auren-research/cyber-sec huggingface dataset:
type: course-of-action
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id: course-of-action--51b37302-b844-4c08-ac98-ae6955ed1f55
created: 2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z
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external_references: source_name: mitre-attack
url: https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1113
external_id: T1113
source_name: Beechey 2010
description: Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
url: http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599
source_name: Windows Commands JPCERT
description: Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
url: http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html
source_name: NSA MS AppLocker
description: NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
url: https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm
source_name: Corio 2008
description: Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
url: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx
source_name: TechNet Applocker vs SRP
description: Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
url: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx
object_marking_refs: marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168
modified: 2025-04-18T17:59:54.998Z
name: Screen Capture Mitigation
description: Blocking software based on screen capture functionality may be difficult, and there may be legitimate software that performs those actions. Instead, identify potentially malicious software that may have functionality to acquire screen captures, and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)
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type: course-of-action
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id: course-of-action--5391ece4-8866-415d-9b5e-8dc5944f612a
created: 2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z
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external_references: source_name: mitre-attack
url: https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1153
external_id: T1153
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modified: 2025-04-18T17:59:55.168Z
name: Source Mitigation
description: Due to potential legitimate uses of source commands, it's may be difficult to mitigate use of this technique.
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type: course-of-action
spec_version: 2.1
id: course-of-action--53b3b027-bed3-480c-9101-1247047d0fe6
created: 2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z
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external_references: source_name: mitre-attack
url: https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1076
external_id: T1076
source_name: Berkley Secure
description: Berkeley Security, University of California. (n.d.). Securing Remote Desktop for System Administrators. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
url: https://security.berkeley.edu/node/94
source_name: Windows RDP Sessions
description: Microsoft. (n.d.). Configure Timeout and Reconnection Settings for Remote Desktop Services Sessions. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
url: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc754272(v=ws.11).aspx
object_marking_refs: marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168
modified: 2025-04-18T17:59:55.337Z
name: Remote Desktop Protocol Mitigation
description: Disable the RDP service if it is unnecessary, remove unnecessary accounts and groups from Remote Desktop Users groups, and enable firewall rules to block RDP traffic between network security zones. Audit the Remote Desktop Users group membership regularly. Remove the local Administrators group from the list of groups allowed to log in through RDP. Limit remote user permissions if remote access is necessary. Use remote desktop gateways and multifactor authentication for remote logins. (Citation: Berkley Secure) Do not leave RDP accessible from the internet. Change GPOs to define shorter timeouts sessions and maximum amount of time any single session can be active. Change GPOs to specify the maximum amount of time that a disconnected session stays active on the RD session host server. (Citation: Windows RDP Sessions)
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type: course-of-action
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id: course-of-action--54246e2e-683f-4bf2-be4c-d7d5a60e7d22
created: 2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z
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external_references: source_name: mitre-attack
url: https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1171
external_id: T1171
source_name: ADSecurity Windows Secure Baseline
description: Metcalf, S. (2016, October 21). Securing Windows Workstations: Developing a Secure Baseline. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
url: https://adsecurity.org/?p=3299
source_name: byt3bl33d3r NTLM Relaying
description: Salvati, M. (2017, June 2). Practical guide to NTLM Relaying in 2017 (A.K.A getting a foothold in under 5 minutes). Retrieved February 7, 2019.
url: https://byt3bl33d3r.github.io/practical-guide-to-ntlm-relaying-in-2017-aka-getting-a-foothold-in-under-5-minutes.html
source_name: Secure Ideas SMB Relay
description: Kuehn, E. (2018, April 11). Ever Run a Relay? Why SMB Relays Should Be On Your Mind. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
url: https://blog.secureideas.com/2018/04/ever-run-a-relay-why-smb-relays-should-be-on-your-mind.html
source_name: Microsoft SMB Packet Signing
description: Microsoft. (2008, September 10). Using SMB Packet Signing. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
url: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/system-center/operations-manager-2005/cc180803(v=technet.10)
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modified: 2025-04-18T17:59:55.532Z
name: LLMNR/NBT-NS Poisoning Mitigation
description: Disable LLMNR and NetBIOS in local computer security settings or by group policy if they are not needed within an environment. (Citation: ADSecurity Windows Secure Baseline)

Use host-based security software to block LLMNR/NetBIOS traffic. Enabling SMB Signing can stop NTLMv2 relay attacks.(Citation: byt3bl33d3r NTLM Relaying)(Citation: Secure Ideas SMB Relay)(Citation: Microsoft SMB Packet Signing)
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type: course-of-action
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id: course-of-action--548bf7ad-e19c-4d74-84bf-84ac4e57f505
created: 2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z
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external_references: source_name: mitre-attack
url: https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1204
external_id: T1204
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modified: 2025-04-18T17:59:55.719Z
name: User Execution Mitigation
description: Use user training as a way to bring awareness to common phishing and spearphishing techniques and how to raise suspicion for potentially malicious events. Application whitelisting may be able to prevent the running of executables masquerading as other files.

