atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
Privacy-preserving contact tracing is a well-established concept, with a substantial body of research literature dating back to at least 2013.As of 7 April 2020, over a dozen expert groups were working on privacy-friendly solutions, such as using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) to log a user's proximity to other cellphones.
隐私保护密切接触者追踪是一个公认理念，大量相关研究文献至少可追溯到 2013 年。截至 2020 年 4 月 7 日，有十多个专家组在研究隐私保护解决方案，如使用蓝牙低功耗 (BLE) 记录用户与其他手机之间的距离。
However, PEPP-PT is a co-ordination effort which contains both centralised and decentralised approaches, and is not a single protocol.Decentralised protocols include Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (DP-PPT/DP-3T), Temporary Contact Numbers (TCN, fka Contact Event Numbers, CEN), Privacy Sensitive Protocols and Mechanisms for Mobile Contact Tracing (PACT) and others.
PEPP-PT 是一个包含集中式和分散式方法的协调方案，并非单一协议。分散协议包含分散隐私保护邻近追踪 (DP-PPT/DP-3T)、临时联系号码（TCN、原来称联系事件号码，CEN）、隐私敏感协议和移动联系追踪机制 (PACT) 等。
In these protocols, identifiable personal data never leaves the device, and all matching happens on-device.
根据这些协议，可识别身份的个人数据绝不会离开设备，所有匹配均在设备上进行。
The Privacy Group at MIT Media Lab has been developing SafePaths, a platform for using privacy-preserving techniques when collecting and using location or path intersection data to track the spread of COVID-19.
麻省理工学院媒体实验室的隐私小组一直在开发 SafePaths 平台，该平台在收集和使用位置或路径交叉数据来跟踪 COVID-19 时会使用隐私保护技术。
It is based on research from the whitepaper "Apps Gone Rogue: Maintaining Personal Privacy in an Epidemic" released in March 2020.Another similar effort is the SafeTrace platform by Enigma MPC, a company developing privacy technologies that was also originally founded at the MIT Media Lab.
平台基于 2020 年 3 月发布的《应用程序无赖化：在疫情中维护个人隐私》白皮书研究内容开发。除此之外，一家最初同样在麻省理工学院媒体实验室创立并致力于开发隐私技术的公司 Enigma MPC 也在开发一个名为 SafeTrace 的类似平台。
SafeTrace utilizes secure hardware technologies to allow users to share sensitive location and health data with other users and officials, without compromising the privacy of that data.
SafeTrace 利用安全硬件技术，支持用户在不损害数据隐私性的情况下向其他用户和官员分享敏感的位置和健康数据。
On 5 April 2020, the global TCN Coalition was founded by groups that had coalesced around what was essentially the same approach and largely overlapping protocols, with the goal to reduce fragmentation, and enable global interoperability of tracing and alerting apps, a key aspect of achieving widespread adoption.
2020 年 4 月 5 日，一些团体围绕基本相同的方法和基本重叠的协议联合成立了全球 TCN 联盟，目标是要减少碎片化信息，并支持追踪和警报应用程序的全球互操作性，这是实现广泛应用的一个关键。
On 9 April 2020, the Singaporean government announced that it had open-sourced the BlueTrace protocol used by its official government app.
2020 年 4 月 9 日，新加坡政府宣布，其官方政府应用程序使用的是开源 BlueTrace 协议。
On 10 April 2020, Google and Apple, the companies that control the Android and iOS mobile platforms, announced an initiative for contact tracing, which they claimed would preserve privacy, based on a combination of Bluetooth Low Energy technology and privacy-preserving cryptography.
2020 年 4 月 10 日，分别控制安卓和 iOS 移动平台的谷歌和苹果宣布了一项密切接触者追踪计划，声称该计划将蓝牙低功耗技术与隐私保护加密技术相结合，可起到保护隐私的作用。
They also published specifications of the core technologies used in the system.
此外，他们还公布了系统中使用的核心技术规范。
According to Apple and Google, the system is intended to be rolled out in three stages:
苹果和谷歌称，该系统计划分三个阶段推出：
rollout of tools to enable governments to create official privacy-preserving coronavirus tracing apps
推出一些工具，以支持政府创建可保护隐私的官方冠状病毒追踪应用
integration of this functionality directly into iOS and AndroidGoogle and Apple plan to address the take-up and persistent surveillance problems by first distributing the system through operating system updates, and later removing it in the same way once the threat has passed.
将这一功能直接集成至 iOS 和安卓系统中，谷歌和苹果计划首先通过操作系统更新来推出该系统，疫情威胁过后也将通过同样的方式删除该系统，以此解决后续监控问题。
b'COVID-19 drug development is the research process to develop a preventative vaccine or therapeutic prescription drug that would alleviate the severity of 2019-20 coronavirus disease (COVID-19).
b'COVID-19 药物开发是研发预防性疫苗或治疗处方药的研究过程，旨在缓解 2019-20 冠状病毒病 (COVID-19) 的严重性。
The International Clinical Trials Registry Platform of the WHO recorded 536 clinical studies to develop post-infection therapies for COVID-19 infections, with numerous established antiviral compounds for treating other infections under clinical research to be repurposed.
WHO 的国际临床试验注册平台记录了 536 项针对 COVID-19 的感染后临床研究，很多既往用于治疗其他感染性疾病的抗病毒化合物也在临床研究中得到了重新利用。
In March, the WHO initiated the "SOLIDARITY Trial" in 10 countries, enrolling thousands of people infected with COVID-19 to assess treatment effects of four existing antiviral compounds with the most promise of efficacy.
今年 3 月，WHO 在 10 个国家发起了“SOLIDARITY 试验”，招募数千名 COVID-19 感染者，以评估最有望发挥作用的四种现有抗病毒化合物的治疗效果。
A dynamic, systematic review was established in April 2020 to track the progress of registered clinical trials for COVID-19 vaccine and therapeutic drug candidates.Vaccine and drug development is a multistep process, typically requiring more than five years to assure safety and efficacy of the new compound.
2020 年 4 月，一个系统化的动态审查机制建立，旨在跟踪 COVID-19 疫苗和候选治疗药物的注册临床试验进展。疫苗和药物开发需经历很多步骤，通常需要五年以上的时间才可确保新的化合物安全有效。
Drug development is the process of bringing a new infectious disease vaccine or therapeutic drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery.
药物开发是通过药物发现确定了先导化合物后，向市场推出新的传染病疫苗或治疗药物的过程。
It includes laboratory research on microorganisms and animals, filing for regulatory status, such as via the FDA, for an investigational new drug to initiate clinical trials on humans, and may include the step of obtaining regulatory approval with a new drug application to market the drug.
其中包括对微生物和动物的实验室研究以及监管备案，如通过美国食品和药物管理局，以便开展新药在人体中的临床实验，此外可能还需要申请监管批准，以便将新药推向市场。
Development of a COVID-19 vaccine or therapeutic antiviral drug begins with matching a chemical concept to the potential prophylactic mechanism of the future vaccine or antiviral activity in vivo.
开发新 COVID-19 疫苗或治疗性抗病毒药物首先要将化学概念与未来疫苗或体内抗病毒活性的潜在预防机制相匹配。
New chemical entities (NCEs, also known as new molecular entities or NMEs) are compounds that emerge from the process of drug discovery to specify a vaccine or antiviral candidate.
新化学实体（NCE，也称新分子实体或 NME）是在药物发现过程中生成的化合物，用于确定疫苗或抗病毒候选物。
These have promising activity against a biological target related to COVID-19 disease.
