atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
In many countries, the healthcare system has been stretched to the point of not being able to handle the sheer number of patients, and there is a chance you may be refused treatment due to the lack of available medical staff, supplies or equipment.
Emazweni amaningi, isistimu yezokwelashwa isisebenze yaze yafika ezingeni lokungasakwazi ukusingatha inani elikhulu leziguli, futhi kunamathuba okuba wenqatshelwe ukuthola ukwelashwa ngenxa yokungatholakali kwezisebenzi zokwelapha, imithi noma izinto zokusebenza.
Many countries have shut down or severely limited flights, ships, and border crossings, especially to and from affected areas.
Emazweni amaningi kuvaliwe noma kunezindiza ezimbalwa kakhulu, imikhumbi, kanye nezimoto ezidlula emingceleni, ikakhulukazi eziphumayo nezingena ezindaweni ezithintekile.
Even more countries have imposed restrictions on arriving travelers, either barring entry (maybe with an exception for local citizens and permanent residents) or requiring you to be quarantined, typically for 14 days.
Asemaningana amazwe abeka imingcele ngezivakashi ezifikayo, kungaba ukuvimbela ukungena kwazo (mhlawumbe ngaphandle kwezakhamuzi zakhona nezakhamuzi abantu bakhona) noma kufunwe ukuba uhlaliswe wedwa, ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-14.
Even if a mandatory quarantine is not imposed, you may be asked to "self-quarantine" by staying at home and not interacting with other people.
Ngisho noma kungazange kudingeke uhlaliswe wedwa, ungase ucelwe ukuba "uzihlelele wena ukuhlala wedwa" ngokuhlala ekhaya futhi ungaxhumani nabanye abantu.
The most severe restrictions are on travellers who have recently been to affected areas, but increasingly many countries are applying them to incoming travellers overall.
Imithetho eqine nakakhulu ngeyezihambi ebezisezindaweni ezithintekile, kodwa asemaningi amazwe ayisebenzisa ezihambini ezingenayo zizonke.
Some countries have even prohibited all or almost all foreigners from entry or limited the ability of local citizens and residents to leave.
Amanye amazwe aze ngisho avimbela bonke noma cishe bonke abantu bakwamanye amazwe ukuba bangene noma anciphisa izinga lokuphuma kwezakhamuzi zendawo.
What are the affected areas?
Yiziphi izindawo ezithintekile?
Well, this is a fast-changing situation, and each country/region/organization has its own list of what areas are subject to restrictions.
Lesi yisimo esishintsha ngokushesha, futhi izwe ngalinye/isifundazwe/inhlangano inohlu lwayo lwezindawo ezibekelwe imingcele.
The city of Wuhan is on every list and the rest of mainland China is on most.
Idolobha laseWuhan likuzo zonke izinhlu futhi i-mainland China isiyonke isezinhlwini eziningi.
Other areas that are often included: France, Germany, Hong Kong, Iran, Italy, Japan, Macau, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Schengen Area as a whole, and sometimes various others.
Ezinye izindawo ezivame ukubalwa yilezi: i-France, i-Germany, i-Hong Kong, i-Iran, i-Italy, i-Japan, i-Macau, i-Singapore, i-South Korea, i-Spain, i-Taiwan, i-United Kingdom, i-United States, Indawo Yase-Schengen isiyonke, futhi ngezinye izikhathi nezinye izindawo.
Some countries have imposed restrictions based on citizenship or residency from severely affected areas.
Amazwe athile abeke imingcele ngokusekelwe ekubeni yisakhamuzi esisuka ezindaweni ezithinteke kakhulu.
A detailed list of entry restrictions is maintained by the IATA.
Uhlu olunemininingwane lwemingcele yokungena luphethwe yi-IATA.
It doesn't cover all the restrictions, but it's still useful.
Alunayo yonke imingcele, kodwa luwusizo.
Keep up to date—the outbreak and the travel restrictions are changing rapidly.
Hlala unolwazi lwamuva—ukubhebhetheka kwesifo nemingcele yokuhamba ishintsha ngokuphazima kweso.
For travel in the near future, consider making refundable reservations in case the changing situation forces you to change your plans.
Lapho uthatha uhambo maduze, cabangela izindawo zokuhlala ezibuyisela imali hleze ukushintsha kwesimo kukuphoqe ukuba ushintshe izinhlelo zakho.
Avoid buying tickets with a connection in an affected area – even changing planes can make you subject to restrictions.
Gwema ukuthenga amathikithi axhuma endaweni ethintekile – ngisho nokushintsha izindiza kungakwenza uvinjelwe.
Flights may get canceled with little notice, either due to the disease's spread and ever-changing entry restrictions, or simply because fewer people are flying and airlines are having trouble filling seats.
Izindiza zingase zikhanselwe ngomzuzu wokugcina, kungaba ngenxa yokubhebhetheka kwegciwane nemingcele eshintshwa njalo, noma ngenxa nje yokuthi bambalwa abantu abasendizeni futhi izindiza zinezinkinga zokugcwalisa izihlalo.
You might also be delayed for hours upon arrival waiting for temperature checks and related procedures and paperwork, or even get quarantined for two weeks.
Ungase futhi ubambezeleke amahora amaningi lapho ufika ulinde ukuhlolwa kwezinga lokushisa nezinqubo ezihlobene nako nokusayinwa kwamaphepha, noma ngisho nokuhlaliswa wedwa amaviki amabili.
Be prepared for the possibility of disruption to your travel plans, especially if traveling internationally.
Kulungele ukuthi izinhlelo zakho zohambo zingase ziphazamiseke, ikakhulu uma uya kwelinye izwe.
Even if you're nowhere near affected areas there's a risk that you'll have to stay at the destination longer than planned if you've shared a building or vessel with an infected person.
Ngisho noma ungekho eduze nezindawo ezithintekile kunengozi yokuthi kuzodingeka uhlale endaweni oya kuyo isikhathi eside kunaleso osihlelile uma uke wahlala esakhiweni esinomuntu onegciwane noma wasebenzisa isitsha asisebenzisile.
For example, in late February an Italian doctor on vacation in Costa Adeje (Canary Islands) was diagnosed with COVID-19, and as a result all the guests in the hotel he stayed at were quarantined.
Ngokwesibonelo, ngasekupheleni kuka-February udokotela wase-Italy owayevakashele e-Costa Adeje (e-Canary Islands) watholwa ukuthi une-COVID-19, futhi ngenxa yalokho zonke izivakashi zasehhotela ayehlala kuyo zahlukaniswa nomphakathi.
