atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
General practice clinical system providers have introduced an emergency new set of clinical codes to support COVID-19 surveillance.
Abahlinzeki besistimu yezokwelashwa yodokotela abavamile bethule amakhodi ezokwelashwa esethi entsha yezimo eziphuthumayo ukusekela ukugadwa kwe-COVID-19.
Additionally, practices participating in current virology surveillance are now taking samples for COVID-19 surveillance from low-risk patients presenting with LRTIs.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, odokotela ababambiqhaza ekugadweni kwegciwane kwamanje manje bathatha amasampula okugadwa kwe-COVID-19 ezigulini ezinobungozi obuphansi ezinama-LRTI.
Within the first 2 weeks of setup of this surveillance, we have identified 3 cases: 1 through the new coding system, the other 2 through the extended virology sampling.
Phakathi namaviki okuqala amabili okusethwa kwalokhu kugadwa, siphawule izimo ezingu-3: esingu-1 ngesistimu yekhodi entsha, ezinye ezingu-2 ngamasampula egciwane anwetshiwe.
We have rapidly converted the established national RCGP RSC influenza surveillance system into one that can test the effectiveness of the COVID-19 containment policy.
Sishintshe ngokushesha isistimu yokugadwa kwemfuluwenza ye-RCGP RSC esunguliwe kazwelonke ukuze ikwazi ukuhlola ukusebenza kwenqubomgomo yokugadwa kwe-COVID-19.
The extended surveillance has already seen the use of new codes with 3 cases reported.
Ukugadwa okunwetshiwe sekukubonile kakade ukusetshenziswa kwamakhodi amasha ngokugula okungu-3 okubikiwe.
Rapid sharing of this protocol should enable scientific critique and shared learning.
Ukwabelana ngokushesha kwale phrothokholi kufanele kuvumele ukuhlaziywa kwezesayensi nokufunda okwabelwe.
The Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) Research and Surveillance Centre (RSC) is a network of general practices (GPs) with a nationally representative population that provides pseudonymized data for weekly surveillance of infectious diseases.
I-Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) Research kanye ne-Surveillance Centre (RSC) inethiwekhi yodokotela abavamile (ama-GP) abanesibalo sabantu esimelele izwe lonke esinikeza idatha efihlwe ulwazi ukuze kugadwe maviki onke izifo ezithathelanayo.
The disease surveillance program is commissioned by Public Health England (PHE) and covers 37 infectious diseases, including influenza.
Uhlelo lokugadwa kwesifo luxhaswe yi-Public Health England (PHE) futhi lukhava izifo ezithathelanayo ezingu-37, okuhlanganisa nemfuluwenza.
The RCGP RSC and PHE have an established collaboration of over 50 years in influenza and respiratory disease surveillance and are now in their 53rd season of surveillance and analysis.
I-RCGP RSC kanye ne-PHE basungule ukusebenzisana kweminyaka engaphezu kuka-50 yokugadwa kwemfuluwenza nesifo sokuphefumula futhi manje basenkathini yabo yesi-53 yokugada nokuhlaziya.
The RCGP RSC extracts pseudonymized data from a nationally representative sample of over 500 urban and nonurban GPs each week covering a population of over 4 million.
I-RCGP RSC ikhipha idatha efihlwe ulwazi esampuleni elimelel izwe lonke lama-GP angu-500 asemadolobheni amakhulu nangekho emadolobheni amakhulu iviki ngalinye okuhlanganisa isibalo sabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-4.
Data from these practices are reported online in a weekly return, which includes monitoring weekly rates of influenza-like illness (ILI) and other communicable and respiratory diseases in England.
Idatha evela kulaba odokotela ibikwa ku-inthanethi maviki onke, okuhlanganisa ukugada amanani eviki okugula okufana nemfuluwenza (ILI) kanye nezinye izifo ezithathelanayo nezokuphefumula e-England.
We also produce an annual report.
Siphinde futhi sikhiphe umbiko wonyaka wonke.
The RCGP RSC data set includes all coded data and all prescribed items including vaccine exposure.
Idathasethi ye-RCGP RSC ihlanganisa yonke idatha enekhodi nazo zonke izinto eziyalelwe okuhlanganisa ukuchayeka kumgomo.
The RCGP RSC conducts virology surveillance each influenza season, with 100 GPs participating in the 2019-2020 season (Figure 1).
I-RCGP RSC iqhuba ukugadwa kwegciwane enkathini ngayinye yemfuluwenza, nama-GP angu-100 abambe iqhaza enkathini yonyaka ka-2019-2020 (Umfanekiso 1).
These virology sampling practices are also recruited to be nationally representative (Figure 1).
Lezi zinqubo zesampula legciwane ziphinde zibuthwe ukuze zimelele isibalo sezwe lonke (Umfanekiso 1).
GPs take nasopharyngeal swabs from persons showing acute respiratory illness within 7 days of the onset of symptoms.
Ama-GP athatha amaswabhu e-nasopharyngeal kubantu ababonisa isifo sokuphefumula esibucayi phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-7 zokuqala kwezimpawu.
Nasopharyngeal swabs are taken from children younger than 5 years showing symptoms of acute bronchitis or bronchiolitis.
Amaswabhu e-nasopharyngeal athathwa ezinganeni ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-5 ezibonisa izimpawu ze-acute bronchitis noma i-bronchiolitis.
Additionally, nasopharyngeal samples are taken from anyone 5 years and older showing acute onset of ILI and respiratory synctial virus.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasampula e-nasopharyngeal athathwa kunoma ubani oneminyaka engu-5 nangaphezulu obonisa ukuqalisa okubucayi kwe-ILI negciwane lokuphefumula le-synctial.
Swabs are tested at the PHE Respiratory Virus Unit for influenza to monitor positivity rates and circulating strains, as well as for measuring vaccine effectiveness.
Amaswabhu ahlolwa ku-PHE Respiratory Virus Unit yemfuluwenza ukuze kuqashwe amazinga okuba phozithivu nezinhlobo ezijikelezayo, kanye nokukala ukusebenza komgomo.
The RCGP RSC successfully conducted a pilot collecting serological samples from adults and linking them to a patient’s medical records during the 2018-2019 influenza season.
I-RCGP RSC yaqhuba ngempumelelo uhlelo lokuhlola lokuqoqwa kwamasampula e-serological kubantu abadala futhi ehlotshaniswa namarekhodi ezokwelashwa esiguli phakathi nenkathi yemfuluwenza ka-2018-2019.
This pilot was in collaboration with the PHE Seroepidemiology Unit and added to the residual blood samples submitted to PHE by National Health Service (NHS) laboratories.
Lokhu kuhlolwa okubambisene ne-PHE Seroepidemiology Unit futhi kwengeza kumasampula egazi ayizinsalela athunyelwe ku-PHE amalabhorethri e-National Health Service (NHS).
