atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
Pneumonia, a major ARI, is the number one cause of mortality among children under five years old, taking the lives of an estimated 1.8 million children per year.
肺炎作为一种主要的急性呼吸道感染，是导致五岁以下儿童死亡的首要原因，肺炎每年都会夺走大约 180 万儿童的生命。
Diarrhea and pneumonia together account for almost 3.5 million child deaths annually.
腹泻和肺炎每年总共造成近 350 万儿童死亡。
According to UNICEF, turning hand washing with soap before eating and after using the toilet into an ingrained habit can save more lives than any single vaccine or medical intervention, cutting deaths from diarrhea by almost half and deaths from acute respiratory infections by one-quarter.
联合国儿童基金会表示，与任何单一的疫苗或医疗干预相比，让饭前和如厕后用肥皂洗手变成根深蒂固的习惯能拯救更多的生命，可将腹泻导致的死亡减少近一半，将急性呼吸系统感染导致的死亡减少四分之一。
Hand washing is usually integrated together with other sanitation interventions as part of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programmes.
作为供水、环境卫生和个人卫生 (WASH) 项目的一部分，在倡导洗手的同时，通常还会采取其他卫生干预措施。
Hand washing also protects against impetigo which is transmitted through direct physical contact.
洗手还可以预防通过直接身体接触传播的脓疱病。
A small detrimental effect of hand washing is that frequent hand washing can lead to skin damage due to drying of the skin.
洗手会带来一个轻微的不利影响，即频繁洗手会导致皮肤干燥，从而引起皮肤损伤。
A 2012 Danish study found that excessive hand washing can lead to an itchy, flaky skin condition known as hand eczema or hand dermatitis, which is especially common among health-care workers.
2012 年丹麦的一项研究发现，过度洗手会导致皮肤发痒、皲裂，称为手部湿疹或手部皮炎，这在医护工作人员中尤为普遍。
Too frequent hand washing is also seen as one of the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
过度频繁洗手也被视作强迫症 (OCD) 的症状之一。
There are five critical times during the day where washing hands with soap is important to reduce fecal-oral transmission of disease: after using the bathroom (urination, defecation), after cleaning a child's bottom (changing nappies), before feeding a child, before eating and before/after preparing food or handling raw meat, fish, or poultry.
为减少疾病的粪-口传播，一天中务必用肥皂洗手的五个关键时刻：如厕（排尿、排便）后、清洁孩童的臀部（更换尿片）后、给孩子喂食前、饭前以及处理食物前后或处理生肉、鱼或生禽肉后。
Other occasions when correct handwashing technique should be practiced in order to prevent the transmission of disease include before and after treating a cut or wound; after sneezing, coughing, or blowing your nose; after touching animal waste or handling animals; and after touching garbage.
为防止疾病传播，在以下情形中也应采用正确的方式洗手：处理切口或伤口前后；打喷嚏、咳嗽或擦鼻涕后；触摸动物粪便或处理动物后；以及碰触垃圾后。
In many countries, there is a low rate of hand washing with soap.
在许多国家/地区，用肥皂洗手的比例很低。
A study of hand washing in 54 countries in 2015 found that on average, 38.7% of households practiced hand washing with soap.A 2014 study showed that Saudi Arabia had the highest rate of 97 percent; the United States near the middle with 77 percent; and China with the lowest rate of 23 percent.Several behaviour change methodologies now exist to increase uptake of the behaviour of hand washing with soap at the critical times.Group hand washing for school children at set times of the day is one option in developing countries to engrain hand washing in children's behaviors.
在2015 年针对 54 个国家洗手情况的一项研究发现，平均 38.7% 的家庭有用肥皂洗手的习惯。2014 年的一项研究显示，沙特阿拉伯的比例最高，达到 97%；美国接近平均值，即 77%；中国比例最低，为 23%。现在，为倡导在关键时刻用肥皂洗手的行为，落实了多个改变行为的方法。为使儿童养成洗手习惯，发展中国家可选择让在校儿童每天定点集体洗手。
The "Essential Health Care Program" implemented by the Department of Education in the Philippines is an example of at scale action to promote children's health and education.
