atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
Hand washing (or handwashing), also known as hand hygiene, is the act of cleaning one's hands for the purpose of removing soil, grease, microorganisms, or other unwanted substances.
Ukuhlanza izandla (noma ukuwash'izandla), okaziwa futhi ngokuthi inhlanzeko yezandla, isenzo sokuzicoca izandla ngenhloso yokususa inhlabathi, ugrisi, izinto ezincane, noma izitaputapu ezingafuneki.
Hand washing with soap consistently at certain "critical moments" during the day prevents the spread of many diseases, for example diarrhoea and cholera, which are transmitted through fecal–oral route.
Ukuhlanza izandla ngensipho ngokungalibali kulezo "zikhathi ezibucayi" phakathi nosuku kuvikela ukusabalala kwezifo eziningi, ngokwesibonelo uhudo nekholera, okuthelelana ngenqubo yendle–yomlomo.
People can also become infected with respiratory diseases such as influenza or the common cold, for example, if they do not wash their hands before touching their eyes, nose, or mouth (i.e., mucous membranes).
Abantu bangaphinde batheleleke ngezifo zokuphefumula njengomkhuhlane noma amakhaza avamile, ngokwesibonelo, uma bengahlanzi izandla zabo ngaphambi kokuzithinta amehlo, ikhala, noma umlomo (okungukuthi, izici ezisamafinyila).
The five critical moments during the day where washing hands with soap is important include: before and after defecation, after cleaning a child's bottom or changing nappies, before feeding a child, before eating and before and after preparing food or handling raw meat, fish, or poultry.
Izinkathi ezibucayi ezinhlanu phakathi nosuku lapho ukuhlanza izandla ngensipho kubalulekile kuhlanganisa: ngaphambili nangemuva kokuzikhulula, ngemuva kokuhlanza izinqa zosana noma ukushintsha amanephi, ngaphambi kokufunza usana, ngaphambi kokudla nangaphambi nangemuva kokulungisa ukudla noma ukuphatha inyama engaphekiwe, inhlanzi, noma izinyoni ezifuywayo.
If water and soap are not available, hands can be cleaned with ash.The World Health Organization recommends washing hands:
Uma amanzi nensipho kungatholakali, izandla zingahlanzwa ngomlotha. I-World Health Organization ikhuthaza ukuhlanzwa kwezandla:
Before, during, and after preparing food.
Ngaphambi, phakathi, nangemuva kokulungisa ukudla.
Before and after caring for a sick person.
Ngaphambi nangemuva kokunakekela umuntu ogulayo.
After changing the diapers or cleaning up a child who has used the toilet.
Ngemuva kokushintsha amanephi noma kokuhlanza ingane ebisebenzisa indlu yangasese.
After blowing your nose, coughing or sneezing.
Ngemuva kokufinya, ukukhwehlela noma ukuthimula.
After touching animal, animal feed, or animal waste.
Ngemuva kokuthinta isilwane, ukudla kwesilwane, noma ukungcolisa kwesilwane.
Medical hand hygiene refers to hygiene practices related to medical procedures.
Inhlanzeko yezandla yezokwelapha ibhekisela ezindleleni zenhlanzeko ezihlobene nenqubo yezokwelapha.
Hand washing before administering medicine or medical care can prevent or minimize the spread of disease.
Ukuhlanza izandla ngaphambi kokunikeza umuthi noma usizo lokwelapha lungavikela noma kunciphise ukusabalala kwesifo.
The main medical purpose of washing hands is to cleanse the hands of pathogens (bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms that can cause disease) and chemicals which can cause harm or diseases.
Injongo eyinhloko yezokwelapha yokuhlanza izandla ukukhuculula ngokucoca izandla ama-pathogens (ama-bacteria, ama-viruses, noma amanye ama-microorganisms angabangela izifo) namakhemikhali angabangela ukulimala noma izifo.
This is especially important for people who handle food or work in the medical field, but also an important practice for the general public.
Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kubantu abaphatha ukudla noma abasebenza kumkhakha wezokwelapha, kodwa kuyinqubo ebalulekile ngisho nakumphakathi ovamile.
Hand washing has many health benefits, including minimizing the spread of influenza, coronavirus, and other infectious diseases; preventing infectious causes of diarrhea; decreasing respiratory infections;
Ukuhlanza izandla kunezinzuzo zempilo eziningi, kuhlanganisa ukunciphisa ukusabalala komkhuhlane, i-coronavirus, nezinye izifo ezithelelayo; ekuvikeleni izimbangela ezithelelanayo zohudo; ukunciphisa izifo zokuphefumula;
and reducing infant mortality rate at home birth deliveries.
nokunciphisa izinga lokufa kwezinsana ekubeletheleni ekhaya.
A 2013 study showed that improved hand washing practices may lead to small improvements in the length growth in children under five years of age.
Ucwaningo lango-2013 lwabonisa ukuthi inqubo yokuhlanza izandla ethuthukile ingase iholele ezingeni elincane lokuthuthuka ebudeni bokukhula kwezingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka eyisihlanu.
In developing countries, childhood mortality rates related to respiratory and diarrheal diseases can be reduced by introducing simple behavioral changes, such as hand washing with soap.
Emazweni asathuthuka, izinga lokufa kwabasha oluhlobene nezifo zokuphefumula nohudo lingancishiswa ngokuqalisa ushintsho lokuziphatha olulula, njengokuhlanza izandla ngensipho.
This simple action can reduce the rate of mortality from these diseases by almost 50%.
Isenzo esilula singanciphisa izinga lokufa ngalezizifo cishe ngo-50%.
Interventions that promote hand washing can reduce diarrhoea episodes by about a third, and this is comparable to providing clean water in low income areas.
Izindlela zokungenela ezikhuthaza ukuhlanza izandla ngensipho zinganciphisa iziqephu zohudo ngezinxenye ezintathu, futhi lokhu kungaqhathaniswa nokuhlinzekela amanzi ahlanzekile ezindaweni ezintulayo ngokwezimali.
48% of reductions in diarrhoea episodes can be associated with hand washing with soap.Hand washing with soap is the single most effective and inexpensive way to prevent diarrhea and acute respiratory infections (ARI), as automatic behavior performed in homes, schools, and communities worldwide.
Ukuncipha kweziqephu zohudo ngo-48% kungahlotshaniswa nokuhlanza izandla ngensipho. Ukuhlanza izandla ngensipho indlela eyodwa esebenza kahle futhi eyindleko encane ukuze kuvikelwe uhudo nama-acute respiratory infections (ARI), njengenqubo yokuziphatha ezenzekalelayo eyenzeka emakhaya, ezikoleni, nasemiphakathini emhlabeni wonke.
