auren-research/cyber-sec huggingface dataset:
type: attack-pattern
spec_version: 2.1
id: attack-pattern--53ac20cd-aca3-406e-9aa0-9fc7fdc60a5a
created: 2020-02-20T20:53:45.725Z
created_by_ref: identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5
revoked: no
external_references: source_name: mitre-attack
url: https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560
external_id: T1560
source_name: DOJ GRU Indictment Jul 2018
description: Mueller, R. (2018, July 13). Indictment - United States of America vs. VIKTOR BORISOVICH NETYKSHO, et al. Retrieved November 17, 2024.
url: https://cdn.cnn.com/cnn/2018/images/07/13/gru.indictment.pdf
source_name: Wikipedia File Header Signatures
description: Wikipedia. (2016, March 31). List of file signatures. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_signatures
object_marking_refs: marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168
modified: 2025-10-24T17:48:48.023Z
name: Archive Collected Data
description: An adversary may compress and/or encrypt data that is collected prior to exfiltration. Compressing the data can help to obfuscate the collected data and minimize the amount of data sent over the network.(Citation: DOJ GRU Indictment Jul 2018) Encryption can be used to hide information that is being exfiltrated from detection or make exfiltration less conspicuous upon inspection by a defender.

Both compression and encryption are done prior to exfiltration, and can be performed using a utility, 3rd party library, or custom method.
kill_chain_phases: kill_chain_name: mitre-attack
phase_name: collection
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x_mitre_deprecated: no
x_mitre_domains: enterprise-attack
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x_mitre_platforms: Linux
macOS
Windows
x_mitre_version: 1.0
type: attack-pattern
spec_version: 2.1
id: attack-pattern--53bfc8bf-8f76-4cd7-8958-49a884ddb3ee
created: 2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z
created_by_ref: identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5
revoked: yes
external_references: source_name: mitre-attack
url: https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1152
external_id: T1152
source_name: Sofacy Komplex Trojan
description: Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
url: https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/
object_marking_refs: marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168
modified: 2025-10-24T17:48:48.110Z
name: Launchctl
description: Launchctl controls the macOS launchd process which handles things like launch agents and launch daemons, but can execute other commands or programs itself. Launchctl supports taking subcommands on the command-line, interactively, or even redirected from standard input. By loading or reloading launch agents or launch daemons, adversaries can install persistence or execute changes they made (Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan). Running a command from launchctl is as simple as launchctl submit -l -- /Path/to/thing/to/execute "arg" "arg" "arg". Loading, unloading, or reloading launch agents or launch daemons can require elevated privileges. 

Adversaries can abuse this functionality to execute code or even bypass whitelisting if launchctl is an allowed process.
kill_chain_phases: kill_chain_name: mitre-attack
phase_name: defense-evasion
kill_chain_name: mitre-attack
phase_name: execution
kill_chain_name: mitre-attack
phase_name: persistence
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x_mitre_deprecated: no
x_mitre_domains: enterprise-attack
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type: attack-pattern
spec_version: 2.1
id: attack-pattern--54b4c251-1f0e-4eba-ba6b-dbc7a6f6f06b
created: 2020-03-15T16:21:45.131Z
created_by_ref: identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5
revoked: no
external_references: source_name: mitre-attack
url: https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/003
external_id: T1071.003
source_name: FireEye APT28
description: FireEye. (2015). APT28: A WINDOW INTO RUSSIA’S CYBER ESPIONAGE OPERATIONS?. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
url: https://web.archive.org/web/20151022204649/https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-apt28.pdf
source_name: University of Birmingham C2
description: Gardiner, J., Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
url: https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf
object_marking_refs: marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168
modified: 2025-10-24T17:48:48.564Z
name: Mail Protocols
description: Adversaries may communicate using application layer protocols associated with electronic mail delivery to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server. 

Protocols such as SMTP/S, POP3/S, and IMAP that carry electronic mail may be very common in environments. Packets produced from these protocols may have many fields and headers in which data can be concealed. Data could also be concealed within the email messages themselves. An adversary may abuse these protocols to communicate with systems under their control within a victim network while also mimicking normal, expected traffic.(Citation: FireEye APT28) 
kill_chain_phases: kill_chain_name: mitre-attack
phase_name: command-and-control
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x_mitre_contributors: Don Le, Stifel Financial
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x_mitre_platforms: Linux
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Windows
x_mitre_version: 1.2
type: attack-pattern
spec_version: 2.1
id: attack-pattern--5502c4e9-24ef-4d5f-8ee9-9e906c2f82c4
created: 2020-10-02T16:55:16.047Z
created_by_ref: identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5
revoked: no
external_references: source_name: mitre-attack
url: https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595/002
external_id: T1595.002
source_name: OWASP Vuln Scanning
description: OWASP. (n.d.). OAT-014 Vulnerability Scanning. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
url: https://owasp.org/www-project-automated-threats-to-web-applications/assets/oats/EN/OAT-014_Vulnerability_Scanning
object_marking_refs: marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168
modified: 2025-10-24T17:48:48.647Z
name: Vulnerability Scanning
description: Adversaries may scan victims for vulnerabilities that can be used during targeting. Vulnerability scans typically check if the configuration of a target host/application (ex: software and version) potentially aligns with the target of a specific exploit the adversary may seek to use.