Serology can provide important information about background population immunity, and sentinel networks can provide a mechanism for systematic data collection and linkage to medical records and health outcomes.
I-serology inganikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nesizinda sokungatheleleki kwabantu, futhi amanethiwekhi e-sentinel anganikeza indlela ehlelekile yokuqoqwa kwedatha kanye nokuhlobana kumarekhodi ezempilo nemiphumela yezempilo.
The serology pilot has demonstrated the ability of the network to collect serology samples in adults.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-serology kubonise ikhono lenethiwekhi lokuqoqa amasampula e-serology kubantu abadala.
With the COVID-19 outbreak, PHE and RCGP RSC have adapted existing influenza surveillance to monitor the spread of COVID-19 in the community, and this protocol sets out the basis for that collaboration.
Ngokubheduka kwe-COVID-19, i-PHE kanye ne-RCGP RSC kuvumelanise ukugadwa kwemfuluwenza ukuze kuqashwe ukusakazeka kwe-COVID-19 emphakathini, futhi le phrothokholi ibeke isisekelo salokho kusebenzisana.
The primary national strategy for COVID-19 infection is containment, with patients who are at high risk managed via the telephone help system NHS111 and the PHE health protection teams, but the RCGP RSC surveillance is entirely separate.
Isu eliyinhloko likazwelonke lesifo se-COVID-19 liwukulawulwa, iziguli ezisengozini ephakeme zilawulwa ngesistimu yosizo esebenzisa ucingo ethi NHS111 futhi amathimba okuvikelwa kwezempilo e-PHE, kodwa ukugadwa kwe-RCGP RSC kuhluke ngokuphelele.
The RCGP RSC, by extending its established work, will provide virological and serological surveillance to monitor the temporal and geographical distribution of COVID-19 infection in the community, and assess the effectiveness of the containment strategy.
I-RCGP RSC, ngokulula umsebenzi wayo obekiwe, izonikeza ukugadwa kwegciwane nokwe-serological ukuze kuqashwe kokubhebhetheka kwesikhashana nokwendawo kwesifo se-COVID-19 emphakathini, futhi ihlola ukusebenza kwesu lokulawulwa.
We would not be working in isolation on this research.
Sizobe singasebenzi sodwa kulolu cwaningo.
We will share the protocol with UK colleagues and the I-MOVE consortium who have recently obtained EU Horizon 2020 funding from the stream “Advancing knowledge for the clinical and public health response to the novel coronavirus epidemic”.
Sizokwabelana ngephrothokholi nozakwethu base-UK kanye nenhlangano ebizwa ngokuthi i-I-MOVE esanda kuthola uxhaso lwe-EU Horizon 2020 lohlelo lokufunda oluthi “Ukuthuthukisa ulwazi lokusabela kwezokwelasha nempilo yomphakathi kumqedazwe omusha we-coronavirus entsha”.
It is anticipated that great efficiencies in project management will result through this collaboration than that obtained from countries acting alone.
Kulindelwe ukuthi ukusebenza okukhulu okuqondene nokuphathwa kwephrojekthi kuzoba uphumela walokhu kusebenzisana kunalokho okutholwe kumazwe asebenza wodwa.
The aim of this study is to identify whether there is undetected community transmission of COVID-19, estimate population susceptibility, and monitor the temporal and geographical distribution of COVID-19 infection in the community.
Injongo yalolu cwaningo iwukubona ukuthi ingabe kukhona yini ukutheleleka kwasemphakathini okungatholiwe kwe-COVID-19, kulinganiswe okuchayeka kwabantu, futhi kuqashwe ukubhebhetheka kwesikhashana nokwasendaweni kwesifo se-COVID-19 emphakathini.
The objectives of this study are as follows:
Okulandelayo kuyimigomo yalolu cwaningo:
To monitor the burden of suspected COVID-19 activity in the community through primary care surveillance and clinical coding of possible COVID-19 cases referred into the containment pathway
Ukuqapha umthwalo wezinsolo zokusebenza kwe-COVID-19 emphakathini ngokugadwa kokunakekelwa okuyinhloko kanye nokufakwa kwekhodi kwabantu abaphethwe i-COVID-19 abadluliselwe kumzila wokulawulwa
To provide virological evidence on the presence and extent of undetected community transmission of COVID-19 and monitor positivity rates among individuals presenting ILI or acute respiratory tract infections to primary care
Ukunikeza ubufakazi begciwane ngokusekelwe ekutholakaleni kanye nezinga elifihlekile lokuthethelana emphakathini nge-COVID-19 futhi kuqashwe amazinga okuba phozithivu phakathi kwabantu abane-ILI noma izifo zomgudu zokuphefumula ezibucayi ekunakekelweni okuyinhloko
To estimate baseline susceptibility to COVID-19 in the community and estimate both symptomatic and asymptomatic exposure rates in the population through seroprevalence monitoring
Ukulinganisa ukuchayeka kwasekuqaleni ku-COVID-19 emphakathini futhi kulinganiswe kokubili amanani okuchayeka okunezimpawu nokungenazimpawu kubantu ngokuqashwa kwe-seroprevalence
To pilot implementation of a scheme for collection of convalescent sera with antibody profiles among recovered cases of COVID-19 discharged to the community
Ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kohlelo lokuqoqwa kwe-convalescent sera enamaphrofayili ezivikeli-mzimba phakathi kweziguli ezilulamile ze-COVID-19 esezikhululelwe ukuba nomphakathi
We intend to capture the following.
Sihlose ukuthatha okulandelayo.
Clinical workload related to reports of COVID-19 using the codes created to flag cases, those being assessed and where the infection is located are excluded (Figures 2-​-44)
Umthamo womsebenzi wezokwelashwa ohlobene nemibiko ye-COVID-19 kusetshenziswa amakhodi adalwe ukufaka amafulegi abantu abagulayo, labo abahlolwayo nokuthi isifo sitholakala kuphi akufakiwe (Umfanekiso 2-​-44)
Foreign countries visited in the last 28 days
Amazwe angaphandle avakashelwe ezinsukwini ezingu-28 ezidlule
Existing codes that may have utility (Tables 1-​-3).3).
Amakhodi akhona kakade angase asetshenziswe (Amathebula 1-​-3).3).
Many GPs and primary care teams may not realize that important relevant data can be coded.
Ama-GP amaningi kanye namathimba okunakekelwa okuyinhloko angase angaqapheli ukuthi idatha esebenzayo ebalulekile ingase ifakwe ikhodi.
There is also the potential during any pandemic to monitor the effectiveness of any transmission control measures.
Kukhona futhi ithuba phakathi kwanoma yiluphi ubhubhane ukuthi kuqashwe ukusebenza kwanoma yiziphi izinyathelo zokutheleleka.
