BACKGROUND
transglutaminases  are a large family of multifunctional enzymes occurring in several organisms, including mammals, invertebrates, plants and microorganisms.
these enzymes catalyze an acyl transfer reaction between the γ-carboxyamide group of a peptide-bound glutaminyl residue  and a variety of primary amines  including the ε-amino group of a peptide-bound lysine, resulting in the formation of a new γ-glutaminyl covalent link and ammonia  <cit> .
it is widely demonstrated that transglutaminase is involved in several physiological process.
for instance, it serves a key factor in pancreatic fl-cell during glucose-stimulated insulin release through ca2+ dependent enzyme reaction in isolated islets of langerhans  <cit> .
moreover, transglutaminase family is widely expressed in cardiovascular cells and in macrophages, and the recent studies have documented diverse roles for transglutaminases in cardiovascular pathophysiology, in chronic as well as the acute manifestations of atherosclerosis .
transglutaminases can modulate several cardiovascular risk factors, especially hypertension  <cit> .
the ability to promote covalent modifications of proteins by intra- and intermolecular linkages catalyzed by tranglutaminases is also exploited in industrial food as an established procedure to improve the texture and the nutritional value of different foods  <cit> .
more recently, based on mild operative conditions and the recognition of specific substrate sequences, transglutaminases have been proposed as efficient catalysts for site-specific labeling of proteins with ligand molecules, as for example in the case of enzymatic pegylation of recombinant therapeutic proteins whose pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamic properties can be modulated by covalent binding of high molecular weight poly moieties  <cit> .
known microbial transglutaminases  differ from the mammalian enzymes in that they lack any sequence homology, display ca2+ independent activity and have smaller molecular masses  <cit> .
due to their properties, including ca2+ independent activity, high reaction and broad specificity for acyl donors, microbial transglutaminases are advantageously used in industrial application both in food and in pharmaceutical fields.
a microbial transglutaminase  from streptoverticillium mobaraensis  has been isolated, characterized and cloned  <cit> .
this protein, which consists of  <dig> amino acids with a molecular mass of  <dig>  kda, is biosynthesized as a pre-pro-protein, then secreted from cytoplasmic compartment as inactive pro-mtgase which is finally activated by proteolytic processing to the enzymatically active mature form  <cit> .
mtgase was first prepared by conventional cultivation of wild-type strain of s.mobaraensis where the secreted inactive pro-enzyme was activated by endogenous proteases  <cit> .
later on, a number of reports have described the production of mtgase in different recombinant bacterial hosts such as streptomyces lividans  <cit> , lactococcus lactis  <cit>  and escherichia coli  <cit> .
because of its protein cross linking activity, mtgase is a potentially toxic agent for the recombinant expression hosts if produced intracellularly in an active form.
therefore, the expression as functionally inactive pro-enzyme with subsequent in vitro activation by cleavage of the pro-sequence or, alternatively, the expression of mature mtgase as insoluble inclusion bodies followed by in vitro refolding is necessary.
in a previous work, we found that recombinant proteins bearing an n-terminal extension consisting of a few lacz residues followed by the first twenty residues of the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase  when expressed in escherichia.coli , were invariably accumulated at high level inside the cell as cytoplasmic inclusion bodies  <cit> .
in the present paper we describe the application of the same fusion protein technology for producing recombinant mtgase in e.coli according to different expression systems comprising a constitutive and thermoinducibile one under the control of the λ phage promoter.
the results confirmed the critical importance of the n-terminal extension to obtain both high level expression of mtgase and its cytoplasmic segregation in inclusion bodies.
starting from washed inclusion bodies we also developed an efficient refolding and purification protocol to obtain a final mtgase preparation which displayed highly specific activity.
in conclusion, the procedure described in this work could potentially be applied for producing pure recombinant mtgase on a commercial scale for subsequent use as a convenient biocatalyst for the preparation of new protein conjugates.
to date, the mainly bacterial expression system to biosynthesise transglutaminases is , this system however has some drawbacks, involving, e.g.
problems related to post-translational protein modification  <cit> .
in this work we present a cheaper and more efficient system based on the e.coli peculiarity to highly express recombinant proteins by inclusion body identifying and developing the most performing expression system, the procedure described could therefore potentially be applied for producing pure recombinant mtgase on a commercial scale for subsequent use as a convenient biocatalyst for the preparation of new protein conjugates.
methods
general methods
all dna manipulations, including restriction digestions, ligations and electrophoresis on agarose gels, were carried out as described  <cit> .
restriction and dna-modifying enzymes were purchased from new england biolabs  and used according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
pcr experiments were performed using a pcr thermal cycler , a high fidelity pcr system  and oligonucleotides synthesized by m-medical .
plasmid extractions from agarose gels and pcr purifications were performed using qiagen kits.
the competent cells were transformed using the bio-rad e. coli pulser transformation apparatus and selected using antibiotic resistance.
soytone, yeast extract and all other chemicals and components for the preparation of culture media were from merck, sigma-aldrich or fluka.
synthetic cdna coding for met-mtgase
cdna coding for mature s.mobaraensis mtgase  optimized according to e.coli codon usage was synthesized by sloning bio technology gmbh  using a proprietary genetic algorithm.
essentially, rare codons were replaced with the most frequently used e.coli codon for each particular amino acid.
other parameters such as gc-content bias, stability of the rna secondary structure and length of direct and inverted repeats were also assessed following codon optimisation.
a starting atg codon for met residue at the n-terminus and two consecutive stop codons taa tga at c-terminus have been added.
the synthetic gene was transferred to the hpai-xhoi sites of plasmid ppcrscript  to give the vector pl <dig> enconding for met-mtgase.
construction of thermoinducible vectors
the thermoinducible expression vectors were constructed starting from plasmid pl <dig> previously prepared in our laboratory for expressing interferon beta  as chimeric lacz1–8pnp1– <dig> fusion protein under the λ phage promoter, and characterized for the presence of the following main components:a 1375 bp fragment comprising the pr and pl promoters and the sequence coding for the thermosensitive repressor ci <dig> isolated from plasmid pnd <dig>  <cit>
a coding sequence for ifn-β-1b immediately dowstream of a oligonucleotide sequence coding for the first  <dig> residues of lacz protein  and the first  <dig> aminoacids of e.coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase  <cit>
the kanamycine resistance gene and the puc <dig> origin of replication
a multicloning site.
in vectors containing pr and pl promoters of bacteriophage λ, transcription may be controlled by the λ repressor, supplied by expression of ci gene.
if a temperature-sensitive allele of ci is used , transcription from the strong promoters is repressed in cells growing at 30 °c.
at 42 °c, the thermolabile repressor is inactivated and transcription is enabled  <cit> .
in our experiments we noticed that the strong promoter is repressed until 37 °c, therefore we used this temperature for cell growing and 42 °c for expression of protein.
the sequence coding for met-mtgase1– <dig> was excised by hpai-xhoi digestion of pl <dig> and cloned in the same restriction sites of pl <dig> to obtain the vector pl <dig> for the expression of mature met-mtgase enzyme under the λ phage promoter .fig.
