atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
about how long have these symptoms been going on?
这些症状已持续多长时间？
and all chest pain should be treated this way especially with your age
各种胸痛均应采取这种方法进行治疗，尤其要考虑年龄因素
and along with a fever
并伴有发热症状
and also needs to be checked your cholesterol blood pressure
还需要检查一下胆固醇和血压
and are you having a fever now?
您现在有发热吗？
and are you having any of the following symptoms with your chest pain
您的胸痛伴有以下任何症状吗
and are you having a runny nose?
您有流鼻涕吗？
and are you having this chest pain now?
现在您有这种胸痛症状吗？
and besides do you have difficulty breathing
另外您有呼吸困难吗
and can you tell me what other symptoms are you having along with this?
您能描述一下除此之外还有什么其他症状吗？
and does this pain move from your chest?
这种疼痛是从您胸部延伸出来的吗？
and drink lots of fluids
多喝水
and how high has your fever been
您发热达到多少度
and i have a cough too
我还有咳嗽症状
and i have a little cold and a cough
我有点感冒而且咳嗽
and i'm really having some bad chest pain today
今天我的胸部真的很痛
and is this the right time for your hay fever
现在是您得花粉症的时候吗
and it get the chest pain
我开始胸痛
and i think i have a little bit of a fever
我想我有点发热
and i want you to describe where the chest pain is
我希望您描述一下胸痛的部位
and she is sorta have the same symptoms
她也出现相同的症状
and tell me what symptoms are you having now?
描述一下现在有什么症状？
and they're having some fevers as well
他们也出现一定程度的发热症状
and with your history of diabetes
有糖尿病史
and you know it feels like my chest is like gonna crush
我感觉我的胸部要被压扁了
and you know people cough on me all the time
人们一直在冲我咳嗽
and you're having chest pain
您现在出现胸痛症状
and your symptoms do not go away in five days
您的症状五天内不会消失
and you said this is a pressure in your chest
您曾说感觉胸部受到挤压
anyone in the family have a heart problem heart disease heart attack high cholesterol high blood pressure
家中有没有亲属患有心脏问题、心脏病、心肌梗死、高胆固醇和高血压
any other symptoms or problems that you notice with the muscle aches?
除了肌肉酸痛，您还有任何其他症状或问题吗？
any sharp pain on your left side of your chest?
左胸感到刺痛吗？
are there other people sick as you at home with your same symptoms?
家中有没有其他亲属生病并出现与您一样的症状？
are you having any difficulty breathing now
您现在有呼吸困难吗？
are you having any other symptoms?
还有任何其他症状吗？
are you having any shortness of breath?
您现在感到气促吗？
are you still having the chest pain
您现在还有胸痛吗
because this is flu season
因为现在是流感季节
besides the diabetes do you have other problems or important diseases?
除了糖尿病，您还有其他问题或严重疾病吗？
but also we shouldn't be put aside for the heart cardiac origin chest pain
同时，我们不应排除心源性胸痛
but a more important problem now is this chest pain
但现在更重要的问题是胸痛
but if you have the cough
但如果您有咳嗽
but i have difficulty breathing
但我有呼吸困难
but i know lot of people cough on me
但我知道很多人冲我咳嗽
but we need to treat every chest pain with the utmost seriousness
我们需要严肃对待每一种胸痛
but you're breathing all right right now right?
但您目前呼吸顺畅，对吗？
'cause of this chest pain i totally forgot
完全忘记造成这次胸痛的原因
'cause they're having a cough
他们存在咳嗽症状
does it feel like somebody squeezing your chest
感觉有人在挤压您的胸部吗
do still feel like shortness of breath
仍然感到气促
do they complain of being sick similar symptoms?
他们也在抱怨身体不适并出现类似症状吗？
do you have any blood pressure problem as far as you know?
据您所知，您的血压有问题吗？
do you have any other chronic like high blood pressure or anything like that?
您还有任何其他慢性病吗？比如，高血压或类似疾病。
do you have any other diseases chronic medical problems like diabetes?
还有任何其他疾病和慢性健康问题吗？比如，糖尿病。
do you have any shortness of breath with that chest pain?
您的胸痛伴有气促症状吗？
do you have high blood pressure?
您有高血压病史吗？
do you have some shortness of breath goes with that?
您有气促症状吗？
do you know what symptoms she was having?
您知道她有什么症状吗？
do your relatives have the same symptoms
您的亲属有同样的症状吗
do you see the image?
您看到图像了吗？
drink plenty of fluids today
今天喝了很多水
have a dry cough a cold and runny nose vomiting diarrhea
干咳、感冒、流鼻涕、呕吐、腹泻
however i take tests for the diabetes
但我接受了糖尿病的检查
however she has symptoms quite similar to mine
但她的症状与我的症状十分相似
how high is your fever?
您的发热达到多少度？
how' s your blood pressure?
您的血压如何？
i don't think i have high blood pressure
我想我没有高血压病史
i feel a pain in the chest here in the front part of the chest
我的前胸部位感到疼痛
if you continue to have high fevers
如果您继续高热不退
if you have a fever of a hundred and two or higher
如果您的发热达到 102°F 或以上
if you think that your symptoms or problems warrant a better look
如果您认为自己的症状或问题有必要进一步观察
i got a fever yesterday
我昨天发热
i got a slight fever too
我也出现低热症状
i had a fever yesterday
我昨天发热
i had a short sharp pain in my chest
我的胸部出现短暂刺痛
i have a sharp pain here in the chest
我的胸部刺痛
i have hay fever though too
我也有花粉症
i have made on the body around the chest area?
我对胸部区域进行了处理？
i have some difficulty breathing too
我也有些呼吸困难
i'll send you an image
我会发给您一张图像
i'm having some chest pain today
我今天有些胸痛
i'm just having some headaches and some fever today
我今天有些头痛和发热
in my opinion it is flu
我认为这是流感
in my opinion this is a little flu
我认为这是轻微流感
i see it going from the center of your chest going up to your neck
我看到它从胸部中心一直延伸到您的颈部
is it like some heavy heavy person sitting on your chest?
像是一个很重的人坐在您胸口吗？
it all started with the headaches and with the fever about the same time
头痛和发热几乎同时开始
it hurts in the chest
胸痛
it hurts in the middle of my chest
我的胸口痛
it is a pressure like chest pain
挤压式胸痛
it is in my chest
在我的胸部
it is in the center of my chest
在我的胸口
it is in the center of the chest
在胸口
it is occurring right in the middle of my chest
刚好发生在我的胸口
it is right in the center of my chest
刚好在我的胸口
it sounds like you just may have the garden variety cold or a flu
听起来可能是普通感冒或流感。
i've got pain in my chest
我感到胸痛
i've very concerned of this chest pain
胸痛让我非常苦恼
i want you to tell me in describing this chest pain
希望您描述一下胸痛的感受
i will send you an image
我会发给您一张图像
i will send you an image on your screen
我会发一张图像到您的屏幕
like high blood pressure or diabetes
像是高血压或糖尿病
like right in the center of the chest
像是在胸口
most of the time it is this type of chest pain
很多时候是这种类型的胸痛
my sister has similar symptoms
我的姐妹有类似的症状
now for the fever you can take a tachipirina sweet
为缓解发热症状，你可以服用 tachipirina，亲爱的
now i send you an image
现在我发给您一张图像
now mary how many days have you had the symptoms
mary，你的症状持续多少天了
now you said you have a chest pain
您曾说感到胸痛
occasionally i have some chest pain
我偶尔会有胸痛症状
okay are you having any other symptoms along with this other than just the pain
好的，除了疼痛，您还有任何其他症状吗？
or if you have high blood pressure
或者如果您高血压病史
or somebody sitting on your chest?