Lockdowns and other internal restrictions
Ama-lockdown nokunye ukuvinjelwa
Some countries and regions, especially severely affected ones, are implementing emergency lockdowns and restrictions on people's movements and activities, even for those who haven't recently been abroad.
Amanye amazwe nezifundazwe, ikakhulu lawo athinteke kakhulu, abeke ama-lockdown ezimo eziphuthumayo nemithetho endleleni abantu abaphila ngayo nemisebenzi abayenzayo, ngisho nalabo abangakaze baye kwamanye amazwe muva nje.
These include the temporary reintroduction of some border controls, restrictions on travel within the country, closing or limiting service at restaurants and other establishments, banning large public events, and in the most severe cases prohibiting people from leaving the house except for essential reasons.
Lokhu kubandakanya ukwethulwa kabusha okwesikhashana kweziqondiso ezithile zasemngceleni, imingcele yokuhamba phakathi ezweni, ukuvala noma ukunciphisa isevisi ezitolo zokudlela namanye amabhizinisi, ukuvinjelwa kwezenzakalo zomphakathi ezinkulu, futhi ezimweni eziningi ezimbi kakhulu ukuvinjelwa kwabantu ukuba baphume endlini ngaphandle uma kudingekile.
Beyond government restrictions, individual establishments are shutting their doors and cancelling events to try to reduce the spread of the virus.
Ngaphezu kwemithetho kahulumeni, amabhizinisi ayavalwa futhi akhansele izenzakalo ukuze azame ukunciphisa ukubhebhetheka kwegciwane.
In China, there are extensive restrictions on transportation and activity, which vary widely by province, city, and even by district or village.
EChina, kunemithetho eqinile ezintweni zokuhamba nasekwenzeni imisebenzi ethile, okuhlukahlukayo kuye ngesifundazwe, idolobha, ngisho nangesifunda noma isigodi.
Many governments recommend against traveling to China at this time.
Ohulumeni abaningi abakukhuthazi ukuya eChina njengamanje.
If you have no choice, do your research and get up-to-date information about the local situation wherever you are going.
Uma ingekho enye indlela, zenzele ucwaningo futhi uthole ulwazi lwamuva mayelana nesimo sendawo nomaphi lapho uya khona.
People who have traveled to Hubei face particularly severe restrictions.
Abantu abake baya eHubei babhekene nemithetho eqinile ngokukhethekile.
Examples of restrictions that you may encounter in some parts of China (this is not an exhaustive list):
Izibonelo zemithetho ongase ubhekane nayo kwezinye izingxenye zeChina (lolu akulona uhlu oluphelele):
14-day quarantine, self-quarantine, or COVID-19 test upon arrival from other parts of China or from other countries, at your expense
Izinsuku ezingu-14 zokuhlaliswa wedwa, ukuzihlukanisa wena kubantu, noma ukuhlolwa kwe-COVID-19 lapho ufika uvela kwezinye izingxenye zeChina noma kwamanye amazwe, ngemali yakho
questions about your travel and medical history (lying can get you years in prison)
ukubuzwa ngohambo lwakho nangomlando wezokwelashwa (uma uqamba amanga ungavalelwa ejele iminyaka)
mandatory registration using an online or paper form
ukubhaliswa okuphoqelelwe usebenzisa ifomu ku-inthanethi noma ephepheni
requirement to wear a face mask in public
imfuneko yokugqoka imaski yobuso emphakathini
people who have been outside of China within 14 days not allowed into public places like malls
abantu abake baphuma eChina phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-14 abavunyelwe ukuba sezindaweni zomphakathi njengasemamoli
shops only accept mobile payments, not cash
izitolo zamukela kuphela inkokhelo yeselula, hhayi imali
restaurants, transportation and other establishments refusing service to non-Chinese citizens
izitolo zokudlela, izinto zokuhamba namanye amabhizinisi ayenqaba ukunika isevisi kubantu abangezona izakhamuzi zaseChina
many forms of transportation reduced or shut down
izindlela eziningi zokuhamba zincishisiwe noma zivaliwe
mandatory real-name registration for public transit cards
kuphoqiwe ukubhalisa igama langempela emakhadini ezinto zokuhamba zomphakathi
access in and out of a town, village, or city completely blocked
ukungena nokuphuma elokishini, esigodini, noma edolobheni kuvinjelwe ngokuphelele
non-resident visitors prohibited from entering apartment complexes
izivakashi ezingezona izakhamuzi zivinjelwe ukungena ezakhiweni zokuhlala
only allowed to go outside once every two days to get supplies
kuvunyelwe ukuphumela ngaphandle kanye kuphela ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbili ukuze uyothenga ezitolo
businesses, activities, and attractions closed
amabhizinisi, imisebenzi, nezindawo zokungcebeleka zivaliwe
businesses need local government permission to re-open
amabhizinisi adinga imvume kahulumeni wendawo ukuze aphinde avulwe
restaurants (if they are even open) require a minimum distance between customers
izitolo zokudlela (uma zivuliwe) zidinga ukuba amakhasimende aqhelelane ngebanga elifanele
selling substandard face masks has a maximum sentence of life imprisonment
ukudayisa amamaski obuso angafaneleki kunesigwebo esikhulu sokudilikelwa yijele
As of mid-March 2020, Europe is the epicenter of the epidemic, and many European countries have closed their borders to international travel - only border commuters and freight are allowed to cross.
Kusukela maphakathi no-March 2020, i-Europe iyona ndawo enabantu abaningi kakhulu abanaleli gciwane, futhi amazwe amaningi ase-Europe ayivalile imingcele yawo ezihambini ezivela kwamanye amazwe - izisebenzi kanye nezimpahla kuphela ezivunyelwe ukuba ziwele emgceleni.
Also businesses other than food stores and pharmacies are closed, and public transport has been reduced or stopped.
Futhi amabhizinisi ngaphandle kwezitolo zokudla nezemithi avaliwe, futhi izinto zokuhamba zomphakathi zincishisiwe noma zimisiwe.
In the worst affected countries including Italy, Spain and France, lockdowns like in China in January, have been implemented.
Emazweni athinteke kakhulu ahlanganisa i-Italy, i-Spain ne-France, ama-lockdown njengaseChina ngo-January, aye asebenza.
As well the EU has closed its outer borders.
I-EU nayo iyivalile imingcele yayo yangaphandle.
COVID-19 is prevalent also in North America.
I-COVID-19 iye yabhebhetheka nase-North America.