<dig> construction and structure of mtg expression plasmids.
thermoinducible plasmids, panel: a, b and c  and constitutive plasmids, panel: d, e and f .
the restriction enzyme sites used for construction of the plasmids are indicated.
additional details are described in methods
the sequence coding for met-mtgase1– <dig> was pcr amplified from pl <dig> using the sense primer 5′gtttaaacgtatggacagcgatgaccg 3′  and the antisense primer 5′ctcgagtcattatggccagccttgtttaac 3′ .
the amplified fragment was cloned in pcrii topo  obtaining pl <dig> and later restricted by hpai-xhoi and cloned in the same restriction sites of pl <dig> dowstream of sequence coding for lacz1–8pnp1– <dig> to obtain the vector pl <dig> for the expression of the chimeric protein lacz1–8pnp1–20-met-mtgase under the λ phage promoter .
the vector for expressing lacz1–8-met-mtgase was constructed using an intermediate vector.
the plasmid, called pl <dig>  was prepared by pcr amplification of pl <dig> with two oligonucleotides that only excluded the sequence coding for pnp1– <dig> using the sense primer 5′atggacagcgatgaccgcgtg 3′  and the antisense primer
5′ggaagaattcgtaatcatggtcataggttaac 3′ .
since plasmid pl <dig> had been amplified by pcr, the region between the hpai-xhoi restriction sites of pl <dig> was sequenced and then transferred into pl <dig> to obtain the final vector for expressing lacz1–8met-mtgase under the λ phage promoter denominated pl <dig> .
construction of constitutive vectors
the constitutive expression vectors were constructed starting from plasmid pl <dig> previously prepared in our laboratory for expressing met-g-csf as hybrid lacz1–8pnp1– <dig> fusion protein under the lac promoter, and characterized for the presence of the following main components:the lac promoter of commercially available puc <dig> vector
a coding sequence for met-g-csf immediately dowstream of a oligonucleotide sequence coding for the first  <dig> residues of lacz protein  and the first  <dig> aminoacids of e.coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase  <cit>
the tetracycline resistance gene and the puc <dig> origin of replication
a multicloning site.
puc <dig> derived vectors containing the inducible lac promoter when transformed into jm <dig> e.coli strains constitutively express the encoded genes without any addition of inducing agents such as iptg or lactose  <cit> .
the sequence coding for met-mtgase1– <dig> was amplified by pcr from pl <dig> using the sense primer 5′gtttaaacgtatggacagcgatgaccg 3′  and the antisense primer 5′tctagagtcattatggccagccttgtttaac 3′ .
the amplified fragment was cloned in pcrii topo  obtaining pl <dig> and later restricted by pmei-xbai and cloned in the same restriction sites of pl <dig> downstream of sequence coding for lacz1−8pnp1– <dig> to obtain the vector pl <dig> for the constitutive expression of the chimeric protein lacz1–8pnp1–20met-mtgase .
the vector for expressing lacz1–8met-mtgase under the lac promoter was constructed using an intermediate vector called pl <dig>
the vector was prepared by pcr amplification of pl <dig> with two oligonucleotides that only excluded the sequence coding for pnp1– <dig> using the sense primer 5′atggacagcgatgaccgcgtg 3′  and the antisense primer 5′ ggaagaattcgtaatcatggtcatagctg 3′ .
since plasmid pl <dig> had been amplificated by pcr, the region between the xbai-sapi restriction sites was sequenced and then transferred into pl <dig> restricted with the same enzymes to obtain the vector for the constitutive expression of chimeric lacz1–8met-mtgase denominated pl <dig> .
in order to obtain a plasmid with lac promoter that expresses met-mtgase was used a plasmid called pl <dig> previously prepared in our laboratory.
pl <dig> contains the tetracycline resistance gene, the puc <dig> origin of replication and the lacz1– <dig> between ncoi-xbai sites.
so pl <dig> was restricted with ncoi-xbai and the fragment was inserted into pl <dig> restricted with the same enzymes to obtain the vector for the constitutive expression of met-mtgase denominated pl <dig> .
cloning and expression of different met-mtgase and chimeric met-mtgase coding vectors
competent escherichia coli k <dig>  jm <dig> cell strains were transformed by electroporation with several purified plasmids as described in table  <dig> table  <dig> list of plasmids and related strains, engineered for different mtgase expression forms in escherichia coli, fermented in shake flask for protein expression detection
transformed cells were streaked onto agar plates prepared in ls <dig> medium 5 g/l yeast extract, 10 g/l soytone, 10 g/l sodium chloride containing  <dig>  mg/l tetracycline and incubated in a static incubator  overnight at 37 °c.
four isolated colonies of each transformed strain were selected from the agar plates and used to inoculate 10 ml ls <dig> culture medium in a 100 ml shake flasks, which were incubated at 220 rpm and 37c overnight in an orbital shaker .
about 6 ml of each of the incubated cell suspensions were adjusted to a final concentration of  <dig> % v/v glycerol, distributed in four cryo-vials and stored frozen at −80 °c.
about 100 μl were taken from each of four cryo-vials of the six recombinant strains and used to inoculate 10 ml of a rich, complex culture medium  in 100 ml shake flasks incubated overnight using an orbital shaker at 220 rpm and 37 °c.
<dig>  ml samples of each overnight cultures of constitutively expressed recombinant met-mtgase  were pelleted by centrifugation at +4 °c, washed with  <dig>  ml of 20 mm tris–hcl—1 mm edta—ph  <dig> buffer, suspended in phosphate buffer saline to od600nm value of about  <dig> and analysed by reducing sds-page with coomassie blue staining.
overnight cultures of recombinant met-mtgase expressed under the λ phage promoter  were diluted with 50 ml of rich medium and incubated in 250 ml shake flasks at 37 °c for about 2 h up to an od <dig> value of  <dig>  ±  <dig> .
afterwards the cultures were then incubated for a further 4 h in orbital shakers at 42 °c.
<dig>  ml taken from of each cell suspensions were prepared and analysed by reducing sds-page as described.
since no significant difference in terms of cell growth and recombinant protein expression was observed among the four clones examined, one from each recombinant strain was selected at random for molecular biology cell banks to be used for large scale fermentations.
large scale preparation of mtgase fusion proteins
the production of the mtgase fusion proteins has been performed using 10-litre scale stirred tank bioreactors .
the compositions of the culture media employed were originally tested and verified for the production of other recombinant fusion proteins manufactured using the same cell host.
starting from a vial of the respective molecular biology cell banks, the process consisted of inoculum preparation in shake flask followed by a 10-litre scale batch or fed-batch production step.
pre-inoculum was made starting from one vial of the molecular biology cell bank in culture medium fmyb, an animal free derived media composed by a pre defined solution of yeast extract, glycerol, vitamins and minerals with apposite antibiotic and then inoculated in  <dig> litres of fmyb culture medium for batch fermentation.
furthermore, fm <dig> medium, a solution of yeast extract, glycerol, soy peptone, minerals and vitamins, was used in the same conditions for feed-batch and batch fermentation in order to investigate the best condition of expression.
bach and fed-batch process conditions
one vial of the molecular biology cell bank was inoculated in 500 ml/flask of fmy and fm <dig> medium and cultivated 37 °c at 220 rpm in an orbital shaker .
afterwards 100 ml of pre-inoculum was inoculated in  <dig> litres culture medium:  for fmy or  for fm <dig>
cultivation followed for 5 h at 37 °c with air flow 1 v/v/min, ph was controlled to  <dig>  ±  <dig>  using  <dig>  % v/v nh4oh and  <dig> % v/v h3po <dig>  the po <dig> saturation was 20 % controlled by stirring rate at range of 300–1300 rpm for fmy medium and 300–1500 rpm for fm <dig>  with a mix of pure oxygen:air at 3: <dig> supplied upon reaching highest stirring rate.
minimum stirring speed was settled at 300 rpm for both media, direct air sparging was provided using ring sparger with holes on upper side, agitation using  <dig> separate flat-bladed  ruston impellers.
finally, foaming was controlled by antifoam addition .
on-line data acquisition included ph, stirring rate, po <dig>  temperature and air flow rate, off-line analyses included measuring the od <dig> and the ph during fermentation.
for fed-batch condition  <dig> litres of sterile culture media fm <dig> was prepared in bioreactor .
