atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
The coronavirus outbreak could cost 47 million jobs in the United States and unemployment rate may hit 32%, according to estimates by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.The lockdown in India has left tens of millions of Indian migrant workers (who are paid through daily wages) unemployed.The survey from the Angus Reid Institute found that 44% of Canadian households have experienced some type of unemployment.Nearly 900,000 workers lost their jobs in Spain since it went into lockdown in mid-March 2020.
Ubhubhane lwecoronovirus lungase ludle imisebenzi eyizigidi ezingu 47 eUnited States futhi inani labangasebenzi lingafika ku 32% ngokubuka kweFederal Reserve Bank of st Louis. Ukuvalelwa eNdiya lushiye amashumi ezigidi zabasebenzi betoho bamandiya abaholelwa ngosuku bengasebenzi. Ucwaningo olwenziwe iAngus Rei Institute luthole ukuthi amakhaya aseCanada angu 44% ake aba nokuthintwa ukungasebenzi. Abasebenzi abacishe babe u-900 000 eSpain balahlekelwa imisebenzi yabo kusukela kwaqala ukuvalwa kwezwe phakathi noMashi 2020.
During the second half of March, 4 million French workers applied for temporary unemployment benefits and 1 million British workers applied for a universal credit scheme.Almost half a million companies in Germany have sent their workers on a government-subsidized short-time working schemes known as Kurzarbeit.
Phakathi nengxenye eyesibili yaMashi, abasebenzi abangu-4 million baseFrance babhalisele izibonelelo zesikhashana kanye nabasebenzi baseBrithani abangu-1 million babhalisele i-universal credit scheme. Izinkampani ezingase zibe yisigamu sesigidi eJalimane baye bayisa abasebenzi ohlelweni lukahulumeni lokusebenza isikhathi esincishisiwe esibizwa ngokuthi iKurzarbeit.
The German short-time work compensation scheme has been adopted by France and Britain.
Lolu hlelo lwaseJalimane lokusebenza isikhathi esifushanisiwe liye lathathwa nayiFrance neBrithani.
The performing arts and cultural heritage sectors have been profoundly affected by the pandemic, impacting organizations' operations as well as individuals—both employed and independent—globally.
Izimboni zobiciko namasiko intinteke ngokuphawulekayo yilolubhubhane kwaphazamiseka ukusebenza kwezinhlangano nabantu siqu -abaqashiwe nabazimele -emhlabeni wonke
Arts and culture sector organizations attempted to uphold their (often publicly funded) mission to provide access to cultural heritage to the community, maintain the safety of their employees and the public, and support artists where possible.
Izinhlangano zezobuciko nezamasiko zizame ukuqhubezaizinhlelo zazo, ngokuvamile ezixhaswa uhulumeni, ukuvulela umphakathi izidawo nokugcine izisebenzi zabo nomphakathi bephephile kanye nokusekela izihlabani.
By March 2020, across the world and to varying degrees, museums, libraries, performance venues, and other cultural institutions had been indefinitely closed with their exhibitions, events and performances cancelled or postponed.
Kwathi ngoMashi 2020, emhlabeni wonke nangamazinga angafani, amamuseaums, amalibrary, izindawo okudlala nezindawo zamasiko zavalwa isikhathi esinganqunyiwe, imicibi nemidlalo asulwa noma yahlehliswa.
In response there were intensive efforts to provide alternative services through digital platforms.Another recent and rapidly accelerating fallout of the disease is the cancellation of religious services, major events in sports, and other social events, such as music festivals and concerts, technology conferences, and fashion shows.
Kwasatshelwa ngokuthi kwenziwe imizamo yokuba izidingo zitholakale ngezindlela zobuchwepheshe. Okunye okusha nokushesha kakhulu ukwesulwa kwezihnhlelo zenkolo, ezemidlalo neminye imicimbi yabantu njengamafestival namaconcert namaconference ezobuchwepheshe kanye nawezemfashini.
The film industry has also experienced disruption.The Vatican announced that Holy Week observances in Rome, which occur during the last week of the Christian penitential season of Lent, have been cancelled.
Imboni yezemidlalo ebukwayo iye yaphazamiseka. iVatican imemezele ukuthi ukukhunjulwa kweHoly Week eRoma, okwenzeka ngesonto lokugcina kwenyanga yamaKristu yeLent isuliwe.
Many dioceses have recommended older Christians to stay at home rather than attending Mass on Sundays; some churches have made church services available via radio, online live streaming or television while others are offering drive-in worship.
Amadioceses aye akhuthaza amaKristu asekhulile ukuba ahlale emakhaya kunokuya emasontweni ngamaSonto. Amanye amasonto enze izinhlelo zawo zatholakak ngosmakazo, i-live streaming noma ngethelevision.
With the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rome closing its churches and chapels and St. Peter's Square emptied of Christian pilgrims, other religious bodies also cancelled services and limited public gatherings in churches, mosques, synagogues, temples and gurdwaras.
Ngokuthi iRoman Catholic Diocese of Rome ivale amasonto ayo kanye neSt Peter's Square ikhiphe wonke amapilgrim nezinye izinhlangano ziye zasula izinhlelo noma zaba nemibuthano elinganiselwe emasontweni, amamosques, amasinagoge, amathempeli namagurdwaras
Iran's Health Ministry announced the cancellation of Friday prayers in areas affected by the outbreak and shrines were later closed, while Saudi Arabia banned the entry of foreign pilgrims as well as its residents to holy sites in Mecca and Medina.
Umnyango Wezempilo eIran wamemezela ukusulwa kwemithandazo yangolwesihlanu ezindaweni ezithintwe yilolubhubhane nezindawo ezokukhonza zavalwa kanti eSaudi Arabia kwavinjelwa kwamakholwa amanye amazwe nezakhamuzi akhona ukungena ezakhiweni ezingcwele eMecca naseMedina.
The pandemic has caused the most significant disruption to the worldwide sporting calendar since the Second World War.
Lolu bhubhane ludale ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kunakho konke ezinhlelweni zezemidlalo emhlabeni wonke kusukela eMpini Yezwe Yesibili.
Most major sporting events have been either cancelled or postponed, including the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League, 2019–20 Premier League, UEFA Euro 2020, 2019–20 NBA season, and 2019–20 NHL season.
Eziningi ezemidlalo emikhulu ziye zahlehliswa noma zayekwa ngokuphelele, kuhlanganise i-2019 kuya ku-2020 UEFA Champions League, i-2019 kuya ku-2020 Premier League, i-UEFA Euro ka-2020, i-2019 kuya ku-2020 NBA Season kanye ne-2019 kuya ku-2020 NHL season.
