atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
This is not just to protect you, but also those you come in contact with.
这不仅是为了保护你，也是为了保护接触你的人。
As it happens, you probably aren't missing much by staying home, as many attractions around the world are closing their doors to avoid spreading the disease.
事实上你可能也无处可去，为了避免病毒扩散，全球很多景点都已关闭。
If you do need to travel, take precautions as you would for other infections: wash your hands frequently, avoid touching your face, cough and sneeze into your elbow or a tissue, and avoid contact with sick people.
如果确实需要出行，请像对待其他传染病一样采取预防措施：勤洗手、避免触摸脸部、咳嗽和打喷嚏时用肘部或纸巾捂住口鼻以及避免接触患者。
Before traveling, read up on the extensive and fast-changing array of travel restrictions that have been imposed around the world.
出行前，建议先了解一下全球各地广泛施行且频繁变更的出行限制。
After travel, monitor your health and consider self-isolation for two weeks to avoid transmitting the disease to others.
出行回来后，要注意监测自己的健康状况，并考虑自我隔离两周，以避免将疾病传染给他人。
Transportation from long-distance passenger flights to local buses has been curtailed or completely shut down in many countries due to low demand or government orders.
在很多国家，受需求低或政府指令的影响，从长途客运航班到当地公共汽车的公交运输已被削减或完全停运。
Many international and regional borders are closed.
很多国际和区域边境被关闭。
If you are away from home, and especially if you are in another country, consider returning home as soon as possible; this may get even more difficult as restrictions continue to change.
如果你已经离家，尤其是到了其他国家，请考虑尽快回家；随着限制措施不断变化，后面再回家将越来越困难。
In some cases it may simply not be possible, even if you're healthy and meet the legal requirements for entry.
某些情况下甚至完全无法回家，即使是身体健康且符合入境法律要求的情况下。
If you can't find a way back to your country, contact your nearest embassy or consulate for assistance.
如果你回国无门，请向最近的大使馆或领事馆寻求帮助。
They may be able to organize an evacuation, identify non-regularly scheduled flights, or give you an emergency loan to pay for transport.
他们也许会组织撤离，确定不定期航班，或者为你提供紧急贷款以支付交通费用。
In case they can't, make preparations in case you need to stay where you are for an extended period.
如果他们也没有办法帮你回国，请做好长期停留在现居地的准备。
If you do find a way back home, be prepared that it may be expensive, inconvenient, and have unusual restrictions (such as no checked baggage).
如果你找到了回家的办法，也请做好准备，回家成本可能很高，可能非常不便，还可能受到不同寻常的限制（比如无法托运行李）。
As of early April 2020, the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 is approaching one million.
截至 2020 年 4 月初，COVID-19 确诊病例已接近 100 万。
Though the disease started in mainland China, it has spread around the world and China has fewer confirmed cases and deaths than several other countries.
尽管该病起源于中国大陆，但已扩散到世界各地，中国确诊病例和死亡病例反而少于几个国家。
Europe is the new epicenter of the pandemic.
欧洲已成为此次疫情的新中心。
All but a handful of countries have reported at least one case, with the highest numbers of reported cases in the United States, Spain, Italy, Germany, France, mainland China, Iran, and the United Kingdom.
除少数国家外，全球大部分国家均报告出现确诊病例，其中报告病例最多的国家有美国、西班牙、意大利、德国、法国、中国大陆、伊朗和英国。
Local transmission is established in many countries in all major inhabited regions of the world except some Pacific island nations.
除一些太平洋岛国外，许多国家在所有主要人居地区均确认区域传播现象。
(See updates from the WHO.)
（详见 WHO 更新内容。）
The full extent of the spread is uncertain, due in part to limited testing.
全部传播范围还尚未确定，部分原因在于检测能力有限。
Many countries are experiencing a severe shortage of test kits, and the authorities have not been able to test everybody who is at high risk, so the real number of cases is probably much higher than the official one.
很多国家都面临着检测工具严重短缺的问题，公共卫生机构也无法对所有高风险人群进行检测，因此实际病例数可能远远高于官方数据。
Countries also differ in their testing and reporting practices, so comparisons of the number of reported cases do not tell the full story of how the epidemic has progressed in different areas.
各国采用的检测与报告方式也有所不同，因此仅仅比较病例数量并不能说明疫情在不同地区的传播程度。
The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and through objects.
该病毒通过呼吸道飞沫和物体传播。
The coronavirus is a relatively large virus, meaning it is not truly airborne: it will settle down in respiratory droplets.
这种冠状病毒相对较大，因此并不会真正通过空气传播，而是附着在呼吸道飞沫中传播。
Staying two metres (six feet) away from other people is usually enough to prevent transmission through this route.
人与人之间保持 2 米（6 英尺）距离通常就足以阻断这条传播路径。
Transmission from objects can happen, for example, if someone sneezes, touches a doorknob, and then other people touch the doorknob and then touch their faces.
如果有人打了喷嚏，又摸了门把手，随后其他人也摸了该门把手，然后又摸了自己的脸，则可能发生物体传播。
The SARS-CoV-2 virus may last on cardboard for up to 24 hours and on plastic for up to 3 days.
SARS-CoV-2 病毒在纸板上最长可存活 24 小时，在塑料上最长可存活 3 天。
Transmission via the fecal–oral route may also be possible.
除此之外，还可能通过粪口传播。
Evidence suggests that COVID-19 is contagious even without symptoms, though to what extent is still being investigated.
有证据表明 COVID-19 患者即使无症状也具有传染性，其传染程度仍在调查中。
Common symptoms include a fever, dry cough, and fatigue.
常见症状有发热、干咳和乏力。
Other less common symptoms include shortness of breath, a sore throat, headache, muscle pain, or sputum production.
另外一些不太常见的症状有气促、喉咙痛、头痛、肌肉疼痛或咳痰。
Some patients have very mild symptoms, similar to a cold.
有些患者症状较轻，类似感冒。
Serious complications include pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multi-organ failure leading to disability or death.
另一些患者则可能伴有严重的并发症，包括肺炎、急性呼吸窘迫综合征和导致残疾或死亡的多器官衰竭。
About 80% of infections result in mild symptoms, while the remaining may result in hospitalization.
大约 80% 的感染症状较轻，其余感染可能导致患者入院。
Case fatality rate is estimated at 1-3% of infected individuals, most of whom are elderly with underlying health conditions.
病死率约为 1-3%，其中大部分为存在基础健康问题的老年人。
The fatality rate is much higher for those over 70 but significantly lower for those under 40.
70 岁以上患者的死亡率较高，但 40 岁以下的死亡率非常低。
Those most at risk of COVID-19 infection and serious complications are the elderly and those with weakened immune systems or underlying health conditions like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer.
COVID-19 感染和严重并发症风险最高的是老年人、免疫力低下者或患有心血管疾病、糖尿病、高血压、慢性呼吸道疾病和癌症等基础性疾病的人群。
Not many cases are reported in children and most of these are mild or moderate, though a significant fraction do get pneumonia.
儿童报告病例并不多，且大部分儿童病例症状为轻度或中度，不过确实有很大一部分会发展为肺炎。
Occupationally, health care workers have higher risk compared to others with clusters of disease among workers and in health care settings.
从职业角度来看，相比其他工作人员之间或医疗环境中出现疾病集群的人员，医疗工作者所面临的风险更高。
The time between being exposed to the virus and the emergence of symptoms (incubation period) is typically between 2 and 14 days, though there has been one reported case in China where symptoms appeared 27 days after exposure.