in correspondence with sharp po <dig> increase, indicating slower growth rate, the feed profile was  <dig> litres exponential feeding, 8-hour duplication time,  <dig> replications with air flow 1 v/v/min.
foaming and po <dig> was controlled as reported for batch fermentation.
purification methods
upon completing fermentation, the cell broths were harvested and centrifuged  to obtain concentrated cell paste, which was then stored frozen at −20 °c until required.
the lacz1–8met-mtgase fusion proteins, expressed in the form of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies, were recovered by suspending the cell paste  in 50 mm sodium phosphate buffer, ph  <dig>  containing 100 m m nacl, 5 mm edta and  <dig>  % v/v triton x <dig> at 4 °c and passing, for three successive cycles, through a high-pressure homogenizer  operated at 650 ± 25 bar.
the cell homogenate  was then cooled to below +10 °c and batch centrifuged  to pellet the inclusion bodies.
the inclusion bodies were then washed twice by suspension at +4 °c in 4 l of 50 mm sodium phosphate buffer, ph  <dig>  containing 100 m m nacl, 5 mm edta, under agitation for 30– <dig> min and then collected by centrifugation.
washed inclusion bodies were finally suspended 1: <dig> in 50 mm tris–hcl, 5 mm edta, ph  <dig>  to form an homogeneous slurry in a volume of about 3–4 % of initial cell broth volume, suitably aliquoted and stored frozen at −20 °c until required.
lacz1–8met-mtgase inclusion bodies were dissolved  in the solubilisation buffer , ph  <dig> ) and incubated, in mild agitation, for 1 h at room temperature.
the solubilisation buffer was added to the washed inclusion bodies preparation at a constant flow rate within about 10 ml/min, to obtain a protein concentration of about 3 mg/ml.
the solubilised lacz1–8met-mtgase solution was then diluted 20-fold to a concentration of  <dig>  m urea using 20 mm sodium acetate, ph  <dig> .
after 1 h of incubation in mild agitation at +4 °c, the ph was shifted from  <dig>  to  <dig>  by adding 1 m naoh.
the refolded lacz1–8met-mtgase protein solutions were clarified by centrifugation at  <dig>  rcf for 10 min and at  4° to remove any precipitated material and concentrated using a 10 kda cut-off ultrafiltration membrane .
the solubilization and refold reagents used were then removed by dialysis against 50 mm tris acetate, ph  <dig>  and the protein concentrate was drained down so that the equipment rinsed with the dialysis buffer recover residual product.
lacz1–8met-mtgase was purified by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on phenyl sepharose  <dig> fast flow  .
the resin was packed to a column height of 22 cm, column diameter of 16 mm and the column operated at linear flow rates up to 300 cm/h.
the column was equilibrated with  <dig>  m sodium chloride, 50 mm sodium acetate at ph =  <dig>  .
the load material consisted of the dialysed sample adjusted to  <dig>  m nacl, acidified to ph  <dig>  using acetic acid diluted 1: <dig> and filtered  <dig>  μm.
after loading, the column was washed  using the equilibration buffer.
lacz1–8met-mtgase was eluted using a step elution with  <dig>  m sodium chloride 50 mm sodium acetate, ph  <dig> .
a buffer exchange column was necessary to put the material in the right conditions for the enzyme-catalysed reaction of pegylation.fig.
<dig> hydrophobic interaction chromatography of lacz1–8met-mtgase on phenyl sepharose with a step elution of  <dig>  m sodium chloride, 50 mm sodium acetate, ph  <dig>  buffer, at room temperature
analytical methods
expression of mtgase and mtgase fusion proteins was monitored by staining with coomassie blue r- <dig> after 12 % sds-page analysis  <cit>  of solubilized cells using a bio-rad mini-gel apparatus as well as by rp-hplc carried out on a c <dig> vydac 214tp <dig> column  at 40 °c with uv detection at 215 nm.
mtgase was eluted at  <dig>  ml/min starting from the mobile phases a  and b  with the following linear gradients: from 30 % to 59 % of phase b in 13 min and from 59 % to 85 % of phase b in 7 min.
transglutaminase activity was measured by a described colorimetric method based on hydroxamate formation  <cit> .
briefly,  <dig>  ml of 200 mm tris-buffer ph  <dig>  containing 36 mm carbobenzoxy-glutaminyl-glycine, 100 mm hydroxylamine and 10 mm reduced glutathione were incubated for 10 min at 37 °c with 30 μl of test sample.
the enzymatic reaction was stopped by adding  <dig>  ml of 12 % trichloroacetic acid.
after that,  <dig>  ml of 5 % ferric chloride exahydrate solutions were added and the resulting red color was measured at 525 nm.
a calibration curve was prepared using commercially available l-glutamic acid γ-monohydroxamate.
one unit of mtgase activity is defined as the amount of enzyme that catalyzes the formation of  <dig>  μmole of hydroxamate/min at the above reported conditions.
specific activity is expressed as mtgase units/mg of protein.
purity and concentration of mtgase were determined by hplc analysis.
se-hplc was carried out using a tskgel supersw3000column .
the column was thermostated at 25 °c and eluted with  <dig>  m nah2po <dig>   <dig>  m naclo <dig>  ph  <dig> , at a flow rate of  <dig>  ml/min.
the uv detector was set at 215 nm.
rp-hplc was performed on a c <dig> vydac 214tp <dig> column , thermostated at 55 °c and equilibrated with 75 %  buffer a  and 25 %  buffer b .
the enzyme was eluted at a flow rate of  <dig>  ml/min with a linear gradient from 25 % to 45 % of buffer b in 23 min, recording the absorbance at 215 nm.
quantization was carried out by the external standard method, using a standard bovine serum albumin  solution as reference solution.
we also verified the functionality of the obtained recombinant transglutaminase by the process for site-specific pegylation of met-gcsf developed by bio-ker  <cit> .
briefly met-gcsf was submitted to covalent conjugation at glutamine  <dig> residue with a 20 kda amine derivative of polyethylene glycol  via enzyme-catalysed reaction using the purified ajinomoto “wild type” microbial transglutaminase in comparison with the purified lacz1–8met-mtgase from np668/ <dig>  the experimental conditions where peg/met-gcsf ratio 10: <dig>  final 2 mg/ml, final  <dig>  u/ml solution, 4 °c, buffer kh2po <dig> 20 mm and ph  <dig> .
RESULTS
purity of lacz1–8met-mtgase has been evaluated by electrophoresis and hplc analysis.
a single protein band was observed on sds-page gels under both reducing and non reducing conditions at the expected molecular weight .
the size-exclusion and reverse-phase chromatograms showed a single symmetric peak corresponding to  <dig>  % and  <dig>  % protein purity, respectively, under native conditions .
the enzyme purity was confirmed by tgase activity assay which gave a specific activity of 24u/mg.fig.
<dig> sds-page electrophoresis of reduced and non reduced mtgase samples stained by coomassie blue r- <dig>  lane  <dig>  protein markers; lane  <dig>  mtgase in non reducing sample buffer; lane  <dig>  mtgase in reducing sample buffer
fig.
