atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
However, 1% difference spread all over two genomes is still a big difference; thus, conclusive results for concrete evidence are awaited (Fig. ​(Fig.33).
Nokho, umehluko ka-1% osakazeke phakathi kwezakhi zofuzo ezimbili wenza umehluko omkhulu; ngakho-ke, imiphumela eqinisekisiwe yobufazi obuqinile isalindiwe (Umfa. ​(Umfa.33).
The physicochemical properties of SARS-CoV-2 are largely not yet known.
Izici ze-physicochemical ye-SARS-CoV-2 ngokwezinga elikhulu azaziwa okwamanje.
SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV can survive in vitro for 48 hours in a dry environment and up to 5 days under 20 °C and 40%-50% humidity.
I-SARS-CoV kanye ne-MERS-CoV ingakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kwesidalwa amahora afika ku-48 endaweni eyomile futhi kuze kufike ezinsukwini ezingu-5 ngaphansi komsakama ongu-20 °C no-40%-50%.
SARS-CoV-2 may possess similar properties.
I-SARS-CoV-2 ingase ibe nezici ezifanayo.
It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 is sensitive to ultraviolet rays and heat at 56 °C for 30 minutes; ether, 75% ethanol, chlorine-containing disinfectant, peracetic acid, chloroform, and other fatty solvents, but not chlorhexidine, can effectively inactivate the virus.
Kubikwe ukuthi i-SARS-CoV-2 ayizwani nemisebe ye-ultraviolet kanye nokushisa okungu-56 °C imizuzu engu-30; i-ether, u-75% we-ethanol, isibulali-magciwane esine-chlorine, i-peracetic acid, i-chloroform, nezinye izinto ezincibilikisa amafutha, kodwa hhayi i-chlorhexidine, zingenza igciwane lingasebenzi ngempumelelo.
The entire human population generally lacks immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and hence is susceptible to the novel virus.
Ngokuvamile bonke abantu bantula izivikeli-mzimba ezimelena ne-SARS-CoV-2 futhi yingakho besengozini yokuthola igciwane elisha.
Currently, no detailed study has been reported regarding the immunological response to SARS-CoV-2.
Okwamanje, alukho ucwaningo oluningiliziwe olubikiwe mayelana nokusabela kwamasosha omzimba ku-SARS-CoV-2.
Thus, we can only refer to previous studies on other CoVs, especially SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV (Fig. ​(Fig.4).4).
Ngakho-ke, singakwazi ukubhekisela kuphela kuzingcwaningo ezidlule zamanye ama-CoV, ikakhulukazi i-SARS-CoV kanye ne-MERS-CoV (Umfa. ​(Umfa.4).4).
In general, after a virus invades the host, it is first recognized by the host innate immune system through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including C-type lectin-like receptors, Toll-like receptor (TLR), NOD-like receptor (NLR), and RIG-I-like receptor (RLR).
Ngokuvamile, ngemva kokuthi igciwane lihlasele umzimba, liqale libonwe amasosha omzimba angokwemvelo ombungazi ngama-receptor okubonwa kwephetheni (ama-PRR) okuhlanganisa ama-receptor afana ne-lectin ohlobo C, i-receptor efana ne-Toll (I-TLR), i-receptor efana ne-NOD (I-NLR), kanye ne-receptor efana ne-RIG ka-I (I-RLR).
Through different pathways, the virus induces the expression of inflammatory factors, maturation of dendritic cells, and synthesis of type I interferons (IFNs) which limit the spreading of the virus and accelerate macrophage phagocytosis of viral antigens.
Ngemizila ehlukene, igciwane libangela ukuboniswa kwezici zokuvuvukala, ukwakheka kwamaseli e-dendritic, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwama-interferon ohlobo I (ama-IFN) akhawula ukusakazeka kwegciwane futhi kusheshise i-macrophage phagocytosis yama-antigen egciwane.
However, the N protein of SARS-CoV can help the virus escape from the immune responses.
Nokho, iphrotheni ka-N ye-SARS-CoV ingasiza igciwane ukuthi libalekele ukusabela kwamasosha omzimba.
Soon, the adaptive immune response joins the fight against the virus.
Maduzane, ukusabela kwamasosha omzimba okuvumelana nezimo kujoyina impi yokulwa negciwane.
T lymphocytes including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells play an important role in the defense.
Ama-T lymphocyte okuhlanganisa amaseli ka-T e-CD4+ ne-CD8+ adlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni.
CD4+ T cells stimulate B cells to produce virus-specific antibodies, and CD8+ T cells directly kill virus-infected cells.
Amaseli ka-T e-CD4+ akhuthaza amaseli ka-B ukuthi akhiqize izivikeli zomzimba eziqondene negciwane, kanye namaseli ka-T e-CD8+ abulala ngokuqondile amaseli atheleleke ngegciwane.
T helper cells produce proinflammatory cytokines to help the defending cells.
Amaseli asizayo ka-T akhiqiza ama-proinflammatory cytokine ukusiza amaseli avikelayo.
However, CoV can inhibit T cell functions by inducing apoptosis of T cells.
Nokho, i-CoV ingakwazi ukuvimba ukusebenza kweseli lika-T ngokukhiqiza i-apoptosis yamaseli ka-T.
The humoral immunity including complements such as C3a and C5a and antibodies is also essential in combating the viral infection.
Ukungatheleleki kwe-humoral kuhlanganise nezinsiza ezifana ne-C3a kanye ne-C5a kanye nezivikeli-mzimba nakho kubalulekile ekulweni nesifo segciwane.
For example, antibodies isolated from a recovered patient neutralized MERS-CoV.
Ngokwesibonelo, izivikeli-mzimba ezithathwe kusiguli esiluleme zenza ukuthi i-MERS-CoV ingasebenzi.
On the other hand, an overreaction of the immune system generates a large number of free radicals locally that can cause severe damages to the lungs and other organs, and, in the worst scenario, multi-organ failure and even death.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusabela ngokweqile kwamasosha omzimba kwakha inani elikhulu lama-radical endaweni elingakwazi ukubangela umonakalo omkhulu emaphasheni nakwezinye izitho zomzimba, futhi, esimweni esibi kunazo zonke, ukuhluleka kwezitho zomzimba eziningi futhi ngisho nokufa.
The SARS-CoV-2 infection, featured by clustering onset, is more likely to affect elderly people with comorbidities and pregnant women.
Isifo se-SARS-CoV-2, esinesici sokuqala njengeqembu, sinamathuba amaningi okugulisa abantu abadala abaphethwe i-comorbidities kanye nabantu besifazane abakhulelwe.
It is common that for people who are exposed to a large number of viruses or whose immune functions are compromised, they have higher chance to be infected than others.
Kuyinto evamile ukuthi abantu abachayeke enanini elikhulu lamagciwane noma abanokusebenza kwamasosha omzimba afakwe engcupheni, banethuba eliphakeme lokutheleleka kunabanye abantu.
