atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
This is not usually passed from mother to fetus so further research is required to know whether the virus crossed the placenta or whether placentas of women in the study were damaged or abnormal.
Lokhu akuvamile ukudluliselwa ukusuka kumama kuya embungwini ngakho kudingeka ucwaningo olwengeziwe ukuze kwaziwe ukuthi igciwane liyadlula yini ku-placenta noma ama-placenta abesifazane abasocwaningweni abelimale noma ekhubazekile.
Since COVID-19 shows similarities to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, it is likely that their effect on pregnancy are similar.
Njengoba i-COVID-19 ibonisa ukufana ne-SARS-CoV ne-MERS-CoV, kungenzeka ukuthi umphumela wako ekukhulelweni iyefana.
Four of seven had first trimester miscarriage, two of five had fetal growth restriction in the second trimester, and four of five had preterm birth.
Abane kwabayisikhombisa bachithekelwa yizisu phakathi nesiteji sokuqala sezinyanga ezintathu, kwababili kwabahlanu kwavimbeka ukukhula kombungu esitejini sesibili sezinyanga ezintathu, kwabane kwabahlanu babeletha ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
None of the newborns were infected with SARS-CoV.
Azikho izinsana ezathola igciwane le-SARS-CoV.
A report of ten cases of MERS- CoV infection in pregnancy in Saudi Arabia showed that the clinical presentation is variable, from mild to severe infection.
Umbiko wezimo eziyishumi zegciwane le-MERS- CoV ekukhulelweni eSaudi Arabia wabonisa ukuthi imiphumela yezokwelashwa iyashintshashintsha, isuke kwengemibi iye kwebucayi.
The outcome was favorable in a majority of the cases, but the infant death rate was 27%.A recent review suggested that COVID-19 appeared to be less lethal to mothers and infants than SARS and MERS but that there may be an increased risk of preterm birth after 28 weeks' gestation.
Umphumela wawuthandeka ezimweni eziningi, kodwa isilinganiso sokufa kwezinsana sasingu-27%. Umbiko wamuva wasikisela ukuthi i-COVID-19 ibonakale ingelona usongo olubulalayo komama nezinsana kune-SARS ne-MERS kodwa kungenzeka kube nengozi eyandayo yokubeletha ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngemva kwamaviki angu-28 okukhulelwa.
The World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the United States advises pregnant women to do the same things as the general public to avoid infection, such as covering cough, avoid interacting with sick people, cleaning hands with soap and water or sanitizer.
I-World Health Organization neZikhungo ze-Disease Control and Prevention zase-United States zikhuthaza abesifazane abakhulelwe ukuba benze izinto ezifanayo nomphakathi ovamile ukuze bagweme ukungenwa yigciwane, njengokuvala umlomo lapho ukhwehlela, ukugwema abantu abagulayo, ukugeza izandla ngensipho namanzi noma isanithayiza.
A survey conducted in Shanghai among pregnant women in different trimesters of pregnancy identified a strong demand for online access to health information and services.
Inhlolovo eyaqhutshwa eShanghai phakathi kwabesifazane abakhulelwe ezinkathini zokukhulelwa ezihlukahlukene yabonisa isidingo esinamandla zokufinyelela ulwazi namasevisi ezempilo nge-inthanethi.
People expecting their first baby were more willing to have online consultation and guidance than who had previously given birth.The RCOG and RCM recommend that in-person appointments be deferred by 7 days after the start of symptoms of COVID-19 or 14 days if another person in the household has symptoms.
Abantu abalindele usana lwabo lokuqala bebezimisele nakakhulu ukungena ku-inthanethi baxoxe futhi baqondiswe ngodokotela kunalabo asebeke babeletha ngaphambilini. I-RCOG ne-RCM yancoma ukuthi ama-aphoyintimenti obuso nobuso ahlehliswe ngezinsuku ezingu-7 ngemva kokuqala kwezimpawu zesifo se-COVID-19 noma izinsuku ezingu-14 uma omunye umuntu endlini enezimpawu zesifo.
Fever subsequently developed in three asymptomatic patients.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwaba khona imfiva ezigulini ezintathu ezingenazo izimpawu zesifo.
One patient who had tested negative subsequently became symptomatic postpartum and tested positive three days after the initial negative test.
Esinye isiguli esasinegathivu ngemva kwesikhathi saba nezimpawu zesifo zangemva kokubeletha futhi saba phozithivu ezinsukwini ezintathu ngemva kokuhlolwa okokuqala okunegathivu.
The doctors conducting the screening recommended that in order to reduce infection and allocate PPE, due to high numbers of patients presenting as asymptomatic, universal screening of pregnant patients should be conducted.
Odokotela abaqhuba ukuhlunga basikisela ukuthi ukuze kuncishiswe ukungenwa yigciwane futhi kunikezwe i-PPE, ngenxa yamanani amakhulu eziguli ezingenazimpawu zesifo, kufanele kuqhutshwe ukuhlunga kweziguli ezikhulelwe okufanayo.
They also suggest that people with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 should have continuous electronic fetal monitoring.
Basikisela nokuthi abantu okunezinsolo noma okunesiqinisekiso sokuthi bane-COVID-19 kufanele baqashwe umbungu ngezindlela zobuchwepheshe ngokuqhubekayo.
The use of birthing pools is not recommended for suspected or confirmed cases of COVID-19 due to the risk of infection via faeces.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamaphuli okubeletha akukhuthazwa kubantu okunezinsolo noma isiqinisekiso sokuthi bane-COVID-19 ngenxa yobungozi bokungenwa igciwane ngendle.
In the UK, official recommendations state that precautionary separation of a mother and a healthy baby should not be undertaken lightly and that they should be kept together in the postpartum period where neonatal care is not required.Literature from China recommended separation of infected mothers from babies for 14 days.
E-UK, ukusikisela okusemthethweni kubonisa ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa okuvikelayo kukamama nosana olungumqemane akufanele kuthathwe kalula futhi kufanele bagcinwe ndawonye ngemva kwenkathi yezimpawu zesifo zangemva kokubeletha lapho kungadingeki ukunakekelwa kosana olusanda kuzalwa. Izincwadi zaseChina zisikisela ukuhlukaniswa komama abanegciwane ezinsaneni izinsuku ezingu-14.
In the US there is also the recommendation that newborns and mothers should be temporarily separated until transmission-based precautions are discontinued, and that where this is not possible the newborn should be kept 2 metres away from the mother.
