atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
Imperial College London researchers announced on 20 March 2020 that they are developing a self-amplifying RNA vaccine for COVID-19.
伦敦帝国理工学院的研究人员于 2020 年 3 月 20 日宣布，正在研制一种针对 COVID-19 的自我扩增 RNA 疫苗。
The vaccine candidate was developed within 14 days of receiving the sequence from China.
该候选疫苗是在收到中国发布的病毒序列后 14 天内研制出的。
In late March, the Canadian government announced C$275 million in funding for 96 research projects on medical countermeasures against COVID-19, including numerous vaccine candidates at Canadian companies and universities, such as the Medicago and University of Saskatchewan initiatives.
3 月下旬，加拿大政府宣布拨款 2.75 亿加元，以资助 96 个针对 COVID-19 的医学对策研究项目，其中包括来自加拿大公司和大学的众多候选疫苗，如 Medicago 和萨斯喀彻温大学计划。
Around the same time, the Canadian government announced C$192 million specifically for developing a COVID-19 vaccine, with plans to establish a national "vaccine bank" of several new vaccines that could be used if another coronavirus outbreak occurs.
大约在同一时间，加拿大政府宣布投入 1.92 亿加元专门用于研制 COVID-19 疫苗，并计划建立包括几种新疫苗在内的全国性“疫苗库”，以便再次出现冠状病毒爆发时，可以将这些疫苗投入使用。
On 2 April 2020, researchers at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine reported on testing of PittCoVacc, a possible COVID-19 vaccine in mice, stating that "MNA delivered SARS-CoV-2 S1 subunit vaccines elicited potent antigen-specific antibody responses [in the mice] that were evident beginning 2 weeks after immunization."
2020 年 4 月 2 日，匹兹堡大学医学院的研究人员报告了对 PittCoVacc 的测试，这是一种可能用于小鼠的 COVID-19 疫苗，并称“MNA 提供的 SARS-CoV-2 S1 亚单位疫苗可使 [小鼠] 产生强有力的抗原特异性抗体反应，这种反应在免疫后 2 周就开始显现”。
In Canada on 16 April 2020, the University of Waterloo School of Pharmacy announced design of a DNA-based vaccine candidate as a possible nasal spray.
2020 年 4 月 16 日，加拿大滑铁卢大学药学院宣布设计一种基于 DNA 的候选疫苗以作为可能的鼻喷雾剂。
Using bacteriophages, the DNA will be designed to replicate inside human bacteria to produce harmless virus-like particles, which may stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
研究人员利用噬菌体，将 DNA 设计为在人类细菌内部复制以产生无害的病毒样颗粒，这可能会刺激免疫系统产生针对 SARS-CoV-2 病毒的抗体。
In March 2020, the US government, industry, and three universities pooled resources to access supercomputers from IBM, combined with cloud computing resources from Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Amazon, Microsoft, and Google.
2020 年 3 月，美国政府、工业界和三所大学集中资源并结合来自惠普、亚马逊、微软和谷歌的云计算资源，以访问 IBM 的超级计算机。
Some vaccines have heterologous effects, also called non-specific effects.
部分疫苗具有异源效应，也称为非特异性效应。
That means they can have benefits beyond the disease they prevent.
这意味着，除了预防疾病外，它们还能带来其他益处。
A further randomized trial in Australia is seeking to enrol 4,170 healthcare workers.
在澳大利亚进行的进一步随机试验正在招募 4,170 名卫生保健人员。
It is possible vaccines in development will not be safe or effective.
开发中的疫苗可能不安全或无效。
Early research to assess vaccine efficacy using COVID-19-specific animal models, such as ACE2-transgenic mice, other laboratory animals, and non-human primates, indicate a need for biosafety-level 3 containment measures for handling live viruses, and international coordination to ensure standardized safety procedures.
使用 COVID-19 特异性动物模型，例如 ACE2 转基因小鼠、其他实验动物和非人类灵长类动物，来评估疫苗功效的早期研究表明，需要为处理活病毒采取生物安全 3 级的遏制措施，并进行国际协调以确保遵守标准化的安全程序。
Vaccines against SARS and MERS have been tested in non-human animal models.
已经在非人类动物模型中测试了针对 SARS 和 MERS 的疫苗。
As of 2020, there is no cure or protective vaccine for SARS that has been shown to be both safe and effective in humans.
截至 2020 年，尚无对人类安全且有效的 SARS 治疗或预防性疫苗。
According to research papers published in 2005 and 2006, the identification and development of novel vaccines and medicines to treat SARS was a priority for governments and public health agencies around the world.There is also no proven vaccine against MERS.
根据 2005 年和 2006 年发表的研究论文，确定和开发用于治疗 SARS 的新型疫苗和药物是世界各国政府和公共卫生机构的当务之急。此外，目前也没有针对 MERS 的有效疫苗。
When MERS became prevalent, it was believed that existing SARS research may provide a useful template for developing vaccines and therapeutics against a MERS-CoV infection.
在 MERS 流行时，人们认为，现有的 SARS 研究可为开发针对 MERS-CoV 感染的疫苗和疗法提供有用的模板。
As of March 2020, there was one (DNA based) MERS vaccine which completed phase I clinical trials in humans, and three others in progress, all of which are viral-vectored vaccines, two adenoviral-vectored (ChAdOx1-MERS, BVRS-GamVac), and one MVA-vectored (MVA-MERS-S).
截至 2020 年 3 月，已有一种（基于 DNA 的）MERS 疫苗完成了 I 期人体临床试验，另有三种疫苗正在研发中，其中全部为病毒载体疫苗，两种是腺病毒载体疫苗（ChAdOx1-MERS、BVRS-GamVac），一种是 MVA 载体疫苗 (MVA-MERS-S)。
Social media posts have promoted a conspiracy theory claiming the virus behind COVID-19 was known and that a vaccine was already available.
各种社交媒体文章助长了阴谋论，声称 COVID-19 背后的病毒已经找到，并且已经有疫苗可用。
The patents cited by various social media posts reference existing patents for genetic sequences and vaccines for other strains of coronavirus such as the SARS coronavirus.
各种社交媒体文章所引用的专利都参考了现有的其他冠状病毒（如 SARS 冠状病毒）毒株基因序列和疫苗的专利。
b'Coronaviruses are a group of related viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds.
冠状病毒是引起哺乳动物和鸟类疾病的一组相关病毒。
In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal.
在人类中，这些病毒会引起呼吸道感染，程度从轻微到致命不等。
Mild illnesses include some cases of the common cold (which has other possible causes, predominantly rhinoviruses), while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19.
轻微疾病包括一些普通的感冒（也可能由某些其他病毒引起，主要是鼻病毒），更具致死性的病毒变种可导致 SARS、MERS 和 COVID-19。
Symptoms in other species vary: in chickens, they cause an upper respiratory tract disease, while in cows and pigs they cause diarrhea.
其他物种的症状各不相同：在鸡中，会引起上呼吸道疾病，而在牛和猪中，则会导致腹泻。
There are yet to be vaccines or antiviral drugs to prevent or treat human coronavirus infections.
目前尚无预防或治疗人冠状病毒感染的疫苗或抗病毒药物。
Coronaviruses constitute the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, in the family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales, and realm Riboviria.
冠状病毒属于核糖病毒域、套式病毒目、冠状病毒科的正冠状病毒亚科。
They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry.
它们是具有阳性单链 RNA 基因组和螺旋对称核衣壳的包膜病毒。
The genome size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32 kilobases, one of the largest among RNA viruses.
冠状病毒的基因组大小约在 2.6 到 3.2 万个碱基之间，是 RNA 病毒中最大的。
They have characteristic club-shaped spikes that project from their surface, which in electron micrographs create an image reminiscent of the solar corona from which their name derives.