The estimated mean incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 is 1-14 days, mostly 3-7 days based on a study of the first 425 cases in Wuhan.
Isilinganiso sembangela yenkathi yokufukanyelwa kwe-SARS-CoV-2 siyizinsuku ezingu-1-14, ezikhathini eziningi izinsuku ezingu-3-7 ngokusekelwe kucwaningo lwabantu bokuqala abangu-425 e-Wuhan.
However, a study on 1,099 cases demonstrates that the incubation period was 3 days on average and ranged from 0 to 24 days.
Nokho, ucwaningo lwabantu abangu-1,099 lubonisa ukuthi inkathi yokufukanyelwa ibiyizinsuku ezingu-3 ngokwesilinganiso futhi ibinobubanzi bezinsuku ezingu-0 ukuya kwezingu-24.
A more recent study, as described above, demonstrates that the incubation period was 4.8 (3.0-7.2) days based on the demography of 8,866 cases.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva, njengoba luchazwe ngenhla, lubonise ukuthi inkathi yokufukanyelwa ibiyizinsuku ezingu-4.8 (3.0-7.2) ngokusekelwe kulwazi lwabantu abangu-8,866.
It is very important for health authorities to adjust the effective quarantine time based on the most accurate incubation period, thus preventing infected but symptomless people from transmitting the virus to others.
Kubaluleke kakhulu kumagunya ezempilo ukuthi ashintshe isikhathi sokuzivalela ngokusekelwe enkathini yokufukanyelwa enembile, ngaleyo ndleal kuvinjwe abantu abathelelekile kodwa abangenazo izimpawu ukuthi bangadlulisi igciwane kwabanye.
As a common practice, individuals exposed to, or infected by, the virus are usually required to be quarantined for 14 days.
Njengomkhuba ovamile, abantu abachayekile, noma abathelelekile igciwane, kudingeka ukuthi bazivalele izinsuku ezingu-14.
Should the quarantine time be extended to 24 days?
Ingabe isikhathi sokuzivalela kufanele sinwetshwe sibe izinsuku ezingu-24?
Fever is often the major and initial symptom of COVID-19, which can be accompanied by no symptom or other symptoms such as dry cough, shortness of breath, muscle ache, dizziness, headache, sore throat, rhinorrhea, chest pain, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.
Imfiva ngokuvamile iyinkomba enkulu neyokuqala ye-COVID-19, engase ingahambisani nezimpawu noma ezinye izimpawu ezifana nokukhwehlela okungenazo izikhwehlela, ukuphelelwa umoya, ubuhlungu bemisipha, isiyezi, ikhanda elibuhlungu, umphimbo obuhlungu, i-rhinorrhea, ubuhlungu besifuba, isifo sohudo, isicanucanu, nokuhlanza.
Some patients experienced dyspnea and/or hypoxemia one week after the onset of the disease.
Ezinye iziguli zabhekana ne-dyspnea kanye/noma i-hypoxemia evikini elilodwa ngemva kokuqala kwesifo.
In severe cases, patients quickly progressed to develop acute respiratory syndrome, septic shock, metabolic acidosis, and coagulopathy.
Ezimweni ezibucayi, iziguli zathuthuka ngokushesha zaphathwa isifo sokuphefumula esibucayi, i-septic shock, i-metabolic acidosis, kanye ne-coagulopathy.
Patients with fever and/or respiratory symptoms and acute fever, even without pulmonary imaging abnormalities, should be screened for the virus for early diagnosis.
Iziguli eziphethwe imfiva kanye/noma izimpawu zokuphefumula kanye nemfiva ebucayi, ngisho noma zingekho izinto ezingavamile ezibonwa esithombeni samphaphu, kufanele zihlungelwe igciwane ukuze kube nokuxilongwa okwenziwe ekuqaleni.
A demographic study in late December of 2019 showed that the percentages of the symptoms were 98% for fever, 76% for dry cough, 55% for dyspnea, and 3% for diarrhea; 8% of the patients required ventilation support.
Ucwaningo lolwazi lwabantu olwenziwa ekupheleni kuka-December ka-2019 lwabonisa amaphesenti ezimpawu ayethi u-98% owemfiva, u-76% owokukhehlela okungenazo izikhwehlela, u-55% owe-dyspnea, futhi u-3% owesifo sohudo; u-8% wawudinga ukuphefumula ngosizo lomshini.
Similar findings were reported in two recent studies of a family cluster and a cluster caused by transmission from an asymptomatic individual.
Ukuthola okufanayo kwabikwa kuzingcwaningo zakamuva ezimbili zeqoqo lomndeni kanye neqoqo elibangelwa ukuthelelelwa umuntu ongenazo izimpawu.
Comparably, a demographic study in 2012 showed that MERS-CoV patients also had fever (98%), dry cough (47%), and dyspnea (55%) as their main symptoms.
Uma kuqhathaniswa, ucwaningo lolwazi lwabantu ngo-2012 lwabonisa ukuthi iziguli ezine-MERS-CoV nazo zazinemfiva (98%), ukukhwehlela okungenazo izikhwehlela (47%), kanye ne-dyspnea (55%) njengezimpawu zazo eziyinhloko.
However, 80% of them required ventilation support, much more than COVID-19 patients and consistent with the higher lethality of MERS than of COVID-19.
Nokho, u-80% wazo wawudinga ukuphefumula ngosizo lomshini, okungaphezu kakhulu kuneziguli ezine-COVID-19 futhi okuvumelana nezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokubulala kwe-MERS kune-COVID-19.
Diarrhea (26%) and sore throat (21%) were also observed with MERS patients.
Isifo sohudo (26%) kanye nomphimbo obuhlungu (21%) nakho kwaphawulwa kuziguli eziphethwe i-MERS.
In SARS patients, it has been demonstrated that fever (99%-100%), dry cough (29%-75%), dyspnea (40%-42%), diarrhea (20-25%), and sore throat (13-25%) were the major symptoms and ventilation support was required for approximately 14%-20% of the patients.
Ezigulini eziphethwe i-SARS, kwaboniswa ukuthi imfiva (99%-100%), ukukhwehlela okungenazo izikhwehlela (29%-75%), i-dyspnea (40%-42%), isifo sohudo (20-25%), nomphimbo obuhlungu (13-25%) kwakuyizimpawu ezinkulu futhi ukuphefumula ngosizo lomshini kwakudingekile cishe ezigulini ezingu-14%-20%.
By February 14, the mortality of COVID-19 was 2% when the confirmed cases reached 66,576 globally.
Ngo-February 14, ukufa okubangelwa i-COVID-19 kwakungu-2% lapho abantu abagulayo abaqinisekisiwe befinyelela u-66,576 emhlabeni wonke.
Comparably, the mortality of SARS by November 2002 was 10% of 8,096 confirmed cases.
