François Groepe: Game changers in financial markets - regulation, innovation and cybersecurity
Central bank: sarb | Type: speech | Date: 2015-09-29

## François Groepe: Game changers in financial markets - regulation, innovation and cybersecurityKeynote address by Mr François Groepe, Deputy Governor of the South African Reserve Bank, at the STRATE, PASA and GIBS Conference, Johannesburg, 29 September 2015.*

*

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## IntroductionGood day, ladies and gentlemen.I would like to thank the organisers of the STRATE, PASA and GIBS Conference for inviting me to give this keynote address.I look forward to sharing my views on the developments that can be considered game changers that

may

affect

financial

markets

and

shall

focus

primarily

on

regulation,

innovation

and cybersecurity in this context.A game changer can be defined as 'a newly introduced element or factor that changes an existing situation or activity in a significant way'. 1Another

way

of

thinking

about

game

changers

may

be

in

terms

of

what

the

well-known Austrian-born

economist,

Joseph

Schumpeter,

called

'creative

destruction'.

Schumpeter, writing on economic and social evolution in his work Capitalism, socialism and democracy in 1942, wrote:The

opening

up

of

new

markets,

foreign

or

domestic,

and

the

organisational development from the craft shop to such concerns as US Steel illustrate the same process of industrial mutation - if I may use that biological term - that incessantly revolutionises the economic structure from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one.

This process of creative destruction is the essential fact about capitalism.Inventive economists have since adopted this term to describe the disorderly manner in which the free market delivers progress.The disruptive nature of innovation is essential for both progress and prosperity, and the theory of 'creative destruction' gives us some insights into understanding this phenomenon and the evolutionary changes that follow in its aftermath.Disruptive innovation brings opportunity in the form of productivity gains, for example, but it also brings challenges such as increased cyber-threats and vulnerabilities stemming from the greater degree of interconnectedness and, in the latter case, increased risks of contagion.Regulation,

by

necessity,

has

to

keep

pace

and

respond

to

the

changing

environment.

Unfortunately, regulators often play catch-up due to the speed of technological change and innovation as well as their lagging ability to fully understand the technology and the risks that it may give rise to.

Despite this, regulators should promote an environment that is conducive to technological change and at the very least not become a hindrance or frustrate innovation as it supports economic development and growth.

In this regard, the OECD opines:One of the important lessons of the past two decades has been the pivotal role of innovation in economic development.

The build-up of innovation capacities has played a central role in the growth dynamics of successful developing countries.

These countries have recognised that innovation is not just about high-technology products

and

that

innovation

capacity

has

to

be

built

early

in

the

development1 Merriam-Webster dictionary.BIS central bankers' speechesprocess in order to possess the learning capacities that will allow 'catch-up' to happen … Ultimately a successful development strategy has to build extensive innovation capacities to foster growth. 2

## 1.

Regulatory developments affecting financial marketsThe most recent global financial crisis has impacted negatively on the global economy and financial markets, and has revealed significant deficiencies in the policy frameworks of many countries.

In an attempt to address these deficiencies, the G-20 has called for financial markets and regulation to be reformed, with the objective of making financial systems more resilient.

This initiative has accelerated the rate of reform, with governments putting increasing pressure on regulatory authorities to adhere to and implement international best practice and standards.

Activities offered by financial service providers in the financial system are highly interconnected, and these services are inseparably integrated into both the domestic and the international economy, which means that regulatory authorities had to take note of the way in which these markets are developing and the role they play within the broader global context.The magnitude of the financial system and regulatory reform has been unprecedented.

The reforms have focused mainly on the banking, insurance and financial markets and providers of financial services, as well as on the infrastructure supporting these sectors.As regulatory frameworks develop and reforms are implemented, new aspects to financial regulation come to the fore.

Previously, regulators were mainly concerned with the supervision of

banks

and

the

oversight

of

payment

systems.

Now

they

have

to

contend

with

a

much broader universe (which includes non-bank participants in the financial markets) and consider shadow-banking, how it affects the financial system and financial stability, and how to regulate these activities.

The focus, however, is no longer narrowly on prudential regulation.

In this age where

we

are

confronted

with

a

society

that

is

well

informed

and

digitally

connected,

that proactively engages in consumer activism and that places great emphasis on values such as fairness, the spotlight shines brightly on issues such as market conduct, transparency and calls to 'level the playing fields'.It is indeed so that regulation and liberalisation happen in cycles, and periods of deregulation are often followed by periods of re-regulation.