这些化合物有望对抗与 COVID-19 相关的生物靶标。
At the beginning of vaccine or drug development, little is known about the safety, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of the NCE in humans.
在疫苗或药物开发初期，人们对 NCE 在人体内的安全性、毒性、药代动力学和代谢知之甚少。
It is the function and obligation of drug development to assess all of these parameters prior to human clinical trials to prove safety and efficacy.
药物开发需承担的职责和义务是在进行人体临床实验之前，评估所有参数，以证明安全性和有效性。
A further major objective of drug development is to recommend the dose and schedule for the first use in a human clinical trial ("first-in-human" [FIH] or First Human Dose [FHD], previously also known as "first-in-man" [FIM]).
药物开发的另一主要目标是推荐首次进行人体临床试验时的使用剂量和使用时间表（“首次人体试验”[FIH] 或人体首次应用剂量 [FHD]，之前也称“首次用于人体试验”[FIM]）。
In addition, drug development must establish the physicochemical properties of the NCE: its chemical makeup, stability, and solubility.
此外，药物开发过程中必须确定 NCE 的物理化学特性：化学组成、稳定性和溶解性。
Manufacturers must optimize the process they use to make the chemical so they can scale up from a medicinal chemist producing milligrams, to manufacturing on the kilogram and ton scale.
制造商必须优化这些化学物质的生产过程，以便从药物化学家以毫克为单位的生产规模扩大到以千克和吨为单位的生产规模。
They further examine the product for suitability to package as capsules, tablets, aerosol, intramuscular injectable, subcutaneous injectable, or intravenous formulations.
他们还要进一步核实相应产品是否适合包装成胶囊、片剂、气雾剂、肌肉注射制剂、皮下注射制剂或静脉注射制剂。
Together, these processes are known in preclinical and clinical development as chemistry, manufacturing, and control (CMC).Many aspects of drug development focus on satisfying the regulatory requirements of drug licensing authorities.
这些过程在临床前和临床开发中统称为化学、制造和控制 (CMC)。药品开发的很多方面都集中在满足药品许可机构的监管要求上。
These generally constitute tests designed to determine the major toxicities of a novel compound prior to first use in humans.
这些实验通常用于在首次用于人体试验前确定新化合物的毒性。
The Canadian government announced CA$275 million in funding for 96 research projects on medical countermeasures against COVID-19, including numerous vaccine candidates at Canadian universities, with plans to establish a "vaccine bank" of new vaccines for implementation if another coronavirus outbreak occurs.
加拿大政府宣布拨款 2.75 亿加元，资助 96 个针对 COVID-19 的医学对策研究项目，包括加拿大各大学的很多候选疫苗，同时计划就新疫苗建立“疫苗库”，为下一次的冠状病毒爆发做准备。
Clinical trial programs involve three, multiple-year stages toward product approval, and a fourth, post-approval stage for ongoing safety monitoring of the vaccine or drug therapy:
临床试验项目涉及三个多年期产品批准阶段，以及第四个批准后阶段，旨在持续监测疫苗或药物疗法的安全性：
Phase I trials, usually in healthy volunteers, determine safety and dosing.
I 期试验通常会借助健康志愿者来确定药物的安全性和剂量。
Phase II trials are used to establish an initial reading of efficacy and further explore safety in small numbers of people having the disease targeted by the NCE.
II 期试验用于确定疗效的初始读数，并进一步探索对于少数 NCE 目标人群的安全性。
Phase III trials are large, pivotal trials to determine safety and efficacy in sufficiently large numbers of people with the COVID-19 infection.
III 期试验是大规模关键试验，用于确定对于大量 COVID-19 感染者的安全性和有效性。
If safety and efficacy are adequately proved, clinical testing may stop at this step and the NCE advances to the new drug application (NDA) stage to begin marketing.
如果安全性和有效性得到了充分证明，临床试验到了这一步便可停止，相应 NCE 可进入新药申请 (NDA) 阶段，投入市场。
Phase IV trials are post-approval trials that may be a condition attached by the FDA, also called post-market surveillance studies.
IV 期试验是批准后试验，可由美国食品和药物管理局附加实施，也称上市后监测研究。
In addition to the tests required to move a novel vaccine or antiviral drug into the clinic for the first time, manufacturers must ensure that any long-term or chronic toxicities are well-defined, including effects on systems not previously monitored (fertility, reproduction, immune system, among others).
除了首次将新疫苗或抗病毒药物转入临床时所需的试验外，制造商还必须确保任何长期或慢性毒性已得到明确界定，包括对先前未监测的（生育、生殖、免疫系统等）系统的影响。
In the United States, this process is called a "new drug application" or NDA.
美国将该过程称为“新药申请”，简称 NDA。
A clinical trial design in progress may be modified as an "adaptive design" if accumulating data in the trial provide early insights about positive or negative efficacy of the treatment.
如果试验中积累的数据提供了有关治疗的积极或消极效果的早期见解，则可将正在进行的临床试验设计修改为“适应性设计”。
The global Solidarity and European Discovery trials of hospitalized people with severe COVID-19 infection apply adaptive design to rapidly alter trial parameters as results from the four experimental therapeutic strategies emerge.
针对 COVID-19 重症住院患者的全球 Solidarity 和欧洲 Discovery 试验便采用了适应性设计，根据四个实验治疗策略的结果，快速调整试验参数。
Adaptive designs within ongoing Phase II-III clinical trials on candidate therapeutics may shorten trial durations and use fewer subjects, possibly expediting decisions for early termination or success, and coordinating design changes for a specific trial across its international locations.
对于正在进行的 II-III 期候选疗法临床实验，适应性设计可缩短试验持续时间，减少受试者数量，这样有望提前做出终止或成功决定，并协调对全球各地的特定试验进行设计变更。
Most novel drug candidates (NCEs) fail during drug development, either because they have unacceptable toxicity or because they simply do not prove efficacy on the targeted disease, as shown in Phase II-III clinical trials.
大部分新候选药物 (NCE) 在开发过程中均会遭遇失败，有的因为具有不可接受的毒性，有的因为完全无法证明对目标疾病有疗效，这些情况在 II-III 期临床试验中均会显现出来。
The high failure rates associated with pharmaceutical development are referred to as an "attrition rate", requiring decisions during the early stages of drug development to "kill" projects early to avoid costly failures.
药物开发的高失败率也称“损耗率”，要求在药物开发早期做出决定，尽早“终止”项目，以避免失败的代价过高。
One 2010 study assessed both capitalized and out-of-pocket costs for bringing a single new drug to market as about US$1.8 billion and $870 million, respectively.
2010 年的一项研究估计，将一种新药推向市场的资本化成本和自付费用分别约为 18 亿美元和 8.7 亿美元。
A median cost estimate of 2015-16 trials for development of 10 anti-cancer drugs was $648 million.
2015-16 年 10 种抗癌药物的研发试验成本中位数为 6.48 亿美元。
In a 2016 review of 106 drug candidates assessed through clinical trials, the total capital expenditure for a manufacturer having a drug approved through successful Phase III trials was $2.6 billion (in 2013 dollars), an amount increasing at an annual rate of 8.5%.
在 2016 年对通过临床试验评估的 106 种候选药物的审查中，一家制造商成功通过 III 期试验获得批准的药物的总资本支出为 26 亿美元（以 2013 年的美元价值计），每年以 8.5% 的速度增长。
Seven trials were evaluating repurposed drugs already approved to treat malaria, including four studies on hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine phosphate.