Uma kuqhathaniswa, ukufa okubangelwa i-SARS ngo-November 2002 kwangu-10% kwabo bonke abantu abagulayo abaqinisekisiwe abangu-8,096.
For MERS, based on a demographic study in June 2012, the mortality was 37% of 2,494 confirmed cases.
Nge-MERS, ngokusekelwe kucwaningo lolwazi lwabantu ngo-June 2012, ukufa kwakungu-37% kubantu abagulayo abaqinisekisiwe abangu-2,494.
An earlier study reported that the R0 of SARS-CoV-2 was as high as 6.47 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 5.71-7.23, whereas the R0 of SARS-CoV only ranged from 2 to 4.
Ucwaningo lokuqala lwabika ukuthi u-R0 we-SARS-CoV-2 wawuphakeme ngo-6.47 unesikhewu sokuzethemba (I-CI) esingu-95% kokungu-5.71-7.23, lapho u-R0 we-SARS-CoV wawunobubanzi obusuka ku-2 ukuya ku-4.
A comparison of SARS-CoV-2 with MERS-CoV and SARA-CoV regarding their symptoms, mortality, and R0 is presented in Table ​Table1.1.
Ukuqhathaniswa kwe-SARS-CoV-2 ne-MERS-CoV kanye ne-SARA-CoV ngokuphathelene nezimpawu zabo, ukufa, kanye no-R0 kumelelwe kokuthi Ithebula Ithebula1.1.
The above figures suggest that SARS-CoV-2 has a higher ability to spread than MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, but it is less lethal than the latter two.
Izinombolo ezingenhla zisikisela ukuthi i-SARS-CoV-2 inekhono eliphakeme kakhulu lokubhebhetheka kune-MERS-CoV kanye ne-SARS-CoV, kodwa inamandla amancane okubulala kunazo zombili.
Thus, it is much more challenging to control the epidemic of SARS-CoV-2 than those of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV.
Ngakho-ke, kuyinselele kakhulu ukulawula umqedazwe we-SARS-CoV-2 kune-MERS-CoV kanye ne-SARS-CoV.
Clustered onset often happens in the same family or from the same gathering or vehicle such as a cruise ship.
Ukuqalisa kwamaqoqo kuvame ukwenzeka kumndeni ofanayo noma kumbuthano ofanayo noma into yezokuthutha efana nomkhumbi wokungcebeleka.
Patients often have a history of travel or residence in Wuhan or other affected areas or contact with infected individuals or patients in the recent two weeks before the onset.
Iziguli ngokuvamile zinomlando wokuvakasha noma zihlala e-Wuhan noma ezinye izindawo ezithintekile noma ukuxhumana nabantu abathelelekile noma iziguli emavikini amabili akamuva ngaphambi kokuqala.
However, it has been reported that people can carry the virus without symptoms longer than two weeks and cured patients discharged from hospitals can carry the virus again, which sends out an alarm to increase the time for quarantine.
Nokho, kuye kwabikwa ukuthi abantu bangakwazi ukuthwala igciwane ngaphandle kwezimpawu isikhathi eside kunamaviki amabili futhi iziguli ezilashiwe ezikhishiwe esibhedlela zingakwazi ukuphinde zithwale igciwane futhi, okukhipha isixwayiso sokunyusa isikhathi sokuzivalela.
Patients have normal or reduced number of peripheral white blood cells (especially lymphocytes) at the early stage.
Iziguli zinenani elivamile noma elincishisiwe lamaseli amhlophe egazi ayi-peripheral (ikakhulukazi ama-lymphocyte) ezigabeni zokuqala.
For example, lymphopenia with white blood cell count &lt; 4×109/L including lymphocyte count &lt; 1×109/L, and elevated aspartate aminotransferase levels and viremia were found in 1,099 COVID-19 patients.
Ngokwesibonelo, i-lymphopenia enesibalo samaseli egazi amhlophe esithi < 4×109/L okuhlanganisa isibalo se-lymphocyte esithi < 1×109/L, kanye namazinga aphakeme e-aspartate aminotransferase kanye ne-viremia atholwa kuziguli ezingu-1,099 ezine-COVID-19.
The levels of liver and muscle enzymes and myoglobin were increased in the blood of some patients, and C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation were increased in the blood of most patients.
Amazinga ama-enzyme esibindi nomsipha kanye ne-myoglobin ayephakeme egazini lezinye iziguli, futhi iphrotheni eyi-C-reactive kanye ne-erythrocyte sedimentation yayiphakeme egazini leziguli eziningi.
In patients with severe cases, the level of D-dimer, a fibrin degradation product present in the blood, was elevated, and lymphocyte count was progressively reduced.
Kuziguli ezinokugula okubucayi, izinga le-D-dimer, umkhiqizo wokuwohloka kwe-fibrin okhona egazini, laliphakeme, futhi isibalo se-lymphocyte lalinciphe ngokuphawulekayo.
Abnormalities in chest radiography are found in most COVID-19 patients and featured by bilateral patchy shadows or ground glass opacity in the lungs.
Kwatholwa okungajwayelekile ku-radiography yesifuba yeziguli eziningi ezine-COVID-19 futhi okunezici zethunzi elinamapheshi akabili noma i-ground glass opacity emaphasheni.
Patients often develop an atypical pneumonia, acute lung injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Iziguli zivame ukuphathwa inyumoniya engavamile, ukulimala kwephaphu okubucayi, kanye ne-acute respiratory distress syndrome (I-ARDS).
When ARDS happens, uncontrolled inflammation, fluid accumulation, and progressive fibrosis severely compromise the gas exchange.
Lapho kwenzeka i-ARDS, ukuvuvukala okungalawuliwe, ukukhula koketshezi, kanye ne-fibrosis ethuthukayo kufaka engcupheni ukushintshana kwegesi.
Dysfunction of type-I and type-II pneumocytes decreases the surfactant level and increases surface tension, thus reducing the ability of the lungs to expand and heightening the risk of lung collapse.
Ukungasebenzi kahle kohlobo-I nohlobo-II lwe-pneumocyte kunciphisa izinga le-surfactant futhi kunyuse ukucindezeleka kwendawo engaphezulu, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ikhono lamaphaphu lokunwebeka futhi okunyusa ingozi yokuwa kwamaphaphu.
Therefore, the worst chest radiographic findings often parallel the most severe extent of the disease.
Ngakho-ke, imiphumela emibi kakhulu ye-radiography ivame ukufana nesimo esibucayi kakhulu sesifo.
On February 18, 2020, the first pathological analysis of COVID-19 demonstrated the desquamation of pneumocytes, hyaline membrane formation, and interstitial lymphocyte infiltration, and multinucleated syncytial cells in the lungs of a patient who died of the disease, consistent with the pathology of viral infection and ARDS and similar to that of SARS and MERS patients.