The outbreak disrupted plans for the 2020 Summer Olympics, which were originally scheduled to start at the end of July; the International Olympic Committee announced on 24 March that the event will be "rescheduled to a date beyond 2020 but not later than summer 2021".Casinos and other gaming venues worldwide have closed and live poker tournaments have been either postponed or cancelled.
Lokhu qubuka kuphazamise izinhlelo ze-2020 Summer Olympics ezazikade zihlelelwe ukuqala ngasekupheleni kuka-July; I-International Olympic Committee yamemezela ngo-24 March ukuthi lemidlalo "izophinde sihlelelwe inkathi engemva kuka-2020 kodwa kukakadluli i-hlobo ka-2021". Ama-Casino nezinye izindawo zemidlalo emhlabeni wonke zivaliwe nemiqhudelwano ye-poker ebukhoma ihlehlisiwe noma ihoxiswe.
This has led many gamblers to move online, with many online gambling sites reporting significant increases in their rates of new sign-ups.The entertainment industry has also been affected, with various music groups suspending or cancelling concert tours.
Loku kuye kwaholela ekutheni abagembuli baye-online, ama-site amaningi okugembula abike ukwanda okukhulu kwama-sign-ups. Imboni yokuzijabulisa nayo ithintekile, amaqembu omculo aye amisa noma ahoxisa uhambo lwama-concert.
Many large theatres such as those on Broadway also suspended all performances.
Imidlalo eminingi yezeshashalazi njengaleyo ese-Broadway iyeyamisa yonke imibukiso.
Some artists have explored ways to continue to produce and share work over the internet as an alternative to traditional live performance, such as live streaming concerts or creating web-based "festivals" for artists to perform, distribute, and publicize their work.
Abaculi abathile bahlole izindlela zokuqhubeka beqopha nezokwabelana ngomsebenzi wabo nge-internet esikhundleni sokudlala bukhoma njengokuvamile, njengokwenza i-live streaming yama-concert noma ukusungula "imicimbi" e-web based yokuthi abaculi badlale, basakaze futhi bazise abantu kabanzi ngomsebenzi wabo.
Online, numerous coronavirus-themed Internet memes have spread as many turn to humour and distraction amid uncertainty.
Amamingi ama-meme aphathelene necorona-virus aye abhebhetheka online njengoba abaningi bephendukela emahlayeni neziphazamiso phakathi nokingaqiniseki.
Since the outbreak of COVID-19, heightened prejudice, xenophobia, and racism have been noted toward people of Chinese and East Asian descent, and against people from hotspots in Europe, the United States and other countries.
Kusukela yagqashuka i-COVID -19, izinga eliphakeme lokubandlululwa, elokucwaswa ngobuzwe nelokucwaswa ngebala liye laphawulwa ngokuqondene nabantu imvelaphi yabo engeyase-China nase-East Asia futhi nangokumelene nabantu abavela ezindaweni ezithile e-Europe , e-United States kanye namanye amazwe.
Incidents of fear, suspicion, and hostility have been observed in many countries, particularly in Europe, East Asia, North America, and the Asia-Pacific region.
Izigameko zokwesaba, ukusola nobutha ziye zaqhashelwa emazweni amaningi ikakhulukazi e-Europe, East Asia, North America kanye nasesifundeni sase-Asia-Pacific.
Reports from February (when the majority of the cases had still been confined to China) have documented racist sentiments expressed in various groups worldwide of Chinese people deserving the virus or receiving what has been claimed as justified retribution.
Imibiko yango-February, lapho iningi abagulayo babesangaphakathi kwemingcele yase-China, yaphawula imizwa yokucwaswa ngebala ivezwa amaqembu ahlukahlukene emhlabeni ngokuthi abantu base-China bafanelwe yile-virus noma bathola okuthiwa impindiselo ebafanele.
Some countries in Africa have also seen a rise in anti-Chinese sentiment.
Amanye amazwe ase-Africa aye abona ukwanda kokungabathandisisi abase-China.
Many residents of Wuhan and Hubei have reported discrimination based on their regional origin.
Izakhamuzi eziningi zaseWuhan naseHubei zibike ukubandululwa ngenxa yezindawo abavela kuso
There has been support for the Chinese, both on and offline, and towards those in virus-stricken areas.
Kubekhona ukusekelwa kwabase-China kokubili ezingosini zokuxhumana nanokoqobo kulabo abasezindaweni ezihaqwe yile-virus.
Following the progression of the outbreak to new hotspot countries, people from Italy, the first country in Europe to experience a serious outbreak of COVID-19, could also be subjected to suspicion and xenophobia.Citizens in countries including Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, and South Korea initially signed petitions lobbying to ban Chinese people from entering their countries in an effort to stop the disease.
Okulandele ukuqhubekela kwamanye amazwe athile kwaloku kugqashuka, abantu base-Italy, okuyizwe lokuqala e-Europe lokuba nokugqashuka kwe-Covid-19 okubucayi, bangase babhekane nokusolwa nangokucwaswa ngobuzwe. Izakhamuzi zamazwe ahlanganisa i-Malaysia, i-New Zealand, i-Singapore ne-South Korea zike zaqala usayina izicelo ezihambisana nemikhankaso yokuvimbela abantu base-China ukuthi bangangeni emazweni akubo njengomzamo wokunqanda lesifo.
In Japan, the hashtag #ChineseDontComeToJapan trended on Twitter.
E-Japan, i-hashtag #ChineseDontComeToJapan iye yaba edumile ku-Twitter.
Chinese people as well as other Asians in the United Kingdom and the United States have reported increasing levels of racist abuse, as well as assaults.
Abantu base-China namanye ama-Asian e-United Kingdom nase-United States babike amazinga andayo okuhlukunyezwa ngenxa yokucwaswa ngebala kanye nokushaywa.
U.S. president Donald Trump has faced criticism for referring to the coronavirus as the "Chinese Virus", a term considered by critics to be racist and anti-Chinese.
Umongameli wase-U.S u-Donald Trump usebhekane nokugxekwa ngokubhekisela kwi-coronavirus ngokuthi "i-Chinese Virus", igama abagxeki abalibheka njengelicwasa ngokwebala futhi elibonisa ukungabathandisisi abaseChina.
Protesters in Ukraine attacked buses carrying Ukrainian and foreign evacuees from Wuhan to Novi Sanzhary.
Ababhikishi e-Ukraine bahlasele amabhasi athwele abase-Ukraine kanye nabakwamanye amazwe ababuyiswe e-Wuhan bayiswa e-Novi Sanzhary.