七项试验正在评估已批准用于治疗疟疾的再利用药物，包括四项关于羟氯喹或磷酸氯喹的研究。
Repurposed antiviral drugs make up most of the Chinese research, with 9 Phase III trials on remdesivir across several countries due to report by the end of April.
中国大部分药物研究均涉及再利用其他抗病毒药物，预计到 4 月底，将有多个国家基于报告结果针对瑞德西韦开展 9 项 III 期试验。
Led by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation with partners investing US$125 million and coordinating with the World Health Organization, the COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator began in March, facilitating drug development researchers to rapidly identify, assess, develop, and scale up potential treatments.
比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会牵头与多家合作伙伴共同投资了 1.25 亿美元，并与世界卫生组织协调于 3 月启动“COVID-19 治疗加速器”，协助药物开发研究人员快速识别、评估、开发和扩大潜在治疗方案。
The COVID-19 Clinical Research Coalition formed to coordinate and expedite results from international clinical trials on the most promising post-infection treatments.
此外还成立了 COVID-19 临床研究联盟，以协调和加快获得最有望用于感染后治疗的国际临床试验结果。
In early 2020, numerous established antiviral compounds for treating other infections were being repurposed or developed in new clinical research efforts to alleviate the illness of COVID-19.
2020 年初，很多既往用于治疗其他传染病的抗病毒化合物在新的临床研究中被重新设计或开发，希望能用于缓解 COVID-19 症状。
For an already-approved drug (such as hydroxychloroquine for malaria), Phase III-IV trials determine in hundreds to thousands of COVID-19-infected people the possible extended use of an already-approved drug for treating COVID-19 infection.
对于已经获批的药物（如用于治疗疟疾的羟氯喹），在针对数百至数千名 COVID-19 感染者的 III-IV 期试验中确定，可以延续使用已获批的药物来治疗 COVID-19 感染。
As of early April 2020, 103 candidate therapeutics were in preclinical or a stage of Phase I-IV development, with trial results for 29 drug candidates expected during April.
截至 2020 年 4 月初，共有 103 种候选药物处于临床前或 I-IV 期研发阶段，预计 4 月份将获得 29 种候选药物的试验结果。
In March, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the coordinated "Solidarity trial" in 10 countries to rapidly assess in thousands of COVID-19 infected people the potential efficacy of existing antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents not yet evaluated specifically for COVID-19 illness.
今年 3 月，世界卫生组织 (WTO) 在 10 个国家启动了“Solidarity 试验”，促进相互协调，以便对数千名 COVID-19 感染者进行快速评估，了解尚未专门针对 COVID-19 接受评估的现有抗病毒和消炎药的潜在功效。
Do any of the drugs reduce mortality?
这些药物能否降低死亡率？
Do any of the drugs reduce the time a patient is hospitalized?
这些药物能否缩短患者住院时间？
Do the treatments affect the need for people with COVID-19-induced pneumonia to be ventilated or maintained in intensive care?
这些治疗能否减少 COVID-19 肺炎患者使用呼吸机或进入重症监护室维持生命的需求？
Could such drugs be used to minimize the illness of COVID-19 infection in healthcare staff and people at high risk of developing severe illness?Enrolling people with COVID-19 infection is simplified by using data entries, including informed consent, on a WHO website.
这种药物能否最大限度减少医务人员感染 COVID-19 的几率并减少高风险人群发展成重症患者的情况？在 WHO 网站上只需输入包括知情同意在内的数据，即可登记 COVID-19 感染者。
After the trial staff determines the drugs available at the hospital, the WHO website randomizes the hospitalized subject to one of the trial drugs or to the hospital standard of care for treating COVID-19.
试验人员确定医院可提供的药物后，WHO 网站将为住院受试者随机分配一种试验药物或安排其接受针对 COVID-19 的护理标准。
The trial physician records and submits follow-up information about the subject status and treatment, completing data input via the WHO Solidarity website.
试验医生会记录并提交有关受试者状态和治疗情况的随访信息，通过 WHO Solidarity 网站完成数据输入。
A global safety monitoring board of WHO physicians examine interim results to assist decisions on safety and effectiveness of the trial drugs, and alter the trial design or recommend an effective therapy.
由 WHO 医师组成的全球安全监测委员会负责审查中期结果，以协助决定试验药物的安全性和有效性，调整试验设计或推荐有效的治疗方法。
A similar web-based study to Solidarity, called "Discovery", was initiated in March across seven countries by INSERM (Paris, France).During March, funding for the Solidarity trial reached US$108 million from 203,000 individuals, organizations and governments, with 45 countries involved in financing or trial management.
今年 3 月，INSERM（法国巴黎）在七个国家发起了一项类似于“Solidarity”的网络调查，命名为“Discovery”。3 月，Solidarity 试验共获得来自 203,000 个组织、个人和政府的 1.08 亿美元捐款，共有 45 个国家参与了捐款或试验管理。
Numerous candidate drugs under study as "supportive" treatments to relieve discomfort during illness, such as NSAIDs or bronchodilators, are not included in the table below.
很多候选药物，如非甾体抗炎药或支气管扩张剂，也作为缓解疾病不适的“支持性”治疗药物纳入到研究当中，不包含在下表中。
Others in early-stage Phase II trials or numerous treatment candidates in Phase I trials, are also excluded.
早期 II 期试验的其他药物或 I 期试验中的大量候选药物也不在列。
Drug candidates in Phase I-II trials have a low rate of success (under 12%) to pass through all trial phases to gain eventual approval.
I-II 期试验中的候选药物通过所有试验阶段并获得最终批准的成功率很低（不到 12%）。
Hydroxychloroquine is more commonly available than chloroquine in the United States.
在美国，羟氯喹比氯喹更常见。
Although several countries use chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for treatment of persons hospitalized with COVID-19, as of March 2020 the drug has not been formally approved through clinical trials in the United States.
尽管一些国家会使用氯喹或羟氯喹来治疗 COVID-19 患者，但截至 2020 年 3 月，这两种药尚未获得美国临床试验的正式批准。
Chloroquine has been recommended by Chinese, South Korean and Italian health authorities for the treatment of COVID-19, although these agencies and the US CDC noted contraindications for people with heart disease or diabetes.
中国、韩国和意大利卫生机构已推荐使用氯喹来治疗 COVID-19 患者，不过这些机构和美国疾病预防与控制中心均指出心脏病或糖尿病患者不宜使用。
Both drugs have extensive interactions with prescription drugs, affecting the therapeutic dose and disease mitigation.
这两种药与大量处方药会发生相互作用，从而影响治疗剂量和疾病缓解效果。
Some people have allergic reactions to these drugs.On 12 April, a preliminary clinical trial conducted at a hospital in Brazil was stopped when several people given high doses of chloroquine for COVID-19 infection developed irregular heart rates, causing 11 deaths.
有些人对这些药物有过敏反应。4 月 12 日，巴西一家医院进行的一项初步临床试验被迫停止，因为多人因过量服用氯喹治疗 COVID-19 而导致心律不齐，最终造成 11 人死亡。
Chinese clinical trials in Wuhan and Shenzhen claimed to show that favipiravir was "clearly effective".
中国在武汉和深圳的临床试验表明，法匹拉韦“效果明显”。
Of 35 patients in Shenzhen tested negative in a median of 4 days, while the length of illness was 11 days in the 45 patients who did not receive it.
在深圳 35 位患者中，平均服药 4 天可检测为阴性，而在 45 名未服用该药的患者中，患病 11 天后才会检测为阴性。
In a study conducted in Wuhan on 240 patients with pneumonia half were given favipiravir and half received umifenovir.