Pneumonia, a major ARI, is the number one cause of mortality among children under five years old, taking the lives of an estimated 1.8 million children per year.
Inyumoniya, eyi-ARI enkulu, ihola yodwa njengembangela yokufa kwezinsana ezingaphansi kweminyaka eyisihlanu, ichitha izimpilo zezingane ezilinganiselwa ku-1.8 wezigidi ngonyaka.
Diarrhea and pneumonia together account for almost 3.5 million child deaths annually.
Uhudo nenyumoniya kokubili kunesandla ekufeni kwezinsana eziyizigidi cishe ezingu-3.5 ngonyaka.
According to UNICEF, turning hand washing with soap before eating and after using the toilet into an ingrained habit can save more lives than any single vaccine or medical intervention, cutting deaths from diarrhea by almost half and deaths from acute respiratory infections by one-quarter.
Ngokusho kwe-UNICEF, ukuguqula ukuhlamba izandla ngensipho ngaphambi kokudla futhi nangemuva kokusebenzisa indlu yangasese ukuthi kube umkhuba ogxilile kungasindisa izimpilo ezengeziwe kunanoma iliphi ikhambi elilodwa noma ukungenela kwezokwelapha, kunquma ukufa ngenxa yesizathu sohudo cishe ngengxenye nokufa ngezifo zokuphefumula ngengxenye eyodwa.
Hand washing is usually integrated together with other sanitation interventions as part of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programmes.
Ukuhlanza izandla ngokuvamile kuhlanganiswe ndawonye nokunye ukungenela kokuthutha udoti njengenxenye yamanzi, izinhlelo zokuthutha udoti nenhlanzeko (i-WASH).
Hand washing also protects against impetigo which is transmitted through direct physical contact.
Ukuhlanza izandla kuphinde kuvikele kusifo se-impetigo esidluliselana ngokuthintana okuqondile.
A small detrimental effect of hand washing is that frequent hand washing can lead to skin damage due to drying of the skin.
Ingozi encane eba khona njengomphumela wokuhlanza izandla njalo ukulimala kwesikhumba okubangelwa ukoma kwesikhumba.
A 2012 Danish study found that excessive hand washing can lead to an itchy, flaky skin condition known as hand eczema or hand dermatitis, which is especially common among health-care workers.
Ucwaningo lwama-Danish lango-2012 lathola ukuthi ukuhlanza izandla ngokweqile kungaba nomphumela wokuluma, nesimo sesikhumba esinoqweqwe esaziwa ngokuthi i-hand eczema noma i-hand dermatitis, okuyinto evame kakhulu kubantu abangabasebenzi bokunakekela impilo.
Too frequent hand washing is also seen as one of the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Ukuhlanza izandla kaningi kuphinde kubonakale njengenye yezimpawu ze-obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
There are five critical times during the day where washing hands with soap is important to reduce fecal-oral transmission of disease: after using the bathroom (urination, defecation), after cleaning a child's bottom (changing nappies), before feeding a child, before eating and before/after preparing food or handling raw meat, fish, or poultry.
Kunezikhathi ezibucayi ezinhlanu phakathi nosuku lapho ukuhlanza izandla ngensipho kubaluleke khona ukunciphisa ukudlulisela isifo ngenqubo yendle-ngomlomo: ngemuva kokusebenzisa indlu yangasese (ukuchama, ukuzikhulula), ngemuva kokuhlanza izinqa zosana (ukushintsha amanephi), ngamphambi kokufunza usana, ngaphambi kokudla noma ngaphambi/ngemuva kokulungisa ukudla noma kokuphatha inyama engaphekiwe, inhlanzi, noma izinyoni ezifuywayo.
Other occasions when correct handwashing technique should be practiced in order to prevent the transmission of disease include before and after treating a cut or wound; after sneezing, coughing, or blowing your nose; after touching animal waste or handling animals; and after touching garbage.
Ezinye izikhathi lapho inqubo efanele yokuhlanza izandla kufanele ilandelwe ukuze kugwenywe ukudlulisela kwesifo kuhlanganisa ngaphambi nangemuva kokunakekela ukusikeka noma ukukulimala; ngemuva kokuthimula, ukukhwehlela, noma ukufinya; ngemuva kokuthinta uthuvi besilwane noma ukuphatha izilwane; nangemuva kokuthinta udoti.
In many countries, there is a low rate of hand washing with soap.
Emazweni amaningi, kunezinga eliphansi lokuhlanza izandla ngensipho.
A study of hand washing in 54 countries in 2015 found that on average, 38.7% of households practiced hand washing with soap.A 2014 study showed that Saudi Arabia had the highest rate of 97 percent; the United States near the middle with 77 percent; and China with the lowest rate of 23 percent.Several behaviour change methodologies now exist to increase uptake of the behaviour of hand washing with soap at the critical times.Group hand washing for school children at set times of the day is one option in developing countries to engrain hand washing in children's behaviors.
Ucwaningo lokuhlanza izandla emazweni angu-54 ngo-2015 lathola ukuthi ngokwesilinganiso, u-38.7% wemikhaya ulandela inqubo yokuhlanza izandla ngensipho. Ucwaningo lango-2014 labonisa ukuthi i-Saudi Arabia yayinezinga eliphakeme kakhululu lamaphesenti angu-97; i-United States eduze naphakathi ngamaphesenti angu-77; ne-China ngezinga eliphansi kakhulu lamaphesenti angu-23. Izinqubo ezimbalwa zemikhuba sezikhona manje ekukhuphuleni ukwamukela umkhuba wokuhlanza izandla ngensipho ngezikhathi ezibucayi. Ukuhlanza izandla njengeqembu kwezingane zesikole ngezikhathi ezimisiwe zosuku enye yazo emazweni asathuthuka ukuze kugxiliswe ukuhlanza izandla emikhubeni yezingane.
The "Essential Health Care Program" implemented by the Department of Education in the Philippines is an example of at scale action to promote children's health and education.
I-"Essential Health Care Program" eyaqaliswa i-Department of Education e-Philippines iyisibonelo sesenzo sesibalo sokukhuthaza ezempilo zezingane nezemfundo.
Deworming twice a year, supplemented with washing hands daily with soap, brushing teeth daily with fluoride, is at the core of this national program.
Ukukhipha izikelemu kabili ngonyaka, kuhambisane nokuhlanza izandla njalo ngensipho, ukuxubha nsuku zonke nge-fluoride, kuyinsika yohlelo lwezwe.
It has also been successfully implemented in Indonesia.