它们的表面有独特的棒状突起，在电子显微照片中，这种突起形成的图像使人联想到日冕，并由此得名。
Coronaviruses were first discovered in the 1930s when an acute respiratory infection of domesticated chickens was shown to be caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV).
冠状病毒于 20 世纪 30 年代首次被发现，当时证明家禽的急性呼吸道感染是由传染性支气管炎病毒 (IBV) 引起的。
In the 1940s, two more animal coronaviruses, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), were isolated.Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s.
20 世纪 40 年代，另外两种动物冠状病毒，鼠肝炎病毒 (MHV) 和猪传染性胃肠炎病毒 (TGEV) 被分离出来。人冠状病毒在 20 世纪 60 年代被发现。
The earliest ones studied were from human patients with the common cold, which were later named human coronavirus 229E and human coronavirus OC43.
最早的研究对象是来自普通感冒患者的病毒，这些病毒后来被命名为人冠状病毒 229E 和人冠状病毒 OC43。
They were first imaged by Scottish virologist June Almeida at St. Thomas Hospital in London.
伦敦圣托马斯医院的苏格兰病毒学家 June Almeida 首次对其进行成像。
Other human coronaviruses have since been identified, including SARS-CoV in 2003, HCoV NL63 in 2004, HKU1 in 2005, MERS-CoV in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019.
此后，其他人冠状病毒也相继被确认，包括 2003 年的 SARS-CoV、2004 年的 HCoV NL63、2005 年的 HKU1、2012 年的 MERS-CoV 和 2019 年的 SARS-CoV-2。
Most of these have involved serious respiratory tract infections.
其中大多数涉及严重的呼吸道感染。
The name was first used in 1968 by an informal group of virologists in the journal Nature to designate the new family of viruses.
1968 年，一个非正式的病毒学家小组在《自然》杂志上首次使用该名称来命名新的病毒家族。
The name refers to the characteristic appearance of virions (the infective form of the virus) by electron microscopy, which have a fringe of large, bulbous surface projections creating an image reminiscent of a crown or of a solar corona.
该名称指的是通过电子显微镜观察到的病毒粒子（病毒的传染形式）的特征外观，病毒粒子的边缘带有较大的球状表面突起，其产生的图像让人联想起皇冠或日冕。
This morphology is created by the viral spike peplomers, which are proteins on the surface of the virus.
这种形态是由病毒刺突形成的，它们是病毒表面的蛋白质。
Coronaviruses are large pleomorphic spherical particles with bulbous surface projections.
冠状病毒是具有球状表面突起的大型多形性球形颗粒。
The envelope of the virus in electron micrographs appears as a distinct pair of electron dense shells.The viral envelope consists of a lipid bilayer where the membrane (M), envelope (E) and spike (S) structural proteins are anchored.
电子显微照片中病毒的包膜显示为一对独特的电子致密壳。病毒包膜由脂质双层组成，膜 (M)、包膜 (E) 和棘突 (S) 结构蛋白锚定在其中。
The lipid bilayer envelope, membrane proteins, and nucleocapsid protect the virus when it is outside the host cell.
当病毒位于宿主细胞之外时，脂质双层膜、膜蛋白和核衣壳可以保护病毒。
Coronaviruses contain a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome.
冠状病毒包含正义的单链 RNA 基因组。
The genome size for coronaviruses ranges from 26.4 to 31.7 kilobases.
冠状病毒的基因组大小约为 2.64 至 3.17 万个碱基。
The genome size is one of the largest among RNA viruses.
其基因组大小是 RNA 病毒中最大的。
The open reading frames 1a and 1b, which occupy the first two-thirds of the genome, encode the replicase/transcriptase polyprotein.
占据基因组前三分之二的开放阅读框 1a 和 1b 编码复制酶/转录酶多蛋白。
The replicase/transcriptase polyprotein self cleaves to form nonstructural proteins.The later reading frames encode the four major structural proteins: spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid.
复制酶/转录酶多蛋白自身裂解形成非结构蛋白。后面的阅读框编码四种主要的结构蛋白：棘突、包膜、膜和核衣壳。
Interspersed between these reading frames are the reading frames for the accessory proteins.
在这些阅读框之间散布着辅助蛋白的阅读框。
The number of accessory proteins and their function is unique depending on the specific coronavirus.
辅助蛋白的数量及其功能取决于特定的冠状病毒。
Infection begins when the viral spike (S) glycoprotein attaches to its complementary host cell receptor.
病毒棘突 (S) 糖蛋白附着在其互补宿主细胞受体后开始感染。
After attachment, a protease of the host cell cleaves and activates the receptor-attached spike protein.
附着后，宿主细胞的蛋白酶裂解并激活受体附着的棘突蛋白。
Depending on the host cell protease available, cleavage and activation allows the virus to enter the host cell by endocytosis or direct fusion of the viral envelop with the host membrane.On entry into the host cell, the virus particle is uncoated, and its genome enters the cell cytoplasm.
根据可用的宿主细胞蛋白酶，裂解和激活允许病毒通过内吞作用或病毒包膜与宿主膜的直接融合进入宿主细胞。进入宿主细胞后，病毒颗粒没有被包裹，其基因组进入细胞质。
The host ribosome translates the initial overlapping open reading frame of the virus genome and forms a long polyprotein.
宿主核糖体翻译病毒基因组最初重叠的开放阅读框并形成长的多聚蛋白。
The polyprotein has its own proteases which cleave the polyprotein into multiple nonstructural proteins.
这种多聚蛋白有自己的蛋白酶，它可以将多聚蛋白裂解成多个非结构蛋白。
A number of the nonstructural proteins coalesce to form a multi-protein replicase-transcriptase complex (RTC).
许多非结构蛋白结合形成多蛋白复制酶-转录酶复合体 (RTC)。
The main replicase-transcriptase protein is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp).
主要的复制酶-转录酶蛋白是 RNA 依赖性 RNA 聚合酶 (RdRp)。
It is directly involved in the replication and transcription of RNA from an RNA strand.
它直接参与 RNA 链中 RNA 的复制和转录。
The other nonstructural proteins in the complex assist in the replication and transcription process.
复合体中的其他非结构蛋白协助完成复制和转录过程。
The exoribonuclease nonstructural protein, for instance, provides extra fidelity to replication by providing a proofreading function which the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase lacks.One of the main functions of the complex is to replicate the viral genome.
例如，核糖核酸外切酶非结构蛋白通过提供 RNA 依赖性 RNA 聚合酶所缺乏的校对功能，为复制提供了额外的保真度。该复合体的主要功能之一是复制病毒基因组。
RdRp directly mediates the synthesis of negative-sense genomic RNA from the positive-sense genomic RNA.
RdRp 直接介导正义基因组 RNA 合成反义基因组 RNA。
This is followed by the replication of positive-sense genomic RNA from the negative-sense genomic RNA.
接下来是从反义基因组 RNA 复制正义基因组 RNA。
The other important function of the complex is to transcribe the viral genome.
该复合体的另一个重要功能是转录病毒基因组。
RdRp directly mediates the synthesis of negative-sense subgenomic RNA molecules from the positive-sense genomic RNA.
RdRp 直接介导正义基因组 RNA 合成反义亚基因组 RNA 分子。
This is followed by the transcription of these negative-sense subgenomic RNA molecules to their corresponding positive-sense mRNAs.
随后，这些反义亚基因组 RNA 分子转录为其相应的正义 mRNA。
The replicated positive-sense genomic RNA becomes the genome of the progeny viruses.