Reliable coding of letters and test results that will show an infection has become either confirmed or excluded
Ukufakwa okunokwethenjelwa kwekhodi ezincwadini kanye nemiphumela yokuhlolwa ezobonisa ukuthi ukutheleleka kuqinisekisiwe noma akufakiwe yini
The methods will follow the approach used in the current influenza surveillance system and recent serology study, and includes five components: (1) primary care clinical surveillance; (2) virological surveillance; (3) population serological surveillance; (4) convalescent sera in cases; and (5) data curation.
Izindlela zizolandela isistimu esetshenziswe ekugadweni kwamanje kwemfuluwenza kanye nocwaningo lwakamuva lwe-serology, futhi kuhlanganisa izingxenye ezinhlanu: (1) ukugadwa kokwelashwa kokunakekelwa okuyinhloko; (2) ukugadwa kwegciwane; (3) ukugadwa kwe-serological yabantu; (4) i-convalescent sera ezigulini; kanye (5) nokuhlelwa kwedatha.
The NHS uses the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT) system of coding, which is normally only updated twice annually.
I-NHS isebenzisa isistimu yekhodi ye-Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT), ngokuvamile ebuyekezwa kabili ngonyaka.
There was added complexity as some computerized medical record (CMR) suppliers use the Read coding systems (Read clinical terms version 3 – CTv3), which is no longer updated.
Kwengezwe ukuba yinkimbinkimbi njengoba abanye abahlinzeki bamarekhodi ezempilo afakwe kukhompuyutha (CMR) esebenzisa amasistimu Okufundwa kwekhodi (Funda imigomo yezokwelashwa uhlelo 3 – CTv3), engasabuyekezwa.
Additionally, there were no clinical codes to record COVID-19 in early February 2020.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ayengekho amakhodi ezokwelashwa okurekhoda i-COVID-19 ekuqaleni kuka-February 2020.
Therefore, the two main GP system suppliers added the five terms shown in Table 4 as system-wide local codes.
Ngakho-ke, abahlinzeki ababili abayinhloko besistimu ye-GP bengeze imigomo eyisihlanu eboniswe kokuthi Ithebula 4 njengakhodi asendaweni esistimu ebanzi .
A UK emergency release of SNOMED CT concepts for COVID-19 was also subsequently made available across all CMR systems (Table 4).
Ukukhululwa kwase-UK kwezinhlelo zezimo eziphuthumayo ze-SNOMED CT ye-COVID-19 kwenziwa kwatholakala kamuva kuwo wonke amasistimu e-CMR (Ithebula 4).
The intention is that these will eventually be mapped to the new SNOMED CT concepts as they become available, allowing recording of relevant data (Multimedia Appendix 1).
Kuhloswe ukuthi zigcine zifakwe ezinhlelweni ezintsha ze-SNOMED CT njengoba zitholakala, okuvumela ukurekhodwa kwedatha ebalulekile (Isithasiselo Semidiya Eningi 1).
The key requirements for this release were the ability to code (Table 4) a case of COVID-19, exposure to risk of infection (travel to an area where there may be a higher risk), contact with anyone infected with COVID-19, a report that a person had been tested for COVID-19, and that the disease had been excluded (likely a negative test).
Izimfuneko eziyinhloko zalokhu kukhululwa zaziyikhono lokufaka ikhodi (Ithebula 4) ekuguleni kwe-COVID-19, ukuchayeka engozini yokutheleleka (ukuhamba uye endaweni lapho okungase kube khona ingozi enkulu), ukuxhumana nanoma ubani otheleleke nge-COVID-19, umbiko wokuthi umuntu wenze ukuhlola kwe-COVID-19, nokuthi isifo asikho (cishe ukuhlolwa okunegethivu).
In addition, practices are now able to code any foreign travel undertaken, including the ability to record visits to multiple countries (implemented February 8, 2020).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, odokotela sebeyakwazi manje ukufaka ngekhodi noma yiluphi uhambo oluthathiwe oluya emazweni angaphandle, okuhlanganisa nekhono lokurekhoda ukuvakasha kwasemazweni amaningi (kusetshenziswe ngo-February 8, 2020).
Figures 2-​-44 show the EMIS web implementation.
Imifanekiso 2-​-44 ibonisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-EMIS.
Currently, virology samples for influenza surveillance are accompanied by a standard request form.
Okwamanje, amasampula egciwane okugadwa kwegciwane ahambisana nefomu lesicelo esivamile.
For COVID-19, we will create a new request form that will record:
Nge-COVID-19, sizokwakha ifomu elisha lesicelo elizorekhoda:
Date of onset of symptoms
Usuku lokuqala kwezimpawu
Diagnosis of any of the following:
Ukuxilongwa kwanoma yikuphi okulandelayo:
Acute bronchitis/bronchiolitis in those younger than five years
I-bronchitis ebucayi/bronchiolitis kulabo abaneminyaka engaphansi kweyisihlanu
Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI)
Ukutheleleka komgudu wokuphefumula ongezansi (I-LRTI)
History of fever (Y/N); measured (Y/N); if yes, level
Umlando wemfiva (Y/N); okaliwe (Y/N); uma uthi yebo, izinga
Shortness of breath (Y/N), if measured: oxygen saturation and respiratory rate
Ukuphelelwa umoya (Y/N), uma kukaliwe: ukugcwala komoyampilo nezinga lokuphefumula
Recent travel (Y/N); if yes, countries visited in last 14 days
Ukuvakasha kwakamuva (Y/N); uma uthi yebo, amazwe avakashelwe ezinsukwini ezingu-14 ezidlule
Contact with a named person with confirmed COVID-19 (Y/N) with a free text comment about the level of certainty
Ukuxhumana nomuntu oshiwo one-COVID-19 eqinisekisiwe (Y/N) nokuphawula okungenamkhawulo mayelana nezinga lokuqiniseka
These codes will be grouped ontologically into “definite”, “probable”, “possible”, and “not a case” using our standard approach to grouping codes (Table 5), which has been used previously across disease areas.
Lawa makhodi azofakwa ngokwamaqembu athi “akugeji”, “kunethuba”, “kungenzeka”, kanye nokuthi “akunjalo” kusetshenziswa indlela yethu evamile yokuhlanganisa amakhodi (Ithebula 5), esetshenziswe ngaphambilini ezindaweni zezifo.
The RCGP RSC definition for ILI is shown in Multimedia Appendix 2.
Incazelo ye-RCGP RSC ye-ILI iboniswe Kusithasiselo Semidiya Eningi 2.
Public Presentation of Data Using an Observatory and Dashboards
Ukwethulwa Emphakathini Kwedatha Esebenzisa I-observatory Namadeshibhodi
We will develop an observatory to present data nationally and a dashboard for feedback to practices about their data quality and collection of virology and serology samples.
