atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
Based on these, Gilead has provided the compound to China to conduct a pair of trials on SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, and the results are highly anticipated.
基于这些原因，吉利德已将该药提供给中国，用于对 SARS-CoV-2 感染者进行两项临床试验，其结果令人期待。
In addition, baricitinb, interferon-α, lopinavir/ritonavir, and ribavirin have been suggested as potential therapies for patients with acute respiratory symptoms.
另外，已经建议使用巴瑞克替尼、α-干扰素、洛匹那韦/利托那韦以及利巴韦林作为具有急性呼吸系统症状的患者的潜在疗法。
Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, liver damage, and other adverse reactions can occur following combined therapy with lopinavir/ritonavir.
洛匹那韦/利托那韦联合治疗后可能会出现腹泻、恶心、呕吐、肝损害和其他不良反应。
The interaction of these treatments with other drugs used in the patients should be monitored carefully.
应仔细监测这些治疗方法与患者使用的其他药物之间的相互作用。
Plasma from recovered patients and antibody generation
已康复患者的血浆和抗体生成
The collection of the blood from patients who recovered from a contagious disease to treat other patients suffering from the same disease or to protect healthy individuals from catching the disease has a long history.
从传染病中康复的患者收集血液用于治疗其他患有相同疾病的患者或保护健康个体免于感染该病已有悠久的历史。
Indeed, recovered patients often have a relatively high level of antibodies against the pathogen in their blood.
实际上，已康复的患者在其血液中通常含有相对较高水平针对病原体的抗体。
Antibodies are an immunoglobulin (Ig) produced by B lymphocytes to fight pathogens and other foreign objects and they recognize unique molecules in the pathogens and neutralize them directly.
抗体是由 B 淋巴细胞产生的用于对抗病原体和其他异物的一种免疫球蛋白 (Ig)，它们可以识别病原体中的独特分子并直接中和它们。
Based on this, plasma was collected from the blood of a group of patients who recovered from COVID-19 and was injected into 10 seriously ill patients.
基于此原理，从一组已经康复的 COVID-19 患者血液中采集血浆，然后注射给 10 名危重患者。
Their symptoms improved within 24 hours, accompanied by reduced inflammation and viral loads and improved oxygen saturation in the blood.
他们的症状在 24 小时内得到改善，同时发现炎症和病毒载量减少，血氧饱和度提高。
However, verification and clarification are necessary to propose the method for large-scale use before specific therapies are not yet developed.
但是，在开发出特异性疗法之前，有必要进行验证和澄清以提出可大规模使用的方法。
In addition, given the therapeutic effects, some disadvantages associated with the plasma should be considered carefully.
另外，考虑到治疗效果，应仔细考虑与血浆相关的一些缺点。
For example, antibodies can overstimulate the immune response and cause cytokine release syndrome, which is potentially a life-threatening toxicity.
例如，抗体可以过度刺激免疫反应并引起细胞因子释放综合征，这一毒性反应可能危及生命。
The concentration of antibodies in the blood is usually low, and the demand for the plasma is large to treat critically ill patients.
血液中的抗体浓度通常较低，而治疗危重患者的血浆需求量很大。
It is difficult to develop and produce specific antibodies rapidly enough to fight against a global epidemic.
很难足够快地开发和生产特异性抗体以对抗一种全球流行病。
Thus, it is more critical and practical to isolate B cells from recovered patients and identify the genetic codes encoding effective antibodies or screen for effective antibodies against essential proteins of the virus.
因此，更关键和实用的方法是：从已康复的患者体内分离 B 细胞并鉴别编码有效抗体的遗传密码，或针对病毒必需的蛋白质筛选有效抗体。
This way, we can readily scale up the production of the antibodies.
这样，我们可以轻松地扩大抗体的生产规模。
TCM has been used to treat a variety of diseases in China for thousands of years.
在中国，使用 TCM 治疗多种疾病已经数千年的历史。
However, its effects largely rely on a combination of multiple components in a formula that varies depending on the diagnosis of a disease based on the theories of TCM.
但是，其治疗效果在很大程度上取决于处方中多种成分的组合，而处方根据 TCM 理论的疾病诊断有所不同。
Most of the effective components remain unknown or are vague as it is difficult to extract and verify such components or their optimal combinations.
大多数有效成分仍然未知或不明确，因为很难提取和验证此类成分或其最佳组合。
Currently, due to the lack of effective and specific therapy for COVID-19, TCM has become one of the major alternative treatments for patients with light to moderate symptoms or for those who have recovered from severe stages.
当前，由于针对 COVID-19 缺乏有效和特异性的疗法，因此 TCM 已成为轻至中度症状患者或已经从重症阶段恢复的患者的主要替代治疗方法之一。
For example, Shu Feng Jie Du capsules and Lian Hua Qing Wen capsules were found to be effective for COVID-19 treatment.
例如，已经发现疏风解毒胶囊和连花清瘟胶囊对 COVID-19 治疗有效。
Top cure rates in the treatment of COVID-19 patients were observed in several provinces in China that used TCM in 87% of their patients, including Gansu (63.7%), Ningxia (50%), and Hunan (50%), whereas Hubei province, which used TCM in only approximately 30% of its COVID-19 patients, had the lowest cure rate (13%).
在中国几个省份，有 87% 的患者使用 TCM 治疗，其中观察到 COVID-19 患者的最高治愈率，包括甘肃 (63.7%)、宁夏 (50%) 和湖南 (50%)，而湖北省仅在约 30% 的 COVID-19 患者中使用了 TCM 治疗，其治愈率最低 (13%)。
However, this is quite a rough comparison as many other impact factors such as the number and severity of the patients should be included in the evaluation.
不过，这只是一个粗略的比较，因为在评估中还应该包括许多其他影响因素，例如患者的数量和严重程度。
On February 18, 2020, Boli Zhang and coworkers published a study to compare western medicine (WM) treatment alone with combined treatment of WM and TCM.
2020 年 2 月 18 日，张伯礼及其同事发表了一项比较西药 (WM) 单独治疗与 WM 及 TCM 联合治疗的研究。
They found that the times needed for body temperature recovery, symptom disappearance, and hospitalization were remarkably shorter in the WM+TCM group than in the WM only group.
他们发现，WM+TCM 组体温恢复、症状消失和住院所需的时间较单纯 WM 组明显缩短。
Most impressively, the rate for symptomatic worsening (from light to severe) was remarkably lower for the WM+TCM group than for the WM only group (7.4% versus 46.2%) and the mortality was lower in the WM+TCM group than WM only group (8.8% versus 39%).
最令人印象深刻的是，WM+TCM 组的症状恶化率（从轻型到重型）显著低于单纯 WM 组（7.4% 对 46.2%），并且 WM+TCM 组的死亡率同样低于单纯 WM 组（8.8% 对 39%）。
Nevertheless, the efficacy and safety of TCM still await more well-controlled trials at larger scales and in more centers.
尽管如此，TCM 的有效性和安全性仍然需要更高质量的对照试验、更大范围和更多中心来证实。
It would also be intriguing to characterize the mechanism of actions and clarify the effective components of TCM treatments or their combinations if possible.
表征 TCM 治疗或其组合的作用机制并在可能的情况下阐明其有效成分也将引人关注。
Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 mostly experience great fear of the highly contagious and even fatal disease, and quarantined people also experience boredom, loneliness, and anger.
疑似或确诊 COVID-19 的患者大多会因这种高度传染性甚至致死性的疾病而产生极大恐惧，被隔离者也会感到苦闷、孤独和愤怒。
Furthermore, symptoms of the infection such as fever, hypoxia, and cough as well as adverse effects of the treatments such as insomnia caused by corticosteroids can lead to more anxiety and mental distress.