Iqaliswe ngempumelelo futhi nase-Indonesia.
Removal of microorganisms from skin is enhanced by the addition of soaps or detergents to water.
Ukususa ama-microorganism esikhumbeni kuba nakangcono ngokufakwa kwensipho noma okokuhlanza emanzini.
The main action of soaps and detergents is to reduce barriers to solution, and increase solubility.
Umsebenzi oyinhloko wensipho nokokuhlanza ukunciphisa izinto ezivimba isixazululo, futhi zikhuphule i-solubility.
Water alone is an inefficient skin cleanser because fats and proteins, which are components of organic soil, are not readily dissolved in water.
Amanzi wodwa awanele ekuhlanzeni isikhumba ngoba amafutha namaphrotheyini, ayizakhiwo zenhlabathi, awancibiliki kalula emanzini.
Cleansing is, however, aided by a reasonable flow of water..
Kodwa ukuhlanza kusizwa amanzi agelezayo ngokwezinga..
Solid soap, because of its reusable nature, may hold bacteria acquired from previous uses.
Insipho eyiqhuzu, ngoba iyakwazi ukuphinde isebenze, ingase igcine igciwane elisele ekusebenzeni kwangaphambili.
A small number of studies which have looked at the bacterial transfer from contaminated solid soap have concluded transfer is unlikely as the bacteria are rinsed off with the foam.
Isibalo esincane socwaningo olubheke ukudluliselwa kwegciwane elisuka ensiphweni eyiqhuzu ethole ukungcola siphethe ngokuthi akunakwenzeka njengoba amagciwane ehlambululeka kanye negwebu.
The CDC still states "liquid soap with hands-free controls for dispensing is preferable".
I-CDC isaqhubeka nokuthi "insipho ewuketshezi nokulawula ngaphandle kwezandla kungcono".
Antibacterial soaps have been heavily promoted to a health-conscious public.
Izinsipho eziqeda amagciwane zikhangiswe kakhulu amalungu omphakathi okhathalela ezempilo.
To date, there is no evidence that using recommended antiseptics or disinfectants selects for antibiotic-resistant organisms in nature.
Kuze kube namuhla, abukho ubufakazi bokuthi ukusebenzisa ama-antiseptics noma ama-disinfectants asikiselwayo kukhetha ama-antibiotic-resistant organisms emvelo.
However, antibacterial soaps contain common antibacterial agents such as triclosan, which has an extensive list of resistant strains of organisms.
Nokho, izinsipho ezi-antibacterial zinezimeleli ezivamile zama-antibacterial njenge-triclosan, enohlu elude lwama-resistant strains ama-organism.
So, even if antibiotic resistant strains aren't selected for by antibacterial soaps, they might not be as effective as they are marketed to be.
Ngakho, ngisho noma ama-antibiotic resistant strains engakhethiwe insipho e-antibacterial, kungenzeka ingakwazi ukusebenza kahle ngendlela edayiselwa yona.
Besides the surfactant and skin-protecting agent, the sophisticated formulations may contain acids (acetic acid, ascorbic acid, lactic acid) as pH regulator, antimicrobially active benzoic acid and further skin conditioners (aloe vera, vitamins, menthol, plant extracts).A comprehensive analysis from the University of Oregon School of Public Health indicated that plain soaps are as effective as consumer-grade anti-bacterial soaps containing triclosan in preventing illness and removing bacteria from the hands.
Ngaphandle kwalokho i-surfactant nesimeleli esivikela isikhumba, izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zingase zibe nama-acid (i-acetic acid, i-ascorbic acid, i-lactic acid) njengesilawuli se-pH, i-antimicrobially active benzoic acid nezinye izinakekeli zesikhumba (i-aloe vera, ama-vitamin, i-menthol, ama-plant extracts). Ukuhlolisisa okubanzi okuvela e-University of Oregon School of Public Health kwabonisa ukuthi izinsipho ezingenalutho zisebenza ngempumelelo ngendlela efanayo nama-consumer-grade anti-bacterial soaps ane-triclosan ekuvikeleni ukugula nokususa amagciwane ezadleni.
Hot water that is comfortable for washing hands is not hot enough to kill bacteria.
Amanzi ashisayo ongakwazi ukuhlanza ngawo izandla awashisi ngezinga elifanele ukuze kufe amagciwane.
Bacteria grow much faster at body temperature (37 °C).
Amagciwane akhula kakhulu lapho ukushisa komziba kungu-(37 °C).
However, warm, soapy water is more effective than cold, soapy water at removing natural oils which hold soils and bacteria.
Kodwa, amanzi afudumele, anensipho asebenza kangcono kunamanzi abandayo, anensipho ekususeni amafutha emvelo abamba inhlabathi namagciwane.
Contrary to popular belief however, scientific studies have shown that using warm water has no effect on reducing the microbial load on hands.
Ngokuhlukile kokukholelwa inqwaba kodwa, ucwaningo lososayensi lubonisile ukuthi ukusebenzisa amanzi afudumele akunamthelela ekunciphiseni i-microbial load ezandleni.
A hand sanitizer or hand antiseptic is a non-water-based hand hygiene agent.
I-hand sanitizer noma i-hand antiseptic iyisimeleli senhlanzeko yezandla esingenziwe ngamanzi.
In the late 1990s and early part of the 21st century, alcohol rub non-water-based hand hygiene agents (also known as alcohol-based hand rubs, antiseptic hand rubs, or hand sanitizers) began to gain popularity.
Ekupheleni kwawo-1990 nasekuqaleni kwengxenye lekhulu yekhulu leminyaka lama-21, izimeleli zenhlanzeko yezandla ezingenziwe ngamanzi zokuhlikihla nge-alcohol (zibuye zaziwe ngokuthi ama-alcohol-based hand rubs, ama-antiseptic hand rubs, noma ama-hand sanitizers) aqala ukuthola ukuduma.
Most are based on isopropyl alcohol or ethanol formulated together with a thickening agent such as Carbomer (polymer of acrylic acid) into a gel, or a humectant such as glycerin into a liquid, or foam for ease of use and to decrease the drying effect of the alcohol.
Amaningi asekelwe ku-isopropyl alcohol noma i-ethanol eyakhuwe yahlanganiswa ngesimeleli esishubisayo njenge-Carbomer (i-polymer of acrylic acid) yenze kube ijeli, noma i-humectant njenge-glycerin ibe uketshezi, noma igwebu ukuze kube lula ukusebenzisa nokunciphisa isimo sokoma se-alcohol.
Adding diluted hydrogen-peroxide increases further the antimicrobial activity.Hand sanitizers containing a minimum of 60 to 95% alcohol are efficient germ killers.