Sizokwakha i-observatory ukuze sethule idatha ezweni kabanzi kanye nedeshibhodi yezimpendulo zodokotela mayelana nekhwalithi yabo datha kanye nokuqoqwa kwamasampula agciwane ne-serology.
This is based on coding described in Table 4.
Lokhu kusekelwe kumakhodi achazwe kokuthi Ithebula 4.
Definite case will be presented on our dashboard as “cases” of COVID-19.
Ukutheleleka okuqinisekisiwe kuzokwethulwa kudeshibhodi yethu “njengokutheleleka” kwe-COVID-19.
Possible cases will be presented as “Under investigation” (investigating).
Okungase kube ukutheleleka kuzokwethulwa ngaphansi kokuthi “Kusaphenywa” (kuyaphenywa).
“Not a case” will be presented as “Excluded”.
“Akukona ukutheleleka” kuzokwethulwa njengokuthi “Kukhishiwe”.
Online data has been established within the initial few weeks in the COVID-19 Observatory (Figure 5), indicating the overall number of patients and rate per 10,000 patients of cases confirmed or under investigation, as well as where the virus is excluded.
Kusungulwe idatha yaku-inthanethi phakathi namaviki okuqala ku-COVID-19 Observatory (Umfanekiso 5), okubonisa ukuthi ingqikithi yenani leziguli kanye nenani leziguli ezingu-10,000 ezinokutheleleka okuqinisekisiwe noma okusaphenywa, nalapho igciwane elikhishiwe khona.
We have the option to move to twice weekly surveillance reports with a scope to change this to daily reporting.
Sinenketho yokwenza imibiko yokugadwa ephuma kabili ngeviki sinomgomo wokushintsha lokhu kube ukubika kwansuku zonke.
We will continue virology sampling from our sentinel practices, rather than discontinuing as seasonal influenza declines.
Sizoqhubeka sithatha amasampula egciwane kodokotela bethu be-sentinel, kunokuba siyeke njengoba imfuluwenza yezinkathi zonyaka incipha.
Additionally, we will recruit more surveillance practices.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizonezela ezinye izindlela zokugada.
The RCGP RSC virology practices will aim to undertake 200-300 nasopharyngeal swabs per week across the RCGP RSC sentinel network, collecting specimens across all age bands.
Izinqubo zegciwane ze-RCGP RSC zihlose ukwenza amaswabhu angu-200-300 e-nasopharyngeal iviki ngalinye kunethiwekhi ye-sentinel ye-RCGP RSC, ukuqoqa izicubu kuwo wonke amaqembu obudala.
In addition to the inclusion criteria for influenza virology surveillance (ILI, acute bronchitis/bronchiolitis), participating practices will take nasopharyngeal swab samples from any people showing acute symptoms of LRTI if the onset of symptoms is within 7 days.
Ngaphezu kombandela wokufakwa wokugadwa kwegciwane lemfuluwenza (I-ILI, i-bronchitis ebucayi/bronchiolitis), odokotela ababamba iqhaza bazothatha amasampula eswabhu ye-nasopharyngeal kunoma ubani obonisa izimpawu ezibucayi ze-LRTI uma ukuqala kwezimpawu kwenzeke ezinsukwini ezingu-7.
RCGP RSC research officers and practice liaison staff will manage practices to achieve a total national sample of 200-300 swabs per week.
Izisebenzi zocwaningo lwe-RCGP RSC nezisebenzi zokuxhumana nodokotela zizolawula odokotela ukuze bafinyelele isampula likazwelonke lengqikithi yamaswabhu angu-200-300 iviki ngalinye.
This could be increased if PHE modelers require more samples.
Lokhu kungase kunyuswe uma amamodela e-PHE edinga amasampula engeziwe.
Samples from each practice would be spread across the following age groups: &lt; 5 years, 5-17 years, 18-64 years, and 65 years and older
Amasampula kadokotela ngamunye azosakazwa emaqenjini obudala obulandelayo: iminyaka engu-< 5, iminyaka engu-5-17, iminyaka engu-18-64, kanye neminyaka engu-65 nangaphezulu
Samples (swabs or serum) collected will be sent via prepaid envelopes addressed to the appropriate PHE laboratory for analysis.
Amasampula (amaswabhu noma i-serum) aqoqiwe azothunyelwa ngezimvilophu ezikhokhelwe kusangaphambili ekhelini lelabhorethri ye-PHE efanele ukuze kwenziwe ukuhlaziywa.
All samples collected will be tested for the presence of influenza and COVID-19.
Wonke amasampula aqoqiwe azohlolwa ukuze kutholwe ukuthi ikhona yini imfuluwenza ne-COVID-19.
Additionally, PHE will retrospectively test any influenza virology samples collected between early and mid-February 2020 for COVID-19.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-PHE izohlola ihlehle noma yimaphi amasampula egciwane lemfuluwenza eliqoqwe phakathi nasekuqaleni kanye namaphakathi no-February 2020 ukuze ahlolelwe i-COVID-19.
Practices will still follow the PHE protocol for COVID-19 with respect to people at risk of infection who should be signposted down the containment pathway, rather than physically attend their practice.
Odokotela basazolandela iphrothokholi ye-PHE ye-COVID-19 ngokuqondene nabantu abasengozini yokutheleleka okufanele baqondiswe endleleni yokulawulwa, kunokuba baye ngokuqondile kodokotela babo.
Direct testing of those who attend surgery remains permitted, but we have also rolled out self-swabbing at home.
Ukuhlolwa okuqondile kwalabo abenza ukuhlinzwa kuvunyelwe, kodwa futhi sethule ukuzenza iswabhu ngesikhathi usekhaya.
Summary of processes are detailed in Multimedia Appendix 3.
Isifinyezo sezinqubo sinikezwe Kusithasiselo Semidiya Eningi 3.
Everyone with an ILI or a respiratory illness who contacts a GP (eg, phones for an appointment) should be asked specifically about recent travel to China and other countries flagged in current PHE advice, or if they have had contact with other people with COVID-19.
Wonke umuntu ophethwe i-ILI noma isifo sokuphefumula othinta i-GP (isib, oshaya ucingo ukuze enze i-aphoyintimenti) kufanele abuzwe ngokuqondile mayelana nokuvakashela i-China muva nje kanye namanye amazwe afakwe ifulegi eselulekweni sakamuva se-PHE, noma ukuthi ingabe baxhumanile yini nabanye abantu abane-COVID-19.
If these screening enquiries are positive, the patient would be advised to not come to the practice but instead to follow the PHE flow sheet.