These scans may also include more broad attempts to [Gather Victim Host Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1592) that can be used to identify more commonly known, exploitable vulnerabilities. Vulnerability scans typically harvest running software and version numbers via server banners, listening ports, or other network artifacts.(Citation: OWASP Vuln Scanning) Information from these scans may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190)).
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x_mitre_platforms: PRE
x_mitre_version: 1.0
type: attack-pattern
spec_version: 2.1
id: attack-pattern--55bb4471-ff1f-43b4-88c1-c9384ec47abf
created: 2022-03-17T13:28:24.989Z
created_by_ref: identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5
revoked: no
external_references: source_name: mitre-attack
url: https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/009
external_id: T1059.009
source_name: Microsoft - Azure PowerShell
description: Microsoft. (2014, December 12). Azure/azure-powershell. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
url: https://github.com/Azure/azure-powershell
object_marking_refs: marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168
modified: 2025-04-15T19:58:32.612Z
name: Cloud API
description: Adversaries may abuse cloud APIs to execute malicious commands. APIs available in cloud environments provide various functionalities and are a feature-rich method for programmatic access to nearly all aspects of a tenant. These APIs may be utilized through various methods such as command line interpreters (CLIs), in-browser Cloud Shells, [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) modules like Azure for PowerShell(Citation: Microsoft - Azure PowerShell), or software developer kits (SDKs) available for languages such as [Python](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/006). 

Cloud API functionality may allow for administrative access across all major services in a tenant such as compute, storage, identity and access management (IAM), networking, and security policies.

With proper permissions (often via use of credentials such as [Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/001) and [Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/004)), adversaries may abuse cloud APIs to invoke various functions that execute malicious actions. For example, CLI and PowerShell functionality may be accessed through binaries installed on cloud-hosted or on-premises hosts or accessed through a browser-based cloud shell offered by many cloud platforms (such as AWS, Azure, and GCP). These cloud shells are often a packaged unified environment to use CLI and/or scripting modules hosted as a container in the cloud environment. 
kill_chain_phases: kill_chain_name: mitre-attack
phase_name: execution
x_mitre_attack_spec_version: 3.2.0
x_mitre_contributors: Ozan Olali
Nichols Jasper
Jason Sevilla
Marcus Weeks
Caio Silva
x_mitre_deprecated: no
x_mitre_domains: enterprise-attack
x_mitre_is_subtechnique: yes
x_mitre_modified_by_ref: identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5
x_mitre_platforms: IaaS
Identity Provider
Office Suite
SaaS
x_mitre_version: 1.2
x_mitre_remote_support: no
type: attack-pattern
spec_version: 2.1
id: attack-pattern--564998d8-ab3e-4123-93fb-eccaa6b9714a
created: 2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z
created_by_ref: identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5
external_references: source_name: mitre-attack
url: https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1207
external_id: T1207
source_name: DCShadow Blog
description: Delpy, B. & LE TOUX, V. (n.d.). DCShadow. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
url: https://www.dcshadow.com/
source_name: Adsecurity Mimikatz Guide
description: Metcalf, S. (2015, November 13). Unofficial Guide to Mimikatz & Command Reference. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
url: https://adsecurity.org/?page_id=1821
source_name: GitHub DCSYNCMonitor
description: Spencer S. (2018, February 22). DCSYNCMonitor. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
url: https://github.com/shellster/DCSYNCMonitor
source_name: Microsoft DirSync
description: Microsoft. (n.d.). Polling for Changes Using the DirSync Control. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
url: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms677626.aspx
source_name: ADDSecurity DCShadow Feb 2018
description: Lucand,G. (2018, February 18). Detect DCShadow, impossible?. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
url: https://adds-security.blogspot.fr/2018/02/detecter-dcshadow-impossible.html
object_marking_refs: marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168
modified: 2025-10-24T17:48:48.823Z
name: Rogue Domain Controller
description: Adversaries may register a rogue Domain Controller to enable manipulation of Active Directory data. DCShadow may be used to create a rogue Domain Controller (DC). DCShadow is a method of manipulating Active Directory (AD) data, including objects and schemas, by registering (or reusing an inactive registration) and simulating the behavior of a DC. (Citation: DCShadow Blog) Once registered, a rogue DC may be able to inject and replicate changes into AD infrastructure for any domain object, including credentials and keys.