If a link is being visited by a user, block unknown or unused files in transit by default that should not be downloaded or by policy from suspicious sites as a best practice to prevent some vectors, such as .scr, .exe, .lnk, .pif, .cpl, etc. Some download scanning devices can open and analyze compressed and encrypted formats, such as zip and RAR that may be used to conceal malicious files in [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027).

If a link is being visited by a user, network intrusion prevention systems and systems designed to scan and remove malicious downloads can be used to block activity. Solutions can be signature and behavior based, but adversaries may construct files in a way to avoid these systems.
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type: course-of-action
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id: course-of-action--54e8722d-2faf-4b1b-93b6-6cbf9551669f
created: 2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z
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external_references: source_name: mitre-attack
url: https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1200
external_id: T1200
source_name: Wikipedia 802.1x
description: Wikipedia. (2018, March 30). IEEE 802.1X. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1X
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modified: 2025-04-18T17:59:55.894Z
name: Hardware Additions Mitigation
description: Establish network access control policies, such as using device certificates and the 802.1x standard. (Citation: Wikipedia 802.1x) Restrict use of DHCP to registered devices to prevent unregistered devices from communicating with trusted systems. 

Block unknown devices and accessories by endpoint security configuration and monitoring agent.
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type: course-of-action
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id: course-of-action--56648de3-8947-4559-90c4-eda10acc0f5a
created: 2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z
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external_references: source_name: mitre-attack
url: https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1142
external_id: T1142
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modified: 2025-04-18T17:59:56.074Z
name: Keychain Mitigation
description: The password for the user's login keychain can be changed from the user's login password. This increases the complexity for an adversary because they need to know an additional password.
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type: course-of-action
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id: course-of-action--57019a80-8523-46b6-be7d-f763a15a2cc6
created: 2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z
created_by_ref: identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5
external_references: source_name: mitre-attack
url: https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1064
external_id: T1064
source_name: Microsoft Block Office Macros
description: Windows Defender Research. (2016, March 22). New feature in Office 2016 can block macros and help prevent infection. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
url: https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/microsoftsecure/2016/03/22/new-feature-in-office-2016-can-block-macros-and-help-prevent-infection/
source_name: Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape
description: Goodin, D. (2017, March 17). Virtual machine escape fetches $105,000 at Pwn2Own hacking contest - updated. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
url: https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/03/hack-that-escapes-vm-by-exploiting-edge-browser-fetches-105000-at-pwn2own/
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modified: 2025-04-18T17:59:56.241Z
name: Scripting Mitigation
description: Turn off unused features or restrict access to scripting engines such as VBScript or scriptable administration frameworks such as PowerShell.

Configure Office security settings enable Protected View, to execute within a sandbox environment, and to block macros through Group Policy. (Citation: Microsoft Block Office Macros) Other types of virtualization and application microsegmentation may also mitigate the impact of compromise. The risks of additional exploits and weaknesses in implementation may still exist. (Citation: Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape)
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modified: 2024-12-10T18:52:40.747Z
name: Code Signing
description: Code Signing is a security process that ensures the authenticity and integrity of software by digitally signing executables, scripts, and other code artifacts. It prevents untrusted or malicious code from executing by verifying the digital signatures against trusted sources. Code signing protects against tampering, impersonation, and distribution of unauthorized or malicious software, forming a critical defense against supply chain and software exploitation attacks. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:

Enforce Signed Code Execution:

- Implementation: Configure operating systems (e.g., Windows with AppLocker or Linux with Secure Boot) to allow only signed code to execute.
- Use Case: Prevent the execution of malicious PowerShell scripts by requiring all scripts to be signed with a trusted certificate.

Vendor-Signed Driver Enforcement:

- Implementation: Enable kernel-mode code signing to ensure that only drivers signed by trusted vendors can be loaded.
- Use Case: A malicious driver attempting to modify system memory fails to load because it lacks a valid signature.