Uma le mibuzo yokuhlunga iphozithivu, isiguli sizokwelulekwa ukuthi singazi kudokotela kodwa esikhundleni salokho silandele ishidi lokugeleza le-PHE.
This can be by a reception or clinician staff, depending on individual practice protocol.
Lokhu kungenziwa umuntu owamukelayo noma isisebenzi sezokwelashwa, kuye ngephrothokholi kadokotela ngamunye.
These calls should be coded into the GP CMR system and can be reported as part of the RCGP RSC weekly return.
Lokhu kushaywa kocingo kufanele kufakwe ikhodi kusistimu ye-GP CMR futhi kungabikwa njengengxenye yokubuyiselwe kwe-RCGP RSC kweviki ngalinye.
We have developed training material to support this coding (Multimedia Appendix 4).
Sakhe izinto zokuqeqesha ukuze sisekele lokhu kufakwa kwekhodi (Isithasiselo Semidiya Eningi 4).
These include prompt cards for:
Lokhu kuhlanganisa amakhadi embuzo okuthi:
Practice reception or triage staff: for coding of any patients calling the practice with symptoms of acute respiratory infection with a history of travel to important areas based on PHE advice
I-reception kadokotela noma izisebenzi zocwaningo: ukufakwa kwekhodi kunoma yiziphi iziguli ezishayela udokotela zinezimpawu zesifo sokuphefumula esibucayi ezinomlando wokuvakashela ezindaweni ezibalulekile ngokusekelwe kuseluleko se-PHE
Administrative staff or clinicians who code: to encourage consistent coding of results for any suspected cases, including coding of negative results for exclusion
Izisebenzi zokulawula noma zokwelashwa ezifaka ikhodi: ukukhuthaza ukufakwa kwekhodi okuqhubekayo kwemiphumela yanoma yiziphi izinsolo zokugula, okuhlanganisa ukufakwa kwekhodi yemiphumela enegethivu ukuze ikhishwe
Practices participating in virology surveillance will opportunistically collect blood samples from patients coming into the practice for a routine blood test.
Odokotela ababamba iqhaza ekugadweni kwegciwane bazothatha ithuba lokuqoqa amasampula egazi kuziguli ezifika kudokotela ukuze zenze ukuhlolwa kwegazi okuvamile.
Patients who attend their practice for a routine blood test will be asked to provide an additional sample for serology.
Iziguli ezihambela udokotela wazo ukuze kwenziwe ukuhlolwa kwegazi okuvamile zizocelwa ukuthi zinikeze isampula elengeziwe le-serology.
We have conducted initial searches within the RCGP RSC database to look at the number of full blood count (FBC) results and overall rates in adults and children (Figures 6-​-9).9).
Siqhube ukucinga kokuqala ngaphakathi kwedathabheyisi ye-RCGP RSC ukuze sibheke inani lemiphumela yesibalo segazi eligcwele (FBC) kanye nawo wonke amanani kubantu abadala nasezinganeni (Umfanekiso 6-​-9).9).
An FBC is one of the most common tests performed, and we hope this will give an approximate indication of overall numbers of blood tests performed.
I-FBC ingokunye ukuhlolwa okuvame kakhulu okwenziwayo, futhi sithemba ukuthi lokhu kuzonikeza inkomba yenani eliyisilinganiso sengqikithi yokuhlolwa kwegazi okwenziwe.
The sampling rate, per 100,000 patients was highest for children 15-17 years of age and 60 year or older in adults, with the lowest rates in children 0-4 years of age and 18-29 years of age in adults (Figures 6-​-99).
Inani lesampula, ezigulini ezingu-100,000 laliphakeme ezinganeni ezineminyaka engu-15-17 kanye nakubantu abadala abaneminyaka engu-60 noma ngaphezulu, futhi amanani aphansi ezinganeni ezinobudala beminyaka engu-0-4 kanye neminyaka engu-18-29 kubantu abadala (Imifanekiso 6-​-99).
We will provide 1000 serology baseline samples across all ages that reflect the varying rates of attendance by age.
Sizonikeza amasampula angu-1000 esiqalo se-serology kubo bonke ubudala abonisa amanani ashintshayo okuthamela kuye ngobudala.
Additionally, we will test if we can obtain these all from virology practices to enhance the yield.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizohlola ukuthi singakwazi yini ukuthola lokhu kubo bonke odokotela bamagciwane ukuze sikhulise inkundla.
A good geographical spread is important, so PHE can advise on areas where serology will most usefully be collected.
Ukusabalala okuhle okungokwezindawo kubalulekile, ngakho i-PHE inganikeza iseluleko ngokuthi yiziphi izindawo okungazuzisa ukulandwa kwe-serology kuzona.
This will be followed by 800 samples monthly.
Lokhu kuzolandelwa amasampula angu-800 nyanga zonke.
The sample will be stratified with 200 specimens for prepandemic survey (100 for monthly) in the following age groups: &lt; 5 years, 5-17 years, 18-64 years, and 65 years or older.
Isampula lizohlelwa ngezicubu ezingu-200 zenhlolovo yangaphambi kobhubhane (okungu-100 nyanga zonke) kumaqembu obudala alandelayo: < iminyaka engu-5, iminyaka engu-5-17, iminyaka engu-18-64, kanye neminyaka engu-65 noma ngaphezulu.
The younger patients, in many practices younger than 14 years, and in nearly all for children younger than 8 years will require pediatric serology surveillance.
Iziguli ezisencane, kodokotela abaningi iziguli ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-14, futhi cishe kubo bonke ezinganeni ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-8 bazodinga ukuthi kube nokugadwa kwe-serology yengane.
We will develop a new request form for practices to capture recent travel and exposure to COVID-19.
Sizokwakha ifomu lesicelo elisha lodokotela ukuze babhale phansi ukuvakasha kwakamuva kanye nokuchayeka ku-COVID-19.
We will pilot a scheme for collecting convalescent serology from people with confirmed cases and who have had an acute virology sample at the time of their infection.
Sizoqalisa uhlelo lokuqoqwa kwe-serology ye-convalescent kubantu abanokugula okuqinisekisiwe futhi abenze isampula legciwane elibucayi ngesikhathi sokutheleleka.
This is to identify a carrier state in patients who have recovered from the virus but may continue shedding the virus.
Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuthola isimo sesithwali ezigulini ezilulame egciwaneni kodwa ezingase ziqhubeke zikhipha igciwane.
If there are a small number of cases, this may assist in developing a test kit for patients to take to their own GP and explore its acceptability to patients.
Uma kukhona inani elincane leziguli, lokhu kungase kusize ekwakhiweni kwekhithi yokuhlola yeziguli ukuze ziyihambise ku-GP yazo futhi kuhlolwe ukwamukelwa kwayo iziguli.
If there are a large number of COVID-19 cases nationally, convalescent samples could be collected from RCGP RSC practices where there are confirmed cases, with the ability to link to the full medical record.