还是感到有人坐在您胸口？
pretty much the same with the fever and the cough headache and muscle pains
症状基本一致，发热、咳嗽、头痛和肌肉酸痛
right in the middle of my chest
在我的右胸口
show me on this image where you feel the pain
请在这张图像上指出您感到疼痛的位置
since you have a fever
鉴于有发热症状
so do you think that some of these symptoms could be related to being pregnant?
您认为其中一些症状可能与怀孕有关吗？
so your chest pain started this morning
您今天早上开始胸痛
so your children are having some of the same symptoms?
您的孩子们也有一些相同的症状？
tell me about your chest pain
请描述一下胸痛感受
the fever increases at night
夜间发热症状加重
the fever i've had for the last two days
我最近两天一直发热
the fever started to increase last night
昨晚发热开始加重
the fever started two days ago
两天前开始发热
the muscle pains with the hay fever
花粉症引起的肌肉酸痛
this is doctor porter in the emergency room triage center
这是急诊室分诊中心的医生 porter
well can you tell me a little bit more about your chest pain?
您能多告诉我一些关于您的胸痛的事吗？
well from my point of view it is a little flu
我认为有些流感症状
well i feel a pain in the front of my body here in my chest
我的前胸感到疼痛
well i've been having a strong pain in my chest
我的胸部一直很痛
well madam from listening to your symptoms it sounds like you've got one of the flu viruses
女士，听起来您的症状像是感染了某种流感病毒
well when i have that pain in my chest
当我的胸部感到疼痛时
what kinda pain do you have in your chest?
您的胸部是怎么疼痛?
when this chest pain started?
这种胸痛从什么时候开始？
where do you have the pain in the chest?
您的胸的哪一个部位感到疼痛？
where you feel this chest pain eel this chest t
您胸痛出现在哪一个部位？
you are probably having chest pain
您可能会感到胸痛
you feel like tightness on your chest
您感到胸闷
you know i got diabetes and stuff
我还有糖尿病及其他一些疾病
you said you're having this chest pain
您曾说有这种胸痛症状
Rapidly increasing cumulative incidence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in the European Union/European Economic Area and the United Kingdom, 1 January to 15 March 2020
2020 年 1 月 1 日至 3 月 15 日期间，欧盟/欧洲经济区和英国的新型冠状病毒疾病 (COVID-19) 累积发病率迅速增加
The cumulative incidence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases is showing similar trends in European Union/European Economic Area countries and the United Kingdom confirming that, while at a different stage depending on the country, the COVID-19 pandemic is progressing rapidly in all countries.
在欧盟/欧洲经济区的各个国家以及英国，新型冠状病毒疾病 (COVID-19) 的累积发病率显示出相似的趋势，证实虽然不同国家处于不同的阶段，但 COVID-19 大流行病都在迅速发展。
Based on the experience from Italy, countries, hospitals and intensive care units should increase their preparedness for a surge of patients with COVID-19 who will require healthcare, and in particular intensive care.
根据意大利的经验，国家、医院和重症监护病房都需要做好更充分的准备，迎接数量激增的 COVID-19 患者，重症监护任务尤其重。
On 31 December 2019, a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown aetiology was reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
2019 年 12 月 31 日，中国湖北省武汉市报告了多起病因不明的肺炎病例。
On 9 January 2020, the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention reported the causative agent as being a novel coronavirus now referred to as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
2020 年 1 月 9 日，中国疾病预防控制中心报告称，病原体是一种新型冠状病毒，现在称为严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2)。
Since, the illness resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infection has been named coronavirus disease (COVID-19).
此后，由 SARS-CoV-2 感染引起的疾病被命名为冠状病毒疾病 (COVID-19)。
Evidence to date is that ca 80% of individuals with COVID-19 have a mild disease, i.e. a respiratory tract infection with or without pneumonia, and most of these recover.
迄今为止的证据表明，大约 80% 的 COVID-19 病例为轻症，即伴或不伴肺炎的呼吸道感染，并且大多数都能康复。
In ca 14% cases, COVID-19 develops into a more severe disease requiring hospitalisation while the remaining 6% cases experience critical illness requiring intensive care.
在大约 14% 的病例中，COVID-19 会进展为重症并需要住院治疗，而其余 6% 的病例会进展为危重症并需要重症监护。
The mortality of patients hospitalised due to COVID-19 is ca 4%.
因 COVID-19 而住院的患者死亡率约为 4%。
In this study, we assess the trends in the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 in each European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) country and the United Kingdom (UK) and compare them to that of Hubei Province, China.
在这项研究中，我们评估了欧盟/欧洲经济区 (European Union, EU/European Economic Area, EEA) 的各个国家以及英国 (UK) 的 COVID-19 累积发病率的趋势，并将其与中国湖北省进行了比较。
We also compare the current number of COVID-19 cases in EU/EEA countries and the UK with that in Italy during 31 January–15 March 2020.
我们还对 2020 年 1 月 31 日至 3 月 15 日期间 EU/EEA 国家和英国的现有 COVID-19 病例数与意大利进行了比较。
COVID-19 cases in EU/EEA countries and the UK
EU/EEA 国家和英国的 COVID-19 病例
Subsequent to China, COVID-19 underwent further geographical spread and the dynamic of the COVID-19 pandemic in the rest of the world currently follows that of this country.
继中国之后，COVID-19 的地理分布进一步扩大，目前世界其他地区 COVID-19 大流行病的动态变化与中国相仿。
On 11 March 2020, the Director General of the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic.
2020 年 3 月 11 日，世界卫生组织 (WHO) 总干事宣布 COVID-19 为大流行病。
In the 5 March issue of Eurosurveillance 2020, Spiteri et al. reported on the first European confirmed COVID-19 cases according to the WHO case definition.
在 2020 年 3 月 5 日出版的《欧洲监控》杂志上，Spiteri 等人根据 WHO 的病例定义报告了欧洲首批确诊的 COVID-19 病例。
In the EU/EEA, the first three confirmed cases were reported by France on 24 January 2020 in persons returning from Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
在 EU/EEA，法国于 2020 年 1 月 24 日报告了最早的三例确诊病例，患者为中国湖北省武汉市归国人员。
As at 15 March 2020, COVID-19 cases had been detected in all 30 EU/EEA countries and the United Kingdom (UK), whereby between 31 December 2019 and that date included, 39,768 cases and 1,727 deaths had been reported, with 17,750 cases and 1,441 deaths from Italy alone.
截至 2020 年 3 月 15 日，所有 30 个 EU/EEA 国家以及英国都已经检测到 COVID-19 病例，自 2019 年 12 月 31 日至 3 月 15 日，含当日，已经报告了 39,768 名病例和 1,727 例死亡病例，其中仅意大利就报告了 17,750 名病例和 1,441 例死亡病例。
Obtaining cumulative number and cumulative incidence of COVID-19 cases
获取 COVID-19 病例的累积数量和累积发病率
At the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), the notified COVID-19 case counts in each country worldwide, obtained from only official sources such as the countries’ Ministry of Health, national and regional health authorities and the WHO, are updated each day at 8:00 a.m.
欧洲疾病预防控制中心 (ECDC) 在每天上午 8:00 更新全球每个国家已通报的 COVID-19 病例数，它们仅通过官方来源获取，例如各国的卫生部、国家和地区卫生当局以及 WHO。
These data were used for assessing the trends of COVID-19 in EU/EEA and the UK, and comparing them to that in Italy.
这些数据已用于评估 EU/EEA 和英国的 COVID-19 趋势，并与意大利进行比较。
As a proxy of the prevalence of active COVID-19 cases, we calculated the 14-day truncated cumulative incidence of COVID-19 cases, thus taking into account the natural course of COVID-19, in each EU/EEA country and the UK, during the 1 January–15 March 2020 period.