The borders between Canada, the U.S., and Mexico are closed to non-essential travel, and in many areas bans on big gatherings are in effect (this means places like restaurants are closed, and events are canceled).
Imingcele ephakathi kwe-Canada, i-U.S., ne-Mexico ivaliwe kubantu abangenzi imisebenzi ebalulekile, futhi ezindaweni eziningi imibuthano emikhulu isiyavinjelwa (lokhu kusho ukuthi izindawo ezinjengezitolo zokudlela zivaliwe, futhi izenzakalo zikhanseliwe).
Numerous state, county, and municipal jurisdictions have issued stay-at-home orders that require all nonessential businesses to close.
Imithetho yamazwe amaningi, izifundazwe, nomasipala ikhiphe umyalo wokuba kuhlalwe emakhaya odinga ukuba wonke amabhizinisi angabalulekile avalwe.
With lots of flights canceled, warnings issued, and restrictions imposed, flying in the time of coronavirus can be a challenge.
Njengoba izindiza eziningi zikhanseliwe, kwakhishwa izixwayiso, futhi kwabekwa imithetho, ukundiza ngesikhathi se-coronavirus kungaba inselele.
Some routes are not possible.
Eminye imizila ayihambi muntu.
Others will require more inconvenient connections than usual—multiple stops and long waits between flights.
Eminye izodinga izindawo ezingcono zokuxhuma—ukuma kaningana nokulinda isikhathi eside phakathi nokuxhuma izindiza.
In some cases that means more expensive tickets.
Kwezinye izimo lokho kusho amathikithi abiza kakhulu.
On the other hand, the good news is that many flights are cheaper than usual due to decreased demand, and there's a decent chance you'll get an empty seat next to you.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izindaba ezinhle ziwukuthi izindiza eziningi zishibhile kunokuvamile ngenxa yokuthi bambalwa abantu abahamba ngazo, futhi maningi amathuba okuthi isihlalo esiseceleni kwakho ngeke sihlale muntu.
Build in extra time for your connections, especially if transferring from an international flight to a domestic flight and especially if your itinerary involves a country that's seriously affected.
Ziphe isikhathi esengeziwe sokuba uxhume, ikakhulukazi uma uxhuma usuka endizeni esuka kwelinye izwe uya endizeni yendawo futhi ikakhulukazi uma umzila wakho uhlanganisa izwe elithinteke kakhulu.
Screenings, temperature checks, extra paperwork, and the associated waiting around can add minutes or hours before you're allowed to continue on your journey.
Ukuhlungwa, ukuhlolwa kwezinga lokushisa komzimba, ukugcwalisa amaphepha, nokulinda okuhlobene nakho kunganezela imizuzu noma amahora ngaphambi kokuba uvunyelwe ukuba uqhubeke nohambo lwakho.
You may find it harder than usual to buy a ticket to or from a destination subject to warnings and restrictions.
Ungakuthola kunzima kunokuvamile ukuthenga ithikithi lokuya noma lokubuya endaweni ngenxa yezixwayiso nemithetho evimbelayo.
This is a real concern if you're trying to get out of an affected area.
Lokhu kuyinkinga yangempela uma uzama ukuphuma endaweni ethintekile.
For instance, most aggregators are not selling tickets from China to the United States (presumably to avoid falling afoul of restrictions and being on the hook for a passenger's flight out).
Ngokwesibonelo, amabhizinisi amaningi awadayisi amathikithi okusuka eChina uye e-United States (cishe ukuze kugwenywe ukungena enkingeni yokwephula imithetho nokubambezeleka ekutholeni indiza ephumayo).
To buy a ticket for an itinerary like this, you may have to contact the airline or use a lesser-known aggregator.
Ukuze uthenge ithikithi lomzila onjengalona, kungase kudingeke uthintane namahhovisi endiza noma usebenzise ibhizinisi elingaziwa kahle.
Another possibility is to buy two separate tickets (for instance, a ticket from China to Cambodia and a second ticket from Cambodia to the U.S.), but be careful you won't get quarantined or lose your luggage in between.
Okunye ongakwenza ukuthenga amathikithi amabili ahlukene (ngokwesibonelo, ithikithi elisuka eChina liya eCambodia nethikithi lesibili elisuka eCambodia liya e-U.S.), kodwa qikelela ukuthi ngeke uhlaliswe wedwa noma ulahlekelwe izikhwama zakho lapho uxhuma.
Connecting flights can be a problem.
Ukuxhuma izindiza kungaba inkinga.
The risk of getting stuck in the connection city is higher than usual right now, due to delays for screening and testing as well as extensive cancellations.
Ingozi yokubambezeleka edolobheni oxhuma kulo iphakeme kunokuvamile njengamanje, ngenxa yesikhathi esidleka ekuhlungeni nasekuhlolweni nabantu abaningi abakhanselayo.
Connecting in an affected area may lead to entry restrictions later on, and if you've been in an affected area recently some countries won't even let you change planes.
Ukuxhuma endaweni ethintekile kungaholela emithethweni yokungena kamuva, futhi uma ubusendaweni ethintekile muva nje amanye amazwe ngeke akuvumele ngisho nokuba ushintshe izindiza.
On certain itineraries there is a risk of getting quarantined somewhere along the way.
Kweminye imizila kunengozi yokuba uhlaliswe wedwa ndawana thize endleleni.
So book a direct flight if you can, and if not, think carefully about where to connect.
Ngakho bhukha indiza ehamba iqonde uma ukwazi, futhi uma ungakwazi, cabangisisa ngokuthi uzoxhuma kuphi.
In uncertain times, plans can change.
Ezikhathini ezingaqinisekile, izinhlelo zingashintsha.
Many embassies and consulates have evacuated nonessential staff, and some have shut down operations completely.
Amanxusa amaningi asize izisebenzi eziningi ezenza imisebenzi engadingekile ukuba zihambe, futhi amanye ayivalile imisebenzi ngokuphelele.
Emergency assistance should still be available, though it's possible you may have to contact a further-away consulate if your local one has shut down.
Usizo oluphuthumayo kufanele lutholakale, nakuba kusengenzeka ukuthi kungase kudingeke uthintane nenxusa eliqhelile uma elakini livalile.
If you have been stranded due to the pandemic, your nearest consulate may be able to help you find a flight home, arrange an emergency loan so you can buy a ticket, or provide an emergency passport.
Uma uye wavaleleka ngenxa yalo mqedazwe, inxusa eliseduze nawe lingakwazi ukukusiza uthole indiza eya ekhaya, ulungiselele ukuboleka imali yezimo eziphuthumayo ukuze uthenge ithikithi, noma uthole iphasipoti yezimo eziphuthumayo.