此外，感染的症状，例如发热、缺氧和咳嗽，以及治疗的不良反应，例如皮质类固醇引起的失眠，都可能增加焦虑和心理困扰。
In the early phase of the SARS outbreak, a range of psychiatric morbidities including persistent depression, anxiety, panic attacks, psychomotor excitement, psychotic symptoms, delirium, and even suicidality were reported.
在 SARS 爆发的早期阶段报道过一系列心理反应，包括持续抑郁、焦虑、惊恐发作、精神运动性兴奋、精神病性症状、谵妄甚至自杀。
Mandatory contact tracing and quarantine, as a part of the public health responses to the COVID-19 outbreak, can make people more anxious and guilty about the effects of the contagion, quarantine, and stigma on their families and friends.
作为对 COVID-19 爆发的公共卫生应对措施的一部分，强制性的密切接触者追踪和隔离会使人们对传染、隔离和污名对其家人和朋友的影响更加焦虑和内疚。
Thus, mental health care should be provided to COVID-19 patients, suspected individuals, and people in contact with them as well as the general public who are in need.
因此，应该为 COVID-19 患者、疑似病例、密切接触者以及有需要的公众提供心理健康护理。
The psychological support should include the establishment of multidisciplinary mental health teams, clear communications with regular and accurate updates about the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and treatment plans and the use of professional electronic devices and applications to avoid close contact with each other.
心理支持应包括建立多学科心理健康团队，通过定期和准确地更新 SARS-CoV-2 爆发信息和治疗计划进行清晰的沟通，使用专业电子设备和应用程序避免密切接触。
Effective vaccines are essential for interrupting the chain of transmission from animal reservoirs and infected humans to susceptible hosts and are often complementary to antiviral treatment in the control of epidemics caused by emerging viruses.
有效的疫苗对于中断从动物宿主和已感染患者到易感宿主的传播链至关重要，并且在控制由新兴病毒引起的疫情方面通常作为抗病毒治疗的补充手段。
Efforts have been made to develop S protein-based vaccines to generate long-term and potent neutralizing antibodies and/or protective immunity against SARS-CoV.
业界已经努力开发基于 S 蛋白的疫苗，以产生长期和有效的中和抗体和/或针对 SARS-CoV 的保护性免疫。
Live-attenuated vaccines have been evaluated in animal models for SARS.
减毒活疫苗已经在 SARS 动物模型中进行过评价。
However, the in vivo efficacy of these vaccine candidates in elderly individuals and lethal-challenge models and their protection against zoonotic virus infection have yet to be determined before a clinical study is initiated.
然而，在启动临床研究之前，尚未确定这些候选疫苗在老年人和致死性攻击模型中的体内有效性以及其对人畜共患病毒感染的保护作用。
This is probably because SARS died down 17 years ago and no new case has been reported since.
这很可能是因为 SARS 早在 17 年前就已经消失，此后再未报告过新病例。
In contrast, sporadic cases and clusters of MERS continue to occur in the Middle East and spread to other regions owing to the persistence of zoonotic sources in endemic areas.
相比之下，由于在疫区持续存在人畜共患病源，因此中东地区持续存在 MERS 的零星病例和聚集性发病，并传播到其他地区。
Vaccination strategies have been developed for MERS by using inactivated virus, DNA plasmids, viral vectors, nanoparticles, virus-like particles and recombinant protein subunits and some have been evaluated in animal models.
通过使用灭活病毒、DNA 质粒、病毒载体、纳米颗粒、病毒样颗粒和重组蛋白亚基，已经开发出针对 MERS 的疫苗接种策略，其中一些已经在动物模型中进行过评价。
The development of a safe and effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 for non-immune individuals is an urgent and critical task for controlling the ongoing epidemic.
为非免疫个体开发针对 SARS-CoV-2 的安全有效疫苗是控制当前疫情的一项紧迫而关键的任务。
However, it is challenging to overcome the difficulty because of the long period of time (averaged 18 months) needed for vaccine development and the dynamic variations of CoVs.
但是，由于疫苗开发需要的漫长时间（平均 18 个月）以及 CoV 的动态变化，克服这一困难具有挑战性。
As a novel disease, COVID-19 has just started to manifest its full clinical course throughout thousands of patients.
作为一种新型疾病，COVID-19 刚刚开始在数以千计的患者中展现其完整的临床过程。
In most cases, patients can recover gradually without sequelae.
在大多数情况下，患者都可以逐渐康复，无后遗症。
However, similar to SARS and MERS, COVID-19 is also associated with high morbidity and mortality in patients with severe cases.
但是，与 SARS 以及 MERS 类似，COVID-19 重症患者也具有很高的患病率和死亡率。
Therefore, building a prognosis model for the disease is essential for health-care agencies to prioritize their services, especially in resource-constrained areas.
因此，建立这种疾病的预后模型对于卫生保健机构确定服务的优先级至关重要，尤其是在资源有限的地区。
Based on clinical studies reported thus far, the following factors may affect or be associated with the prognosis of COVID-19 patients (Table ​(Table33):
根据迄今为止报道的临床研究，以下因素可能影响 COVID-19 患者的预后或与预后相关（表 (Table33）：
Age: Age was the most important factor for the prognosis of SARS, which is also true for COVID-19.
年龄：年龄是影响 SARS 预后的最重要因素，对于 COVID-19 也是如此。
COVID-19 mainly happened at the age of 30-65 with 47.7% of those patients being over 50 in a study of 8,866 cases as described above.
如前所述，在一项包括 8,866 名病例的研究中，COVID-19 主要发生在 30-65 岁年龄段，其中 47.7% 的患者超过 50 岁。
Patients who required intensive care were more likely to have underlying comorbidities and complications and were significantly older than those who did not (at the median age of 66 versus 51), suggesting age as a prognostic factor for the outcome of COVID-19 patients.
需要重症监护的患者更有可能存在基础合并症和并发症，并且年龄显著大于不需要重症监护的患者（中位年龄为 66 岁对 51 岁），提示年龄为 COVID-19 患者结局的一项预后因素。
Sex: SARS-CoV-2 has infected more men than women (0.31/100,000 versus 0.27/100,000), as described above.
性别：如前所述，感染 SARS-CoV-2 的男性多于女性（0.31/10 万对 0.27/10 万）。
Comorbidities and complications: Patients with COVID-19 who require intensive care are more likely to suffer from acute cardiac injury and arrhythmia.
合并症和并发症：需要重症监护的 COVID-19 患者更有可能出现急性心脏损伤和心律失常。
Cardiac events were also the main reason for death in SARS patients.
心脏事件也是 SARS 患者死亡的主要原因。
It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 can also bind to ACE2-positive cholangiocytes, which might lead to liver dysfunctions in COVID-19 patients.
据报道，SARS-CoV-2 还可与 ACE2 阳性胆管细胞结合，这可能导致 COVID-19 患者出现肝功能异常。
It is worth noting that age and underlying disease are strongly correlated and might interfere with each other.
值得注意的是，年龄与基础疾病密切相关并可能相互影响。
Abnormal laboratory findings: The C-reactive protein (CRP) level in blood reflects the severity of inflammation or tissue injury and has been proposed to be a potential prognostic factor for disease, response to therapy, and ultimate recovery.
实验室检查结果异常：血液中的 C 反应蛋白 (CRP) 水平反映了炎症或组织损伤的严重程度，已被视为疾病、治疗反应以及最终恢复的潜在预后因素。
The correlation of CRP level to the severity and prognosis of COVID-19 has also been proposed.
还有人提出 CRP 水平与 COVID-19 的严重程度以及预后存在相关性。
In addition, elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and creatine kinase (CK) may also help predict the outcome.
