Svein Gjedrem: Transatlantic economic partnership - Nordic and American perspectives
Central bank: norges | Type: speech | Date: 2002-11-19

## Svein Gjedrem: Transatlantic economic partnership - Nordic and American perspectivesSpeech

by Mr Svein Gjedrem, Governor of Norges Bank (Central Bank of Norway), at the Nordic Investment Bank Economic Colloquium, New York, 19 November 2002.Please note that the text below may differ slightly from the actual presentation.* * *The Nordic countries and the US have long historic ties.

I believe, Mr. Chairman, that the number of Norwegians and their descendants living in the US today is larger than the population of Norway.

I think similar numbers can be found for the other Scandinavian countries.

I will attempt to show here today that even in economic terms, the ties have never been closer.

I will mainly concentrate on the Nordic perspective, but I also have few specific remarks about Norway.SG 240802The Nordic economies are small, open and mature economies.

At least, Norway, Iceland and Denmark compare roughly with US income levels.

In the case of Norway, the income differential against the US is mainly explained by shorter working hours.SG 240802Business productivity growth has been high throughout the 1990s.

The chart shows development of productivity per working hour in Norway and the US.

Unfortunately, I don't have comparable figures for the other Nordic countries.

I do, however, believe that they all, with the possible exception of Iceland, have had stronger productivity growth than the US over the period.SG 240802Most Nordic countries have large public sectors, reflecting the fact that many services such as health and education are produced within the public sector.

This is especially the case in Denmark, Norway and Sweden.Another prominent feature is that, except for Iceland, the Nordic countries have a twin surplus in the public sector and on the current account.

This implies a net outflow of capital from the region.The facts I have mentioned may lead outsiders to regard the Nordic region as one group, made up of similar economies.

However, there are also some striking differences.

## Nordic countries - institutional differences|

| EU-membership | Monetary policy regime ||---------|--------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|| Sweden | Yes | Inflation target of 2 per cent (+/- 1 percentage points) || Denmark | Yes | ERM II || Finland | Yes | Member of EMU || Iceland | No (EEA-agreement) | Inflation target of 2½ per cent || Norway | No (EEA-agreement) | Inflation target of 2½ per cent |SG 240802We differ in our relations to the EU and with respect to monetary policy regimes.

Sweden, Denmark and Finland are members of the EU.

Finland is also a member of EMU.

The Danish krone is linked to the euro through a fixed exchange rate, while Sweden, Iceland and Norway have inflation targets and a floating exchange rate.Our financial markets differ in size and structure.SG 240802Government bond markets are generally small, even in relation to GDP.

There is, however, a relatively large market for private bonds, especially in Denmark.

The bond market in Denmark is twice the size of the stock market.

## Stock market values.

Per cent of GDPSG 240802Finland has the largest stock market relative to the economy.

This reflects, I believe, the rise of Nokia as the world's leading mobile phone company.

We see that the Finnish and Swedish markets have followed the US market more closely than the other Nordic markets.This also reflects differences in industry structure.

The sector composition of the three Scandinavian stock exchanges provides an illustration.

The Oslo Stock Exchange is heavily dominated by the energy sector, which is practically absent on the other Nordic exchanges.

Norway has small traditional industries, but the IT and telecom sector is comparable to the other countries' in relative size.

The different sector composition of the stock exchanges also illustrates the potential for diversification by investing across the Nordic countries.The difference in sectoral composition may in part explain the differences in correlation of Nordic stock exchanges with the world economy.

## Sector composition of NOREX exchanges.

September 2002Source: NOREXSG 240802

## Correlation with world index.

USD based price indexesSource: EcoWin / Financial TimesSG 240802

## FDI to/from the US.

Total at end 2001.

Per cent of GDPSG 240802The links with the US economy are many and complex.

The US is one of our major trading partners.

But the ties are perhaps even more evident in the capital markets.

All the Nordic countries have relatively large direct investments in the US economy.

In addition, US capital markets today have a decisive impact on developments around the globe.

American capital has also been important for investments in the Nordic economies.SG 240802US companies have been pioneers in developing the Norwegian petroleum sector, which is crucial for us.

Last year, Norway was the world's third largest exporter of oil.

Even today, two thirds of US direct investments in Norway are linked to our petroleum sector.Total capital in the Government Petroleum Fund.

End of year.

Per cent of GDPSG 240802Revenues from the petroleum sector have generated an annual fiscal surplus of some 10-15 per cent over the last few years.

Since 1995, the fiscal surplus has been invested in the Government Petroleum Fund.

The Fund invests only in foreign markets.

Investments - all portfolio investments - are spread between equities and fixed income instruments, as well as across countries.

Approximately 29 per cent of the fund is invested directly in the US stock market and in dollar-denominated bonds.The size of the fund has increased rapidly over the last few years, and will reach approximately 90 per cent of GDP by the end of this decade, according to estimates from the Ministry of Finance.

This implies further investments of considerable amounts, also in the US market.

While the US economy has always been an important trading partner, our investments abroad and the globalisation of the financial system will further increase our interest in the US economy in the years ahead.

The links, already important, will expand further.