复制的正义基因组 RNA 成为子代病毒的基因组。
The mRNAs are gene transcripts of the last third of the virus genome after the initial overlapping reading frame.
mRNA 是最初重叠阅读框后病毒基因组最后三分之一的基因转录本。
These mRNAs are translated by the host's ribosomes into the structural proteins and a number of accessory proteins.
这些 mRNA 被宿主的核糖体翻译成结构蛋白和若干辅助蛋白。
RNA translation occurs inside the endoplasmic reticulum.
RNA 翻译发生在内质网内。
The viral structural proteins S, E, and M move along the secretory pathway into the Golgi intermediate compartment.
病毒结构蛋白 S、E 和 M 沿着分泌途径进入高尔基体中间室。
There, the M proteins direct most protein-protein interactions required for assembly of viruses following its binding to the nucleocapsid.
在那里，M 蛋白在与核衣壳结合后，指导病毒组装所需的绝大多数蛋白-蛋白相互作用。
Progeny viruses are then released from the host cell by exocytosis through secretory vesicles.
之后，子代病毒通过分泌小泡的胞吐作用从宿主细胞中释放出来。
The interaction of the coronavirus spike protein with its complement host cell receptor is central in determining the tissue tropism, infectivity, and species range of the virus.
冠状病毒棘突蛋白与其补体宿主细胞受体的相互作用在确定病毒的组织嗜性、感染性和物种范围方面至关重要。
The SARS coronavirus, for example, infects human cells by attaching to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor.
例如，SARS 冠状病毒通过附在血管紧张素转换酶2 (ACE2) 受体上而感染人类细胞。
The scientific name for coronavirus is Orthocoronavirinae or Coronavirinae.
冠状病毒的学名是 Orthocoronavirinae 或 Coronavirinae。
Coronaviruses belong to the family of Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales, and realm Riboviria.
冠状病毒属于核糖病毒域、套式病毒目、冠状病毒科。
Genus Betacoronavirus; type species: Murine coronavirus
β-冠状病毒；模式种：鼠冠状病毒
Species: Betacoronavirus 1 (Bovine Coronavirus, Human coronavirus OC43), Human coronavirus HKU1, Murine coronavirus, Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5, Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2), Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Hedgehog coronavirus 1 (EriCoV)
异种：β-冠状病毒 1（牛冠状病毒，人冠状病毒 OC43）、人冠状病毒 HKU1、鼠冠状病毒、伏蝙蝠冠状病毒 HKU5、棕果蝠冠状病毒 HKU9、严重急性呼吸道综合征相关冠状病毒 (SARS-CoV、SARS-CoV-2)、扁颅蝠冠状病毒 HKU4、中东呼吸综合征相关冠状病毒、刺猬冠状病毒 1 (EriCoV)
Species: Beluga whale coronavirus SW1, Infectious bronchitis virus
异种：白鲸冠状病毒 SW1、传染性支气管炎病毒
The most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all coronaviruses is estimated to have existed as recently as 8000 BCE, although some models place the common ancestor as far back as 55 million years or more, implying long term coevolution with bat and avian species.
据估计，所有冠状病毒的最近共同祖先 (MRCA) 早在公元前 8000 年就已经存在，但也有一些模型将共同祖先追溯到 5500 万年前或更早，这意味着病毒与蝙蝠和鸟类经过了长期共同进化。
The most recent common ancestor of the alphacoronavirus line has been placed at about 2400 BCE, the betacoronavirus line at 3300 BCE, the gammacoronavirus line at 2800 BCE, and the deltacoronavirus line at about 3000 BCE.
α 冠状病毒系的最近共同祖先位于约公元前 2400年，β 冠状病毒系位于公元前 3300 年，γ 冠状病毒系位于公元前 2800 年，δ 冠状病毒系位于公元前 3000 年左右。
The large number of host bat and avian species, and their global range, has enabled extensive evolution and dissemination of coronaviruses.Many human coronavirus have their origin in bats.
大量的蝙蝠和鸟类寄主物种及其全球范围，使冠状病毒得以广泛进化和传播。许多人冠状病毒起源于蝙蝠。
More recently, alpaca coronavirus and human coronavirus 229E diverged sometime before 1960.
最近的一次进化发生在 1960 年前的某个时候，羊驼冠状病毒和人冠状病毒 229E 出现了分化。
MERS-CoV emerged in humans from bats through the intermediate host of camels.
起源于蝙蝠的 MERS-CoV 通过中间的骆驼宿主在人类中出现。
MERS-CoV, although related to several bat coronavirus species, appears to have diverged from these several centuries ago.
MERS-CoV 虽然与几种蝙蝠冠状病毒有亲缘关系，但似乎在几个世纪前就已经从这些冠状病毒中分化出来了。
The most closely related bat coronavirus and SARS-CoV diverged in 1986.
关系最密切的蝙蝠冠状病毒和 SARS-CoV 在 1986 年发生了分化。
A possible path of evolution, of SARS coronavirus and keen bat coronaviruses, suggests that SARS related coronaviruses coevolved in bats for a long time.
SARS 冠状病毒和蝙蝠冠状病毒可能的进化路径表明，SARS 相关的冠状病毒在蝙蝠体内共同进化了很长一段时间。
In the 1790s, equine coronavirus diverged from the bovine coronavirus after a cross-species jump.
18 世纪 90 年代，马冠状病毒在跨物种跳跃后从牛冠状病毒中分离出来。
Later in the 1890s, human coronavirus OC43 diverged from bovine coronavirus after another cross-species spillover event.
19 世纪 90 年代后期，人冠状病毒 OC43 在另一次跨物种溢出事件后从牛冠状病毒中分离出来。
It is speculated that the flu pandemic of 1890 may have been caused by this spillover event, and not by the influenza virus, because of the related timing, neurological symptoms, and unknown causative agent of the pandemic.
据推测，鉴于大流行的相关时间、神经学症状和未知的病原体，1890 年的流感大流行可能是由这一溢出事件而不是由流感病毒引起的。
Human coronavirus OC43 besides causing respiratory infections is also suspected of playing a role in neurological diseases.
人冠状病毒 OC43 除引起呼吸道感染外，还被怀疑与神经系统疾病有关。
In the 1950s, the human coronavirus OC43 began to diverge into its present genotypes.
20 世纪 50 年代，人冠状病毒 OC43 开始分化为目前的基因型。
Phylogentically, mouse hepatitis virus (Murine coronavirus), which infects the mouse's liver and the central nervous system, is related to human coronavirus OC43 and bovine coronavirus.
从生物系统上来说，感染小鼠肝脏和中枢神经系统的小鼠肝炎病毒（鼠冠状病毒），与人冠状病毒 OC43 和牛冠状病毒有关。
Human coronavirus HKU1, like the aforementioned viruses, also has its origins in rodents.
与上述病毒一样，人冠状病毒 HKU1 也起源于啮齿动物。
Coronaviruses vary significantly in risk factor.
冠状病毒在危险因素上有显著差异。
Some can kill more than 30% of those infected, such as MERS-CoV, and some are relatively harmless, such as the common cold.
有些病毒可导致 30% 以上的感染者致死，如 MERS-CoV，有些则相对无害，只引起普通感冒等轻微病症。
Coronaviruses can cause colds with major symptoms, such as fever, and a sore throat from swollen adenoids.
冠状病毒可引起感冒的主要症状，如发热和咽喉肿痛。
Coronaviruses can cause pneumonia (either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia) and bronchitis (either direct viral bronchitis or secondary bacterial bronchitis).
冠状病毒可引起肺炎（直接病毒性肺炎或继发性细菌性肺炎）和支气管炎（直接病毒性支气管炎或继发性细菌性支气管炎）。
The human coronavirus discovered in 2003, SARS-CoV, which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), has a unique pathogenesis because it causes both upper and lower respiratory tract infections.Six species of human coronaviruses are known, with one species subdivided into two different strains, making seven strains of human coronaviruses altogether.