从接触病毒到出现症状一般间隔（潜伏期）2-14 天，不过中国曾报告一例接触病毒后 27 天才出现症状的病例。
As of February 2020, the period of infectiousness is unknown, but is likely most significant when people are symptomatic.
截至 2020 年 2 月，传染期尚不清楚，但出现症状后的传染性很可能最强。
There is evidence of transmission from people who don't have symptoms, although to what extent is still being investigated.
有证据显示，无症状者也会传播病毒，尽管其传播程度目前还在调查当中。
It is unclear whether it is possible to be reinfected with the virus after recovering from it the first time around.
目前尚不清楚首次染病康复后是否还具有再次被病毒感染的可能性。
Long-term effects for people who have recovered remain unclear, but there is evidence of reduced lung capacity in some recovered patients.
病毒对已康复群体的长期影响也尚不清楚，但有证据表明部分康复患者的肺活量有所降低。
Testing for the virus usually consists of a swab inserted through the nose or a throat swab which is analysed in a laboratory for the virus.
病毒检测方式通常为在实验室分析鼻拭子或咽拭子，确定是否感染了病毒。
The current "gold standard" test involves extracting the genetic material from the sample and analysing it for known genetic markers of the virus.
当前“黄金标准”检测涉及从样本中提取遗传物质，并进行分析，以寻找已知的病毒遗传标记。
There is no established test assessing for the virus or antibodies in the blood, although tests are being developed.
目前尚无通过血液评估病毒或抗体的检测方法，不过检测方法已在开发中。
There is no test to establish immunity to the virus.
没有确定病毒免疫的检测。
Many governments around the world have advised their citizens not to travel unnecessarily amid the pandemic.
各国政府均建议公民在疫情期间取消所有不必要的出行。
Lots of airlines and package holidays are making it easy for you by waiving cancellation and change fees.
很多航空公司和度假套餐均已免除取消和变更手续费，方便人们取消出行活动。
Particularly avoid cruise ship travel.
尤其要避免乘坐游轮。
Older travelers and those with underlying health conditions are most at risk and should avoid travel that puts them at risk, such as long plane flights, visits to crowded places, and especially cruises, even outside of severely affected areas.
老年旅行者和患有基础性疾病的患者风险最大，应避免有风险的行程，如乘坐长途飞机或前往人群密集场所，尤其要避免乘坐游轮，即使不在疫情严重地区。
In affected areas, most experts recommend a practice known as social distancing.
在疫区，大部分专家建议保持社交距离。
This means minimising contact with others by keeping a distance of six feet or two meters from them and avoiding gathering together in groups.
也就是与他人保持 6 英尺或 2 米的距离并避免聚集，以尽可能减少与他人的接触。
Some areas permit small groups; others prohibit all group gatherings.
有的地区允许小团体聚集；有的地区则严禁各类聚集。
Measures you are encouraged to take include working from home whenever possible, avoiding crowds and avoiding leaving your home unless absolutely necessary.
建议措施包括尽可能居家办公，除非绝对必要，尽可能避开人群并避免离家外出。
If you must go out, try to stay at least 2 meters (6 feet) away from other people.
如果必须外出，尽可能与他人保持至少 2 米（6 英尺）的距离。
In many places these measures are required.
很多地区要求遵守这些措施。
Follow hygiene practices like for flu prevention.
像预防流感一样，养成良好的卫生习惯。
Frequently wash your hands with soap and warm water, and then dry your hands on a clean towel.
勤用肥皂和温水洗手，用干净毛巾擦干。
As coronaviruses are enveloped viruses, washing your hands with soap kills the virus by disrupting the mostly fat-based viral envelope.
冠状病毒是一种包膜病毒，用肥皂洗手可以破坏主要由脂肪组成的病毒包膜，从而杀死病毒。
Effective hand washing requires rubbing your hands for at least 20 seconds.
搓洗至少 20 秒才能达到洗手的效果。
Drying your washed hands physically removes some germs from your skin (so don't skip that step, and don't share towels).
洗手后用毛巾擦干可有效去除皮肤上的一些细菌（所以不要跳过此步，也不要与他人共用毛巾）。
If soap and water are not available, then use a &gt;60% alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
如果无法获得肥皂及水，可以用浓度超过 60% 的酒精洗手液洗手。
Alcohol is a quick germ-killer, but it's not quite instant, so this still requires the same 20 seconds of rubbing your hands together, making sure that every single scrap of skin gets wet, and then you have to wait about another minute, for the alcohol to completely dry.
酒精能够快速杀死细菌，但并非即时有效，所以也需要搓洗至少 20 秒，确保每一块皮肤都被浸湿，洗后至少等待一分钟，直至酒精晾干。
Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth with your hands.
请勿用手触摸眼鼻口部。
Most people touch their faces every few minutes, all day long.
大部分人时不时会摸摸自己的脸。
Try to do this less, and try to wash your hands before touching your face.
请尽量减少触摸脸部，摸脸前请清洗双手。
Also, try to avoid touching surfaces you don't have to touch in the first place, at least with your bare hands.
此外，尽量避免触摸不必要的表面，至少应避免直接用手触摸。
Cough and sneeze into your elbow or a tissue, and then immediately throw away the tissue and wash your hands.
咳嗽和打喷嚏时应用手肘或纸巾捂住口鼻，随后应立即扔掉纸巾并清洗双手。
Don't stand or sit near people who might be sick.
不要站在或坐在可能患者旁边。
Stay at least one meter – and ideally two meters (six feet) – away.
与他人至少保持 1 米距离，最好是 2 米（6 英尺）。
As a quick way to eyeball this distance, imagine that you and the other person both reached your hands towards each other.
为简单目测这一距离，可以想象与对方一起伸出手互够。
Could you touch the other person's hand without taking a step towards that person?
站立不动是否可以够到对方的手？
If the answer is yes, then you're too close.
如果可以，则表明距离太近。
Clean objects and surfaces that a lot of people touch, such as doorknobs, phones, and television remotes with regular household cleaner.
用普通家用清洁剂清洁多人接触过的物体和表面，如门把手、电话和电视遥控器。
Disinfect the surfaces with a suitable disinfectant, such as diluted household bleach.
用适当的消毒剂进行表面消毒，如稀释的家用漂白剂。
Stay home when you are sick, and avoid contact with other people until your symptoms are gone.
万一生病要居家隔离，在症状消失前应避免接触他人。
Do not share personal items that come into contact with saliva, such as toothbrushes, eating utensils, drinks, water bottles, and towels.
不要与他人共用可能会沾染唾液的个人物品，如牙刷、餐具、饮料、水杯和毛巾。
The practice of serving yourself from a common plate with your own chopsticks, common in China, should be avoided.
在中国，常会出现多人用筷子共食一道菜的现象，这种用餐习惯应避免。
Greet people without touching them.
打招呼应采用无接触方式。
Avoid hugs, kisses, handshakes, fist bumps, and any other contact.
避免拥抱、亲吻、握手、碰拳和任何其他接触。
If it's impossible to avoid contact, then wash your hands both before and after.
如果没有办法避免接触，则接触前后要清洗双手。
It won't protect you from the coronavirus, but it will partially protect you from the flu, which remains a greater risk than COVID-19 in many areas.