我们计算了 2020 年 1 月 1 日至 3 月 15 日期间每个 EU/EEA 国家以及英国的 COVID-19 病例的 14 天截缩累积发病率，作为活动性 COVID-19 病例的患病率指标，以便考虑 COVID-19 的自然病程。
We also presented the cumulative number of notified cases of each country as at 15 March 2020 8:00 a.m. compared with that of Italy for the 31 January–15 March 2020 period.
我们还提供了截至 2020 年 3 月 15 日上午 8:00 每个国家已通报的累积病例总数，并且与 2020 年 1 月 31 日至 3 月 15 日期间意大利的数据进行了比较。
Trends of COVID-19 in EU/EEA countries and the UK
EU/EEA 国家和英国的 COVID-19 趋势
The trends in the 14-day truncated cumulative incidence of COVID-19 cases in EU/EEA countries and the UK generally followed that of Hubei Province (China) (Figure 1).
EU/EEA 国家和英国的 COVID-19 病例的 14 天截缩累积发病率的趋势总体上与湖北省（中国）的一致（图 1）。
For the EU/EEA and the UK overall, the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 started to increase around 21 February and then increased sharply around 28 February 2020 (Supplementary material).
对于 EU/EEA 和英国整体而言，COVID-19 的累积发病率自 2020 年 2 月 21 日左右开始增加，然后在 2 月 28 日左右急剧增加（补充材料）。
This was mostly driven by the rapid increase in the number of reported cases from Italy, but all other EU/EEA countries and the UK showed similar increasing trends of the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 (Supplementary material).
这主要是由于意大利报告的病例数迅速增加所致，但所有其他 EU/EEA 国家以及英国的 COVID-19 累积发病率也呈现出相似的增长趋势（补充材料）。
Figure 2 shows the cumulative number of COVID-19 cases, in EU/EEA countries and the UK compared with that in Italy for the 31 January–15 March 2020 period.
图 2 显示了 2020 年 1 月 31 日至 3 月 15 日期间 EU/EEA 国家以及英国的累积 COVID-19 病例数，并与意大利进行了比较。
It highlights that, as at 15 March 8:00 a.m., 15 other EU/EEA countries and the UK had already reported a total number of cases comparable to that of Italy just 3 weeks prior or less.
需要强调的是，截至 3 月 15 日上午 8:00，其他 15 个 EU/EEA 国家以及英国在不到 3 周的时间里就已经报告了与意大利相当的总病例数。
Our results indicate that the number of notified cases of COVID-19 is rapidly increasing in the EU/EEA and the UK.
我们的结果表明，EU/EEA 和英国通报的 COVID-19 病例数量正在迅速增加。
The observed trends in the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 suggest that the pandemic is progressing at a comparable speed in all countries.
观察到的 COVID-19 累积发病率趋势表明，疫情正在所有国家以相似的速度发展。
This is despite countries being at different stages, variations in national public health responses, and possibly different case definitions in countries and different protocols for selecting patients that must be tested for confirmation of COVID-19, including catch-up testing.
尽管各个国家处于不同阶段，国家公共卫生应对措施各不相同，各个国家对病例的定义可能不同，并且用于选择必须接受 COVID-19 确诊检测——包括追加检测——患者的方案存在差异，但情况均相同。
Early March 2020, doctors in the affected regions of Italy described a situation in which ca 10% of patients with COVID-19 required intensive care and media sources reported that hospitals and intensive care units in these regions had already reached their maximum capacity.
2020 年 3 月上旬，据意大利受影响地区的医生介绍，大约 10% 的 COVID-19 患者需要重症监护，而媒体报道表示这些地区的医院和重症监护病房已经达到最大承载量。
Data on admission of COVID-19 cases in a hospital and/or an intensive care unit are currently available at EU/EEA level for only 6% and 1% cases, respectively (data not shown).
在 EU/EEA 层面，目前可以获得的数据是住院/或进入重症监护病房的 COVID-19 病例分别仅有 6% 和 1% （数据未显示）。
They should, however, be collected in a systematic fashion to complement current surveillance data that focus on the number of reported cases and the number of deaths.
但是，这些信息应该以系统方式采集，以便补充重点关注已报告病例数和死亡人数的当前监测数据。
A study performed in 2010–11 showed a large variation in the availability of intensive care and intermediate care beds in Europe, ranging from 29.2 in Germany to 4.2 beds per 100,000 population in Portugal.
2010-11 年进行的一项研究表明，欧洲各国可提供的重症监护和中期照护床位数存在很大差异，每 10 万人拥有的床位数范围从德国的 29.2 张到葡萄牙的 4.2 张不等。
This means that countries may have more or less resources than Italy (12.5 intensive care and intermediate care beds per 100,000 population in 2010–11).
这意味着各国拥有的资源可能多于或少于意大利（2010-2011 年每 10 万人拥有 12.5 张重症监护和中期照护床位）。
Modelling scenarios related to healthcare capacity saturation, with estimates for each EU/EEA country and the UK of the prevalence of hospitalised COVID-19 cases associated with a &gt; 90% risk of exceeding intensive care bed capacity, are provided in the sixth update of the ECDC rapid risk assessment on COVID-19.
ECDC 对 COVID-19 快速风险评估的第六次更新对医疗保健能力饱和相关场景进行了建模，并对每个 EU/EEA 国家以及英国的住院 COVID-19 患者的患病率与超过重症监护床位量的风险 &gt; 90% 之间的关系进行了估计。
Since cases have so far clustered in certain regions in EU/EEA countries and the UK, and hospitals and intensive care units usually serve a defined regional catchment population, information about cases and intensive care beds should preferably be made available at the Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics 2 (NUTS-2) level.
由于迄今为止病例聚集在 EU/EEA 国家以及 UK 的某些区域，并且医院和重症监护病房通常为确定区域的覆盖人口提供服务，因此最好在“标准统计地域单元 2” (NUTS-2) 层面提供有关病例和重症监护床位的信息。
The experience from Italy and the current trends in other countries show that the COVID-19 pandemic is progressing rapidly in the EU/EEA and the UK.
意大利的经验以及其他国家的当前趋势表明，EU/EEA 以及英国的 COVID-19 大流行病正在迅速发展。
Countries, hospitals and intensive care units should thus prepare themselves for a scenario of sustained community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and an increase in the number of patients with COVID-19 requiring healthcare, and in particular intensive care, such as the one occurring in the affected regions of Italy.
因此，国家、医院和重症监护病房都应做好准备，以应对 SARS-CoV-2 持续社区传播以及需要医疗保健，尤其是重症监护的 COVID-19 患者人数增加的情况，例如意大利受影响地区出现的情况。
As pointed out in the recent ECDC rapid risk assessment, a rapid, proactive and comprehensive approach is essential to delay the spread of SARS-COV-2, with a shift from a containment to a mitigation approach, as the anticipated rapid increase in the number of cases may not provide decision makers and hospitals enough time to comprehend, accept and adapt their response accordingly if not implemented ahead of time.
正如最近的 ECDC 快速风险评估指出，快速、积极和全面的方法对于延缓 SARS-COV-2 的传播至关重要，需要从遏制过渡至缓解方法，因为如果不提前实施，预期病例数的快速增长可能让决策者和医院没有足够的时间来理解、接受和调整应对措施。
The rapid risk assessment also lists the public health measures to mitigate the impact of the pandemic.
快速风险评估还列出了缓解大流行病影响的公共卫生措施。
There is a short window of opportunity during which countries have the possibility to further increase their control efforts to slow down the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and decrease the pressure on healthcare.
目前存在一个短暂的机会窗口，各国有可能借此进一步加大控制力度，以减缓 SARS-CoV-2 的传播速度并减轻对健康护理系统的压力。
Failing this, it is likely that the healthcare systems of other EU/EEA countries will face a surge of patients that require intensive care within the coming days or weeks.