Ngo-February 18, 2020, ukuhlaziya kokuqala oku-pathological kwe-COVID-19 kwabonisa ukuxebuka kwama-pneumocyte, ukwakheka kolwelwesi lwe-hyaline, kanye nokufinyelelwa kwe-interstitial lymphocyte, kanye namaseli e-multinucleated syncytial emaphasheni esiguli esibulawe isifo, okuhambisana ne-pathology yesifo segciwane kanye ne-ARDS futhi okufana nalokho kweziguli ze-SARS ne-MERS.
The detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA via reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used as the major criteria for the diagnosis of COVID-19.
Ukutholwa kwe-RNA ye-SARS-CoV-2 kusetshenziswa i-reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (I-RT-PCR) kwasetshenziswa njengombandela omkhulu wokuxilongwa kwe-COVID-19.
However, due to the high false-negative rate, which may accelerate the epidemic, clinical manifestations started to be used for diagnosis (which no longer solely relied on RT-PCR) in China on February 13, 2020.
Nokho, ngenxa yenani eliphakeme lenegethivu engeyikho, engase isheshise umqedazwe, ukubonakala kwezokwelashwa kwaqala ukusetshenziswa lapho kuxilongwa (okwakungathembele kuphela ku-RT-PCR) e-China ngo-February 13, 2020.
A similar situation also occurred with the diagnosis of SARS.
Kwavela isimo esifanayo lapho kuxilongwa i-SARS.
Therefore, a combination of disease history, clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, and radiological findings is essential and imperative for making an effective diagnosis.
Ngakho-ke, inhlanganisela yomlando wesifo, ukubonakaliswa kwezokwelashwa, ukuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri, nemiphumela ye-radiological ibalulekile futhi isemqoka ukuze kwenziwe ukuxilongwa okuyimpumelelo.
On February 14, 2020, the Feng Zhang group described a protocol of using the CRISPR-based SHERLOCK technique to detect SARS-CoV-2, which detects synthetic SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragments at 20 × 10-18 mol/L to 200 × 10-18 mol/L (10-100 copies per microliter of input) using a dipstick in less than an hour without requiring elaborate instrumentation.
Ngo-February 14, 2020, iqembu le-Feng Zhang lachaza iphrothokholi yokusebenzisa indlela ka-SHERLOCK esekelwe ku-CRISPR ukuze kutholwe i-SARS-CoV-2, ethola izingxenyana ezingezona ezemvelo ze-RNA ye-SARS-CoV-2 ku-20 × 10-18 mol/L to 200 × 10-18 mol/L (amakhophi angu-10-100 nge-microliter ngayinye yokufakiwe) kusetshenziswa induku yokugcobhoza enkathini engaphansi kwehora ngaphandle kokudinga amathuluzi ayinkimbinkimbi.
Hopefully, the new technique can dramatically enhance the sensitivity and convenience if verified in clinical samples.
Sithemba ukuthi indlela entsha izothuthukisa kakhulu ukuzwela nezinzuzo uma kuqinisekisiwe kumasampula ezokwelashwa.
Due to the lack of experience with the novel CoV, physicians can mainly provide supportive care to COVID-19 patients, while attempting a variety of therapies that have been used or proposed before for the treatment of other CoVs such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and other viral diseases (Table ​(Table2).2).
Ngenxa yokuntula okuhlangenwe nakho nge-CoV entsha, odokotela ngokuyinhloko bangakwazi ukunikeza ukunakekelwa kokusekela kuziguli ze-COVID-19, kuyilapho bezama izinhlobonhlobo zezindlela zokwelapha ezisetshenzisiwe noma eziphakanyisiwe ngaphambilini ukuze kwelashwe amanye ama-CoV afana ne-SARS-CoV kanye ne-MERS-CoV nezinye izifo zamagciwane (Ithebula ​(Ithebula2).2).
These therapies include current and potential treatments with antiviral drugs, immunosuppressants, steroids, plasma from recovered patients, Chinese medicine, and psychological support.
Lokhu kwelashwa kuhlanganisa ukwelashwa kwamanje nokungase kube ukwelashwa ngemithi elwa namagciwane, ama-immunosuppressant, ama-steroid, i-plasma evela kuziguli eziluleme, imithi yama-Chinese, kanye nosizo lwezengqondo.
Even plasma from recovered patients was proposed to be used for treatment.
Kwenziwa ngisho nesiphakamiso sokusebenzisa i-plasma yeziguli eziluleme njengendlela yokwelashwa.
Pharmaceutical companies are racing to develop antibodies and vaccines against the virus.
Izinkampani zama-pharmaceutical ziyaqhudelana ukuze zakhe izivikeli-mzimba nemigomo emelene negciwane.
SARS-CoV-2 mainly attacks the lungs in the beginning and probably also attacks, to a lesser degree, other organs that express ACE2, such as the gastrointestinal system and the kidneys.
I-SARS-CoV-2 ngokuyinhloko ihlasela amaphaphu ekuqaleni futhi cishe iphinde ihlasele, ngokwezinga elincane, ezinye izitho zomzimba ezibonisa i-ACE2, njengesistimu ye-gastrointestinal kanye nezinso.
Nevertheless, respiratory dysfunction and failure are the major threat to the patients and the major cause of death.
Noma kunjalo, ukungasebenzi kahle kanye nokuhluleka kwendlela yokuphefumula kuwusongo olukhulu kuziguli futhi kuyimbangela enkulu yokufa.
Thus, respiratory support is critical to relieve the symptoms and save lives and includes general oxygen therapy, high-flow oxygen, noninvasive ventilation, and invasive mechanical ventilation depending on the severity of the disease.
Ngakho-ke, ukusekelwa kokuphefumula kubalulekile ukuze kudambiswe izimpawu futhi kusindiswe izimpilo futhi kuhlanganisa ukwelashwa okuvamile ngomoya-mpilo, ukugeleza okuphakeme komoya-mpilo, ukufakwa komoya ngaphandle kwemishini elimaza umzimba, kanye nokufakwa komoya kusetshenziswa imishini elimaza umzimba kuye ngobucayi besifo.
Patients with severe respiratory symptoms have to be supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), a modified cardiopulmonary bypass technique used for the treatment of life-threatening cardiac or respiratory failure.
Iziguli ezinezimpawu zokuphefumula ezibucayi kufanele zisekelwe kusetshenziswa i-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (I-ECMO), indlela elungisiwe yokuhlinzwa ye-cardiopulmonary esetshenziselwa ukwelapha ukwehluleka kokusebenza kwenhliziyo noma kokuphefumula okusongela ukuphila.
In addition, the maintenance of electrolyte balance, the prevention and treatment of secondary infection and septic shock, and the protection of the functions of the vital organs are also essential for SARS-CoV-2 patients.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugcinwa esimweni kwebhalansi ye-electrolyte, ukuvinjwa nokwelashwa kokutheleleka kwesibili kanye ne-septic shock, kanye nokuvikelwa kokusebenza kwezitho zomzimba ezisemqoka nakho kubalulekile kuziguli ezine-SARS-CoV-2.