<dig> reverse-phase  and size-exclusion hplc  analysis of purified mtgase from np668
expression systems and assessment
four different recombinant cell strains, expressing a met-mtgase fusion protein with two different n-terminal fusion partners in two separate expression systems, have been assessed.
specifically, the long lacz1–8pnp20met-mtgase fusion protein was expressed in cell strains np650/ <dig> under constitutive lac promoter and np656/ <dig> under the thermoinducible phage lambda promoter.
the shorter fusion protein lacz1–8met-mtgase, having just the first eight n-terminal amino acids of beta galactosidase at the n-terminal, was expressed in thermoinducible cell strain np668/ <dig> and constitutive cell strain np676/ <dig> .
none appreciable level of protein expression could be discerned by sds-page analysis for the strains expressing met-mtgase without an n-terminal fusion partner .
all the others strains possessing an n-terminal fusion partner yielded a good level of protein expression.
apart from the np <dig> cell strain, expressing lacz1–8met-mtgase, which was characterised by a long time of growth, the other three cell strains were incubated without problems suggesting that expression of met-mtgase protein was not deleterious for the cell host.
fermentation studies
as a result of preliminary experiments, a total of four different cell strains were selected to be tested using the 10-litre fermentation process, namely np650/ <dig>  np656/ <dig>  np668/ <dig> and np676/ <dig> .
as described below the np <dig> cell strain was transformed twice  and also fermented.table  <dig> fermentation of four most performing strains expressing mtgase, comparison of two expression systems
the constitutive np650/ <dig> cell strain yielded a very high volumetric productivity in terms of cell broth volume of more than 6 g/l lacz1–8pnp1–20met-mtgase fusion protein for a fed-batch fermentation process.
since this fed batch process typically lasted from  <dig> to 45 h, depending upon the adopted feeding profile, the same cell strain was tested using a batch process shortening the production time to about 8 h. however, despite a comparable final biomass content, a relatively low volumetric productivity of only  <dig>  g/l was obtained.
these results were confirmed by repeating the processes.
in any case, cytoplasmic expression of the lacz1–8pnp1–20met-mtgase fusion protein didn’t appear to have any appreciable toxic effect or to be detrimental to the growth of the host cell strain.
the same constitutive expression system was tested for met-mtgase having the shorter n-terminal fusion partner  but all of four fed-batch production runs were terminated due to excessive foaming.
considering that in other similar experiments, constitutive systems expressing long lacz1–8pnp1–20met-mtgase fusion protein had no apparent toxic effect on the cells, we repeated the previous experiment transforming again the plasmid in a newly aliquot of competent cells obtaining a new cell bank named np676/ <dig>  the new transformed cell strain was also characterized by slow growth, anyway two fed-batch fermentation processes have been completed, resulting in a final volumetric productivity of about  <dig>  g/l and a specific productivity, product titre in terms of grams cell wet weight, of about 36 mg/g.
five fermentation batches using the thermo-inducible np656/ <dig> cell strain expressing the lacz1–8pnp20met-mtgase fusion protein were performed, the fermenter temperature was shifted to 42 °c at an od <dig> value of  <dig> after  <dig>  h incubation and a final product yield of 3 g/l was obtained.
in another batch the temperature shift was performed after  <dig>  h incubation, at an od <dig> value of  <dig>  resulting in a lower final volumetric productivity of  <dig>  g/l.
in both batches, an high level of protein expression has been obtained after only four hours post-induction and no expressed product were observed before induction.
in a third batch, the temperature shift was performed after 2 h incubation at a very low od <dig> value of  <dig>  which resulted in a low final biomass content  and a lower product yield of  <dig>  g/l.
the highest volumetric productivity,  <dig>  g/l, was obtained when the temperature shift was performed at an od <dig> value of  <dig>  corresponding to the mid-point of the exponential growth phase.
in addition to the above described fermentations operated in a batch mode, similar five batches were run in a fed-batch mode.
as result, final biomass and concentrations were comparable, but high expression yield of up to 4 g/l were obtained.
considering only the fed-batch processes performed using the optimal conditions, a mean specific productivity value of about 80 mg/g was obtained for np650/ <dig> compared to about 100 mg/g for np656/ <dig>
the thermoinducible np668/ <dig> cell strain expressing the shorter lacz1–8mtgase fusion protein yielded a maximum volumetric productivity of about 3 g/l.
this cell strain was tested according to the batch production mode only and, the optimal point for the temperature shift to 42 °c corresponded to an od <dig> value of about  <dig>  giving a mean specific productivity of 40 mg/g cell wet weight, while in the same conditions were obtained for np656/ <dig> a productivity of 100 mg/g.
shifting the temperature at an od <dig> value of  <dig> or more resulted in a markedly lower yield of  <dig> – <dig>  g/l, whereas a value of  <dig>  g/l was obtained at a low od <dig> value of  <dig> table  <dig> list of np668/ <dig> fermentation batches to investigate the optimal point of temperature shift
mean
52
2206
563
<dig>
sd
10
541
74
<dig>
the constitutive np650/ <dig> cell strain gave the highest volumetric productivity of  <dig>  g/l, on the other hand, the thermoinducible cell strain np656/ <dig> exhibited a lower protein yield, but showed a more specific productivity in terms of mg of protein/cells .
for both systems was evident that long lacz1–8pnp1–20met-mtgase fusion protein yielded both a higher volumetric and specific productivity, demonstrating the advantage of co-expressing the mtgase protein with the pnp1– <dig> peptide.
it should be pointed out that this benefit is somewhat reduced if the additional mass, corresponding to about 10 % of the expressed protein, of the pnp1– <dig> peptide itself is taken into account.
purification and quality assessment
according to the preliminary fermentation process studies, the two most performing fusion protein systems namely short thermoinducible lacz1–8met-mtgase  and long constitutive lacz1–8pnp1–20met-mtgase  has been chosen to compare both efficiency of expression and biochemical qualities of the product.
proteins were extracted and purified to homogeneity and so verified as a single peak obtained in rp-hplc.
the lacz1–8pnp1–20met-mtgase fusion protein purified from np650/ <dig> exhibited an activity of  <dig> u/mg compared to 24u/mg for the shorter fusion protein purified from np668/ <dig> cell strain .
the lower activity obtained for the lacz1–8pnp1–20met-mtgase could be attributable to the presence of the long pnp1– <dig> peptide chain, therefore, despite the lower protein expression yield obtained, the thermoinducible cell strain np668/ <dig> expression has been chosen as most performing expression system.table  <dig> enzymatic activity of purified mtgase, comparison among the two best performing expression systems and wild type
comparison of the functionality of the lacz1–8met-mtgase fusion protein  versus the ajinomoto “wild type” microbial transglutaminase showed a same reaction kinetic profile for both products.
in both cases the reaction reached the plateau after four hours and the reaction yields were comparable likewise the chromatographic profiles  .fig.
<dig> kinetic profile functionality of np <dig> versus ajinomoto mtgase by comparing the enzymatic activities in covalent conjugation of 20 kda amine derivative of polyethylene glycol at glutamine  <dig> residue of met-g-csf
CONCLUSIONS
due to the implication of mtgase in many industrial and pharmaceutical fields, the interest in finding the better expression conditions of this enzyme is broadly widespread  <cit> .
in this work we have described a series of studies aimed to determine the better strategy to express mtgase comparing constitutive versus thermoinducible expression systems rather than expressing the protein by fusion protein or wild type.
moreover a comparison between two fusion partner  has been done.
we showed that the expression of a mtgase fusion protein is advantageous in terms of fermentation yield and that the use of the short lacz1–8met-mtgase fusion protein improves the enzymatic activity of the product obtaining an activity value comparable to that of the “wild type” transglutamiase .
thereby, the importance to have a reliable protein activity expression combined with a fast and robust method of purification led to the choice of np668/ <dig> as reference strain to produce met-mtgase.
competing interests
bioker srl, is a biotech company located in the scientific and technological park of sardinia  fully owned by multimedica holding.
gs is a irccs multimedica employee; gt is ceo of bioker srl while bs, dc, mb, ss and rs are bioker’s employees.
gsj is professor at university of parma, italy.
authors’ contributions
bs was responsible of study development and manuscript writing.
r.s.
was responsible of the research project.
d.c. and g.t.
were involved in experimental design and manuscript writing.
g.s.
and g.s.j.
were involved in scientific advisory and manuscript drafting.
ss was responsible for analytical studies whereas mb for purification process.
all authors read and approved the final manuscript.