2003 年发现的人冠状病毒 SARS-CoV 可引起严重急性呼吸道综合征 (SARS)，它有独特的发病机制，因为它可同时引起上下呼吸道感染。目前已知有六种人冠状病毒，其中一种又细分为两种不同的病毒株，因此共形成了七种人冠状病毒。
Four of these coronaviruses continually circulate in the human population and produce the generally mild symptoms of the common cold in adults and children worldwide: -OC43, -HKU1, HCoV-229E, -NL63.
其中四种冠状病毒在人群中持续传播，并在全世界成人和儿童中产生一般较轻的普通感冒症状：-OC43、-HKU1、HCoV-229E、-NL63。
Coronaviruses cause about 15% of commons colds.
冠状病毒引起约 15% 的普通感冒。
The majority of colds are caused by rhinoviruses.
大多数感冒是由鼻病毒引起的。
The four mild coronaviruses have a seasonal incidence occurring in the winter months in temperate climates.
四种轻度冠状病毒在温带气候的冬季月份会季节性发生。
There is no preference towards a particular season in tropical climates.
在热带气候中，冠状病毒没有特定季节的偏好。
Four human coronaviruses produce symptoms that are generally mild:
四种人冠状病毒产生的症状通常较轻：
The virus was officially named the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV).
这种病毒被正式命名为 SARS 冠状病毒 (SARS-CoV)。
More than 8,000 people were infected, about ten percent of whom died.
超过 8,000 人已感染，其中约 10% 死亡。
In September 2012, a new type of coronavirus was identified, initially called Novel Coronavirus 2012, and now officially named Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV).
2012 年 9 月，一种新型冠状病毒被发现，最初被称为 2012 新型冠状病毒，现在被正式命名为中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒 (MERS-CoV)。
The World Health Organization issued a global alert soon after.
世界卫生组织不久后发布了全球警报。
The WHO update on 28 September 2012 said the virus did not seem to pass easily from person to person.
WHO 在 2012 年 9 月 28 日的更新中称，该病毒似乎在人与人之间不易传播。
However, on 12 May 2013, a case of human-to-human transmission in France was confirmed by the French Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.
然而，2013 年 5 月 12 日，法国社会事务和卫生部确诊了法国的一例人传人病例。
In addition, cases of human-to-human transmission were reported by the Ministry of Health in Tunisia.
此外，突尼斯卫生部也报告了人传人病例。
Two confirmed cases involved people who seemed to have caught the disease from their late father, who became ill after a visit to Qatar and Saudi Arabia.
两起确诊病例的患者似乎是被其已故父亲感染的，他们的父亲在访问卡塔尔和沙特阿拉伯后患病。
Despite this, it appears the virus had trouble spreading from human to human, as most individuals who are infected do not transmit the virus.
尽管如此，该病毒似乎难以在人与人之间传播，因为大多数感染者不会传染病毒。
The final name for the virus is Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV).
该病毒最终被命名为中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒 (MERS-CoV)。
The only U.S. cases (both survived) were recorded in May 2014.In May 2015, an outbreak of MERS-CoV occurred in the Republic of Korea, when a man who had traveled to the Middle East, visited four hospitals in the Seoul area to treat his illness.
2014 年 5 月，美国记录了仅有的两例（均存活）。2015 年 5 月，一名去过中东的男子前往首尔地区的四家医院看诊，由此 MERS-CoV 在韩国爆发。
This caused one of the largest outbreaks of MERS-CoV outside the Middle East.
这引发了中东以外地区最大规模的 MERS-CoV 疫情。
As of December 2019, 2,468 cases of MERS-CoV infection had been confirmed by laboratory tests, 851 of which were fatal, a mortality rate of approximately 34.5%.
截至 2019 年 12 月，经实验室检测确诊的 MERS-CoV 感染病例为 2,468 例，其中死亡 851 例，死亡率约为 34.5%。
In December 2019, a pneumonia outbreak was reported in Wuhan, China.
2019 年 12 月，中国武汉爆发了肺炎疫情。
On 31 December 2019, the outbreak was traced to a novel strain of coronavirus, which was given the interim name 2019-nCoV by the World Health Organization (WHO), later renamed SARS-CoV-2 by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.
2019 年 12 月 31 日，疫情爆发被追溯到一种新型冠状病毒，世界卫生组织 (WHO) 将其临时命名为 2019-nCoV，后来国际病毒分类学委员会将其更名为 SARS-CoV-2。
Some researchers have suggested the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market may not be the original source of viral transmission to humans.As of 17 April 2020, there have been at least 153,822 confirmed deaths and more than 2,240,191 confirmed cases in the coronavirus pneumonia pandemic.
一些研究人员认为，华南海鲜批发市场可能不是该病毒传染给人类的最初来源。截至 2020 年 4 月 17 日，冠状病毒肺炎疫情已造成至少 153,822 例确诊死亡，超过 2,240,191 例确诊病例。
The Wuhan strain has been identified as a new strain of Betacoronavirus from group 2B with approximately 70% genetic similarity to the SARS-CoV.
武汉菌株已被确定为来自 2B 组的新型冠状病毒，与 SARS-CoV 的遗传相似性约为 70%。
The virus has a 96% similarity to a bat coronavirus, so it is widely suspected to originate from bats as well.
该病毒与蝙蝠冠状病毒的相似性为 96%，因此人们普遍怀疑它也源自蝙蝠。
The pandemic has resulted in travel restrictions and nationwide lockdowns in several countries.
此次疫情导致多个国家采取旅行限制和全国封锁措施。
Coronaviruses have been recognized as causing pathological conditions in veterinary medicine since the 1930s.
自 20 世纪 30 年代以来，冠状病毒一直被认为是引起兽医疾病的原因。
Except for avian infectious bronchitis, the major related diseases have mainly an intestinal location.
除禽传染性支气管炎外，主要相关疾病大部分发生在肠道。
Coronaviruses primarily infect the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract of mammals and birds.
冠状病毒主要感染哺乳动物和鸟类的上呼吸道和胃肠道。
They also cause a range of diseases in farm animals and domesticated pets, some of which can be serious and are a threat to the farming industry.
它们还会在农场动物和家养宠物中引发一系列疾病，其中某些疾病可能很严重并威胁到农业生产。
In chickens, the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus, targets not only the respiratory tract but also the urogenital tract.
在鸡中，传染性支气管炎病毒（IBV）是一种冠状病毒，不仅针对呼吸道，还针对泌尿生殖道。
The virus can spread to different organs throughout the chicken.
该病毒可以扩散到鸡的各个器官。
Economically significant coronaviruses of farm animals include porcine coronavirus (transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus, TGE) and bovine coronavirus, which both result in diarrhea in young animals.
可造成严重经济损失的农场动物冠状病毒包括猪冠状病毒（猪传染性胃肠炎病毒，TGE）和牛冠状病毒，这两种病毒都会导致动物幼仔腹泻。
Feline coronavirus: two forms, feline enteric coronavirus is a pathogen of minor clinical significance, but spontaneous mutation of this virus can result in feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a disease associated with high mortality.
猫冠状病毒：有两种形式，猫肠道冠状病毒是一种临床意义不大的病原体，但该病毒的自发突变可导致猫传染性腹膜炎 (FIP)，这是一种死亡率较高的疾病。
Similarly, there are two types of coronavirus that infect ferrets: Ferret enteric coronavirus causes a gastrointestinal syndrome known as epizootic catarrhal enteritis (ECE), and a more lethal systemic version of the virus (like FIP in cats) known as ferret systemic coronavirus (FSC).