Ukufaka i-hydrogen-peroxide efakwe uketshezi iphakamisa umsebenzi we-antimicrobial nakakhulu. Ama-hand sanitizer ane-alcohol engu-60 to 95% abulala amagciwane ngempumelelo.
Alcohol rub sanitizers kill bacteria, multi-drug resistant bacteria (MRSA and VRE), tuberculosis, and some viruses (including HIV, herpes, RSV, rhinovirus, vaccinia, influenza, and hepatitis) and fungi.
Ama-alcohol rub sanitizer abulala amagciwane, ama-multi-drug resistant bacteria (i-MRSA ne-VRE), i-tuberculosis, namanye amagciwane (kuhlanganise i-HIV, ama-herpe, i-RSV, i-rhinovirus, i-vaccinia, i-influenza, ne-hepatitis) ne-fungi.
Alcohol rub sanitizers containing 70% alcohol kill 99.97% (3.5 log reduction, similar to 35 decibel reduction) of the bacteria on hands 30 seconds after application and 99.99% to 99.999% (4 to 5 log reduction) of the bacteria on hands 1 minute after application.Hand sanitizers are most effective against bacteria and less effective against some viruses.
Ama-alcohol rub sanitizers ane-70% ye-alcohol abulala u-99.97% (u-3.5 log ngokuncipha, ngokufanayo no-35 decibel ngokuncipha) wamagciwane ezandleni ngemizuzwana engu-30 ngemuva kokugcoba no-99.99% kuye ku-99.999% (4 kuya ku-5 log ngokuncipha) kwamagciwane ezandleni umzuzu ongu-1 ngemuva kokugcoba. Ama-hand sanitizers asebenza kahle kumagciwane futhi asebenze kancane kumagciwane athile.
Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are almost entirely ineffective against norovirus (or Norwalk) type viruses, the most common cause of contagious gastroenteritis.Enough hand antiseptic or alcohol rub must be used to thoroughly wet or cover both hands.
Ama-hand sanitizer enziwe nge-alcohol acishe angasebenzi nhlobo ku-norovirus (noma i-Norwalk) uhlobo lwamagciwane, imbangela eyinhloko ye-gastroenteritis ethelelanayo. I-hand antiseptic eyanele noma i-alcohol rub kumele isebenziswe ukuthi ithambise ngokuphelele noma imboze zombili izandla.
The front and back of both hands and between and the ends of all fingers are rubbed for approximately 30 seconds until the liquid, foam or gel is dry.
Ingaphambili nengemuva lazo zombili izandla nangaphakathi nasekugcineni kweminwe kuyahlikihlwa cishe imizuzwana engu-30 kuze kube yilapho uketshezi, igwebu noma ijeli isiyomile.
Finger tips must be washed well too, rubbing them in both palms.The US Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommends hand washing over hand sanitizer rubs, particularly when hands are visibly dirty.
Izingcina zeminwe kumele zihlanzwe nazo, zihlikihlwe ezintendeni zombili. I-The US Center for Disease Control and Prevention ikhuthaza ukuhlanza izandla kunokuhlikihla ngama-hand sanitizer, ikhakhulukazi lapho kusobala ukuthi izandla zingclolile.
The increasing use of these agents is based on their ease of use and rapid killing activity against micro-organisms; however, they should not serve as a replacement for proper hand washing unless soap and water are unavailable.
Ukuphakama ekusebenziseni lezi zimeleli kungenxa yokusenza kwazo okulula namandla okushesha ukubulala ama-micro-organisms; kodwa, okufanele zisetshenziswe ukuze zithathe indawo yokuhlanza izandla efanele ngaphandle kwalapho insipho namanzi kungatholakali.
Frequent use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers can cause dry skin unless emollients and/or skin moisturizers are added to the formula.
Ukusebenzisa ama-hand sanitizer asekelwe ku-alcohol njalo kungabangela isikhumba esomile ngaphandle kwalapho uma kufakwe ama-emollient kanye/noma iziswakamisi zesikhumba ekuhlanganiseni.
The drying effect of alcohol can be reduced or eliminated by adding glycerin and/or other emollients to the formula.
Inqubo yokoma kwe-alcohol ingancishiswa noma kuqedwe ngokufaka i-glycerin kanye/noma ama-emollients ekuhlanganiseni.
In clinical trials, alcohol-based hand sanitizers containing emollients caused substantially less skin irritation and dryness than soaps or antimicrobial detergents.
Ekuhloleni kokwelapha, ama-hand sanitizers asekelwe ku-alcohol anama-emollients enza ukulunyelwa kwesikhumba okwehle kakhulu nokoma kunensipho noma izihlanzi ezine-antimicrobial.
Allergic contact dermatitis, contact urticaria syndrome or hypersensitivity to alcohol or additives present in alcohol hand rubs rarely occur.
I-Allergic contact dermatitis, i-contact urticaria syndrome noma i- hypersensitivity to alcohol noma ama-additives akhona kuma-alcohol hand rubs awavamile ukuba khona.
The lower tendency to induce irritant contact dermatitis became an attraction as compared to soap and water hand washing.
Isimo esiphansi sokubangela i-irritant contact dermatitis sibe okukhangayo uma siqhathaniswa nokuhlanza izandla ngensipho namanzi.
Despite their effectiveness, non-water agents do not cleanse the hands of organic material, but simply disinfect them.
Kungakhathaliseki ukusebenza kwazo, izimeleli ezingenamanzi azikwazi ukuhlanza izandla ezintweni zemvelo, kodwa zibulala amagciwane nje.
It is for this reason that hand sanitizers are not as effective as soap and water at preventing the spread of many pathogens, since the pathogens still remain on the hands.
Kungalesi sizathu ukuthi ama-hand sanitizers awasebenzi kahle njengensipho namanzi ekuvikeleni ukusabalala kwama-pathogens amaningi, njengoba ama-pathogens eqhubeka esezandleni.
Alcohol-free hand sanitizer efficacy is heavily dependent on the ingredients and formulation, and historically has significantly under-performed alcohol and alcohol rubs.
Ukuphumelela kwama-hand sanitizer angenayo i-alcohol kuncike kakhulu ezithakweni nokuhlanganiswa, futhi ngokomlando asebenza ngokuphoxayo kune-alcohol nama-alcohol rubs.
More recently, formulations that use benzalkonium chloride have been shown to have persistent and cumulative antimicrobial activity after application, unlike alcohol, which has been shown to decrease in efficacy after repeated use, probably due to progressive adverse skin reactions.