Given the devastating effects of the most recent global

financial

crisis,

the

astronomical

social

costs

resulting

from

it,

and

the

perceptions around the role that financial engineering and technology alongside deficient supervision and regulation played in the run-up to the crisis, we have inevitably been catapulted into an epoch of re-regulation.Regulators and economic agents alike face a number of challenges at this point in time.

These include:1.

International standards have

been

developed

-

for markets, regulators and participants - to assist with the management of risks and even behaviour.

Whether they are encapsulated in the new Basel III requirements for capital or liquidity, or in the Principles for financial market infrastructures , or in the codes of conduct, these standards are introducing requirements that require adherence.

Non-compliance with these

standards

is

likely

to

lead

to

hefty

penalties.

There

is

a

strong

demand

for participants to be accountable and responsible, and to incur liability if they are not playing by the rules.

This has resulted in numerous large financial-sector firms being slapped with fines running into billions of dollars.2.

Standards are inextricably linked to the next point, which is governance arrangements and remuneration.

Governance arrangements have been a focal point for some time2 OECD Directorate for Science Technology and Industry, 2012, Innovation for development.now, and recent events in international markets have highlighted the importance of good governance and of ethical behaviour from all stakeholders.

The global financial crisis has also refocused the attention of regulators on the remuneration structures of management and other individuals participating

in financial

markets

and

systems.

This,

in

some

ways,

can

be

related

to

what

economist

describe

as

the

'agency problem' and which under certain conditions may result in risk-shifting.

This is a key area of focus of reform in attempts to promote the soundness of the financial sector in

particular,

hence

governance

arrangements

and

remuneration

continue

to

be intensely discussed at various international regulatory forums.3. 'Shadow-banking'

and

'new

(non-bank)

participants'

have

come

into

sharp

focus since the global financial crisis due to their role in the run-up to the global financial crisis

and

in

financial

regulatory

arbitrage.

Efforts

to

regulate

these

entities

will intensify.

This is likely to draw criticism from certain quarters but is entirely justifiable.

The

reason

is

that

shadow-banking

has

the

potential

to

transform

the

financial environment, to open up markets, to promote financial inclusion, to reduce frictional costs, and so forth.

Hence, the further development of shadow-banking should be encouraged, simultaneously mitigating any risks that these entities may pose to the financial system and ensuring that the playing fields are level.4.

Financial

market

infrastructures

(or

FMIs),

resolution

and

cross-border

issues constitute

a

further

challenge.

Central

banks

have

traditionally

fulfilled

the

role

of lender of last resort to commercial banks.

The global financial crisis has shown that central banks may need to reconsider this function and consider the role of FMIs.

Financial markets are interconnected and integrated internationally, creating a further challenge for central banks as they need to consider the position and cross-border transactions of global FMIs.5.

Conduct has already been raised in terms of standards, codes and governance.

As much as financial market participants must come to terms with the fact that there are now

a

multitude

of

regulators

to

contend

with,

regulators

need

to

consider

the mandates

of

other

regulators

and

agree

on

arrangements

or

memorandums

of understanding to work with one another to create an enabling environment for a safer financial

sector.

It

is

also

vitally

important

that

regulators

do

not

merely

regulate because

that

is

their

mandate.

It

is

vital

that

the

impact

of

regulation

is

properly assessed ex ante and that careful consideration is lent to the possible unintended consequences and the economic costs of unnecessary regulation or so-called 'red tape'.

Regulators should strive towards smart and effective regulation as opposed to simply issuing more regulations.

## 2.

Innovation and financial marketsRegulators should not inhibit innovation.

However, as custodians of financial stability, central banks in particular are tasked with the safety and efficiency of financial systems, and should act appropriately to address any risks that may emerge.

## Electronic trading in South African bondsDuring 2012, the Bond Market Development Committee, under the auspices of the Financial Markets Liaison Group, embarked on an initiative to enhance liquidity in the South African bond market.The Bond Market Development Committee, chaired by National Treasury, and in consultation with the World Bank and bond market stakeholders, has made considerable progress and is currently

at

an

advanced

stage

of

the

development

of

an

electronic

trading

platform;

it

is envisaged that the platform will be introduced before the end of this year.The initial phase will, however, include only government bonds; it will be expanded to corporate bonds at a later stage.

Initially in the electronic trading platform, primary dealers will be the only 'price makers' while the rest of the market will be 'price takers' but with full access to trading and pricing information.In addition to the general benefits of enhanced market transparency, credit risk management and trading, the electronic trading platform also aims to improve liquidity by expanding this platform

to

include

other

market

participants

complying

with

the

requirements

as

market makers, in addition to the primary dealers.