此外，乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶 (AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶 (ALT) 和肌酸激酶 (CK) 升高也可能有助于预测结局。
These enzymes are expressed extensively in multiple organs, especially in the heart and liver, and are released during tissue damage.
这些酶在多个器官中广泛表达，尤其是在心脏和肝脏中，并在组织损伤期间释放。
Thus, they are traditional markers for heart or liver dysfunctions.
因此，它们是心脏或肝脏功能障碍的传统标志物。
Major clinical symptoms: Chest radiography and temporal progression of clinical symptoms should be considered together with the other issues for the prediction of outcomes and complications of COVID-19.
主要临床症状：胸部影像学检查和临床症状的时间进展应与其他问题一起考虑，以预测 COVID-19 的结局和并发症。
Use of steroids: As described above, steroids are immunosuppressant commonly used as an adjunctive therapy for infectious diseases to reduce the severity of inflammatory damage.
类固醇的使用：如前所述，类固醇是免疫抑制剂，通常用作传染性疾病的辅助治疗，以减轻炎症损害的严重程度。
Since a high dosage of corticosteroids was widely used in severe SARS patients, many survivors suffered from avascular osteonecrosis with life-long disability and poor life quality.
由于大剂量皮质类固醇被广泛用于重型 SARS 患者，许多幸存者患有缺血性骨坏死，导致终生残疾和较差的生活质量。
Thus, if needed, steroids should be used at low dosage and for a short time in COVID-19 patients.
因此，如果需要，应在 COVID-19 患者中以小剂量和短时间使用类固醇。
Mental stress: As described above, during the COVID-19 outbreak many patients have suffered from extraordinary stress as they often endured long periods of quarantine and extreme uncertainty and witnessed the death of close family members and fellow patients.
心理压力：如前所述，在 COVID-19 爆发期间，许多患者承受着极大的压力，因为他们经常遭受长期的隔离和极端的不确定性，并且目睹了亲属和病友的死亡。
It is imperative to provide psychological counseling and long-term support to help these patients recover from the stress and return to normal life.
必须提供心理咨询和长期支持，以帮助这些患者摆脱压力并恢复正常生活。
According to demographic studies so far, COVID-19 seems to have different epidemiological features from SARS.
根据迄今为止的人口统计学研究，COVID-19 的流行病学特征似乎与 SARS 有所不同。
In addition to replicating in the lower respiratory tract, SARS-CoV-2 can efficiently replicate in the upper respiratory tract and causes mild or no symptoms in the early phase of infection, similar to other CoVs that cause common colds.
除了在下呼吸道内复制之外，SARS-CoV-2 还可以在上呼吸道内有效复制，并在感染的早期阶段引起轻度症状或无症状，这与引起普通感冒的其他 CoV 相似。
Therefore, infected patients at the early phase or incubation period can produce a large amount of virus during daily activities, causing great difficulty for the control of the epidemic.
因此，感染者在发病早期或潜伏期会在日常活动过程中产生大量病毒，给疫情的控制带来很大困难。
However, the transmission of SARS-CoV was considered to occur when the patients are severely ill, while most transmission did not happen at the early phase.
但是，SARS-CoV 的传播被认为是在患者病情严重时发生的，大多数传播并不发生在早期阶段。
Thus, the current outbreak of COVID-19 is much more severe and difficult to control than the outbreak of SARS.
因此，与 SARS 相比，当前 COVID-19 的爆发更为严重且难以控制。
Great efforts are currently underway in China including the lockdown of Wuhan and surrounding cities and continuous quarantine of almost the entire population in hopes of interrupting the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
中国目前正在作出巨大的努力，包括封锁武汉及周边城市，以及对几乎所有人口进行持续隔离，以期中断 SARS-CoV-2 的传播。
Although these actions have been dramatically damaging the economy and other sectors of the country, the number of new patients is declining, indicating the slowdown of the epidemic.
尽管这些措施已经对中国的经济和其他方面造成严重损害，但新发病例的数量正在减少，表明疫情发展的速度正在放缓。
The most optimistic estimate is that the outbreak will end by March and the downswing phase will last for 3-4 months.
最乐观的估计是，此次爆发将在 3 月份结束，下降阶段将持续 3-4 个月。
However, some other experts are not that optimistic.
然而，其他一些专家并不那么乐观。
Paul Hunter, et al., estimated that COVID-19, which seems substantially more infectious than SARS, will not end in 2020.
Paul Hunter 等人估计，COVID-19 比 SARS 明显更具传染性，不会在 2020 年结束。
Ira Longini, et al., established a model to predict the outcome of the epidemic and suggested that SARS-CoV-2 could infect two-thirds of the global population.
Ira Longini 等人建立了预测疫情后果的模型，认为 SARS-CoV-2 可能感染全球三分之二的人口。
A Canadian group reported that SARS-CoV-2 was detected in both mid-turbinate and throat swabs of patients who recovered and left the hospital 2 weeks earlier, which indicates that the newly identified virus could become a cyclical episode similar to influenza.
加拿大一个团队报告说，2 周前康复并出院的患者在中鼻甲和咽拭子中均检测到 SARS-CoV-2，表明这种新发现的病毒可能成为一种类似于流感的周期性流行病。
However, promising signs have occurred in China based on the declining number of new cases, indicating the current strategies might have been working.
但是，随着新发病例数量的减少，中国已经出现了令人鼓舞的迹象，表明当前策略可能已经奏效。
Ebola was originally predicted to cause up to a million cases with half a million deaths.
埃博拉病毒曾被预测会导致 100 万起病例并造成 50 万人死亡。
However, via strict quarantine and isolation, the disease has eventually been put under control.
但是，通过严格的隔离，该疾病最终得到控制。
It is possible, similar to SARS-CoV, that SARS-CoV-2 might become weaker in infectivity and eventually die down or become a less pathogenic virus co-existent with humans.
与 SARS-CoV 相似，SARS-CoV-2 的传染性可能会变弱，最终消失或成为致病性较低的病毒与人体共存。
A comparison of the epidemic of COVID-19 with that of SARS and MERS is provided below (Fig. ​(Fig.55).
下面提供了 COVID-19 疫情与 SARS 以及 MERS 的比较（图 (Fig.55）。
SARS-CoV-2 is highly transmittable through coughing or sneezing, and possibly also through direct contact with materials contaminated by the virus.
SARS-CoV-2 具有高度传染性，可以通过咳嗽或打喷嚏，甚至可能通过直接接触被病毒污染的物品传播。
The virus was also found in feces, which raises a new possibility of feces-to-mouth transmission.
在粪便中也发现了这种病毒，从而增加了粪口传播的可能性。
A recent study on 138 cases reported that 41% of the cases were possibly caused by nosocomial infections, including 17 patients with other prior diseases and 40 health-care providers.
最近一项包括 138 名病例的研究报告，41% 的病例可能是由院内感染引起的，其中包括 17 名先前患有其他疾病的患者以及 40 名医护人员。
Thus, great precaution should be used to protect humans, especially health-care providers, social workers, family members, colleagues, and even bystanders in contact with patients or infected people.
因此，应该采取更严密的预防措施来保护人群，尤其是医护人员、社会工作者、家庭成员、同事，甚至是与患者或感染者有过接触的旁观者。
The first line of defense that could be used to lower the risk of infection is through wearing face masks; both the use of surgical masks and N95 respirator masks (series # 1860s) helps control the spread of viruses.
可以用来降低感染风险的第一道防线是佩戴口罩；使用外科口罩和 N95 防尘口罩（1860s 系列）均有助于控制病毒传播。
Surgical face masks prevent liquid droplets from a potentially infected individual from traveling through the air or sticking onto surfaces of materials, where they could be passed on to others.