否则，其他 EU/EEA 国家的医疗保健系统很可能在今后几天或几周内面临需要重症监护患者的激增。
The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has thus far killed over 3,000 people and infected over 80,000 in China and elsewhere in the world, resulting in catastrophe for humans.
由严重急性呼吸系统综合征 (SARS) 冠状病毒 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 引起的 2019 冠状病毒疾病 (COVID-19) 爆发迄今已在中国及世界其他地区感染 80,000 多人，导致 3,000 多人死亡，造成巨大的人类灾难。
Similar to its homologous virus, SARS-CoV, which caused SARS in thousands of people in 2003, SARS-CoV-2 might also be transmitted from the bats and causes similar symptoms through a similar mechanism.
与其同源病毒 SARS-CoV——在 2003 年导致成千上万人感染 SARS——相似，SARS-CoV-2 也可能由蝙蝠传播，并通过相仿的机制引起类似的症状。
However, COVID-19 has lower severity and mortality than SARS but is much more transmissive and affects more elderly individuals than youth and more men than women.
虽然 COVID-19 的严重性和死亡率低于 SARS，但其传播性更强，受影响的老年人多于年轻人，男性多于女性。
In response to the rapidly increasing number of publications on the emerging disease, this article attempts to provide a timely and comprehensive review of the swiftly developing research subject.
鉴于新冠肺炎相关出版物迅速增加，本文欲对这个迅速发展的研究课题进行一次及时而全面的综述。
We will cover the basics about the epidemiology, etiology, virology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of the disease.
我们将介绍有关该病的流行病学、病因学、病毒学、诊断、治疗、预后和预防的基本知识。
Although many questions still require answers, we hope that this review helps in the understanding and eradication of the threatening disease.
虽然许多问题仍待解答，但我们希望本综述有助于理解和根除这种可怕的疾病。
The Spring Festival on January 25, 2020 has become an unprecedented and unforgettable memory to all Chinese who were urged to stay indoors for all the holiday and for many weeks after due to the outbreak of a novel viral disease.
2020 年 1 月 25 日的春节成为中国人前所未有而刻骨铭心的记忆，一种新型病毒性疾病的爆发迫使所有人在整个假期以及随后的多个星期足不出户。
The virus is highly homologous to the coronavirus (CoV) that caused an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003; thus, it was named SARS-CoV-2 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11, 2020, and the associated disease was named CoV Disease-19 (COVID-19).
这种病毒与 2003 年引起严重急性呼吸综合征 (SARS) 爆发的冠状病毒 (CoV) 具有高度同源性；因此，世界卫生组织 (WHO) 于 2020 年 2 月 11 日将其命名为 SARS-CoV-2，相关疾病被称为冠状病毒疾病-19 (COVID-19)。
The epidemic started in Wuhan, China, and quickly spread throughout the entire country and to near 50 others all over the world.
这场疫情始于中国武汉并迅速扩散到全国各地，然后蔓延到全球其他近 50 个国家。
As of March 2, 2020, the virus has resulted in over 80,000 confirmed cases of COVID-19, with more than 40,000 patients discharged and over 3,000 patients who died.
截至 2020 年 3 月 2 日，该病毒已导致超过 80,000 名 COVID-19 确诊病例，其中 40,000 多名患者已出院，超过 3,000 名患者死亡。
WHO warns that COVID-19 is “public enemy number 1” and potentially more powerful than terrorism.
WHO 警告 COVID-19 已成为“头号公敌”，其威胁可能超过恐怖主义。
According to PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/), in less than two months, over 200 papers have been published on COVID-19 including its virology, epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment since the first report on January 7, 2020 that determined the sequence of the virus isolated from multiple patients.
根据 PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) 的数据，自 2020 年 1 月 7 日首次报告从多名患者体内分离出病毒序列以来，不到两个月的时间内已有 200 多篇有关 COVID-19 的论文发表，内容涉及病毒学、流行病学、病因学、诊断和治疗。
This review attempts to summarize the research progress in the new and swiftly developing subject area.
本文旨在总结这一新兴学科领域的研究进展。
Whenever possible, we will try to compare COVID-19 with SARS and another CoV-caused disease, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS, an outbreak in 2012).
人们习惯将 COVID-19 与 SARS 以及另一种由 CoV 引起的疾病——中东呼吸综合征（MERS，2012 年爆发）进行比较。
We will also discuss what we have learned so far regarding the prevention and prognosis of the disease as well as some remaining yet urgent questions.
我们还将讨论迄今为止关于该疾病预防和预后所学到的知识，以及一些尚待解决的紧迫问题。
CoVs have been traditionally considered nonlethal pathogens to humans, mainly causing approximately 15% of common colds 4.
过去一直认为 CoV 是人类的非致命性病原体，主要引起约 15% 的普通感冒4。
However, in this century, we have encountered highly pathogenic human CoVs twice, i.e., SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, which caused an outbreak originally in China in 2003 and Saudi Arabia in 2012, respectively, and soon spread to many other countries with horrible morbidity and mortality.
但本世纪已经遇到了两次高致病性的人类 CoV，即 SARS-CoV 和 MERS-CoV，分别于 2003 年和 2012 年在中国和沙特阿拉伯爆发，很快扩散到许多其他国家，具有可怕的患病率和死亡率。
Therefore, the current COVID-19 is the third CoV outbreak in the recorded history of humans.
因此，此次 COVID-19 疫情是人类历史上记录的第三次 CoV 爆发。
As shown in Fig. ​Fig.1,1, clusters of pneumonia that had unknown origins were first reported from Wuhan on December 31, 2019 to the China National Health Commission.
如图 1,1 所示，武汉市于 2019 年 12 月 31 日首先向中国国家卫生健康委员会报告了多名不明原因的肺炎病例。
Seven days later the sequence of the CoV was released.
七天后，CoV 序列被公布。
On January 15, 2020 the first fatal case from Wuhan was reported.
2020 年 1 月 15 日，武汉报道了首例死亡病例。
Meanwhile, the epidemic rapidly spread to the neighboring cities, provinces, and countries.
与此同时，疫情迅速扩散到邻近的城市、省份和国家。
On January 20, the infection of health-care providers was reported, suggesting that human-to-human transmission was possible.
1 月 20 日，报告医护人员感染，提示可能存在人传人现象。
On January 23, the city of Wuhan was locked down with all its public transportation stopped.
1 月 23 日，武汉市封城并关闭所有公共交通。
On January 24 the first clinical study on the disease reported that, out of 41 patients with confirmed cases, only 21 had direct contact with the Wuhan seafood market that was considered the starting site of the infection from an unknown animal source.
1 月 24 日，针对新冠肺炎的第一项临床研究报告，在 41 名确诊病例中，只有 21 名与武汉华南海鲜市场有过直接接触，该市场被认为是不明动物来源感染的起点。
On January 30, WHO declared the outbreak a global health emergency.
1 月 30 日，WHO 宣布此次爆发为“全球卫生紧急事件”。
By the time of this report, the disease has already spread throughout China and near 50 other countries all over the world (Fig. ​(Fig.2).2).
截至本报告发布之时，该疾病已经扩散至中国全境及全球其他近 50 个国家（图 2 ​(Fig.2)）。
As the situation is rapidly evolving, the final scope and severity of the outbreak remain to be determined.
由于疫情迅速发展，此次爆发的最终范围和严重程度尚待确定。
On February 11, 2020, a multi-center study on 8,866 patients including 4,021 confirmed COVID-19 patients presented a more updated illustration of the epidemic as follows (https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/UlBi-HX_rHPXa1qHA2bhdA).
2020 年 2 月 11 日，一项针对 8,866 名患者的多中心研究（包括 4,021 名确诊的 COVID-19 患者）提供了这种流行病的更新说明，如下所示 (https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/UlBi-HX_rHPXa1qHA2bhdA)。
SARS-CoV-2 infected people of all ages, but mainly at the age of 30-65.