It has been known that a cytokine storm results from an overreaction of the immune system in SARS and MERS patients.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi isiphepho se-cytokine siwumphumela wokusabela ngokwedlulele kwamasosha omzimba kuziguli ze-SARS ne-MERS.
Cytokine storm is a form of systemic inflammatory response featured by the release of a series of cytokines including TNFα, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ, and MCP-1.
Isiphepho se-cytokine siyindlela yokusabela yohlelo lokuvuvukala enezici zokukhululwa kochungechunge lwama-cytokine okuhlanganisa i-TNFα, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ, kanye ne-MCP-1.
These cytokines induce immune cells to release a vast number of free radicals which are the major cause of ARDS and multiple organ failure.
Lawa ma-cytokine akhuthaza amasosha omzimba ukuthi akhulule inani elikhulu nama-radical akhululekile ayimbangela eyinhloko ye-ARDS kanye nokuhluleka kwezitho zomzimba eziningi.
Immunosuppression is essential in the treatment of cytokine storms, especially in severe patients.
Ukucindezelwa kwamasosha omzimba kubalulekile ekwelashweni kweziphepho ze-cytokine, ikakhulukazi kuziguli ezibucayi.
Corticosteroids and tocilizumab, an anti-IL6 monoclonal antibody, have been used to treat cytokine storm.
Ama-corticosteroid kanye ne-tocilizumab, isivikeli-mzimba esiyi-anti-IL6 monoclonal, kuye kwasetshenziswa ukuze kwelashwe isiphepho se-cytokine.
Other immunosuppression treatments for cytokine storm include the modulation of T cell-directed immune response; the blockade of IFN-γ, IL-1, and TNF; JAK inhibition; blinatumomab; suppressor of cytokine signaling 4; and HDAC inhibitors.
Okunye ukwelashwa kokucindezelwa kwamasosha omzimba kwesiphepho se-cytokine kuhlanganisa ukulawulwa kokusabela kwamasosha omzimba okuqondiswe kuseli lika-T; ukuvinjwa kwe-IFN-γ, IL-1, kanye ne-TNF; ukuthiywa kwe-JAK ; i-blinatumomab; umcindezeli wokusetshenziswa kwesiginali ye-cytokine 4; kanye nezivimbi ze-HDAC.
Steroids, as immunosuppressants, were widely used in the treatment of SARS to reduce the severity of inflammatory damage.
Ama-steroid, njengama-immunosuppressant, asetshenziswa kabanzi ukwelashweni kwe-SARS ukuze kuncishiswe ubucayi komonakalo wokuvuvukala.
However, steroids at high dosages were not beneficial to severe lung injury in SARS and COVID-19 patients.
Nokho, ama-steroid kusilinganiso esiphakeme awazange azuzise ekulimaleni kwamaphaphu okubucayi ezigulini eziphethwe i-SARS kanye ne-COVID-19.
Instead, they may cause severe side effects, especially avascular osteonecrosis, dramatically affecting the prognosis.
Kunalokho, kungase kubangele imiphumela engathandeki ebucayi, ikakhulukazi i-avascular osteonecrosis, okuphazamisa ngendlela ephawulekayo i-prognosis.
Nevertheless, short courses of corticosteroids at low-to-moderate doses have been recommended to be used prudently for critically ill COVID-19 patients.
Noma kunjalo, uhlelo olufushane lwama-corticosteroid ngezilinganiso eziphansi kuye kwezimaphakathi ziye zatuswa ukuthi zisetshenziswe ngokucophelela kuziguli ze-COVID-19 ezigula ngendlela ebucayi.
At the time of writing, no effective antiviral therapy has been confirmed.
Ngesikhathi sokubhala, akukho ukwelashwa okusebenzayo okulwa negciwane okwase kuqinisekisiwe.
However, intravenous administration with remdesivir, a nucleotide analog, has been found to be efficacious in an American patient with COVID-19.
Nokho, ukufakwa emthanjeni nge-remdesivir, okuyi-nucleotide analog, kwatholwa kusebenza esigulini esiyi-American esine-COVID-19.
Remdesivir is a novel antiviral drug developed by Gilead initially for the treatment of diseases caused by Ebola and Marlburg viruses.
I-Remdesivir iwumuthi omusha olwa negciwane owaqala wakhiqizwa yi-Gilead ukuze kwelashwe izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane e-Ebola ne-Marlburg.
Later, remdesivir also demonstrated possible inhibition of other single stranded RNA viruses including MERS and SARS viruses.
Kamuva, i-remdesivir yaphinde yabonisa ukuthi yayingase ivimbele amagciwane e-RNA anomucu owodwa okuhlanganisa amagciwane e-MERS ne-SARS.
Based on these, Gilead has provided the compound to China to conduct a pair of trials on SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, and the results are highly anticipated.
Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, i-Gilead inikeze i-China isakhi ukuze iqhube izingcwaningo kubantu abaphethwe i-SARS-CoV-2, futhi imiphumela ibhekwe ngabomvu.
In addition, baricitinb, interferon-α, lopinavir/ritonavir, and ribavirin have been suggested as potential therapies for patients with acute respiratory symptoms.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-baricitinb, i-interferon-α, i-lopinavir/ritonavir, kanye ne-ribavirin kuye kwaphakanyiswa njengokungase kube ukwelashwa kweziguli ezinezimpawu zokuphefumula ezibucayi.
Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, liver damage, and other adverse reactions can occur following combined therapy with lopinavir/ritonavir.
Isifo sohudo, isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, ukulimala kwesibindi, nokunye ukusabela okubucayi kungase kuvele ngemva kokwelashwa okuyinhlanganisela nge-lopinavir/ritonavir.
The interaction of these treatments with other drugs used in the patients should be monitored carefully.
Ukusebenzelana kwalokhu kwelashwa neminye imithi esetshenziswe kuziguli kufanele kuqashelwe ngokucophelela.
Plasma from recovered patients and antibody generation
I-Plasma evela kuziguli eziluleme nokwakhiwa kwezivikeli-mzimba
The collection of the blood from patients who recovered from a contagious disease to treat other patients suffering from the same disease or to protect healthy individuals from catching the disease has a long history.
Ukuqoqwa kwegazi leziguli eziluleme esifweni esithathelanayo ukuze kwelashwe ezinye iziguli eziphethwe isifo esifanayo noma ukuze kuvikelwe abantu abaphile kahle ukuthi bangasitholi isifo kunomlando omude.
Indeed, recovered patients often have a relatively high level of antibodies against the pathogen in their blood.
Eqinisweni, iziguli eziluleme zivame ukuba nezinga eliphakeme lezivikeli-mzimba ezimelana nesifo esisegazini labo.