同样，感染雪貂的冠状病毒也有两种类型：雪貂肠道冠状病毒，它可引起一种胃肠道综合征，称为地区性卡他儿肠炎 (ECE)，以及一种更致命的全身性病毒（如猫中的 FIP），称为雪貂全身性冠状病毒 (FSC)。
There are two types of canine coronavirus (CCoV), one that causes mild gastrointestinal disease and one that has been found to cause respiratory disease.
犬冠状病毒 (CCoV) 有两种类型，一种会引起轻度胃肠疾病，另一种被发现可引起呼吸系统疾病。
Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) is a coronavirus that causes an epidemic murine illness with high mortality, especially among colonies of laboratory mice.
鼠肝炎病毒 (MHV) 是一种冠状病毒，可引起高死亡率的流行性鼠类疾病，特别是在实验室小鼠群体中。
Sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV) is highly infectious coronavirus of laboratory rats, which can be transmitted between individuals by direct contact and indirectly by aerosol.
大鼠涎泪膜炎病毒 (SDAV) 是一种实验室大鼠的高传染性冠状病毒，可通过直接接触以及间接的气溶胶接触在个体间传播。
Some strains of MHV cause a progressive demyelinating encephalitis in mice which has been used as a murine model for multiple sclerosis.
一些 MHV 病毒株可在小鼠中引发进行性脱髓鞘性脑炎，已被用作多发性硬化症的小鼠模型。
Significant research efforts have been focused on elucidating the viral pathogenesis of these animal coronaviruses, especially by virologists interested in veterinary and zoonotic diseases.
大量的研究工作集中在阐明这些动物冠状病毒的病毒发病机制，这在对兽医和人畜共患病感兴趣的病毒学家中尤为如此。
Porcine coronavirus (transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus of pigs, TGEV).
猪冠状病毒（猪传染性胃肠炎冠状病毒，TGEV）。
Bovine coronavirus (BCV), responsible for severe profuse enteritis in of young calves.
牛冠状病毒 (BCV)，在小牛中引发各种严重的肠炎。
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) causes mild enteritis in cats as well as severe Feline infectious peritonitis (other variants of the same virus).
猫冠状病毒 (FCoV) 可引起猫轻度肠炎以及严重的猫传染性腹膜炎（同一病毒的其他变种）。
the two types of canine coronavirus (CCoV) (one causing enteritis, the other found in respiratory diseases).
两种类型的犬冠状病毒 (CCoV)（一种引起肠炎，另一种在呼吸系统疾病中发现）。
Turkey coronavirus (TCV) causes enteritis in turkeys.
火鸡冠状病毒 (TCV) 引起火鸡肠炎。
Ferret enteric coronavirus causes epizootic catarrhal enteritis in ferrets.
雪貂肠道冠状病毒可在雪貂中引起地区性卡他儿肠炎。
Ferret systemic coronavirus causes FIP-like systemic syndrome in ferrets.
雪貂全身性冠状病毒可在雪貂中引起 FIP 样全身性综合征。
Rabbit enteric coronavirus causes acute gastrointestinal disease and diarrhea in young European rabbits.
兔肠道冠状病毒可在欧洲幼兔中引起急性胃肠道疾病和腹泻。
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PED or PEDV), has emerged around the world.
猪流行性腹泻病毒（PED 或 PEDV）已在世界各地出现。
b'Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
2019 冠状病毒疾病 (COVID-19) 是由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2 型 (SARS-CoV-2) 引起的一种传染病。
Common symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.
常见症状包括发热、咳嗽和气促。
Other symptoms may include fatigue, muscle pain, diarrhea, sore throat, loss of smell, and abdominal pain.
其他症状可能包括乏力、肌肉酸痛、腹泻、咽痛、嗅觉丧失和腹痛。
The time from exposure to onset of symptoms is typically around five days but may range from two to fourteen days.
从接触病患到发病的潜伏期为 2-14 天不等，通常为 5 天左右。
While the majority of cases result in mild symptoms, some progress to viral pneumonia and multi-organ failure.
尽管大多数病例症状轻微，但部分病例会发展成病毒性肺炎和多器官功能衰竭。
As of 17 April 2020, more than 2.24 million cases have been reported across 210 countries and territories, resulting in more than 153,000 deaths.
截至 2020 年 4 月 17 日，全球 210 个国家和地区报告的病例总数超过 224 万例，死亡人数超过 153,000 人。
More than 568,000 people have recovered.The virus is primarily spread between people during close contact, often via small droplets produced by coughing, sneezing, or talking.
目前有超过 568,000 人经治疗康复。病毒主要通过近距离接触在人与人之间传播，往往借由咳嗽、打喷嚏或说话时产生的飞沫散播。
While these droplets are produced when breathing out, they usually fall to the ground or onto surfaces rather than being infectious over long distances.
尽管呼气会产生飞沫，但飞沫通常落到地面或各种物体表面，并不会造成远距离传染。
People may also become infected by touching a contaminated surface and then touching their eyes, nose, or mouth.
另外，如果有人触摸了受病毒污染的表面，然后再触摸自己的眼鼻口部，也可能感染病毒。
The virus can survive on surfaces up to 72 hours.
病毒最长可在物体表面存活 72 小时。
It is most contagious during the first three days after the onset of symptoms, although spread may be possible before symptoms appear and in later stages of the disease.The standard method of diagnosis is by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) from a nasopharyngeal swab.
尽管发病前期及恢复后期也可能传播，但发病前三天传染性最强。标准诊断方法是进行鼻咽拭子实时逆转录聚合酶链反应 (rRT-PCR) 检测。
The use of masks is recommended for those who suspect they have the virus and their caregivers.
建议疑似病毒感染者及其护理人员佩戴口罩。
Recommendations for mask use by the general public vary, with some authorities recommending against their use, some recommending their use, and others requiring their use.
关于公众佩戴口罩的建议各地有所不同，一些当局反对佩戴口罩，另一些当局要求佩戴口罩。
Currently, there is no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19.
目前尚无 COVID-19 疫苗或特效抗病毒治疗方案。
Local transmission of the disease has been recorded in most countries across all six WHO regions.
全部六个 WHO 区域的绝大部分国家均已上报存在该病的局部传播。
Those infected with the virus may be asymptomatic or develop flu-like symptoms such as fever, cough, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
病毒感染者可能无症状，也可能出现疑似流感症状，如发热、咳嗽、乏力和气促。
Emergency symptoms include difficulty breathing, persistent chest pain or pressure, confusion, difficulty waking, and bluish face or lips; immediate medical attention is advised if these symptoms are present.
紧急症状包括呼吸困难、持续胸痛或胸闷、意识模糊、难以清醒及脸部或嘴唇发青；如果出现这些症状，建议立即就医。
Less commonly, upper respiratory symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose or sore throat may be seen.
少数病例可能伴有上呼吸道症状，如打喷嚏、流鼻涕或咽喉痛。
Gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea have been observed in varying percentages.
另外还监测到不同比例的胃肠道症状，如恶心、呕吐和腹泻。
Some cases in China initially presented only with chest tightness and palpitations.
部分中国病例初期仅出现胸闷和心悸症状。
In some, the disease may progress to pneumonia, multi-organ failure, and death.
部分病例可能发展成病毒性肺炎、多器官功能衰竭，甚至引发死亡。
This is called the incubation period.
我们将此称之为潜伏期。
The incubation period for COVID-19 is typically five to six days but may range from two to 14 days.
COVID-19 的潜伏期通常为 5-6 天，但可能扩展至 2-14 天不等。
97.5% of people who develop symptoms will do so within 11.5 days of infection.Reports indicate that not all who are infected develop symptoms.