Students who come from Northeast India, which shares a border with China, and study in major Indian cities have reportedly experienced harassment related to the coronavirus outbreak.
Abafundi abavela e-Northeast India, enomgcele ne-China futhi abafunda emadolobheni amakhulu e-India, ngokwemibiko, sebetholane nokuhlushwa okuphathelene nokugqashuka kwe-coronavirus.
The Bharatiya Janata Party's State unit president in West Bengal Dilip Ghosh stated that the Chinese had destroyed nature and "that's why the God took revenge against them."
Umongameli we-The Bharatiya Janata Party e-West Bengal u-Dilip Ghosh wathi abase-China bayibulele imvelo futhi "yingakho unkulunkulu eziphindiselelile kubona"
The remarks were later condemned by the Chinese consulate in Kolkata, calling it "erroneous".In China, xenophobia and racism agains non-Chinese residents has been inflamed by the pandemic, with foreigners described as "foreign garbage" and targeted for "disposal".
Lezi zinkulumo ziye zalahlwa ihhovisi lenxusa lase-China e-Kolkata, lizibiza ngokuthi "ziyiphutha". E-China, ukuchwasa ngobuzwe nokuchwasa ngebala kulabo abangebona abase-China kuye kwanikezwa umfutho yilolubhubhane, abavela kwamanye amazwe bebebizwa ngokuthi "izibi zangaphandle" futhi zihlelelwe "ukuchithwa"
Many newspapers with paywalls have removed them for some or all of their coronavirus coverage.
Amaphephandaba amaningi akhokhelwayo akuhoxisile okuthile ukukhokhelwa noma akuyekise ngokuphelele ngokuqondene nezindaba eziphathelene ne-coronavirus.
Many scientific publishers made scientific papers related to the outbreak available with open access.
Abanyathelisi bezesayensi abaniningi benze amaphepha esayensi aphathelene nalokhu kugqashuka atholokala ngokukhululekile.
Some scientists chose to share their results quickly on preprint servers such as bioRxiv.
Abanye ososayensi bakhethe ukwabelana nabanye imiphumela yabo ngokushesha kuma-preprint servers anjenge-bioRxiv.
Emerging infectious disease – Infectious disease of emerging pathogen, often novel in its outbreak range or transmission mode
Izifo ezintsha ezithelelanayo – Izifo ezithelelanayo zamagciwane amasha, ngokuvamile masha ebangeni lawo lokuqubuka noma endleleni yodluliselana
Globalization and disease – Overview of globalization and disease transmission
Ukusondelana emhlabeni – Ukubuka konke ukusondelana emhlabeni nokudlulisa izifo
List of epidemics and pandemics – A list of death tolls due to infectious disease
Uhlu lobhubhane nemishayabhuqe – Uhlu lwezibalo zokufa ngenxa yesifo esithathelanayo
Wildlife smuggling and zoonoses – Health risks associated with the trade in exotic wildlife
Ukushushumbisa izilwane zasendle nezifo zezilwane ezidluliselwa kubantu – Izingozi zezempilo ezihlobene nokuhwebelana ngezilwane zasendle
Laboratory testing for the respiratory coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the associated SARS-CoV-2 virus includes methods that detect the presence of virus and those that detect antibodies produced in response to infection.
Ukuhlolelwa kwe-repiratory coronavirus disease 2019 Covid-19 kanye ne-SARS-CoV-2 virus ephathelene nayo inhlanganisa izindlela zokubona ukubakhona kwe-virus kanye nalezo ezibona ama-antibodies akhekayo njengomphumela uma umuntu etheleleka.
The presence of viruses in samples is confirmed by RT-PCR, which detects the coronavirus' RNA.
Ukubakhona kwama-viruses kuma-samples kuqinisekiswa i-RT-PCR ebona ukubakhona kwe-RNA ye-coronavirus.
This test is specific and is designed to only detect the RNA of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
lolucwaningo lwenzelwe ngokukhethekile ukuhlola i-RNA ye-SARS-Cov-2 virus.
It is used to confirm very recent or active infections.
Isebenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukutholeka kwesifo okusanda kwedlula noma okusekhona.
Detection of antibodies (serology) can be used both for diagnosis and population surveillance.
Ukuwaningela kwama-antibodies ,i-serology, kungasebenziselwa kokubili ukuhlolwa kwesifo esikumuntu noma ukuqashwa komphakhathi.
Antibody tests show how many people have had the disease, including those whose symptoms were too minor to report or who were asymptomatic.
Ukuhlolwa kama-antibody kubonisa ukuthi bangaki abantu asebeke baba naso isifo kuhlanganise nalabo izimpawu zabo zazincane kakhulu ukuthi zazingabikwa noma abangenazo nhlobo izimpawu.
An accurate mortality rate of the disease and the level of herd immunity in the population can be determined from the results of this test.
Isibalo esinembile sezinga lokufa kwabantu ngalesifo kanye nezinga lokungatheleleki kweningi emphakathini kungatholakala emphumelweni yalolu vivinyo.
Due to limited testing, as of March 2020 no countries had reliable data on the prevalence of the virus in their population.
Ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kwamanani okuhlolwa, ngesikhathi sika-March 2020, awekho amazwe abenezibalo ezingathenjwa mayelana nesibalo sokusabalala kwe-virus emphakathini wawo.
By 23 March, no country had tested more than 3% of their population, and there are massive variations in how much testing has been done across countries.
Ngo-23 March, alikho izwe ebeselihlole ngaphezu kuka-3 % wabantu abasemazweni awo futhi kukhona ukuhluka okukhulu kwenani lezibalo zokuhlolwa osekwenziwe emazweni ahlukahlukene.
This variability is also likely to be significantly affecting reported case fatality rates, which are likely to be significantly over-estimated in some countries.
Loku kuhluka kungenzeka ukuthi kuthinta kakhulu amanani okufa kwabantu abikiwe okungenzeka zeqe ngehaba kwamazwe athile.
Using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) the test can be done on respiratory samples obtained by various methods, including nasopharyngeal swab or sputum sample.
Ngokusetshenziswa kwe-real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, i-rRt-PCR, lokuhlola kungenziwa kuma-respiratory samples atholwe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise ne-nasopharyngeal swab noma i-sputum sample.
Results are generally available within a few hours to 2 days.
Imiphumela ngokuvamile itholakala phakathi namahora amabili kuya ezinsukwini ezingu-2.
The RT-PCR test performed with throat swabs is only reliable in the first week of the disease.