这种做法无法避免感染新型冠状病毒，但有助于预防流感。在很多地方，流感的感染风险依然高于 COVID-19。
This also saves you from unnecessary worry if you get the flu and think it might be the coronavirus.
这样也可避免一些不必要的担忧，比如患流感后误以为是冠状病毒感染。
If you are elderly or otherwise in a high-risk group and can be vaccinated for pneumonia, get that vaccination.
如果你是老年人或其他高危人群，可以接种肺炎疫苗时应当接种。
It won't protect you from viral pneumonia from COVID-19, but some COVID-19 patients have died of bacterial pneumonia that attacked their weakened lungs, so a pneumonia vaccination could save your life.
虽然无法避免你感染 COVID-19，但部分 COVID-19 患者实际上死于攻击虚弱肺部的细菌性肺炎，所以接种肺炎疫苗在一定程度上也可挽救你的生命。
Wearing masks is recommended for those who are suspected of carrying of disease and those who are in close contact with those infected.
对于那些疑似携带病毒或密切接触过被感染者的群体，建议佩戴口罩。
For those who are asymptomatic, the WHO does not recommend masks, though some national governments do.
对于无症状群体，WHO 不建议佩戴口罩，但一些国家政府会建议佩戴口罩。
Wearing a mask of some kind is required in some countries and cities in an effort to reduce community transmission.
为减少社区传播，一些国家和城市会要求佩戴某种类型的口罩。
There are worldwide shortages of surgical masks.
现在全球均面临医用外科口罩紧缺现象。
If you do wear a mask, make sure to use it correctly.
如果佩戴口罩，请确保正确佩戴。
The mask should cover your nose and mouth and fit without gaps.
口罩应遮住口鼻，且应大小匹配，避免留缝。
Wash your hands before putting on the mask and avoid touching the mask while wearing it.
戴口罩前要洗手，戴口罩后要避免触摸口罩。
If you do touch it, wash your hands immediately afterwards.
如果触摸了口罩，触摸后应立即洗手。
When the mask becomes damp, discard and replace it.
口罩潮湿后，应丢弃并更换。
Remove it from the back, throw it away, and then wash your hands.
从后面取下口罩并丢弃，然后洗手。
Remember that masks are not a substitute for good hygiene: continue to wash your hands frequently.
请记住，即使带了口罩，也要保持良好的卫生习惯：继续勤洗手。
Don't stock up on masks if you don't need them.
如果不需要口罩，请不要囤积。
Mask shortages mean that healthcare workers are having trouble getting a hold of masks, which puts everyone at risk.
口罩紧缺意味着医疗人员也难以获得口罩，这将提高所有人的风险等级。
That includes N95 respirators, which are not recommended for the general public – these are specialist equipment which must be fitted to be optimally effective.
其中包括不推荐普通大众使用的 N95 口罩，这是一种专业防护装备，旨在发挥最佳效果。
Leave them for healthcare workers.
请将这类口罩留给医疗人员。
Avoid crowded areas, especially enclosed areas without much air circulation, such as conferences, performances, shopping malls, public transportation, and religious services.
避免去人多的地方，尤其是空气流通不畅的封闭区域，如会议室、表演场所、购物中心、公共交通工具和宗教礼拜场所。
Events which involve a large scale gathering of people, from religious pilgrimages to music concerts, are being canceled worldwide, in an effort to contain the spread of the virus.
从宗教朝圣到音乐会，全球已取消各种大规模人群聚集活动，以努力控制病毒的扩散。
Tourist attractions, businesses, and transportation may be closed, especially in affected countries.
旅游景点、商家和交通运输可能均已关闭，尤其是在疫情国家。
Some canceled events, especially performances, sporting events, and classes, are being moved online, which means you can experience them without traveling.
一些已取消的活动，尤其是表演、体育赛事和课程，已转移到网上，人们不用出行也可体验。
At petrol/gas stations, use gloves or wipe down the handle with a disinfectant wipe if you can.
在加油站加油时，请尽可能使用手套或消毒抹布擦拭把手。
After filling up, clean your hands with hand sanitizer.
加满油后，请用洗手液洗手。
The U.S. and Canadian governments recommend avoiding travel by cruise ship.
美国和加拿大政府建议避免乘坐游轮出行。
Infections spread easily on board, and medical care is limited.
船上极易发生传染，而且医疗条件有限。
Amid a cruise ship outbreak, quarantines and docking are challenging partly due to the large number of people aboard.
如果在游轮上爆发疫情，鉴于载客人数众多，隔离和停靠均面临挑战。
Even cruise ships without confirmed cases have been denied permission to dock due to virus fears, and in the high-profile case of the Diamond Princess in Japan, hundreds of people were infected on the ship.
即使是船上无确诊病例，一些码头也会因害怕病毒而拒绝停靠，在日本备受关注的钻石公主号事件中，有数百名乘客被感染。
If you believe you may be infected, call a hospital or local emergency medical services instead of going in person to avoid infecting others.
如果你怀疑自己被感染了，请呼叫医院或当地急救医疗服务机构，不要私自前往，以避免传染他人。
Mention your symptoms and travel history.
说明你的症状和出行轨迹。
Wear a medical mask and follow the instructions of authorities and doctors.
佩戴医用口罩，并按照官方机构和医生的指示行事。
See also: Flight and health
另请查看：航班与健康
On a plane, follow the same hygiene practices as anywhere else: wash hands frequently, or use alcohol-based hand sanitizer if it's not convenient to leave your seat, and avoid touching your face.
在飞机上，遵循与其他地方一样的卫生习惯：勤洗手，如果不便离开座位则使用酒精洗手液，避免触摸脸部。
Researchers have found that passengers in window seats have less risk of contact with sick people.
研究人员发现，靠窗乘客与患者接触的风险较小。
Try to book a window seat, and avoid moving around the cabin during the flight.
尽量预订靠窗位置，飞行过程中避免在机舱内走动。
After washing your hands and before sitting down, use disinfectant wipes to wipe down the area around your seat.
洗手后入座前，要用消毒湿巾擦拭座位周围区域。
Wipe hard surfaces, and if your seat is leather you can wipe that too.
擦拭坚硬表面，如果是真皮座椅，也可擦拭。
Don't wipe a cloth seat, as the moisture can make transmission easier.
如果是布艺座椅，不要擦拭，因为潮湿有利于传播。
When using disinfectant wipes, follow the instructions on the packaging.
消毒湿巾请按照包装上的说明使用。
And remember, viruses enter through your mouth, nose, and eyes – wiping down the area doesn't hurt, but it's not a substitute for proper hygiene.
请记住，病毒可通过口鼻眼部进入人体，擦拭上述区域虽有帮助，但不能代替正确的卫生措施。
Wash your hands and avoid touching your face.
勤洗手并避免触摸脸部。
And use a tissue to touch the touch screen or other controls.
在触摸屏幕或其他控件时用纸巾裹住手操作。
When using the lavatory, use paper towels to turn off the faucet and open the door, then throw them away.
上厕所时，用纸巾裹住手来关闭水龙头、开门，然后扔掉纸巾。
Airlines in affected areas are taking steps to reduce transmission and keep passengers safe.
疫区的航空公司正采取措施减少传播和保护乘客安全。
For instance, these may include cleaning facilities more frequently, allowing flight attendants to wear masks, and serving prepackaged instead of freshly heated meals.