E-US nakhona kusikiselwa ukuthi izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa nomama kufanele bahlukaniswe okwesikhashana kuze kuqedwe izinyathelo ezivikela ukudlulisela igciwane, nokuthi lapho lokhu kungenakwenzeka usana kufanele lugcinwe luqhele ngamamitha angu-2 kumama.
b'COVID-19 surveillance involves monitoring the spread of the coronavirus disease in order to establish the patterns of disease progression.
Ukuqapha i-b'COVID-19 kuhilela ukuqapha ukubhebhetheka kwegciwane le-coronavirus ukuze kusungulwe amaphethini okubhebhetheka kwegciwane.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends active surveillance, with focus of case finding, testing and contact tracing in all transmission scenarios.
I-World Health Organization (WHO) isikisela ukuqapha ngezenzo, okugxile ekutholeni abanegciwane, ukuhlola nokulandelela kuzo zonke izimo zokudluliseleka kwegciwane.
COVID-19 surveillance is expected to monitor epidemiological trends, rapidly detect new cases, and based on this information, provide epidemiological information to conduct risk assessment and guide disease preparedness.
Ukuqashwa kwe-COVID-19 kulindeleke ukuba kubheke imikhuba yokulandelelwa kwegciwane, kusheshe kuthole abasha abathole igciwane, futhi ngokusekelwe kulolu lwazi, kunikeze ulwazi lokulandelelwa kwegciwane ukuze kuqhutshwe ukuhlolwa kwezingozi futhi kuqondise ukulungela ukusingatha igciwane.
Syndromic surveillance is done based on the symptoms of an individual that corresponds to COVID-19.
Ukulandelelwa kwesifo kwenziwa ngokusekelwe ezimpawini zesifo zomuntu ezifuze eze-COVID-19.
As of March 2020, the WHO recommends the following case definitions:
Kusukela ngo-March 2020, i-WHO incoma lezi zimo ezilandelayo zegciwane:
Probable case : "A suspect case for whom testing for the COVID-19 virus is inconclusive" OR "a suspect case for whom testing could not be performed for any reason".
Isimo esiyizinsolo: "Isimo esiyizinsolo lapho ukuhlolwa kwegciwane le-COVID-19 kungenaziphetho eziqinisekile" NOMA "isimo esiyizinsolo lapho ukuhlolwa kwegciwane kungenakwenziwa nganoma isiphi isizathu".
Confirmed case: "A person with laboratory confirmation of COVID-19 infection, irrespective of clinical signs and symptoms".
Isimo esiqinisekisiwe: "Umuntu onesiqinisekiso saselabhorethri sokuba negciwane le-COVID-19, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyini izimpawu zesifo zezokwelashwa".
Direct physical contact with a probable or confirmed case;
Ukuthintana okuqondile nomuthi okunezinsolo noma okunesiqinisekiso sokuthi unegciwane;
Direct care for a patient with probable or confirmed COVID-19 disease without using proper personal protective equipment;
Ukunakekelwa ngokuqondile kwesiguli okunezinsolo noma okunesiqinisekiso sokuthi unesifo se-COVID-19 ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokusebenza ezivikelayo ezifanele;
Other situations as indicated by local risk assessments".WHO recommends reporting of probable and confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection within 48 hours of identification.
Ezinye izimo njengoba kuboniswe ukuhlola ubungozi endaweni". I-WHO isikisela ukubika kwezimo eziyizinsolo noma iziqinisekiso zegciwane le-COVID-19 phakathi namahora angu-48 selitholakele.
The countries should report on a case-by-case basis as far as possible, but in case of limitation in resources, aggregate weekly reporting is also possible.
Amazwe kufanele abike isimo ngasinye uma kungenzeka, kodwa uma izinto zokusebenza zingekho, ukubika iviki ngalinye nakho kungenziwa.
Some organizations have created crowdsourced apps for syndromic surveillance, where people can report their symptoms to help researchers map areas with concentration of COVID-19 symptoms.
Ezinye izinhlangano ziye zasungula ama-app okungabhala kuwo abantu abaningi ukuze kulandelelwe igciwane, lapho abantu bengabika izimpawu zabo zesifo ukuze basize abacwaningi bathole izindawo ezinabantu abaningi abanezimpawu zesifo se-COVID-19.
Virological surveillance is done by using molecular tests for COVID-19.
Ukuthungathwa kwegciwane kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwamamolekhuli e-COVID-19.
WHO has published resources for laboratories on how to perform testing for COVID-19.
I-WHO ishicilele ulwazi lwamalabhorethri lwendlela yokuhlolela i-COVID-19.
In the European Union, laboratory confirmed cases of COVID-19 are reported within 24 hours of identification.
Ku-European Union, izimo eziqinisekiswe elabhorethri ze-COVID-19 zibikwa phakathi namahora angu-24 ngemva kokuba zitholiwe.
At least 24 countries have established digital surveillance of their citizens.
Okungenani amazwe angu-24 ashicilele izindlela eziyidijithali zokulandelela izakhamuzi zazo.
The digital surveillance technologies include apps, location data and electronic tags.
Ubuchwepheshe bokulandelela okuyidijithali buhlanganisa ama-app, idatha yendawo namathegi obuchwepheshe.
The Center For Disease Control and Prevention in USA tracks the travel information of individuals using airline passenger data.
ISikhungo se-Disease Control and Prevention e-USA silandelela ulwazi lohambo lwabantu ngokusebenzisa idatha yabagibeli bezindiza.
In Hong Kong, authorities are requiring a bracelet and an app for all travellers.
EHong Kong, iziphathimandla zifuna ibhengela ne-app kubo bonke abagibeli.
A GPS app is used to track the locations of individuals in South Korea to ensure against quarantine breach, sending alerts to the user and to authorities if people leave designated areas.
I-app ye-GPS isetshenziselwa ukulandelela izindawo zabantu eNingizimu Korea ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukuhlaliswa wedwa kwenziwa ngokufanele, kuthunyelwe izixwayiso kumsebenzisi naseziphathimandleni uma abantu bephuma ezindaweni abafakwe kuzo.
In Singapore, individuals have to report their locations with photographic proof.
ESingapore, abantu kufanele babike izindawo abakuzo ngobufakazi besithombe.
Thailand is using an app and SIM cards for all travelers to enforce their quarantine.
EThailand kusetshenziswa i-app namakhadi e-SIM kubo bonke abagibeli ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi bahlaliswa bodwa.
Human rights organizations have criticized some of these measures, asking the governments not to use the pandemic as a cover to introduce invasive digital surveillance.
Izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu zigxeke ezinye zalezi zindlela, zacela ohulumeni ukuba bangasebenzisi umqedazwe njengesivikelo sokusungula izindlela zokulandelela eziyidijithali ezingafanele.
b'A COVID-19 vaccine is a hypothetical vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Umgomo we-b'A COVID-19 ungumgomo ocatshangwayo ngokumelene nesifo se-coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19).
Although no vaccine has completed clinical trials, there are multiple attempts in progress to develop such a vaccine.
Nakuba ungekho umgomo osuqedile ucwaningo lwezokwelapha, kunemizamo eminingi eqhubekayo yokwakha umgomo onjalo.
In late February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) said it did not expect a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the causative virus, to become available in less than 18 months.
Ngasekupheleni kuka-February 2020, i-World Health Organization (WHO) yathi ibingalindele ukuthi umgomo we-SARS-CoV-2, igciwane eliyimbangela, ukuba litholakale ngaphansi kwezinyanga ezingu-18.
Five vaccine candidates were in Phase I safety studies in April.
Amakhendidethi okugoma amahlanu abeseSigabeni I socwaningo lokuphepha ngo-April.
COVID-19 was identified in December 2019.
I-COVID-19 yatholwa ngo-December 2019.
A major outbreak spread around the world in 2020, leading to considerable investment and research activity to develop a vaccine.
Ukuqubuka okukhulu kwabhebhetheka emhlabeni wonke ngo-2020, kwaholela emsebenzini omkhulu wokutholwa kwezimali nocwaningo ukuze kusungulwe umgomo.
Many organizations are using published genomes to develop possible vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.
Izinhlangano eziningi zisebenzisa izakhi zofuzo ukuze zisungule imigomo engenziwa ye-SARS-CoV-2.
Stated in April, imperatives of the CEPI initiative for vaccine development are speed, manufacturing capacity, deployment at scale, and global access.
Kusukela ngo-April, izinto ezisemqoka zomsebenzi we-CEPI wokusungula umgomo ziyashesha, ziyagungulwa, ziyakhiqizwa, futhi ziyafinyeleleka emhlabeni.
In April, CEPI scientists reported that 10 different technology platforms were under research and development during early 2020 to create an effective vaccine against COVID-19.
Ngo-April, ososayensi be-CEPI babike ukuthi amapulatifomu obuchwepheshe ahlukahlukene angu-10 aye acwaningwa futhi asungulwa ngasekuqaleni kuka-2020 ukuze kwakhiwe umgomo osebenzayo ngokumelene ne-COVID-19.
Major platform targets advanced into Phase I safety studies include:
Imisebenzi yepulatifomu emikhulu eyathuthukela ocwaningweni lokuphepha lweSigaba I ihlanganisa:
nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) (Phase I developer and vaccine candidate: Moderna, mRNA-1273)
i-nucleic acid (i-DNA ne-RNA) (umsunguli weSigaba I nekhendidethi yomgomo: i-Moderna, i-mRNA-1273)
viral vector (Phase I developer and vaccine candidate: CanSino Biologics, adenovirus type 5 vector)
i-viral vector (umsunguli weSigaba I nekhendidethi lomgomo: i-CanSino Biologics, i-adenovirus type 5 vector)
As reported by CEPI scientists in April, 115 total vaccine candidates are in early stages of development, with 78 confirmed as active projects (79, according to the Milken Institute), and 37 others announced, but with little public information available (presumed to be in planning or being designed).
Njengoba kwabikwa ososayensi be-CEPI ngo-April, amakhendidethi angu-115 asezigabeni zokuqala zokusungulwa komgomo, kanti abangu-78 aqinisekisiwe njengamaphrojekthi anegciwane (abangu-79, ngokwe-Milken Institute), kanti abangu-37 bamenyezelwe, kodwa luncane kakhulu ulwazi lomphakathi olutholakalayo (okungenzeka luyahlelwa noma luyasungulwa).
A Phase I-II trial conducts preliminary safety and immunogenicity testing, is typically randomized, placebo-controlled, and at multiple sites, while determining more precise, effective doses.
Ucwaningo lweSigaba I-II luhlola ukuphepha kwangaphambi kokusetshenziswa nokulwa negciwane, ngokuvamile aluhleliwe, lulawulwa ngomuthi-mbumbulu, futhi lusezikhungweni eziningi, kuyilapho kubhekwa imithamo enembe kakhudlwana, esebenzayo.
Phase III trials typically involve more participants, including a control group, and test effectiveness of the vaccine to prevent the disease, while monitoring for adverse effects at the optimal dose.
Ucwaningo lweSigaba III ngokuvamile luhilela ababambiqhaza abengeziwe, okubandakanya iqembu lokulawula, nokusebenza kokuhlolwa komgomo ukuze kuvinjelwe isifo, kuyilapho kuqashwa imiphumela ebucayi ngomthamo ofanele.
Of 79 vaccine candidates in active development (confirmed as of early April 2020), 74 were not yet in human evaluation (still in "preclinical" research).
Kumakhandidethi omgomo angu-79 asungulwayo (aqinisekiswe ngasekuqaleni kuka-April 2020), angu-74 abengakahlolwa kubantu (abesekucwaningo "lwangaphambi kokwelapha").
Around 24 January 2020 in Australia, the University of Queensland announced that it is investigating the potential of a molecular clamp vaccine that would genetically modify viral proteins in order to stimulate an immune reaction.
Ngawomhla ka-24 January 2020 e-Australia, i-University of Queensland yamemezela ukuthi icwaninga ukuthi kungasetshenziswa yini umgomo we-molecular clamp ozoguqula ezakhini zofuzo amaphrotheni anegciwane ukuze kwelashwe.
Around 24 January 2020 in Canada, the International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac) at the University of Saskatchewan announced the commencement of work on a vaccine, aiming to start human testing in 2021.
Ngawomhla ka-24 January 2020 eCanada, i-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac) e-University of Saskatchewan yamemezela ukuqala komsebenzi wokusungula umgomo, ngenhloso yokuba kuqalwe ukuhlolwa abantu ngo-2021.
Vaccine development projects were announced at the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention on 26 January 2020, and the University of Hong Kong on 28 January.
Amaphrojekthi okwakha umgomo amenyezelwa e-Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention ngomhla ka-26 January 2020, e-University of Hong Kong ngomhla ka-28 January.
Around 29 January 2020, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, led by Hanneke Schuitemaker, announced that it had begun work on developing a vaccine.