Ukuhlola okubizwa nge-RT-PCR okwenziwa ngama-swab omphimbo kungaba nokuthenjelwa esontweni lokuqala kuphela kokophathwa yisifo.
Later on the virus can disappear in the throat while it continues to multiply in the lungs.
Ngokuzayo, i-virus inganyamalala emphinjeni kodwa ibe iqhubeka yanda emaphaphini.
For infected people tested in the second week, alternatively sample material can then be taken from the deep airways by suction catheter or coughing up material (sputum) can be used.
Kubantu abenegciwane abahlolwe ngesonto lesibili, okunye i-sample material ingakhishwa ekujuleni kwemizila yokuhogela nge-suction catheter noma ngokukhwehlela i-material, sputum, ingasebenziswa.
One of the early PCR tests was developed at Charité in Berlin in January 2020 using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), and formed the basis of 250,000 kits for distribution by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Ezinye zezindlela zokuhlola zokuqala ze-PCR zathuthukiswa e-Charite e-Berlin ngo-January 2020 kusebenziswa i-real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ,irRT-PCR, okwenza isisekelo sokusakazwa kwama khithi angu-250,000 yi-World Health Organization, WHO.
The United Kingdom had also developed a test by 23 January 2020.The South Korean company Kogenebiotech developed a clinical grade, PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection kit (PowerChek Coronavirus) on 28 January 2020.
I-United Kingdom nayo yayisithuthukise indlela yokuhlola ngo-23 January 2020. Inkampany yase-South Korea i-Kogenebiotech yathuthukisa iPCR-based SARSCoV-2 kit yokuhlola esezingeni lokusebenza emtholampilo ngo-28 January 2020.
It looks for the "E" gene shared by all beta coronaviruses, and the RdRp gene specific to SARS-CoV-2.In China, BGI Group was one of the first companies to receive emergency use approval from China's National Medical Products Administration for a PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection kit.In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is distributing its 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel to public health labs through the International Reagent Resource.
Ithungatha "i-E gene" efanayo kuwo wonke ama-beta coronaviruses kanye ne-RdRp gene etholakala kuphela kuyi-SARS-CoV-2. E-China, iBGI Group yayingezinye zezinkampani ezathola ukuvunyelwa wezikhathi ezibucayi i-National Products Administration yase-China ukusebenzisa i-kit yokuhlola i-PCR-based SARS-CoV-2. E-United States, i-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, isakaza i-2019-Novel Coronavirus, 2019-Novel, Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel ezikhungweni zomtholampilo zokuhlola ngokusebenzisa i-International Reagent Resource.
One of three genetic tests in older versions of the test kits caused inconclusive results due to faulty reagents, and a bottleneck of testing at the CDC in Atlanta; this resulted in an average of fewer than 100 samples a day being successfully processed throughout the whole of February 2020.
Ezintathu zama-genetic tests ezindleleni eziyisdala zama-kit okuhlola zabangela imiphumela engacacile ngenxa yaba-reagants angasebenzi kahle nokucinana kokuhlola e-CDC e-Atlanta, lokhu kwaphumela esilinganisweni sama-samples esingaphansi kwang-100 ngosuku aphumelela kuwo wonke u-February 2020.
Tests using two components were not determined to be reliable until 28 February 2020, and it was not until then that state and local laboratories were permitted to begin testing.
Ukuhlola kusebenziswa izingxenye ezimbili akutholwanga kungathenjelwa kwaze kwaba u-28 February 2020 futhi kwaze kwaba yileso sikhathi lapho izikhungo zokuhlola zesifundazwe nezendawo zivunyelwa ukuqala ukuhlola.
The test was approved by the Food and Drug Administration under an Emergency Use Authorization.US commercial labs began testing in early March 2020.
Lendlela yokuhlola yagunyazwa i-Food and Drug Administration ngaphansi kwe-Emergency Use Authorization. Izikhungo zokuhlola ezizimele zaqala ukuhlola ekuqaleni kuka-March 2020.
As of 5 March 2020 LabCorp announced nationwide availability of COVID-19 testing based on RT-PCR.
Ngo-5 March 2020 i-LabCorp yamemezela ukutholakala ezweni lonke kokuhlolelwa kwe-COVID-19 okusekelwe kwi-RT-PCR
Quest Diagnostics similarly made nationwide COVID-19 testing available as of 9 March 2020.
I-Quest Diagnostics ngokufanayo yenze ukuhlolelwa i-COVID-19 kwatholakala ngokusukela kuka-9 March 2020
No quantity limitations were announced; specimen collection and processing must be performed according to CDC requirements.
Akukho ukulinganiselwa kwezibalo okwamenyezelwa, ukuqoqwa nokugaywa kwama-specimen kufanele kwenziwe ngokwezimfuneko ze-CDC.
In Russia, the COVID-19 test was developed and produced by the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR.
E-Russia , ukuhlolela i-COVID-19 kwathuthukiswa futhi kwakhiqizwa i-State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR
On 11 February 2020 the test was registered by the Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare.On 12 March 2020, Mayo Clinic was reported to have developed a test to detect COVID-19 infection.On 13 March 2020, Roche Diagnostics received FDA approval for a test which could be performed within 3.5 hours in high volume, thus allowing one machine to do approximately 4,128 tests in a 24-hour period.
Ngo-11 February 2020 lendlela yokuhlolwa yabhaliswa i-Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare. Ngo-12 March 2020, kwabikwa ukuthi i-Mayo Clinic isithuthuthukise uhlobo lokuhlolela ukuphathwa i-COVID-19. Ngo-13 March 2020, iRoche Diagnostics yathola imvumo ye-FDA yohlobo lokuhlola olungenziwa phakathi namahora angu-3.5 ngokwenza kanjalo kuvumele umshini owodwa ukuthi wenze ukuhlola okungu-4128 esikhathini esingamahora angu-24.
On 19 March 2020, the FDA issued emergency use authorization (EUA) to Abbott Laboratories for a test on Abbott's m2000 system; the FDA had previously issued similar authorization to Hologic, LabCorp, and Thermo Fisher Scientific.
Ngo-19 March 2020, i-FDA ikhiphele i-Abbot Laboratories ukugunyazwa kwezikhathi ezibucayi ,i-EUA, ukuthi ihlole ngesimiso se-Abbott m2000, i-FDA ibikade inikeze i-Hologic, LabCorp ne-Thermo Fisher Scientific ukugunyazwa okufanayo.
On 21 March 2020, Cepheid similarly received EUA from the FDA for a test that takes about 45 minutes.