外科口罩可防止来自潜在感染者的液滴在空气中传播或粘附在可能会传给其他人的物品表面。
However, only N95 (series # 1860s) masks can protect against the inhalation of virions as small as 10 to 80 nm, with only 5% of the virions being able to penetrate completely; SARS-CoV-2 is similar to SARS-CoV in size and both are approximately 85 nm.
但是，只有 N95（1860s 系列）口罩能够防止吸入小至 10 至 80 nm 的病毒体，仅有 5% 的病毒体能够完全穿透；SARS-CoV-2 的大小与 SARS-CoV 相似，均为约 85 nm。
Since particles can penetrate even five surgical masks stacked together, health-care providers in direct contact with patients must wear N95 (series # 1860s) masks but not surgical masks.
由于病毒颗粒甚至可以穿透五个叠在一起的外科口罩，因此与患者直接接触的医护人员必须佩戴 N95（1860s 系列）口罩，而不是外科口罩。
In addition to masks, health-care providers should wear fitted isolation gowns in order to further reduce contact with viruses.
除口罩外，医护人员还应穿隔离服，以进一步减少与病毒的接触。
Viruses can also infect an individual through the eyes.
病毒还可以通过眼部传染。
On January 22, 2020, a doctor was infected with SARS-CoV-2 although he wore an N95 mask; the virus might have entered his body through his inflammatory eyes.
2020 年 1 月 22 日，一名医生在佩戴 N95 口罩的情况下感染 SARS-CoV-2；病毒可能是通过发炎的眼睛进入其体内的。
Thus, health-care providers should also wear transparent face shields or goggles while working with patients.
因此，医护人员在面对患者时也应该佩戴透明面罩或护目镜。
For the general public in affected or potentially affected areas, it is highly suggested that everybody wash their hands with disinfectant soaps more often than usual, try to stay indoors for self-quarantine and limit contact with potentially infected individuals.
对于受疫情影响或潜在受疫情影响地区的公众，强烈建议所有人比平时更频繁地使用消毒肥皂洗手，尽量留在室内自我隔离，并限制与潜在感染者的接触。
Three feet is considered an appropriate distance for people to stay away from a patient.
三英尺被认为是人们保持远离患者的适当距离。
These actions are effective methods to lower the risk of infection as well as prevent the spread of the virus.
这些措施是降低感染风险并防止病毒传播的有效方法。
Although SARS-CoV-2 came as a new virus to the human world, its high homology to SARS-CoV as reported on 7 January 2020 should have caused high alert to China based on her deep memory of the SARS outbreak in 2003.
尽管 SARS-CoV-2 是作为一种新型病毒闯入人类世界的，但基于对 2003 年 SARS 爆发的深刻记忆，2020 年 1 月 7 日报道的其与 SARS-CoV 的高度同源性原本应该引起中国的高度警觉。
However, not until 19 January 2020 did the director of the Center of Disease Control of Wuhan comfort the citizens by saying that the novel virus has low contagiousness and limited reproductivity from human to human and that it is not a problem to prevent and contain the disease.
但是，直到 2020 年 1 月 19 日，武汉市疾病预防控制中心主任仍在安抚市民，表示这种新型病毒的传染性不强，人传人的可能性有限，而且疫情可防可控。
This message remarkably relaxed the alarm of the public, especially when the entire country was preparing for the Spring Festival, and the critical time was missed to contain the disease at its minimal scale in Wuhan.
这则消息明显放松了公众的警惕，又值春节即将到来，将疫情遏制在武汉的关键节点就这样被错过了。
The disease control agencies in China may take this hard lesson and make critical improvements in the future.
中国的疾病控制机构可能会汲取这一沉痛的教训，并在未来做出重大改进。
For example, these agencies should be (1) more careful when making public announcements as every word counts to citizens and can change their attitude and decisions; (2) more sensitive and reactive to unusual information from clinics rather than waiting for formal reports from doctors or officials; (3) more restrictive to contain a potential epidemic at its early stage rather than attempting to comfort the public; and (4) more often to issue targeted and effective drills to increase the public's awareness about epidemic diseases and to test and improve the response system of the society periodically.
例如，这些机构应该 (1) 在发布公告时更加谨慎，因为每个字都对公民至关重要，可以改变他们的态度和决策；(2) 对来自医院的异常信息更加敏感且反应迅速，而不是等待医生或官员的正式报告；(3) 在早期更严格地控制潜在的疫情，而不是试图安抚公众；以及 (4) 更频繁地进行针对性和有效的演习，以提高公众对流行病的认识，并定期测试和改进社会响应系统。
The outbreak of COVID-19 caused by the novel virus SARS-CoV-2 started in the end of December 2019.
由新型病毒 SARS-CoV-2 引起的 COVID-19 爆发于 2019 年 12 月底开始。
In less than two months, it has spread all over China and near 50 other countries globally at the time of this writing.
撰写本文之时，在不到两个月的时间里，它已经扩散至中国全境以及全球其他近 50 个国家。
Since the virus is very similar to SARS-CoV and the symptoms are also similar between COVID-19 and SARS, the outbreak of COVID-19 has created a sense of SARS recurring.
由于该病毒与 SARS-CoV 非常相似，并且 COVID-19 和 SARS 之间的症状也相仿，因此 COVID-19 的爆发看上去像 SARS 复发。
However, there are some remarkable differences between COVID-19 and SARS, which are essential for containing the epidemic and treating the patients.
但是，COVID-19 和 SARS 之间存在一些显著的差异，这对于控制疫情和治疗患者至关重要。
COVID-19 affects more elderly individuals than youth and more men than women, and the severity and death rate are also higher in elderly individual than in youth.
受 COVID-19 影响的老年人多于年轻人，男性多于女性，而且老年患者的严重程度和死亡率也要高于年轻患者。
SARS has higher mortality than COVID-19 (10.91% versus 1.44%).
SARS 的死亡率高于 COVID-19（10.91% 对 1.44%）。
COVID-19 patients transmit the virus even when they are symptomless whereas SARS patients do so usually when they are severely ill, which causes much greater difficulty to contain the spread of COVID-19 than SARS.
即使没有症状，COVID-19 患者仍会传播病毒，而 SARS 患者通常在病情严重时才会传播病毒，这导致控制 COVID-19 传播的难度要远远高于 SARS。
This partially explains why SARS-CoV-2 spread much faster and broader than SARS-CoV.
这部分解释了为什么 SARS-CoV-2 的传播远远比 SARS-CoV 更加迅速和广泛。
The regular RNA assay for SARS-CoV-2 can be negative in some COVID-19 patients.
在某些 COVID-19 患者中，SARS-CoV-2 的常规 RNA 检测结果可能为阴性。
On the other hand, cured patients can be positive for the virus again.
另一方面，已治愈的患者可能再次转阳。
These findings dramatically increase the risk of virus spreading.
这些发现大大增加了病毒传播的风险。
Given such rapid progress in research on COVID-19, several critical issues remain to be solved, as follows:
考虑到针对 COVID-19 的研究如此迅速，以下几个关键问题仍然有待解决：
Where did SARS-CoV-2 come from?
SARS-CoV-2 从何而来？
Although 96% genetic homolog was found between SARS-CoV-2 and two bat SARS-like CoVs, we still cannot conclude that SARS-CoV-2 is from bats.
尽管在 SARS-CoV-2 与两种蝙蝠 SARS 样 CoV 之间发现了 96% 的基因同源性，但我们仍不能得出 SARS-CoV-2 来自蝙蝠的结论。
What animal was the intermediate species to transmit the virus from the original host, say bats, to humans?