Muva nje, ukuhlanganisa okusebenzisa i-benzalkonium chloride kubonise ukuphikelela nokwanda komsebenzi we-antimicrobial ngemuva kokugcoba, ngokungafani ne-alcohol, esibonisiwe ukuthi yehlisa izinga lokusebenza ngemva kokusebenza ngokuphindwa, kungenzeka ingesizathu sokusabela okuqhubekayo kwesikhumba.
Many people in low-income communities cannot afford soap and use ash or soil instead.
Abantu abaningi emiphakathini entulayo kwezezimali abakwazi ukuthenga insipho futhi basebenzisa umlotha noma inhlabathi esikhundleni.
Ash or soil may be more effective than water alone, but may be less effective than soap.
Umlotha noma inhlabathi ingase isebenze kangcono kunamanzi kuphela, kodwa isebenze kancane kunensipho.
One concern is that if the soil or ash is contaminated with microorganisms it may increase the spread of disease rather than decrease it.
Okukodwa okukhathazayo ukuthi uma inhlabathi noma umlotha uthole ukungcola kwama-micro-organisms kungase kuphakamise ukusabalala kwesifo kunokusinciphisa.
Like soap, ash is also a disinfecting agent because in contact with water, it forms an alkaline solution.
Njengensipho, umlotha nawo uyisimeleli esiqeda igciwane ngoba lapho uhlanganiswa namanzi, kudaleka ingxube ye-alkaline.
WHO recommended ash or sand as alternative to soap when soap is not available.
I-WHO ikhuthaza umlotha noma isihlabathi esikhundleni sensipho uma insipho ingatholakali.
Correct handwashing technique recommended by the US Centers for Disease Control for prevention of transmission of disease includes the following steps:
Inqubo efanele yokuhlanza izandla ekhuthazwa i-US Centers for Disease Control for prevention of transmission of disease ihlanganisa lezi zinyathelo:
Wet hands with warm or cold running water.
Matisa izandla ngamanzi ahambayo afudumele noma abandayo.
Running water is recommended because standing basins may be contaminated, while the temperature of the water does not seem to make a difference.
Amanzi ahambayo ayakhuthazwa ngoba obheseni abamile kungenzeka babe nokungcola, kanti isimo sokubanda noma sokushisa samanzi asibonisi senza umehluko.
Lather hands by rubbing them with a generous amount of soap, including the backs of hands, between fingers, and under nails.
Gcoba izandla ngokuzihlikihla ngensipho eyanele kahle, kuhlanganise ingemuva lezandla, phakathi neminwe, nangaphansi kwezinzipho.
Soap lifts germs from the skin, and studies show that people tend to wash their hands more thoroughly when soap is used rather than water alone.
Insipho iphakamisa amagciwane esikhumbeni, futhi ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi abantu bavame ukuhlanza izandla zabo kakhle uma insipho ikhona kunalapho besebenzisa amanzi kuphela.
Scrub for at least 20 seconds.
Huhla okungenani imizuzwana engu-20.
Scrubbing creates friction, which helps remove germs from skin, and scrubbing for longer periods removes more germs.
Ukuhuhla kubangela ukushisa, okusizayo ekususeni amagciwane esikhumbeni, futhi ukuhuhla isikhathi esinde kususa amagciwane engeziwe.
Rinse well under running water.
Hlambulula kahle ngaphansi kwamanzi ahambayo.
Rinsing in a basin can recontaminate hands.
Ukuhlambulula kubheseni kungase kuzingcolise izandla
Dry with a clean towel or allow to air dry.
Omisa ngethawula elihlanzekile noma uvumele zome ngomoya.
Wet and moist hands are more easily recontaminated.The most commonly missed areas are the thumb, the wrist, the areas between the fingers, and under fingernails.
Izandla ezimanzi neziswakeme zikuthatha kalula ukungcola. Izindawo ezilibaleka kalula isithupha, isihlakalo, izindawo eziphakathi neminwe, nangaphansi kwezinzipho.
Artificial nails and chipped nail polish may harbor microorganisms.
Izinzipho zokufakelwa ne-nail polish edlekile kungafukamela ama-microorganism.
Moisturizing lotion is often recommended to keep the hands from drying out; dry skin can lead to skin damage which can increase the risk for the transmission of infection.
Iloshini eswakamisayo ivamile ukukhuthazwa ukuze ugcine izandla zingomile; isikhumba esomile singaholela ekulimaleni kwesikhumba okungaphakamisa ukuchayeka kokudluliselwa isifo.
Various low-cost options can be made to facilitate hand washing where tap-water and/or soap is not available e.g. pouring water from a hanging jerrycan or gourd with suitable holes and/or using ash if needed in developing countries.In situations with limited water supply (such as schools or rural areas in developing countries), there are water-conserving solutions, such as "tippy-taps" and other low-cost options.
Izinhlelo ezihlukile ezingabizi zingenziwa ukuze kuhlangabezanwe nokuhlanza izandla lapho amanzi empompi kanye/noma insipho kungatholakali isib. ukuthela amanzi ngokulengisa isitsha noma isigubhu esinezimbobo ezifanele kanye/noma usebenzise umlotha uma kudingeka emazweni asathuthuka. Ezimweni ezinamanzi alinganiselwe (njengezikole noma izindawo zasemaphandleni emazweni asathuthuka), kunezinqubo eziyisixazulo zokonga amanzi, njengama-"tippy-taps" nezinye izinhlobo zokonga imali.
A tippy-tap is a simple technology using a jug suspended by a rope, and a foot-operated lever to pour a small amount of water over the hands and a bar of soap.
I-tippy-tap ubuchwepheshe obulula bokusebenzisa isigubhu esiboshwe ngentambo, nesigwedlo esisebenza ngonyawo esithela amanzi amancane ezandleni neqhuzu lensipho.
Effective drying of the hands is an essential part of the hand hygiene process, but there is some debate over the most effective form of drying in public washrooms.
Ukomisa okusebenzayo kwezandla kuyingxenye ebalulekile yenqubo yenhlanzeko yezandla, kodwa kunokuphikisana mayelana nendlela esebenza ngcono yokomisa ezindaweni zokuhlanza zomphakathi.
A growing volume of research suggests paper towels are much more hygienic than the electric hand dryers found in many washrooms.
Izinga elandayo locwaningo lusikisela ukuthi amathawula ephepha angcono ngokuhlanzeka kunezomisi zomoya zikagesi ezitholakala ezindaweni zokuhlanza.
In 2008, a study was conducted by the University of Westminster, London, and sponsored by the paper-towel industry the European Tissue Symposium, to compare the levels of hygiene offered by paper towels, warm-air hand dryers and the more modern jet-air hand dryers.