其措施可能包括增加设施清洁频率，允许空乘人员佩戴口罩，供应预先包装而非现场加热的食物。
If a group of passengers is connecting from an area with a severe outbreak, the flight attendants may be able to seat them away from the rest of the passengers (and if you were recently in a high-risk area, consider telling the flight attendants for this reason).
如果有乘客从疫情严重地区转机，空乘人员可安排其坐在远离其他乘客的位置（如果你近期到过高风险地区，出于这一原因，请考虑告知空乘人员）。
You may be prohibited from changing seats on the flight.
空乘人员可能会禁止你在机上调换座位。
This is so that, if someone on the flight turns out to be infected, the authorities can track down the people who were sitting near them for testing or quarantine.
这是为了万一飞机上有人被感染，官方机构能够追踪到其座位附近的乘客，以便进行检测或隔离。
COVID-19 is treated by relieving symptoms and preventing complications.
针对 COVID-19，治疗重点在于缓解症状和预防并发症。
There is no vaccine or specific treatment for the novel coronavirus.
目前还没有针对新型冠状病毒的疫苗或特效治疗方案。
Research into a vaccine or specific antiviral drug is underway.
疫苗或特效抗病毒药还在研究当中。
There are a variety of trials using HIV medications and other novel antiviral medications for treatment of COVID-19.
有很多使用抗艾滋药物和其他新型抗病毒药物治疗 COVID-19 的试验正在进行。
Mild symptoms may be relieved by taking paracetamol (acetaminophen).
服用扑热息痛（对乙酰氨基酚）可缓解轻度症状。
If you are infected with COVID-19, countries will isolate you until several consecutive tests for COVID-19 are negative.
如果你感染了 COVID-19，国家将对你采取隔离措施，直至连续多次的 COVID-19 检测呈阴性。
If you have been in close contact with someone infected with COVID-19, many countries will quarantine you for 14 days since the last exposure and monitor you for signs and symptoms.
如果你与感染 COVID-19 的患者有过密切接触，很多国家会自最后一次接触后实施为期 14 天的隔离，并监控你的症状和体征。
Some countries will also test you even if you don't have symptoms.
在有些国家，即使无症状，可能也会对你进行检测。
In many countries, the healthcare system has been stretched to the point of not being able to handle the sheer number of patients, and there is a chance you may be refused treatment due to the lack of available medical staff, supplies or equipment.
很多国家的医疗系统已濒临崩溃，无法应付如此庞大的患者数量，甚至可能由于医务人员、用品或设备不足，拒绝给患者治疗。
Many countries have shut down or severely limited flights, ships, and border crossings, especially to and from affected areas.
很多国家已关闭或严格限制航班、船只和边境口岸，尤其是往来疫区的航班、船只和边境口岸。
Even more countries have imposed restrictions on arriving travelers, either barring entry (maybe with an exception for local citizens and permanent residents) or requiring you to be quarantined, typically for 14 days.
更多国家对入境旅客实施了限制，有的严格禁止入境（当地居民和永久居民除外），有的则要求进行隔离，通常为 14 天。
Even if a mandatory quarantine is not imposed, you may be asked to "self-quarantine" by staying at home and not interacting with other people.
即使没有实施强制隔离，也可能建议你居家“自我隔离”，不与他人接触。
The most severe restrictions are on travellers who have recently been to affected areas, but increasingly many countries are applying them to incoming travellers overall.
最严格的限制是对近期到过疫区的旅行者的限制，但越来越多的国家已经开始对所有入境旅行者实施这些限制。
Some countries have even prohibited all or almost all foreigners from entry or limited the ability of local citizens and residents to leave.
有些国家甚至还会禁止所有或几乎所有外国人入境，或限制当地公民和居民离境。
What are the affected areas?
什么是疫区？
Well, this is a fast-changing situation, and each country/region/organization has its own list of what areas are subject to restrictions.
疫区范围变化很快，每个国家/地区/组织都有自己的限制区域列表。
The city of Wuhan is on every list and the rest of mainland China is on most.
所有列表中均有武汉，大部分列表中还列有中国大陆其余地区。
Other areas that are often included: France, Germany, Hong Kong, Iran, Italy, Japan, Macau, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Schengen Area as a whole, and sometimes various others.
列表中常见的其他区域还包括：法国、德国、中国香港、伊朗、意大利、日本、中国澳门、新加坡、韩国、西班牙、中国台湾、英国、美国、整个申根地区，有时还包括其他很多地区。
Some countries have imposed restrictions based on citizenship or residency from severely affected areas.
一些国家会对来自疫情严重地区的公民或居民实施限制。
A detailed list of entry restrictions is maintained by the IATA.
入境限制详细列表由 IATA 维护。
It doesn't cover all the restrictions, but it's still useful.
虽然不够全面，但仍然很有价值。
Keep up to date—the outbreak and the travel restrictions are changing rapidly.
持续更新——疫情爆发和出行限制也在快速变化。
For travel in the near future, consider making refundable reservations in case the changing situation forces you to change your plans.
近期如需出行，请考虑预订可退款客房，以防情况有变时更改计划。
Avoid buying tickets with a connection in an affected area – even changing planes can make you subject to restrictions.
避免购买在疫区转机的机票，即使是换乘，你也可能会受到一些限制。
Flights may get canceled with little notice, either due to the disease's spread and ever-changing entry restrictions, or simply because fewer people are flying and airlines are having trouble filling seats.
航班可能会在毫无通知的情况下取消，原因包括疫情扩散和入境限制不断变化，或者仅仅因为乘客减少，机上座位无法坐满。
You might also be delayed for hours upon arrival waiting for temperature checks and related procedures and paperwork, or even get quarantined for two weeks.
此外，抵达目的地后，你可能还要花数小时等待体温检测和相关程序与申报流程，甚至可能被隔离两周。
Be prepared for the possibility of disruption to your travel plans, especially if traveling internationally.
请随时做好出行计划中断的准备，尤其是国际行程。
Even if you're nowhere near affected areas there's a risk that you'll have to stay at the destination longer than planned if you've shared a building or vessel with an infected person.
即使不在疫区附近，如果你所在大楼或交通工具上发现感染者，你在目的地的停留时间也可能延长。
For example, in late February an Italian doctor on vacation in Costa Adeje (Canary Islands) was diagnosed with COVID-19, and as a result all the guests in the hotel he stayed at were quarantined.
例如，2 月下旬，一位在奥德杰海岸（加那利群岛）度假的意大利医生被确诊患有 COVID-19，结果他所住酒店的所有客人均被隔离。
Lockdowns and other internal restrictions
封锁和其他国内限制
Some countries and regions, especially severely affected ones, are implementing emergency lockdowns and restrictions on people's movements and activities, even for those who haven't recently been abroad.
一些国家和地区，特别是严重疫区，正在实施紧急封锁，以限制人们的出行和活动，即使是近期未曾出国的人员。
These include the temporary reintroduction of some border controls, restrictions on travel within the country, closing or limiting service at restaurants and other establishments, banning large public events, and in the most severe cases prohibiting people from leaving the house except for essential reasons.
措施包括暂时重启边境管制，限制国内出行，关闭或限制餐馆和其他场所提供服务，禁止大型公共活动，最严重时还会禁止居民离家外出，除非绝对必要。
Beyond government restrictions, individual establishments are shutting their doors and cancelling events to try to reduce the spread of the virus.
除了政府限制外，个别设施也会关闭，取消活动，努力减少病毒扩散。
In China, there are extensive restrictions on transportation and activity, which vary widely by province, city, and even by district or village.