At the very least they can keep you informed about the local situation and notify you about recently introduced travel requirements and restrictions.
Okunye elingakwenza ukukunika ulwazi ngesimo sendawo futhi likutshele ngezimfuneko nemithetho yamuva enezelwe yokuhamba.
Ordinary consular services such as visa and passport processing may be suspended or restricted to urgent need, depending on the location and the consulate.
Amasevisi avamile amanxusa njengokuphrosesa ama-visa namaphasipoti angamiswa kancane noma enziwe kuphela uma kunesidingo esiphuthumayo, kuye ngendawo nangenxusa.
Although some people call the disease "Wuhan pneumonia" (武汉(漢)肺炎/武肺), "Wuhan disease", or "Chinese virus", the use of these terms is considered racist in China and by many people of Chinese origin.
Nakuba abantu abathize bebiza leli gciwane ngokuthi "yi-pneumonia yaseWuhan" (武汉(漢)肺炎/武肺), "isifo saseWuhan", noma "igciwane laseChina", ukusetshenziswa kwala magama kubhekwa njengokuwubandlululo eChina nakubantu abaningi abavela eChina.
It is still common to refer the disease as "Wuhan pneumonia" or "Chinese virus" in places like Hong Kong and Taiwan.
Kuseyinto evamile ukubhekisela esifweni ngokuthi "yi-pneumonia yaseWuhan" noma "igciwane laseChina" ezindaweni ezinjengeHong Kong neTaiwan.
To be safe, use location-neutral terms when referring to the disease, such as "COVID-19", "novel coronavirus", or just "the virus" or "the pandemic".
Ukuze uphephe, sebenzisa amagama angagaguli indawo lapho ukhuluma ngalesi sifo, njengelithi "COVID-19", "novel coronavirus", noma nje ukuthi "igciwane" noma "umqedazwe".
Particularly in developing countries where law enforcement are poorly trained, enforcement of curfew, lockdown or stay-at-home orders are often brutal, often using forces not proportionate against crowds.
Emazweni asathuthuka ngokukhethekile lapho abezomthetho bengaqeqeshwa kahle khona, ukubekwa komthetho wewashi, i-lockdown noma imithetho yokuhlala ekhaya ngokuvamile iqinile, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa izindlela ezinamandla kunezixuku.
Comply with these orders, and avoid crowds in public.
Hambisana nale mithetho, futhi ugweme izixuku emphakathini.
As a result of the coronavirus pandemic, xenophobia has risen in many countries, primarily but not exclusively targeting people perceived to be Chinese.
Ngenxa yomqedazwe we-coronavirus, ukuxoshwa kwabantu bakwamanye amazwe kuyanda emazweni amaningi, ikakhulukazi kodwa hhayi kuphela kubantu ababhekwa njengabaseChina.
There has been a worldwide spike in racist incidents targeting people of East Asian origin, including in major cities such as New York, London and San Francisco.
Sekube nezigameko ezandayo emhlabeni wonke zobandlululo olubhekiswe kubantu baseMpumalanga Asia, okubandakanya amadolobha amakhulu njengeNew York, iLondon neSan Francisco.
In Hong Kong, Sinophobia, which was already high to begin with, has intensified as a result of the pandemic, with the result that many shops and restaurants are now denying service to mainland Chinese customers and banning Mandarin speakers from their premises (with the exception of Taiwanese).
EHong Kong, Inzondo ngabantu baseChina, ebikade iyinsakavukela, iye yadlondlobala ngenxa yalo mqedazwe, umphumela waba ukuthi izitolo eziningi nezitolo zokudlela manje ziyakwenqabela ukudayisela amakhasimende ase-mainland China futhi avimbela abantu abakhuluma isiMandarin ekungeneni ezindaweni zabo (ngaphandle kwabantu baseTaiwan).
Levels of xenophobia have also risen in East Asia, with some restaurants and other businesses in Japan and China refusing service to foreign customers.
Amazinga okuxoshwa kwabantu bakwamanye amazwe aye anda eMpumalanga Asia, kanti izitolo zokudlela namanye amabhizinisi eJapan naseChina ziyenqaba ukudayisela amakhasimende akwamanye amazwe.
In China, there have been incidents of foreigners being refused rooms by hotel staff, and foreign residents, particularly black people, being kicked out of their apartments on short notice by their landlords.
EChina, sekube nezigameko zabantu bakwamanye amazwe abenqatshelwa amagumbi yizisebenzi zasemahhotela, futhi izakhamuzi zakwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi abantu abansundu, ziyakhishwa ezindlini zazo zingazange zixwayiswe abanikazi bendawo.
Sources for further information on the coronavirus outbreak include:
Imithombo yolwazi olwengeziwe ngomqedazwe we-coronavirus ibandakanya:
The US government Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Izikhungo Zikahulumeni wase-US Zokulawula Nokuvimbela Isifo
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (daily updates)
Isikhungo sase-Europe Sokuvimbela Nokulawula Isifo (izibuyekezo zansuku zonke)
United Kingdom government, - Foreign and Commonwealth Office advice for Travellers
Uhulumeni wase-United Kingdom, - iseluleko Sezihambi seHhovisi Lakwamanye Amazwe neCommonwealth
An online map and dashboard from the John Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering with live updates
Ibalazwe eliku-inthanethi nedeshibhodi evela e-John Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering enezibuyekezo ezivela bukhoma
Partial lists of entry restrictions from IATA and The New York Times
Izinhlu ezingaphelele zemithetho yokungena ezivela e-IATA naku-The New York Times
A variety of misinformation and conspiracy theories about the virus are being promoted online and even by some government officials, so be careful which sources you check for information.
Ulwazi oluningi olungamanga namaqhinga ngegciwane kuvela kaningi ku-inthanethi futhi kuvela ngisho nakwezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni, ngakho qaphela ukuthi imiphi imithombo ofuna kuyo ulwazi.
Ensure that all information and advice you receive has been backed by reputable doctors and scientists.
Qiniseka ukuthi lonke ulwazi nezeluleko ozitholayo kuyasekelwa ngodokotela nososayensi abethenjwayo.
In a crisis, it's natural to want to keep following the latest updates, but it may be better for your mental health to moderate the amount of news that you look at, and stick to reliable news sources.
Esimweni esibucayi, kungokwemvelo ukufuna ukulandelela izindaba zamuva, kodwa kungakuhle ngengqondo yakho ukuba ulinganisele inani lezindaba ozibukelayo, futhi ugxile emithonjeni yezindaba enokwethenjelwa.