Ngo-2008, ucwaningo olwaluqondiswa i-University of Westminster, London, futhi elalixhaswe imboni yamathawula ephepha i-European Tissue Symposium, ukuthi iqhathanise amazinga enhlanzeko atholakala kumathawula ephepha, izomisi zezandla zomoya oshisayo nezomisi zezandla zamuva zomoya osheshayo.
After washing and drying hands with the warm-air dryer, the total number of bacteria was found to increase on average on the finger pads by 194% and on the palms by 254%.
Ngemuva kokuhlanza nokomisa izandla ngesomisi somoya oshisayo, ingqikithi yesibalo samagciwane satholakala siphakama ngesilinganiso kumaphedi eminwe ngo-194% futhi ematheni esandla ngo-254%.
Drying with the jet-air dryer resulted in an increase on average of the total number of bacteria on the finger pads by 42% and on the palms by 15%.
Ukomisa ngesomisi somoya osheshayo kwaphumelela ekuphakameni ngesilinganiso sengqikithi yesibalo samagciwane kumaphedi eminwe ngo-42% futhi ematheni esandla ngo-15%.
After washing and drying hands with a paper towel, the total number of bacteria was reduced on average on the finger pads by up to 76% and on the palms by up to 77%.The scientists also carried out tests to establish whether there was the potential for cross contamination of other washroom users and the washroom environment as a result of each type of drying method.
Ngemuva kokuhlanza nokomisa izandla ngethawula lephepha, ingqikithi yesibalo segciwane yehla ngesilinganiso kumaphedi eminwe ngo-76% futhi ematheni esandla ngokufika ku-77%. Ososayensi baphinda bathatha ukuhlola okungaveza uma belikhona ithuba lokuthelelana kwabasenzisi bezindawo zokuhlanza nendawo yokuhlanza njengomphumela wendlela ngayinye yokomisa.
The jet-air dryer, which blows air out of the unit at claimed speeds of 180 m/s (650 km/h; 400 mph), was capable of blowing micro-organisms from the hands and the unit and potentially contaminating other washroom users and the washroom environment up to 2 metres away.
Isomisi somoya osheshayo, esiphephetha umoya ovela kuso ngesivinini esibekiwe sika-180 m/s (650 km/h; 400 mph), saphumelela ukuphephetha ama-micro-organisms esandleni nakuso nokucishe sithelele abanye abasebenzisi nendawo yokuhlanza ibanga elingaba amamitha angu-2.
Use of a warm-air hand dryer spread micro-organisms up to 0.25 metres from the dryer.
Ukusetshenziswa komoya oshisayo kusabalalise ama-micro-organisms kuze kube amamitha angu-0.25 kusuka kwisomisi.
Paper towels showed no significant spread of micro-organisms.In 2005, in a study conducted by TÜV Produkt und Umwelt, different hand drying methods were evaluated.
Amathawula ephepha awabonisanga kusabalala okuqaphelekayo kwama-micro-organisms. Ngo-2005, ucwaningo olwaqondiswa i-TÜV Produkt und Umwelt, izindlela zokomisa izandla ezihlukile zahlolwa.
The following changes in the bacterial count after drying the hands were observed:
Ushintsho olulandelayo esibalweni samagciwane ngemuva kokomisa izandla kwaqaphelwa:
Many different hand dryer manufacturers exist, and hand driers have been compared against drying with paper towels.
Baningi abakhiqizi bezomisi zezandla abakhona, futhi izimisi zezandla zike zaqhathaniswa nokomisa ngama-paper towels.
Hand washing using hand sanitizing wipes is an alternative during traveling in the absence of soap and water.
Ukuhlanza izandla usebenzisa ama-hand sanitizing asulayo kungenye indlela lapho usohambweni ingenkho insipho namanzi.
Alcohol-based hand sanitizer should contain at least 60% alcohol.
I-hand sanitizer eyakhiwe nge-alcohol kumele ibe ne-alcohol ngu-60% okungenani.
Medical hand-washing became mandatory long after Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis discovered its effectiveness (in 1846) in preventing disease in a hospital environment.
Ukuhlanza izandla kwezokwelapha kwaphoqelelwa isikhathi eside ngemuva kokuthi udokotela wase-Hungary u-Ignaz Semmelweis ethole ukusebenza kwakho (ngo-1846) ekuvikeleni isifo endaweni yasesibhedlela.
There are electronic devices that provide feedback to remind hospital staff to wash their hands when they forget.
Kunamadivayisi asebenza ngogesi ahlinzekela ngokuphawula okukhumbuza izisebenzi zasesibhedlela ukuthi zihlanze izandla lapho zikhohlwa.
One study has found decreased infection rates with their use.
Ucwaningo olulodwa luthole ukuncipha kwamazinga ezifo ngokusebenza kwawo.
Medical hand-washing is for a minimum of 15 seconds, using generous amounts of soap and water or gel to lather and rub each part of the hands.
Ukuhlanza izandla kwezokwelapha kuba imizuzwana engu-15, usebenzisa insipho eningi namanzi noma ijeli ukuze ugcobe noma uhlikihle ingxenye ngayinye yezandla.
Hands should be rubbed together with digits interlocking.
Izandla kumelwe zihlikihlwe ndawonye ngokugaxelanisa iminwe.
If there is debris under fingernails, a bristle brush may be used to remove it.
Uma kunokungcola ngaphansi kwezinzipho, i-bristle brush ingasebenziswa ukuze ikususe.
Since germs may remain in the water on the hands, it is important to rinse well and wipe dry with a clean towel.
Njengoba amagciwane engahlala emanzini asezandleni, kubalulekile ukuhlambulula kahle bese usula kome ngethawula elihlanzekile.
After drying, the paper towel should be used to turn off the water (and open any exit door if necessary).
Ngemuva kokomisa, ithawula lephepha kumele litshenziselwe ukuvala amanzi (nokuvula noma isiphi isicabha sokuphuma uma kwenzeka).
This avoids re-contaminating the hands from those surfaces.
Lokhu kugwema ukuphinde ungcolise izandla ngalezo zindawo.
The purpose of hand-washing in the health-care setting is to remove pathogenic microorganisms ("germs") and avoid transmitting them.
Inhloso yokuhlanza izandla esimweni sokwezokunakekela ukususa ama-pathogenic microorganisms ("germs") bese ugwema ukuwadlulisela.
The New England Journal of Medicine reports that a lack of hand-washing remains at unacceptable levels in most medical environments, with large numbers of doctors and nurses routinely forgetting to wash their hands before touching patients, thus transmitting microorganisms.