在中国，交通和活动受到广泛限制，具体限制因省、市、甚至地区或村庄而存在巨大差异。
Many governments recommend against traveling to China at this time.
很多政府建议这段时间避免前往中国。
If you have no choice, do your research and get up-to-date information about the local situation wherever you are going.
如果你没有其他选择，请自行调查，及时了解有关你的目的地的最新信息。
People who have traveled to Hubei face particularly severe restrictions.
到过湖北的人员尤其会受到严格限制。
Examples of restrictions that you may encounter in some parts of China (this is not an exhaustive list):
在中国部分地区你可能会受到的限制包括（以下是非详尽列表）：
14-day quarantine, self-quarantine, or COVID-19 test upon arrival from other parts of China or from other countries, at your expense
从中国其他地区或其他国家抵达后，接受为期 14 天的隔离、自我隔离或 COVID-19 检测，费用自理。
questions about your travel and medical history (lying can get you years in prison)
询问你的活动轨迹和病史（瞒报有可能入狱）
mandatory registration using an online or paper form
使用在线或纸质表格强制登记
requirement to wear a face mask in public
要求在公共场所佩戴口罩
people who have been outside of China within 14 days not allowed into public places like malls
从国外回到中国后 14 天内不得进入商场等公共区域
shops only accept mobile payments, not cash
商店仅接受移动付款，不收现金
restaurants, transportation and other establishments refusing service to non-Chinese citizens
餐厅、交通和其他机构拒绝向非中国公民提供服务
many forms of transportation reduced or shut down
很多交通运输工具已管控或停运
mandatory real-name registration for public transit cards
强制实名登记公交卡
access in and out of a town, village, or city completely blocked
完全封锁城镇、村庄或城市出入通道
non-resident visitors prohibited from entering apartment complexes
非居民游客不得进入公寓楼
only allowed to go outside once every two days to get supplies
仅允许每两天外出一次获取补给
businesses, activities, and attractions closed
商业场所、活动和景点关闭
businesses need local government permission to re-open
商业场所需当地政府批准才可复开
restaurants (if they are even open) require a minimum distance between customers
餐馆（如果依然开放）要求顾客之间保持安全距离
selling substandard face masks has a maximum sentence of life imprisonment
销售不合格口罩最高可判处无期徒刑
As of mid-March 2020, Europe is the epicenter of the epidemic, and many European countries have closed their borders to international travel - only border commuters and freight are allowed to cross.
截至 2020 年 3 月中旬，欧洲仍为疫情中心，很多欧洲国家已经关闭国际边境通道，仅允许边境通勤者和货物通过。
Also businesses other than food stores and pharmacies are closed, and public transport has been reduced or stopped.
此外，除食品店和药店以外的其他商业店铺均已关闭，公共交通也已管控或停运。
In the worst affected countries including Italy, Spain and France, lockdowns like in China in January, have been implemented.
包括意大利、西班牙和法国在内的最严重疫区已实施中国在 1 月份实施的封锁措施。
As well the EU has closed its outer borders.
与此同时，欧洲还关闭了其外部边界。
COVID-19 is prevalent also in North America.
COVID-19 在北美也出现蔓延。
The borders between Canada, the U.S., and Mexico are closed to non-essential travel, and in many areas bans on big gatherings are in effect (this means places like restaurants are closed, and events are canceled).
加拿大、美国和墨西哥之间的边境禁止非必要旅行，很多地区还禁止大型集会（餐馆等场所被迫关闭，活动被迫取消）。
Numerous state, county, and municipal jurisdictions have issued stay-at-home orders that require all nonessential businesses to close.
很多州、县和市司法管辖区也发布了居家令，要求停止所有非必要业务。
With lots of flights canceled, warnings issued, and restrictions imposed, flying in the time of coronavirus can be a challenge.
随着大量航班的取消、警告的发布、限制的施加，疫情期间乘飞机出行面临极大挑战。
Some routes are not possible.
有些航线已经禁飞。
Others will require more inconvenient connections than usual—multiple stops and long waits between flights.
其他未禁飞航线也比平时麻烦很多，飞行期间要多次停靠，还要等待很长时间。
In some cases that means more expensive tickets.
一些情况下票价高昂。
On the other hand, the good news is that many flights are cheaper than usual due to decreased demand, and there's a decent chance you'll get an empty seat next to you.
当然也有好消息，有些航线的票价因需求下降，反而比平时便宜，而且你旁边的座位很可能是空的。
Build in extra time for your connections, especially if transferring from an international flight to a domestic flight and especially if your itinerary involves a country that's seriously affected.
应预留额外的转机时间，尤其是在从国际航班转为国内航班或行程涉及疫情严重国家的情况下。
Screenings, temperature checks, extra paperwork, and the associated waiting around can add minutes or hours before you're allowed to continue on your journey.
一些筛查、体温检测、额外文书以及相关等待可能会使您的旅程拖延数分钟或数小时。
You may find it harder than usual to buy a ticket to or from a destination subject to warnings and restrictions.
受警告和限制的影响，你可能会发现购买往来某个目的地的机票比平时更难。
This is a real concern if you're trying to get out of an affected area.
如果要离开疫区，这会是一个头疼的问题。
For instance, most aggregators are not selling tickets from China to the United States (presumably to avoid falling afoul of restrictions and being on the hook for a passenger's flight out).
例如，大部分中间商不会出售从中国到美国的机票（大概是为了避免违反限制，避免航班因乘客出境而被叫停）。
To buy a ticket for an itinerary like this, you may have to contact the airline or use a lesser-known aggregator.
要购买这类机票，你可能需要联系航空公司或选择不太知名的中间商。
Another possibility is to buy two separate tickets (for instance, a ticket from China to Cambodia and a second ticket from Cambodia to the U.S.), but be careful you won't get quarantined or lose your luggage in between.
另一种可能是需要买两张不同的机票（例如，一张从中国到柬埔寨的机票和一张从柬埔寨到美国的机票），但要小心，避免转机时被隔离或丢失行李。
Connecting flights can be a problem.
转机也可能存在问题。
The risk of getting stuck in the connection city is higher than usual right now, due to delays for screening and testing as well as extensive cancellations.
因筛查和检测导致延迟和大面积航班取消，被困在转机城市的风险现在比平时更高。
Connecting in an affected area may lead to entry restrictions later on, and if you've been in an affected area recently some countries won't even let you change planes.
在疫区转机可能还会导致随后的入境限制，如果你最近到过疫区，一些国家甚至还会拒绝为你提供转机服务。
On certain itineraries there is a risk of getting quarantined somewhere along the way.
某些路线还存在沿途被隔离的风险。
So book a direct flight if you can, and if not, think carefully about where to connect.
因此，请尽量预订直达航班，如果没有直达航班，则请慎重考虑转机地点。
In uncertain times, plans can change.
在此不确定时期，计划随时可能有变。
Many embassies and consulates have evacuated nonessential staff, and some have shut down operations completely.
很多大使馆和领事馆也已疏散了一些不必要的工作人员，有些业务已完全关停。
Emergency assistance should still be available, though it's possible you may have to contact a further-away consulate if your local one has shut down.
但紧急援助应该仍然可用，不过你当地的领事馆可能已经关闭，你可能需要联系更远的领事馆。
If you have been stranded due to the pandemic, your nearest consulate may be able to help you find a flight home, arrange an emergency loan so you can buy a ticket, or provide an emergency passport.