Ngawomhla ka-29 January 2020, i-Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, iholwa ngu-Hanneke Schuitemaker, yamemezela ukuthi isiqalile umsebenzi wokusungula umgomo.
Janssen is co-developing an oral vaccine with its biotechnology partner, Vaxart.
I-Janssen nayo isungula umgomo ophuzwayo nomlingane wayo, i-Vaxart.
On 18 March 2020, Emergent BioSolutions announced a manufacturing partnership with Vaxart to develop the vaccine.
Ngomhla ka-18 March 2020, i-Emergent BioSolutions yamemezela ukusungulwa ngokubambisana ne-Vaxart ukuze kusungulwe umgomo.
On 8 February 2020, the laboratory OncoGen in Romania published a paper on the design of a vaccine with similar technology to the one used for cancer neoantigen vaccination therapy.
Ngo-8 February 2020, ilabhorethri yakwa-OncoGen e-Romania yashicilela iphepha eliphathelene nomklamo womuthi wokugoma onobuchwepheshe obufanayo nalobo obusetshenziswe ekwelashweni komdlavuza kusetshenziswa ukugonywa ngezikhuthazi ezintsha zamasosha omzimba.
On 25 March the head of the research institute announced that they had finalized the synthesis of the vaccine and were beginning the tests.
Ngomhla ka-25 March umphathi wesikhungo socwaningo wamemezela ukuthi usufinyelele iziphetho ngengxube yomgomo futhi ukuhlola sekuyaqala.
On 27 February 2020, a Generex subsidiary company, NuGenerex Immuno-Oncology, announced they were beginning a vaccine project to create an Ii-Key peptide vaccine against COVID-19.
Ngomhla ka-27 February 2020, inkampane esizayo ye-Generex, i-NuGenerex Immuno-Oncology, imemezele ukuthi isiqala iphrojekthi yokugoma ukuze kwakhiwe umgomo we-peptide ye-Ii-Key ngokumelene ne-COVID-19.
They wanted to produce a vaccine candidate that could be tested in humans "within 90 days."
Bebefuna ukukhiqiza umgomo obungahlolwa kubantu "phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-90."
On 5 March 2020, Washington University in St. Louis announced its projects to develop a vaccine.
Ngomhla ka-5 March 2020, iWashington University eSt. Louis yamemezela amaphrojekthi ayo okusungula umgomo.
On 5 March 2020, the United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command at Fort Detrick and the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Silver Spring, both in western Maryland, announced they were working on a vaccine.
Ngomhla ka-5 March 2020, i-United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command eFort Detrick neWalter Reed Army Institute of Research eSilver Spring, zombili ezisentshonalanga yeMaryland, zamemezela ukuthi zisungula umgomo.
Around 10 March 2020, Emergent Biosolutions announced that it had teamed with Novavax Inc.
Ngawomhla ka-10 March 2020, i-Emergent Biosolutions yamemezela ukuthi isibambisene ne-Novavax Inc.
in the development and manufacture of a vaccine.
ekusunguleni nasekwakheni umgomo.
The partners further announced plans for preclinical testing and a Phase I clinical trial by July 2020.
Abalingane baphinde bamemezela izinhlelo zokuhlolwa kwangaphambi kokwelashwa kanye nocwaningo lokwelashwa lweSigaba I ngo-July 2020.
On 12 March 2020, India's Health Ministry announced they are working with 11 isolates, and that even on a fast track it would take at least around one-and-a-half to two years to develop a vaccine.
Ngomhla ka-12 March 2020, i-Health Ministry yase-India yamemezela ukuthi isebenza ngabantu abahlukaniswe nomphakathi abangu-11, nokuthi ngisho ingashesha kanjani kungathatha okungenani unyaka nohhafu kuya eminyakeni emibili ekusunguleni umgomo.
On 12 March 2020, Medicago, a biotechnology company in Quebec City, Quebec, reported development of a coronavirus-like particle under partial funding from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research.
Ngo-12 March 2020, i-Medicago, okuyinkampani ye-biotechnology yase-Quebec City, e-Quebec, yabika ukuthi kwakwakhiwe izinhlayiya ezifana ne-coronavirus ngaphansi koxhaso oluncane oluvela ku-Canadian Institutes for Health Research.
The vaccine candidate is in laboratory research, with human testing planned for July or August 2020.
Ikhendidethi yomgomo icwaningwa yilabhorethri, futhi ukuhlolwa kwabantu kuhlelelwe u-July noma u-August 2020.
Earlier that week, The Guardian reported that the US President Donald Trump had offered CureVac "'large sums of money' for exclusive access to a Covid-19 vaccine", against which the German government protested.
Ngasekuqaleni kwalelo viki, i-Guardian yabika ukuthi uMongameli wase-US uDonald Trump unikeze i-CureVac "'izizumbulu zezimali' ukuze ithole umgomo we-Covid-19", kanti uhulumeni waseJalimane wamelana nalokho.
On 17 March 2020, American pharmaceutical company Pfizer announced a partnership with German company BioNTech to jointly develop a mRNA-based vaccine.
Ngomhla ka-17 March 2020, inkampane yemithi yaseMelika i-Pfizer yamemezela ukusebenzelana nenkampane yaseJalimane i-BioNTech ukuze zakhe ndawonye umgomo we-mRNA.
mRNA-based vaccine candidate BNT162, currently in pre-clinical testing with clinical trials expected to begin in April 2020.
Umgomo we-mRNA i-BNT162, njengamanje ohlolelwa ukusetshenziswa ngaphambi kokwelapha futhi ucwaningo lwezokwelapha lulindeleke ukuba luqale ngo-April 2020.
In Italy on 17 March 2020, Takis Biotech, an Italian biotech company announced they will have pre-clinical testing results in April 2020 and their final vaccine candidate could begin human testing by fall.
E-Italy ngomhla ka-17 March 2020, iTakis Biotech, inkampane yezobuchwepheshe obubandakanya izinto eziphilayo yamemezela ukuthi izothola imiphumela yokuhlola kwangaphambi kokwelapha ngo-April 2020 futhi umgomo wayo wokugcina ungaqala ukuhlolwa kubantu ekwindla.
In France on 19 March 2020, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) announced a US$4.9 million investment in a COVID-19 vaccine research consortium involving the Institut Pasteur, Themis Bioscience (Vienna, Austria), and the University of Pittsburgh, bringing CEPI's total investment in COVID-19 vaccine development to US$29 million.