Competition among market makers is paramount to supporting liquidity at an instrument level and to minimising transaction cost.The introduction of the electronic trading platform will enable National Treasury and the South African Reserve Bank to monitor market-making activities in the secondary bond market, which could result in the enhanced monitoring of liquidity conditions.

## Enhancements to over-the-counter tradingIn response to the recommendations of the G-20 and the subsequent Principles for financial market infrastructures , the South African Central Securities Depository, known as STRATE, is in the process of addressing the lack of transparency and risk management in over-the-counter (or OTC) instruments.

To address these concerns, the Financial Markets Act was promulgated and regulation was passed to include the clearing through a central counter party and to record all the financial transactions of OTC derivatives contracts in a Trade Repository.

## Collateral optimisationIn collateral markets, 'collateral optimisation' has become a key objective.

Not only do banks invest in systems that optimise the way in which their collateral can be utilised, but vendors and central securities depositories now also provide these services to their clients.

These smart systems have built-in intelligence which optimises the way in which the collateral is applied and will substitute assets if required.

An example is the Clearstream collateral management system, which is gaining momentum globally.

## The speed of transactionsThe need for faster services, trading, transactions and payments is stimulated by a generation demanding

access

and

speed,

accommodated

by

the

proliferation

of

new

technologies, growing familiarity with technology, and expectations of real-time satisfaction if not gratification - not only in financial market transactions and payments, but also in communication, services, social media and entertainment.Participants in financial markets have created systems which enable the 'trawling' of financial markets to detect opportunities within markets and then to transact on these opportunities within milliseconds - also termed 'high-frequency trading'.

Not only do these transactions take place within seconds; the system development and innovation within financial markets makes it possible to transact from anywhere in the world 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

## Blockchain technologyBlockchain technology, another example of the recently trending phraseology, enables the ordering (grouping) of various transactions in an inexpensive decentralised manner by making use of a number of servers.

These transactions are not only limited to near-real-time payments but can also include financial market transactions and information relating to the settlement thereof.

Blockchain has the ability to reduce transaction costs, as it takes away the requirement for intermediaries and is completely decentralised.Blockchain is still in its infancy and while regulators and markets are still trying to get to grips with the concept of Bitcoin, newer or more innovative technologies are already on our doorstep.

## 3.

CybersecurityThe

developments

in

cyberspace

are

a

cause

of

concern

for

regulators,

financial

market participants, business and informed consumers.

With the interconnectedness of systems and the ease of Internet access, regulators need to understand the cyber-threats that the financial system is exposed to.Nearly every week one reads about the latest victim of a cyberattack, and the targets range from

banking

systems

through

consumer

information

held

by

retailers

to

social

media facilitators and even governments.The rapid developments in technology and the cyber-world have opened the doors to a new and uncharted frontier.

Companies and countries alike are trying to get to grips with this latest threat

and

to

find

ways

in

which

to

mitigate

the

risk

while

protecting

their

information

and reputation at the same time.Governments, central banks, financial service providers and companies are expanding their cyber-protection capabilities.

This means there is a growing demand for the limited technical skills

available

in

this

environment.

The

focus

is,

however,

not

only

on

prevention.

In responding to security breaches, one has to respond with agility and speed while trying to limit the damage done and importantly to ensure continuity of service.

## ConclusionIn conclusion, I would like to revisit the idea of a 'game changer'.

A game changer can be the discovery of something as small as a molecule or the invention of something that transforms the way in which we communicate, like mobile telephony.The way in which one looks at game-changing innovations will alter the way in which one sees the world and will affect one's strategies and business plans.

Game changers can be perceived as opportunities or threats, and both the number and the frequency are likely to increase in the future.No country can afford to have a myopic view and narrow national focus when it considers the game changers in financial market developments.

Equally, regulators cannot afford to be left behind and only react to the changes in financial markets.

Regulators must work alongside all stakeholders and not only the incumbents to try to understand the disruptive innovations and the policy implications thereof.

It is important to emphasise the point of incumbents, as Rajan and Zingales

eloquently

set

out

the

role

that

incumbent

coalitions

play

in

financial

system developments

but

also

underline

how

such

coalitions

may

hold

back

financial

sector development. 3Lastly, regulators need to be agile and forward thinkers and appreciate that their role extends beyond simply regulating.

Their role is to help facilitate progress with the ultimate objective of improving the quality of peoples' lives.Thank you.3 Rajan, R. and Zingales, l., 2003, 'The great reversals: the politics of financial development in the twentieth century', Journal of Financial Economics 69, p. 5-50.