atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
Major clinical symptoms: Chest radiography and temporal progression of clinical symptoms should be considered together with the other issues for the prediction of outcomes and complications of COVID-19.
Izimpawu zokwelashwa ezinkulu: I-radiography yesifuba nokuqhubeka kwesikhashana kwezimpawu zokwelashwa kufanele zicatshangelwe ndawonye nezinye izinkinga zokubikezelwa kwemiphumela nezinkimbinkimbi ze-COVID-19.
Use of steroids: As described above, steroids are immunosuppressant commonly used as an adjunctive therapy for infectious diseases to reduce the severity of inflammatory damage.
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-steroid: Njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla, ama-steroid angama-immunosuppressant ngokuvamile asetshenziswa njengokwelashwa kokwenezela kwezifo ezithelelanayo ukuze kuncishiswe ubucayi komonakalo wokuvuvukala.
Since a high dosage of corticosteroids was widely used in severe SARS patients, many survivors suffered from avascular osteonecrosis with life-long disability and poor life quality.
Njengoba kusetshenziswe kabanzi inani eliphakeme lama-corticosteroid kuziguli ezine-SARS ebucayi, iningi labantu abasinda babephethwe i-avascular osteonecrosis benokukhubazeka kokuphila kwabo konke nezinga lokuphila elingelihle.
Thus, if needed, steroids should be used at low dosage and for a short time in COVID-19 patients.
Ngenxa yalokho, uma edingekile, ama-steroid kufanele asetshenziswe ngesilinganiso esiphansi futhi isikhathi esifushane kuziguli ze-COVID-19.
Mental stress: As described above, during the COVID-19 outbreak many patients have suffered from extraordinary stress as they often endured long periods of quarantine and extreme uncertainty and witnessed the death of close family members and fellow patients.
Ukucindezeleka komqondo: Njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla, phakathi nokubheduka kwe-COVID-19 iziguli eziningi zaphathwa ukucindezeleka okukhulu njengoba kwakufanele zibekezelele izinkathi ezide zokuzivalela nokungaqiniseki okukhulu futhi zibona ukufa kwamalungu omndeni aseduze kanye neziguli ezikanye nazo.
It is imperative to provide psychological counseling and long-term support to help these patients recover from the stress and return to normal life.
Kusemqoka ukuthi kunikezwe ukwelulekwa komqondo nokusekelwa kwesikhathi eside ukuze kusizwe lezi ziguli zilulame ekucindezelekeni futhi zibuyele empilweni evamile.
According to demographic studies so far, COVID-19 seems to have different epidemiological features from SARS.
Ngokuvumelana nezingcwaningo zolwazi lwabantu kuze kube manje, i-COVID-19 ibonakala inezici ze-epidemiological ezihlukile ku-SARS.
In addition to replicating in the lower respiratory tract, SARS-CoV-2 can efficiently replicate in the upper respiratory tract and causes mild or no symptoms in the early phase of infection, similar to other CoVs that cause common colds.
Ngaphezu kokuphindeka kumgudu wokuphefumula ongezansi, i-SARS-CoV-2 iyakwazi ukuphindeka kalula kumgudu wokuphefumula ongenhla futhi ibangele izimpawu ezincane noma ingazibangeli esigabeni sokuqala sokutheleleka, ngendlela efanayo nama-CoV abangela imikhuhlane evamile.
Therefore, infected patients at the early phase or incubation period can produce a large amount of virus during daily activities, causing great difficulty for the control of the epidemic.
Ngakho-ke, iziguli ezithelelekile esigabeni sokuqala noma enkathini yokufukanyelwa zingakhiqiza inani elikhulu legciwane phakathi nemisebenzi yansuku zonke, okubangela ubunzima obukhulu bokulawulwa komqedazwe.
However, the transmission of SARS-CoV was considered to occur when the patients are severely ill, while most transmission did not happen at the early phase.
Nokho, ukutheleleka kwe-SARS-CoV kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kwenzeka lapho iziguli zazigula kakhulu, kuyilapho ukutheleleka okuningi kungazange kwenzeke esigabeni sokuqala.
Thus, the current outbreak of COVID-19 is much more severe and difficult to control than the outbreak of SARS.
Ngenxa yalokho, ukubheduka kwe-COVID-19 kubucayi kakhulu futhi kunzima ukukulawula kunokubheduka kwe-SARS.
Great efforts are currently underway in China including the lockdown of Wuhan and surrounding cities and continuous quarantine of almost the entire population in hopes of interrupting the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
Kunemizamo eminingi eqhubekayo njengamanje e-China okuhlanganisa ukuvalwa thaqa kwe-Wuhan namadolobha azungezile nokuzivalela okuqhubekayo kwaso sonke isibalo sabantu ngethemba lokuphazamisa ukudluliswa kwe-SARS-CoV-2.
Although these actions have been dramatically damaging the economy and other sectors of the country, the number of new patients is declining, indicating the slowdown of the epidemic.
Nakuba lezi zinyathelo ziwulimaze kakhulu umnotho neminye imikhakha yezwe, inani leziguli ezintsha liyancipha, okubonisa ukuncipha kwejubane lomqedazwe.
The most optimistic estimate is that the outbreak will end by March and the downswing phase will last for 3-4 months.
Isilinganiso esithembisa kakhulu esokuthi ukubheduka kuzophela ngo-March futhi isigaba sokuncipha sizoqhubeka izinyanga ezingu-3-4.
However, some other experts are not that optimistic.
Nokho, ezinye izazi azinalo lelo themba.
Paul Hunter, et al., estimated that COVID-19, which seems substantially more infectious than SARS, will not end in 2020.
U-Paul Hunter, et al., ulinganisa ukuthi i-COVID-19, ebonakala ithelelana kakhulu kune-SARS, ngeke iphele ngo-2020.
Ira Longini, et al., established a model to predict the outcome of the epidemic and suggested that SARS-CoV-2 could infect two-thirds of the global population.
U-Ira Longini, et al., wasungula imodeli yokubikezela umphumela womqedazwe futhi wasikisela ukuthi i-SARS-CoV-2 ingase iphathe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zesibalo sabantu emhlabeni wonke.
A Canadian group reported that SARS-CoV-2 was detected in both mid-turbinate and throat swabs of patients who recovered and left the hospital 2 weeks earlier, which indicates that the newly identified virus could become a cyclical episode similar to influenza.
Iqembu lase-Canada labika ukuthi i-SARS-CoV-2 yatholwa kuwo womabili amaswabhu e-mid-turbinate kanye nawomphimbo eziguli ezalulama futhi zaphuma esibhedlela emavikini amabili ngaphambilini, okubonisa ukuthi igciwane elisanda kutholwa kungenzeka ukuthi libe isiqephu esiphindayo esifana nemfuluwenza.