E-France ngomhlaka-19 March 2020, i-Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) yamemezela ukutshala imali eyizigidi ezingu-US$4.9 kucwaningo oluyinhlanganisela lokuthola ikhambi le-COVID-19 oluhlanganisa i-Institut Pasteur, Themis Bioscience (Vienna, Austria), Kanye ne-University of Pittsburgh, okubeka ingqikithi yokutshala imali kwe-CEPI ekwakheni ikhambi le-COVID-19 ku-US$29 million.
CEPI's other investment partners for COVID-19 vaccine development are Moderna, Curevac, Inovio, Novavax, the University of Hong Kong, the University of Oxford, and the University of Queensland.
Abanye abalingane abangabatshali-zimali be-CEPI ekusunguleni umgomo we-COVID-19 yiModerna, i-Curevac, i-Inovio, i-Novavax, i-University of Hong Kong, i-University of Oxford, ne-University of Queensland.
On 20 March 2020, Russian health officials announced that scientists have begun animal testing of six different vaccine candidates.
Ngomhla ka-20 March 2020, izikhulu zezempilo zaseRussia zamemezela ukuthi ososayensi sebeqalile ukuhlola izilwane ngemigomo eyisithupha ehlukahlukene.
Imperial College London researchers announced on 20 March 2020 that they are developing a self-amplifying RNA vaccine for COVID-19.
Abacwaningi be-Imperial College London bamemezela ngomhla ka-20 March 2020 ukuthi basungula umgomo we-RNA wokuzixilonga wena we-COVID-19.
The vaccine candidate was developed within 14 days of receiving the sequence from China.
Lo mgomo wasungulwa phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-14 kutholakale umgomo eChina.
In late March, the Canadian government announced C$275 million in funding for 96 research projects on medical countermeasures against COVID-19, including numerous vaccine candidates at Canadian companies and universities, such as the Medicago and University of Saskatchewan initiatives.
Ngasekupheleni kuka-March, uhulumeni waseCanada wamemezela imali eyizigidi ezingu-C$275 yokuxhasa amaphrojekthi ocwaningo angu-96 ezindleleni zokwelapha i-COVID-19, okubandakanya imigomo eminingana ezinkampanini nasemayunivesithi ase-Canada, njengemisebenzi eyenziwa eMedicago nase-University of Saskatchewan.
Around the same time, the Canadian government announced C$192 million specifically for developing a COVID-19 vaccine, with plans to establish a national "vaccine bank" of several new vaccines that could be used if another coronavirus outbreak occurs.
Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhulumeni waseCanada wamemezela izigidi ezingu-C$192 ngokukhethekile ukuze kusungulwe umgomo we-COVID-19, ngezinhlelo zokusungula "ibhange lemigomo" likazwelonke lemigomo emisha eminingana elingasetshenziswa uma kuqubuka enye i-coronavirus.
On 2 April 2020, researchers at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine reported on testing of PittCoVacc, a possible COVID-19 vaccine in mice, stating that "MNA delivered SARS-CoV-2 S1 subunit vaccines elicited potent antigen-specific antibody responses [in the mice] that were evident beginning 2 weeks after immunization."
Ngomhla ka-2 April 2020, abacwaningi e-University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine babika ngokuhlola kwePittCoVacc, umgomo ongasetshenziswa we-COVID-19 emagundaneni, baveza nokuthi "imigomo ye-MNA ye-SARS-CoV-2 S1 ezimele ikhiphe imiphumela yezakhi zesifo enamandla yezakhi zesifo ezilwa namagciwane [emagundaneni] ebonakele emavikini angu-2 ngemva kokuthola umgomo."
In Canada on 16 April 2020, the University of Waterloo School of Pharmacy announced design of a DNA-based vaccine candidate as a possible nasal spray.
ECanada ngomhla ka-16 April 2020, i-University of Waterloo School of Pharmacy yamemezela ukuklanywa komgomo osekelwe ku-DNA ongaba isifutho sasemakhaleni.
Using bacteriophages, the DNA will be designed to replicate inside human bacteria to produce harmless virus-like particles, which may stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Isebenzisa amagciwane asetshenziselwa ukwelapha, i-DNA izokwenziwa ukuba ikhiqize phakathi kwegciwane elikumuntu ukuze kukhiqizwe izinhlayiya ezingenangozi ezinjengegciwane, ezingase zikhuthaze amasosha omzimba ukuba akhiqize izakhi ezilwa ngokumelene negciwane le-SARS-CoV-2.
In March 2020, the US government, industry, and three universities pooled resources to access supercomputers from IBM, combined with cloud computing resources from Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Amazon, Microsoft, and Google.
Ngo-March 2020, uhulumeni, izimboni, namayunivesithi amathathu ase-US ahlanganisa izinto zokusebenza ukuze athole amakhompyutha amakhulu ase-IBM, ahlanganiswe nezinto zekhompyutha zefu ezivela kwa-Hewlett Packard Enterprise, ku-Amazon, ku-Microsoft, naku-Google.
Some vaccines have heterologous effects, also called non-specific effects.
Eminye imigomo inemiphumela yezinye izinto eziphilayo, ebizwa nangokuthi imiphumela engacacile.
That means they can have benefits beyond the disease they prevent.
Lokho kusho ukuthi ingaba nemiphumela engale kwesifo abasivimbelayo.
A further randomized trial in Australia is seeking to enrol 4,170 healthcare workers.
Olunye ucwaningo olungahleliwe e-Australia lufuna ukubhalisa izisebenzi zezempilo ezingu-4,170.
It is possible vaccines in development will not be safe or effective.
Kungenzeka ukuthi imigomo esungulwayo ngeke iphephe noma isebenze.
Early research to assess vaccine efficacy using COVID-19-specific animal models, such as ACE2-transgenic mice, other laboratory animals, and non-human primates, indicate a need for biosafety-level 3 containment measures for handling live viruses, and international coordination to ensure standardized safety procedures.
Ucwaningo lokuqala lokuhlola ukusebenza komgomo kusetshenziswa amamodeli ezilwane e-COVID-19, njengegundane eline-ACE2 efakelwe, ezinye izilwane zaselabhorethri, nezilwane ezifuze abantu, lubonisa isidingo semizamo yokuvikelwa egciwaneni engu-3 ekusingatheni amagciwane, nokusebenzelana namanye amazwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe izinqubo eziphephile ezisebenza yonke indawo.
Vaccines against SARS and MERS have been tested in non-human animal models.
Imigomo ye-SARS ne-MERS iye yahlolwa kumamodeli ayizilwane angebona abantu.