Certificate Revocation Management:

- Implementation: Use Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) or Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs) to block certificates associated with compromised or deprecated code.
- Use Case: A compromised certificate used to sign a malicious update is revoked, preventing further execution of the software.

Third-Party Software Verification:

- Implementation: Require software from external vendors to be signed with valid certificates before deployment.
- Use Case: An organization only deploys signed and verified third-party software to prevent supply chain attacks.

Script Integrity in CI/CD Pipelines:

- Implementation: Integrate code signing into CI/CD pipelines to sign and verify code artifacts before production release.
- Use Case: A software company ensures that all production builds are signed, preventing tampered builds from reaching customers.

**Key Components of Code Signing**

- Digital Signature Verification: Verifies the authenticity of code by ensuring it was signed by a trusted entity.
- Certificate Management: Uses Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) to manage signing certificates and revocation lists.
- Enforced Policy for Unsigned Code: Prevents the execution of unsigned or untrusted binaries and scripts.
- Hash Integrity Check: Confirms that code has not been altered since signing by comparing cryptographic hashes.

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id: course-of-action--590777b3-b475-4c7c-aaf8-f4a73b140312
created: 2019-06-11T17:01:25.405Z
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revoked: no
external_references: source_name: mitre-attack
url: https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1045
external_id: M1045
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type: course-of-action
spec_version: 2.1
id: course-of-action--5c167af7-c2cb-42c8-ae67-3fb275bf8488
created: 2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z
created_by_ref: identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5
external_references: source_name: mitre-attack
url: https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1099
external_id: T1099
source_name: Beechey 2010
description: Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
url: http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599
source_name: Windows Commands JPCERT
description: Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
url: http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html
source_name: NSA MS AppLocker
description: NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
url: https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm
source_name: Corio 2008
description: Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
url: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx
source_name: TechNet Applocker vs SRP
description: Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
url: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx
object_marking_refs: marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168
modified: 2025-04-18T17:59:56.408Z
name: Timestomp Mitigation
description: Mitigation of timestomping specifically is likely difficult. Efforts should be focused on preventing potentially malicious software from running. Identify and block potentially malicious software that may contain functionality to perform timestomping by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)
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type: course-of-action
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id: course-of-action--5c49bc54-9929-48ca-b581-7018219b5a97
created: 2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z
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external_references: source_name: mitre-attack
url: https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1087
external_id: T1087
source_name: UCF STIG Elevation Account Enumeration
description: UCF. (n.d.). The system must require username and password to elevate a running application.. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
url: https://www.stigviewer.com/stig/microsoft_windows_server_2012_member_server/2013-07-25/finding/WN12-CC-000077
source_name: Beechey 2010
description: Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
url: http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599
source_name: Windows Commands JPCERT
description: Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
url: https://blogs.jpcert.or.jp/en/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html
source_name: NSA MS AppLocker
description: NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
url: https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm
source_name: Corio 2008
description: Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
url: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx
source_name: TechNet Applocker vs SRP
description: Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
url: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx
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modified: 2025-04-18T17:59:56.587Z
name: Account Discovery Mitigation
description: Prevent administrator accounts from being enumerated when an application is elevating through UAC since it can lead to the disclosure of account names. The Registry key is located HKLM\ SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\CredUI\EnumerateAdministrators. It can be disabled through GPO: Computer Configuration > [Policies] > Administrative Templates > Windows Components > Credential User Interface: E numerate administrator accounts on elevation. (Citation: UCF STIG Elevation Account Enumeration)

Identify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire information about system and domain accounts, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)
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type: course-of-action
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id: course-of-action--5d8507c4-603e-4fe1-8a4a-b8241f58734b
created: 2019-04-08T17:51:41.510Z
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external_references: source_name: mitre-attack
url: https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1491
external_id: T1491
source_name: OWASP Top 10 2017
description: OWASP. (2017, April 16). OWASP Top 10 2017 - The Ten Most Critical Web Application Security Risks. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
url: https://owasp.org/www-project-top-ten/OWASP_Top_Ten_2017/
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modified: 2025-04-18T17:59:56.773Z
name: Defacement Mitigation
description: Implementing best practices for websites such as defending against [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190) (Citation: OWASP Top 10 2017). Consider implementing IT disaster recovery plans that contain procedures for taking regular data backups that can be used to restore organizational data. (Ready.gov IT DRP) Ensure backups are stored off system and is protected from common methods adversaries may use to gain access and destroy the backups to prevent recovery.
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