Uma kukhona inani elikhulu labantu abaphethwe i-COVID-19 ezweni lonke, amasampula e-convalescent angase aqoqwe kodokotela be-RCGP RSC lapho okunokugula okuqinisekisiwe, okunekhono lokuxhuma kurekhodi lezokwelashwa eligcwele.
This process may include checking pseudonymized NHS numbers for positive individuals at RCGP RSC practices, checking current PHE guidance regarding considerations of infectiousness for confirmed cases, and offering the patient an appointment following the previously mentioned process.
Le nqubo ingase ihlanganise nokuhlolwa kwezinombolo ze-NHS ezifihlwe ulwazi lwabantu abaphozithivu kodokotela be-RCGP RSC, ukuhlolwa kokuqondiswa kwe-PHE okuphathelene nokucatshangelwa kokuthathelana kwabantu abaqinisekisiwe, kanye nokunikeza isiguli i-aphoyintimenti kulandela inqubo eshiwo ngaphambilini.
This needs to be carefully coordinated nationally across the network and may require PHE to ensure individuals are not contacted by multiple agencies.
Lokhu kudinga ukuhlelwa ngokucophelela ezweni lonke kuyo yonke inethiwekhi futhi kungase kudinge ukuthi i-PHE iqinisekise ukuthi abantu ngabanye abathintwa ama-ejensi amaningi.
RCGP RSC could provide a useful structure to channel the initial contact once PHE has made a request.
I-RCGP RSC ingase ibe isakhiwo esiwusizo sokuqondisa ukuxhumana kokuqala uma i-PHE seyenze isicelo.
The RCGP RSC practices participating in the annual influenza virology surveillance have started sampling from patients showing symptoms of a LRTI.
Odokotela be-RCGP RSC ababambe iqhaza ekugadweni kwaminyaka yonke kwegciwane lemfuluwenza baqale ukuthatha amasampula eziguli ababonisa izimpawu ze-LRTI.
All samples received are being tested for influenza and COVID-19.
Wonke amasampula atholiwe ahlolelwa imfuluwenza kanye ne-COVID-19.
The RCGP RSC will explore ways to collect convalescent samples from any patients tested positive for COVID-19 through the extension of the virological surveillance.
I-RCGP RSC izohlola izindlela zokuqoqwa kwamasampula e-convalescent kunoma yiziphi iziguli ezinokuhlolwa okuphozithivu kwe-COVID-19 ngokunwetshwa kokugadwa kwegciwane.
From the start, we will be carefully curating data to ensure that it can be used for future studies.
Kusukela ekuqaleni, sizobe sihlela idatha ngokucophelela ukuze siqinisekise ukuthi ingakwazi ukusetshenziswa kuzingcwaningo zesikhathi esizayo.
Our clinical data will be linked to virology.
Idatha yethu yezokwelashwa izohlotshaniswa negciwane.
We will curate our data using the Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable principles.
Sizohlela idatha yethu sisebenzisa izimiso ezithi Okutholakalayo, Okufinyelelekayo, Okusebenzisekayo, Okusebenziseka Kabusha.
To facilitate this our data set is listed with Health Data Research UK and the European Health Data Evidence Network.
Ukuze senze lokhu idathasethi yethu ibhaliswe ku-Health Data Research UK kanye ne-European Health Data Evidence Network.
The statistical methodology is in support of a policy approach to widespread disease outbreak, where so-called nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are used to respond to an emerging pandemic to produce disease suppression.
Indlela yezibalo isekela inqubomgomo yokubhebhetheka kabanzi kwesifo, lapho okusetshenziswa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-nonpharmaceutical interventions (ama-NPI) ukuze kusabelwe kubhubhane oluvelayo ukuze kukhiqizwe ukucindezelwa kwesifo.
This policy aims to reduce contact rates in the population and thereby reduce transmission of the virus.
Le nqubomgomo ihlose ukunciphisa amanani okuxhumana kubantu futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ukuthelelana ngegciwane.
To implement this the UK government has recently articulated the desire to implement population self-isolation measures.
Ukuze kusetshenziswe lokhu uhulumeni wase-UK usanda kuveza isifiso sokusebenzisa izinyathelo zokuzihlukanisa kwabantu.
By targeting the reproduction number (R) (the average number of secondary cases each case generates) and aiming to reduce the R to below 1, the policy seeks to reduce case numbers to low levels or (as seen in previous outbreaks with severe acute respiratory syndrome and Ebola) to eliminate human-to-human transmission.
Ngokuqondisa enanini lokukhiqiza kabusha (R) (inani eliyisilinganiso lokugula kwesibili okwakhiwa ukugula ngakunye) kanye nokuhlosa ukunciphisa okuthi R kube ngaphansi kuka-1, inqubomgomo ihlose ukunciphisa ukugula ukuze kube semazingeni aphansi noma (njengoba kubonwe ekubhebhethekeni okwedlule kwe-severe acute respiratory syndrome ne-Ebola) ukuze kuqedwe ukuthelelana kwabantu.
As the experience from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic has shown, NPIs can be a crucial component of pandemic mitigation.
Njengoba kuboniswe okuhlangenwe nakho kobhubhane lwe-2009 H1N1, ama-NPI angaba ingxenye ebalulekile ekuncishisweni kobhubhane.
Key to the focus of our study will be the estimation of peak cases in the population and continual monitoring by data collection and modelling the potential growth and emergence of subsequent peaks in new cases as social distancing measures are relaxed.
Okubalulekile kulokho esigxile kukona kucwaningo lwethu kuzoba ukulinganiswa kokuphakama kokugula kubantu nokuqashwa ngokuqhubekayo ngokuthi kuqoqwe idatha futhi kanye nokufanisa ukukhula okungase kube khona kanye nokuvela kokuphakama okulandelayo kokugula okusha njengoba kuxegiswa izinyathelo zokuqhelelana komphakathi.
There has already been publication of important disease epidemiological measures concerning the outbreak of COVID-19 in mainland China.
Sekukhona kakade ukushicilelwa okubalulekile kwezinyathelo zesifo esi-epidemiological ngokuqondene nokubheduka kwe-COVID-19 e-mainland China.
A further fundamental measure in pandemic dynamics is the length of time from infection to when a person is infectious to others and the mean duration of infectiousness.
Esinye isinyathelo esibalulekile ekushintsheni kobhubhane ubude besikhathi esisuka ekuthelelekeni kwabanye kanye nobude besikhathi sokutheleleka.
These factors, if estimated accurately, will give good predictions for the likely length of the pandemic, the final number of infected cases.
Lezi zici, uma zilinganiswe ngokunembile, zizonikeza izibikezelo ezikahle zobude besikhathi sobhubhane, inani lokugcina labantu abathelelekile.