在武汉对 240 名肺炎患者进行的研究中，一半服用了法匹拉韦，一半服用了盐酸阿比朵尔。
The term "preclinical research" is defined by laboratory studies in vitro and in vivo, indicating a beginning stage for development of a vaccine, antiviral or monoclonal antibody therapy, such as experiments to determine effective doses and toxicity, before a candidate compound is advanced for safety and efficacy evaluation in humans.
“临床前研究”一词通过体外和体内实验室研究定义，代表疫苗、抗病毒或单克隆抗体疗法的起始阶段，例如通过实验确定有效剂量和毒性，然后才能在人体中开展候选化合物的安全性和功效评估。
Some antibiotics may be repurposed as COVID-19 treatments:
一些抗生素可能也可用于治疗 COVID-19：
In March 2020, the main protease of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was identified as a target for post-infection drugs.
2020 年 3 月，确定将 SARS-CoV-2 病毒的主要蛋白酶作为感染后的药物攻击目标。
This enzyme is essential to the host cell to reproduce the ribonucleic acid of the virus.
这种酶是宿主细胞复制病毒核糖核酸的必要条件。
To find the enzyme, scientists used the genome published by Chinese researchers in January 2020 to isolate the main protease.
为找到这种酶，科学家们利用中国研究人员在 2020 年 1 月公布的基因组来分离该主要蛋白酶。
As a potential combination therapy, they are used together in two Phase III arms of the 2020 global Solidarity project on COVID-19.
作为一种潜在联合疗法，在 2020 年针对 COVID-19 的全球 Solidarity 项目中，它们一同接受了两项 III 期试验。
A preliminary study in China of combined lopinavir and ritonavir found no effect in people hospitalized for COVID-19.
一项在中国进行的联合使用洛匹那韦与利托那韦的初步研究发现，它们对 COVID-19 住院患者没有效果。
b'Drug repositioning (also known as drug repurposing, re-profiling, re-tasking or therapeutic switching) is the repurposing of an approved drug for the treatment of a different disease or medical condition than that for which it was originally developed.
b 药物重新定位（也称为药物重新利用、再评价、再分配或治疗转换）是指将一种已获批准的药物改作其他用途，以治疗与其最初研发目的不同的疾病或医疗状况。
This is one line of scientific research which is currently being pursued to develop safe and effective COVID-19 treatments.
这是目前为开发安全有效的 COVID-19 治疗方法而进行的一条科研路线。
Other research directions include the development of a COVID-19 vaccine and convalescent plasma transfusion.SARS-CoV-2 has about 66 druggable proteins, each of which has multiple ligand binding sites.
其他研究方向包括开发 COVID-19 疫苗和恢复期血浆输血。SARS-CoV-2 约有 66 种可用于制药的蛋白质，每种蛋白质均有多个配体结合位点。
Analyzing those binding sites provide the reasonable project of developing effective antiviral drug against COVID-19 proteins.
分析这些结合位点为开发针对 COVID-19 蛋白的有效抗病毒药物提供了合理的方案。
Of the most important SARS-CoV-2 target proteins are papain-like protease, RNA dependent RNA polymerase, helicase, S protein, and ADP ribophosphatase.
最重要的 SARS-CoV-2 靶蛋白包括木瓜样蛋白酶、RNA 依赖性 RNA 聚合酶、解旋酶、S 蛋白和 ADP 核糖二磷酸酶。
Hussein A A, et al studied several candidate compounds which then optimized and analyzed for their skeleton similarity with the highest similar approved drugs in order to accelerate a potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug development in his preclinical study to be recommended in a clinical study design.
Hussein A A 等人研究了几种候选化合物，随后对照已批准的最高相似度药物，对这些候选化合物的骨架相似性进行了优化和分析，以便在其临床前试验中加速有效的抗 SARS-CoV-2 药物的开发，并在临床研究设计中加以推荐。
Chloroquine is an anti-malarial medication that is also used against some auto-immune diseases.
氯喹是一种抗疟疾药物，也用于治疗一些自身免疫性疾病。
On 18 March, the WHO announced that chloroquine and the related hydroxychloroquine would be among the four drugs studied as part of the Solidarity clinical trial.
3 月 18 日，世界卫生组织宣布，作为团结临床试验的一部分，将对包括氯喹和相关羟基氯喹在内的四种药物进行研究。
New York governor Andrew Cuomo announced that New York State trials of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine would begin on 24 March.On 28 March, the FDA authorized the use of hydroxychloroquine sulfate and chloroquine phosphate under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA).
纽约州州长 Andrew Cuomo 宣布，纽约州氯喹和羟基氯喹试验将于 3 月 24 日开始。3 月 28 日，FDA 发布紧急使用授权 (EUA)，允许使用硫酸羟氯喹和磷酸氯喹。
The treatment has not been approved by the FDA's clinical trials process and is authorized under the EUA only as an experimental treatment for emergency use in patients who are hospitalized but are not able to receive treatment in a clinical trial.
该疗法尚未获得 FDA 的临床试验程序批准，仅获 EUA 批准，以作为一种实验性治疗方法，供已住院治疗但无法在临床试验中接受治疗的患者紧急使用。
The CDC has said that "the use, dosing, or duration of hydroxychloroquine for prophylaxis or treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection" are not yet established.
疾病防治中心 (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC) 表示，“用于预防或治疗 SARS-CoV-2 感染的羟基氯喹的使用、剂量或用药时间”尚未确定。
Doctors have said they are using the drug when "there's no other option".
医生表示他们在“别无选择”时使用该药物。
A Turkish research team in Istanbul is conducting a small study on the use of chloroquine in combination with zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin D.
伊斯坦布尔的一个土耳其研究小组正在进行一项关于氯喹与锌、维生素 A、维生素 C 和维生素 D 联合使用的小型研究。
Large studies are underway at Duke University and the University of Oxford.
杜克大学和牛津大学正在进行大规模研究。
NYU Langone Medical School is conducting a trial on the safety and efficacy of preventative use of hydroxychloroquine.
纽约大学朗格尼医学院正在进行一项关于预防性使用羟基氯喹的安全性和疗效的试验。
Chinese clinical trials in Wuhan and Shenzhen claimed to show favipiravir was "clearly effective".
中国在武汉和深圳进行的临床试验称，法匹拉韦“明显有效”。
35 patients in Shenzhen tested negative in a median of 4 days, while the length of illness was 11 days in the 45 patients who did not receive it.
在深圳，35 名患者在平均 4 天内测试结果转为阴性，而 45 名未接受该药治疗的患者病程为 11 天。
In a study conducted in Wuhan on 240 patients with pneumonia, half were given favipiravir and half received umifenovir.
在武汉进行的一项针对 240 名肺炎患者的研究中，一半接受了法匹拉韦，另一半接受了阿比朵尔。
The Italian Pharmaceutical Agency reminded the public that the existing evidence in support of the drug is scant and preliminary.
意大利药监局提醒公众，支持这种药物的现有证据不足且是初步的。
On 2 April, Germany announced that it would purchase the drug from Japan for its stockpile, and use the military to deliver the drug to university hospitals, where the drug will be used to treat COVID-19 patients.
4 月 2 日，德国宣布将从日本购买这种药物作为储备，并用军队将药物运送到大学医院，以使用该药物治疗医院内的 COVID-19 患者。
According to the South China Morning Post, Shinzo Abe has made overtures to the Trump administration about purchasing the drug.The drug may be less effective in severe cases of illness where the virus has already multiplied.