SARS-CoV-2 能够感染所有年龄段人群，但主要年龄段为 30-65 岁。
Almost half (47.7%) of the infected individuals were over 50 years old, very few were under 20, and only 14 infected individuals were under the age of 10.
几乎一半 (47.7%) 的感染者年龄在 50 岁以上，极少数在 20 岁以下，只有 14 名感染者不满 10 岁。
SARS-CoV-2 infected more men (0.31/100,000) than women (0.27/100,000).
SARS-CoV-2 感染的男性（0.31/10 万）多于女性（0.27/10 万）。
COVID-19 expanded in clusters mainly in and around Hubei.
COVID-19 主要在湖北及周边地区聚集性传播。
COVID-19 took an average of 5 (2-9) days from onset to diagnosis.
COVID-19 从发病到诊断平均需要 5 (2-9) 天时间。
The average incubation period was 4.8 (3.0-7.2) days.
平均潜伏期为 4.8 (3.0-7.2) 天。
The average time from onset to death was 9.5 (4.8-13) days.
从发病到死亡的平均时间为 9.5 (4.8-13) 天。
The basic reproductive number (R0) was 3.77 (95% CI: 3.51-4.05), and the adjusted R0 was 2.23-4.82.
基本再生数 (R0) 为 3.77 (95% CI: 3.51-4.05)，调整后的 R0 为 2.23-4.82。
The number of infected people increased exponentially before 23 Jan. 2020, matching the time of massive transportation before the Spring Festival in China.
感染者数量在 2020 年 1 月 23 日之前呈指数级增长，与中国春节前的大规模人口流动时间相吻合。
The mortality of patients with confirmed cases was 1.44% (95% CI: 1.10-1.86%), and the adjusted mortality of all the patients was 3.06% (95% CI: 2.02-4.59%).
确诊病例的死亡率为 1.44% (95% CI: 1.10-1.86%)，所有患者的调整后死亡率为 3.06% (95% CI: 2.02-4.59%)。
Three major risk factors for COVID-19 were sex (male), age (≥60), and severe pneumonia.
COVID-19 的三个主要危险因素是性别（男性）、年龄（≥60 岁）和严重肺炎。
CoVs are a subfamily of large and enveloped viruses containing a single strand of sense RNA.
CoV 是一个包含单正义链 RNA 的大型包膜病毒亚家族。
They can be divided into four genera, i.e., alpha, beta, gamma, and delta, of which alpha- and beta-CoVs are known to infect humans.
它们可分为四个属，即 α、β、γ 和 δ，其中 α-CoV 和 β-CoV 已知会感染人类。
The envelope spike (S) glycoprotein binds to its cellular receptors angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, respectively, and then membrane fusion occurs.
SARS-CoV 和 MERS-CoV 的包膜刺突糖蛋白 (S) 与其细胞受体血管紧张素转换酶 2 (ACE2) 和二肽基肽酶 4 (DPP4) 结合，然后发生膜融合。
The viral RNA genome is released into the cytoplasm; after replication of the viral genome, genomic RNA accompanied by envelope glycoproteins and nucleocapsid proteins forms virion-containing vesicles, which then fuse with the plasma membrane to release the virus.
病毒 RNA 基因组被释放到细胞质中；病毒基因组复制后，基因组 RNA 与包膜糖蛋白以及核衣壳蛋白一起形成含病毒体的囊泡，然后与质膜融合并释放病毒。
The first genomic sequence of SARS-CoV-2 was reported on January 10, 2020.
SARS-CoV-2 的第一个基因组序列已于 2020 年 1 月 10 日报道。
SARS-CoV-2 was found to be a new type of beta-CoV with more than 99.98% genetic identity among 10 sequenced samples collected from the original site of the outbreak, the Huanan Seafood Market in Wuhan.
结果发现，SARS-CoV-2 是一种新型 β-CoV，从最初爆发地点武汉市华南海鲜市场采集的 10 个测序样本中，基因一致性超过 99.98%。
SARS-CoV-2 is genetically more similar to SARS-CoV than to MERS-CoV.
相对于 MERS-CoV，SARS-CoV-2 在基因方面与 SARS-CoV 更加相似。
Through transmission electron microscopy, SARS-CoV-2 particles were found in ultrathin sections of human airway epithelium.
通过透射电子显微镜，已经在人气道上皮的超薄切片中发现了 SARS-CoV-2 颗粒。
Human ACE2 was found to be a receptor for SARS-CoV-2 as well as SARS-CoV.
研究发现，人 ACE2 是 SARS-CoV-2 以及 SARS-CoV 的受体。
However, the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to human ACE2 more weakly than that of SARS-CoV, which is coincident with the fact that SARS-CoV-2 causes less severe infection in patients than SARS-CoV.
但是，相对于 SARS-CoV，SARS-CoV-2 的 S 蛋白与人 ACE2 的结合力较弱，这与 SARS-CoV-2 导致的患者感染严重程度低于 SARS-CoV 的事实相吻合。
SARS-CoV-2 can also form a novel short protein encoded by orf3b and a secreted protein encoded by orf8.
SARS-CoV-2 还可形成由 orf3b 编码的新型短蛋白以及由 orf8 编码的分泌蛋白。
The orf3b of SARS-CoV-2 may play a role in the viral pathogenicity and inhibit the expression of IFNβ; however, orf8 does not contain any known functional domain or motif.
SARS-CoV-2 的 orf3b 可能在病毒致病性中发挥作用并抑制 IFNβ 的表达；但是，orf8 不包含任何已知的功能结构域或基序。
On February 18, 2020, Zhou, et al., reported the cryo-EM structure of the full-length human ACE2 at 2.9 Å resolution in complex with the amino acid transporter B0AT1.
2020 年 2 月 18 日，Zhou 等人报道了与氨基酸转运蛋白 B0AT1 形成复合物的全长人 ACE2 的冷冻电子显微镜 (cryo-EM) 结构，分辨率达到 2.9 Å。
They found that the complex, which had open and closed conformations, was assembled as a dimer and the ACE2-B0AT1 complex can bind two S proteins, which provides evidence for CoV recognition and infection.
他们发现，该复合物具有开放和封闭的构象，被组装成二聚体，ACE2-B0AT1 复合物可以结合两个 S 蛋白，从而提供 CoV 识别和感染的证据。
B0AT1 may become a therapeutic target for drug screening to suppress SARS-CoV-2 infection.
B0AT1 可能成为药物筛选以抑制 SARS-CoV-2 感染的治疗靶点。
The origin and intermediate host
起源和中间宿主
It has been known that both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV originated from bats and were transmitted to humans via civet cats and camels, respectively.
众所周知，SARS-CoV 和 MERS-CoV 都起源于蝙蝠，并分别通过果子狸和骆驼传播给人类。
Through a phylogenetic comparison of SARS-CoV-2 with other CoVs, bats were considered the native host of SARS-CoV-2 as the new virus is 96% identical to two SARS-like CoVs from bats called bat-SL-CoVZX45 and bat-SL-CoVZX21.
通过 SARS-CoV-2 与其他 CoV 的系统发育比较，蝙蝠被认为是 SARS-CoV-2 的天然宿主，因为这种新病毒与来自蝙蝠的两种 SARS 样 CoV——分别名为 bat-SL-CoVZX45 和 bat-SL-CoVZX21——具有 96% 的一致性。
However, what intermediate host helped the virus cross the species barrier to infect humans remains unknown, and the transmission route is yet to be elucidated.
但是，尚不清楚什么中间宿主帮助病毒跨越物种屏障感染人类，其传播途径也待阐明。
Ji, et al., proposed snakes as a carrier of the virus from bats to humans which involved homologous recombination within the S protein.