However, promising signs have occurred in China based on the declining number of new cases, indicating the current strategies might have been working.
Nokho, izimpawu ezithembisayo zivele e-China ngokusekelwe enanini elehlayo labantu abasha abagulayo, okubonisa ukuthi amasu amanje kungenzeka ukuthi ayasebenza.
Ebola was originally predicted to cause up to a million cases with half a million deaths.
Ekuqaleni kwakubikezelwe ukuthi i-Ebola yayizophatha abantu abayisigidi futhi kufe ingxenye yesigidi sabantu.
However, via strict quarantine and isolation, the disease has eventually been put under control.
Nokho, ngenxa yokuzivalela nokuzihlukanisa okuqinile, isifo sigcine silawuliwe.
It is possible, similar to SARS-CoV, that SARS-CoV-2 might become weaker in infectivity and eventually die down or become a less pathogenic virus co-existent with humans.
Kungenzeka, njenge-SARS-CoV, ukuthi i-SARS-CoV-2 ingase ibe buthaka ingabi namandla futhi ekugcineni iphele noma ibe igciwane elingagulisi kakhulu elikwazi ukuphilisana nabantu.
A comparison of the epidemic of COVID-19 with that of SARS and MERS is provided below (Fig. ​(Fig.55).
Ukuqhathaniswa komqedazwe we-COVID-19 nalowo we-SARS kanye ne-MERS kunikezwa ngezansi (Umfa. ​(Umfa.55).
SARS-CoV-2 is highly transmittable through coughing or sneezing, and possibly also through direct contact with materials contaminated by the virus.
I-SARS-CoV-2 ithelelana kakhulu ngokukhwehlela noma ukuthimula, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ngokuthintana okuqondile nezinto ezinegciwane.
The virus was also found in feces, which raises a new possibility of feces-to-mouth transmission.
Igciwane laphinde futhi latholwa endleni, okuveza ithuba elisha lokudluliselwa okusuka endleni kuye emlonyeni.
A recent study on 138 cases reported that 41% of the cases were possibly caused by nosocomial infections, including 17 patients with other prior diseases and 40 health-care providers.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva lweziguli ezingu-138 lwabika ukuthi u-41% weziguli kungenzeka ukuthi zatheleleka ezibhedlela, okuhlanganisa iziguli ezingu-17 ezazivele ziphethwe ezinye izifo ngaphambilini kanye nabanakekeli bezempilo abangu-40.
Thus, great precaution should be used to protect humans, especially health-care providers, social workers, family members, colleagues, and even bystanders in contact with patients or infected people.
Ngenxa yalokho, kufanele kusetshenziswe ukuqapha okukhulu ukuze kuvikelwe abantu, ikakhulukazi abahlinzeki bokunakekelwa kwezempilo, osonhlalakahle, amalungu omndeni, ozakwabo, ngisho nabantu abame eduze kweziguli noma abantu abathelelekile.
The first line of defense that could be used to lower the risk of infection is through wearing face masks; both the use of surgical masks and N95 respirator masks (series # 1860s) helps control the spread of viruses.
Umugqa wokuqala wokuvikeleka ongase usetshenziswe ukuze kwehliswe ubungozi bokutheleleka uwukugqoka amamaski obuso; kokubili ukusetshenziswa kwemaski yokuhlinzwa kanye namamaski e-N95 respirator (uchungechunge # 1860s) kusiza ukulawula ukubhebhetheka kwamagciwane.
Surgical face masks prevent liquid droplets from a potentially infected individual from traveling through the air or sticking onto surfaces of materials, where they could be passed on to others.
Amamaski obuso okuhlinza avimba amaconsana awuketshezi avela kumuntu okungenzeka ukuthi uthelelekile ukuthi angahambi ngomoya futhi anamathele ebusweni bezinto, lapho engadluliselwa khona kwabanye abantu.
However, only N95 (series # 1860s) masks can protect against the inhalation of virions as small as 10 to 80 nm, with only 5% of the virions being able to penetrate completely; SARS-CoV-2 is similar to SARS-CoV in size and both are approximately 85 nm.
Nokho, amamaski e-N95 (uchungechunge # 1860s) kuphela angakwazi ukukuvikela ekuhogeleni ama-virion amancane ngo-10 kuye ku-80 nm, kuyilapho u-5% kuphela wama-virion okwazi ukudlula ngokuphelele; i-SARS-CoV-2 inosayizi ofanayo nowe-SARS-CoV kokubili kucishe kube ngu-85 nm.
Since particles can penetrate even five surgical masks stacked together, health-care providers in direct contact with patients must wear N95 (series # 1860s) masks but not surgical masks.
Njengoba izinhlayiya zikwazi ukudlula kumamaski okuhlinza amahlanu ahlanganisiwe, abahlinzeki bezempilo abasebenza ngokuqondile neziguli kumelwe bagqoke amamaski e-N95 (uchungechunge # 1860s) hhayi amamaski okuhlinza.
In addition to masks, health-care providers should wear fitted isolation gowns in order to further reduce contact with viruses.
Ngaphezu kwamamaski, abahlinzeki bokunakekelwa kwezempilo kufanele bagqoke amagawuni okuzivikela abalingana kahle ukuze kuncishiswe ngokwengeziwe ukuthintana namagciwane.
Viruses can also infect an individual through the eyes.
Amagciwane angakwazi ukungena kumuntu ngamehlo.
On January 22, 2020, a doctor was infected with SARS-CoV-2 although he wore an N95 mask; the virus might have entered his body through his inflammatory eyes.
Ngo-January 22, 2020, udokotela watheleleka nge-SARS-CoV-2 nakuba ayegqoke imaski ye-N95; igciwane kungenzeka ukuthi langena emzimbeni wakhe ngokuthi lingene emehlweni akhe avuvukele.
Thus, health-care providers should also wear transparent face shields or goggles while working with patients.
Ngenxa yalokho, abahlinzeki bokunakekelwa kwezempilo kufanele futhi bagqoke izivikeli zobuso ezingakwazi ukukubonisa noma izibuko ngenkathi besebenza ngeziguli.
For the general public in affected or potentially affected areas, it is highly suggested that everybody wash their hands with disinfectant soaps more often than usual, try to stay indoors for self-quarantine and limit contact with potentially infected individuals.
Kumphakathi ovamile ezindaweni ezithintekile noma okungenzeka ukuthi zithintekile, kutuswa kakhulu ukuthi wonke umuntu ageze izandla zakhe ngensipho ekhucululayo izikhathi eziningi kunokuvamile, azame ukuhlala endlini ukuze azivalele futhi akhawule ukuxhumana nabantu okungenzeka ukuthi bathelelekile.
Three feet is considered an appropriate distance for people to stay away from a patient.
Ibanga elingamagxathu amathathu libhekwa njengebanga elifanele lokuthi abantu baqele kude neziguli.