Registering a rogue DC involves creating a new server and nTDSDSA objects in the Configuration partition of the AD schema, which requires Administrator privileges (either Domain or local to the DC) or the KRBTGT hash. (Citation: Adsecurity Mimikatz Guide)

This technique may bypass system logging and security monitors such as security information and event management (SIEM) products (since actions taken on a rogue DC may not be reported to these sensors). (Citation: DCShadow Blog) The technique may also be used to alter and delete replication and other associated metadata to obstruct forensic analysis. Adversaries may also utilize this technique to perform [SID-History Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/005) and/or manipulate AD objects (such as accounts, access control lists, schemas) to establish backdoors for Persistence. (Citation: DCShadow Blog)
kill_chain_phases: kill_chain_name: mitre-attack
phase_name: defense-evasion
x_mitre_attack_spec_version: 3.2.0
x_mitre_contributors: Vincent Le Toux
x_mitre_deprecated: no
x_mitre_domains: enterprise-attack
x_mitre_is_subtechnique: no
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x_mitre_platforms: Windows
x_mitre_version: 2.2
type: attack-pattern
spec_version: 2.1
id: attack-pattern--56fca983-1cf1-4fd1-bda0-5e170a37ab59
created: 2017-05-31T21:31:17.915Z
created_by_ref: identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5
revoked: yes
external_references: source_name: mitre-attack
url: https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1107
external_id: T1107
source_name: Trend Micro APT Attack Tools
description: Wilhoit, K. (2013, March 4). In-Depth Look: APT Attack Tools of the Trade. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
url: http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/in-depth-look-apt-attack-tools-of-the-trade/
object_marking_refs: marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168
modified: 2025-10-24T17:48:49.115Z
name: File Deletion
description: Adversaries may delete files left behind by the actions of their intrusion activity. Malware, tools, or other non-native files dropped or created on a system by an adversary may leave traces to indicate to what was done within a network and how. Removal of these files can occur during an intrusion, or as part of a post-intrusion process to minimize the adversary's footprint.

There are tools available from the host operating system to perform cleanup, but adversaries may use other tools as well. Examples include native [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) functions such as DEL, secure deletion tools such as Windows Sysinternals SDelete, or other third-party file deletion tools. (Citation: Trend Micro APT Attack Tools)
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x_mitre_attack_spec_version: 3.2.0
x_mitre_contributors: Walker Johnson
x_mitre_deprecated: no
x_mitre_domains: enterprise-attack
x_mitre_is_subtechnique: no
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x_mitre_platforms: Linux
macOS
Windows
x_mitre_version: 1.1
type: attack-pattern
spec_version: 2.1
id: attack-pattern--56ff457d-5e39-492b-974c-dfd2b8603ffe
created: 2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z
created_by_ref: identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5
revoked: yes
external_references: source_name: mitre-attack
url: https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1145
external_id: T1145
source_name: Wikipedia Public Key Crypto
description: Wikipedia. (2017, June 29). Public-key cryptography. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography
source_name: Kaspersky Careto
description: Kaspersky Labs. (2014, February 11). Unveiling “Careto” - The Masked APT. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
url: https://kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/vlpdfs/unveilingthemask_v1.0.pdf
source_name: Palo Alto Prince of Persia
description: Bar, T., Conant, S., Efraim, L. (2016, June 28). Prince of Persia – Game Over. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
url: https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/06/unit42-prince-of-persia-game-over/
object_marking_refs: marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168
modified: 2025-10-24T17:48:49.203Z
name: Private Keys
description: Private cryptographic keys and certificates are used for authentication, encryption/decryption, and digital signatures. (Citation: Wikipedia Public Key Crypto)

Adversaries may gather private keys from compromised systems for use in authenticating to [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) like SSH or for use in decrypting other collected files such as email. Common key and certificate file extensions include: .key, .pgp, .gpg, .ppk., .p12, .pem, .pfx, .cer, .p7b, .asc. Adversaries may also look in common key directories, such as ~/.ssh for SSH keys on * nix-based systems or C:\Users\(username)\.ssh\ on Windows.

Private keys should require a password or passphrase for operation, so an adversary may also use [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056) for keylogging or attempt to [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) the passphrase off-line.