Ji 等人提出蛇是从蝙蝠到人的病毒携带者，其中涉及 S 蛋白内部的同源重组。
According to a study, researchers in Guangzhou, China, suggested that pangolins - long-snouted, ant-eating mammals often used in traditional Chinese medicine - are the potential intermediate host of SARS-CoV-2 based on 99% genetic homology in a CoV discovered in pangolins and SARS-CoV-2.
根据一项研究，中国广州的研究人员认为，鉴于在穿山甲——一种长吻食蚁兽，经常用于中药——中发现的一种 CoV 与 SARS-CoV-2 具有 99% 的基因同源性，因此认为穿山甲是 SARS-CoV-2 的潜在中间宿主。
However, 1% difference spread all over two genomes is still a big difference; thus, conclusive results for concrete evidence are awaited (Fig. ​(Fig.33).
但是，两个基因组之间 1% 的差异仍然是巨大的区别；因此，尚待具体证据提供决定性结果（图 ​(Fig.33）。
The physicochemical properties of SARS-CoV-2 are largely not yet known.
SARS-CoV-2 的理化性质在很大程度上仍不清楚。
SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV can survive in vitro for 48 hours in a dry environment and up to 5 days under 20 °C and 40%-50% humidity.
SARS-CoV 和 MERS-CoV 在干燥环境中可以体外存活 48 小时，在 20 °C 和 40%-50% 湿度下最多可以存活 5 天。
SARS-CoV-2 may possess similar properties.
SARS-CoV-2 可能具有类似的性质。
It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 is sensitive to ultraviolet rays and heat at 56 °C for 30 minutes; ether, 75% ethanol, chlorine-containing disinfectant, peracetic acid, chloroform, and other fatty solvents, but not chlorhexidine, can effectively inactivate the virus.
据报道，SARS-CoV-2 对紫外线以及热敏感——56 °C 30 分钟；乙醚、75% 乙醇、含氯消毒剂、过氧乙酸、氯仿和其他脂溶剂均可有效灭活病毒，但氯已定不能有效灭活病毒。
The entire human population generally lacks immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and hence is susceptible to the novel virus.
人类普遍缺乏对 SARS-CoV-2 的免疫力，因此对这种新型病毒易感。
Currently, no detailed study has been reported regarding the immunological response to SARS-CoV-2.
目前，尚无关于 SARS-CoV-2 的免疫应答的详细研究报道。
Thus, we can only refer to previous studies on other CoVs, especially SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV (Fig. ​(Fig.4).4).
因此，我们只能参考以前关于其他 CoV 的研究，特别是 SARS-CoV 和 MERS-CoV（图 (Fig.4).4）。
In general, after a virus invades the host, it is first recognized by the host innate immune system through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including C-type lectin-like receptors, Toll-like receptor (TLR), NOD-like receptor (NLR), and RIG-I-like receptor (RLR).
一般而言，病毒在入侵宿主后，首先会被宿主的固有免疫系统通过模式识别受体 (PRR) 识别，包括 C 型凝集素样受体、Toll 样受体 (TLR)、NOD 样受体 (NLR) 以及 RIG-I 样受体 (RLR)。
Through different pathways, the virus induces the expression of inflammatory factors, maturation of dendritic cells, and synthesis of type I interferons (IFNs) which limit the spreading of the virus and accelerate macrophage phagocytosis of viral antigens.
病毒通过不同的通路诱导炎性因子表达、树突状细胞成熟以及 I 型干扰素 (IFN) 合成，它们会限制病毒的传播并加速病毒抗原的巨噬细胞吞噬。
However, the N protein of SARS-CoV can help the virus escape from the immune responses.
但是，SARS-CoV 的 N 蛋白可以帮助病毒摆脱免疫应答。
Soon, the adaptive immune response joins the fight against the virus.
适应性免疫应答会在不久之后加入抗击病毒的行列。
T lymphocytes including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells play an important role in the defense.
包括 CD4+ 和 CD8+ T 细胞在内的 T 淋巴细胞在抗病毒防御中起着重要作用。
CD4+ T cells stimulate B cells to produce virus-specific antibodies, and CD8+ T cells directly kill virus-infected cells.
CD4+ T 细胞刺激 B 细胞产生病毒特异性抗体，而 CD8+ T 细胞则直接杀死被病毒感染的细胞。
T helper cells produce proinflammatory cytokines to help the defending cells.
辅助性 T 细胞产生促炎细胞因子来帮助上述防御细胞。
However, CoV can inhibit T cell functions by inducing apoptosis of T cells.
但是，CoV 可以通过诱导 T 细胞凋亡来抑制 T 细胞功能。
The humoral immunity including complements such as C3a and C5a and antibodies is also essential in combating the viral infection.
包括补体——例如 C3a 和 C5a——和抗体在内的体液免疫对于抵抗病毒感染也至关重要。
For example, antibodies isolated from a recovered patient neutralized MERS-CoV.
例如，从已康复患者中分离的抗体能够中和 MERS-CoV。
On the other hand, an overreaction of the immune system generates a large number of free radicals locally that can cause severe damages to the lungs and other organs, and, in the worst scenario, multi-organ failure and even death.
另一方面，免疫系统的过度反应会在局部产生大量自由基，这些自由基可能对肺和其他器官造成严重损害，在最坏的情况下，会导致多器官衰竭甚至死亡。
The SARS-CoV-2 infection, featured by clustering onset, is more likely to affect elderly people with comorbidities and pregnant women.
以聚集性发病为特征的 SARS-CoV-2 感染更有可能影响存在多种合并症的老年人以及孕妇。
It is common that for people who are exposed to a large number of viruses or whose immune functions are compromised, they have higher chance to be infected than others.
通常情况下，暴露于大量病毒或免疫功能受损的个体发生感染的机会要高于其他人。
The estimated mean incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 is 1-14 days, mostly 3-7 days based on a study of the first 425 cases in Wuhan.
根据对武汉市最早 425 名病例进行的一项研究，SARS-CoV-2 的平均潜伏期估计为 1-14 天，大部分为 3-7 天。
However, a study on 1,099 cases demonstrates that the incubation period was 3 days on average and ranged from 0 to 24 days.
但是，一项对 1,099 名病例的研究表明，平均潜伏期为 3 天，范围为 0 至 24 天。
A more recent study, as described above, demonstrates that the incubation period was 4.8 (3.0-7.2) days based on the demography of 8,866 cases.
如前所述，最近一项研究表明，根据 8,866 名病例的人口统计学，潜伏期为 4.8 (3.0-7.2) 天。
It is very important for health authorities to adjust the effective quarantine time based on the most accurate incubation period, thus preventing infected but symptomless people from transmitting the virus to others.
对于卫生部门来说，根据最准确的潜伏期调整有效的隔离时间非常重要，这样可以防止无症状感染者将病毒传播给其他人。
As a common practice, individuals exposed to, or infected by, the virus are usually required to be quarantined for 14 days.
作为惯例，病毒接触者或感染者通常需要隔离 14 天。
Should the quarantine time be extended to 24 days?
隔离时间是否应延长至 24 天？
Fever is often the major and initial symptom of COVID-19, which can be accompanied by no symptom or other symptoms such as dry cough, shortness of breath, muscle ache, dizziness, headache, sore throat, rhinorrhea, chest pain, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.
发热通常是 COVID-19 的主要和首发症状，可以没有任何其他症状，也可以伴有干咳、气促、肌痛、头晕、头痛、咽痛、流涕、胸痛、腹泻、恶心以及呕吐等症状。
Some patients experienced dyspnea and/or hypoxemia one week after the onset of the disease.
一些患者在发病后一周出现呼吸困难和/或低氧血症。
In severe cases, patients quickly progressed to develop acute respiratory syndrome, septic shock, metabolic acidosis, and coagulopathy.
