auren-research/cyber-sec huggingface dataset:
An adversary exploits a weakness in the server's trust of client-side processing by modifying data on the client-side, such as price information, and then submitting this data to the server, which processes the modified data. For example, eShoplifting is a data manipulation attack against an on-line merchant during a purchasing transaction. The manipulation of price, discount or quantity fields in the transaction message allows the adversary to acquire items at a lower cost than the merchant intended. The adversary performs a normal purchasing transaction but edits hidden fields within the HTML form response that store price or other information to give themselves a better deal. The merchant then uses the modified pricing information in calculating the cost of the selected items.
High

1
Explore
[Probe target web application] The adversary first probes the target web application to find all possible pages that can be visited on the website.
Use a spidering tool to follow and record all links
Use a proxy tool to record all links visited during a manual traversal of the web application.

2
Explore
[Find hidden fields] Once the web application has been traversed, the adversary looks for all hidden HTML fields present in the client-side.
Use the inspect tool on all modern browsers and filter for the keyword "hidden"
Specifically look for hidden fields inside form elements.

3
Experiment
[Send modified hidden fields to server-side] Once the adversary has found hidden fields in the client-side, they will modify the values of these hidden fields one by one and then interact with the web application so that this data is sent to the server-side. The adversary observes the response from the server to determine if the values of each hidden field are being validated.

4
Exploit
[Manipulate hidden fields] Once the adversary has determined which hidden fields are not being validated by the server, they will manipulate them to change the normal behavior of the web application in a way that benefits the adversary.
Manipulate a hidden field inside a form element and then submit the form so that the manipulated data is sent to the server.

The targeted site must contain hidden fields to be modified.
The targeted site must not validate the hidden fields with backend processing.

The adversary must have the ability to modify hidden fields by editing the HTTP response to the server.

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2014-06-23

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2015-12-07
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2017-01-09
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2017-08-04
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2022-02-22
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Manipulating hidden fields to change the normal flow of transactions (eShoplifting)
An attacker modifies file contents or attributes (such as extensions or names) of files in a manner to cause incorrect processing by an application. Attackers use this class of attacks to cause applications to enter unstable states, overwrite or expose sensitive information, and even execute arbitrary code with the application's privileges. This class of attacks differs from attacks on configuration information (even if file-based) in that file manipulation causes the file processing to result in non-standard behaviors, such as buffer overflows or use of the incorrect interpreter. Configuration attacks rely on the application interpreting files correctly in order to insert harmful configuration information. Likewise, resource location attacks rely on controlling an application's ability to locate files, whereas File Manipulation attacks do not require the application to look in a non-default location, although the two classes of attacks are often combined.
Medium

The target must use the affected file without verifying its integrity.

None: No specialized resources are required to execute this type of attack. In some cases, tools can be used to better control the response of the targeted application to the modified file.

1036.003
Masquerading: Rename System Utilities

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2014-06-23

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2017-01-09
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2017-08-04
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2022-09-29
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An attacker forces the target into a previous state in order to leverage potential weaknesses in the target dependent upon a prior configuration or state-dependent factors. Even in cases where an attacker may not be able to directly control the configuration of the targeted application, they may be able to reset the configuration to a prior state since many applications implement reset functions.

Since these functions are usually intended as emergency features to return an application to a stable configuration if the current configuration degrades functionality, they may not be as strongly secured as other configuration options. The resetting of values is dangerous as it may enable undesired functionality, disable services, or modify access controls. At the very least this is a nuisance attack since the administrator will need to re-apply their configuration. At worst, this attack can open avenues for powerful attacks against the application, and, if it isn't obvious that the configuration has been reset, these vulnerabilities may be present a long time before they are notices.

Medium

The targeted application must have a reset function that returns the configuration of the application to an earlier state.
The reset functionality must be inadequately protected against use.

None: No specialized resources are required to execute this type of attack. In some cases, the attacker may need special client applications in order to execute the reset functionality.

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2014-06-23

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2017-01-09
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2017-08-04
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2019-04-04
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2019-09-30
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2020-07-30
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2020-12-17
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2021-06-24
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2022-02-22
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An attacker discovers the structure, function, and composition of a type of computer software through white box analysis techniques. White box techniques involve methods which can be applied to a piece of software when an executable or some other compiled object can be directly subjected to analysis, revealing at least a portion of its machine instructions that can be observed upon execution.
Medium

Direct access to the object or software.