97.5% 的感染者在感染后 11.5 天内会出现症状。报告指出，并非所有感染者都会出现症状。
The role of these asymptomatic carriers in transmission is not yet fully known; however, preliminary evidence suggests that they may contribute to the spread of the disease.
无症状感染者在疫情传播中发挥的作用尚未完全明确；但是，初步证据表明无症状感染者可能促进疾病传播。
The proportion of infected people who do not display symptoms is currently unknown and being studied, with the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) reporting that 20% of all confirmed cases remained asymptomatic during their hospital stay.
目前尚未确定无症状感染者比例，仍在加紧进行研究。韩国疾病控制与预防中心 (KCDC) 报告称，确诊病例中有 20% 在住院期间未表现出任何症状。
China's National Health Commission began including asymptomatic cases in its daily cases on 1 April; of the 166 infections on that day, 130 (78%) were asymptomatic at the time of testing.
中国国家卫生健康委员会自 4 月 1 日起将无症状病例列入每日通报；在当日的 166 例感染者中，有 130 例 (78%) 在接受检测时无症状。
Both sputum and saliva can carry large viral loads.
痰液和唾液均可携带大量病毒。
Loud talking releases more droplets than normal talking.
大声讲话比正常讲话喷溅更多的飞沫。
A study in Singapore found that an uncovered cough can lead to droplets travelling up to 4.5 meters (15 feet).
新加坡的一项研究发现，无遮挡咳嗽可能导致飞沫最远传播 4.5 米（15 英尺）。
Though the virus is not generally airborne, the National Academy of Science has suggested that bioaerosol transmission may be possible and air collectors positioned in the hallway outside of people's rooms yielded samples positive for viral RNA.
尽管此类病毒一般不会通过空气传播，但美国国家科学院认定可能会通过生物气溶胶传播，病房外走廊上的空气收集器检测出病毒 RNA 阳性样本。
Some medical procedures such as intubation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) may cause respiratory secretions to be aerosolised and thus result in airborne spread.
插管和心肺复苏 (CPR) 等医疗程序可能会使呼吸道分泌物雾化，进而造成空气传播。
While there are concerns it may spread via feces, this risk is believed to be low.The virus is most contagious when people are symptomatic; while spread may be possible before symptoms emerge, the risk is low.
还有人担心病毒可能会通过粪便传播，但这种风险被认为较低。当患者出现症状时，病毒的传染性最强；尽管出现症状前可能传播，但风险较低。
The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) says while it is not entirely clear how easily the disease spreads, one person generally infects two to three others.The virus survives for hours to days on surfaces.
欧洲疾控中心 (ECDC) 表示，虽然新冠病毒的传播力尚不完全明确，但一般 1 人会传染 2-3 人。该病毒在物体表面的存活时间从几小时到几天不等。
Specifically, the virus was found to be detectable for one day on cardboard, for up to three days on plastic (polypropylene) and stainless steel (AISI 304), and for up to four hours on 99% copper.
具体来说，已知新冠病毒在纸板上可存活一天，在塑料（聚丙烯）和不锈钢 (AISI 304) 上最长可存活三天，在 99% 纯度的铜制品上最多可存活四小时。
This, however, varies depending on the humidity and temperature.
不过，其存活时间也受湿度和温度的影响。
Soap and detergent are also effective if correctly used; soap products degrade the virus' fatty protective layer, deactivating it, as well as freeing them from skin and other surfaces.
倘若正确使用，肥皂和清洁剂也可起到杀灭病毒的效果。肥皂产品可降解病毒的脂肪保护层，使其失去活性，同时还能将病毒从皮肤和其他表面清除。
Other solutions, such as benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine gluconate (a surgical disinfectant), are less effective.In a Hong Kong study, saliva samples were taken a median of two days after the start of hospitalization.
其他溶液如苯扎氯铵和氯己定葡萄糖酸盐（一种手术消毒液）的效果较差。中国香港的一项研究显示，平均在入院后两天采集唾液样本。
In five of six patients, the first sample showed the highest viral load, and the sixth patient showed the highest viral load on the second day tested.
5/6 的患者第一份样本的病毒载量最高，1/6 的患者第二天检测出的病毒载量最高。
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, first isolated from three people with pneumonia connected to the cluster of acute respiratory illness cases in Wuhan.
严重急性呼吸道综合征冠状病毒 2 型 (SARS-CoV-2) 是一种新型严重急性呼吸道综合征冠状病毒，最先是从武汉一批急性呼吸系统疾病病例的三名肺炎患者身上分离出的。
All features of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus occur in related coronaviruses in nature.
这种新型 SARS-CoV-2 病毒的所有特征在自然界的相关冠状病毒中均有呈现。
Outside the human body, the virus is killed by household soap, which bursts its protective bubble.SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to the original SARS-CoV.
病毒未进入人体之前，可用家用肥皂将其杀灭，因为肥皂能够破坏病毒的保护囊膜。SARS-CoV-2 与最初的 SARS-CoV 密切相关。
The lungs are the organs most affected by COVID-19 because the virus accesses host cells via the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is most abundant in the type II alveolar cells of the lungs.
肺部是受 COVID-19 影响最严重的器官，因为这种病毒通过血管紧张素转换酶 2 (ACE2) 进入宿主细胞，而后者在肺的 II 型肺泡细胞中含量最高。
The virus uses a special surface glycoprotein called a "spike" (peplomer) to connect to ACE2 and enter the host cell.
该病毒通过一种名为“刺突”（囊微粒）的特殊表面糖蛋白与 ACE2 结合并进入宿主细胞。
Acute cardiac injury was found in 12% of infected people admitted in hospital in Wuhan, China, and is more frequent in severe disease.
在中国武汉的医院收治的患者中，有 12% 的感染者发现存在急性心肌损伤，重症患者比例较高。
Rates of cardiovascular symptoms is high, owing to the systemic inflammatory response and immune system disorders during disease progression, but acute myocardial injury may also be related to ACE2 receptors in the heart.
因病症恶化过程引起全身炎症反应和免疫系统紊乱，心血管症状发生率较高，但急性心肌损伤也可能与心脏的 ACE2 受体有关。
ACE2 receptors are highly expressed in the heart and are involved in heart function.
ACE2 受体在心脏中高度表达并参与调节心脏功能。
A high incidence of thrombosis (31%) and venous thromboembolism (25%) have been found in ICU patients with COVID-19 infections and may be related to poor prognosis.Autopsies of people who died of COVID-19 have found diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), and lymphocyte-containing inflammatory infiltrates within the lung.
据悉，ICU 监护的 COVID-19 感染者的血栓 (31%) 和静脉血栓栓塞 (25%) 发生率较高，可能与预后不良有关。COVID-19 致死患者尸检发现弥漫性肺泡损伤 (DAD)，肺内见淋巴细胞炎性浸润。
Although SARS-COV-2 has a tropism for ACE2-expressing epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, patients with severe COVID-19 have symptoms of systemic hyperinflammation.
尽管 SARS-COV-2 对表达 ACE2 的呼吸道上皮细胞具有嗜性，但 COVID-19 重症患者会出现全身过度炎症反应。
In particular, pathogenic GM-CSF-secreting T-cells were shown to correlate with the recruitment of inflammatory IL-6-secreting monocytes and severe lung pathology in COVID-19 patients.
特别是，COVID-19 患者体内的致病性 GM-CSF 分泌 T 细胞与炎性 IL-6 分泌性单核细胞的募集和严重肺部病理相关。
Lymphocytic infiltrates have also been reported at autopsy.
尸检报告同样见淋巴细胞浸润。
The WHO has published several testing protocols for the disease.
WHO 公布了几种疾病检测方案。
The standard method of testing is real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR).