Ngo 21-March 2020, i-Cepheid ngokufanayo ithole i-EUA nge-FDA yohlobo lokuhlola oluthatha imizuzu engabe ngu-45.
The FDA has approved a test that uses isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology instead of PCR.
I-FDA ivumele uhlobo lokuhlola olusebenzisa i-isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology esikhundleni se-PCR.
Since this does not require a series of alternating temperature cycles this method can deliver positive results in as little as five minutes and negative results in 13 minutes.
Ngenxa yokuthi lolu aludingi uchungechunge lwemijikelezo yokubanda nokushisa, loluhlobo lunganikeza imiphumela e-positive emizuzwini emncane kangangemihlanu ne-negative emizuzwini engu-13.
There are currently about 18,000 of these machines in the U.S. and Abbott expects to ramp up manufacturing to deliver 50,000 tests per day.A test which uses a monoclonal antibody which specifically binds to the nucleocapsid protein (N protein) of the novel coronavirus is being developed in Taiwan, with the hope that it can provide results in 15 to 20 minutes just like a rapid influenza test.
Njengamanje kunemishini engase ibe ngu-18,000 e-U.S futhi i-Abbott ilindele ukukhuphula ukuqhiqizwa kwayo ukuze kwenziwe ukuhlola okungu-50 000 ngosuku. Ukuhlola okusebenzisa i-monoclonal antibody ngokukhethekile enamathela kwi-nucleocapsid protein, i-N protein, ye-novel coronavirus iyathuthukiswa e-Taiwan ngethemba lokuthi kungakwazi ukuthi lunikeze imiphumela emizuzwini engu-15 kuya kwengu-20 okufana njengokuhlolela i-influenza.
A March 2020 literature review concluded that "chest radiographs are of little diagnostic value in early stages, whereas CT [computed tomography] findings may be present even before symptom onset."
Ukubuyekezwa lwemibhalo lwango-March 2020 kwaphetha ngokuthi "ama-radiograph esifuba akasizi ngangako ezigabeni zokuqala kanti okutholwa i-CT, computer tomography, kungase kubekhona ngaphambi kokuba izimpawu zesifo ziqale ukubakhona.
Typical features on CT include bilateral multilobar ground-glass opacificities with a peripheral, asymmetric and posterior distribution.
Izici ezivamile ze-CT zihlanganisa i-bilateral multilobar ground-glass opacifities ene-periheral, asymetricand posterior distribution.
Subpleural dominance, crazy paving and consolidation develop as the disease evolves.
i-Subpleural dominance, crazy paving ne-consolidation kuyakhula njengoba isifo siziguqula.
A study comparing PCR to CT in Wuhan at the point of origin of the current pandemic has suggested that CT is significantly more sensitive than PCR, though less specific, with many of its imaging features overlapping with other pneumonias and disease processes.
Inhlolovo eqhathanisa i-PCR ne-CT e-Wuhan endaweni okwaqala kuyo lolubhubhane lusikisele ukuthi i-CT izwela kakhulu kune-PCR kodwa ayinayo imininingwane , izici eziningi zayo zihambisana nezamanye ama-pneumonia nezinqubo zezifo.
As of March 2020, the American College of Radiology recommends that "CT should not be used to screen for or as a first-line test to diagnose COVID-19".As of March 2020, the CDC recommends PCR for initial screening.
Ngokuka-March 2020, i-American College of Radiology ikhuthaza ukuba "i-CT ingasebenziselwa ukuhlunga noma ukuhlolela i-COVID-19 okokuqala" Ngokuka-March 2020, i-CDC ikhuthaza i-PCR ekusefeni okokuqala"
Part of the immune response to infection is the production of antibodies including IgM and IgG.
Ingxenye ye-immune response ekuphathweni yisifo ukukhiqizeka kwama-antibodies kuhlanganise -Igm ne I-gG.
These can be used to detect infection in individuals starting 7 days or so after the onset of symptoms, to determine immunity, and in population surveillance.Assays can be performed in central laboratories (CLT) or by point-of-care testing (PoCT).
Lezi zingasebenziselwa ukuhlola ukuba khona kwesifo kusukela sekudlule izinsuku ezingu-7 noma ngaphezulu kwaqala izimpawu zokuba nesifo, ukuze kubonakale ukungatheleleki nokuqashwa komphakathi. Ama-Assay angenziwa izikhungo zokuhlola eziyinhloko , ama-CLT, noma nge-point-of-care testing , i-PoCT.
The high-throughput automated systems in many clinical laboratories will be able to perform these assays but their availability will depend on the rate of production for each system.
Izinga eliphakeme lokusebenza kwama-automated systems ezikhungweni eziningi zokuhlolela ezokwelapha lizokwazi ukusebenza ngama-essays kodwa ukutholakala kwawo kuzoxhomeka esivininini sokikhiqizwa kwayo ngayinye.
For CLT a single specimen of peripheral blood is commonly used, although serial specimens can be used to follow the immune response.
Nge-CLT, sisodwa kuphela i-specimen se-peripheral blood esisebenziswa ngokujwayelekile, yize ama-specimen a-serial engasebenziselwa ukusabela kwamasosha omzimba.
For PoCT a single specimen of blood is usually obtained by skin puncture.
Nge-PoCT, i-specimen yegazi eyodwa ivame ukutholwa ngokujoja isikhumba.
Unlike PCR methods an extraction step is not needed before assay.On March 26, 2020, the FDA named 29 entities that provided notification to the agency as required and are now therefore able to distribute their antibody tests.
Ngokungafani nezindlela ze-PCR, isinyathelo sokuputshuzwa asidingekile ngaphambi kwe-essay. Ngo-26 March 2020, i-FDA yethula amagama ezinhlaka ezingu-29 ezabikela le-agency njengokudingekile futhi manje sezikwazi ukusakaza ama-antibody test azo.
As of April 7, 2020, only a single test has been approved by the FDA under an emergency use authorization.In late March 2020, Euroimmun Medical Laboratory Diagnostics and Epitope Diagnostics received European approvals for their test kits, which can detect IgG and IgA antibodies against the virus in blood samples.
Ngokuka-7 April 2020, yinye kuphela indlela yokuhlola evunyelwe i-FDA ngaphansi kokugunyazwa kwezimo ezibucayi. Ngasekupheleni kuka-March 2020, i-Euroiminium Medical Laboratoray Diagnostics and Epitome Diagnostics yathola ukuvunyelwa kwama-test kits ayo kwase-Europe angakwazi ukuhlolela ukubona ama-antibodies awe-IgG nawe-IgA ngokumelene ne-virus kuma-blood samples.