据《南华早报》报道，安倍晋三已向特朗普政府提出了购买该药的建议。在病毒已经繁殖的重症患者中，该药物的疗效可能会降低。
It may not be safe for use by pregnant women or those trying to conceive.
孕妇或备孕期人士使用该药可能会不安全。
One study of lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra), a combination of the antivirals lopinavir and ritonavir, concluded that "no benefit was observed".
一项关于洛匹那韦/利托那韦 (Kaletra)（抗病毒药物洛匹那韦和利托那韦的联合用药）的研究得出结论，“未观察到任何益处”。
The drugs were designed to inhibit HIV from replicating by binding to the protease.
这些药物旨在通过与蛋白酶结合以抑制人类免疫缺陷病毒 (Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV) 的复制。
A team of researchers at the University of Colorado are trying to modify the drugs to find a compound that will bind with the protease of SARS-CoV-2.There are criticisms within the scientific community about directing resources to repurposing drugs specifically developed for HIV/AIDS.
科罗拉多大学的一组研究人员正在尝试对药物进行修饰，以找到能够与 SARS-CoV-2 蛋白酶结合的化合物。科学界对于将资源用于重新利用专门为 HIV/获得性免疫缺乏综合征 (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, AIDS) 开发的药物提出了批评。
The WHO included lopinavir/ritonavir in the international Solidarity trial.
世界卫生组织将洛匹那韦/利托那韦纳入国际团结试验。
Remdesivir was created and developed by Gilead Sciences as a treatment for Ebola virus disease and Marburg virus infections . Gilead Sciences subsequently discovered that Remdesivir had antiviral activity in vitro against multiple filo-, pneumo-, paramyxo-, and corona- viruses .
瑞德西韦是吉利德科学公司创造和开发的一种治疗埃博拉病毒和马尔堡病毒感染的药物。吉利德科学公司随后发现，瑞德西韦在体外对多种丝状病毒、肺炎病毒、副粘病毒和冠状病毒具有抗病毒活性。
One issue with antiviral treatment is the development of resistance through mutations that can lead to more severe disease and transmission.
抗病毒治疗的一个问题是，通过突变产生的耐药性可能会导致更严重的疾病和传播。
Some early pretrial studies suggest remdesivir may have a high genetic barrier to resistance.There are several clinical trials underway, including two conducted by Cleveland University Hospitals; one for people with moderate illness and another for those with more severe illness.
一些早期的试验前研究表明，瑞德西韦可能具有较高的耐药遗传屏障。目前正在进行多项临床试验，其中两项由克利夫兰大学医院进行；一项针对中度症状患者，另一项针对症状更重的患者。
There are three ongoing clinical trials of intravenous vitamin C for people who are hospitalized and severely ill with COVID-19; two placebo controlled (China, Canada) and one with no control (Italy).
目前正在进行三项针对 COVID-19 住院重症患者的维生素 C 静脉注射临床试验；两项安慰剂对照试验（中国、加拿大）和一项非对照试验（意大利）。
New York State began trials for the antibiotic azithromycin on 24 March 2020.
纽约州于 2020 年 3 月 24 日开始了抗生素阿奇霉素的试验。
Japan's National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM) is planning a clinical trial for Teijin's Alvesco (ciclesonide), an inhaled corticosteroid for asthma, for the treatment of pre-symptomatic patients infected with the novel coronavirus.
日本国立国际医疗研究中心医院 (National Center for Global Health and Medicine, NCGM) 正计划对帝人 (Teijin) 公司的 Alvesco（环索奈德，一种用于治疗哮喘的吸入皮质激素）进行临床试验，以治疗感染新冠病毒的症状前患者。
A form of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, a Phase II trial is underway with 200 patients to be recruited from severe, hospitalized cases in Denmark, Germany, and Austria to determine the effectiveness of the treatment.
一种血管紧张素转换酶 2 的 II 期试验正在进行中，该试验将从丹麦、德国和奥地利的重症住院病例中招募 200 名患者，以确定该疗法的有效性。
Researchers from the Montreal Heart Institute in Canada are currently studying the role of colchicine in reducing inflammation and pulmonary complications in patients suffering from mild symptoms of COVID-19.
加拿大蒙特利尔心脏病研究所的研究人员目前正在研究秋水仙碱在减轻 COVID-19 轻症患者的炎症和肺部并发症方面的作用。
The study, named COLCORONA, is recruiting 6000 adults aged 40 and over who were diagnosed with COVID-19 and experience mild symptoms not requiring hospitalization.
这项名为 COLCORONA 的研究正在招募 6000 名 40 岁及以上的成年人，他们被诊断出患有 COVID-19，且症状轻微，无需住院治疗。
Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding or who do not have an effective contraceptive method are not eligible.
孕妇、哺乳期或未采取有效避孕措施的女性不符合资格。
Several anticoagulants are being tested in Italy.
意大利正在对几种抗凝剂进行测试。
Low-molecular-weight heparin is being widely used to treat patients, prompting the Italian Medicines Agency to publish guidelines on its use.
低分子量肝素被广泛用于治疗患者，这促使意大利药监局发布了其使用指南。
A multicenter study on 300 patients researching the use of enoxaparin sodium at prophylaxis and therapeutic dosages was announced in Italy on April 14.
4 月 14 日，意大利宣布进行一项针对 300 名患者的多中心研究，以研究预防和治疗剂量的依诺肝素钠的应用。
Since SARS-CoV-2 is a virus, considerable scientific attention has been focused on repurposing approved anti-viral drugs that were developed for prior outbreaks such as MERS, SARS, and West Nile virus.
由于 SARS-CoV-2 是一种病毒，因此，重新利用已获批准的抗病毒药物引起了相当大的科学关注，这些药物是为中东呼吸综合征 (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, MERS)、严重急性呼吸综合征 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, SARS) 和西尼罗河病毒等之前爆发的疾病开发的。
Ribavirin: ribavirin was recommended for COVID-19 treatment according to Chinese 7th edition guidelines
利巴韦林：根据中国第七版指南，推荐使用利巴韦林治疗 COVID-19
Umifenovir: umifenovir was recommended for COVID-19 treatment according to Chinese 7th edition guidelines
盐酸阿比朵尔：根据中国第七版指南，推荐使用盐酸阿比朵尔治疗 COVID-19
Some antibiotics that have been identified as potentially repurposable as COVID-19 treatments:
一些已被确认可用于 COVID-19 治疗的潜在可再利用抗生素：
Tocilizumab (Anti-IL-6 receptor): Approved by China.
托珠单抗（抗 IL-6 受体）：获中国批准。
Also trials in Italy and China. and see Tocilizumab#COVID-19.
在意大利和中国也开展了相关试验。并参阅 Tocilizumab#COVID-19。
It is unclear yet whether conditions arising during pregnancy including diabetes, cardiac failure, hypercoagulability or hypertension might represent additional risk factors for pregnant people as they do for nonpregnant people.From the limited data available, vertical transmission during the third trimester probably does not occur, or only occurs very rarely.
目前尚不清楚作为非妊娠人群额外风险因素的妊娠期间出现的疾病（包括糖尿病、心力衰竭、血液高凝状态或高血压）是否是妊娠人群的额外危险因素。从现有的有限数据来看，在妊娠晚期可能不会发生垂直传播，或者发生率极低。
There is no data yet on early pregnancy.
尚无关于妊娠早期的数据。
Little evidence exists to permit any solid conclusions about the nature of COVID-19 infection in pregnancy.
几乎没有证据可以得出关于妊娠期间 COVID-19 感染性质的可靠结论。
A case series of 43 women from New York who tested positive for COVID-19 showed similar patterns to non-pregnant adults: 86% had mild disease, 9.3% had severe disease and 4.7% developed critical disease.