Reverse engineering of software requires varying tools and methods that enable the decompiling of executable or other compiled objects.

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2014-06-23

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2015-11-09
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2020-12-17
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2023-01-24
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Lifting Sensitive Data from the Client
An attacker exploits the functionality of Microsoft NTFS Alternate Data Streams (ADS) to undermine system security. ADS allows multiple "files" to be stored in one directory entry referenced as filename:streamname. One or more alternate data streams may be stored in any file or directory. Normal Microsoft utilities do not show the presence of an ADS stream attached to a file. The additional space for the ADS is not recorded in the displayed file size. The additional space for ADS is accounted for in the used space on the volume. An ADS can be any type of file. ADS are copied by standard Microsoft utilities between NTFS volumes. ADS can be used by an attacker or intruder to hide tools, scripts, and data from detection by normal system utilities. Many anti-virus programs do not check for or scan ADS. Windows Vista does have a switch (-R) on the command line DIR command that will display alternate streams.
Medium

The target must be running the Microsoft NTFS file system.

The attacker must have command line or programmatic access to the target's files system with write/read permissions.

Design: Use FAT file systems which do not support Alternate Data Streams.
Implementation: Use Vista dir with the -R switch or utility to find Alternate Data Streams and take appropriate action with those discovered.
Implementation: Use products that are Alternate Data Stream aware for virus scanning and system security operations.

Windows alternate data stream

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2014-06-23

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2020-12-17
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This attack pattern has been deprecated as it is a duplicate of the existing attack pattern "CAPEC-77 : Manipulating User-Controlled Variables". Please refer to this other CAPEC going forward.

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2014-06-23

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2017-01-09
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2017-05-01
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Variable Manipulation
An adversary is able to disguise one action for another and therefore trick a user into initiating one type of action when they intend to initiate a different action. For example, a user might be led to believe that clicking a button will submit a query, but in fact it downloads software. Adversaries may perform this attack through social means, such as by simply convincing a victim to perform the action or relying on a user's natural inclination to do so, or through technical means, such as a clickjacking attack where a user sees one interface but is actually interacting with a second, invisible, interface.
High
Very High

The adversary must convince the victim into performing the decoy action.
The adversary must have the means to control a user's interface to present them with a decoy action as well as the actual malicious action. Simple versions of this attack can be performed using web pages requiring only that the adversary be able to host (or control) content that the user visits.

Confidentiality
Integrity
Availability
Other
Action spoofing can result in a wide variety of consequences and negatively affect all three elements of the security triad.

Avoid interacting with suspicious sites or clicking suspicious links.
An organization should provide regular, robust cybersecurity training to its employees.

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2014-06-23

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2017-05-01
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2020-12-17
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2023-01-24
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An adversary exploits a weakness on the target to force arbitrary code to be retrieved locally or from a remote location and executed. This differs from code injection in that code injection involves the direct inclusion of code while code inclusion involves the addition or replacement of a reference to a code file, which is subsequently loaded by the target and used as part of the code of some application.
Medium
Very High

The target application must include external code/libraries that are executed when the application runs and the adversary must be able to influence the specific files that get included.
The victim must run the targeted application, possibly using the crafted parameters that the adversary uses to identify the code to include.

The adversary may need the capability to host code modules if they wish their own code files to be included.

One example of this type of attack pattern is PHP file include attacks where the parameter of an include() function is set by a variable that an attacker is able to control. The result is that arbitrary code could be loaded into the PHP application and executed.

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2014-06-23

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2017-05-01
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An attacker manipulates files or settings external to a target application which affect the behavior of that application. For example, many applications use external configuration files and libraries - modification of these entities or otherwise affecting the application's ability to use them would constitute a configuration/environment manipulation attack.
Medium

The target application must consult external files or configuration controls to control its execution. All but the very simplest applications meet this requirement.

The attacker must have the access necessary to affect the files or other environment items the targeted application uses for its operations.