We intend to apply approximate Bayesian inference (ABC) to (possibly spatially heterogeneous) Susceptible-Exposed- Infectious-Removed (SEIR) stochastic epidemic models.
Sihlose ukusebenzisa isilinganiso se-Bayesian inference (ABC) kumamodeli omqedazwe angahleliwe (okungase ku-spatially heterogeneous) e-Susceptible-Exposed- Infectious-Removed (I-SEIR).
Such techniques are highly parallelizable and have been successfully applied to many fields including disease transmission modelling.
Izindlela ezinjalo zihambisana kakhulu futhi ziye zasetshenziswa ezinkundleni eziningi ezifana nokulingiswa kokutheleleka.
They are particularly suited to situations where likelihood functions are absent and where more traditional approaches such as Markov chain Monte Carlo are impractical.
Zikahle kakhulu ezimweni lapho amathuba okusebenza engekho futhi lapho izindlela ezivamile zokwenza ezifana ne-Markov chain Monte Carlo zingeke zenzeke.
Such an approach has been demonstrated to work effectively on the ASPREN surveillance data, a network of sentinel GPs and nurse practitioners who report deidentified information on ILIs and other conditions, where issues such as missing data and the need to model the observation process itself has been successfully addressed.
Indlela enjalo kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi isebenza kahle kudatha yokugadwa ye-ASPREN, okuyinethiwekhi yama-GP e-sentinel nezisebenzi zabahlengikazi ezibika ulwazi olukhishwe amagama kuma-ILI kanye nezinye izimo, lapho izinkinga ezinjengokushoda kwedatha nesidingo sokuklama inqubo yokugadwa ngokwayo kusingathwe ngempumelelo.
Furthermore, peaks in new cases have been estimated by distributional methods.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphakama kwezimo ezintsha kulinganiswe ngokusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokusabalalisa.
Estimates of the parameters of the SEIR model are tractable on large data sets because of parallelizability, and these methods have been implemented in several R libraries; we intend to use the libraries ABSEIR (deposited on GitHub: https://tinyurl.com/vqu35cj) and abctools (https://tinyurl.com/tfjavz4) to estimate epidemic measures on a weekly basis.
Izilinganiso zamapharamitha emodeli ye-SEIR ziyalawuleka kumadathasethi amakhulu ngenxa yokuhambisana, futhi lezi zindlela ziye zasetshenziswa kumalabhulali ambalwa ka-R; sihlose ukusebenzisa amalabhulali e-ABSEIR (kufakwe ku-GitHub: https://tinyurl.com/vqu35cj) kanye naku-abctools (https://tinyurl.com/tfjavz4) ukuze kulinganiswe izinyathelo zobhubhane maviki onke.
Since we are fitting an SIR-epidemic model in the ABC routine, we anticipate that our results will be robust against weekly case data containing relatively small counts.
Njengoba sifaka imode yomqedazwe ye-SIR kunqubo ye-ABC, silindele ukuthi imiphumela yethu izoba namandla ngokuqondene nedatha yamaviki onke equkethe isibalo esincane kakhulu.
For example, see for the ABC methodology applied to the Tristan da Cunha common cold data from 1967, where counts of I (number of infectious cases) and R (number of recovered cases) are in the tens at most.
Ngokwesibonelo, bona indlela ye-ABC eyasetshenziswa kudatha yomkhuhlane ovamile wase-Tristan da Cunha ngo-1967, lapho izibalo ezithi I (inani lezimo ezithelelanayo) kanye nezithi R (inani labantu abaluleme) zisemashumini okungenani.
Finally, in addition to the above methodology we will employ the Kaplan-Meier method with two outcomes (death and recovery) to estimate the case fatality ratio.
Okokugcina, ngaphezu kwendlela engenhla sizophinde sisebenzise indlela ka-Kaplan-Meier enemiphumela emibili (ukufa nokululama) ukuze silinganise izinga lokubulala kwesifo.
This approach is independent of the ABC methodology and will allow comparisons between estimates from the two modelling approaches to judge robustness of results.
Le ndlela izimele kunendlela ye-ABC futhi izovumela konke ukuqhathaniswa phakathi kwezilinganiso ezimbili zokufanisa ukuze kwahlulelwe ukuqina kwemiphumela.
RCGP RSC’s surveillance with PHE is defined as Health Protection under Regulation 3 of The Health Service (Control of Patient Information) Regulations 2002.
Ukugadwa kwe-RCGP RSC nge-PHE kuchazwa ngokuthi Ukuvikelwa Kwezempilo ngaphansi Komthetho 3 Wemithetho Yesevisi Yezempilo (Ukuphathwa Kolwazi Lwesiguli) ka-2002.
This has been confirmed by PHE’s Caldicott Guardian’s Office.
Lokhu kuqinisekiswe Ihhovisi le-PHE lase-Caldicott Guardian.
We do not see any increased risk to practices or practitioners taking part in this surveillance.
Asiziboni izingozi ezandile kuzinqubo noma kodokotela ababamba iqhaza kulokhu kugadwa.
Infection prevention and control advice will follow extant national guidance.
Ukuvinjwa kokuthelelana neseluleko sokulawula sizolandela ukuqondiswa kwezwe lonke okukhona kakade.
Any cases identified will be managed according to the PHE/NHS guidance in force at the time, including advice for identified contacts.
Noma yikuphi ukugula okuphawuliwe kuzolawulwa ngokuvumelana nesiqondiso se-PHE/NHS esisebenzayo ngaleso sikhathi, okuhlanganisa ulwazi lwabathintwayo abadaluliwe.
However, our training will include reminders about safe handling of specimens and revision of infection control measures anticipated to be high in our practices.
Nokho, ukuqeqeshwa kwethu kuzohlanganisa izikhumbuzi ezimayelana nokusingathwa okuphephile kwezicubu kanye nokubuyekezwa kwezinyathelo zokulawula isifo okulindelwe ukuthi sibe phezulu kodokotela bethu.
It is a key part of Regulation 12 about safe care and treatment, periodically inspected by the Care Quality Commission.
Kuyingxenye ebalulekile Yomthetho 12 mayelana nokunakekelwa okuphephile nokwelashwa, okuhlolwa ngezikhathi ezithile yi-Care Quality Commission.
Travel History and Clinical Descriptors of the COVID-19 Infections
Umlando Wokuvakasha Nezincazelo Zokwelashwa Zokuthelelana kwe-COVID-19
The RCGP RSC practices have been advised on the clinical coding that has been made available for COVID-19 across all CMR systems.
Odokotela be-RCGP RSC bathole iseluleko mayelana nokufakwa kwekhodi yezokwelashwa eyenziwe yatholakala ngenxa ye-COVID-19 kuwo wonke amasistimu e-CMR.