一项对 43 名 COVID-19 检测阳性的纽约女性病例系列研究的结果显示与非妊娠成年人的模式相似：86% 为轻型疾病，9.3% 为重型疾病，4.7% 为危重型疾病。
Fetal distress was reported in two.
报告两例出现胎儿宫内窘迫。
None of the women developed severe COVID-19 pneumonia or died.
未出现严重 COVID-19 肺炎或死亡病例。
All of them had live birth pregnancies and no severe neonatal asphyxia was observed.
所有病例均为活产妊娠，未观察到严重新生儿窒息。
The samples of breast milk, amniotic fluid, cord blood and neonatal throat swab were tested for SARS-CoV-2, and all results were negative.In another study on 15 pregnant women, majority of the patients presented with fever and cough, while laboratory tests yielded lymphocytopenia in 12 patients.
对母乳、羊水、脐带血和新生儿咽拭子样本进行了 SARS-CoV-2 检测，所有结果均为阴性。在另一项针对 15 名孕妇进行的研究中，大多数患者表现为发热和咳嗽，实验室检测显示 12 例患者出现淋巴细胞减少症。
Computed tomography findings of these patients were consistent with previous reports of non-pregnant patients, consisting of ground-glass opacities at early stage.
这些患者的计算机断层扫描结果与先前非妊娠患者的报告一致，包括早期磨玻璃影。
Follow-up images after delivery showed no progression of pneumonia.Media reports indicate that over 100 women with COVID-19 might have delivered, and in March 2020, no maternal deaths were reported.
分娩后的随访图像未显示肺炎进展。媒体报道表明，在 2020 年 3 月可能有 100 多名患有 COVID-19 的女性分娩，没有孕妇死亡的报告。
Their guidelines thus advise that any pregnant person admitted to hospital with a COVID-19 infection should receive at least 10 days of prophylactic low-molecular-weight heparin after being discharged from the hospital.
因此，孕妇指南建议入院时存在 COVID-19 感染的所有孕妇在出院后都应接受至少 10 天的预防性低分子肝素治疗。
There are no data yet concerning the implications of COVID-19 infections for labour.
尚无有关 COVID-19 感染对分娩影响的数据。
One infant girl born to a mother with COVID-19 had elevated IgM levels two hours after birth, suggesting that she had been infected in utero and supporting the possibility of vertical transmission in some cases.
一名感染 COVID-19 的母亲分娩的女婴在出生后两小时 IgM 水平升高，表明女婴在子宫内已经发生感染，从而支持在某些情况下发生垂直传播的可能性。
A small study involving 6 confirmed COVID-19 mothers showed no indication of SARS-COV-19 in their newborns' throats or serum but antibodies were present in neonatal blood sera samples, including IgM in two of the infants.
一项包括 6 名已确诊 COVID-19 孕妇的小样本研究显示，新生儿的咽拭子或血清样本中没有 SARS-COV-19 的迹象，但在新生儿血清样本中发现了抗体，包括在两名婴儿中发现的 IgM。
This is not usually passed from mother to fetus so further research is required to know whether the virus crossed the placenta or whether placentas of women in the study were damaged or abnormal.
通常不会发生母婴传播，因此需要进一步研究以了解病毒是否会穿过胎盘，或者该研究中的孕妇是否存在胎盘损伤或异常。
Since COVID-19 shows similarities to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, it is likely that their effect on pregnancy are similar.
由于 COVID-19 显示了与 SARS-CoV 以及 MERS-CoV 具有相似性，因此它们对妊娠的影响可能相似。
Four of seven had first trimester miscarriage, two of five had fetal growth restriction in the second trimester, and four of five had preterm birth.
4/7 出现妊娠早期流产，2/5 出现妊娠中期胎儿生长受限，4/5 出现早产。
None of the newborns were infected with SARS-CoV.
所有新生儿均未感染 SARS-CoV。
A report of ten cases of MERS- CoV infection in pregnancy in Saudi Arabia showed that the clinical presentation is variable, from mild to severe infection.
来自沙特阿拉伯的一项报告显示，10 名在妊娠期间感染 MERS-CoV 的孕妇临床表现各异，包括轻度和重度感染。
The outcome was favorable in a majority of the cases, but the infant death rate was 27%.A recent review suggested that COVID-19 appeared to be less lethal to mothers and infants than SARS and MERS but that there may be an increased risk of preterm birth after 28 weeks' gestation.
大多数病例结局良好，但婴儿死亡率为 27%。最近的评论表明，COVID-19 对孕妇和婴儿的致死性似乎低于 SARS 和 MERS，但妊娠 28 周后发生早产的风险可能增加。
The World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the United States advises pregnant women to do the same things as the general public to avoid infection, such as covering cough, avoid interacting with sick people, cleaning hands with soap and water or sanitizer.
世界卫生组织和美国疾病预防控制中心建议孕妇采取与普通大众相同的措施来避免感染，例如遮挡咳嗽、避免与患者互动、使用肥皂和水或清洁剂洗手。
A survey conducted in Shanghai among pregnant women in different trimesters of pregnancy identified a strong demand for online access to health information and services.
上海对不同孕期的孕妇进行的一项调查发现了对在线获取健康信息和服务的强烈需求。
People expecting their first baby were more willing to have online consultation and guidance than who had previously given birth.The RCOG and RCM recommend that in-person appointments be deferred by 7 days after the start of symptoms of COVID-19 or 14 days if another person in the household has symptoms.
与以前生过孩子的孕妇相比，头胎孕妇更愿意接受在线咨询和指导。RCOG 和 RCM 建议在出现 COVID-19 症状后将现场预约推迟 7 天，如果家庭中有其他人出现症状，则推迟 14 天。
Fever subsequently developed in three asymptomatic patients.
三名无症状患者随后出现发热。
One patient who had tested negative subsequently became symptomatic postpartum and tested positive three days after the initial negative test.
一名检测结果为阴性的患者在产后出现症状，并且在初次检测阴性后三天的检测结果为阳性。
The doctors conducting the screening recommended that in order to reduce infection and allocate PPE, due to high numbers of patients presenting as asymptomatic, universal screening of pregnant patients should be conducted.
进行筛查的医生建议，由于大量患者表现为无症状，为了减少感染和分配 PPE，应该对孕妇进行普查。
They also suggest that people with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 should have continuous electronic fetal monitoring.
他们还建议疑似或确诊 COVID-19 的孕妇应进行持续的电子胎儿监护。
The use of birthing pools is not recommended for suspected or confirmed cases of COVID-19 due to the risk of infection via faeces.
由于存在通过粪便感染的风险，不建议 COVID-19 的疑似或确诊病例使用分娩池。
In the UK, official recommendations state that precautionary separation of a mother and a healthy baby should not be undertaken lightly and that they should be kept together in the postpartum period where neonatal care is not required.Literature from China recommended separation of infected mothers from babies for 14 days.
英国官方建议指出，不应轻率地对母亲和健康的婴儿进行预防性隔离，在不需要新生儿护理的情况下，她们应该在产后期待在一起。来自中国的文献建议将受到感染的母亲与婴儿隔离 14 天。
In the US there is also the recommendation that newborns and mothers should be temporarily separated until transmission-based precautions are discontinued, and that where this is not possible the newborn should be kept 2 metres away from the mother.
美国也建议，在停止预防传播的措施之前，新生儿和母亲应暂时隔离；如果无法做到，新生儿应与母亲保持 2 米的距
b'COVID-19 surveillance involves monitoring the spread of the coronavirus disease in order to establish the patterns of disease progression.