标准检测方法是采用实时逆转录聚合酶链反应 (rRT-PCR)。
The test is typically done on respiratory samples obtained by a nasopharyngeal swab; however, a nasal swab or sputum sample may also be used.
这项检测通常对通过鼻咽拭子获取的呼吸道样本进行检测；但是，也可以使用鼻拭子或痰液样本。
Results are generally available within a few hours to two days.
一般情况下，几个小时至两天内即可得到结果。
Blood tests can be used, but these require two blood samples taken two weeks apart and the results have little immediate value.
还可以进行血液检测，但要求两次采集血样需间隔两周，结果几乎不具备即时价值。
Chinese scientists were able to isolate a strain of the coronavirus and publish the genetic sequence so laboratories across the world could independently develop polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests to detect infection by the virus.
中国科学家已经能够分离冠状病毒菌株并公布基因序列，以便世界各地的实验室独立开发聚合酶链反应 (PCR) 检测试剂，进而检测是否感染病毒。
As of 4 April 2020, antibody tests (which may detect active infections and whether a person had been infected in the past) were in development, but not yet widely used.
截至 2020 年 4 月 4 日，抗体检测（不仅可以检测活动性感染，还能检测个人过去是否感染过病毒）仍在研发当中，但尚未推广使用。
The Chinese experience with testing has shown the accuracy is only 60 to 70%.
根据中国的经验，检测准确度仅为 60% 到 70%。
The FDA in the United States approved the first point-of-care test on 21 March 2020 for use at the end of that month.Diagnostic guidelines released by Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University suggested methods for detecting infections based upon clinical features and epidemiological risk.
2020 年 3 月 21 日，美国 FDA 批准了首个即时诊断试剂，并于当月底投入使用。武汉大学中南医院发布的诊断指南提出根据临床特征和流行病学风险检测感染的方法。
Bilateral multilobar ground-glass opacities with a peripheral, asymmetric and posterior distribution are common in early infection.
早期感染多见双肺多叶磨玻璃影，具有外周非对称和后部分布。
Subpleural dominance, crazy paving (lobular septal thickening with variable alveolar filling), and consolidation may appear as the disease progresses.
随着病毒发展，可能出现胸膜下显性、碎石路征（小叶间隔增厚伴不同程度的肺泡充盈）和肺实变。
Few data are available about microscopic lesions and the pathophysiology of COVID-19.
关于 COVID-19 微观病理损伤和病理生理的信息极少。
The main pathological findings at autopsy are:
尸检主要病理发现如下：
Macroscopy: pleurisy, pericarditis, lung consolidation and pulmonary oedema
肉眼检查：胸膜炎、心包炎、肺实变和肺水肿
Four types of severity of viral pneumonia can be observed:
观察到四个严重级别的病毒性肺炎：
mild pneumonia: pulmonary oedema, pneumocyte hyperplasia, large atypical pneumocytes, interstitial inflammation with lymphocytic infiltration and multinucleated giant cell formation
轻度肺炎：肺水肿、肺细胞增生、大量非典型肺细胞、间质性炎症伴淋巴细胞浸润及形成多核巨细胞
severe pneumonia: diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) with diffuse alveolar exudates.
重度肺炎：弥漫性肺泡损伤 (DAD) 伴弥漫性肺泡渗出液。
DAD is the cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and severe hypoxemia.
DAD 是引发急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS) 和严重低氧血症的病因。
healing pneumonia: organisation of exudates in alveolar cavities and pulmonary interstitial fibrosis
恢复期肺炎：肺泡腔渗出液机化和肺间质纤维化
Blood: disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC); leukoerythroblastic reaction
血液：弥散性血管内凝血 (DIC)；幼白-幼红细胞反应
Preventive measures to reduce the chances of infection include staying at home, avoiding crowded places, washing hands with soap and water often and for at least 20 seconds, practising good respiratory hygiene and avoiding touching the eyes, nose or mouth with unwashed hands.
为降低感染几率，可采取的预防措施包括：呆在家中；避开进入人群密集区域；经常用肥皂和水洗手并至少持续 20 秒；保持良好的呼吸道卫生；避免未洗手的情况下触摸眼睛、鼻子或嘴巴。
The CDC recommends covering the mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing and recommends using the inside of the elbow if no tissue is available.
美国疾控中心 (CDC) 建议在咳嗽或打喷嚏时用纸巾捂住口鼻；如果没有纸巾，建议使用手肘内侧遮挡。
Proper hand hygiene after any cough or sneeze is encouraged.
建议在咳嗽或打喷嚏后妥善清洁手部卫生。
The CDC has recommended the use of cloth face coverings in public settings, in part to limit transmission by asymptomatic individuals.Social distancing strategies aim to reduce contact of infected persons with large groups by closing schools and workplaces, restricting travel and cancelling large public gatherings.
CDC 建议在公共场合佩戴布面口罩，在某种程度上防止无症状患者传播病毒。保持社交距离策略的核心在于关闭学校和工作场所、限制出行并取消大型公共集会，从而减少感染者与大规模群体接触的机会。
Distancing guidelines also include that people stay at least 6 feet (1.8 m) apart.
另外，社交距离准则规定在人际交往中至少保持 6 英尺（1.8 米）的距离。
There is no medication known to be effective at preventing COVID-19.As a vaccine is not expected until 2021 at the earliest, a key part of managing COVID-19 is trying to decrease the epidemic peak, known as "flattening the curve".
尚无有效预防 COVID-19 的药物。鉴于预计至少要到 2021 年才能研制出疫苗，因而努力降低疫情峰值是控制 COVID-19 传播的关键，也就是我们所知的“拉平流行病学曲线”。
The CDC also recommends that individuals wash hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after going to the toilet or when hands are visibly dirty, before eating and after blowing one's nose, coughing or sneezing.
同时，CDC 建议人们经常用肥皂和自来水洗手至少 20 秒，尤其是在如厕后或手上有明显污物时、饭前以及擤鼻涕、咳嗽或打喷嚏后。
It further recommends using an alcohol-based hand sanitiser with at least 60% alcohol, but only when soap and water are not readily available.For areas where commercial hand sanitisers are not readily available, the WHO provides two formulations for local production.
另外，还建议使用酒精含量至少达 60% 的含酒精洗手液洗手，但仅在身边没有肥皂和自来水时使用。对于无法购买免水洗手液的地区，WHO 提供了两种配方以便就地生产。
In these formulations, the antimicrobial activity arises from ethanol or isopropanol.
这些配方通过乙醇或异丙醇激发抗菌活性。
Hydrogen peroxide is used to help eliminate bacterial spores in the alcohol; it is "not an active substance for hand antisepsis".
利用过氧化氢帮助消除酒精中的细菌孢子；过氧化氢并非“手部消毒活性物质”。
Glycerol is added as a humectant.
加入甘油作为保湿剂。
People are managed with supportive care, which may include fluid therapy, oxygen support, and supporting other affected vital organs.
为人们提供支持性护理，其中可能包括输液疗法、氧气支持及其他受影响的重要器官支持。
The CDC recommends that those who suspect they carry the virus wear a simple face mask.
CDC 建议疑似病毒携带者佩戴简易口罩。
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used to address the issue of respiratory failure, but its benefits are still under consideration.
现已采用体外膜式氧合 (ECMO) 缓解呼吸衰竭症状，但其益处仍有待研究。
Personal hygiene and a healthy lifestyle and diet have been recommended to improve immunity.
建议保持个人卫生并倡导健康生活方式和饮食习惯，从而提高免疫力。
Supportive treatments may be useful in those with mild symptoms at the early stage of infection.The WHO and Chinese National Health Commission have published recommendations for taking care of people who are hospitalised with COVID-19.