Setting Manipulation

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2019-04-04
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2021-06-24
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Configuration/Environment manipulation
An attacker exploits file location algorithms in an operating system or application by creating a file with the same name as a protected or privileged file. The attacker could manipulate the system if the attacker-created file is trusted by the operating system or an application component that attempts to load the original file. Applications often load or include external files, such as libraries or configuration files. These files should be protected against malicious manipulation. However, if the application only uses the name of the file when locating it, an attacker may be able to create a file with the same name and place it in a directory that the application will search before the directory with the legitimate file is searched. Because the attackers' file is discovered first, it would be used by the target application. This attack can be extremely destructive if the referenced file is executable and/or is granted special privileges based solely on having a particular name.
Very High

The target application must include external files. Most non-trivial applications meet this criterion.
The target application does not verify that a located file is the one it was looking for through means other than the name. Many applications fail to perform checks of this type.
The directories the target application searches to find the included file include directories writable by the attacker which are searched before the protected directory containing the actual files. It is much less common for applications to meet this criterion, but if an attacker can manipulate the application's search path (possibly by controlling environmental variables) then they can force this criterion to be met.

The attacker must have sufficient access to place an arbitrarily named file somewhere early in the application's search path.

1036
Masquerading

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2014-06-23

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2015-11-09
Updated References

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2018-07-31
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An attacker is able to discover and query Micro-services at a web location and thereby expose the Micro-services to further exploitation by gathering information about their implementation and function. Micro-services in web pages allow portions of a page to connect to the server and update content without needing to cause the entire page to update. This allows user activity to change portions of the page more quickly without causing disruptions elsewhere.

However, these micro-services may not be subject to the same level of security review as other forms of content. For example, a micro-service that posts requests to a server that are turned into SQL queries may not adequately protect against SQL-injection attacks. As a result, micro-services may provide another vector for a range of attacks. It should be emphasized that the presence of micro-services does not necessarily make a site vulnerable to attack, but they do provide additional complexity to a web page and therefore may contain vulnerabilities that support other attack patterns.

Medium

The target site must use micro-services that interact with the server and one or more of these micro-services must be vulnerable to some other attack pattern.

The attacker usually needs to be able to invoke micro-services directly in order to control the parameters that are used in their attack. The attacker may require other resources depending on the nature of the flaw in the targeted micro-service.

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2014-06-23

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2015-12-07
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2022-02-22
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Discovering, querying, and finally calling micro-services, such as w/ AJAX
An attacker creates a transparent overlay using flash in order to intercept user actions for the purpose of performing a clickjacking attack. In this technique, the Flash file provides a transparent overlay over HTML content. Because the Flash application is on top of the content, user actions, such as clicks, are caught by the Flash application rather than the underlying HTML. The action is then interpreted by the overlay to perform the actions the attacker wishes.
Medium

The victim must be tricked into navigating to the attackers' decoy site and performing the actions on the decoy page.
The victim's browser must support invisible Flash overlays.

The attacker must be able to force the Flash overlay over the decoy content.

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2014-06-23

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2019-04-04
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An attacker initiates a series of events designed to cause a user, program, server, or device to perform actions which undermine the integrity of software code, device data structures, or device firmware, achieving the modification of the target's integrity to achieve an insecure state.
Low

Manual or user-assisted attacks require deceptive mechanisms to trick the user into clicking a link or downloading and installing software. Automated update attacks require the attacker to host a payload and then trigger the installation of the payload code.

Software Integrity Attacks are usually a late stage focus of attack activity which depends upon the success of a chain of prior events. The resources required to perform the attack vary with respect to the overall attack strategy, existing countermeasures which must be bypassed, and the success of early phase attack vectors.

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The MITRE Corporation
2014-06-23

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The MITRE Corporation
2015-11-09
Updated Activation_Zone, Injection_Vector, Payload, Payload_Activation_Impact, Related_Attack_Patterns

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2018-07-31
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Software Integrity Attacks
An attacker uses deceptive methods to cause a user or an automated process to download and install dangerous code that originates from an attacker controlled source. There are several variations to this strategy of attack.
Very High

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2014-06-23

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2019-04-04
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2019-09-30
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2020-07-30
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2020-12-17
Updated Related_Attack_Patterns

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2021-06-24
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2022-02-22
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2022-09-29
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