This includes information on coding of clinical descriptors (Table 4) and any recent travel history.
Lokhu kuhlanganisa ulwazi olumayelana nokufakwa kwekhodi kuzincazelo zokwelashwa (Ithebula 4) kanye nanoma yimuphi umlando wakamuva wokuvakasha.
Establishment of Extended Virology Sampling
Ukusungulwa Kokuthathwa Kwesampula Legciwane Okunwetshiwe
The RCGP RSC practices participating in the annual influenza virology surveillance have started sampling from patients showing symptoms of LRTI.
Odokotela be-RCGP RSC ababambe iqhaza ekugadweni kwegciwane lemfuluwenza minyaka yonke baqale ukuthatha amasampula kuziguli ezibonisa izimpawu ze-LRTI.
This has led to initial early identification of background spread in low-risk patients.
Lokhu kuholele ekuhlonzweni kokuqala kwasekuqaleni kwesizinda sokubhebhetheka ezigulini ezisengcupheni ephansi.
As of March 7, 2020, the surveillance system has detected 2 cases of COVID-19 in low-risk patients with no history of travel through extended virological sampling.
Ngo-March 7, 2020, isistimu yokugadwa ithole abantu abangu-2 abaphethwe i-COVID-19 kuziguli ezinengcuphe ephansi ezingenawo umlando wokuvakasha ngokuthathwa kwesampula legciwane okunwetshiwe.
This protocol describes how we have adapted a national influenza surveillance system to monitor community spread of an unexpected infection of COVID-19.
Le phrothokholi ichaza indlela esisebenzisa ngayo isistimu yokugadwa kwemfuluwenza ezweni ukuze siqaphe ukubhebhetheka emphakathini kokuthelelana okungalindelekile kwe-COVID-19.
We have rapidly created and incorporated new codes to allow data recording, and are collecting data to monitor the effectiveness of containment strategies.
Sakhe futhi sahlanganisa ngokushesha amakhodi amasha ukuze kuvunyelwe ukurekhodwa kwedatha, futhi siqoqa idatha ukuze siqaphe ukusebenza kwamasu okulawula.
Through this surveillance, we intend to find out more about the epidemiology of COVID-19 in ambulatory care.
Ngalokhu kugadwa, sihlose ukuthola okwengeziwe mayelana ne-epidemiology ye-COVID-19 ekunakekelweni kokuzihambela.
In particular, its rate of spread, both temporal and geographical.
Ngokukhethekile, izinga lokubhebhetheka kwayo, kokubili okwesikhashana nokwendawo.
Our testing of low-risk patients will also inform whether the containment strategy that is based on virology testing of high-risk patients and their contacts plus self-isolation is effective.
Ukuhlola kwethu kunengozi encane kuziguli futhi kuzophinde kubonise ukuthi ingabe isu lokulawula elisekelwe ekuhlolweni kwegciwane leziguli ezisengozini ephakeme kanye nabathintwayo bazo kanye nokuhlukanisa liyasebenza yini.
Containment should slow the spread, and there may be benefits in the management of spread from intense surveillance.
Ukulawulwa kufanele kunciphise ukubhetheka, futhi kungase kube izinzuzo zokuphathwa kokubhebhetheka ngokugadwa okunzulu.
However, there may come a point at which the virus spreads more widely into the population, as has happened in Italy.
Nokho, kungase kufike isikhathi lapho igciwane libhebhetheka kabanzi kubantu, njengoba kwenzeke e-Italy.
Surveillance of low-risk patients should inform when we reach this tipping point and when infection rates start to remit.
Ukugadwa kweziguli ezisengozini encane kufanele kube yinkomba yokuthi sesifike kule nkathi ebucayi nalapho amazinga okutheleleka eqala ukuhoxa.
The epidemiology of COVID-19 remains emergent.
I-epidemiology ye-COVID-19 isathuthuka.
The registration-based nature of UK primary care means that we will be able to create a complete picture of the cumulative incidence and duration.
Uhlobo olusekelwe ekubhaliseni lokunakekelwa okuyinhloko kwase-UK lusho ukuthi sizokwazi ukwakha isithombe esiphelele sesigameko esikhulayo nobude besikhathi.
The surveillance system should be able to identify areas where COVID-19 spread is taking place that might be suitable for trials of antiviral therapy.
Isistimu yokugadwa kufanele ikwazi ukubona izindawo lapho okwenzeka khona ukubhebhetheke kwe-COVID-19 ezingase zifanelekele ukucwaningwa kokwelashwa kokulwa namagciwane.
We could also follow up on the effectiveness or any adverse reactions to these medicines or vaccinations.
Singase futhi silandelele ukusebenza kwanoma yikuphi ukusabela okubucayi kule mithi noma imigomo.
Finally, early detection of a confirmed COVID-19 case has exemplified the rapid implementation of this enhanced surveillance in the national network.
Ekugcineni, ukutholwa ekuqaleni kokugula okuqinisekisiwe kwe-COVID-19 kuyisibonelo sokusetshenziswa ngokushesha kwalokhu kugadwa okuthuthukisiwe kunethiwekhi yezwe.
Safety of practices is our primary concern.
Ukuphepha kwezinqubo yikona okuhamba phambili.
The RCGP RSC has operated for over 50 years and has been involved in collecting samples to monitor disease and vaccine effectiveness through the Hong Kong flu pandemic of 1968/69, the Russian flu of 1977/78, and the 2009 Swine flu pandemic.
Sekuneminyaka engaphezu kuka-50 i-RCGP RSC isebenza futhi ibihililekile ekuqoqweni kwamasampula ukuze kugadwe isifo nokusebenza komgomo kusukela kubhubhane lomkhuhlane wase-Hong Kong ka-1968/69, umkhuhlane wase-Russia ngo-1977/78, kanye nomqedazwe we-Swine flu ngo-2009.
We are not aware of any increased risk to practice staff or other patients from involvement in surveillance.
Abukho ubungozi obengeziwe obubhekene nezisebenzi zodokotela noma ezinye iziguli ngenxa yokuhileleka ekugadweni.
Pandemic preparedness is part of the role of the RCGP RSC.
Ukulungela ubhubhane kuyingxenye yendima ye-RCGP RSC.
It is plausible that enhanced coding of information from contacts with the practices in RCGP RSC will reduce the likelihood of people who may be suspected COVID-19 cases being brought to the surgery inadvertently.
Kungenzeka ukuthi ikhodi ethuthukisiwe yolwazi oluvela kwabathintwayo bezindawo zikadokotela ze-RCGP RSC inciphise ithuba lokuthi kube nabantu abasolwa ngokuthi baphethwe i-COVID-19 abazolethwa endaweni kadokotela ngokungeyikho.