Antibodies are an immunoglobulin (Ig) produced by B lymphocytes to fight pathogens and other foreign objects and they recognize unique molecules in the pathogens and neutralize them directly.
Izivikeli-mzimba ziyi-immunoglobulin (Ig) ekhiqizwa ama-B lymphocyte ukuze kuliwe nezifo kanye nezinye izinto ezingadingekile emzimbeni futhi zikwazi ukubona amangqamuzana ahlukile ezifweni futhi awenze angasebenzi ngokuqondile.
Based on this, plasma was collected from the blood of a group of patients who recovered from COVID-19 and was injected into 10 seriously ill patients.
Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, i-plasma yaqoqwa egazini leqembu leziguli ezilulame ku-COVID-19 futhi yajovwa kuziguli ezigula ezingu-10 ngendlela ebucayi ezingu-.
Their symptoms improved within 24 hours, accompanied by reduced inflammation and viral loads and improved oxygen saturation in the blood.
Izimpawu zazo zaba ngcono emahoreni angu-24, okwahambisana nokuvuvukala okuncishisiwe kanye nemithamo yegciwane kanye nokugcwala komoya-mpilo okuthuthukile egazini.
However, verification and clarification are necessary to propose the method for large-scale use before specific therapies are not yet developed.
Nokho, ukuqinisekiswa kanye nokucaciswa kuyadingeka ukuze kwenziwe isiphakamiso sokuthi indlela isetshenziswe kabanzi ngaphambi kokuthi ukwelashwa okuthile kuthuthukiswe.
In addition, given the therapeutic effects, some disadvantages associated with the plasma should be considered carefully.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kucatshangelwa imiphumela yokwelashwa, okunye okungazuzisi okuhlobene ne-plasma kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokucophelela.
For example, antibodies can overstimulate the immune response and cause cytokine release syndrome, which is potentially a life-threatening toxicity.
Ngokwesibonelo, izivikeli-mzimba zingakhuthaza ngokwedlulele ukusabela kwamasosha omzimba futhi kubangele isifo sokukhululwa kwe-cytokine, okungase kube ubungozi obusongela ukuphila.
The concentration of antibodies in the blood is usually low, and the demand for the plasma is large to treat critically ill patients.
Umthamo wezivikeli-mzimba ezisegazini ngokuvamile uphansi, futhi isidingo se-plasma sikhulu ukuthi kungalashwa iziguli ezigula ngendlela ebucayi.
It is difficult to develop and produce specific antibodies rapidly enough to fight against a global epidemic.
Kunzima ukwakha nokukhiqiza izivikeli-mzimba ezithile ngokushesha okukhulu ukuze kuliwe nomqedazwe wembulunga yonke.
Thus, it is more critical and practical to isolate B cells from recovered patients and identify the genetic codes encoding effective antibodies or screen for effective antibodies against essential proteins of the virus.
Ngenxa yalokho, kubaluleke kakhulu futhi kunengqondo ukuhlukanisa amaseli ka-B eziguli eziluleme futhi kuphawulwe amakhodi ezakhi zofuzo anezakhi zofuzo ezisebenzayo noma kuhlungwe izivikeli-mzimba ezisebenzayo ekumeleleni amaphrotheni abalulekile egciwane.
This way, we can readily scale up the production of the antibodies.
Ngale ndlela, singakwazi ukunyusa ukukhiqizwa kwezivikeli-mzimba.
TCM has been used to treat a variety of diseases in China for thousands of years.
I-TCM iye yasetshenziswa ukuze kulashwe izinhlobonhlobo zezifo e-China izinkulungwane zeminyaka.
However, its effects largely rely on a combination of multiple components in a formula that varies depending on the diagnosis of a disease based on the theories of TCM.
Nokho, imithelela yayo incike kakhulu ekuhlanganisweni kwezingxenye eziningi kufomula ehlukahlukayo kuye ngokuxilongwa kwesifo ngokusekelwe embonweni ye-TCM.
Most of the effective components remain unknown or are vague as it is difficult to extract and verify such components or their optimal combinations.
Iningi lezingxenye ezisebenzayo zihlala zingaziwa noma azicacile njengoba kunzima ukumonyula nokuqinisekisa izingxenye ezinjalo noma izinhlanganisela zayo ezisebenza kangcono.
Currently, due to the lack of effective and specific therapy for COVID-19, TCM has become one of the major alternative treatments for patients with light to moderate symptoms or for those who have recovered from severe stages.
Okwamanje, ngenxa yokuntuleka yokwelashwa okusebenzayo nokuqondile kwe-COVID-19, i-TCM isiphenduke okunye kokwelashwa okukhulu kweziguli ezinezimpawu ezincane kuye kwezimaphakathi kulabo abalulame ezigabeni ezibucayi.
For example, Shu Feng Jie Du capsules and Lian Hua Qing Wen capsules were found to be effective for COVID-19 treatment.
Ngokwesibonelo, amaphilisi e-Shu Feng Jie Du kanye namaphilisi e-Lian Hua Qing Wen kwatholwa ukuthi ayasebenza ekwelashweni kwe-COVID-19.
Top cure rates in the treatment of COVID-19 patients were observed in several provinces in China that used TCM in 87% of their patients, including Gansu (63.7%), Ningxia (50%), and Hunan (50%), whereas Hubei province, which used TCM in only approximately 30% of its COVID-19 patients, had the lowest cure rate (13%).
Izilinganiso eziphakeme zokwelashwa ekwelashweni kweziguli ezine-COVID-19 zaphawulwa ezifundazweni eziningi zase-China ezisebenzise i-TCM ku-87% weziguli zabo, okuhlanganisa i-Gansu (63.7%), i-Ningxia (50%), ne-Hunan (50%), kuyilapho isifundazwe sase-Hubei, esasebenzisa i-TCM cishe ku-30% weziguli zaso ezine-COVID-19, saba nesilinganiso esiphansi kakhulu sokululama (13%).
However, this is quite a rough comparison as many other impact factors such as the number and severity of the patients should be included in the evaluation.
Nokho, lokhu kuwukuqhathanisa okunganembile njengoba ezinye izici zomthelela ezifana nenani nobucayi beziguli kufanele zifakwe ekuhlaziyweni.
On February 18, 2020, Boli Zhang and coworkers published a study to compare western medicine (WM) treatment alone with combined treatment of WM and TCM.
Ngo-February 18, 2020, u-Boli Zhang nozakwabo bashicilela ucwaningo lokuqhathanisa ukwelashwa ngemithi yasentshonalanga (WM) yodwa kanye nokwelashwa okuyinhlanganisela kwe-WM ne-TCM.
They found that the times needed for body temperature recovery, symptom disappearance, and hospitalization were remarkably shorter in the WM+TCM group than in the WM only group.
Bathola ukuthi izikhathi ezidingekayo ukuze izinga lokushisa komzimba lilulame, kuphele izimpawu, kanye nokulaliswa esibhedlela kwakukufushane eqenjini le-WM+TCM kuneqembu le-WM kuphela.