哪种动物是将病毒从原始宿主——假设为蝙蝠——传播给人类的中间宿主？
Without knowing answers to #1 and 2, we cannot efficiently cut the transmission, and the outbreak can relapse at any time.
如果不知道问题 1 和 2 的答案，我们就无法有效地切断传播途径，并且爆发随时都可能复发。
Although molecular modeling and biochemical assays have demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2, how exactly does the virus enter the airway cells and cause subsequent pathological changes?
尽管分子模型和生化分析已经证明 SARS-CoV-2 与 ACE2 结合，但该病毒如何精确进入气道细胞并引起随后的病理改变？
Does the virus also bind ACE2-expressing cells in other organs?
该病毒是否还会结合其他器官中表达 ACE2 的细胞？
Without clear answers to these questions, we cannot achieve fast and accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.
如果这些问题没有明确的答案，我们就无法实现快速、准确的诊断和有效的治疗。
How long will the epidemic last?
此次疫情会持续多长时间？
How is the virus genetically evolving during transmission among humans?
病毒在人传人过程中如何遗传进化？
Will it become a pandemic worldwide, die down like SARS or relapse periodically like the flu?
它会成为一种全球大流行病？像 SARS 一样消失？还是会像流感那样定期复发？
It is essential but may take some time to search for answers to the above and many other questions.
寻找上述以及其他许多问题的答案至关重要，但可能需要较长时间。
However, with whatever expense it may demand, we have no other choice but to stop the epidemic as soon as possible and bring our life back to normal.
然而，无论代价多大，我们别无选择，只能尽快制止疫情并使我们的生活恢复正常。
Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses
人冠状病毒的人畜共患病起源
Mutation and adaptation have driven the co-evolution of coronaviruses (CoVs) and their hosts, including human beings, for thousands of years.
数千年来，突变性和适应力一直推动着冠状病毒(Coronaviruses, CoV) 及其宿主(包括人类)的共同进化。
Before 2003, two human CoVs (HCoVs) were known to cause mild illness, such as common cold.
在2003 年之前，人们已知有两种人冠状病毒 (HCoV) 可引起轻微疾病，如普通感冒。
The outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) have flipped the coin to reveal how devastating and life-threatening an HCoV infection could be.
严重急性呼吸道综合征 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, SARS) 和中东呼吸综合征 (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, MERS) 的爆发翻转了局势，揭示了 HCoV 感染的破坏性和致命性。
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in central China at the end of 2019 has thrusted CoVs into the spotlight again and surprised us with its high transmissibility but reduced pathogenicity compared to its sister SARS-CoV.
2019 年底在中国中部出现的 SARS-CoV-2 再次让 CoV 成为了人们关注的焦点，令人惊讶的是，与它的姊妹病毒 SARS-CoV 相比，它的传播性强，但致病性低。
HCoV infection is a zoonosis and understanding the zoonotic origins of HCoVs would serve us well.
HCoV 感染是一种人畜共患病，因此，了解 HCoV 的人畜共患病起源将对我们很有帮助。
Most HCoVs originated from bats where they are non-pathogenic.
大多数 HCoV 来源于蝙蝠，并且为非致病性。
The intermediate reservoir hosts of some HCoVs are also known.
一些 HCoV 的中间贮存宿主也已为人所知。
Identifying the animal hosts has direct implications in the prevention of human diseases.
识别动物宿主对预防人类疾病具有直接意义。
Investigating CoV-host interactions in animals might also derive important insight on CoV pathogenesis in humans.
研究动物中 CoV 宿主的相互作用也可能让我们更深入地了解人类 CoV的发病机制。
In this review, we present an overview of the existing knowledge about the seven HCoVs, with a focus on the history of their discovery as well as their zoonotic origins and interspecies transmission.
在这篇综述中，我们概述了七种 HCoV 的现有知识，重点介绍了它们的发现历史、人畜共患病起源和种间传播。
Importantly, we compare and contrast the different HCoVs from a perspective of virus evolution and genome recombination.
重要的是，我们从病毒进化和基因组重组的角度对不同的 HCoV 进行了比较和对照。
The current CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic is discussed in this context.
在此背景下，我们探讨了当前的 2019 冠状病毒疾病 (COVID-19) 的疫情。
In addition, the requirements for successful host switches and the implications of virus evolution on disease severity are also highlighted.
此外，本文还重点讲解了成功完成宿主转换的要求以及病毒进化对疾病严重性的影响。
Coronaviruses (CoVs) belong to the family Coronaviridae, which comprises a group of enveloped, positive-sensed, single-stranded RNA viruses.
CoV 属于冠状病毒科，由一组具有包膜的正义单链 RNA 病毒组成。
These viruses harbouring the largest genome of 26 to 32 kilobases amongst RNA viruses were termed “CoVs” because of their crown-like morphology under electron microscope.
这些病毒拥有 RNA 病毒中最大的基因组，含 2.6 至 3.2 万个碱基，因在电子显微镜下呈冠状形态而被称为”冠状病毒“（CoV）。
Structurally, CoVs have non-segmented genomes that share a similar organization.
从结构上讲，CoV 具有共享类似组织的非分段基因组。
Approximately two thirds of the genome contain two large overlapping open reading frames (ORF1a and ORF1b), which are translated into the pp1a and pp1ab replicase polyproteins.
约三分之二的基因组包含两个大的重叠开放阅读框（ORF1a 和 ORF1b），它们被翻译成 pp1a 和 pp1ab 复制酶多聚蛋白。
The polyproteins are further processed to generate 16 non-structural proteins, designated nsp1~16.
这些多聚蛋白经过进一步加工，产生 16 个非结构蛋白，称为 nsp1~16。
The remaining portion of the genome contains ORFs for the structural proteins, including spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M) and nucleoprotein (N).
基因组的其余部分包含结构蛋白的 ORF，包括刺突 (S)、包膜 (E)、膜 (M) 和核蛋白 (N)。
A number of lineage-specific accessory proteins are also encoded by different lineages of CoVs.
许多谱系特异性的辅助蛋白也由不同谱系的 CoV 编码。
Based on the difference in protein sequences, CoVs are classified into four genera (alpha-CoV, beta-CoV, gamma-CoV and delta-CoV), among which the beta-CoV genera contains most HCoVs and is subdivided into four lineages (A, B, C and D).
根据蛋白质序列的差异，CoV 分为四个属（α-CoV、β-CoV、γ-CoV 和 δ-CoV），其中 β-CoV 属包含大多数 HCoV，并细分为四个谱系（A、B、C 和 D）。
Phylogenetic evidence has shown that bats and rodents serve as the gene source of most alpha-CoVs and beta-CoVs, while birds are the main reservoir of gamma-CoVs and delta-CoVs.
系统发育学证据表明，蝙蝠和啮齿动物是大多数 α-CoV 和 β-CoV 的基因来源，而鸟类是 γ-CoV 和 δ-CoV 的主要宿主。
For thousands of years, CoVs have constantly crossed species barriers and some have emerged as important human pathogens.
数千年来，CoV 不断跨越物种屏障，其中一些已经成为重要的人类病原体。
To date, seven human CoVs (HCoVs) are known.
迄今，已知有 7 种感染人的冠状病毒（HCoV）。
Among them HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63 are alpha-CoVs.
其中 HCoV-229E 和 HCoV-NL63 是 α-CoV。
The other five beta-CoVs include HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2.
其他 5 种 β-CoV 包括 HCoV-OC43、HCoV-HKU1、严重急性呼吸道综合征冠状病毒 (SARS-CoV)、中东呼吸综合症冠状病毒 (MERS-CoV) 和 SARS-CoV-2。
HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-NL63 usually cause mild symptoms, like common cold and/or diarrhea.