Adversary tools have been discovered that search compromised systems for file extensions relating to cryptographic keys and certificates. (Citation: Kaspersky Careto) (Citation: Palo Alto Prince of Persia)
kill_chain_phases: kill_chain_name: mitre-attack
phase_name: credential-access
x_mitre_attack_spec_version: 3.2.0
x_mitre_contributors: Itzik Kotler, SafeBreach
x_mitre_deprecated: no
x_mitre_domains: enterprise-attack
x_mitre_is_subtechnique: no
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x_mitre_platforms: Linux
macOS
Windows
x_mitre_version: 1.1
type: attack-pattern
spec_version: 2.1
id: attack-pattern--5909f20f-3c39-4795-be06-ef1ea40d350b
created: 2019-04-08T17:51:41.390Z
created_by_ref: identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5
external_references: source_name: mitre-attack
url: https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491
external_id: T1491
object_marking_refs: marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168
modified: 2025-10-24T17:48:49.761Z
name: Defacement
description: Adversaries may modify visual content available internally or externally to an enterprise network, thus affecting the integrity of the original content. Reasons for [Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491) include delivering messaging, intimidation, or claiming (possibly false) credit for an intrusion. Disturbing or offensive images may be used as a part of [Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491) in order to cause user discomfort, or to pressure compliance with accompanying messages. 

kill_chain_phases: kill_chain_name: mitre-attack
phase_name: impact
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x_mitre_platforms: Windows
IaaS
Linux
macOS
ESXi
x_mitre_version: 1.4
x_mitre_impact_type: Integrity
type: attack-pattern
spec_version: 2.1
id: attack-pattern--59bd0dec-f8b2-4b9a-9141-37a1e6899761
created: 2019-09-04T14:35:04.617Z
created_by_ref: identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5
revoked: no
external_references: source_name: mitre-attack
url: https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1535
external_id: T1535
source_name: CloudSploit - Unused AWS Regions
description: CloudSploit. (2019, June 8). The Danger of Unused AWS Regions. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
url: https://medium.com/cloudsploit/the-danger-of-unused-aws-regions-af0bf1b878fc
object_marking_refs: marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168
modified: 2025-10-24T17:48:49.853Z
name: Unused/Unsupported Cloud Regions
description: Adversaries may create cloud instances in unused geographic service regions in order to evade detection. Access is usually obtained through compromising accounts used to manage cloud infrastructure.

Cloud service providers often provide infrastructure throughout the world in order to improve performance, provide redundancy, and allow customers to meet compliance requirements. Oftentimes, a customer will only use a subset of the available regions and may not actively monitor other regions. If an adversary creates resources in an unused region, they may be able to operate undetected.

A variation on this behavior takes advantage of differences in functionality across cloud regions. An adversary could utilize regions which do not support advanced detection services in order to avoid detection of their activity.

An example of adversary use of unused AWS regions is to mine cryptocurrency through [Resource Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1496), which can cost organizations substantial amounts of money over time depending on the processing power used.(Citation: CloudSploit - Unused AWS Regions)
kill_chain_phases: kill_chain_name: mitre-attack
phase_name: defense-evasion
x_mitre_attack_spec_version: 3.2.0
x_mitre_contributors: Netskope
x_mitre_deprecated: no
x_mitre_domains: enterprise-attack
x_mitre_is_subtechnique: no
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type: attack-pattern
spec_version: 2.1
id: attack-pattern--5ad95aaa-49c1-4784-821d-2e83f47b079b
created: 2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z
created_by_ref: identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5
revoked: yes
external_references: source_name: mitre-attack
url: https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1155
external_id: T1155
source_name: Macro Malware Targets Macs
description: Yerko Grbic. (2017, February 14). Macro Malware Targets Macs. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
url: https://www.mcafee.com/blogs/other-blogs/mcafee-labs/macro-malware-targets-macs/
object_marking_refs: marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168
modified: 2025-10-24T17:48:50.030Z
name: AppleScript
description: macOS and OS X applications send AppleEvent messages to each other for interprocess communications (IPC). These messages can be easily scripted with AppleScript for local or remote IPC. Osascript executes AppleScript and any other Open Scripting Architecture (OSA) language scripts. A list of OSA languages installed on a system can be found by using the osalang program.
AppleEvent messages can be sent independently or as part of a script. These events can locate open windows, send keystrokes, and interact with almost any open application locally or remotely. 

Adversaries can use this to interact with open SSH connection, move to remote machines, and even present users with fake dialog boxes. These events cannot start applications remotely (they can start them locally though), but can interact with applications if they're already running remotely. Since this is a scripting language, it can be used to launch more common techniques as well such as a reverse shell via python (Citation: Macro Malware Targets Macs). Scripts can be run from the command-line via osascript /path/to/script or osascript -e "script here".
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