如果因疫情而被困，距你最近的领事馆可能会帮你寻找回国航班，为你安排紧急贷款，方便你购买机票，或为你提供紧急护照。
At the very least they can keep you informed about the local situation and notify you about recently introduced travel requirements and restrictions.
至少他们可帮助你了解当地情况，告知你最近出台的旅行要求和限制。
Ordinary consular services such as visa and passport processing may be suspended or restricted to urgent need, depending on the location and the consulate.
签证和护照处理等普通领事服务可能会暂停或仅限紧急需求，具体取决于地点和领事馆。
Although some people call the disease "Wuhan pneumonia" (武汉(漢)肺炎/武肺), "Wuhan disease", or "Chinese virus", the use of these terms is considered racist in China and by many people of Chinese origin.
尽管有人称此病为“Wuhan pneumonia” (武汉(漢)肺炎/武肺)、“Wuhan disease”或“Chinese virus”，但中国以及很多华裔认为使用这些词涉嫌种族歧视。
It is still common to refer the disease as "Wuhan pneumonia" or "Chinese virus" in places like Hong Kong and Taiwan.
在中国香港和中国台湾等地，也常听到有人称此病为“武汉肺炎”或“中国病毒”。
To be safe, use location-neutral terms when referring to the disease, such as "COVID-19", "novel coronavirus", or just "the virus" or "the pandemic".
为安全起见，提到此病时尽量使用中立词，如“COVID-19”、“新型冠状病毒”，或者直接称“病毒”或“疫情”。
Particularly in developing countries where law enforcement are poorly trained, enforcement of curfew, lockdown or stay-at-home orders are often brutal, often using forces not proportionate against crowds.
尤其是在执法人员受训不足的发展中国家，宵禁、封锁或居家令在执行方面往往比较严酷，经常会通过武力对人群强制执行。
Comply with these orders, and avoid crowds in public.
请遵守这些政令，避免去人多拥挤的公共场所。
As a result of the coronavirus pandemic, xenophobia has risen in many countries, primarily but not exclusively targeting people perceived to be Chinese.
冠状病毒疫情导致很多国家开始出现仇外心理，主要针对但不仅限于华裔面孔群体。
There has been a worldwide spike in racist incidents targeting people of East Asian origin, including in major cities such as New York, London and San Francisco.
针对东亚裔人的种族歧视事件在全球激增，包括在纽约、伦敦和旧金山等大城市。
In Hong Kong, Sinophobia, which was already high to begin with, has intensified as a result of the pandemic, with the result that many shops and restaurants are now denying service to mainland Chinese customers and banning Mandarin speakers from their premises (with the exception of Taiwanese).
在中国香港，居高不下的“恐中症”因疫情而加剧，结果导致现在很多商家和餐馆拒绝向中国大陆顾客提供服务，并禁止说普通话的群体进入其经营场所（台湾人除外）。
Levels of xenophobia have also risen in East Asia, with some restaurants and other businesses in Japan and China refusing service to foreign customers.
仇外心理在东亚也有所上升，日本和中国的一些餐馆和其他商家也会拒绝向外国顾客提供服务。
In China, there have been incidents of foreigners being refused rooms by hotel staff, and foreign residents, particularly black people, being kicked out of their apartments on short notice by their landlords.
在中国，曾发生外国人被酒店员工拒绝入住，以及外国居民（尤其是黑人）收到房东临时通知，被赶出公寓的事件。
Sources for further information on the coronavirus outbreak include:
以下方面可提供有关冠状病毒疫情的更多信息：
The US government Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
美国疾病预防与控制中心
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (daily updates)
欧洲疾病预防与控制中心（每日更新）
United Kingdom government, - Foreign and Commonwealth Office advice for Travellers
英国政府——外交和联邦事务部给旅行者的建议
An online map and dashboard from the John Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering with live updates
由约翰·霍普斯金大学系统科学与工程中心提供的在线地图和统计图，实时更新
Partial lists of entry restrictions from IATA and The New York Times
由 IATA 和纽约时报发布的部分入境限制清单
A variety of misinformation and conspiracy theories about the virus are being promoted online and even by some government officials, so be careful which sources you check for information.
有关这种病毒的各种不实信息和阴谋论在网上流传，有些甚至来自政府官员，因此要认真检查信息来源。
Ensure that all information and advice you receive has been backed by reputable doctors and scientists.
确保你所收到的所有信息和建议已获得信誉良好的医生和科学家的支持。
In a crisis, it's natural to want to keep following the latest updates, but it may be better for your mental health to moderate the amount of news that you look at, and stick to reliable news sources.
在危机中，人们自然会希望关注最新消息，但为心理健康考虑，应适度控制你所查看的新闻数量，仅关注可靠来源的新闻。
If you normally watch the news twice per day then stick to this schedule and do something else, rather than having the 24-hour news on continuously.
如果你通常每天看两次新闻，则请保持此频率，尝试做些别的事情，而不要连续 24 小时跟踪新闻信息。
b'Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an enzyme attached to the outer surface (cell membranes) of cells in the lungs, arteries, heart, kidney, and intestines.
血管紧张素转换酶 2 (Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2, ACE2) 是一种附着在肺、动脉、心脏、肾脏和肠道中细胞外表面（细胞膜）的酶。
ACE2 counters the activity of the related angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) by reducing the amount of angiotensin-II and increasing Ang(1-7) making it a promising drug target for treating cardiovascular diseases.ACE2 also serves as the entry point into cells for some coronaviruses.
ACE2 通过减少血管紧张素 II 的含量并增加 Ang(1-7) 的含量来抑制相关血管紧张素转换酶 (Angiotensin-converting Enzyme, ACE) 的活性，有望成为治疗心血管疾病的药物靶点。ACE2 也是某些冠状病毒进入细胞的入口点。
The human version of the enzyme is often referred to as hACE2.
这种酶的人源版本通常称为 hACE2。
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a zinc containing metalloenzyme located on the surface of endothelial and other cells.
血管紧张素转换酶 2 是位于内皮细胞和其他细胞表面的一种含锌金属酶。
ACE2 protein contains an N-terminal peptidase M2 domain and a C-terminal collectrin renal amino acid transporter domain.
ACE2 蛋白包含一个 N-末端肽酶 M2 结构域和一个 C-末端 Collectrin 肾脏氨基酸转运蛋白结构域。
ACE2 is a single-pass type I membrane protein, with its enzymatically active domain exposed on the surface of cells in lungs and other tissues.
ACE2 是一种单通 I 型膜蛋白，其酶活性结构域暴露于肺和其他组织的细胞表面。
The extracellular domain of ACE2 is cleaved from the transmembrane domain by another enzyme known as sheddase, and the resulting soluble protein is released into the blood stream and ultimately excreted into urine.
另一种被称为脱落酶 (sheddase) 的酶将ACE2 的细胞外结构域从跨膜结构域上裂解，产生的可溶性蛋白释放到血液中并最终排泄到尿液。
ACE2 is present in most organs: ACE2 is attached to the cell membrane of mainly lung type II alveolar cells, enterocytes of the small intestine, arterial and venous endothelial cells and arterial smooth muscle cells in most organs.
ACE2 存在于大多数器官中：ACE2 附着在细胞膜上，主要是肺的 II 型肺泡细胞、小肠的肠上皮细胞、大多数器官的动脉和静脉内皮细胞以及动脉平滑肌细胞。
ACE2 mRNA expression is also found in the cerebral cortex, striatum, hypothalamus, and brainstem.