As of 2020, there is no cure or protective vaccine for SARS that has been shown to be both safe and effective in humans.
Kusukela ngo-2020, alikho ikhambi noma umgomo oyisivikelo we-SARS oye wabonakala uphephile futhi usebenza kubantu.
According to research papers published in 2005 and 2006, the identification and development of novel vaccines and medicines to treat SARS was a priority for governments and public health agencies around the world.There is also no proven vaccine against MERS.
Ngokwamaphepha ocwaningo ashicilelwe ngo-2005 nango-2006, ukutholwa nokusungulwa kwemigomo nemithi emisha ekwelapheni i-SARS kwakuyinto esemqoka kohulumeni nama-ejensi ezempilo omphakathi emhlabeni wonke. Futhi awukho umgomo otholakele we-MERS.
When MERS became prevalent, it was believed that existing SARS research may provide a useful template for developing vaccines and therapeutics against a MERS-CoV infection.
Lapho i-MERS ibhebhetheka, kwaba nenkolelo yokuthi ucwaningo oselukhona lwe-SARS lunganikeza ithempulethi ewusizo ekusunguleni imigomo nezindlela zokwelapha igciwane le-MERS-CoV.
As of March 2020, there was one (DNA based) MERS vaccine which completed phase I clinical trials in humans, and three others in progress, all of which are viral-vectored vaccines, two adenoviral-vectored (ChAdOx1-MERS, BVRS-GamVac), and one MVA-vectored (MVA-MERS-S).
Kusukela ngo-March 2020, kube nomgomo owodwa (we-DNA) we-MERS owaphothula isigaba I socwaningo lwezokwelapha kubantu, futhi eminye emithathu isacwaningwa, futhi yonke iyimigomo yama-viral-vector, ama-adenoviral-vectored (ChAdOx1-MERS, BVRS-GamVac) amabili, ne-MVA-vector eyodwa (MVA-MERS-S).
Social media posts have promoted a conspiracy theory claiming the virus behind COVID-19 was known and that a vaccine was already available.
Amaphosti ezinkundla zokuxhumana akhuthaza umqondo wokuthi igciwane elibangela i-COVID-19 liyaziwa nokuthi umgomo usuyatholakala kakade.
The patents cited by various social media posts reference existing patents for genetic sequences and vaccines for other strains of coronavirus such as the SARS coronavirus.
Amaphethenti acashunwe kumaphosti ezinkundla zokuxhumana ezihlukahlukene abhekisela kumaphethenti akhona kakade okulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo kanye nemigomo yezinye izihlobo ze-coronavirus ezifana ne-SARS coronavirus.
b'Coronaviruses are a group of related viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds.
Ama-b'Coronaviruses ayiqembu lamagciwane ahlobene abangela izifo ezilwaneni nasezinyonini.
In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal.
Kubantu, ama-coronavirus abangela amagciwane omgudu wokuphefumula asukela kwavamile kuya kwabulalayo.
Mild illnesses include some cases of the common cold (which has other possible causes, predominantly rhinoviruses), while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19.
Izifo ezivamile zihlanganisa izimo ezithile zomkhuhlane ovamile (ezinezinye izimbangela, ikakhulukazi ama-rhinoviruses), kanti amagciwane abulalayo angabangela i-SARS, i-MERS, ne-COVID-19.
Symptoms in other species vary: in chickens, they cause an upper respiratory tract disease, while in cows and pigs they cause diarrhea.
Izimpawu zesifo kwezinye izinto eziphilayo ziyahlukahluka: ezinkukhwini, zibangela isifo engxenyeni engenhla yomgudu wokuphefumula, kuyilapho ezinkomeni nasezingulubeni zibangela isifo sohudo.
There are yet to be vaccines or antiviral drugs to prevent or treat human coronavirus infections.
Ayikabikho imigomo noma imithi yokwelapha yokuvimbela noma yokwelapha amagciwane e-coronavirus kubantu.
Coronaviruses constitute the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, in the family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales, and realm Riboviria.
Ama-coronavirus ayingxenye yomndeni omncane we-Orthocoronavirinae, emndenini we-Coronaviridae, uhlelo lwe-Nidovirales, nomhlaba we-Riboviria.
They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry.
Angamagciwane avalekile anezakhi zofuzo ze-RNA ye-positive-sense ne-single-stranded kanye ne-nucleocapsid ye-helical symmetry.
The genome size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32 kilobases, one of the largest among RNA viruses.
Usayizi wezakhi zofuzo wama-coronavirus usukela cishe kumakhilobheyisi angu-26 kuya kwangu-32, elinye lamagciwane amakhulu kunawo wonke kuma-RNA.
They have characteristic club-shaped spikes that project from their surface, which in electron micrographs create an image reminiscent of the solar corona from which their name derives.
Anezinto ezicijile ezimise okwenduku yegalofu eziphuma ngaphakathi, lapho ama-electron micrographs akha khona isithombe esifana ne-solar corona okuyilapho kuvela khona igama lawo.
Coronaviruses were first discovered in the 1930s when an acute respiratory infection of domesticated chickens was shown to be caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV).
Ama-coronavirus atholwa okokuqala ngawo-1930 lapho igciwane elihlobene nokuphefumula elinamandla lezinkukhu ezifuywayo kwatholwa ukuthi libangelwa yi-infectious bronchitis virus (IBV).
In the 1940s, two more animal coronaviruses, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), were isolated.Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s.
Ngawo-1940, amanye ama-coronavirus amabili ezilwane, i-mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) ne-transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), ahlukaniswa. Ama-coronavirus abantu atholakala ngawo-1960.
The earliest ones studied were from human patients with the common cold, which were later named human coronavirus 229E and human coronavirus OC43.
Awokuqala acwaningwa ayevela ezigulini ezingabantu ezinomkhuhlane ovamile, kamuva abizwa ngokuthi ama-human coronavirus 229E nama-human coronavirus OC43.
They were first imaged by Scottish virologist June Almeida at St. Thomas Hospital in London.
Isithombe sawo sakhishwa okokuqala uchwepheshe wamagciwane waseScotland uJune Almeida eSt. Thomas Hospital eLondon.
Other human coronaviruses have since been identified, including SARS-CoV in 2003, HCoV NL63 in 2004, HKU1 in 2005, MERS-CoV in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019.
