion of undifferentiated cells downstream of apc mutations.
 mutations in apc, a negative regulator of the wnt/ß-catenin pathway, can cause cancer as well as profound developmental defects. in both cases, affected cells adopt a proliferative progenitor state and fail to differentiate. while the upregulation of some target genes of wnt/ß-catenin signaling has been shown to mediate these phenotypes in individual tissues, it is unclear whether a common mechanism underlies the defects in apc mutants.  here we show that stat a known oncogene and a target of ß-catenin in multiple tissues, is upregulated in apc mutant zebrafish embryos. we further demonstrate that jak/stat signaling is necessary for the increased level of proliferation and neural progenitor gene expression observed in apc mutants.  together, our data suggest that the regulation of jak/stat signaling may represent a conserved mechanism explaining the expansion of undifferentiated cells downstream of apc mutations. wntapcstat3progenitorzebrafish 