 transglutaminases are a large family of multifunctional enzymes occurring in several organisms, including mammals, invertebrates, plants and microorganisms. these enzymes catalyze an acyl transfer reaction between the γ-carboxyamide group of a peptide-bound glutaminyl residue and a variety of primary amines including the ε-amino group of a peptide-bound lysine, resulting in the formation of a new γ-glutaminyl covalent link and ammonia. it is widely demonstrated that transglutaminase is involved in several physiological process. for instance, it serves a key factor in pancreatic fl-cell during glucose-stimulated insulin release through ca2+ dependent enzyme reaction in isolated islets of langerhans. moreover, transglutaminase family is widely expressed in cardiovascular cells and in macrophages, and the recent studies have documented diverse roles for transglutaminases in cardiovascular pathophysiology, in chronic as well as the acute manifestations of atherosclerosis. transglutaminases can modulate several cardiovascular risk factors, especially hypertension. the ability to promote covalent modifications of proteins by intra- and intermolecular linkages catalyzed by tranglutaminases is also exploited in industrial food as an established procedure to improve the texture and the nutritional value of different foods. more recently, based on mild operative conditions and the recognition of specific substrate sequences, transglutaminases have been proposed as efficient catalysts for site-specific labeling of proteins with ligand molecules, as for example in the case of enzymatic pegylation of recombinant therapeutic proteins whose pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamic properties can be modulated by covalent binding of high molecular weight poly moieties. known microbial transglutaminases differ from the mammalian enzymes in that they lack any sequence homology, display ca2+ independent activity and have smaller molecular masses. due to their properties, including ca2+ independent activity, high reaction and broad specificity for acyl donors, microbial transglutaminases are advantageously used in industrial application both in food and in pharmaceutical fields. a microbial transglutaminase from streptoverticillium mobaraensis has been isolated, characterized and cloned. this protein, which consists of amino acids with a molecular mass of  kda, is biosynthesized as a pre-pro-protein, then secreted from cytoplasmic compartment as inactive pro-mtgase which is finally activated by proteolytic processing to the enzymatically active mature form. mtgase was first prepared by conventional cultivation of wild-type strain of s.mobaraensis where the secreted inactive pro-enzyme was activated by endogenous proteases. later on, a number of reports have described the production of mtgase in different recombinant bacterial hosts such as streptomyces lividans, lactococcus lactis and escherichia coli. because of its protein cross linking activity, mtgase is a potentially toxic agent for the recombinant expression hosts if produced intracellularly in an active form. therefore, the expression as functionally inactive pro-enzyme with subsequent in vitro activation by cleavage of the pro-sequence or, alternatively, the expression of mature mtgase as insoluble inclusion bodies followed by in vitro refolding is necessary. in a previous work, we found that recombinant proteins bearing an n-terminal extension consisting of a few lacz residues followed by the first twenty residues of the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase when expressed in escherichia.coli, were invariably accumulated at high level inside the cell as cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. in the present paper we describe the application of the same fusion protein technology for producing recombinant mtgase in e.coli according to different expression systems comprising a constitutive and thermoinducibile one under the control of the λ phage promoter. the results confirmed the critical importance of the n-terminal extension to obtain both high level expression of mtgase and its cytoplasmic segregation in inclusion bodies. starting from washed inclusion bodies we also developed an efficient refolding and purification protocol to obtain a final mtgase preparation which displayed highly specific activity. in conclusion, the procedure described in this work could potentially be applied for producing pure recombinant mtgase on a commercial scale for subsequent use as a convenient biocatalyst for the preparation of new protein conjugates. to date, the mainly bacterial expression system to biosynthesise transglutaminases is, this system however has some drawbacks, involving, e.g. problems related to post-translational protein modification. in this work we present a cheaper and more efficient system based on the e.coli peculiarity to highly express recombinant proteins by inclusion body identifying and developing the most performing expression system, the procedure described could therefore potentially be applied for producing pure recombinant mtgase on a commercial scale for subsequent use as a convenient biocatalyst for the preparation of new protein conjugates. methods general methods all dna manipulations, including restriction digestions, ligations and electrophoresis on agarose gels, were carried out as described. restriction and dna-modifying enzymes were purchased from new england biolabs and used according to the manufacturer’s instructions. pcr experiments were performed using a pcr thermal cycler, a high fidelity pcr system and oligonucleotides synthesized by m-medical. plasmid extractions from agarose gels and pcr purifications were performed using qiagen kits. the competent cells were transformed using the bio-rad e. coli pulser transformation apparatus and selected using antibiotic resistance. soytone, yeast extract and all other chemicals and components for the preparation of culture media were from merck, sigma-aldrich or fluka. synthetic cdna coding for met-mtgase cdna coding for mature s.mobaraensis mtgase optimized according to e.coli codon usage was synthesized by sloning bio technology gmbh using a proprietary genetic algorithm. essentially, rare codons were replaced with the most frequently used e.coli codon for each particular amino acid. other parameters such as gc-content bias, stability of the rna secondary structure and length of direct and inverted repeats were also assessed following codon optimisation. a starting atg codon for met residue at the n-terminus and two consecutive stop codons taa tga at c-terminus have been added. the synthetic gene was transferred to the hpai-xhoi sites of plasmid ppcrscript to give the vector pl enconding for met-mtgase. construction of thermoinducible vectors the thermoinducible expression vectors were constructed starting from plasmid pl previously prepared in our laboratory for expressing interferon beta as chimeric lacz1–8pnp1– fusion protein under the λ phage promoter, and characterized for the presence of the following main components:a 1375 bp fragment comprising the pr and pl promoters and the sequence coding for the thermosensitive repressor ci isolated from plasmid pnd a coding sequence for ifn-β-1b immediately dowstream of a oligonucleotide sequence coding for the first residues of lacz protein and the first aminoacids of e.coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase the kanamycine resistance gene and the puc origin of replication a multicloning site. in vectors containing pr and pl promoters of bacteriophage λ, transcription may be controlled by the λ repressor, supplied by expression of ci gene. if a temperature-sensitive allele of ci is used, transcription from the strong promoters is repressed in cells growing at 30 °c. at 42 °c, the thermolabile repressor is inactivated and transcription is enabled. in our experiments we noticed that the strong promoter is repressed until 37 °c, therefore we used this temperature for cell growing and 42 °c for expression of protein. the sequence coding for met-mtgase1– was excised by hpai-xhoi digestion of pl and cloned in the same restriction sites of pl to obtain the vector pl for the expression of mature met-mtgase enzyme under the λ phage promoter.fig. construction and structure of mtg expression plasmids. thermoinducible plasmids, panel: a, b and c and constitutive plasmids, panel: d, e and f. the restriction enzyme sites used for construction of the plasmids are indicated. additional details are described in methods the sequence coding for met-mtgase1– was pcr amplified from pl using the sense primer 5′gtttaaacgtatggacagcgatgaccg 3′ and the antisense primer 5′ctcgagtcattatggccagccttgtttaac 3′. the amplified fragment was cloned in pcrii topo obtaining pl and later restricted by hpai-xhoi and cloned in the same restriction sites of pl dowstream of sequence coding for lacz1–8pnp1– to obtain the vector