These actions are effective methods to lower the risk of infection as well as prevent the spread of the virus.
Lezi zinyathelo ziyizindlela ezisebenzayo zokunciphisa ingozi yokungenwa isifo kanye nokuvimba ukusakazeka kwegciwane.
Although SARS-CoV-2 came as a new virus to the human world, its high homology to SARS-CoV as reported on 7 January 2020 should have caused high alert to China based on her deep memory of the SARS outbreak in 2003.
Nakuba i-SARS-CoV-2 yafika njengegciwane elisha emhlabeni wabantu, ukuba kwayo nesakhiwo esifanayo ne-SARS-CoV njengoba kwabikwa ngo-7 January 2020 kwakufanele kube isixwayiso e-China ngenxa yokuthi yayisakukhumbula ukubheduka kwe-SARS ngo-2003.
However, not until 19 January 2020 did the director of the Center of Disease Control of Wuhan comfort the citizens by saying that the novel virus has low contagiousness and limited reproductivity from human to human and that it is not a problem to prevent and contain the disease.
Nokho, kwaze kwaba u-19 January 2020 umqondisi we-Center of Disease Control e-Wuhan eqinisekisa izakhamuzi ukuthi igciwane elisha linokuthathelana okuncane futhi linokukhiqizeka kabusha okuncane lapho lisuka komunye umuntu liye komunye nokuthi akuyona inkinga ukuvimba nokulawula isifo.
This message remarkably relaxed the alarm of the public, especially when the entire country was preparing for the Spring Festival, and the critical time was missed to contain the disease at its minimal scale in Wuhan.
Lo myalezo wenza umphakathi ukuthi ungaxwayi, ikakhulukazi lapho lonke izwe lalilungiselela i-Spring Festival, futhi baphuthelwa isikhathi esibucayi sokulawula igciwane ngenkathi lingakabhebhetheki lisase-Wuhan.
The disease control agencies in China may take this hard lesson and make critical improvements in the future.
Ama-ejensi okulawula isifo ase-China angase afunde kulesi sifundo esibucayi futhi enze intuthuko ebalulekile esikhathini esizayo.
For example, these agencies should be (1) more careful when making public announcements as every word counts to citizens and can change their attitude and decisions; (2) more sensitive and reactive to unusual information from clinics rather than waiting for formal reports from doctors or officials; (3) more restrictive to contain a potential epidemic at its early stage rather than attempting to comfort the public; and (4) more often to issue targeted and effective drills to increase the public's awareness about epidemic diseases and to test and improve the response system of the society periodically.
Ngokwesibonelo, lawa ma-ejensi kufanele (1) acophelele kakhudlwana lapho enza izimemezelo zomphakathi njengoba igama ngalinye libalulekile kuzakhamuzi futhi lingashintsha izimo zawo zengqondo kanye nezinqumo; (2) azwele futhi asabele kakhudlwana kulwazi olungajwayelekile oluvela emtholampilo kunokuba alinde imibiko egunyaziwe evela kodokotela noma izikhulu; (3) avimbe kakhudlwana ukuze alawule okungase kube umqedazwe ngenkathi kusasesigabeni sako sokuqala kunokuba bazame ukududuza umphakathi; futhi (4) enze kaningi amadrili aqondiswayo nasebenzayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqapha komphakathi mayelana nezifo ezingumqedazwe futhi kuhlolwe futhi kuthuthukiswe isistimu yokusabela komphakathi nezikhathi ezithile.
The outbreak of COVID-19 caused by the novel virus SARS-CoV-2 started in the end of December 2019.
Ukubheduka kwe-COVID-19 okubangelwe igciwane elisha le-SARS-CoV-2 ekupheleni kuka-December 2019.
In less than two months, it has spread all over China and near 50 other countries globally at the time of this writing.
Ezinyangeni ezingaphansi kwezimbili, selisakazekele kulo lonke elase-China kanye nakwamanye amazwe acishe abe ngu-50 emhlabeni wonke ngesikhathi kubhalwa lokhu.
Since the virus is very similar to SARS-CoV and the symptoms are also similar between COVID-19 and SARS, the outbreak of COVID-19 has created a sense of SARS recurring.
Njengoba igciwane lifana kakhulu ne-SARS-CoV futhi nezimpawu ziyafana futhi phakathi kwe-COVID-19 ne-SARS, ukubheduka kwe-COVID-19 kudale umuzwa wokuthi i-SARS iyaphinda.
However, there are some remarkable differences between COVID-19 and SARS, which are essential for containing the epidemic and treating the patients.
Nokho, kukhona ukuhluka okuphawulekayo phakathi kwe-COVID-19 ne-SARS, okubalulekile ukuze kulawulwe umqedazwe kanye nokwelashwa kweziguli.
COVID-19 affects more elderly individuals than youth and more men than women, and the severity and death rate are also higher in elderly individual than in youth.
I-COVID-19 ithinta abantu adala abaningi kunetsha kanye nabantu besilisa abaningi kunabantu besifazane, futhi ubucayi nezinga lokufa liphinde libe phezulu kubantu abadala kunasentsheni.
SARS has higher mortality than COVID-19 (10.91% versus 1.44%).
I-SARS inezinga lokufa eliphakeme kune-COVID-19 (u-10.91% uqhathaniswa no-1.44%).
COVID-19 patients transmit the virus even when they are symptomless whereas SARS patients do so usually when they are severely ill, which causes much greater difficulty to contain the spread of COVID-19 than SARS.
Iziguli ze-COVID-19 zidlulisa igciwane ngisho nalapho zingenazo izimpawu kuyilapho iziguli eziphethwe i-SARS zilidlulisela uma sezigula kakhulu, okubangela inkinga enkulu nakakhulu yokulawula ukubhebhetheka kwe-COVID-19 kune-SARS.
This partially explains why SARS-CoV-2 spread much faster and broader than SARS-CoV.
Lokhu kuchaza ngokwengxenye isizathu esenza ukuthi i-SARS-CoV-2 ibhebhetheke ngokushesha kakhulu nakabanzi kune-SARS-CoV.
The regular RNA assay for SARS-CoV-2 can be negative in some COVID-19 patients.
Ukuhlaziywa okuvamile kwe-RNA ye-SARS-CoV-2 kungase kube negethivu kwezinye iziguli ze-COVID-19.
On the other hand, cured patients can be positive for the virus again.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iziguli ezilashiwe zingase ziphinde zibe phozithivu lapho kuhlolwa igciwane.
These findings dramatically increase the risk of virus spreading.
Lokhu okutholiwe kunyusa kakhulu ubungozi bokubhebhetheka kwegciwane.