If you normally watch the news twice per day then stick to this schedule and do something else, rather than having the 24-hour news on continuously.
Uma ngokuvamile ubuka izindaba kabili ngosuku khona-ke gxila kule shejuli bese wenza okunye, kunokuba uhlale uvule izindaba amahora angu-24.
b'Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an enzyme attached to the outer surface (cell membranes) of cells in the lungs, arteries, heart, kidney, and intestines.
I-b'Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) yi-enzyme ehlezi ngaphandle (kulwelwesi lweseli) kwamaseli emaphashini, imithambo, inhliziyo, izinso, namathumbu.
ACE2 counters the activity of the related angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) by reducing the amount of angiotensin-II and increasing Ang(1-7) making it a promising drug target for treating cardiovascular diseases.ACE2 also serves as the entry point into cells for some coronaviruses.
I-ACE2 ilwa nokusebenza kwe-angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) ngokunciphisa inani le-angiotensin-II nokukhuphula i-Ang(1-7) iyenze ibe umuthi othembisayo wokwelapha izifo zenhliziyo negazi. I-ACE2 iphinde isebenze njengendawo yokungena kumaseli kuma-coronavirus athile.
The human version of the enzyme is often referred to as hACE2.
Uhlobo lomuntu lwe-enzyme kuvame ukubhekiselwa kulo ngokuthi yi-hACE2.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a zinc containing metalloenzyme located on the surface of endothelial and other cells.
I-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 iyi-metalloenzyme ene-zinc etholakala ebusweni be-endothelial namanye amaseli.
ACE2 protein contains an N-terminal peptidase M2 domain and a C-terminal collectrin renal amino acid transporter domain.
Iphrotheni le-ACE2 liqukethe idomeyini ye-N-terminal peptidase M2 kanye nedomeyini ye-C-terminal collectrin renal amino acid transporter.
ACE2 is a single-pass type I membrane protein, with its enzymatically active domain exposed on the surface of cells in lungs and other tissues.
I-ACE2 iyiphrotheni yolwelwesi ewuhlobo I olunomzila owodwa, enedomeyini yayo esebenza ngama-enzyme echayeke ebusweni bamaseli emaphashini nakwezinye izicubu.
The extracellular domain of ACE2 is cleaved from the transmembrane domain by another enzyme known as sheddase, and the resulting soluble protein is released into the blood stream and ultimately excreted into urine.
Idomeyini yangaphandle kweseli ye-ACE2 ihlukaniswa ukusuka kudomeyini ye-transmembrane nge-enzyme eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-sheddase, futhi iphrotheni encibilikayo eba khona ikhishelwa egazini futhi ekugcineni iphumela emchamweni.
ACE2 is present in most organs: ACE2 is attached to the cell membrane of mainly lung type II alveolar cells, enterocytes of the small intestine, arterial and venous endothelial cells and arterial smooth muscle cells in most organs.
I-ACE2 ikhona ezakhini zomzimba eziningi: i-ACE2 ihlangene nolwelwesi lweseli ikakhulu lwamaseli ohlobo II e-alveolar, ama-enterocytes amathumbu amancane, amaseli e-arterial nawe-venous endothelial namaseli ezicubu abushelelezi e-arterial ezakhini zomzimba eziningi.
ACE2 mRNA expression is also found in the cerebral cortex, striatum, hypothalamus, and brainstem.
I-ACE2 mRNA itholakala naku-cerebral cortex, ku-striatum, ku-hypothalamus, naku-brainstem.
The primary function of ACE2 is to act as a counter balance to ACE.
Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-ACE2 uwukusebenza njengebhalansi ye-ACE.
ACE cleaves angiotensin I hormone into the vasoconstricting angiotensin II.
I-ACE ihlukanisa ihomoni ye-angiotensin I ibe yi-vasoconstricting angiotensin II.
ACE2 in turn cleaves the carboxyl-terminal amino acid phenylalanine from angiotensin II (Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe) and hydrolyses it into the vasodilator angiotensin (1-7), (H-Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-OH).
I-ACE2 ihlukanisa i-carboxyl-terminal amino acid phenylalanine ukusuka ku-angiotensin II (Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe) bese uyihlukanisa ibe yi-vasodilator angiotensin (1-7), (H-Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-OH).
ACE2 can also cleave a number of other peptides including [des-Arg9]-bradykinin, apelin, neurotensin, dynorphin A, and ghrelin.
ACE2 ingaphinde ihlukanise amanye ama-peptides amaningana okubandakanya i-[des-Arg9]-bradykinin, i-apelin, i-neurotensin, i-dynorphin A, ne-ghrelin.
ACE2 also regulates the membrane trafficking of the neutral amino acid transporter SLC6A19 and has been implicated in Hartnup's disease.
I-ACE2 iphinde ilawule ukuhamba kolwelwesi lwe-neutral amino acid transporter SLC6A19 futhi luhlanganisiwe esifweni sika-Hartnup.
As a transmembrane protein, ACE2 serves as the main entry point into cells for some coronaviruses, including HCoV-NL63; SARS-CoV (the virus that causes SARS); and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19).
Njengephrotheni eliyi-transmembrane, i-ACE2 isebenza njengendawo yokungena eyinhloko kumaseli ama-coronavirus athile, okubandakanya i-HCoV-NL63; i-SARS-CoV (igciwane elibangela i-SARS); ne-SARS-CoV-2 (igciwane elibangela i-COVID-19).
More specifically, the binding of the spike S1 protein of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 to the enzymatic domain of ACE2 on the surface of cells results in endocytosis and translocation of both the virus and the enzyme into endosomes located within cells.
Ngokuqondile, ukuhlangana kwephrotheni le-spike S1 ye-SARS-CoV ne-SARS-CoV2 kudomeyini eyi-enzyme ye-ACE2 ebusweni bamaseli kuphumela ku-endocytosis nakuhambeni kwakho kokubili igciwane ne-enzyme kuye ku-endosomes ephakathi kwamaseli.
This entry process also requires priming of the S protein by the host serine protease TMPRSS2, the inhibition of which is under current investigation as a potential therapeutic.This has led some to hypothesize that decreasing the levels of ACE2, in cells, might help in fighting the infection.
Le nqubo yokungena iphinde idinge ukwenza i-S protein lenziwe lisebenze yi-serine protease TMPRSS2, isivimbeli esingaphansi kophenyo lwamanje njengesingaba yikhambi lesifo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela abathile ukuba baphethe ngokuthi ukunciphisa amaleveli e-ACE2, kumaseli, kungasiza ekulweni negciwane.