pl for the expression of the chimeric protein lacz1–8pnp1–20-met-mtgase under the λ phage promoter. the vector for expressing lacz1–8-met-mtgase was constructed using an intermediate vector. the plasmid, called pl was prepared by pcr amplification of pl with two oligonucleotides that only excluded the sequence coding for pnp1– using the sense primer 5′atggacagcgatgaccgcgtg 3′ and the antisense primer 5′ggaagaattcgtaatcatggtcataggttaac 3′. since plasmid pl had been amplified by pcr, the region between the hpai-xhoi restriction sites of pl was sequenced and then transferred into pl to obtain the final vector for expressing lacz1–8met-mtgase under the λ phage promoter denominated pl. construction of constitutive vectors the constitutive expression vectors were constructed starting from plasmid pl previously prepared in our laboratory for expressing met-g-csf as hybrid lacz1–8pnp1– fusion protein under the lac promoter, and characterized for the presence of the following main components:the lac promoter of commercially available puc vector a coding sequence for met-g-csf immediately dowstream of a oligonucleotide sequence coding for the first residues of lacz protein and the first aminoacids of e.coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase the tetracycline resistance gene and the puc origin of replication a multicloning site. puc derived vectors containing the inducible lac promoter when transformed into jm e.coli strains constitutively express the encoded genes without any addition of inducing agents such as iptg or lactose. the sequence coding for met-mtgase1– was amplified by pcr from pl using the sense primer 5′gtttaaacgtatggacagcgatgaccg 3′ and the antisense primer 5′tctagagtcattatggccagccttgtttaac 3′. the amplified fragment was cloned in pcrii topo obtaining pl and later restricted by pmei-xbai and cloned in the same restriction sites of pl downstream of sequence coding for lacz1−8pnp1– to obtain the vector pl for the constitutive expression of the chimeric protein lacz1–8pnp1–20met-mtgase. the vector for expressing lacz1–8met-mtgase under the lac promoter was constructed using an intermediate vector called pl the vector was prepared by pcr amplification of pl with two oligonucleotides that only excluded the sequence coding for pnp1– using the sense primer 5′atggacagcgatgaccgcgtg 3′ and the antisense primer 5′ ggaagaattcgtaatcatggtcatagctg 3′. since plasmid pl had been amplificated by pcr, the region between the xbai-sapi restriction sites was sequenced and then transferred into pl restricted with the same enzymes to obtain the vector for the constitutive expression of chimeric lacz1–8met-mtgase denominated pl. in order to obtain a plasmid with lac promoter that expresses met-mtgase was used a plasmid called pl previously prepared in our laboratory. pl contains the tetracycline resistance gene, the puc origin of replication and the lacz1– between ncoi-xbai sites. so pl was restricted with ncoi-xbai and the fragment was inserted into pl restricted with the same enzymes to obtain the vector for the constitutive expression of met-mtgase denominated pl. cloning and expression of different met-mtgase and chimeric met-mtgase coding vectors competent escherichia coli k jm cell strains were transformed by electroporation with several purified plasmids as described in table  table list of plasmids and related strains, engineered for different mtgase expression forms in escherichia coli, fermented in shake flask for protein expression detection transformed cells were streaked onto agar plates prepared in ls medium 5 g/l yeast extract, 10 g/l soytone, 10 g/l sodium chloride containing  mg/l tetracycline and incubated in a static incubator overnight at 37 °c. four isolated colonies of each transformed strain were selected from the agar plates and used to inoculate 10 ml ls culture medium in a 100 ml shake flasks, which were incubated at 220 rpm and 37c overnight in an orbital shaker. about 6 ml of each of the incubated cell suspensions were adjusted to a final concentration of % v/v glycerol, distributed in four cryo-vials and stored frozen at −80 °c. about 100 μl were taken from each of four cryo-vials of the six recombinant strains and used to inoculate 10 ml of a rich, complex culture medium in 100 ml shake flasks incubated overnight using an orbital shaker at 220 rpm and 37 °c.  ml samples of each overnight cultures of constitutively expressed recombinant met-mtgase were pelleted by centrifugation at +4 °c, washed with  ml of 20 mm tris–hcl—1 mm edta—ph  buffer, suspended in phosphate buffer saline to od600nm value of about and analysed by reducing sds-page with coomassie blue staining. overnight cultures of recombinant met-mtgase expressed under the λ phage promoter were diluted with 50 ml of rich medium and incubated in 250 ml shake flasks at 37 °c for about 2 h up to an od value of  ± . afterwards the cultures were then incubated for a further 4 h in orbital shakers at 42 °c.  ml taken from of each cell suspensions were prepared and analysed by reducing sds-page as described. since no significant difference in terms of cell growth and recombinant protein expression was observed among the four clones examined, one from each recombinant strain was selected at random for molecular biology cell banks to be used for large scale fermentations. large scale preparation of mtgase fusion proteins the production of the mtgase fusion proteins has been performed using 10-litre scale stirred tank bioreactors. the compositions of the culture media employed were originally tested and verified for the production of other recombinant fusion proteins manufactured using the same cell host. starting from a vial of the respective molecular biology cell banks, the process consisted of inoculum preparation in shake flask followed by a 10-litre scale batch or fed-batch production step. pre-inoculum was made starting from one vial of the molecular biology cell bank in culture medium fmyb, an animal free derived media composed by a pre defined solution of yeast extract, glycerol, vitamins and minerals with apposite antibiotic and then inoculated in litres of fmyb culture medium for batch fermentation. furthermore, fm medium, a solution of yeast extract, glycerol, soy peptone, minerals and vitamins, was used in the same conditions for feed-batch and batch fermentation in order to investigate the best condition of expression. bach and fed-batch process conditions one vial of the molecular biology cell bank was inoculated in 500 ml/flask of fmy and fm medium and cultivated 37 °c at 220 rpm in an orbital shaker. afterwards 100 ml of pre-inoculum was inoculated in litres culture medium: for fmy or for fm cultivation followed for 5 h at 37 °c with air flow 1 v/v/min, ph was controlled to  ±  using % v/v nh4oh and % v/v h3po the po saturation was 20 % controlled by stirring rate at range of 300–1300 rpm for fmy medium and 300–1500 rpm for fm with a mix of pure oxygen:air at 3: supplied upon reaching highest stirring rate. minimum stirring speed was settled at 300 rpm for both media, direct air sparging was provided using ring sparger with holes on upper side, agitation using separate flat-bladed ruston impellers. finally, foaming was controlled by antifoam addition. on-line data acquisition included ph, stirring rate, po temperature and air flow rate, off-line analyses included measuring the od and the ph during fermentation. for fed-batch condition litres of sterile culture media fm was prepared in bioreactor. in correspondence with sharp po increase, indicating slower growth rate, the feed profile was litres exponential feeding, 8-hour duplication time, replications with air flow 1 v/v/min. foaming and po was controlled as reported for batch fermentation. purification methods upon completing fermentation, the cell broths were harvested and centrifuged to obtain concentrated cell paste, which was then stored frozen at −20 °c until required. the lacz1–8met-mtgase fusion proteins, expressed in the form of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies, were recovered by suspending the cell paste in 50 mm sodium phosphate buffer, ph  containing 100 m m nacl, 5 mm edta and % v/v triton x at 4 °c and passing, for three successive cycles, through a high-pressure homogenizer operated at 650 ± 25 bar. the cell homogenate was then cooled to below +10 °c and batch centrifuged to pellet the inclusion bodies. the inclusion bodies were then washed twice by suspension at +4 °c in 4 l of 50 mm sodium phosphate buffer, ph  containing 100 m m nacl, 5 mm edta, under agitation for 30– min and then collected by centrifugation. washed inclusion bodies were finally suspended 1: in 50 mm tris–hcl, 5 mm edta, ph  to form an homogeneous slurry in a volume of about 3–4 % of initial cell broth volume, suitably aliquoted and stored frozen at −20 °c until required. lacz1–8met-mtgase inclusion bodies were dissolved in the solubilisation buffer, ph  ) and