严重者会迅速进展为急性呼吸窘迫综合征、脓毒性休克、代谢性酸中毒和凝血功能障碍。
Patients with fever and/or respiratory symptoms and acute fever, even without pulmonary imaging abnormalities, should be screened for the virus for early diagnosis.
即使没有肺部影像学异常，有发热和/或呼吸道症状和急性发热的患者也应进行病毒筛查以便进行早期诊断。
A demographic study in late December of 2019 showed that the percentages of the symptoms were 98% for fever, 76% for dry cough, 55% for dyspnea, and 3% for diarrhea; 8% of the patients required ventilation support.
2019 年 12 月下旬进行的一项人口统计学研究显示，各种症状的百分比为：发热 98%，干咳 76%，呼吸困难 55%，腹泻 3%；8% 的患者需要通气支持。
Similar findings were reported in two recent studies of a family cluster and a cluster caused by transmission from an asymptomatic individual.
最近两项关于家庭聚集性发病以及无症状个体传播导致聚集发病的研究报道了类似的结果。
Comparably, a demographic study in 2012 showed that MERS-CoV patients also had fever (98%), dry cough (47%), and dyspnea (55%) as their main symptoms.
相比之下，2012 年进行的一项人口统计学研究显示，MERS-CoV 患者也以发热 (98%)、干咳 (47%) 和呼吸困难 (55%) 为主要症状。
However, 80% of them required ventilation support, much more than COVID-19 patients and consistent with the higher lethality of MERS than of COVID-19.
但是，其中 80% 的患者需要通气支持，远多于 COVID-19 患者，与 MERS 的致死率高于 COVID-19 相吻合。
Diarrhea (26%) and sore throat (21%) were also observed with MERS patients.
在 MERS 患者中还观察到腹泻 (26%) 和咽痛 (21%)。
In SARS patients, it has been demonstrated that fever (99%-100%), dry cough (29%-75%), dyspnea (40%-42%), diarrhea (20-25%), and sore throat (13-25%) were the major symptoms and ventilation support was required for approximately 14%-20% of the patients.
在 SARS 患者中，已经证明发热 (99%-100%)、干咳 (29%-75%)、呼吸困难 (40%-42%)、腹泻 (20-25%) 和咽痛 (13 -25%) 为主要症状，约 14%-20% 的患者需要通气支持。
By February 14, the mortality of COVID-19 was 2% when the confirmed cases reached 66,576 globally.
截至 2 月 14 日，全球已确诊 COVID-19 病例达到 66,576 例，死亡率为 2%。
Comparably, the mortality of SARS by November 2002 was 10% of 8,096 confirmed cases.
相比之下，截至 2002 年 11 月，SARS 在 8,096 名确诊病例中的死亡率为 10%。
For MERS, based on a demographic study in June 2012, the mortality was 37% of 2,494 confirmed cases.
对于 MERS，根据 2012 年 6 月进行的一项人口统计学研究，2,494 名确诊病例的死亡率为 37%。
An earlier study reported that the R0 of SARS-CoV-2 was as high as 6.47 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 5.71-7.23, whereas the R0 of SARS-CoV only ranged from 2 to 4.
一项早期研究报道，SARS-CoV-2 的 R0 高达 6.47，95% 置信区间 (CI) 为 5.71-7.23，而 SARS-CoV 的 R0 仅为 2 至 4。
A comparison of SARS-CoV-2 with MERS-CoV and SARA-CoV regarding their symptoms, mortality, and R0 is presented in Table ​Table1.1.
表 1.1 列出了 SARS-CoV-2 与 MERS-CoV 以及 SARA-CoV 在症状、死亡率和 R0 方面的比较。
The above figures suggest that SARS-CoV-2 has a higher ability to spread than MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, but it is less lethal than the latter two.
以上数据表明，SARS-CoV-2 的扩散能力高于 MERS-CoV 和 SARS-CoV，但致死性要低于后两者。
Thus, it is much more challenging to control the epidemic of SARS-CoV-2 than those of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV.
因此，控制 SARS-CoV-2 疫情要比 MERS-CoV 和 SARS-CoV 更具挑战性。
Clustered onset often happens in the same family or from the same gathering or vehicle such as a cruise ship.
聚集性发病通常发生在同一家庭中，或来自同一聚会或交通工具，例如游轮。
Patients often have a history of travel or residence in Wuhan or other affected areas or contact with infected individuals or patients in the recent two weeks before the onset.
患者通常在发病前最近两周内有在武汉或其他疫情地区的旅行或居住史，或与感染者或患者有密切接触史。
However, it has been reported that people can carry the virus without symptoms longer than two weeks and cured patients discharged from hospitals can carry the virus again, which sends out an alarm to increase the time for quarantine.
然而，据报道人们可以携带这种病毒而没有症状超过两周，出院的已治愈患者可以再次携带该病毒，从而发出延长隔离时间的警报。
Patients have normal or reduced number of peripheral white blood cells (especially lymphocytes) at the early stage.
患者在发病早期的外周血白细胞（特别是淋巴细胞）数量正常或减少。
For example, lymphopenia with white blood cell count &lt; 4×109/L including lymphocyte count &lt; 1×109/L, and elevated aspartate aminotransferase levels and viremia were found in 1,099 COVID-19 patients.
例如，在 1,099 名 COVID-19 患者中发现了白细胞计数 &lt; 4×109/L——包括淋巴细胞计数 &lt; 1×109/L——的淋巴细胞减少症、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶水平升高以及病毒血症。
The levels of liver and muscle enzymes and myoglobin were increased in the blood of some patients, and C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation were increased in the blood of most patients.
部分患者可见血液中的肝酶和肌酶以及肌红蛋白水平升高，大多数患者可见血液 C 反应蛋白和血沉升高。
In patients with severe cases, the level of D-dimer, a fibrin degradation product present in the blood, was elevated, and lymphocyte count was progressively reduced.
重型患者可见血液纤维蛋白降解产物 D-二聚体水平升高以及淋巴细胞计数进行性减少。
Abnormalities in chest radiography are found in most COVID-19 patients and featured by bilateral patchy shadows or ground glass opacity in the lungs.
大多数 COVID-19 患者可见胸部影像学异常，其特征为双侧斑片状阴影或肺部磨玻璃影。
Patients often develop an atypical pneumonia, acute lung injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
患者通常会出现非典型肺炎、急性肺损伤和急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS)。
When ARDS happens, uncontrolled inflammation, fluid accumulation, and progressive fibrosis severely compromise the gas exchange.
发生 ARDS 时，不受控制的炎症、液体积聚和进行性纤维化会严重损害气体交换。
Dysfunction of type-I and type-II pneumocytes decreases the surfactant level and increases surface tension, thus reducing the ability of the lungs to expand and heightening the risk of lung collapse.
I 型和 II 型肺泡上皮细胞功能障碍会降低表面活性剂水平并增加表面张力，从而降低肺部扩张能力并增加肺部塌陷风险。
Therefore, the worst chest radiographic findings often parallel the most severe extent of the disease.
因此，最糟糕的胸部影像学发现通常与疾病的最严重程度同时出现。
On February 18, 2020, the first pathological analysis of COVID-19 demonstrated the desquamation of pneumocytes, hyaline membrane formation, and interstitial lymphocyte infiltration, and multinucleated syncytial cells in the lungs of a patient who died of the disease, consistent with the pathology of viral infection and ARDS and similar to that of SARS and MERS patients.
2020 年 2 月 18 日，COVID-19 的首次病理学分析在死于该病的一名患者肺中发现了肺泡上皮细胞脱落、透明膜形成、间质淋巴细胞浸润以及多核合胞体细胞，与病毒感染以及 ARDS 的病理学表现一致，并且与 SARS 以及 MERS 患者相似。
The detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA via reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used as the major criteria for the diagnosis of COVID-19.