However, multiple professional societies and regulatory bodies have recommended continuing standard ACE inhibitor and ARB therapy.
Nokho, izinhlangano eziningi eziphambili nezindikimba ezisebenzayo zikhuthaze ukuqhubeka ngesivimbeli esivamile se-ACE nokwelapha nge-ARB.
A systematic review and meta-analysis published on July 11, 2012, found that "use of ACE inhibitors was associated with a significant 34% reduction in risk of pneumonia compared with controls."
Ukubuyekeza okuhleliwe nokuhlaziya okushicilelwe ngo-July 11, 2012, kuthole ukuthi "ukusebenzisa izivimbeli ze-ACE kwakuhlobene nokuncipha okukhulu okungu-34% engozini ye-pneumonia uma kuqhathaniswa nezilawuli."
Moreover, "the risk of pneumonia was also reduced in patients treated with ACE inhibitors who were at higher risk of pneumonia, in particular those with stroke and heart failure.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, "ingozi ye-pneumonia iye yancishiswa ezigulini ezelashwa ngezivimbeli ze-ACE ebezisengozini enkulu ye-pneumonia, ikakhulu lezo ezisifo sikanhlangothi nenhliziyo.
Use of ACE inhibitors was also associated with a reduction in pneumonia related mortality, although the results were less robust than for overall risk of pneumonia."
Ukusetshenziswa kwezivimbeli ze-ACE kuye kwaphinde kwahlotshaniswa nokuncipha kweziguli ezibulawa yi-pneumonia, nakuba imiphumela ibingemibi kangako kunomonakalo ongadalwa yi-pneumonia."
Recombinant human ACE2 (rhACE2) is surmised to be a novel therapy for acute lung injury, and appeared to improve pulmonary hemodynamics and oxygen saturation in piglets with a lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Isakhi esiyinhlanganisela somuntu i-ACE2 (rhACE2) kucatshangelwa ukuthi siyindlela yokwelapha entsha yokulimala kwephaphu okubi kakhulu, futhi kubonakala kuthuthukisa i-pulmonary hemodynamics ukuphuma komoya-mpilo ezingulubeni ezine-lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome.
The half-life of rhACE2 in human beings is about 10 hours and the onset of action is 30 minutes in addition to the course of effect (duration) of 24 hours.
Uhhafu we-rhACE2 kubantu uthatha amahora angu-10 ukusebenza futhi uqala ukusebenza ngemva kwemizuzu engu-30 ngaphezu kwesikhathi osisebenzayo (inkathi) engamahora angu-24.
Several findings suggest that rhACE2 may be a promising drug for those with intolerance to classic renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RAS inhibitors) or in diseases where circulating angiotensin II is elevated.Infused rhACE2 has been evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Ucwaningo oluthile lubonisa ukuthi i-rhACE2 lungaba umuthi ofanele walabo abangakwazi ukuphuza ama-renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RAS inhibitors) avamile noma ezifweni lapho i-angiotensin II ejikezelayo isidlondlobele. Ukugcwaliswa kwe-rhACE2 kuye kwahlolwa ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha ekwelapheni i-acute respiratory distress syndrome.
b'Bat SARS-like coronavirus WIV1 (Bat SL-CoV-WIV1), also sometimes called SARS-like coronavirus WIV1, is a strain of Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV) isolated from Chinese rufous horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus sinicus).
I-coronavirus WIV1 (Bat SL-CoV-WIV1) enjenge-b'Bat SARS, ephinde ibizwe ngokuthi yi-coronavirus WIV1 enjenge-SARS, iyi-coronavirus (SARSr-CoV) eyi-acute respiratory syndrome Embi kakhulu evela kumalulwane aseChina abomvana amise okwenyawo lehhashi (amaRhinolophus sinicus).
Like all coronaviruses, virions consist of single-stranded positive-sense RNA enclosed within an envelope.
Njengawo wonke ama-coronavirus, ama-virion ane-RNA ye-single-stranded positive-sense avaleleke emvilophini.
The discovery confirms that bats are the natural reservoir of SARS-CoV.
Ucwaningo luqinisekisa ukuthi amalulwane angumthombo ongokwemvelo we-SARS-CoV.
Phylogenetic analysis shows the possibility of direct transmission of SARS from bats to humans without the intermediary Chinese civets, as previously believed.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-phylogenetic kubonisa ukuthi kunamathuba okudluliseleka ngokuqondile kwe-SARS isuka emalulwaneni iya kubantu ngaphandle kokuhileleka kwama-civet aseChina, njengoba kwakucatshangwa kanjalo ngaphambili.
b'COVID-19 apps are mobile software applications designed to aid contact tracing in response to the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic, i.e. the process of identifying persons ("contacts") who may have been in contact with an infected individual.
Ama-app e-b'COVID-19 ayizinhlelo zesofthiwe yeselula eziklanyelwe ukusiza uthole izinombolo ngokuqondene nomqedazwe wango-2019-20 we-coronavirus, njengenqubo yokuthola abantu ("abathintwayo") okungenzeka baye bathintana nomuntu onegciwane.
Numerous applications were developed or proposed, with official government support in some territories and jurisdictions.
Kuye kwasungulwa noma kwacatshangelwa izinhlelo eziningana, ngokusekela komthetho kahulumeni kwezinye izindawo.
Several frameworks for building contact tracing apps have been developed.
Kuye kwasungulwa amafremuwekhi okwakha ama-app okuthungatha othintwayo.
Privacy concerns have been raised, especially about systems that are based on tracking the geographical location of app users.
Kuye kwavezwa ukukhathazeka kobumfihlo, ikakhulukazi mayelana namasistimu asekelwe ekulandeleleni indawo abasebenzisi be-app abakuyo.
Less intrusive alternatives include the use of Bluetooth signals to log a user's proximity to other cellphones.
Ezinye izindlela ezingadingi ulwazi oluyimfihlo zibandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwamasignali eBluetooth ukuze kufakwe indawo umsebenzisi akuyo kwamanye amaselula.
On 10 April 2020, Google and Apple jointly announced that they would integrate functionality to support such Bluetooth-based apps directly into their Android and iOS operating systems.
Ngomhla ka-10 April 2020, i-Google ne-Apple zamemezela ukuthi zizokwakha indlela ukuze zisekele ama-app anjalo eBluetooth ngokuqondile kuma-OS e-Android ne-iOS.