I-The New England Journal of Medicine ibika ukuthi ukuyekelela ukuhlanza izandla kuqhubeka ngamazinga angemukeleki ezindaweni eziningi zezokwelapha, isibalo esikhulu sodokotela nabahlengikazi beqhubeka bekhohlwa ukuhlanza izandla zabo ngaphambi kokuthinta iziguli, kanjalo badlulisele ama-microorganisms.
One study showed that proper hand-washing and other simple procedures can decrease the rate of catheter-related bloodstream infections by 66 percent.The World Health Organization has published a sheet demonstrating standard hand-washing and hand-rubbing in health-care sectors.
Ucwaningo olulodwa lwabonisa ukuthi ukuhlanza izandla ngendlela nezinye izinqubo ezilula kungehlisa izinga le-catheter-related bloodstream infections ngo-66 percent. I-World Health Organization inyathelise ishidi elibonisa isimiso sokuhlanza izandla nokuhlikihla izandla emkhakheni wokunakekela kwezempilo.
The draft guidance of hand hygiene by the organization can also be found at its website for public comment.
Iziqondiso zenhlangano ezisalungiswa zenhlanzeko yezandla zingatholakala kuwebusayithi yayo ukuze umphakathi uphawule.
A relevant review was conducted by Whitby et al.
Ukubuyekeza okufanele kwaqondiswa i-Whitby et al.
Commercial devices can measure and validate hand hygiene, if demonstration of regulatory compliance is required.
Amadivayisi ezitolo angakwazi ukulinganisa nokuqinisekisa inhlanzeko yezandla, uma ukubonisa nokuvumelana nomthetho kufuneka.
The World Health Organization has "Five Moments" for washing hands:
I-World Health Organization "inezikhathi eziyisihlanu" zokuhlanza izandla:
after exposure to blood/body fluids
ngemuva kokuchayeka egazini/kuketshezi lwegazi
before an aseptic task, and
ngaphambi komsebenzi we-aseptic, kanye
after patient care.The addition of antiseptic chemicals to soap ("medicated" or "antimicrobial" soaps) confers killing action to a hand-washing agent.
nangemuva kokunakekela isiguli. Ukufaka amakhemikhali anqandayo ensiphweni ("enomuthi" noma izinsipho "ezinqanda ama-microbes") kunika amandla okubulala kulokho kokuhlanza izandla.
Such killing action may be desired prior to performing surgery or in settings in which antibiotic-resistant organisms are highly prevalent.To 'scrub' one's hands for a surgical operation, it is necessary to have a tap that can be turned on and off without touching it with the hands, some chlorhexidine or iodine wash, sterile towels for drying the hands after washing, and a sterile brush for scrubbing and another sterile instrument for cleaning under the fingernails.
Lawo mandla okubulala angase adingeke ngaphambi komsebenzi wokuhlinza noma ezimweni lapho ama-antibiotic-resistant organisms emaningi khona. 'Ukuhuhla' izandla kothile ngenjongo yomsebenzi wokuhlinza, kuyadingeka ukuba nempompi engavulwa futhi uvalwe ngaphandle kokuthintwa ngezandla, i-chlorhexidine noma i-iodine wash, ama-sterile towels okomisa izandla ngemuva kokuhlanza, ne-sterile brush yokuhuhla kanye nenye i-sterile instrument yokuhlanza ngaphansi kwezinzipho.
All jewelry should be removed.
Konke okokuhloba kumele kukhunyulwe.
This procedure requires washing the hands and forearms up to the elbow, usually 2–6 minutes.
Lenqubo idinga ukuhlanzwa kwezandla nezingalo kufike endololwaneni, ngokuvamile imizuzu engu-2-6.
Long scrub-times (10 minutes) are not necessary.
Izikhathi ezinde zokuhuhla (imizuzu engu-10) azisona isidingo.
When rinsing, water on the forearms must be prevented from running back to the hands.
Lapho uyakaza, amanzi asezingalweni kumele avinjwe angagijimeli emuva ezandleni.
After hand-washing is completed, the hands are dried with a sterile cloth and a surgical gown is donned.
Ngemuva kokuphetha ukuhlanza izandla, izandla zomiswa ngendwangu e-sterile noma ingubo yokuhlinza iyagqokwa.
To reduce the spread of germs, it is better to wash the hands or use a hand antiseptic before and after tending to a sick person.
Ukuze kwehliswe ukusabalala kwagciwane, kungcono ukuhlanza izandla noma ukusebenzisa isinqandamagciwane sezandla ngaphambili nangemuva kokunakekela umuntu ogulayo.
For control of staphylococcal infections in hospitals, it has been found that the greatest benefit from hand-cleansing came from the first 20% of washing, and that very little additional benefit was gained when hand cleansing frequency was increased beyond 35%.
Ukuze kulawulwe izifo ze-staphylococcal ezibhedlela, kuye kwatholakala ukuthi inzuzo enkulu evela ezandleni ezicocekile ivela ku-20% wokuqala wokuhlanza, nokuthi incane kakhulu izuzo eyengeziwe etholakalayo lapho ukuhlanza izandla ngokuphindelela kukhushulwe ngaphezulu kuka-35%.
Washing with plain soap results in more than triple the rate of bacterial infectious disease transmitted to food as compared to washing with antibacterial soap.Comparing hand-rubbing with alcohol-based solution with hand washing with antibacterial soap for a median time of 30 seconds each showed that the alcohol hand-rubbing reduced bacterial contamination 26% more than the antibacterial soap.
Ukuhlanza ngensipho engenalutho kuba nomphumela wezinga elengezwe kathathu lesifo segciwane elithathelanayo ekudleni uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlanza ngensipho enqanda amagciwane. Ukuqhathanisa i-hand-rubbing nge-alcohol-based solution ne-hand washing with antibacterial soap for a median time of 30 seconds each showed that the alcohol hand-rubbing reduced bacterial contamination 26% more than the antibacterial soap.
But soap and water is more effective than alcohol-based hand rubs for reducing H1N1 influenza A virus and Clostridium difficile spores from hands.Interventions to improve hand hygiene in healthcare settings can involve education for staff on hand washing, increasing the availability of alcohol-based hand rub, and written and verbal reminders to staff.
Kodwa insipho namanzi kusebenza kangcono kunama-alcohol-based hand rubs ekunciphiseni i-H1N1 influenza A virus ne-Clostridium difficile spores ezandleni. Ukungenela ukuze kuthuthukiswe inhlanzeko yezandla ezimweni zokunakekela impilo kungahlanganisa ukufundisa izisebenzi ngokuhlanza izandla, ukuphakamisa ukutholakala kwe-alcohol-based hand rub, nezikhumbuzo ezibhaliwe nezishiwoyo kubasebenzi.