通过逆转录聚合酶链反应 (RT-PCR) 检测 SARS-CoV-2 RNA 已用作诊断 COVID-19 的主要标准。
However, due to the high false-negative rate, which may accelerate the epidemic, clinical manifestations started to be used for diagnosis (which no longer solely relied on RT-PCR) in China on February 13, 2020.
但是，由于较高的假阴性率可能会加速疫情，因此中国于 2020 年 2 月 13 日开始使用临床表现进行诊断（而不再单纯依靠 RT-PCR）。
A similar situation also occurred with the diagnosis of SARS.
诊断 SARS 时也发生了类似的情况。
Therefore, a combination of disease history, clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, and radiological findings is essential and imperative for making an effective diagnosis.
因此，结合病史、临床表现、实验室检查和影像学结果对于进行有效的诊断至关重要。
On February 14, 2020, the Feng Zhang group described a protocol of using the CRISPR-based SHERLOCK technique to detect SARS-CoV-2, which detects synthetic SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragments at 20 × 10-18 mol/L to 200 × 10-18 mol/L (10-100 copies per microliter of input) using a dipstick in less than an hour without requiring elaborate instrumentation.
2020 年 2 月 14 日，张峰团队报告了一种使用基于 CRISPR 的 SHERLOCK 技术检测 SARS-CoV-2 的方案，该方案无需复杂的仪器，使用一张试纸即可在不到一个小时的时间内检测到浓度仅为 20 × 10-18 mol/L 至 200 × 10-18 mol/L（每微升 10-100 个病毒拷贝）的合成 SARS-CoV-2 RNA 片段。
Hopefully, the new technique can dramatically enhance the sensitivity and convenience if verified in clinical samples.
如果在临床样本中得到验证，那么这种新技术有望大幅提高诊断的灵敏度和便利性。
Due to the lack of experience with the novel CoV, physicians can mainly provide supportive care to COVID-19 patients, while attempting a variety of therapies that have been used or proposed before for the treatment of other CoVs such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and other viral diseases (Table ​(Table2).2).
由于缺乏治疗新型 CoV 的经验，医生主要为 COVID-19 患者提供支持治疗，同时尝试曾经用于或提议用于其他 CoV——例如 SARS-CoV 和 MERS-CoV——和其他病毒性疾病的各种疗法（表 (Table2).2）。
These therapies include current and potential treatments with antiviral drugs, immunosuppressants, steroids, plasma from recovered patients, Chinese medicine, and psychological support.
这些疗法包括当前和潜在的治疗方法，例如抗病毒药、免疫抑制剂、类固醇、已康复患者的血浆、中药和心理支持。
Even plasma from recovered patients was proposed to be used for treatment.
甚至建议将已康复患者的血浆用于治疗。
Pharmaceutical companies are racing to develop antibodies and vaccines against the virus.
制药公司正在竞相开发针对该病毒的抗体和疫苗。
SARS-CoV-2 mainly attacks the lungs in the beginning and probably also attacks, to a lesser degree, other organs that express ACE2, such as the gastrointestinal system and the kidneys.
SARS-CoV-2 在开始时主要攻击肺部，也可能以较低的程度攻击表达 ACE2 的其他器官，例如胃肠系统和肾脏。
Nevertheless, respiratory dysfunction and failure are the major threat to the patients and the major cause of death.
尽管如此，呼吸功能障碍和衰竭是对患者的主要威胁和主要死亡原因。
Thus, respiratory support is critical to relieve the symptoms and save lives and includes general oxygen therapy, high-flow oxygen, noninvasive ventilation, and invasive mechanical ventilation depending on the severity of the disease.
因此，呼吸支持对于缓解症状和挽救生命至关重要，包括常规吸氧、高流量吸氧、无创通气和有创机械通气，具体取决于疾病的严重程度。
Patients with severe respiratory symptoms have to be supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), a modified cardiopulmonary bypass technique used for the treatment of life-threatening cardiac or respiratory failure.
存在严重呼吸系统症状的患者必须接受体外膜氧合 (ECMO) 支持，这是一种改良的心肺旁路技术，用于治疗危及生命的心脏或呼吸衰竭。
In addition, the maintenance of electrolyte balance, the prevention and treatment of secondary infection and septic shock, and the protection of the functions of the vital organs are also essential for SARS-CoV-2 patients.
此外，维持电解质平衡、预防和治疗继发感染和脓毒性休克以及保护重要器官功能对于 SARS-CoV-2 患者也是必不可少的。
It has been known that a cytokine storm results from an overreaction of the immune system in SARS and MERS patients.
众所周知，SARS 和 MERS 患者的免疫系统反应过度会导致细胞因子风暴。
Cytokine storm is a form of systemic inflammatory response featured by the release of a series of cytokines including TNFα, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ, and MCP-1.
细胞因子风暴是全身炎症反应的一种形式，其特征为一系列细胞因子的释放，包括 TNFα、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-6、IFNα、IFNβ、IFNγ 和 MCP-1。
These cytokines induce immune cells to release a vast number of free radicals which are the major cause of ARDS and multiple organ failure.
这些细胞因子会诱导免疫细胞释放大量自由基，这是 ARDS 和多器官衰竭的主要原因。
Immunosuppression is essential in the treatment of cytokine storms, especially in severe patients.
免疫抑制在细胞因子风暴的治疗中至关重要，特别是在重症患者中。
Corticosteroids and tocilizumab, an anti-IL6 monoclonal antibody, have been used to treat cytokine storm.
皮质类固醇和托珠单抗——一种抗 IL6 单克隆抗体——已经被用于治疗细胞因子风暴。
Other immunosuppression treatments for cytokine storm include the modulation of T cell-directed immune response; the blockade of IFN-γ, IL-1, and TNF; JAK inhibition; blinatumomab; suppressor of cytokine signaling 4; and HDAC inhibitors.
其他针对细胞因子风暴的免疫抑制疗法包括：调节 T 细胞定向免疫应答；阻断 IFN-γ、IL-1 和 TNF；抑制 JAK；博纳吐单抗；细胞因子信号转导抑制剂 4；以及 HDAC 抑制剂。
Steroids, as immunosuppressants, were widely used in the treatment of SARS to reduce the severity of inflammatory damage.
类固醇作为免疫抑制剂被广泛用于治疗 SARS，以减轻炎症损害的严重程度。
However, steroids at high dosages were not beneficial to severe lung injury in SARS and COVID-19 patients.
但是，大剂量类固醇对 SARS 和 COVID-19 患者的严重肺损伤无益。
Instead, they may cause severe side effects, especially avascular osteonecrosis, dramatically affecting the prognosis.
相反，它们可能引起严重的副作用，尤其是缺血性骨坏死，从而严重影响预后。
Nevertheless, short courses of corticosteroids at low-to-moderate doses have been recommended to be used prudently for critically ill COVID-19 patients.
尽管如此，仍然建议对危重症 COVID-19 患者谨慎使用中低剂量的皮质类固醇进行短程治疗。
At the time of writing, no effective antiviral therapy has been confirmed.
在撰写本文时，尚未证实存在有效的抗病毒疗法。
However, intravenous administration with remdesivir, a nucleotide analog, has been found to be efficacious in an American patient with COVID-19.
然而，已经发现瑞德西韦——一种核苷酸类似物——静脉给药对美国的一名 COVID-19 患者有效。
Remdesivir is a novel antiviral drug developed by Gilead initially for the treatment of diseases caused by Ebola and Marlburg viruses.
瑞德西韦是吉利德开发的一种新型抗病毒药物，最初用于治疗由埃博拉病毒和马尔堡病毒引起的疾病。
Later, remdesivir also demonstrated possible inhibition of other single stranded RNA viruses including MERS and SARS viruses.
后来，还证明瑞德西韦可能抑制其他单链 RNA 病毒，包括 MERS 和 SARS 病毒。