COVID-19 监测包括监测冠状病毒病的传播，以便确定疾病进展的模式。
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends active surveillance, with focus of case finding, testing and contact tracing in all transmission scenarios.
世界卫生组织 (World Health Organization, WHO) 建议进行主动监测，重点是在所有传播场景下进行病例搜索、检测以及接触者追踪。
COVID-19 surveillance is expected to monitor epidemiological trends, rapidly detect new cases, and based on this information, provide epidemiological information to conduct risk assessment and guide disease preparedness.
预计 COVID-19 监测将监控流行病学趋势，迅速发现新病例，并基于此信息提供流行病学信息，以进行风险评估和指导疾病预防。
Syndromic surveillance is done based on the symptoms of an individual that corresponds to COVID-19.
根据符合 COVID-19 的个体症状进行症状监测。
As of March 2020, the WHO recommends the following case definitions:
截至 2020 年 3 月，WHO 建议使用以下病例定义：
Probable case : "A suspect case for whom testing for the COVID-19 virus is inconclusive" OR "a suspect case for whom testing could not be performed for any reason".
疑似病例：“COVID-19 病毒检测结果不明确的可疑病例”或“由于任何原因无法进行检测的可疑病例”。
Confirmed case: "A person with laboratory confirmation of COVID-19 infection, irrespective of clinical signs and symptoms".
确诊病例：“经实验室检测确认为 COVID-19 感染者，不论是否有临床体征和症状”。
Direct physical contact with a probable or confirmed case;
与疑似或确诊病例有过直接身体接触；
Direct care for a patient with probable or confirmed COVID-19 disease without using proper personal protective equipment;
在未使用合适个人防护装备的情况下，直接护理疑似或确诊的 COVID-19 疾病病例；
Other situations as indicated by local risk assessments".WHO recommends reporting of probable and confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection within 48 hours of identification.
当地风险评估提示的其他情形”。WHO 建议在发现后 48 小时内报告疑似和确诊的 COVID-19 感染病例。
The countries should report on a case-by-case basis as far as possible, but in case of limitation in resources, aggregate weekly reporting is also possible.
各国应尽可能逐例报告，但在资源有限的情况下，也可以每周汇总报告。
Some organizations have created crowdsourced apps for syndromic surveillance, where people can report their symptoms to help researchers map areas with concentration of COVID-19 symptoms.
一些组织已经创建了用于症状监测的众包手机应用程序，人们可以使用它报告症状，以帮助研究人员绘制 COVID-19 症状集中区域的地图。
Virological surveillance is done by using molecular tests for COVID-19.
通过 COVID-19 分子检测完成病毒学监测。
WHO has published resources for laboratories on how to perform testing for COVID-19.
WHO 已经为实验室发布了有关如何进行 COVID-19 检测的资源。
In the European Union, laboratory confirmed cases of COVID-19 are reported within 24 hours of identification.
欧盟要求在发现后 24 小时内报告经实验室检测确诊的 COVID-19 病例。
At least 24 countries have established digital surveillance of their citizens.
至少有 24 个国家对其公民开展了数字化监测。
The digital surveillance technologies include apps, location data and electronic tags.
数字化监测技术包括手机应用程序、位置数据和电子标签。
The Center For Disease Control and Prevention in USA tracks the travel information of individuals using airline passenger data.
美国疾病预防控制中心使用航空旅客数据跟踪个人旅行信息。
In Hong Kong, authorities are requiring a bracelet and an app for all travellers.
香港的有关部门要求所有游客都佩戴手环并安装相应手机应用程序。
A GPS app is used to track the locations of individuals in South Korea to ensure against quarantine breach, sending alerts to the user and to authorities if people leave designated areas.
韩国使用 GPS 应用程序跟踪个人位置以确保不违反隔离规定，如果有人离开指定区域，程序会向该用户和有关部门发送警报。
In Singapore, individuals have to report their locations with photographic proof.
新加坡的人员必须使用照片证据报告其位置。
Thailand is using an app and SIM cards for all travelers to enforce their quarantine.
泰国利用手机应用程序和 SIM 卡对所有游客实施隔离。
Human rights organizations have criticized some of these measures, asking the governments not to use the pandemic as a cover to introduce invasive digital surveillance.
人权组织已经批评了其中一些措施，反对政府以疫情为借口引入侵入性数字化监测手段。
b'A COVID-19 vaccine is a hypothetical vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
b'A COVID-19 疫苗是指针对 2019 冠状病毒疾病 (COVID-19) 的假想疫苗。
Although no vaccine has completed clinical trials, there are multiple attempts in progress to develop such a vaccine.
尽管尚无疫苗完成临床试验，但开发这种疫苗的多种尝试仍在进行。
In late February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) said it did not expect a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the causative virus, to become available in less than 18 months.
2020 年 2 月下旬，世界卫生组织 (WHO) 表示，预计在 18 个月内，不会出现针对这种致病病毒 SARS-CoV-2 的疫苗。
Five vaccine candidates were in Phase I safety studies in April.
4 月，有五种候选疫苗进入了 I 期安全性研究。
COVID-19 was identified in December 2019.
2019 年 12 月发现了 COVID-19。
A major outbreak spread around the world in 2020, leading to considerable investment and research activity to develop a vaccine.
2020 年，一场大规模疫情在全球蔓延，引发了研制疫苗的大量投资和研究活动。
Many organizations are using published genomes to develop possible vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.
许多组织正在利用已发布的病毒基因组开发可能的 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗。
Stated in April, imperatives of the CEPI initiative for vaccine development are speed, manufacturing capacity, deployment at scale, and global access.
CEPI 在 4 月提出了疫苗开发计划，并表示当务之急是速度、生产能力、大规模部署和全球可及性。
In April, CEPI scientists reported that 10 different technology platforms were under research and development during early 2020 to create an effective vaccine against COVID-19.
4 月，CEPI 的科学家报告称，2020 年初，有 10 个不同的技术平台正在研究和开发有效的 COVID-19 疫苗。
Major platform targets advanced into Phase I safety studies include:
进入 I 期安全性研究的主要平台靶标包括：
nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) (Phase I developer and vaccine candidate: Moderna, mRNA-1273)
核酸（DNA 和 RNA）（I 期开发者和候选疫苗：Moderna，mRNA-1273）
viral vector (Phase I developer and vaccine candidate: CanSino Biologics, adenovirus type 5 vector)
病毒载体（I 期开发者和候选疫苗：CanSino Biologics，5 型腺病毒载体）
As reported by CEPI scientists in April, 115 total vaccine candidates are in early stages of development, with 78 confirmed as active projects (79, according to the Milken Institute), and 37 others announced, but with little public information available (presumed to be in planning or being designed).
CEPI 科学家在 4 月份报告称，总共有 115 种候选疫苗处于早期开发阶段，其中 78 种已确认为正在进行的项目（根据米尔肯研究所的数据，为 79 种），另有 37 种已宣布，但几乎无公开信息（推测正在计划或设计中）。
A Phase I-II trial conducts preliminary safety and immunogenicity testing, is typically randomized, placebo-controlled, and at multiple sites, while determining more precise, effective doses.
I-II 期试验进行初步的安全性和免疫原性测试，通常为随机、安慰剂对照的多位点试验，同时确定更精确、有效的剂量。
Phase III trials typically involve more participants, including a control group, and test effectiveness of the vaccine to prevent the disease, while monitoring for adverse effects at the optimal dose.