The testing capacity is several hundred samples within hours and therefore much faster than the conventional PCR assay of viral RNA.
Umthamo wokuhlola ungama-samples angamakhulu ambalwa phakathi nehora ngakho kushesha kakhulu kune-conventional PCR assay ye-Viral RNA.
The antibodies are usually detectable 14 days after the onset of the infection.In early April, the UK found none of the antibody test kits it purchased were sufficiently good to use.
Ukuba khona kwama-antibodies kuvame ukuhloleka ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-14 zokutholwa isifo. Ngo-April, i-UK yathola ukuthi yayingekho neyodwa kwama-antibody test kits eyayiwathengile ayezokwazi ukusebenziseka ngokuzuzisayo.
Hong Kong has set up a scheme where suspected patients can stay home, "emergency department will give a specimen tube to the patient", they spit into it, send it back and get a test result a while after.The British NHS has announced that it is piloting a scheme to test suspected cases at home, which removes the risk of a patient infecting others if they come to a hospital or having to disinfect an ambulance if one is used.In drive-through testing for COVID-19 for suspected cases, a healthcare professional takes sample using appropriate precautions.
E-Hong Kong kweziwe uhlelo lapho abasolwa ngokuba yiziguli bangahlala emakhaya, "umyango wezimo ezibucayi ozonikeza isiguli i-specimen tube", ukuze bakhafulele phakathi, bayibuyisele emuva bese bethola imiphumela ngemva kwesikhashana. I-British NHS imemezele ukuthi iqalisa uhlelo lokuhlolela emakhaya okuqeda usongo lokuthi isiguli sithelele abanye uma siya emtholampilo noma isidingo sokuhlanzela ukubulala amagciwane izithuthi zezuguli uma kukhona esisebenzisiwe. Mayelana nabasolwa ngokugula ezandaweni zokuhlolelwa i-COVID-19 ungehlile emotweni, isisebenzi sezempilo yiso esiyothatha ama-sample sisebenzisa ukuqhaphisisa okufanelekile.
Drive-through centers have helped South Korea do some of the fastest, most-extensive testing of any country.In Germany, the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians said on 2 March, that it had a capacity for about 12,000 tests per day in the ambulatory setting and 10.700 had been tested in the prior week.
Izikhungo zokudlula-ushayela kusize i-South Korea yenze ukuhlola okushesha kakhulu, okugxile kakhulu kunoma iliphi izwe. E-Germany, i-National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians yakhuluma ngo-2 March, yathi inamadla okuqukatha ukuhlola okungaba ngu-12,000 ngosuku ngohlelo lokuthukusa futhi ukuhlola kwabangu-10.700 bekwenziwe ngeviki elidlule.
Costs are borne by the health insurance when the test is ordered by a physician.
Izindleko zithwalwa ngumshwalense wezezempilo lapho ukuhlola kubizwe ngudokotela.
According to the president of the Robert Koch Institute, Germany has an overall capacity for 160,000 tests per week.
Ngokusho kukamongameli we-Robert Koch Institute, i-Germany inamandla okuqukatha ukuhlola abangu-160,000 ngeviki.
As of 19 March drive in tests were offered in several large cities.
Kusukela ngo-19 March ukuhlola ngokudlula-ushayela kwanikezwa emadolobheni amaningi amakhulu.
As of 26 March 2020 the total number of tests performed in Germany was unknown, because only positive results are reported.
Kusukela ngo-26 March 2020 igqikithi yesibalo sokuhlola esenziwe yi-Germany besingaziwa, ngoba imiphumela eqinisile kuphela ebikwayo.
A first lab survey revealed that as of calendar week 12/2020 a total of at least 483,295 samples were tested up to and including week 12/2020 and 33,491 samples (6.9%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.In Israel, researchers at Technion and Rambam Hospital developed and tested a method for testing samples from 64 patients simultaneously, by pooling the samples and only testing further if the combined sample is found to be positive.In Wuhan a makeshift 2000-sq-meter emergency detection laboratory named "Huo-Yan" (Chinese: 火眼, or "Fire Eye" in English) was opened on 5 February 2020 by BGI, which can process over 10,000 samples a day.
Inhlolovo yokuqala yelebhu yabonisa ukuthi kusukela ngeviki lekhalenda u-12/2020 ingqikithi yamasampula okungenani angu-483,295 ahlolwa kwaze kwafika futhi kwahlanganisa iviki u-12/2020 namasampula angu-33,491 u-(6.9%) lapho kuhlolwa waqinisekisela i-SARS-CoV-2. I-Israel, abacwaningi e-Technion and Rambam Hospital bakhe futhi bahlola indlela yokuhlola amasampula eziguli ezingu-64 patients kanye kanye, ngokuhlanganisa amasampula nokuhlola okwengeziwe kuphela lapho isampula elihlanganisiwe libonisa ukuqinisekisa. E-Wuhan idokodo elingu-2000-sq-meter lelebhu yophenyo lwesimo esiphuthumayo elibizwa ngokuthi "Huo-Yan" (Umbhalo wesi-China: 火眼, noma "Iso Lomlilo" nge-English) lavulwa yi-BGI ngo-5 February 2020, likwazi ukuqhubeza amasampula angaphezulu kuka-10,000 ngosuku.
With the construction overseen by BGI-founder Wang Jian and taking 5-days, modelling has show cases in Hubei would have been 47% higher and the corresponding cost of the tackling the quarantine would have doubled if this testing capacity hadn't come on line.
Njengoba isakhiwo besenganyelwa umsunguli we-BGI u-Wang Jian futhi sathatha izinsuku ezingu-5, ukufuzisela kubonisa ukuthi izibonelo e-Hubei ngabe ziphezulu ngo-47% futhi izindleko ezifanele zokuhlangabeza ukuvalelwa bezizophindwa kabili uma amandla okuqukatha ukuhlola engazange atholakale ngesikhathi.
The Wuhan Laboratory has been promptly followed by Huo-Yan labs in Shenzhen, Tianjin, Beijing, and Shanghai, in a total of 12 cities across China.
I-Lebhu yase-Wuhan ilandelwe ngokushesha amalebhu e-Huo-Yan e-Shenzhen, e-Tianjin, e-Beijing, nase-Shanghai, ingqikithi yamadolobha angu-12 cities kulo lonke elase-China.
By 4 March 2020 the daily throughput totals were 50,000 tests per day.Open source, multiplexed designs released by Origami Assays have been released that can test as many as 1122 patient samples for COVID19 using only 93 assays . These balanced designs can be run in small laboratories without the need for robotic liquid handlers.