Amanye ama-coronavirus abantu aye atholwa kusukela lapho, okubandakanya i-SARS-CoV ngo-2003, i-HCoV NL63 ngo-2004, i-HKU1 ngo-2005, i-MERS-CoV ngo-2012, ne-SARS-CoV-2 ngo-2019.
Most of these have involved serious respiratory tract infections.
Iningi lalawa liye labandakanya amagciwane omgudu wokuphefumula amabi kakhulu.
The name was first used in 1968 by an informal group of virologists in the journal Nature to designate the new family of viruses.
Igama lasetshenziswa okokuqala yiqembu elikhululekile lama-virologist ngo-1968 kumagazini i-Nature ukuze kuhlukaniswe uhlobo olusha lwamagciwane.
The name refers to the characteristic appearance of virions (the infective form of the virus) by electron microscopy, which have a fringe of large, bulbous surface projections creating an image reminiscent of a crown or of a solar corona.
Leli gama libhekisela ezicini zokubukeka zama-virions (isimo sokuba yigciwane) ngesibonakhulu sama-electron, anamaphethelo akhipha izinto ezingamabhamuza amakhulu, akha isithombe somqhele noma i-corona eyilanga.
This morphology is created by the viral spike peplomers, which are proteins on the surface of the virus.
Lesi simo sakhiwa ama-peplomers aciijle egciwane, angamaphrotheni ebusweni begciwane.
Coronaviruses are large pleomorphic spherical particles with bulbous surface projections.
Ama-coronavirus ayizinhlayiya ezinkulu eziyindilinga ze-pleomorphic ezinobuso obukhipha amabhamuza.
The envelope of the virus in electron micrographs appears as a distinct pair of electron dense shells.The viral envelope consists of a lipid bilayer where the membrane (M), envelope (E) and spike (S) structural proteins are anchored.
Imvilophu yegciwane kuma-electron micrographs ibonakala ingamagobongo awugqinsi e-electron. Imvilophu yegciwane iqukethe ulwelwesi olukabili lwe-lipid lapho i-membrane (M), i-envelope (E) namaphrotheni abukeka ene-spike (S) ikhona.
The lipid bilayer envelope, membrane proteins, and nucleocapsid protect the virus when it is outside the host cell.
Imvilophu ewulwelwesi olukabili ye-lipid, amaphrotheni e-membrane, ne-nucleocapsid kuvikela igciwane lapho lingaphandle kweseli eliqukethwe kulo.
Coronaviruses contain a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome.
Ama-coronavirus aqukethe izakhi zofuzo eziphozithivu, ze-RNA eyi-single-stranded.
The genome size for coronaviruses ranges from 26.4 to 31.7 kilobases.
Usayizi wezakhi zofuzo zama-coronavirus usukela kumakhilobheyisi angu-26.4 uye kwangu-31.7.
The genome size is one of the largest among RNA viruses.
Usayizi wezakhi zofuzo uphakathi kwamakhulu kunawo wonke kumagciwane e-RNA.
The open reading frames 1a and 1b, which occupy the first two-thirds of the genome, encode the replicase/transcriptase polyprotein.
Amafreyimu afundeka evuliwe ka-1a no-1b, aqukethwe ezingxenyeni zokuqala ezimbili kwezintathu zezakhi zofuzo, abhala ngekhodi i-replicase/transcriptase polyprotein.
The replicase/transcriptase polyprotein self cleaves to form nonstructural proteins.The later reading frames encode the four major structural proteins: spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid.
I-replicase/transcriptase polyprotein iyahlukana ukuze kwakheke amaphrotheni angenasakhiwo. Amafreyimu akamuva abhala ngekhodi amaphrotheni amane amakhulu: i-spike, i-envelope, i-membrane, ne-nucleocapsid.
Interspersed between these reading frames are the reading frames for the accessory proteins.
Okusakazeke phakathi kwalawa mafreyimu amafreyimu afundekayo amaphrotheni ensiza.
The number of accessory proteins and their function is unique depending on the specific coronavirus.
Inani lamaphrotheni ensiza nomsebenzi wawo kuhlukile kuye nge-coronavirus ngayinye.
Infection begins when the viral spike (S) glycoprotein attaches to its complementary host cell receptor.
Ukungenwa igciwane kuqala lapho i-viral spike (S) glycoprotein inamathela ku-complementary host cell receptor yayo.
After attachment, a protease of the host cell cleaves and activates the receptor-attached spike protein.
Ngemva kokunamathela, i-protease yeseli eyinhloko iyahlukana futhi isebenzisa i-receptor-attached spike protein.
Depending on the host cell protease available, cleavage and activation allows the virus to enter the host cell by endocytosis or direct fusion of the viral envelop with the host membrane.On entry into the host cell, the virus particle is uncoated, and its genome enters the cell cytoplasm.
Kuye nge-protease yeseli eyinhloko etholakalayo, ukuhlukana nokusebenza kuvumela igciwane ukuba ingene kuseli eyinhloko nge-endocytosis noma ngokuhlangana ngokuqondile kwe-viral envelop nolwelwesi oluyinhloko. Lapho lingena kuseli eyinhloko, igcinwane liyavuleka, futhi izakhi zalo zingena ku-cytoplasm yeseli.
The host ribosome translates the initial overlapping open reading frame of the virus genome and forms a long polyprotein.
I-ribosome eyinhloko iguqula ukushiyana kokuqala kwefreyimu efundeka ivulekile yezakhi zegciwane futhi yakhe i-polyprotein ende.
The polyprotein has its own proteases which cleave the polyprotein into multiple nonstructural proteins.
I-polyprotein inama-proteases ayo ahlukana ne-polyprotein abe amaphrotheni amaningi angenasakhiwo.
A number of the nonstructural proteins coalesce to form a multi-protein replicase-transcriptase complex (RTC).
Amaphrotheni amaningana angenasakhiwo ayahlangana ukuze akhe i-replicase-transcriptase complex (RTC) yamaphrotheni amaningi.
The main replicase-transcriptase protein is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp).
Iphrotheni eliyinhloko le-replicase-transcriptase yi-RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp).
It is directly involved in the replication and transcription of RNA from an RNA strand.
Lihileleke ngokuqondile ekukhiqizweni nakubhalweni kabusha kwe-RNA kusukela engxenyaneni ye-RNA.
The other nonstructural proteins in the complex assist in the replication and transcription process.
Amanye amaphrotheni angenasakhiwo asiza enqubweni yokwenza ikhophi nokuhlela kabusha.
The exoribonuclease nonstructural protein, for instance, provides extra fidelity to replication by providing a proofreading function which the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase lacks.One of the main functions of the complex is to replicate the viral genome.