Given such rapid progress in research on COVID-19, several critical issues remain to be solved, as follows:
Njengoba kunenqubekela-phambili esheshayo kucwaningo lwe-COVID-19, kusele izinkinga ezimbalwa ezibucayi okudingeka ukuthi zixazululwe, ezihlanganisa ukuthi:
Where did SARS-CoV-2 come from?
Iqhamuka kuphi i-SARS-CoV-2?
Although 96% genetic homolog was found between SARS-CoV-2 and two bat SARS-like CoVs, we still cannot conclude that SARS-CoV-2 is from bats.
Nakuba kwathola ukuthi kunokufana okungu-96% kwesakhiwo sezakhi zofuzo phakathi kwe-SARS-CoV-2 kanye nama-CoV amabili amalulwane afana ne-SARS, asikwazi ukuphetha ngokuthi i-SARS-CoV-2 iqhamuka emalulwaneni.
What animal was the intermediate species to transmit the virus from the original host, say bats, to humans?
Yisiphi isilwane esasimaphakathi nendawo esadlulisela igciwane ukusuka kumbungazi wokuqala, ake sithi amalulwane, ukuya kubantu?
Without knowing answers to #1 and 2, we cannot efficiently cut the transmission, and the outbreak can relapse at any time.
Uma singazazi izimpendulo zika-#1 no-2, asikwazi ukunqamula ngempumelelo ukudluliswa, futhi ukubheduka kungaba kubi nakakhulu nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
Although molecular modeling and biochemical assays have demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2, how exactly does the virus enter the airway cells and cause subsequent pathological changes?
Nakuba amamodeli amangqamuzana kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-biochemical kubonise ukuthi i-SARS-CoV-2 inamathela ku-ACE2, igciwane lingena kanjani ngempela kumaseli omgudu wokuphefumula futhi libangele izinguquko ezibangela ukugula okuwumphumela?
Does the virus also bind ACE2-expressing cells in other organs?
Ingabe igciwane liphinde linamathele kumaseli abonisa i-ACE2 kwezinye izitho zomzimba?
Without clear answers to these questions, we cannot achieve fast and accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.
Ngaphandle kwezimpendulo ezicacile zale mibuzo, asikwazi ukufinyelela ukuxilongwa okusheshayo nokunembile kanye nokwelashwa okusebenzayo.
How long will the epidemic last?
Umqedazwe uzoqhubeka isikhathi eside kangakanani?
How is the virus genetically evolving during transmission among humans?
Izakhi zofuzo zegciwane zishintsha kanjani phakathi nokuthelelana phakathi kwabantu?
Will it become a pandemic worldwide, die down like SARS or relapse periodically like the flu?
Ingabe lizoba ubhubhane lomhlaba wonke, ingabe lizophela njenge-SARS noma lizoba libi nakakhulu ngezikhathi ezithile njengomkhuhlane?
It is essential but may take some time to search for answers to the above and many other questions.
Kubalulekile kodwa kungase kuthathe isikhathi esithile ukucinga izimpendulo zemibuzo engenhla kanye neminye imibuzo eminingi.
However, with whatever expense it may demand, we have no other choice but to stop the epidemic as soon as possible and bring our life back to normal.
Nokho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuzodingeka izindleko ezingakanani, asinakho okunye ukukhetha ngaphandle kokuvimba umqedazwe ngokushesha ngokunokwenzeka futhi sibuyisele izimpilo zethu esimweni esivamile.
Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses
Imisuka yegciwane elisuka ezilwaneni liye kubantu yama-coronavirus abantu
Mutation and adaptation have driven the co-evolution of coronaviruses (CoVs) and their hosts, including human beings, for thousands of years.
Ushintsho nokuvumelana nesimo kukhuthaze i-co-evolution yama-coronavirus (ama-CoV) kanye nombungazi wawo, okuhlanganisa abantu, izinkulungwane zeminyaka.
Before 2003, two human CoVs (HCoVs) were known to cause mild illness, such as common cold.
Ngaphambi kuka-2003, ama-CoV amabili wabantu (ama-HCoV) waye aziwa njengebangela ukugula okuncane, njengomkhuhlane ovamile.
The outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) have flipped the coin to reveal how devastating and life-threatening an HCoV infection could be.
Ukubheduka kwe-severe acute respiratory syndrome (I-SARS) kanye ne-Middle East respiratory syndrome (I-MERS) kushintshe isimo ukuze kubonise ukuthi isifo se-HCoV singabangela umonakalo omkhulu futhi sisongele ukuphila kakhulu kangakanani.
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in central China at the end of 2019 has thrusted CoVs into the spotlight again and surprised us with its high transmissibility but reduced pathogenicity compared to its sister SARS-CoV.
Ukuvela kwe-SARS-CoV-2 e-China emaphakathi ekupheleni kuka-2019 kuphinde kwabeka ama-CoV eshashalazini futhi yasimangaza ngokutheleleka okuphakeme kodwa nge-pathogenicity encishisiwe uma iqhathaniswa nodadewabo i-SARS-CoV.
HCoV infection is a zoonosis and understanding the zoonotic origins of HCoVs would serve us well.
Isifo se-HCoV siyi-zoonosis futhi ukuqonda imisuka ye-zoonotic yama-HCoV kungasisiza.
Most HCoVs originated from bats where they are non-pathogenic.
Ama-HCoV amaningi aqhamuka kumalulwane futhi awakubangeli ukugula kuwona.
The intermediate reservoir hosts of some HCoVs are also known.
Ababungazi abamaphakathi bamanye ama-HCoV nabo bayaziwa.
Identifying the animal hosts has direct implications in the prevention of human diseases.
Ukuhlonza ababungazi abayizilwane kunemiphumela eqondile ekuvinjweni kwezifo zabantu.
Investigating CoV-host interactions in animals might also derive important insight on CoV pathogenesis in humans.
Ukucwaninga ukusebenzelana kombungazi we-CoV ezilwaneni kungase kuveze ukuqonda okubalulekile mayelana nokwakheka kwe-CoV kubantu.
In this review, we present an overview of the existing knowledge about the seven HCoVs, with a focus on the history of their discovery as well as their zoonotic origins and interspecies transmission.
Kulesi sibuyekezo, sethula isifinyezo solwazi olukhona kakade mayelana nama-HCoV ayisikhombisa, futhi sizogxila emlandweni wokutholwa kwawo kanye nomsuka wawo we-zoonotic kanye nokuthelelana kwezidalwa ezihlukahlukene.
Importantly, we compare and contrast the different HCoVs from a perspective of virus evolution and genome recombination.
Okubaluleke nakakhulu, siqhathanisa futhi sihlukanise ama-HCoV ahlukene ngokombono wokushintsha kwegciwane kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezakhi zofuzo.
The current CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic is discussed in this context.
Umqedazwe wamanje wesifo se-CoV ka-2019 (I-COVID-19) kuxoxwa ngawo kulo mongo.