Kusukela ngo-4 March 2020 ingqikithi yokudluliswayo kosuku ibe ukuhlola okungu-50,000 ngosuku. Umthombo ovulekile, imidwebo eyinkimbinkimbi ekhululwe yi-Origami Assays ivulelekile ukuze ikwazi ukuhlola amasampula eziguli amaningi kuze kufike ku-1122 e-COVID19 kusebenziswa ama-assays angu-93 kuphela. Lemidwebo elinganisa ngobuchwepheshe ingasebenza kumalebhu amancane ngaphandle kwesidingo samarobhothi abamba uketshezi.
By March, shortages and insufficient amounts of reagent has become a bottleneck for mass testing in the EU and UK and the US.
Kusukela ngo-March, ukuntuleka nesibalo esinganele se-reagent sesibe inkanankana yento ekuhloleni iningi phakathi ne-EU ne-UK kanye ne-US.
This has led some authors to explore sample preparation protocols that involve heating samples at 98 °C (208 °F) for 5 minutes to release RNA genomes for further testing.On 31 March it was announced United Arab Emirates was now testing more of its population for Coronavirus per head than any other country, and was on track to scale up the level of testing to reach the bulk of the population.
Lokhu kuholele ekutheni abanye abalobi bahlole izinqubomthetho zokulungiselela amasampula okuhilela ukushisisa amasampula ku-98 °C (208 °F) imizuzu engu-5 ukuze kudedeleke izakhi ze-RNA ezihlolwa ngokwengeziwe. Ngo 31 March kwamenyezelwa ukuthi i-United Arab Emirates manje ibisihlola inani labantu bayo elengeziwe ibheka i-Coronavirus ikhanda ngalinye kunanoma iliphi elinye izwe, futhi ibihamba ngonyawo oluhle ekukhuphuleni izinga lokuhlola ukuze ifinyelele ingxenye enkulu yenani labantu.
This was through a combination of drive-through capability, and purchasing a population-scale mass-throughput laboratory from Group 42 and BGI (based on their "Huo-Yan" emergency detection laboratories in China).
Lokhu bekuyinhlanganisela yokuqukatha amandla okudlula-ushayela, nokuthenga i-population-scale mass-throughput laboratory ku-Group 42 ne-BGI (esekelwe ku-"Huo-Yan" emergency detection laboratories e-China).
Constructed in 14 days, the lab is capable of conducting tens of thousands RT-PCR tests per day and is the first in the world of this scale to be operational outside of China.
Yakhiwe ezinsukwini ezingu-14, ilebhu ikwazi ukuqondisa amashumi ezinkulungwane zokuhlola nge-RT-PCR ngosuku futhi eyokuqala emhlabeni yalelizinga esebenzayo ngaphandle kwase-China.
Different testing recipes targeting different parts of the coronavirus genetic profile were developed in China, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, and the United States.
Izinqubo ezingafani zokuhlola okuqonda kumalungu angafani ezakhi ze-coronavirus zakhiwa e-China, e-France, e-Germany, e-Hong Kong, e-Japan, nase-United States.
The World Health Organization adopted the German recipe for manufacturing kits sent to low-income countries without the resources to develop their own.
I-World Health Organization yakhetha inqubo yase-German yokwakhiwa kwamakhithi athunyelwa emazweni antulayo kwezemali angenazo izinsiza zokuzakhela awazo.
The German recipe was published on 17 January 2020; the protocol developed by the United States Centers for Disease Control was not available until 28 January, delaying available tests in the U.S.China and the United States had problems with the reliability of test kits early in the outbreak, and these countries and Australia were unable to supply enough kits to satisfy demand and recommendations for testing by health experts.
Inqubo yase-German yanyatheliswa ngo-17 January 2020; inqubomthetho eyasungulwa yi-United States Centers for Disease Control ayizange itholakale kwaze kwaba ngu-28 January, kwalibazisa ukuhlola okutholakalayu e-U.S. I-China ne-United States babhekana nezinkinga zokuthembakala kwamakhithi okuhlola ekuqaleni kokuqubuka, futhi lamazwe ne-Australia awakwazanga ukwakha nokukhipha amakhithi anele ukwanelisa isidingo nokukhuthaza kpchwepheshe bezezempilo.
In contrast, experts say South Korea's broad availability of testing helped reduce the spread of the novel coronavirus.
Ngokungafani, ochwepheshe bathi ukutholakala okubanzi kokuhlola e-South Korea kusizile kwanciphisa ukusabalala kwe-coronavirus entsha.
Testing capacity, largely in private sector labs, was built up over several years by the South Korean government.
Amandla okuqukatha ukuhlola, ikakhulukazi kumalebhu azimele, akhiwa esikhathini seminyaka eminingi nguhulumeni wase-South Korean.
On 16 March, the World Health Organization called for ramping up the testing programmes as the best way to slow the advance of COVID-19 pandemic.High demand for testing due to wide spread of the virus caused backlogs of hundreds of thousands of tests at private U.S. labs, and supplies of swabs and chemical reagents became strained.
Ngo 16 March, i-World Health Organization yabizela ukunikwa amandla kwezinqubo zokuhlola njengendlela engcono kakhulu yokunensisa ukungenisa kobhubhane i-COVID-19. Isidingo esiphakeme sokuhlola ngenxa yobubanzi bokusabalala kwegciwane kwabangela ukunqwabelana komsebebenzi wamakhulu ezinkulungwane kumalebhu ase-U.S. azimele, futhi ukukhishwa kwama-swabs nama-chemical reagents kwacindezela.
In March 2020 China reported problems with accuracy in their test kits.
Ngo March 2020 i-China yabika izinkinga ngokunemba kwamakhithi okuhlola ayo.
In the United States, the test kits developed by the CDC had "flaws;" the government then removed the bureaucratic barriers that had prevented private testing.Spain purchased test kits from Chinese firm Shenzhen Bioeasy Biotechnology Co Ltd, but found that results were inaccurate.
E-United States, amakhithi okuhlola ayakhiwe i-CDC atholakala "enamaphutha;" uhulumeni wasusa izindonga zomthetho ebezivimbela ukuhlola ngasese. I-Spain yathenga amakhithi enkampanini yase-China i-Shenzhen Bioeasy Biotechnology Co Ltd, kodwa yathola ukuthi imiphumela yayinganembile.
The firm explained that the incorrect results may be a result of a failure to collect samples or use the kits correctly.
Inkampani yachaza ukuthi imiphumela eyiphutha kungenzeka ibangelwa ukwehlulela ukuqoqa amasampula noma ukusebenzisa amakhithi ngendlela efanele.