HCoV-229E、HCoV-OC43、HCoV-HKU1 和 HCoV-NL63 通常会引起轻微症状，如普通感冒和/或腹泻。
In contrast, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and the newly-identified SARS-CoV-2 are highly pathogenic, causing severe lower respiratory tract infection in relatively more patients with a higher chance to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and extrapulmonary manifestations.
相比之下，SARS-CoV、MERS-CoV 和新发现的 SARS-CoV-2 具有高致病性，在相对更多的患者中导致严重的下呼吸道感染，并更有可能发展为急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, ARDS) 和肺外表现。
The first HCoV-229E strain, B814, was isolated from the nasal discharge of patients with common cold in mid-1960s.
20 世纪 60 年代中期，首株HCoV-229E 病毒株 B814 从普通感冒患者的鼻腔分泌物中分离出来。
Since then, more knowledge was accumulated through extensive studies on HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, both of which cause self-limiting symptoms.
此后，通过对两种均可引起自限性症状的 HCoV-229E 和 HCoV-OC43 病毒的广泛研究，人类积累了更多相关知识。
Indeed, the concept had been widely accepted that infection with HCoVs is generally harmless until the outbreak of SARS.
事实上，在 SARS 爆发之前，感染 HCoV 通常是无害的这一概念已被广泛接受。
The SARS outbreak occurred in 2003 is one of the most devastating in current history, infecting over 8,000 people with a crude case fatality of approximately 10%.
2003 年爆发的 SARS 是当前历史上最具破坏性的事件之一，感染人数超过 8,000 人，粗病死率约为 10%。
Ten years later, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak resulted in a persistent epidemic in the Arabian Peninsula with sporadic spreading to the rest of the world.
十年后，中东呼吸综合征（MERS）爆发后， 疫情在阿拉伯半岛持续蔓延，并零星传播到世界其他地区。
The 2019 novel HCoV (2019-nCoV), which has subsequently been renamed SARS-CoV-2, is the causative agent of the ongoing epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has claimed more than 3,120 lives and infected more than 91,000 people as of March 3, 2020.
2019 新型 HCoV病毒（2019-nCoV，后更名为 SARS-CoV-2）是持续流行的2019冠状病毒疾病（COVID-19）的病原体，截至 2020 年 3 月 3 日，已夺取3,120 多条生命，感染91,000 多人。
The alarm has been ringing and the world has to prepare for the coming pandemic of SARS-CoV-2.
警报已经响起，全球必须为即将到来的 SARS-CoV-2 大流行做好准备。
All seven HCoVs have a zoonotic origin from bats, mice or domestic animals.
所有 7 种 HCoV 都有来自蝙蝠、老鼠或家养动物的人畜共患病起源。
Multiple lines of evidence support an evolutionary origin of all HCoVs from bats, where viruses are well adapted and non-pathogenic but show great genetic diversity.
多种证据表明，所有 HCoV的进化都起源于蝙蝠，蝙蝠体内的病毒适应性良好，无致病性，但表现出极大的基因多样性。
The COVID-19 epidemic has presented enormous medical, scientific, social and moral challenges to China and the world.
COVID-19 疫情给中国乃至世界带来了巨大的医学、科学、社会和道德挑战。
Tracing the zoonotic origins of HCoVs provides a framework to understand the natural history, driving force and restriction factors of species jumping.
追踪 HCoV 的人畜共患病起源为了解病毒物种跳跃的自然历史、驱动力和限制因素提供了框架。
This might also guide or facilitate the search for the reservoir, intermediate and amplifying animal host(s) of SARS-CoV-2, with important implications in the prevention of future spillovers.
此外，这还将指导或推动对 SARS-CoV-2 贮存宿主、中间宿主和扩大动物宿主的寻找，对预防未来的病毒溢出具有重要意义。
In this review we present an overview of the zoonotic origins, interspecies transmission and pathogenesis of HCoVs.
在这篇综述中，我们概述了 HCoV 的人畜共患病起源、种间传播和发病机制。
Particularly, we highlight and discuss the common theme that parental viruses of HCoVs are typically non-pathogenic in their natural reservoir hosts but become pathogenic after interspecies transmission to a new host.
特别是，我们强调并探讨了一个共同的题目，即 HCoV 的亲代病毒在其自然贮存宿主中通常不具有致病性，但在跨物种传播到新宿主后具有致病性。
We also review the trend of HCoV evolution in which the increase in transmissibility often comes with the decrease in pathogenicity.
此外，我们还回顾了 HCoV 进化的趋势，在该趋势中，可传播性的增加往往伴随着致病性的降低。
The outcome of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 outbreak is also discussed in this context.
在此背景下，我们还讨论了正在发生的 SARS-CoV-2 疫情的结果。
Animal CoVs have been known since late 1930s.
自 20 世纪 30 年代末以来，动物 CoV 就已广为人知。
Before the first isolation of HCoV-229E strain B814 from the nasal discharge of patients who had contracted common cold, different CoVs had been isolated in various infected animals, including turkey, mouse, cow, pig, cat and dog.
在首次从普通感冒患者的鼻腔分泌物中分离出 HCoV-229E 菌株 B814 前，医学家们就已在各种受感染的动物（包括火鸡、小鼠、牛、猪、猫和狗）中分离出不同的 CoV。
In the past decades, seven HCoVs have been identified.
在过去的几十年中，已经发现了 7 种 HCoV。
A brief summary of the history of HCoV discovery in chronological order (Table ​1) would be informative and instructive.
按时间顺序对 HCoV 发现的历史进行简要总结（表 1）会为我们提供丰富的信息并具有指导意义。
The first HCoV-229E strain was isolated from the respiratory tract of patients with upper respiratory tract infection in the year of 1966, and was subsequently adapted to grow in WI-38 lung cell lines.
1966 年，第一个 HCoV-229E 病毒株从上呼吸道感染患者的呼吸道中分离出来，并随后在 WI-38 肺细胞株中适应生长。
Patients infected with HCoV-229E presented with common cold symptoms, including headache, sneezing, malaise and sore-throat, with fever and cough seen in 10~20% cases.
感染 HCoV-229E 的患者出现头痛、打喷嚏、不适、喉痛等常见感冒症状，10~20% 的患者出现发热、咳嗽等症状。
Later in 1967, HCoV-OC43 was isolated from organ culture and subsequent serial passage in brains of suckling mice.
1967 年下半年，HCoV-OC43 从乳鼠大脑的器官培养及后续连续传代中分离得出。
The clinical features of HCoV-OC43 infection appear to be similar to those caused by HCoV-229E, which are symptomatically indistinguishable from infection with other respiratory tract pathogens such as influenza A viruses and rhinoviruses.
HCoV-OC43 感染的临床特征与 HCoV-229E 感染相似，在症状上与其他呼吸道病原体（如甲型流感病毒和鼻病毒）感染相比没有很大差异。
Both HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 are distributed globally, and they tend to be predominantly transmitted during the season of winter in temperate climate.
HCoV-229E 和 HCoV-OC43 在全球均有分布，主要在温带气候的冬季传播。
Generally, the incubation time of these two viruses is less than one week, followed by an approximately 2-week illness.
通常，这两种病毒的潜伏期少于一周，之后大约会发病 2 周。
According to a human volunteer study, healthy individuals infected with HCoV-229E developed mild common cold.
一项人类志愿者研究显示，感染 HCoV-229E 的健康个体会出现轻度普通感冒。
Only a few immunocompromised patients exhibited severe lower respiratory tract infection.