In addition, the requirements for successful host switches and the implications of virus evolution on disease severity are also highlighted.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimfuneko zokushintsha kombungazi ngempumelelo kanye nemiphumela yokushintsha kwegciwane ekubeni bucayi kwesifo nayo iyagqanyiswa.
Coronaviruses (CoVs) belong to the family Coronaviridae, which comprises a group of enveloped, positive-sensed, single-stranded RNA viruses.
Ama-Coronavirus (ama-CoV) ayingxenye yomndeni we-Coronaviridae, owakhiwa iqembu lamagciwane elivalelekile, elinomuzwa-ophozithivu, elinomucu-owodwa we-RNA.
These viruses harbouring the largest genome of 26 to 32 kilobases amongst RNA viruses were termed “CoVs” because of their crown-like morphology under electron microscope.
Lawa magciwane aqukethe i-genome enkulu kunawo wonke engu-26 kuye ku-32 kilobases phakathi kwamagciwane e-RNA abizwa ngokuthi “ama-CoV” ngenxa ye-morphology yawo efana nomqhele ngaphansi kwe-microscope ye-electron.
Structurally, CoVs have non-segmented genomes that share a similar organization.
Ngokwesakhiwo, ama-CoV anama-genome angenazo izingxenye anokuhleleka okufanayo.
Approximately two thirds of the genome contain two large overlapping open reading frames (ORF1a and ORF1b), which are translated into the pp1a and pp1ab replicase polyproteins.
Cishe izingxenye ezintathu ze-genome zinamafreyimu okufunda avulekile amabili amakhulu agibelene (ORF1a ne-ORF1b), ahunyushwe ukuze abe ama-replicase polyprotein e-pp1a ne-pp1ab.
The polyproteins are further processed to generate 16 non-structural proteins, designated nsp1~16.
Ama-polyprotein acutshungulwa ngokwengeziwe ukuze akhe amaphrotheni engeziwe angu-16 angenaso isakhiwo, abizwa ngokuthi i-nsp1~16.
The remaining portion of the genome contains ORFs for the structural proteins, including spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M) and nucleoprotein (N).
Ingxenye esele ye-genome iqukethe ama-ORF amaphrotheni esakhiwo, okuhlanganisa i-spike (S), imvilophu (E), i-membrane (M) ne-nucleoprotein (N).
A number of lineage-specific accessory proteins are also encoded by different lineages of CoVs.
Inani lamaphrotheni ezinsiza eziqondene nohlu nalo linekhodi yezinhlu ezihlukahlukene zama-CoV.
Based on the difference in protein sequences, CoVs are classified into four genera (alpha-CoV, beta-CoV, gamma-CoV and delta-CoV), among which the beta-CoV genera contains most HCoVs and is subdivided into four lineages (A, B, C and D).
Ngokusekelwe kumehluko wokulandelana kwamaphrotheni, ama-CoV afakwa ngokwezigaba zemikhakha emine (i-alpha-CoV, i-beta-CoV, i-gamma-CoV ne-delta-CoV), lapho umkhakha we-beta-CoV uqukethe iningi lama-HCoV futhi uhlukaniswe waba izinhlu ezine (A, B, C no-D).
Phylogenetic evidence has shown that bats and rodents serve as the gene source of most alpha-CoVs and beta-CoVs, while birds are the main reservoir of gamma-CoVs and delta-CoVs.
Ubufakazi be-phylogenetic bubonise ukuthi amalulwane namagundane awumthombo wezakhi zofuzo zama-alpha-CoV kanye nama-beta-CoV, kuyilapho izinyoni ziwumthombo wama-gamma-CoV nama-delta-CoV.
For thousands of years, CoVs have constantly crossed species barriers and some have emerged as important human pathogens.
Sekunezinkulungwane zeminyaka, ama-CoV eqa ngokuqhubekayo imingcele yezidalwa futhi iningi lawo liphenduke ama-pathogen abalulekile kubantu.
To date, seven human CoVs (HCoVs) are known.
Kuze kube manje, kwaziwa ama-CoV abantu (HCoVs) ayisikhombisa.
Among them HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63 are alpha-CoVs.
Phakathi kwawo i-HCoV-229E ne-HCoV-NL63 angama-alpha-CoV.
The other five beta-CoVs include HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2.
Amanye ama-beta-CoV ayisihlanu abandakanya i-HCoV-OC43, i-HCoV-HKU1, i-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), i-Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) ne-SARS-CoV-2.
HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-NL63 usually cause mild symptoms, like common cold and/or diarrhea.
I-HCoV-229E, i-HCoV-OC43, i-HCoV-HKU1 ne-HCoV-NL63 ngokuvamile kubangela izimpawu ezincane, njengomkhuhlane ovamile kanye/noma isifo sohudo.
In contrast, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and the newly-identified SARS-CoV-2 are highly pathogenic, causing severe lower respiratory tract infection in relatively more patients with a higher chance to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and extrapulmonary manifestations.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-SARS-CoV, i-MERS-CoV kanye ne-SARS-CoV-2 esanda kutholwa kubangela ukugula okukhulu, okubangela isifo esibucayi somgudu ongezansi wokuphefumula ezigulini eziningi kakhulu okubangela ithuba eliphakeme lokwakheka kwe-acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) nezinye izifo ezenzeka ngaphandle kwamaphaphu.
The first HCoV-229E strain, B814, was isolated from the nasal discharge of patients with common cold in mid-1960s.
Uhlobo lokuqala lwe-HCoV-229E, i-B814, lwahlukaniswa kokwakuphuma emakhaleni eziguli ezinomkhuhlane ovamile maphakathi nawo-1960.
Since then, more knowledge was accumulated through extensive studies on HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, both of which cause self-limiting symptoms.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kwatholwa ulwazi olwengeziwe ngezincwaningo eziningiliziwe ze-HCoV-229E kanye ne-HCoV-OC43, kokubili okubangela izimpawu ezizikhawulayo.
Indeed, the concept had been widely accepted that infection with HCoVs is generally harmless until the outbreak of SARS.
Empeleni, kwakwamukelwe umbono wokuthi ukuphathwa ama-HCoV ngokuvamile akunabo ubungozi kwaze kwaba yilapho kubheduka i-SARS.
The SARS outbreak occurred in 2003 is one of the most devastating in current history, infecting over 8,000 people with a crude case fatality of approximately 10%.
Ukubheduka kwe-SARS okwenzeka ngo-2003 kungokunye okudabukisa kakhulu emlandweni wamanje, yagulisa abantu abangaphezu kuka-8,000 futhi yayinezinga lokufa elicishe libe ngu-10%.
Ten years later, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak resulted in a persistent epidemic in the Arabian Peninsula with sporadic spreading to the rest of the world.
Eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, ukubheduka kwe-Middle East respiratory syndrome (I-MERS) kwaphumela kumqedazwe oqhubekayo e-Arabian Peninsula okunokubhebhetheka okwenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba.
The 2019 novel HCoV (2019-nCoV), which has subsequently been renamed SARS-CoV-2, is the causative agent of the ongoing epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has claimed more than 3,120 lives and infected more than 91,000 people as of March 3, 2020.
I-HCoV entsha ka-2019 (2019-nCoV), kamuva eqanjwe ngokuthi i-SARS-CoV-2, iyi-ejenti eyimbangela yomqedazwe oqhubekayo wesifo se-coronavirus ka-2019 (COVID-19), esibulale abantu abangaphezu kuka-3,120 futhi yathelela abantu abangaphezu kuka-91,000 ngo-March 3, 2020.
The alarm has been ringing and the world has to prepare for the coming pandemic of SARS-CoV-2.
I-alamu ibilokhu ikhala futhi umhlaba kufanele ulungele ubhubhane oluzayo lwe-SARS-CoV-2.
All seven HCoVs have a zoonotic origin from bats, mice or domestic animals.
Wonke ama-HCoV ayisikhombisa anomsuka we-zoonotic osuka kumalulwane, amagundane noma izilwane ezifuywayo.
Multiple lines of evidence support an evolutionary origin of all HCoVs from bats, where viruses are well adapted and non-pathogenic but show great genetic diversity.
Ubufakazi obuningi busekela umsuka wokuziphendukela kwawo wonke ama-HCoV ukusuka kumalulwane, lapho amagciwane ezivumelanise khona kahle nesimo futhi engakubangeli ukugula kodwa ebonisa ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo okuningi.
The COVID-19 epidemic has presented enormous medical, scientific, social and moral challenges to China and the world.
Umqedazwe we-COVID-19 ubeke izinselele ezinkulu zokwelashwa, zesayensi, zomphakathi nezezimilo e-China nasemhlabeni.
Tracing the zoonotic origins of HCoVs provides a framework to understand the natural history, driving force and restriction factors of species jumping.
Ukulandelela imisuka ye-zoonotic yama-HCoV kunikeza uhlaka lokuqonda umlando ongokwemvelo, amandla ashukumisayo nezici zokukhawula zokugxuma kwezidalwa.
This might also guide or facilitate the search for the reservoir, intermediate and amplifying animal host(s) of SARS-CoV-2, with important implications in the prevention of future spillovers.
Lokhu kungaphinde futhi kuqondise noma kusize ekucingeni imbangela, okumaphakathi kanye nokwenziwa kwamakhophi esilwane esingumbungazi(ezingumbungazi) se-SARS-CoV-2, okuzoba nemithelela ebalulekile ekuvinjweni kokuyidlulisela esikhathini esizayo.
In this review we present an overview of the zoonotic origins, interspecies transmission and pathogenesis of HCoVs.
Kulesi sibuyekezo sethula isifinyezo semisuka ye-zoonotic, ukuthelelana kwezidalwa ezihlukene kanye ne-pathogenesis yama-HCoV.
Particularly, we highlight and discuss the common theme that parental viruses of HCoVs are typically non-pathogenic in their natural reservoir hosts but become pathogenic after interspecies transmission to a new host.
Ikakhulukazi, sigqamisa futhi sixoxe ngetimu efanayo yokuthi amagciwane angumzali wama-HCoV ngokuvamile awakubangeli ukugula kumbungazi wawo ongokwemvelo kodwa abangela ukugula ngemva kokuthi kuthelelane izidalwa ezihlukahlukene nombungazi omusha.
We also review the trend of HCoV evolution in which the increase in transmissibility often comes with the decrease in pathogenicity.
Siphinde futhi sibuyekeze ithrendi yokuziphendukela kwe-HCoV lapho ukwanda kokuthelelana kuvame ukufika nokwehla kwe-pathogenicity.
The outcome of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 outbreak is also discussed in this context.
Imiphumela yokubheduka kwe-SARS-CoV-2 eqhubekayo kuphinde kuxoxwe ngayo kulo mongo.
Animal CoVs have been known since late 1930s.
Ama-CoV ezilwane abelokhu aziwa kusukela ekupheleni kwawo-1930.
Before the first isolation of HCoV-229E strain B814 from the nasal discharge of patients who had contracted common cold, different CoVs had been isolated in various infected animals, including turkey, mouse, cow, pig, cat and dog.
Ngaphambi kokuhlukaniswa kokuqala kohlobo lwe-HCoV-229E oluthi B814 kulokho okwaphuma emakhaleni eziguli ezazithole umkhuhlane ovamile, ama-CoV ahlukene ayehlukanisiwe kuzilwane ezithelelekile ezinhlobonhlobo, okuhlanganisa igalikuni, igundane, inkomo, ingulube, ikati nenja.
In the past decades, seven HCoVs have been identified.
Emashumini eminyaka edlule, kutholwe ama-HCoV ayisikhombisa.
A brief summary of the history of HCoV discovery in chronological order (Table ​1) would be informative and instructive.
Isifinyezo esifushane somlando wokutholwa kwama-HCoV ngokulandelana kwawo (Ithebula ​1) ungase uzuzise futhi ufundise.
The first HCoV-229E strain was isolated from the respiratory tract of patients with upper respiratory tract infection in the year of 1966, and was subsequently adapted to grow in WI-38 lung cell lines.
Uhlobo lokuqala lwe-HCoV-229E lwahlukaniswa kumgudu wokuphefumula weziguli ezinesifo sokuphefumula somgudu ongenhla ngonyaka ka-1966, futhi lwamukelwa ukuze lukhule emigqeni yamaseli amaphaphu e-WI-38.
Patients infected with HCoV-229E presented with common cold symptoms, including headache, sneezing, malaise and sore-throat, with fever and cough seen in 10~20% cases.
Iziguli eziphethwe i-HCoV-229E zazinezimpawu zomkhuhlane ovamile, okubandakanya ikhanda elibuhlungu, ukuthimula, i-malaise nomphimbo obuhlungu, futhi imfiva nokukhwehlela kwabonwa kuzigameko ezingu-10~20%.
Later in 1967, HCoV-OC43 was isolated from organ culture and subsequent serial passage in brains of suckling mice.
Kamuva ngo-1967, i-HCoV-OC43 yahlukanisa esithweni sesicubu kanye nomgudu wochungechunge olulandelayo ebuchosheni bamagundane ancelayo.
The clinical features of HCoV-OC43 infection appear to be similar to those caused by HCoV-229E, which are symptomatically indistinguishable from infection with other respiratory tract pathogens such as influenza A viruses and rhinoviruses.
Izici zokwelashwa zesifo se-HCoV-OC43 zibonakala zifana nalezo ezibangelwa yi-HCoV-229E, eyayingahlukaniseki ngokwezimpawu ekuthelelekeni ngezinye izifo zomgudu wokuphefumula ezifana namagciwane emfuluwenza A kanye nama-rhinoviruse.