The Spanish ministry said it will withdraw the kits that returned incorrect results, and would replace them with a different testing kit provided by Shenzhen Bioeasy.80% of test kits the Czech Republic purchased from China gave wrong results.Slovakia purchased 1.2 million test kits from China which were found to be inaccurate.
I-Spanish ministry yathi izowakhipha amakhithi aveze imiphumela eyiphutha, futhi izofaka esikhaleni sawo amakhithi ahlukile ahlinzekelwe i-Shenzhen Bioeasy. U-80% owamakhithi okuhlola i-Czech Republic ewathenge e-China akhipha imiphumela eyiphutha. I-Slovakia yathenga amakhithi okuhlola ayizigidi ezingu-1.2 e-China atholakala ukuthi awanembile.
Prime Minister Matovič suggested these be dumped into the Danube.Ateş Kara of the Turkish Health Ministry said the test kits Turkey purchased from China had a "high error rate" and did not "put them into use."The UK purchased 3.5 million test kits from China but in early April 2020 announced these were not usable.
I-Prime Minister u-Matovič waphakamisa ukuthi mawalahlwe ngokufakwa e-Danube. U-Ateş Kara we-Turkish Health Ministry uthe amakhithi okuhlola i-Turkeyewathenge e-China atholakala ene- "zinga eliphakeme lamaphutha" futhi awazange a-"asetshenziswe." I-UK yathenga amakhithi okuhlola eyizigidi ezingu-3.5 e-China kodwa ekuqaleni kuka-April 2020 yamemezela ukuthi awasebenziseki.
Testing, followed with quarantine of those who tested positive and tracing of those with whom the SARS-CoV-2 positive people had had contact, resulted in positive outcomes.
Ukuhlola, kulandelwe ukuvalelwa kwalabo abatholakala beqinisekisa lapho behlolwa futhi kwalandelelwa labo bantu ababe nokuthintana nabantu ababonise ukuqinisekisa uma kuhlolelwa i-SARS-CoV-2, imiphumela ibe ukuqinisekisa nakhona.
Researchers working in the Italian town of Vò, the site of the first COVID-19 death in Italy, conducted two rounds of testing on the entire population of about 3,400 people, about ten days apart.
Abacwaningi abasebenza edolobheni lase-Italy i-Vò, indawo yokufa kokuqala kwe-COVID-19 e-Italy, baqondisa ukujikeleza okubili kokuhlola wlonke inani labantu abangu-3,400, okungenani izinsuku eziyishumi ngokuqhela.
About half the people testing positive had no symptoms, and all discovered cases were quarantined.
Okungenani ingxenye yabantu abaqisekisa lapho behlolwa babenganazo izimpawu, futhi zonke izibonelo ezatholakala zavalelwa.
With travel to the commune restricted, this eliminated new infections completely.
Njengoba ukuvakashelana kukhawuliwe, lokhu kususa ukuthelelana okusha ngokuphelele.
With aggressive contact tracing, inbound travel restrictions, testing, and quarantining, the 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Singapore has proceeded much more slowly than in other developed countries, but without extreme restrictions like forced closure of restaurants and retail establishments.
Ngokulandelela abathintiwe ngomdlandla, ukuvakasha okungenayo kukhawuliwe, ukuhlola, nokuvalela, ubhubhane luka-2020 lwe-coronavirus e-Singapore luqhubeke ngokunensa kakhulu kunamanye amazwe athuthukile, kodwa ngaphandle kwemingcele enzima njengokuphoqa ukuvalwa kwezitolo zokudla nezinye zokudayisa.
Many events have been cancelled, and Singapore did start advising residents to stay at home on 28 March, but schools reopened on time after holiday break on 23 March.
Izenzakalo eziningi zikhanseliwe, futhi i-Singapore yaqala ukweluleka izakhamuzi ukuthi zihlale emakhaya ngo-28 March, kodwa izikole zavula ngesikhathi ngemuva kwekhefu lamaholidi ngo-23 March.
Several other countries have also managed the pandemic with aggressive contact tracing, inbound travel restrictions, testing, and quarantining, but with less aggressive lock-downs, such as Iceland and South Korea.
Amazwe amaningana nawo akwazile ukunakekela ubhubhane ngomdlandla wokulandelela abathintanile, ukukhawula uhambo lwangaphakathi, ukuhlola, nokuvalelwa, kodwa ngezinga elincane ekuvaleni-phansi, njenge-Iceland ne-South Korea.
A statistical study has found that countries that have tested more, relative to the number of deaths, have much lower case fatality rates, probably because these countries are better able to detect those with only mild or no symptoms.
Ucwaningo lwezibalo luthole ukuthi amazwe ahlole ngokwengeziwe, uma kuqhathaniswa nesibalo sabafile, anezibonelo eziphansi zamazinga okufa, okungabangelwa isizathu sokuthi asesimweni esingcono sokuphenya labo abanezimpawu ezintukuntuku noma abangenazo nhlobo.
WHO recommends that countries that do not have testing capacity and national laboratories with limited experience on COVID-19 send their first five positives and the first ten negative COVID-19 samples to one of the 16 WHO reference laboratories for confirmatory testing.
I-WHO ikhuthaza ukuthi amazwe angenawo amandla okuqukatha ukuhlola futhi anamalebhu esizwe anokuhlangenwe nakho okulinganiselwe nge-COVID-19 athumele amasampula aqinisekayo amahlanu okuqala nayishumi andulayo e-COVID-19 kweyodwa yamalebhu okuthenjwa angu-16 e-WHO azoqinisekisa ukuhlola.
Out of the 16 reference laboratories, 7 are in Asia, 5 in Europe, 2 in Africa, 1 in North America and 1 in Australia.
Phakathi kwamalebhu okuthenjwa angu-16, angu-7 ase-Asia, angu-5 ase-Europe, angu-2 ase-Africa, engu-1 ise-North America futhi engu-1 ise-Australia.
In the following chart, the column “Positive as % of tests” is influenced by the country's testing policy.
Eshadini elilandelayo, ikholamu “Okuqinisekisayo % kokuhlola” kuthonywa inqubomgomo yokuhlola kwezwe.
A country that only tests people admitted to hospitals will have a higher positive as % of tests than a country that tests all citizens, whether or not they are showing symptoms, other things being equal.
Izwe elihlola kuphela abantu abamukelwe ezibhedlela lizoba nabaningi abaqinisekiswayo nge-% yokuhlola kunezwe elihlola zonke izakhamuzi zalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi babonisa izimpawu yini noma cha, ezinye izinto zilingane.