只有少数免疫功能低下的患者表现出严重的下呼吸道感染。
SARS, also known as “atypical pneumonia”, was the first well documented HCoV-caused pandemic in human history and the etiological agent is SARS-CoV, the third HCoV discovered.
SARS，又称“非典型肺炎”，是人类历史上第一个有充分记录的由 HCoV 引起的大流行病，其病原体是 SARS-CoV，即第三个被发现的 HCoV。
The first case of SARS can be traced back to late 2002 in Guangdong Province of China.
第一例 SARS 病例可追溯到 2002 年末的中国广东省。
The SARS epidemic resulted in 8,096 reported cases with 774 deaths, spreading across many countries and continents.
SARS 疫情导致 8,096 例报告病例，774 人死亡，蔓延到许多国家和大陆。
Apart from the super-spreaders, it was estimated that each case could give rise to approximately two secondary cases, with an incubation period of 4 to 7 days and the peak of viral load appearing on the 10th day of illness.
除超级传播者外，估计每个病例可能会带来约 2 例继发病例，潜伏期为 4 至 7 天，发病第 10 天出现病毒载量高峰。
Patients infected with SARS-CoV initially present with myalgia, headache, fever, malaise and chills, followed by dyspnea, cough and respiratory distress as late symptoms.
感染 SARS-CoV 的患者最初表现为肌痛、头痛、发热、不适和寒战，随后出现呼吸困难、咳嗽和呼吸窘迫等晚期症状。
Lymphopenia, deranged liver function tests, and elevated creatine kinase are common laboratory abnormalities of SARS.
淋巴细胞减少、肝功能检查异常和肌酸激酶升高是 SARS 常见的实验室检查异常。
Diffuse alveolar damage, epithelial cell proliferation and an increase of macrophages are also observed in SARS patients.
此外，在 SARS 患者中还观察到弥漫性肺泡损伤、上皮细胞增殖和巨噬细胞增加。
Approximately 20-30% of patients subsequently require intensive care and mechanical ventilation.
随后约有 20-30% 的患者需要重症监护和机械通气。
In addition to lower respiratory tract, multiple organs including gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidney can also be infected in these severe cases, usually accompanied with a cytokine storm, which might be lethal particularly in immunocompromised patients.
在这些重症患者中，除下呼吸道外，包括胃肠道、肝脏和肾脏在内的多个器官也可能被感染，且通常伴有细胞因子风暴，这在免疫功能低下的患者中可能是致命的。
The virus was first isolated from the open lung biopsy of a relative of the index patient who travelled to Hong Kong from Guangzhou.
该病毒首先从从广州前往香港的源头患者的某位亲属的开放肺活检中分离得出。
Since then, tremendous efforts have been dedicated to HCoV research.
从那时起，人们便一直致力于 HCoV 研究。
HCoV-NL63 was isolated from a 7-month-old child from the Netherlands during late 2004.
HCoV-NL63 于 2004 年底从荷兰的一名 7 个月大的婴儿身上分离得出。
It was initially found to be prevalent in young children, the elderly and immunocompromised patients with respiratory illnesses.
最初发现该病毒在幼儿、老年人和患有呼吸系统疾病的免疫受损患者中流行。
Presentation of coryza, conjunctivitis, fever, and bronchiolitis is common in the disease caused by HCoV-NL63.
在 HCoV-NL63 引起的疾病中，常见的有鼻炎、结膜炎、发热和细支气管炎。
Another independent study described the isolation of the same virus from a nasal specimen from an 8-month-old boy suffering from pneumonia in the Netherlands.
另一项独立研究显示，从荷兰一名患肺炎的 8 个月大男孩的鼻腔标本中分离出相同的病毒。
Although it was identified in Netherlands, it is actually distributed globally.
尽管该病毒是在荷兰发现的，但实际上它在全球都有分布。
It has been estimated that HCoV-NL63 accounts for approximately 4.7% of common respiratory diseases, and its peak incidence occurs during early summer, spring and winter.
据估计，HCoV-NL63 约占常见呼吸道疾病的 4.7%，其发病高峰在夏初、春季和冬季。
HCoV-NL63 is associated with obstructive laryngitis, also known as croup.
HCoV-NL63 与阻塞性喉炎（也称为格鲁布性喉头炎）有关。
In the same year, HCoV-HKU1 was isolated from a 71-year-old man who had been hospitalized with pneumonia and bronchiolitis in Hong Kong.
同年，从一名 71 岁男子身上分离出 HCoV-HKU1，该男子因肺炎和细支气管炎在香港住院。
Besides community-acquired pneumonia and bronchiolitis, HCoV-HKU1 was reported to be associated with acute asthmatic exacerbation.
除社区获得性肺炎和细支气管炎外，还有报告 HCoV-HKU1 与急性哮喘发作有关。
Similar to HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 was found worldwide, causing mild respiratory diseases.
与 HCoV-NL63、HCoV-229E、HCoV-OC43 类似，HCoV-HKU1 在世界范围内均有发现，可引起轻度呼吸道疾病。
All these four community-acquired HCoVs have been well adapted to humans and are generally less likely to mutate to cause highly pathogenic diseases, though accidents did occur for unknown reasons as in the rare case of a more virulent subtype of HCoV-NL63, which has recently been reported to cause severe lower respiratory tract infection in China.
所有这四种社区获得性 HCoV 都已经很好地适应了人类，并且通常不太可能发生突变而引起高致病性疾病。但也有意外发生，且原因不明，如 HCoV-NL63 的一种毒性更强的罕见亚型，最近有报告称该亚型在中国引起严重的下呼吸道感染。
Generally, when these HCoVs acquire the abilities to transmit efficiently and to maintain themselves continuously within humans, they also become less virulent or pathogenic.
通常情况下，当这些 HCoV 获得在人体内有效传播和持续存活的能力时，它们的毒性或致病性也会降低。
MERS-CoV was first isolated in 2012 from the lung of a 60-year-old patient who developed acute pneumonia and renal failure in Saudi Arabia.
MERS-CoV 于 2012 年首次从沙特阿拉伯一名 60 岁的急性肺炎和肾衰竭患者的肺中分离出来。
Whereas most of the laboratory-confirmed cases originate from the Middle East, imported cases with occasional secondary spreads to close contacts have been reported in various European countries and Tunisia.
尽管大多数实验室确诊病例来自中东，但在欧洲各国和突尼斯均报告了输入病例，其中偶尔出现继发性传播至密切接触者的情况。
Another secondary outbreak occurred in South Korea in 2015 with 186 confirmed cases.
2015 年，继发性传播在韩国再次爆发，确诊病例 186 例。
Clinical manifestations of MERS resemble those of SARS, characterized by progressive acute pneumonia.
MERS 的临床表现与 SARS 相似，以渐进性急性肺炎为特征。
Unlike SARS, many patients with MERS also developed acute renal failure, which is thus far unique for MERS among HCoV-caused diseases.
与SARS不同的是，许多MERS患者也出现了急性肾功能衰竭，这是迄今为止由 HCoV 引起的疾病中MERS独有的特征。
More than 30% of patients present with gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea and vomiting.
超过 30% 的患者出现腹泻和呕吐等胃肠道症状。
As of February 14, 2020, over 2500 laboratory confirmed cases were reported with a high case fatality of 34.4%, making MERS-CoV one of the most devastating viruses known to humans.
截至 2020 年 2 月 14 日，报告的实验室确诊病例超过 2500 例，病死率高达 34.4%，这使 MERS-CoV 成为人类已知最具破坏力的病毒之一。
During middle to late December 2019, clusters of pneumonia patients retrospectively known to be associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection were detected in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
2019 年 12 月中下旬，在中国湖北省武汉市发现了聚集性肺炎患者，经回顾性分析确认与 SARS-CoV-2 感染相关。
World Health Organization declared the ongoing outbreak of lower respiratory tract infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern and also named the disease COVID-19.