There is a need for more research into which of these interventions are most effective in different healthcare settings.
Kunesidingo socwaningo olwengeziwe oluphenya ukuthi iyiphi kulezindlela zokungenela esebenza kangcono ezimweni zokunakekela impilo ezingafani.
In developing countries, hand washing with soap is recognized as a cost-effective, essential tool for achieving good health, and even good nutrition.
Emazweni asathuthuka, ukuhlanza izandla ngensipho kuqashelwa njengendlela eyongayo, ithuluzi elibalulekile lokufinyelela impilo enhle, ngisho nokondleka ngokomzimba.
However, a lack of reliable water supply, soap or hand washing facilities in people's homes, at schools and at the workplace make it a challenge to achieve universal hand washing behaviors.
Kodwa, ukuntuleka kokuphakelwa amanzi okunokuthenjelwa, insipho noma izindawo zokuhlanza izandla emakhaya abantu, ezikoleni nasezindaweni zokusebenza zenza kube inselele ukufinyelela imikhuba yokuhlanza izandla yomhlaba.
For example, in most of rural Africa hand washing taps close to every private or public toilet are scarce, even though cheap options exist to build hand washing stations.
Ngokwesibonelo, emaphandleni amaningi e-Africa izimpompi yokuhlanza izandla eseduze nezindlu zangasese zomuntu noma zomphakhathi iyantuleka, yize zikhona izindlela ezingaduli zokwakha izindawo zokuhlanza izandla.
However, low hand washing rates rather can also be the result of engrained habits rather than due to a lack of soap or water.
Kodwa, amazinga aphansi okuhlanza izandla kungenzeka ayisizathu semikhuba egxilile kunaleso sokuntuleka kwensipho noma kwamanzi.
The promotion and advocacy of hand washing with soap can influence policy decisions, raise awareness about the benefits of hand washing and lead to long-term behavior change of the population.
Ukukhangisa nokumelela ukuhlanza izandla ngensipho kungaba nomthelela ekwenzeni iziqumo zomthetho, kuphakamise ukuqapha ngezinzuzo zokuhlanza izandla futhi kuholele ekushintsheni kwemikhuba ehlalayo yomphakathi.
For this to work effectively, monitoring and evaluation are necessary.
Ukuze lokhu kusebenze kahle, ukuqapha nokulandelela kubalulekile.
A systematic review of 70 studies found that community-based approaches are effective at increasing hand washing in LMICs, while social marketing campaigns are less effective.One example for hand washing promotion in schools is the "Three Star Approach" by UNICEF that encourages schools to take simple, inexpensive steps to ensure that students wash their hands with soap, among other hygienic requirements.
Ukubuyekeza okuhleliwe kocwaningo olungu-70 kuthole ukuthi izindlela ezincika emphakathini ziyasebenza ekuphakamiseni ukuhlanza izandla kuma-LMIC, kuyilapho imikhankaso yokukukhangisa ngokwezenhlalo kusebenza kancane. Isibonelo esisodwa sokukhangisa ukuhlanza izandla ezikoleni "Indlela Yezinkanyezi Ezintathu" ye-UNICEF ekhuthaza izikole ukuthi zithathe izinyathelo ezilula , ezongayo ukuze kuqinisekwe ukuthi abafundi bahlanza izandla zabo ngensipho, phakathi nezinye izimfuneko zenhlanzeko.
When minimum standards are achieved, schools can move from one to ultimately three stars.
Lapho amazinga amancane efinyelelwa, izikole zingasuka kwesinye futhi ekugcineni ziye kwezintathu izinkanyezi.
Building hand washing stations can be a part of hand washing promotion campaigns that are carried out in order to reduce diseases and child mortality.
Ukwakha izindawo zokuhlanza izandla kungaba yingxenye yemikhankaso yokukhangisa ukuhlanza izandla eyenziwayo ukuze kuncishiswe izifo nokufa kwezinsana.
Global Hand washing Day is another example of an awareness-raising campaign that is trying to achieve behavior change.As a result of the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic, UNICEF promoted the adoption of a handwashing emoji.
Usuku Lomhlaba lokuhlanza Izandla ngenye yezibonelo zemikhankaso ephakamisa ukuqapha ezama ukufinyelela ukushintsha kwemikhuba. Njengomphumela wobhubhane lwe-2019-20 coronavirus, i-UNICEF yakhangisa ukusebenziswa kabanzi kwe-emoji yokuhlanz'izandla.
Few studies have considered the overall cost effectiveness of hand washing in developing countries in relationship to DALYs averted.
Ucwaningo olumbalwa luye lacabangela izindleko zonkana zokusebenza kokuhlanza izandla emazweni asathuthuka nobudlelwano nokuvimba kwe-DALYs.
However, one review suggests that promoting hand washing with soap is significantly more cost-effective than other water and sanitation interventions.
Kodwa, ukubuyekeza okukodwa kuphakamisa ukuthi ukukhangisa ukuhlanza izandla ngensipho konga izindleko kakhulu kunokunye ukungenelela ngamanzi nokukhuculula.
The importance of hand washing for human health – particularly for people in vulnerable circumstances like mothers who had just given birth or wounded soldiers in hospitals – was first recognized in the mid 19th century by two pioneers of hand hygiene: the Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis who worked in Vienna, Austria and Florence Nightingale, the English "founder of modern nursing".
Ukubaluleka kokuhlanza izandla kwezempilo yomuntu – ikakhulukazi kubantu abangaphansi kwezimo ezibuthaka njengomame abasanda kubeletha noma amasosha alimele ezibhedlela – kwaqaphelwa okokuqala phakathi lekhulu leminyaka lika-19 ngamavulandlela amabili enhlanzeko yezandla: Udokotela wase-Hungary u-Ignaz Semmelweis owayesebenza e-Vienna, e-Austria no-Florence Nightingale, Ingisi "elasungula ubuhlengikazi besimanje".
At that time most people still believed that infections were caused by foul odors called miasmas.
Ngaleso sikhathi abantu abaningi babesakholelwa ukuthi izifo zibangwa amaphunga amabi ayebizwa ngama-miasmas.
In the 1980s, foodborne outbreaks and healthcare-associated infections led the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to more actively promote hand hygiene as an important way to prevent the spread of infection.
Ngawo-1980, ukuqubuka okuvela ekudleni nezifo ezihlobene nezokwelapha kwaholela i-United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ukuthi ikhangise ngokwengeziwe ukuhlanza izandla njengendlela ebalulekile yokuvikela ukusabalala kwesifo.