Iphrotheni elingenasakhiwo le-exoribonuclease, ngokwesibonelo, linikeza ukunemba okwengeziwe ekwenzeni ikhophi ngokunikeza umsebenzi wokufundeka i-RNA-dependent RNA polymerase engenako. Enye yezinto ezibalulekile ezenziwa yi-complex iwukwenza ikhophi yezakhi zegciwane.
RdRp directly mediates the synthesis of negative-sense genomic RNA from the positive-sense genomic RNA.
I-RdRp ihlela ngokuqondile ukuhlangana kwe-negative-sense genomic RNA ukusuka ku-positive-sense genomic RNA.
This is followed by the replication of positive-sense genomic RNA from the negative-sense genomic RNA.
Lokhu kulandelwa ukwenziwa kwekhophi ye-positive-sense genomic RNA ukusuka ku-negative-sense genomic RNA.
The other important function of the complex is to transcribe the viral genome.
Omunye umsebenzi osemqoka we-complex uwukubhala kabusha izakhi zegciwane.
RdRp directly mediates the synthesis of negative-sense subgenomic RNA molecules from the positive-sense genomic RNA.
I-RdRp ihlela ngokuqondile ukuhlangana kwamamolekhuli e-negative-sense subgenomic RNA ukusuka ku-positive-sense genomic RNA.
This is followed by the transcription of these negative-sense subgenomic RNA molecules to their corresponding positive-sense mRNAs.
Lokhu kulandelwa ukubhalwa kabusha kwalawa mamolekhuli e-negative-sense subgenomic RNA ukuya ku-positive-sense mRNAs ehambelanayo.
The replicated positive-sense genomic RNA becomes the genome of the progeny viruses.
I-positive-sense genomic RNA enekhophi iba isakhi samagciwane afanayo.
The mRNAs are gene transcripts of the last third of the virus genome after the initial overlapping reading frame.
Ama-mRNA awukubhalwa kabusha kwezakhi zofuzo eziyingxenye yokugcina kwezintathu zezakhi zegciwane ngemva kwefreyimu efundwayo yokuqala.
These mRNAs are translated by the host's ribosomes into the structural proteins and a number of accessory proteins.
Lawa ma-mRNA abhalwa ama-ribosome ayinhloko abe amaphrotheni ayisakhiwo namaphrotheni ayizinsiza amaningana.
RNA translation occurs inside the endoplasmic reticulum.
Ukubhalwa kwe-RNA kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwe-endoplasmic reticulum.
The viral structural proteins S, E, and M move along the secretory pathway into the Golgi intermediate compartment.
Amaphrotheni ayisakhiwo segciwane S, E, ne-M ahamba ngasemzileni okhiqizayo angene ku-Golgi intermediate compartment.
There, the M proteins direct most protein-protein interactions required for assembly of viruses following its binding to the nucleocapsid.
Lapho, ama-M proteins aqondisa ukusebenzelana okuningi kwamaphrotheni okudingekayo ukuze amagciwane ahlangane ngemva kokuhlangana ne-nucleocapsid.
Progeny viruses are then released from the host cell by exocytosis through secretory vesicles.
Amagciwane afanayo abe esekhishwa kuseli eyinhloko yi-exocytosis ngama-secretory vesicles.
The interaction of the coronavirus spike protein with its complement host cell receptor is central in determining the tissue tropism, infectivity, and species range of the virus.
Ukusebenza kwephrotheni elicijile le-coronavirus ne-receptor yeseli elihambisana nalo eliyinhloko kusemqoka ekutholeni i-tissue tropism, ububi begciwane, nohlobo lwegciwane.
The SARS coronavirus, for example, infects human cells by attaching to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor.
I-SARS coronavirus, ngokwesibonelo, ingena kumaseli abantu ngokunamathela ku-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor.
The scientific name for coronavirus is Orthocoronavirinae or Coronavirinae.
Igama lesayensi le-coronavirus yi-Orthocoronavirinae noma i-Coronavirinae.
Coronaviruses belong to the family of Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales, and realm Riboviria.
Ama-coronavirus ayingxenye yomndeni wama-Coronaviridae, uhlelo lwama-Nidovirales, nomhlaba wama-Riboviria.
Genus Betacoronavirus; type species: Murine coronavirus
Genus Betacoronavirus; uhlobo: Murine coronavirus
Species: Betacoronavirus 1 (Bovine Coronavirus, Human coronavirus OC43), Human coronavirus HKU1, Murine coronavirus, Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5, Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2), Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Hedgehog coronavirus 1 (EriCoV)
Uhlobo: i-Betacoronavirus 1 (i-Bovine Coronavirus, i-Human coronavirus OC43), i-Human coronavirus HKU1, i-Murine coronavirus, i-Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5, i-Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9, i-Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2), i-Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4, i-Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, i-Hedgehog coronavirus 1 (EriCoV)
Species: Beluga whale coronavirus SW1, Infectious bronchitis virus
Uhlobo: i-Beluga whale coronavirus SW1, i-Infectious bronchitis virus
The most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all coronaviruses is estimated to have existed as recently as 8000 BCE, although some models place the common ancestor as far back as 55 million years or more, implying long term coevolution with bat and avian species.
I-most recent common ancestor (MRCA) yawo wonke ama-coronavirus ilinganiselwa ukuthi ibilokhu ikhona kusukela ngo-8000 BCE, nakuba amanye amamodeli abeka i-common ancestor emuva le eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-55 edlule noma ngaphezulu, okusho ukuthi sekukade iguquka ngezinhlobo zamalulwane nezinyoni.
The most recent common ancestor of the alphacoronavirus line has been placed at about 2400 BCE, the betacoronavirus line at 3300 BCE, the gammacoronavirus line at 2800 BCE, and the deltacoronavirus line at about 3000 BCE.
I-most recent common ancestor yama-alphacoronavirus ibekwe cishe ku-2400 BCE, i-betacoronavirus ku-3300 BCE, i-gammacoronavirus ku-2800 BCE, kanti i-deltacoronavirus ku-3000 BCE.
The large number of host bat and avian species, and their global range, has enabled extensive evolution and dissemination of coronaviruses.Many human coronavirus have their origin in bats.
Inani elikhulu lamalulwane ayinhloko nezinhlobo zezinyoni, kanye nokutholakala kwawo emhlabeni, kuvumele ukuguquka okukhulu nokusakazeka kwama-coronavirus. Ama-coronavirus amaningi abantu anomsuka wamalulwane.