世界卫生组织宣布，由 SARS-CoV-2 引起的下呼吸道感染的持续爆发是国际关注的突发公共卫生事件，并将该疾病命名为 COVID-19。
As of March 3, 2020, 90,053 cases have been confirmed worldwide, with a crude case fatality of 3.4%.
截至 2020 年 3 月 3 日，全球已确诊 90,053 例，粗病死率为 3.4%。
Notably, the case fatality in Hubei, China is 4.2%, whereas the one outside of it is 1.2%.
值得注意的是，中国湖北的病死率为 4.2%，而湖北以外地区的病死率为 1.2%。
SARS-CoV-2 causes severe respiratory infection like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, presented as fever, cough and dyspnea.
与 SARS-CoV 和 MERS-CoV 一样，SARS-CoV-2 可导致严重的呼吸道感染，表现为发热、咳嗽和呼吸困难。
Diarrhea is also seen in some patients.
部分患者还会出现腹泻。
Pneumonia is one of the most severe symptoms and can progress rapidly to acute respiratory distress syndrome.
肺炎是最严重的症状之一，可迅速发展为急性呼吸窘迫综合征。
Although SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are very similar due to high nucleotide sequence homology of 82%, they cluster into different branches in the phylogenetic tree.
尽管由于 82% 的高核苷酸序列同源性，SARS-CoV 和 SARS-CoV-2 非常相似，但它们在系统发育树中聚类到不同分支。
SARS-CoV-2 is apparently less pathogenic but more transmissible compared to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
与 SARS-CoV 和 MERS-CoV 相比，SARS-CoV-2 的致病性明显较低，但传染性更强。
Asymptomatic subjects infected with SARS-CoV-2 have been reported and might contribute to its rapid spreading around the world.
据报道出现了SARS-CoV-2无症状感染者，这可能加速了该病毒在全世界的迅速传播。
Comparing and contrasting SARS-CoV-2 with the other six HCoVs reveal similarities and differences of great interest.
将 SARS-CoV-2 与其他 6 种 HCoV 进行比较和对照，我们可以发现非常有趣的相似性和差异性。
First, the incubation period and the duration of the course of HCoV disease are very similar.
首先，HCoV 疾病的潜伏期和病程持续时间都非常相似。
In this regard, SARS-CoV-2 follows the general trend of the other six HCoVs.
在这点上，SARS-CoV-2 与其他 6 种 HCoV 的总体趋势一致。
Second, the severity of symptoms of COVID-19 lies between SARS-CoV and the four community-acquired HCoVs (i.e. HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-NL63).
其次，COVID-19 症状的严重程度介于 SARS-CoV 与 4 种社区获得性 HCoV（即 HCoV-229E、HCoV-OC43、HCoV-HKU1 和 HCoV-NL63）之间。
On one hand, SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibits features that are more commonly seen during infection with community-acquired HCoVs, including the presentation of non-specific, mild or even no symptoms.
一方面，SARS-CoV-2 感染表现出的特征在社区获得性 HCoV 感染中更为常见，包括非特异性、轻度甚至无症状的表现。
On the other hand, a small subset of severe cases of COVID-19 can also be seen as in the case of SARS-CoV infection, although the ratio is a bit lower.
另一方面，一小部分严重的 COVID-19 病例同样见于 SARS-CoV 感染病例中，尽管比例略低。
Third, the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 also shows interesting patterns characteristic of both community-acquired HCoVs and SARS-CoV.
第三，SARS-CoV-2 的传播也显示出了社区获得性 HCoV 和 SARS-CoV 的有趣模式特征。
On one hand, the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 is at least as high as that of community-acquired HCoVs.
一方面，SARS-CoV-2 的可传播性至少与社区获得性 HCoV 一样高。
On the other hand, it remains to be verified whether the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 decreases after passages in humans as in the cases of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
另一方面，SARS-CoV-2 的可传播性是否会像 SARS-CoV 和 MERS-CoV 一样，在人类传代后下降，仍有待验证。
Finally, same as the other HCoVs, SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in fecal samples.
最后，与其他 HCoV 一样，可以在粪便样本中检测到 SARS-CoV-2。
Whether fecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 plays an important role as in the case of SARS-CoV at least under some circumstance remains to be clarified by future studies.
至少在某些情况下，SARS-CoV-2 的粪-口传播是否如同在 SARS-CoV 中一样起着重要作用，仍有待未来研究的澄清。
It is also of particularly great interest to see whether SARS-CoV-2 might exhibit seasonality as in the cases of community-acquired HCoVs.
另外，观察 SARS-CoV-2 是否像社区获得性 HCoV 一样具有季节性也非常重要。
Nevertheless, the features of SARS-CoV-2 including its transmissibility, pathogenicity and sustainable spreading after passages in humans will be influential on the ultimate fate of the ongoing outbreak of COVID-19.
然而，SARS-CoV-2的传播性、致病性和经人传代后的持续传播等特点，将对当前 COVID-19 疫情的最终命运产生重要影响。
All four community-acquired HCoVs causing mild symptoms have been well adapted to humans.
所有 4 种引起轻微症状的社区获得性 HCoV 都已很好地适应了人类。
From another perspective, it might also be true that humans have been well adapted to these four HCoVs.
从另一个角度看，人类也已经很好地适应了这 4 种 HCoV。
In other words, both could be the survivors of ancient HCoV pandemics.
换而言之，双方都可能是古代 HCoV 大流行的幸存者。
HCoVs that cause severe diseases in humans and humans who developed severe HCoV diseases have been eliminated.
导致人类严重疾病的 HCoV 和患上严重 HCoV 疾病的人都已消亡。
For this to happen, HCoVs have to replicate in humans to sufficient extent to allow the accumulation of adaptive mutations that counteract host restriction factors.
为此，HCoV 必须在人类中进行足够的复制，以积累适应性突变，从而对抗宿主限制因子。
In this sense, the longer the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak persists and the more people that it infects, the greater chance that it will fully adapt to humans.
从这个意义上而言，SARS-CoV-2 疫情持续的时间越长，感染的人数越多，它完全适应人类的可能性就越大。
If it adapts well, its transmission in humans would be difficult to stop by quarantine or other infection control measures.
如果它能良好适应，那么它在人类中的传播将很难通过隔离或其他感染控制措施来阻止。
For many years, the four community-acquired CoVs circulate in human populations, triggering common cold in immunocompetent subjects.
多年来，这 4 种社区获得性冠状病毒在人群中散播，导致免疫功能正常的人患上普通感冒。
These viruses do not need an animal reservoir.
这些病毒不需要动物宿主。
In contrast, highly pathogenic SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV have not adapted to humans well and their transmission within humans cannot be sustained.
相比之下，高致病性 SARS-CoV 和 MERS-CoV 还没有很好地适应人类，也无法在人类中持续传播。
They need to maintain and propagate in their zoonotic reservoirs and seek the chance to spillover to susceptible human targets, possibly via one or more intermediate and amplifying hosts.
它们需要在人畜共患病宿主中维生及繁衍，并可能通过一个或多个中间宿主和扩大宿主，寻找机会散播给易受感染的人类目标。
SARS-CoV-2 has features that are similar to both SARS-CoV/MERS-CoV and the four community-acquired HCoVs.
SARS-CoV-2 具有与 SARS-CoV/MERS-CoV 和 4 种社区获得性 HCoV 相似的特征。
It is highly transmissible like community-acquired HCoVs, at least for the time being.
它与社区获得性 HCoV 一样具有高度传染性，至少目前如此。