III 期试验通常涉及更多参与者，其中含对照组，并测试疫苗预防疾病的有效性，同时监测最佳剂量时的不良反应。
Of 79 vaccine candidates in active development (confirmed as of early April 2020), 74 were not yet in human evaluation (still in "preclinical" research).
在积极研发的 79 种候选疫苗中（确认时间截至 2020 年 4 月初），有 74 种尚未进行人体评价（仍处于“临床前”研究）。
Around 24 January 2020 in Australia, the University of Queensland announced that it is investigating the potential of a molecular clamp vaccine that would genetically modify viral proteins in order to stimulate an immune reaction.
2020 年 1 月 24 日左右，澳大利亚昆士兰大学宣布，正在研究一种分子钳形疫苗的潜力，该疫苗可对病毒蛋白进行基因修饰，以刺激免疫反应。
Around 24 January 2020 in Canada, the International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac) at the University of Saskatchewan announced the commencement of work on a vaccine, aiming to start human testing in 2021.
2020 年 1 月 24 日左右，加拿大萨斯喀彻温大学的国际疫苗中心 (VIDO-InterVac) 宣布开始研制疫苗，目标是在 2021 年开始人体试验。
Vaccine development projects were announced at the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention on 26 January 2020, and the University of Hong Kong on 28 January.
中国疾病预防控制中心和香港大学分别于 2020 年 1 月 26 日和 1 月 28 日宣布了疫苗研制项目。
Around 29 January 2020, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, led by Hanneke Schuitemaker, announced that it had begun work on developing a vaccine.
2020 年 1 月 29 日左右，由 Hanneke Schuitemaker 领导的 Janssen 制药公司 宣布已开始研制疫苗。
Janssen is co-developing an oral vaccine with its biotechnology partner, Vaxart.
Janssen 正在与其生物技术合作伙伴 Vaxart 合作研制口服疫苗。
On 18 March 2020, Emergent BioSolutions announced a manufacturing partnership with Vaxart to develop the vaccine.
2020 年 3 月 18 日，Emergent BioSolutions 宣布与 Vaxart 建立生产合作伙伴关系，以共同研制疫苗。
On 8 February 2020, the laboratory OncoGen in Romania published a paper on the design of a vaccine with similar technology to the one used for cancer neoantigen vaccination therapy.
2020 年 2 月 8 日，罗马尼亚 OncoGen 研究室发表了一篇有关疫苗设计的论文，其采用的技术与用于癌症新抗原免疫疗法的技术类似。
On 25 March the head of the research institute announced that they had finalized the synthesis of the vaccine and were beginning the tests.
3 月 25 日，该研究所所长宣布，他们已完成了疫苗的合成工作并开始疫苗测试。
On 27 February 2020, a Generex subsidiary company, NuGenerex Immuno-Oncology, announced they were beginning a vaccine project to create an Ii-Key peptide vaccine against COVID-19.
2020 年 2 月 27 日，Generex 的子公司 NuGenerex Immuno-Oncology 宣布，正在开始一项疫苗项目，以研制针对 COVID-19 的 Ii-Key 肽疫苗。
They wanted to produce a vaccine candidate that could be tested in humans "within 90 days."
他们希望研制出候选疫苗，并能“在 90 天内”进行人体试验。
On 5 March 2020, Washington University in St. Louis announced its projects to develop a vaccine.
2020 年 3 月 5 日，位于圣路易斯的华盛顿大学宣布了其疫苗研发项目。
On 5 March 2020, the United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command at Fort Detrick and the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Silver Spring, both in western Maryland, announced they were working on a vaccine.
2020 年 3 月 5 日，位于德特里克堡的美国陆军医学研究与物资司令部和位于银泉的沃尔特·里德陆军研究所（两个机构均位于马里兰州西部）宣布，正在研制疫苗。
Around 10 March 2020, Emergent Biosolutions announced that it had teamed with Novavax Inc.
2020 年 3 月 10 日左右，Emergent Biosolutions 宣布与 Novavax Inc. 合作
in the development and manufacture of a vaccine.
开发和生产疫苗。
The partners further announced plans for preclinical testing and a Phase I clinical trial by July 2020.
两家机构进一步宣布了到 2020 年 7 月进行临床前试验和 I 期临床试验的计划。
On 12 March 2020, India's Health Ministry announced they are working with 11 isolates, and that even on a fast track it would take at least around one-and-a-half to two years to develop a vaccine.
2020 年 3 月 12 日，印度卫生部宣布，正在研究 11 种分离株，即使加快进度，也需要至少一年半到两年的时间才能研制出疫苗。
On 12 March 2020, Medicago, a biotechnology company in Quebec City, Quebec, reported development of a coronavirus-like particle under partial funding from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research.
2020 年 3 月 12 日，位于魁北克省魁北克市的生物技术公司 Medicago 报告称，在加拿大卫生研究院的部分资助下，研制出了冠状病毒的病毒样颗粒。
The vaccine candidate is in laboratory research, with human testing planned for July or August 2020.
候选疫苗正在实验室研究中，计划于 2020 年 7 月或 8 月进入人体试验。
Earlier that week, The Guardian reported that the US President Donald Trump had offered CureVac "'large sums of money' for exclusive access to a Covid-19 vaccine", against which the German government protested.
该周早些时候，《卫报》报道称，美国总统唐纳德·特朗普向 CureVac 提供了“‘大笔资金’，以得到 COVID-19 疫苗的独家使用权”，德国政府对此提出抗议。
On 17 March 2020, American pharmaceutical company Pfizer announced a partnership with German company BioNTech to jointly develop a mRNA-based vaccine.
2020 年 3 月 17 日，美国制药公司辉瑞宣布与德国公司 BioNTech 合作，共同开发一种基于 mRNA 的疫苗。
mRNA-based vaccine candidate BNT162, currently in pre-clinical testing with clinical trials expected to begin in April 2020.
基于 mRNA 的候选疫苗 BNT162 目前正处于临床前测试阶段，预计将于 2020 年 4 月开始临床试验。
In Italy on 17 March 2020, Takis Biotech, an Italian biotech company announced they will have pre-clinical testing results in April 2020 and their final vaccine candidate could begin human testing by fall.
2020 年 3 月 17 日，意大利生物技术公司 Takis Biotech 宣布，他们将在 2020 年 4 月获得临床前测试结果，其最终候选疫苗可能会在秋季开始进行人体试验。
In France on 19 March 2020, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) announced a US$4.9 million investment in a COVID-19 vaccine research consortium involving the Institut Pasteur, Themis Bioscience (Vienna, Austria), and the University of Pittsburgh, bringing CEPI's total investment in COVID-19 vaccine development to US$29 million.
2020 年 3 月 19 日，在法国，流行病预防创新联盟 (CEPI) 宣布投资 490 万美元，成立一个由巴斯德研究所、Themis Bioscience（奥地利维也纳）和匹兹堡大学组成的 COVID-19 疫苗研究联盟，这使 CEPI 在 COVID-19 疫苗研发方面的总投资达到 2900 万美元。
CEPI's other investment partners for COVID-19 vaccine development are Moderna, Curevac, Inovio, Novavax, the University of Hong Kong, the University of Oxford, and the University of Queensland.
CEPI 在 COVID-19 疫苗研发方面的其他投资伙伴包括 Moderna、Curevac、Inovio、Novavax、香港大学、牛津大学和昆士兰大学。
On 20 March 2020, Russian health officials announced that scientists have begun animal testing of six different vaccine candidates.
2020 年 3 月 20 日，俄罗斯卫生官员宣布，科学家已经开始对 6 种不同的候选疫苗进行动物试验。