Most impressively, the rate for symptomatic worsening (from light to severe) was remarkably lower for the WM+TCM group than for the WM only group (7.4% versus 46.2%) and the mortality was lower in the WM+TCM group than WM only group (8.8% versus 39%).
Okuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu, ukuthi izinga lokuba libi kwezimpawu (ukusuka kwezincane kuye kwezibucayi) laliphansi ngokuphawulekayo eqenjini le-WM+TCM kuneqembu le-WM kuphela (u-7.4% oqhathaniswa no-46.2%) futhi ukufa kwakuphansi kakhudlwana eqenjini le-WM+TCM kuneqembu le-WM kuphela (u-8.8% oqhathaniswa no-39%).
Nevertheless, the efficacy and safety of TCM still await more well-controlled trials at larger scales and in more centers.
Noma kunjalo, ukusebenza nokuphepha kwe-TCM kusalinde izingcwaningo ezilawulwe kahle emazingeni amakhulu nasezikhungweni eziningi.
It would also be intriguing to characterize the mechanism of actions and clarify the effective components of TCM treatments or their combinations if possible.
Kungaphinde futhi kuhlabe umxhwele ukuthi kuphawulwe indlela yezenzo futhi kucaciswe ukuthi izingxenye ezisebenzayo zokwelashwa kwe-TCM noma izinhlanganisela zayo uma kunokwenzeka.
Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 mostly experience great fear of the highly contagious and even fatal disease, and quarantined people also experience boredom, loneliness, and anger.
Iziguli okunezinsolo noma eziqinisekisiwe ukuthi ziphethwe i-COVID-19 ngokuvamile ziyasisaba kakhulu isifo esithelelena kakhulu futhi esibulalayo, futhi abantu abazivalele baphinde babhoreke, babe nesizungu, kanye nolaka.
Furthermore, symptoms of the infection such as fever, hypoxia, and cough as well as adverse effects of the treatments such as insomnia caused by corticosteroids can lead to more anxiety and mental distress.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpawu zokutheleleka ezifana nemfiva, i-hypoxia, nokukhwehlela kanye nemiphumela ebucayi yokwelashwa efana nokuqwasha ebangelwa ama-corticosteroid ingaholela ekubeni nexhala okwengeziwe nokucindezeleka ngokomqondo.
In the early phase of the SARS outbreak, a range of psychiatric morbidities including persistent depression, anxiety, panic attacks, psychomotor excitement, psychotic symptoms, delirium, and even suicidality were reported.
Esigabeni sokuqala sokubheduka kwe-SARS, izifo eziningi ezihlobene nengqondo okuhlanganisa ukucindezeleka okuphikelelayo, ixhala, ukushaywa uvalo, ukuphazamiseka kwekhono lengqondo lokunyakazisa umzimba, izimpawu zokusangana, ukuhanjelwa ingqondo, ngisho nokufuna ukuzibulala kwabikwa.
Mandatory contact tracing and quarantine, as a part of the public health responses to the COVID-19 outbreak, can make people more anxious and guilty about the effects of the contagion, quarantine, and stigma on their families and friends.
Ukulandelelwa kokuxhumana okuyimpoqo nokuzivalela, njengengxenye yokusabela kwezempilo yomphakathi ekubhedukeni kwe-COVID-19, kungase kwenze abantu abaningi babe nexhala futhi bazizwe benecala mayelana nemiphumela yokuthelelana, ukuzivalela, kanye nesigcwagcwa emndenini nakubangane babo.
Thus, mental health care should be provided to COVID-19 patients, suspected individuals, and people in contact with them as well as the general public who are in need.
Ngenxa yalokho, ukunakekelwa kwempilo yengqondo kufanele kunikezwe iziguli ze-COVID-19, abantu okusolwa ukuthi banayo, nabantu abaxhumana nabo kanye nomphakathi ovamile oludingayo.
The psychological support should include the establishment of multidisciplinary mental health teams, clear communications with regular and accurate updates about the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and treatment plans and the use of professional electronic devices and applications to avoid close contact with each other.
Usizo lwezengqondo kufanele luhlanganise ukusungulwa kwamathimba ezempilo yengqondo yemikhakha eminingi, ukuxhumana okucacile okunezibuyekezo zezikhathi zonke nezinembile ezimayelana nokubheduka kwe-SARS-CoV-2 kanye nezinhlelo zokwelashwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamadivayisi ezokwelashwa kagesi kanye nezinhlelo zokugwema ukusondelana ngokuseduze nabanye.
Effective vaccines are essential for interrupting the chain of transmission from animal reservoirs and infected humans to susceptible hosts and are often complementary to antiviral treatment in the control of epidemics caused by emerging viruses.
Imigomo esebenzayo ibalulekile ukuze kugqashulwe iketanga lokuthelelana ukusuka ezilwaneni nabantu abathelelekile kuye kubabungazi abangase bachayeke futhi ngokuvamile iyahambelana nokwelashwa okulwa namagciwane ekulawulweni kwemiqedazwe ebangelwa amagciwane amasha.
Efforts have been made to develop S protein-based vaccines to generate long-term and potent neutralizing antibodies and/or protective immunity against SARS-CoV.
Kwenziwe imizamo yokwenza imigomo esekelwe kuphrotheni ka-S ukuze kwenziwe izivikeli-mzimba zesikhathi eside nezinamandla okubulala kanye/noma ukuvikeleka kokungayitholi i-SARS-CoV.
Live-attenuated vaccines have been evaluated in animal models for SARS.
Imigomo ebukhoma encishiwe amandla iye yahlolwa ezilwaneni ngokuqondene ne-SARS.
However, the in vivo efficacy of these vaccine candidates in elderly individuals and lethal-challenge models and their protection against zoonotic virus infection have yet to be determined before a clinical study is initiated.
Nokho, ukusebenza ezintweni eziphilayo kwalawa makhandidethi omgomo kubantu abadala kanye namamodeli enselele ebulalayo kanye nokuvikeleka kwawo ekungenweni igciwane elisuka ezilwaneni liye kubantu kusazotholwa ngaphambi kokuthi kuqaliswe ucwaningo lwezokwelashwa.
This is probably because SARS died down 17 years ago and no new case has been reported since.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-SARS yathula eminyakeni engu-17 edlule futhi akukho ukugula kwayo okusha okuye kwabikwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.
In contrast, sporadic cases and clusters of MERS continue to occur in the Middle East and spread to other regions owing to the persistence of zoonotic sources in endemic areas.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izimo eziyimvela kancane kanye namaqoqo e-MERS ayaqhubeka evela e-Middle East futhi asakazeka nakwezinye izifunda ngenxa yokuphikelela kwemithombo yamagciwane asuka ezilwaneni aye kubantu ezindaweni ezinesifo.