在大脑皮质、纹状体、下丘脑和脑干中也发现了 ACE2 mRNA 表达。
The primary function of ACE2 is to act as a counter balance to ACE.
ACE2 的主要功能是对 ACE 进行制衡。
ACE cleaves angiotensin I hormone into the vasoconstricting angiotensin II.
ACE 将血管紧张素 I 裂解为具有血管收缩活性的血管紧张素 II。
ACE2 in turn cleaves the carboxyl-terminal amino acid phenylalanine from angiotensin II (Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe) and hydrolyses it into the vasodilator angiotensin (1-7), (H-Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-OH).
ACE2 继而裂解血管紧张素 II (Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe) 的羧基末端氨基酸苯丙氨酸，并将其水解为具有血管扩张活性的血管紧张素 (1-7), (H-Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-OH)。
ACE2 can also cleave a number of other peptides including [des-Arg9]-bradykinin, apelin, neurotensin, dynorphin A, and ghrelin.
ACE2 还可以裂解许多其他肽类，包括脱精氨酸 9 缓激肽、爱帕琳肽 (apelin)、神经降压素、强啡肽 A 和胃饥饿素。
ACE2 also regulates the membrane trafficking of the neutral amino acid transporter SLC6A19 and has been implicated in Hartnup's disease.
ACE2 还可调节中性氨基酸转运蛋白 SLC6A19 的膜运输，并且与哈纳氏病 (Hartnup) 有关。
As a transmembrane protein, ACE2 serves as the main entry point into cells for some coronaviruses, including HCoV-NL63; SARS-CoV (the virus that causes SARS); and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19).
作为一种跨膜蛋白，ACE2 是某些冠状病毒进入细胞的主要入口点，包括 HCoV-NL63；SARS-CoV（导致 SARS 的病毒）；以及 SARS-CoV-2（导致 COVID-19 的病毒）。
More specifically, the binding of the spike S1 protein of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 to the enzymatic domain of ACE2 on the surface of cells results in endocytosis and translocation of both the virus and the enzyme into endosomes located within cells.
更具体而言，SARS-CoV 和 SARS-CoV2 的 S1 刺突蛋白与细胞表面上 ACE2 的酶结构域结合，导致内吞作用，使病毒和酶共同转位至细胞内的核内体中。
This entry process also requires priming of the S protein by the host serine protease TMPRSS2, the inhibition of which is under current investigation as a potential therapeutic.This has led some to hypothesize that decreasing the levels of ACE2, in cells, might help in fighting the infection.
这种进入过程还需要宿主丝氨酸蛋白酶 TMPRSS2 引发 S 蛋白的活化，目前正在研究该过程的抑制可否作为潜在治疗方法。一些人推测，降低细胞中的 ACE2 水平可能有助于对抗感染。
However, multiple professional societies and regulatory bodies have recommended continuing standard ACE inhibitor and ARB therapy.
但是，多个专业协会和监管机构建议继续使用标准 ACE 抑制剂和 ARB 疗法。
A systematic review and meta-analysis published on July 11, 2012, found that "use of ACE inhibitors was associated with a significant 34% reduction in risk of pneumonia compared with controls."
2012 年 7 月 11 日发表的一项系统评价和荟萃分析发现，“与对照组相比，使用 ACE 抑制剂可使肺炎风险显著降低 34%”。
Moreover, "the risk of pneumonia was also reduced in patients treated with ACE inhibitors who were at higher risk of pneumonia, in particular those with stroke and heart failure.
而且，“对于肺炎风险较高的患者，尤其是卒中和心力衰竭患者，使用 ACE 抑制剂治疗也会降低肺炎风险。
Use of ACE inhibitors was also associated with a reduction in pneumonia related mortality, although the results were less robust than for overall risk of pneumonia."
使用 ACE 抑制剂还与肺炎相关死亡率降低有关，但结果不如降低总体肺炎风险那样可靠。”
Recombinant human ACE2 (rhACE2) is surmised to be a novel therapy for acute lung injury, and appeared to improve pulmonary hemodynamics and oxygen saturation in piglets with a lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome.
重组人 ACE2 (rhACE2) 被认为是治疗急性肺损伤的一种新方法，似乎可以改善脂多糖所致的急性呼吸窘迫综合征仔猪中肺血流动力学指标和血氧饱和度。
The half-life of rhACE2 in human beings is about 10 hours and the onset of action is 30 minutes in addition to the course of effect (duration) of 24 hours.
rhACE2 在人体中的半衰期约为 10 小时，起效时间为 30 分钟，作用过程（持续时间）为 24 小时。
Several findings suggest that rhACE2 may be a promising drug for those with intolerance to classic renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RAS inhibitors) or in diseases where circulating angiotensin II is elevated.Infused rhACE2 has been evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome.
一些研究结果表明，对经典肾素-血管紧张素系统 (renin-angiotensin system, RAS) 抑制剂不耐受的患者或循环血管紧张素 II 水平升高的疾病而言，rhACE2 可能是一种很有前景的药物。rhACE2 输注对急性呼吸窘迫综合征的疗效已经得到了临床试验的评价。
b'Bat SARS-like coronavirus WIV1 (Bat SL-CoV-WIV1), also sometimes called SARS-like coronavirus WIV1, is a strain of Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV) isolated from Chinese rufous horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus sinicus).
蝙蝠 SARS 样冠状病毒 WIV1 (Bat SL-CoV-WIV1)，有时也称为 SARS 样冠状病毒 WIV1，是从中华菊头蝠 (Rhinolophus sinicus) 体内分离出的一种严重急性呼吸综合征相关冠状病毒 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, SARSr-CoV) 毒株。
Like all coronaviruses, virions consist of single-stranded positive-sense RNA enclosed within an envelope.
与所有冠状病毒类似，病毒体由包裹在包膜中的单链正义 RNA 组成。
The discovery confirms that bats are the natural reservoir of SARS-CoV.
该发现证实蝙蝠是 SARS-CoV 的天然宿主。
Phylogenetic analysis shows the possibility of direct transmission of SARS from bats to humans without the intermediary Chinese civets, as previously believed.
遗传进化分析表明，与先前认为的一致，SARS 可能从蝙蝠直接传播给人类，而无需经过中间宿主果子狸。
b'COVID-19 apps are mobile software applications designed to aid contact tracing in response to the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic, i.e. the process of identifying persons ("contacts") who may have been in contact with an infected individual.
b'COVID-19 应用程序是一种移动软件，旨在应对 2019-20 冠状病毒疫情，帮助追踪密切接触者，识别可能接触过感染者的个人（“接触者”）。
Numerous applications were developed or proposed, with official government support in some territories and jurisdictions.
一些地区和管辖区在官方政府的支持下开发或提出了很多应用程序。
Several frameworks for building contact tracing apps have been developed.
很多用于构建密切接触者追踪应用程序的框架已建立。
Privacy concerns have been raised, especially about systems that are based on tracking the geographical location of app users.
隐私问题也引起了多方关注，尤其是有些系统需要追踪应用程序用户的地理位置。
Less intrusive alternatives include the use of Bluetooth signals to log a user's proximity to other cellphones.
侵入性较低的替代方案包括使用蓝牙信号记录用户与其他手机之间的距离。
On 10 April 2020, Google and Apple jointly announced that they would integrate functionality to support such Bluetooth-based apps directly into their Android and iOS operating systems.