In China, the Chinese government, in conjunction with Alipay, has deployed an app that allows citizens to check if they have been in contact with people that have COVID-19.
EChina, uhulumeni waseChina, usebenzelana ne-Alipay, usungule i-app evumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole ukuthi ziye zathintana yini nabantu abane-COVID-19.
It is in use across more than 200 Chinese cities.In Singapore, an app called TraceTogether is being used.
Isetshenziswa emadolobheni angaphezu kuka-200 eChina. ESingapore, kusetshenziswa i-app ebizwa ngokuthi yi-TraceTogether.
The app was developed by local IT community, released as open source and will be handed over to the government.North Macedonia launched "StopKorona!", a Bluetooth-based app to trace exposure with potentially infected persons and provide a fast response to healthcare authorities.
Le app yasungulwa izisebenzi ze-IT zasendaweni, yakhishwa njengewuthombo ovulekile futhi izonikezwa uhulumeni. ENyakatho Macedonia kwakhishwa i-"StopKorona!", i-app esebenza ngeBluetooth ukuze kulandelelwe ukuchayeka kubantu okungenzeka banegciwane futhi kunikezwe ukusabela okusheshayo eziphathimandleni zezempilo.
The app was developed by the Ministry of Communication and Technology and Ministry of Health.
Le app yasungulwa uMnyango Wezokuxhumana Nezobuchwepheshe noMnyango Wezempilo.
As of 14 April 2020, the app was awaiting approval by the Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Kusukela ngomhla ka-14 April 2020, le app yayilindele ukugunyazwa yi-Google Play Store ne-Apple App Store.
On 12 April, the government stated that the contact tracing app was in an advanced stage of development, and would be available for deployment within weeks.A similar app is planned in Ireland, and in France ("StopCovid").
Ngomhla ka-12 April, uhulumeni wathi i-app yokuthungatha umuntu yayisezingeni elithuthukile lokusungulwa, futhi yayizotholakalela ukukhishwa emavikini ambalwa. Kulungiselelwa i-app efanayo e-Ireland, naseFrance ("StopCovid").
Both Australia and New Zealand are considering apps based on Singapore's TraceTogether app and BlueTrace protocol.Russia intends to introduce a geofencing app for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 living in Moscow, designed to ensure they do not leave home.
Kokubili i-Australia neNew Zealand zicabangela ama-app asekelwe ku-app yaseSingapore i-TraceTogether nephrothokholi ye-BlueTrace. IRussia ihlose ukusungula i-app ebonisayo lapho umuntu eqa imingcele ayibekelwe yeziguli ezitholwe zine-COVID-19 ezihlala eMoscow, eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abaphumi emakhaya.
Ross Anderson, professor of security engineering at Cambridge University, listed a number of potential practical problems with app-based systems, including false positives and the potential lack of effectiveness if takeup of the app is limited to only a small fraction of the population.
URoss Anderson, uprofesa ongunjiniyela kwezokuvikeleka eCambridge University, ubale izinto eziningana ezingaba yinkinga ngamasistimu e-app, okubandakanya izixwayiso ezidukisayo namathuba okungasitholi isixwayiso uma amandla e-app elinganiselwe enanini elincane kuphela labantu.
Addressing concerns about the spread of misleading or harmful "coronavirus" apps, Apple set limits on which types of organizations could add coronavirus-related apps to its App Store, limiting them to only "official" or otherwise reputable organizations.
Ukuze ixazulule izinkinga ezimayelana nokubhebhetheka kwama-app "e-coronavirus" adukisayo noma ayingozi, i-Apple ibeke imingcele ezinhlotsheni zezinhlangano ezingafaka ama-app e-coronavirus ku-App Store yayo, yathi kuzoba yilawo "asemthethweni" kuphela noma izinhlangano ezethenjwayo.
Google and Amazon have implemented similar restrictions.
I-Google ne-Amazon zisungule imingcele efanayo.
Privacy campaigners voiced their concern regarding the implications of mass surveillance using coronavirus apps, in particular about whether surveillance infrastructure created to deal with the coronavirus pandemic will be dismantled once the threat has passed.
Amaqabane alwela ubumfihlo aveze ukukhathazeka kwawo ngokuqondene nezinkinga zokuthungatha uquqaba lwabantu kusetshenziswa ama-app e-coronavirus, ngokukhethekile mayelana nokuthi uhlelo lokuthungatha olusungulelwe ukusingatha umqedazwe we-coronavirus luzoqaqwa lapho lolu songo seludlulile.
Amnesty International and over 100 other organizations issued a statement calling for limits on this kind of surveillance.
I-Amnesty International nezinye izinhlangano ezingaphezu kuka-100 zikhiphe isitatimende esibeka imingcele kulolu hlobo lokuthungatha.
The organisations declared eight conditions on governmental projects:
Lezi zinhlangano zimise imibandela eyisishiyagalolunye kumaphrojekthi kahulumeni:
surveillance would have to be "lawful, necessary and proportionate";
ukuthungatha kufanele kube "semthethweni, okudingekile futhi kufaneleke";
extensions of monitoring and surveillance would have to have sunset clauses;
ukwelulwa kwenkathi yokuqapha nokuthungatha kufanele kube nemibandela yokushona kwelanga;
the use of data would have to be limited to COVID-19 purposes;
ukusetshenziswa kwedatha kuzofanele kulinganiselwe ezinjongweni ze-COVID-19;
data security and anonymity would have to be protected and shown to be protected based on evidence;
ukuvikeleka kwedatha nokungaziwa kwamagama kuzodingeka kuvikelwe futhi kuboniswe njengokuvikelwe ngokusekelwe ebufakazini;
digital surveillance would have to avoid exacerbating discrimination and marginalisation;
ukuhlolwa okuyidijithali kuzofanele kugweme ukwehlisa ububi bobandlululo nokunciphisa ukubaluleka kwezinto;
any sharing of data with third parties would have to be defined in law;
noma ikuphi ukwabelana ngedatha nabanye abantu kuzofanelwe kuchazwe ngokomthetho;
there would have to be safeguards against abuse and the rights of citizens to respond to abuses;
kuzofanele kube nokuqapha ngokumelene nokusetshenziswa kabi kanye namalungelo ezakhamuzi okusabela ekusetshenzisweni kabi;
meaningful participation by all "relevant stakeholders" would be required, including that of public health experts and marginalised groups.The German Chaos Computer Club (CCC) and Reporters Without Borders (Reporter ohne Grenzen) (RSF) also issued checklists.
ukuhlanganyela ngendlela ewusizo yibo bonke "abaneqhaza" kuzodingeka, okubandakanya ochwepheshe bezempilo bomphakathi namaqembu amancane. I-German Chaos Computer Club (CCC) ne-Reporters Without Borders (Reporter ohne Grenzen) (RSF) nazo zikhiphe izinhlu zokuhlola.