Both HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 are distributed globally, and they tend to be predominantly transmitted during the season of winter in temperate climate.
Kokubili i-HCoV-229E kanye ne-HCoV-OC43 kusakazeke embulungeni yonke, futhi kuvame ukuthelelana phakathi nenkathi yasebusika esimweni sezulu esikahle.
Generally, the incubation time of these two viruses is less than one week, followed by an approximately 2-week illness.
Ngokuvamile, isikhathi sokufukanyelwa salawa magciwane amabili singaphansi kweviki elilodwa, kulandele cishe amaviki angu-2 okugula.
According to a human volunteer study, healthy individuals infected with HCoV-229E developed mild common cold.
Ngokocwaningo lwamavolontiya angabantu, abantu abaphile kahle abaphethwe i-HCoV-229E babhekana nomkhuhlane omncane ovamile.
Only a few immunocompromised patients exhibited severe lower respiratory tract infection.
Iziguli ezimbalwa kuphela ezinamasosha omzimba acindezelekile ezabonisa ukuba nesifo esibucayi somgudu wokuphefumula ongezansi.
SARS, also known as “atypical pneumonia”, was the first well documented HCoV-caused pandemic in human history and the etiological agent is SARS-CoV, the third HCoV discovered.
I-SARS, ephinde yaziwe ngokuthi “inyumoniya engavamile”, yaba ubhubhane lokuqala olubangelwa i-HCoV oluqoshiwe emlandweni wabantu futhi iyi-ejenti eyimbangela ye-SARS-CoV, i-HCoV yesithathu etholiwe.
The first case of SARS can be traced back to late 2002 in Guangdong Province of China.
Ukugula kokuqala okubangelwa yi-SARS kungakwazi ukulandelelwa kufike ekupheleni kuka-2002 e-Guangdong Province yase-China.
The SARS epidemic resulted in 8,096 reported cases with 774 deaths, spreading across many countries and continents.
Umqedazwe we-SARS waholela embikweni wabantu abagulayo abangu-8,096 nabantu abangu-774 abafile, abasakazeke emazweni nasemazwekazini amaningi.
Apart from the super-spreaders, it was estimated that each case could give rise to approximately two secondary cases, with an incubation period of 4 to 7 days and the peak of viral load appearing on the 10th day of illness.
Ngaphandle kwababhebhethekisi abakhulu, kwalinganiselwa ukuthi isigameko ngasinye sasingabangela ezinye izigameko ezingaba zimbili, ngenkathi yokufukanyelwa yezinsuku ezingu-4 ukuya ku-7 futhi ukuphakama komthamo wegciwane kwavela osukwini lwe-10 lokugula.
Patients infected with SARS-CoV initially present with myalgia, headache, fever, malaise and chills, followed by dyspnea, cough and respiratory distress as late symptoms.
Iziguli ezitheleleke nge-SARS-CoV ekuqaleni zazibonakala ziphethwe i-myalgia, ikhanda elibuhlungu, imfiva, i-malaise kanye nomkhuhlane, olandelwa yi-dyspnea, ukukhwehlela kanye nengcindezi yokuphefumula njengezimpawu zakamuva.
Lymphopenia, deranged liver function tests, and elevated creatine kinase are common laboratory abnormalities of SARS.
I-lymphopenia, ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwesibindi okungalungile, kanye ne-creatine kinase ephakeme kuphakathi kwezinto ezingajwayelekile zaselabhorethri ezivamile ngenxa ye-SARS.
Diffuse alveolar damage, epithelial cell proliferation and an increase of macrophages are also observed in SARS patients.
Ukusakazeka komonakalo we-alveolar, ukubhoboka kweseli le-epithelial kanye nokwanda kwama-macrophage kuphawuliwe ezigulini ze-SARS.
Approximately 20-30% of patients subsequently require intensive care and mechanical ventilation.
Cishe iziguli ezingu-20-30% zidinga ukunakekelwa okubucayi nokufakwa komoya ngomshini.
In addition to lower respiratory tract, multiple organs including gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidney can also be infected in these severe cases, usually accompanied with a cytokine storm, which might be lethal particularly in immunocompromised patients.
Ngaphezu komgudu wokuphefumula ongezansi, izitho zomzimba eziningi ezibandakanya umgudu we-gastrointestinal, isibindi nezinso nazo zingatheleleka kulezi zimo ezibucayi, ngokuvamile ezihambisana nesiphepho se-cytokine, esingase sibulale ikakhulukazi ezigulini ezinamasosha omzimba afakwe engcupheni.
The virus was first isolated from the open lung biopsy of a relative of the index patient who travelled to Hong Kong from Guangzhou.
Igciwane laqala lahlukaniswa ekuhlinzweni kwamaphaphu okuvulekile kwesihlobo sesiguli sokuqala esahamba saya e-Hong Kong sisuka e-Guangzhou.
Since then, tremendous efforts have been dedicated to HCoV research.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kuye kwenziwa imizamo emikhulu ephathelene nocwaningo lwe-HCoV.
HCoV-NL63 was isolated from a 7-month-old child from the Netherlands during late 2004.
I-HCoV-NL63 yahlukaniswa enganeni enezinyanga ezingu-7 ubudala yase-Netherlands ngasekupheleni kuka-2004.
It was initially found to be prevalent in young children, the elderly and immunocompromised patients with respiratory illnesses.
Kwaqale kwatholwa ukuthi yayandile ezinganeni ezincane, kubantu asebekhulile neziguli ezinamasosha omzimba afakwe engcupheni ezinezifo zokuphefumula.
Presentation of coryza, conjunctivitis, fever, and bronchiolitis is common in the disease caused by HCoV-NL63.
Ukutholakala kwe-coryza, i-conjunctivitis, imfiva, kanye ne-bronchiolitis kuyinto evamile esifweni esibangelwa yi-HCoV-NL63.
Another independent study described the isolation of the same virus from a nasal specimen from an 8-month-old boy suffering from pneumonia in the Netherlands.
Olunye ucwaningo oluzimele lachaza ukuhlukaniswa kwegciwane elifanayo elisuka kusicubu samakhala somfana onezinyanga ezingu-8 ubudala ophethwe inyumoniya e-Netherlands.
Although it was identified in Netherlands, it is actually distributed globally.
Nakuba yatholwa e-Netherlands, empeleni isakazeke emhlabeni wonke.
It has been estimated that HCoV-NL63 accounts for approximately 4.7% of common respiratory diseases, and its peak incidence occurs during early summer, spring and winter.
Kuye kwalinganiselwa ukuthi i-HCoV-NL63 imelele cishe u-4.7% wezifo ezivamile zokuphefumula, futhi isigameko sayo esiphakeme senzeka ekuqaleni kwehlobo, entwasahlobo nasebusika.