Vaccination strategies have been developed for MERS by using inactivated virus, DNA plasmids, viral vectors, nanoparticles, virus-like particles and recombinant protein subunits and some have been evaluated in animal models.
Amasu okugoma aye enzelwa i-MERS ngokuthi kusetshenziswe igciwane elingasebenzi, ama-plasmid e-DNA, ama-vector egciwane, ama-nanoparticle, izinhlayiya ezifana negciwane kanye namayunithi angaphansi ephrotheni eyinhlanganisela futhi amanye aye ahlolwa kumamodeli ezilwane.
The development of a safe and effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 for non-immune individuals is an urgent and critical task for controlling the ongoing epidemic.
Ukwakhiwa komgomo ophephile nosebenzayo omelene ne-SARS-CoV-2 kubantu abathelelekayo kuwumsebenzi ophuthumayo nobalulekile ekulawuleni umqedazwe oqhubekayo.
However, it is challenging to overcome the difficulty because of the long period of time (averaged 18 months) needed for vaccine development and the dynamic variations of CoVs.
Nokho, kuyinselele ukumelana nobunzima ngenxa yenkathi ende (isilinganiso sezinyanga ezingu-18) edingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe umgomo kanye nezinhlobo ezishintshayo zama-CoV.
As a novel disease, COVID-19 has just started to manifest its full clinical course throughout thousands of patients.
Njengesifo esisha, i-COVID-19 isanda kuqala ukubonisa uhlelo lwayo lwezokwelashwa olugcwele ezigulini eziyizinkulungwane.
In most cases, patients can recover gradually without sequelae.
Ezimweni eziningi, iziguli zingakwazi ukululama kancane ngaphandle kwemiphumela yesifo sangaphambilini.
However, similar to SARS and MERS, COVID-19 is also associated with high morbidity and mortality in patients with severe cases.
Nokho, ngokufana ne-SARS ne-MERS, i-COVID-19 iphinde ihlotshaniswe nezinga eliphakeme lokugula nokufa ezigulini ezinokugula okubucayi.
Therefore, building a prognosis model for the disease is essential for health-care agencies to prioritize their services, especially in resource-constrained areas.
Ngakho-ke, ukwakha imodeli yembangela yesifo kubalulekile kuma-ejensi okunakekelwa kwezempilo ukuze kubekwe ekuqaleni amasevisi awo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinezinsiza ezincane.
Based on clinical studies reported thus far, the following factors may affect or be associated with the prognosis of COVID-19 patients (Table ​(Table33):
Ngokusekelwe kuzingcwaningo zokwelashwa ezibikwe kuze kube manje, izici ezilandelayo zingase zithinte noma zihlotshaniswe nembangela yeziguli ze-COVID-19 (Ithebula ​(Ithebula33):
Age: Age was the most important factor for the prognosis of SARS, which is also true for COVID-19.
Ubudala: Ubudala babuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu sembangela ye-SARS, okuyiqiniso futhi nge-COVID-19.
COVID-19 mainly happened at the age of 30-65 with 47.7% of those patients being over 50 in a study of 8,866 cases as described above.
I-COVID-19 yavela ngokuyinhloko kubudala obungu-30-65 futhi u-47.7% walezo ziguli zazingaphezu kuka-50 kucwaningo lweziguli ezingu-8,866 njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla.
Patients who required intensive care were more likely to have underlying comorbidities and complications and were significantly older than those who did not (at the median age of 66 versus 51), suggesting age as a prognostic factor for the outcome of COVID-19 patients.
Iziguli ezazidinga ukunakekelwa kwezimo ezibucayi zazinethuba eliphakeme lokuphathwa ezinye izifo nezinkimbinkimbi futhi zazindala ngokuphawulekayo kunalezo ezingenazo (ubudala ongu-66 buqhathaniswa no-51), okusikisela ukuthi ubudala buyisici esiyimbangela kumphumela kuziguli eziphethwe i-COVID-19.
Sex: SARS-CoV-2 has infected more men than women (0.31/100,000 versus 0.27/100,000), as described above.
Ubulili: I-SARS-CoV-2 igulise abantu besilisa abaningi kunabantu besifazane (u-0.31/100,000 oqhathaniswa no-0.27/100,000), njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla.
Comorbidities and complications: Patients with COVID-19 who require intensive care are more likely to suffer from acute cardiac injury and arrhythmia.
Izifo ezikhona kakade nezinkimbinkimbi: Iziguli eziphethwe i-COVID-19 ezidinga ukunakekelwa okubucayi zinethuba eliphakeme lokuphathwa ukulimala kwenhliziyo okubucayi kanye ne-arrhythmia.
Cardiac events were also the main reason for death in SARS patients.
Izehlakalo ezihlobene nenhliziyo zaphinde zaba isizathu esiyinhloko sokufa kweziguli ezine-SARS.
It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 can also bind to ACE2-positive cholangiocytes, which might lead to liver dysfunctions in COVID-19 patients.
Kuphindwe kwabikwa ukuthi i-SARS-CoV-2 iyakwazi futhi ukunamathela kuma-ACE2-positive cholangiocyte, okungase kuholele ekungasebenzini kahle kwesibindi kuziguli eziphethwe i-COVID-19.
It is worth noting that age and underlying disease are strongly correlated and might interfere with each other.
Kuhle ukuphawula ukuthi ubudala kanye nesifo esikhona kakade kuhlobene nokuqinile futhi kungase kuphazamisane.
Abnormal laboratory findings: The C-reactive protein (CRP) level in blood reflects the severity of inflammation or tissue injury and has been proposed to be a potential prognostic factor for disease, response to therapy, and ultimate recovery.
Imiphumela yaselabhorethri engavamile: Izinga lephrotheni ye-C-reactive (CRP) egazini ibonisa ubucayi bokuvuvukala noma ukulimala kwesicubu futhi kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi kuyisici esingase sibe imbangela yesifo, ukusabela ekwelashweni, kanye nokululama okuphelele.
The correlation of CRP level to the severity and prognosis of COVID-19 has also been proposed.
Kuphinde kwenziwa ukuhlobana kwezinga le-CRP nobucayi nembangela ye-COVID-19.
In addition, elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and creatine kinase (CK) may also help predict the outcome.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ephakeme, i-aspartate aminotransferase (AST), i-alanine aminotransferase (ALT), kanye ne-creatine kinase (CK) ingase futhi isize ukubikezela umphumela.
These enzymes are expressed extensively in multiple organs, especially in the heart and liver, and are released during tissue damage.
Lawa ma-enzyme aboniswa kabanzi ezithweni eziningi, ikakhulukazi enhliziyweni nakusibindi, futhi kukhululwa phakathi nokulimala kwesicubu.
Thus, they are traditional markers for heart or liver dysfunctions.
Ngenxa yalokho, ziyizinkomba ezivamile zokungasebenzi kahle kwenhliziyo noma isibindi.