The proposed Google/Apple plan intends to address the problem of persistent surveillance by removing the tracing mechanism from their device operating systems once it is no longer needed.
Uhlelo oluhlongozwayo lwe-Google/Apple luhlose ukulungisa inkinga yokulandelelwa njalo ngokukhipha umsebenzi wokuthungatha kuma-OS edivayisi lapho ungasadingeki.
Some countries used network-based location tracking instead of apps, eliminating both the need to download an app and the ability to avoid tracking.
Amanye amazwe abesebenzisa ukuthungatha indawo ngokusekelwe kunethiwekhi kunama-app, okuqeda kokubili isidingo sokudawuniloda i-app nokugwema ukulandelelwa.
In Israel, network-based tracking was approved.
E-Israel, ukulandelela okusekelwe kunethiwekhi kwagunyazwa.
Network-based solutions that have access to raw location data have significant potential privacy problems.
Izixazululo ezisekelwe kunethiwekhi ezinokufinyelela kudatha yendawo engahlungiwe zingaba nezinkinga ezinkulu zobumfihlo.
However, not all systems with central servers need to have access to personal location data; a number of privacy-preserving systems have been created that use central servers only for intercommunication (see section below).
Nokho, akuwona wonke amasistimu anamaseva amakhulu okudingeka athole ukufinyelela kudatha yendawo yomuntu; inani lamasistimu avikela ubumfihlo liye lakhiwa asebenzisa amaseva amakhulu ukuze axhumane kuphela (bheka isigaba esingezansi).
In South Korea, a non-app-based system was used to perform contact tracing.
ENingizimu Korea, isistimu engasekelwe ku-app yasetshenziswa ukuze kulandelelwe umuntu.
Instead of using a dedicated app, the system gathered tracking information from a variety of sources including mobile device tracking data and card transaction data, and combined these to generate notices via text messages to potentially-infected individuals.
Esikhundleni sokusebenzisa i-app eqokiwe, isistimu iqongelela ulwazi lokuthungatha emithonjeni ehlukahlukene okubandakanya idatha yokulandelela idivayisi eyiselula nedatha yokuthenga ngekhadi, futhi ihlanganise lokhu ukuze ithumele izaziso ngemiyalezo yombhalo kubantu okungenzeka banegciwane.
In addition to using this information to alert potential contacts, the government has also made the location information publicly available, something permitted because of far-reaching changes to information privacy laws after the MERS outbreak in that country.
Ngaphezu kokusebenzisa lolu lwazi ukuze kuxwayiswe abantu okungenzeka bathole igciwane, uhulumeni iphinde yenza ulwazi lwendawo lwatholakalela umphakathi, okuyinto evunyelwe ngenxa yezinguquko eziningi emithethweni yobumfihlo ngemva kokuqubuka kwe-MERS kulelo zwe.
This information is available to the public via a number of apps and websites.Countries including Germany considered using both centralized and privacy-preserving systems.
Lolu lwazi lutholakalela umphakathi ngama-app namawebusayithi. Amazwe abandakanya iGermany acabangele ukusebenzisa kokubili amasistimu amakhulu nalawo avikela ubumfihlo.
As of 6 April 2020, the details had not yet been released.
Kusukela ngomhla ka-6 April 2020, imininingwane ayikakhishwa.
Privacy-preserving contact tracing is a well-established concept, with a substantial body of research literature dating back to at least 2013.As of 7 April 2020, over a dozen expert groups were working on privacy-friendly solutions, such as using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) to log a user's proximity to other cellphones.
Ukulandelela okuvikela ubumfihlo buyindlela eklanywe kahle, enezincwadi zocwaningo eziningi ezisukela emuva okungenani ngo-2013. Kusukela ngomhla ka-7 April 2020, amaqembu ochwepheshe angaphezu kuka-12 abefuna izisombululo ezikwamukelayo ubumfihlo, njengokusebenzisa i-Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) ukuze usondelanise umsebenzisi namanye amaselula.
However, PEPP-PT is a co-ordination effort which contains both centralised and decentralised approaches, and is not a single protocol.Decentralised protocols include Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (DP-PPT/DP-3T), Temporary Contact Numbers (TCN, fka Contact Event Numbers, CEN), Privacy Sensitive Protocols and Mechanisms for Mobile Contact Tracing (PACT) and others.
Nokho, i-PEPP-PT ingumzamo wokuxhumanisa oqukethe kokubili izindlela ezinkulu nezihlukahlukene, futhi ayiyona iphrothokholi eyodwa. Amaphrothokholi ahlukahlukene abandakanya i-Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (DP-PPT/DP-3T), i-Temporary Contact Numbers (i-TCN, i-fka Contact Event Numbers, i-CEN), i-Privacy Sensitive Protocols ne-Mechanisms for Mobile Contact Tracing (PACT) namanye.
In these protocols, identifiable personal data never leaves the device, and all matching happens on-device.
Kulawa maphrothokholi, idatha yomuntu ebonakalayo ayilokothi ishiye idivayisi, futhi konke ukumatanisa kwenzeka kudivayisi.
The Privacy Group at MIT Media Lab has been developing SafePaths, a platform for using privacy-preserving techniques when collecting and using location or path intersection data to track the spread of COVID-19.
I-Privacy Group e-MIT Media Lab ibilokhu isungula i-SafePaths, ipulatifomu yokusebenzisa amasu okuvikela ubumfihlo lapho iqongelela futhi isebenzisa indawo noma idatha engumzila oyisinqamuleli ukuze kulandelelwe ukubhebhetheka kwe-COVID-19.
It is based on research from the whitepaper "Apps Gone Rogue: Maintaining Personal Privacy in an Epidemic" released in March 2020.Another similar effort is the SafeTrace platform by Enigma MPC, a company developing privacy technologies that was also originally founded at the MIT Media Lab.
Kusekelwe ocwaningweni oluvela ephepheni elimhlophe i-"Apps Gone Rogue: Maintaining Personal Privacy in an Epidemic" elakhishwa ngoMarch 2020. Omunye umzamo ofanayo yipulatifomu ye-SafeTrace ye-Enigma MPC, inkampane esungula ubuchwepheshe bobumfihlo eyasungulwa okokuqala e-MIT Media Lab.