HCoV-NL63 is associated with obstructive laryngitis, also known as croup.
I-HCoV-NL63 ihlotshaniswa ne-obstructive laryngitis, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-croup.
In the same year, HCoV-HKU1 was isolated from a 71-year-old man who had been hospitalized with pneumonia and bronchiolitis in Hong Kong.
Ngonyaka ofanayo, i-HCoV-HKU1 yahlukaniswa kumuntu wesilisa oneminyaka engu-71 ubudala owayelaliswe esibhedlela ephethwe inyumoniya ne-bronchiolitis e-Hong Kong.
Besides community-acquired pneumonia and bronchiolitis, HCoV-HKU1 was reported to be associated with acute asthmatic exacerbation.
Ngaphandle kwenyumoniya etholakala emphakathini kanye ne-bronchiolitis, i-HCoV-HKU1 yabikwa ukuthi ihlobene ne-acute asthmatic exacerbation.
Similar to HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 was found worldwide, causing mild respiratory diseases.
Ngokufana ne-HCoV-NL63, i-HCoV-229E kanye ne-HCoV-OC43, i-HCoV-HKU1 yatholakala emhlabeni wonke, ibangela izifo zokuphefumula ezincane.
All these four community-acquired HCoVs have been well adapted to humans and are generally less likely to mutate to cause highly pathogenic diseases, though accidents did occur for unknown reasons as in the rare case of a more virulent subtype of HCoV-NL63, which has recently been reported to cause severe lower respiratory tract infection in China.
Wonke lawa ma-HCoV atholakala emphakathini azivumelanise kahle nabantu futhi ngokuvamile anamathuba amancane okushintsha ukuze abe izifo ezi-pathogenic kakhulu, nakuba izingozi zenzeka ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwa njengasesimweni esingavamile sohlobo olungaphansi lwe-HCoV-NL63 ebulala kakhulu, okubikwe ukuthi ibangela isifo esibucayi somgudu wokuphefumula ongezansi e-China.
Generally, when these HCoVs acquire the abilities to transmit efficiently and to maintain themselves continuously within humans, they also become less virulent or pathogenic.
Ngokuvamile, lapho lawa ma-HCoV ethola amakhono okuthelela kalula futhi azigcine esimweni ngokuqhubekayo ngaphakathi kwabantu, aphinde abulale noma abe-pathogenic kancane.
MERS-CoV was first isolated in 2012 from the lung of a 60-year-old patient who developed acute pneumonia and renal failure in Saudi Arabia.
I-MERS-CoV yaqale yahlukaniswa ngo-2012 ephashini lesiguli esineminyaka engu-60 ubudala esaphathwa inyumoniya ebucayi kanye nokuhluleka kwezinso e-Saudi Arabia.
Whereas most of the laboratory-confirmed cases originate from the Middle East, imported cases with occasional secondary spreads to close contacts have been reported in various European countries and Tunisia.
Nakuba iningi lezimo eziqinisekiswe elabhorethri zisuka e-Middle East, izimo ezingenisiwe zisakazekela kwabathintwayo abaseduze ababikwe emazweni ahlukahlukene ase-Europea nase-Tunisia.
Another secondary outbreak occurred in South Korea in 2015 with 186 confirmed cases.
Okunye ukubheduka kwesibili kwenzeka e-South Korea ngo-2015 okunezigameko ezingu-186 eziqinisekisiwe.
Clinical manifestations of MERS resemble those of SARS, characterized by progressive acute pneumonia.
Ukubonakala kwezokwelashwa kwe-MERS kufana nalokho kwe-SARS, okuphawulwa yinyumoniya ebucayi ethuthukayo.
Unlike SARS, many patients with MERS also developed acute renal failure, which is thus far unique for MERS among HCoV-caused diseases.
Ngokungafani ne-SARS, iziguli eziningi eziphethwe i-MERS zaphathwa ukuhluleka kwezinso okubucayi, okwamanje okuyinto ehlukile ku-MERS phakathi kwezifo ezibangelwa i-HCoV.
More than 30% of patients present with gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea and vomiting.
Iziguli ezingaphezu kuka-30% zinezimpawu ze-gastrointestinal, ezifana nesifo sohudo nokuhlanza.
As of February 14, 2020, over 2500 laboratory confirmed cases were reported with a high case fatality of 34.4%, making MERS-CoV one of the most devastating viruses known to humans.
Kusukela ngo-February 14, 2020, kwabikwa izigameko ezungaphezu kuka-2500 eziqinisekisiwe elabhorethri ezinezigameko zokufa eziphakeme ngo-34.4%, okwenza i-MERS-CoV elinye lamagciwane ayingozi kakhulu kubantu.
During middle to late December 2019, clusters of pneumonia patients retrospectively known to be associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection were detected in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
Kusukela maphakathi no-December 2019 kuye ekupheleni kwawo, iziguli eziningi ezaziphethwe inyumoniya eyaziwa njengehlobene nesifo se-SARS-CoV-2 zatholwa e-Wuhan, e-Hubei Province, e-China.
World Health Organization declared the ongoing outbreak of lower respiratory tract infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern and also named the disease COVID-19.
I-World Health Organization yabiza ukubheduka kwesifo somgudu wokuphefumula ongezansi esibangelwa i-SARS-CoV-2 ngokuthi Isimo Esiphuthumayo Sempilo Yomphakathi Okufanele Sikhathaze Amazwe Omhlaba futhi yaqamba isifo ngokuthi i-COVID-19.
As of March 3, 2020, 90,053 cases have been confirmed worldwide, with a crude case fatality of 3.4%.
Ngo-March 3, 2020, kwabikwa ukuthi kunabantu abagulayo abaqinisekisiwe abangu-90,053 emhlabeni jikelele, nezinga lokufa elingu-3.4%.
Notably, the case fatality in Hubei, China is 4.2%, whereas the one outside of it is 1.2%.
Ngokuphawulekayo, inani lokufa e-Hubei, e-China lingu-4.2%, kuyilapho elinye elingaphandle kwayo lingu-1.2%.
SARS-CoV-2 causes severe respiratory infection like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, presented as fever, cough and dyspnea.
I-SARS-CoV-2 ibangela isifo sokuphefumula esibucayi esifana ne-SARS-CoV kanye ne-MERS-CoV, esethulwe njengemfiva, ukukhwehlela ne-dyspnea.
Diarrhea is also seen in some patients.
Iziguli ziphinde ziphathwe isifo sohudo.
Pneumonia is one of the most severe symptoms and can progress rapidly to acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Inyumoniya ingenye yezimpawu ezibucayi futhi ingathuthuka ngokushesha ibe yi-acute respiratory distress syndrome.