incubated, in mild agitation, for 1 h at room temperature. the solubilisation buffer was added to the washed inclusion bodies preparation at a constant flow rate within about 10 ml/min, to obtain a protein concentration of about 3 mg/ml. the solubilised lacz1–8met-mtgase solution was then diluted 20-fold to a concentration of  m urea using 20 mm sodium acetate, ph . after 1 h of incubation in mild agitation at +4 °c, the ph was shifted from to by adding 1 m naoh. the refolded lacz1–8met-mtgase protein solutions were clarified by centrifugation at rcf for 10 min and at  4° to remove any precipitated material and concentrated using a 10 kda cut-off ultrafiltration membrane. the solubilization and refold reagents used were then removed by dialysis against 50 mm tris acetate, ph  and the protein concentrate was drained down so that the equipment rinsed with the dialysis buffer recover residual product. lacz1–8met-mtgase was purified by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on phenyl sepharose fast flow. the resin was packed to a column height of 22 cm, column diameter of 16 mm and the column operated at linear flow rates up to 300 cm/h. the column was equilibrated with  m sodium chloride, 50 mm sodium acetate at ph = . the load material consisted of the dialysed sample adjusted to  m nacl, acidified to ph  using acetic acid diluted 1: and filtered  μm. after loading, the column was washed using the equilibration buffer. lacz1–8met-mtgase was eluted using a step elution with  m sodium chloride 50 mm sodium acetate, ph . a buffer exchange column was necessary to put the material in the right conditions for the enzyme-catalysed reaction of pegylation.fig. hydrophobic interaction chromatography of lacz1–8met-mtgase on phenyl sepharose with a step elution of  m sodium chloride, 50 mm sodium acetate, ph  buffer, at room temperature analytical methods expression of mtgase and mtgase fusion proteins was monitored by staining with coomassie blue r- after 12 % sds-page analysis of solubilized cells using a bio-rad mini-gel apparatus as well as by rp-hplc carried out on a c vydac 214tp column at 40 °c with uv detection at 215 nm. mtgase was eluted at  ml/min starting from the mobile phases a and b with the following linear gradients: from 30 % to 59 % of phase b in 13 min and from 59 % to 85 % of phase b in 7 min. transglutaminase activity was measured by a described colorimetric method based on hydroxamate formation. briefly,  ml of 200 mm tris-buffer ph  containing 36 mm carbobenzoxy-glutaminyl-glycine, 100 mm hydroxylamine and 10 mm reduced glutathione were incubated for 10 min at 37 °c with 30 μl of test sample. the enzymatic reaction was stopped by adding  ml of 12 % trichloroacetic acid. after that,  ml of 5 % ferric chloride exahydrate solutions were added and the resulting red color was measured at 525 nm. a calibration curve was prepared using commercially available l-glutamic acid γ-monohydroxamate. one unit of mtgase activity is defined as the amount of enzyme that catalyzes the formation of μmole of hydroxamate/min at the above reported conditions. specific activity is expressed as mtgase units/mg of protein. purity and concentration of mtgase were determined by hplc analysis. se-hplc was carried out using a tskgel supersw3000column. the column was thermostated at 25 °c and eluted with  m nah2po  m naclo ph , at a flow rate of  ml/min. the uv detector was set at 215 nm. rp-hplc was performed on a c vydac 214tp column, thermostated at 55 °c and equilibrated with 75 % buffer a and 25 % buffer b. the enzyme was eluted at a flow rate of  ml/min with a linear gradient from 25 % to 45 % of buffer b in 23 min, recording the absorbance at 215 nm. quantization was carried out by the external standard method, using a standard bovine serum albumin solution as reference solution. we also verified the functionality of the obtained recombinant transglutaminase by the process for site-specific pegylation of met-gcsf developed by bio-ker. briefly met-gcsf was submitted to covalent conjugation at glutamine residue with a 20 kda amine derivative of polyethylene glycol via enzyme-catalysed reaction using the purified ajinomoto “wild type” microbial transglutaminase in comparison with the purified lacz1–8met-mtgase from np668/ the experimental conditions where peg/met-gcsf ratio 10: final 2 mg/ml, final u/ml solution, 4 °c, buffer kh2po 20 mm and ph .  purity of lacz1–8met-mtgase has been evaluated by electrophoresis and hplc analysis. a single protein band was observed on sds-page gels under both reducing and non reducing conditions at the expected molecular weight. the size-exclusion and reverse-phase chromatograms showed a single symmetric peak corresponding to  % and  % protein purity, respectively, under native conditions. the enzyme purity was confirmed by tgase activity assay which gave a specific activity of 24u/mg.fig. sds-page electrophoresis of reduced and non reduced mtgase samples stained by coomassie blue r- lane protein markers; lane mtgase in non reducing sample buffer; lane mtgase in reducing sample buffer fig. reverse-phase and size-exclusion hplc analysis of purified mtgase from np668 expression systems and assessment four different recombinant cell strains, expressing a met-mtgase fusion protein with two different n-terminal fusion partners in two separate expression systems, have been assessed. specifically, the long lacz1–8pnp20met-mtgase fusion protein was expressed in cell strains np650/ under constitutive lac promoter and np656/ under the thermoinducible phage lambda promoter. the shorter fusion protein lacz1–8met-mtgase, having just the first eight n-terminal amino acids of beta galactosidase at the n-terminal, was expressed in thermoinducible cell strain np668/ and constitutive cell strain np676/. none appreciable level of protein expression could be discerned by sds-page analysis for the strains expressing met-mtgase without an n-terminal fusion partner. all the others strains possessing an n-terminal fusion partner yielded a good level of protein expression. apart from the np cell strain, expressing lacz1–8met-mtgase, which was characterised by a long time of growth, the other three cell strains were incubated without problems suggesting that expression of met-mtgase protein was not deleterious for the cell host. fermentation studies as a result of preliminary experiments, a total of four different cell strains were selected to be tested using the 10-litre fermentation process, namely np650/ np656/ np668/ and np676/. as described below the np cell strain was transformed twice and also fermented.table fermentation of four most performing strains expressing mtgase, comparison of two expression systems the constitutive np650/ cell strain yielded a very high volumetric productivity in terms of cell broth volume of more than 6 g/l lacz1–8pnp1–20met-mtgase fusion protein for a fed-batch fermentation process. since this fed batch process typically lasted from to 45 h, depending upon the adopted feeding profile, the same cell strain was tested using a batch process shortening the production time to about 8 h. however, despite a comparable final biomass content, a relatively low volumetric productivity of only  g/l was obtained. these results were confirmed by repeating the processes. in any case, cytoplasmic expression of the lacz1–8pnp1–20met-mtgase fusion protein didn’t appear to have any appreciable toxic effect or to be detrimental to the growth of the host cell strain. the same constitutive expression system was tested for met-mtgase having the shorter n-terminal fusion partner but all of four fed-batch production runs were terminated due to excessive foaming. considering that in other similar experiments, constitutive systems expressing long lacz1–8pnp1–20met-mtgase fusion protein had no apparent toxic effect on the cells, we repeated the previous experiment transforming again the plasmid in a newly aliquot of competent cells obtaining a new cell bank named np676/ the new transformed cell strain was also characterized by slow growth, anyway two fed-batch fermentation processes have been completed, resulting in a final volumetric productivity of about  g/l and a specific productivity, product titre in terms of grams cell wet weight, of about 36 mg/g. five fermentation batches using the thermo-inducible np656/ cell strain expressing the lacz1–8pnp20met-mtgase fusion protein were performed, the fermenter temperature was shifted to 42 °c at an od value of after  h incubation and a final product yield of 3 g/l was obtained. in another batch the temperature shift was performed after  h incubation, at an od value of resulting in a lower final volumetric productivity of  g/l. in both batches, an high level of protein expression has been obtained after only four hours post-induction and no expressed product were observed before induction. in a third batch, the temperature shift was performed after 2 h