对于感染早期的轻症患者，支持性疗法可能有效。WHO 和中国国家卫生健康委员会发出倡议，呼吁妥善护理入院治疗的 COVID-19 患者。
Intensivists and pulmonologists in the U.S. have compiled treatment recommendations from various agencies into a free resource, the IBCC.
美国危重病学专家和肺脏专家已将各机构提出的治疗建议汇编成册并通过 IBCC 免费提供。
As of April 2020, there is no specific treatment for COVID-19.
截至 2020 年 4 月，尚未研制出 COVID-19 特效疗法。
For symptoms, some medical professionals recommend paracetamol (acetaminophen) over ibuprofen for first-line use.
针对某些症状，部分医学专家建议使用扑热息痛（对乙酰氨基酚）代替布洛芬进行一线治疗。
Precautions must be taken to minimise the risk of virus transmission, especially in healthcare settings when performing procedures that can generate aerosols, such as intubation or hand ventilation.
必须采取预防措施，最大限度地降低病毒传播风险，在医疗环境下完成可能产生气溶胶的操作，如插管或以手通气时尤其要注意防护。
For healthcare professionals caring for people with COVID-19, the CDC recommends placing the person in an Airborne Infection Isolation Room (AIIR) in addition to using standard precautions, contact precautions and airborne precautions.The CDC outlines the guidelines for the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) during the pandemic.
对于看护 COVID-19 患者的医护人员，CDC 建议除采取标准预防措施、接触预防措施和空气传播预防措施以外，还应将患者转移到空气传播传染病隔离室 (AIIR)。CDC 概括介绍了疫情期间个人防护设备 (PPE) 的使用准则。
The recommended gear is: PPE gown, respirator or facemask, eye protection, and medical gloves.When available, respirators (instead of facemasks) are preferred.
推荐装备：PPE 防护服、呼吸器或口罩、眼部防护和医用手套。如果可以，最好使用呼吸器（而非口罩）。
N95 respirators are approved for industrial settings but the FDA has authorised the masks for use under an Emergency Use Authorisation (EUA).
N95 口罩获准在工业场合使用，但 FDA 已根据紧急使用授权 (EUA) 授权使用这种口罩。
They are designed to protect from airborne particles like dust but effectiveness against a specific biological agent is not guaranteed for off-label uses.
它主要用于防止吸入悬浮粒子（如灰尘），但用作其他用途时无法保证有效隔绝特定生物制剂。
When masks are not available, the CDC recommends using face shields or, as a last resort, homemade masks.
如果没有口罩，CDC 建议使用面罩，必要时还可以佩戴自制口罩。
Most cases of COVID-19 are not severe enough to require mechanical ventilation or alternatives, but a percentage of cases are.
大多数 COVID-19 病例症状较轻，无需使用机械通气或其他备选方案，但一定比例的病例需要采取此类措施。
The type of respiratory support for individuals with COVID-19 related respiratory failure is being actively studied for people in hospital, with some evidence that intubation can be avoided with a high flow nasal cannula or bi-level positive airway pressure.
医护人员正在积极开展研究，希望为出现呼吸衰竭症状的 COVID-19 患者提供呼吸支持。有证据表明，经鼻高流量氧疗或双相气道正压通气可避免插管。
Whether either of these two leads to the same benefit for people who are critically ill is not known.
尚不清楚上述两种治疗方案能否对重症患者产生同等疗效。
Some doctors prefer staying with invasive mechanical ventilation when available because this technique limits the spread of aerosol particles compared to a high flow nasal cannula.Severe cases are most common in older adults (those older than 60 years, and especially those older than 80 years).
如果条件允许，有些医生倾向使用有创机械通气，因为相较于经鼻高流量氧疗，这项技术还能限制气溶胶颗粒扩散。重症病例以老年人（60 岁以上，特别是 80 岁以上的老年人）为主。
Many developed countries do not have enough hospital beds per capita, which limits a health system's capacity to handle a sudden spike in the number of COVID-19 cases severe enough to require hospitalisation.
许多发达国家人均病床数不足，鉴于医疗条件限制，医疗体系无法应付因 COVID-19 病例人数激增导致需要入院治疗的严峻局面。
One study in China found 5% were admitted to intensive care units, 2.3% needed mechanical support of ventilation, and 1.4% died.
中国的一项研究发现，5% 的患者需送往重症监护室，2.3% 的患者需机械通气，1.4% 的患者将因此致死。
In China, approximately 30% of people in hospital with COVID-19 are eventually admitted to ICU.
中国约有 30% 的 COVID-19 入院患者最终被送入 ICU。
Mechanical ventilation becomes more complex as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) develops in COVID-19 and oxygenation becomes increasingly difficult.
随着 COVID-19 引发的急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS) 的发展，机械通气复杂度进一步提升，氧合难度越来越大。
Ventilators capable of pressure control modes and high PEEP are needed to maximise oxygen delivery while minimising the risk of ventilator-associated lung injury and pneumothorax.
届时需采用支持压力控制模式和高 PEEP 的呼吸机，以期最大程度地输送氧气，同时尽量降低呼吸机引发肺损伤和气胸的风险。
High PEEP may not be available on older ventilators.
旧式呼吸机可能无法实现高 PEEP。
Research into potential treatments started in January 2020, and several antiviral drugs are in clinical trials.
自 2020 年 1 月起开始研究潜在疗法，目前已有若干抗病毒药进入临床试验阶段。
Remdesivir appears to be the most promising.
瑞德西韦似乎是目前最具潜力的一种药物。
Although new medications may take until 2021 to develop, several of the medications being tested are already approved for other uses or are already in advanced testing.
尽管或许到 2021 年才会研发出新的药物，但接受测试的几种药物要么已批准用作其他用途，要么已进入高级测试阶段。
Antiviral medication may be tried in people with severe disease.
重症患者可尝试使用抗病毒药物。
The WHO recommended volunteers take part in trials of the effectiveness and safety of potential treatments.The FDA has granted temporary authorisation to convalescent plasma as an experimental treatment in cases where the person's life is seriously or immediately threatened.
WHO 呼吁广大志愿者参与潜在疗法有效性和安全性试验。FDA 已临时授权恢复期血浆输血作为实验性治疗，治疗生命垂危的重症患者。
It has not undergone the clinical studies needed to show it is safe and effective for the disease.
目前尚未开展必要临床研究来证明该疗法能否安全有效地治疗这种疾病。
In February 2020, China launched a mobile app to deal with the disease outbreak.
2020 年 2 月，中国发布了一款用于遏制疫情爆发的移动应用。
Users are asked to enter their name and ID number.
用户需按要求输入姓名和身份证号码。
The app is able to detect 'close contact' using surveillance data and therefore a potential risk of infection.
这款应用能够通过监测数据检测“密切接触”，进而判断潜在感染风险。
Every user can also check the status of three other users.
每位用户还可检查另外三位用户的状态。
If a potential risk is detected, the app not only recommends self-quarantine, it also alerts local health officials.Big data analytics on cellphone data, facial recognition technology, mobile phone tracking and artificial intelligence are used to track infected people and people whom they contacted in South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore.
一旦检测到潜在风险，该应用不仅会建议自我隔离，还会向当地卫生官员发出警报。综合运用手机数据大数据分析、面部识别技术、手机跟踪和人工智能，跟踪感染者及其在韩国、中国台湾和新加坡接触的人员。
In March 2020, the Israeli government enabled security agencies to track mobile phone data of people supposed to have coronavirus.
2020 年 3 月，以色列政府批准安全机构追踪疑似冠状病毒携带者的手机数据。
The measure was taken to enforce quarantine and protect those who may come into contact with infected citizens.
采取这项措施的目的在于强制隔离，保护可能接触已感染公民的群体。