2020 年 4 月 10 日，谷歌和苹果联合宣布会将这种支持蓝牙应用的功能直接集成至安卓和 iOS 操作系统中。
In China, the Chinese government, in conjunction with Alipay, has deployed an app that allows citizens to check if they have been in contact with people that have COVID-19.
在中国，政府与支付宝联合开发了一款应用程序，支持公民自行检查是否接触过 COVID-19 患者。
It is in use across more than 200 Chinese cities.In Singapore, an app called TraceTogether is being used.
该程序目前已在中国 200 多个城市使用。新加坡则推出了一款名为 TraceTogether 的应用程序。
The app was developed by local IT community, released as open source and will be handed over to the government.North Macedonia launched "StopKorona!", a Bluetooth-based app to trace exposure with potentially infected persons and provide a fast response to healthcare authorities.
这款应用由当地 IT 社区开发，作为开源软件发布，并将移交给政府。北马其顿则推出了一款基于蓝牙的应用程序“StopKorona!”，用于跟踪潜在感染者的暴露情况，帮助医疗机构做出快速响应。
The app was developed by the Ministry of Communication and Technology and Ministry of Health.
该应用程序由北马其顿通信技术部和卫生部开发。
As of 14 April 2020, the app was awaiting approval by the Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
截至 2020 年 4 月 14 日，该应用程序正在等待 Google Play Store 和 Apple App Store 的批准。
On 12 April, the government stated that the contact tracing app was in an advanced stage of development, and would be available for deployment within weeks.A similar app is planned in Ireland, and in France ("StopCovid").
4 月 12 日，政府宣布密切接触者追踪应用程序已进入开发高级阶段，并将在未来几周内投入使用。爱尔兰和法国也计划推出类似应用程序（“StopCovid”）。
Both Australia and New Zealand are considering apps based on Singapore's TraceTogether app and BlueTrace protocol.Russia intends to introduce a geofencing app for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 living in Moscow, designed to ensure they do not leave home.
澳大利亚和新西兰都在考虑基于新加坡的 TraceTogether 应用程序和 BlueTrace 协议开发类似应用程序。俄罗斯计划为生活在莫斯科的 COVID-19 确诊患者推出一款地理围栏应用，以确保患者不会离家外出。
Ross Anderson, professor of security engineering at Cambridge University, listed a number of potential practical problems with app-based systems, including false positives and the potential lack of effectiveness if takeup of the app is limited to only a small fraction of the population.
剑桥大学安全工程学教授 Ross Anderson 列举了应用程序系统可能存在的一些实际问题，包括假阳性误报，以及如果只有一小部分人群使用该应用程序，则可能缺乏有效性。
Addressing concerns about the spread of misleading or harmful "coronavirus" apps, Apple set limits on which types of organizations could add coronavirus-related apps to its App Store, limiting them to only "official" or otherwise reputable organizations.
为杜绝误导性或有害“冠状病毒”应用程序的传播，苹果对可在苹果应用商店中发布冠状病毒相关应用程序的组织类型设置了限制，即仅限于“官方”或其他声誉良好的组织。
Google and Amazon have implemented similar restrictions.
谷歌和亚马逊也都实施了类似限制。
Privacy campaigners voiced their concern regarding the implications of mass surveillance using coronavirus apps, in particular about whether surveillance infrastructure created to deal with the coronavirus pandemic will be dismantled once the threat has passed.
隐私维权人士称对使用冠状病毒应用程序进行大规模监控表示担忧，尤其是疫情威胁消除后，是否应拆除为应对冠状病毒疫情而搭建的监控基础设施。
Amnesty International and over 100 other organizations issued a statement calling for limits on this kind of surveillance.
大赦国际和 100 多个其他组织均呼吁限制这种监视。
The organisations declared eight conditions on governmental projects:
这些组织宣布了政府项目需满足的八项条件：
surveillance would have to be "lawful, necessary and proportionate";
监视必须“合法、必要且相称”；
extensions of monitoring and surveillance would have to have sunset clauses;
监测和监视扩展必须设有“日落”条款；
the use of data would have to be limited to COVID-19 purposes;
收集的数据仅限用于 COVID-19 目的；
data security and anonymity would have to be protected and shown to be protected based on evidence;
数据安全与匿名信息必须受到保护，并有证据显示切实受到了保护；
digital surveillance would have to avoid exacerbating discrimination and marginalisation;
数字化监控必须避免加剧歧视和边缘化；
any sharing of data with third parties would have to be defined in law;
与第三方之间的任何数据分享均应依法界定；
there would have to be safeguards against abuse and the rights of citizens to respond to abuses;
必须为防止数据滥用提供保障措施，并为公民提供应对数据滥用的权利；
"meaningful participation" by all "relevant stakeholders" would be required, including that of public health experts and marginalised groups.The German Chaos Computer Club (CCC) and Reporters Without Borders (Reporter ohne Grenzen) (RSF) also issued checklists.
要求所有“相关利益相关方”“切实参与”，包括要求公共卫生专家和边缘化群体参与其中。德国混沌计算机俱乐部 (CCC) 和无国界记者组织 (Reporter ohne Grenzen) (RSF) 也发布了核查清单。
The proposed Google/Apple plan intends to address the problem of persistent surveillance by removing the tracing mechanism from their device operating systems once it is no longer needed.
谷歌/苹果拟议计划旨在解决持续监控问题，一旦不再需要追踪，便要将其从设备操作系统中移除。
Some countries used network-based location tracking instead of apps, eliminating both the need to download an app and the ability to avoid tracking.
一些国家则采用了基于网络而非应用程序的位置跟踪，用户无需下载应用，同时也避免了被跟踪的情况。
In Israel, network-based tracking was approved.
在以色列，基于网络的跟踪已获得批准。
Network-based solutions that have access to raw location data have significant potential privacy problems.
可访问原始位置数据的网络解决方案可能存在严重的隐私问题。
However, not all systems with central servers need to have access to personal location data; a number of privacy-preserving systems have been created that use central servers only for intercommunication (see section below).
然而，并非所有自带中央服务器的系统均需访问个人位置数据；很多仅使用中央服务器进行相互通信的隐私保护系统现已创建（详见下文）。
In South Korea, a non-app-based system was used to perform contact tracing.
韩国推出了一款并非基于应用程序的系统来执行接触者追踪任务。
Instead of using a dedicated app, the system gathered tracking information from a variety of sources including mobile device tracking data and card transaction data, and combined these to generate notices via text messages to potentially-infected individuals.
该系统并未使用专门的应用程序，而是选择从各种来源收集跟踪信息，包括移动设备跟踪数据和信用卡交易数据，然后将这些信息结合起来，通过短信向潜在感染者发送通知。
In addition to using this information to alert potential contacts, the government has also made the location information publicly available, something permitted because of far-reaching changes to information privacy laws after the MERS outbreak in that country.
除了利用这些信息提醒潜在密切接触者外，政府还获准公开了位置信息，因为该国在爆发 MERS 疫情后，对信息隐私法进行了重大调整。
This information is available to the public via a number of apps and websites.Countries including Germany considered using both centralized and privacy-preserving systems.
公众可通过很多应用程序和网站获得这些信息。还有一些国家（包括德国）在考虑同时使用集中式系统和隐私保护系统。
As of 6 April 2020, the details had not yet been released.
截至 2020 年 4 月 6 日，尚未公布具体细节。