incubation at a very low od value of which resulted in a low final biomass content and a lower product yield of  g/l. the highest volumetric productivity,  g/l, was obtained when the temperature shift was performed at an od value of corresponding to the mid-point of the exponential growth phase. in addition to the above described fermentations operated in a batch mode, similar five batches were run in a fed-batch mode. as result, final biomass and concentrations were comparable, but high expression yield of up to 4 g/l were obtained. considering only the fed-batch processes performed using the optimal conditions, a mean specific productivity value of about 80 mg/g was obtained for np650/ compared to about 100 mg/g for np656/ the thermoinducible np668/ cell strain expressing the shorter lacz1–8mtgase fusion protein yielded a maximum volumetric productivity of about 3 g/l. this cell strain was tested according to the batch production mode only and, the optimal point for the temperature shift to 42 °c corresponded to an od value of about giving a mean specific productivity of 40 mg/g cell wet weight, while in the same conditions were obtained for np656/ a productivity of 100 mg/g. shifting the temperature at an od value of or more resulted in a markedly lower yield of –  g/l, whereas a value of  g/l was obtained at a low od value of table list of np668/ fermentation batches to investigate the optimal point of temperature shift mean 52 2206 563 sd 10 541 74 the constitutive np650/ cell strain gave the highest volumetric productivity of  g/l, on the other hand, the thermoinducible cell strain np656/ exhibited a lower protein yield, but showed a more specific productivity in terms of mg of protein/cells. for both systems was evident that long lacz1–8pnp1–20met-mtgase fusion protein yielded both a higher volumetric and specific productivity, demonstrating the advantage of co-expressing the mtgase protein with the pnp1– peptide. it should be pointed out that this benefit is somewhat reduced if the additional mass, corresponding to about 10 % of the expressed protein, of the pnp1– peptide itself is taken into account. purification and quality assessment according to the preliminary fermentation process studies, the two most performing fusion protein systems namely short thermoinducible lacz1–8met-mtgase and long constitutive lacz1–8pnp1–20met-mtgase has been chosen to compare both efficiency of expression and biochemical qualities of the product. proteins were extracted and purified to homogeneity and so verified as a single peak obtained in rp-hplc. the lacz1–8pnp1–20met-mtgase fusion protein purified from np650/ exhibited an activity of u/mg compared to 24u/mg for the shorter fusion protein purified from np668/ cell strain. the lower activity obtained for the lacz1–8pnp1–20met-mtgase could be attributable to the presence of the long pnp1– peptide chain, therefore, despite the lower protein expression yield obtained, the thermoinducible cell strain np668/ expression has been chosen as most performing expression system.table enzymatic activity of purified mtgase, comparison among the two best performing expression systems and wild type comparison of the functionality of the lacz1–8met-mtgase fusion protein versus the ajinomoto “wild type” microbial transglutaminase showed a same reaction kinetic profile for both products. in both cases the reaction reached the plateau after four hours and the reaction yields were comparable likewise the chromatographic profiles.fig. kinetic profile functionality of np versus ajinomoto mtgase by comparing the enzymatic activities in covalent conjugation of 20 kda amine derivative of polyethylene glycol at glutamine residue of met-g-csf  due to the implication of mtgase in many industrial and pharmaceutical fields, the interest in finding the better expression conditions of this enzyme is broadly widespread. in this work we have described a series of studies aimed to determine the better strategy to express mtgase comparing constitutive versus thermoinducible expression systems rather than expressing the protein by fusion protein or wild type. moreover a comparison between two fusion partner has been done. we showed that the expression of a mtgase fusion protein is advantageous in terms of fermentation yield and that the use of the short lacz1–8met-mtgase fusion protein improves the enzymatic activity of the product obtaining an activity value comparable to that of the “wild type” transglutamiase. thereby, the importance to have a reliable protein activity expression combined with a fast and robust method of purification led to the choice of np668/ as reference strain to produce met-mtgase. competing interests bioker srl, is a biotech company located in the scientific and technological park of sardinia fully owned by multimedica holding. gs is a irccs multimedica employee; gt is ceo of bioker srl while bs, dc, mb, ss and rs are bioker’s employees. gsj is professor at university of parma, italy. authors’ contributions bs was responsible of study development and manuscript writing. r.s. was responsible of the research project. d.c. and g.t. were involved in experimental design and manuscript writing. g.s. and g.s.j. were involved in scientific advisory and manuscript drafting. ss was responsible for analytical studies whereas mb for purification process. all authors read and approved the final manuscript. 
in this work we studied the production in escherichia coli of a recombinant transglutaminase from streptomyces mobaraensis as enzymatically active chimeric forms using different expression systems under the control of both lac promoter or thermoinducible phage lambda promoter. combining the experimental data on expression levels and specific activities of purified mtgase fusion proteins, the chimeric lacz1–8met-mtgase, which displays an enzymatic activity comparable to the wild-type enzyme, was selected as a candidate for producing microbial transglutaminase for industrial applications. thermoinducible and constitutive expression vectors were constructed expressing met-mtgase with chimeric lacz1-8pnp1– or lacz1– fusion protein under different promoters. the two most performing fusion protein systems namely short thermoinducible lacz1–8met-mtgase from np668/ and long constitutive lacz1–8pnp1–20met-mtgase from np650/ has been chosen to compare both efficiency of expression and biochemical qualities of the product. the lacz1–8pnp1–20met-mtgase fusion protein purified from np650/ exhibited an activity of u/mg compared to u/mg for the shorter fusion protein purified from np668/ cell strain. bacterial transglutaminases are increasingly required as industrial reagents for in vitro modification of proteins in different fields such as in food processing as well as for enzymatic site-specific covalent conjugation of therapeutic proteins to polyethylene glycol to get derivatives with improved clinical performances. after transformed in competent escherichia coli k strains were fermented in batch and fed-bach mode in different mediums in order to select the best conditions of expression.
 bacterial transglutaminases are increasingly required as industrial reagents for in vitro modification of proteins in different fields such as in food processing as well as for enzymatic site-specific covalent conjugation of therapeutic proteins to polyethylene glycol to get derivatives with improved clinical performances. in this work we studied the production in escherichia coli of a recombinant transglutaminase from streptomyces mobaraensis as enzymatically active chimeric forms using different expression systems under the control of both lac promoter or thermoinducible phage lambda promoter.  thermoinducible and constitutive expression vectors were constructed expressing met-mtgase with chimeric lacz1-8pnp1– or lacz1– fusion protein under different promoters. after transformed in competent escherichia coli k strains were fermented in batch and fed-bach mode in different mediums in order to select the best conditions of expression. the two most performing fusion protein systems namely short thermoinducible lacz1–8met-mtgase from np668/ and long constitutive lacz1–8pnp1–20met-mtgase from np650/ has been chosen to compare both efficiency of expression and biochemical qualities of the product. proteins were extracted, purified to homogeneity and verified as a single peak obtained in rp-hplc. the lacz1–8pnp1–20met-mtgase fusion protein purified from np650/ exhibited an activity of u/mg compared to u/mg for the shorter fusion protein purified from np668/ cell strain.  combining the experimental data on expression levels and specific activities of purified mtgase fusion proteins, the chimeric lacz1–8met-mtgase, which displays an enzymatic activity comparable to the wild-type enzyme, was selected as a candidate for producing microbial transglutaminase for industrial applications. issue-copyright-statement© the author 2015 