菲律宾教育部推行的“基本卫生保健计划”就是采取大规模举措的一个典范，以增进儿童的健康和学业。
Deworming twice a year, supplemented with washing hands daily with soap, brushing teeth daily with fluoride, is at the core of this national program.
这一国家计划的核心是每年驱虫两次，辅以每天用肥皂洗手和用含氟牙膏刷牙。
It has also been successfully implemented in Indonesia.
在印度尼西亚，这一计划也获得了成功推行。
Removal of microorganisms from skin is enhanced by the addition of soaps or detergents to water.
水中融入肥皂或清洁剂，可以更好地清除皮肤上的微生物。
The main action of soaps and detergents is to reduce barriers to solution, and increase solubility.
肥皂和清洁剂的主要作用是减少溶解阻碍并提高可溶性。
Water alone is an inefficient skin cleanser because fats and proteins, which are components of organic soil, are not readily dissolved in water.
仅使用水无法有效清洁皮肤，因为脂肪和蛋白质（有机土壤的组成部分）不易溶解于水中。
Cleansing is, however, aided by a reasonable flow of water..
但是，清洁洗手需要合理用水……
Solid soap, because of its reusable nature, may hold bacteria acquired from previous uses.
固体肥皂由于可以重复使用，可能会存留以前使用时留下的细菌。
A small number of studies which have looked at the bacterial transfer from contaminated solid soap have concluded transfer is unlikely as the bacteria are rinsed off with the foam.
有少量研究调查了细菌从受污染的固体肥皂转移的情况，得出的结论是，细菌无法转移，因为细菌会被泡沫洗掉。
The CDC still states "liquid soap with hands-free controls for dispensing is preferable".
但 CDC 仍声称“最好选用非接触式液体肥皂“。
Antibacterial soaps have been heavily promoted to a health-conscious public.
抗菌皂已在有健康意识的大众中得到大力推广。
To date, there is no evidence that using recommended antiseptics or disinfectants selects for antibiotic-resistant organisms in nature.
到目前为止，没有证据表明，使用推荐的抗菌剂或消毒剂选择了自然界中的抗生素耐药微生物。
However, antibacterial soaps contain common antibacterial agents such as triclosan, which has an extensive list of resistant strains of organisms.
不过，抗菌皂含有常见的三氯沙等抗菌剂，三氯沙具有大量耐药微生物菌株。
So, even if antibiotic resistant strains aren't selected for by antibacterial soaps, they might not be as effective as they are marketed to be.
因此，即使不是为了抗生素耐药性菌株而选择抗菌皂，抗菌皂可能也并非宣传的那么有效。
Besides the surfactant and skin-protecting agent, the sophisticated formulations may contain acids (acetic acid, ascorbic acid, lactic acid) as pH regulator, antimicrobially active benzoic acid and further skin conditioners (aloe vera, vitamins, menthol, plant extracts).A comprehensive analysis from the University of Oregon School of Public Health indicated that plain soaps are as effective as consumer-grade anti-bacterial soaps containing triclosan in preventing illness and removing bacteria from the hands.
除表面活性剂和护肤剂外，复杂的配方可能还含有作为 pH 值调节剂的酸（醋酸、抗坏血酸、乳酸）、抗菌活性苯甲酸，以及更多的皮肤调理剂（芦荟、维生素、薄荷醇、植物萃取物）。俄勒冈大学公共卫生学院进行的一项综合分析表明，在预防疾病和清除手上的细菌方面，普通肥皂与含三氯沙的消费品级抗菌皂的效果一样。
Hot water that is comfortable for washing hands is not hot enough to kill bacteria.
热水洗手很舒适，但其热量不足以杀死细菌。
Bacteria grow much faster at body temperature (37 °C).
细菌在身体温度 (37 °C) 下滋生很快。
However, warm, soapy water is more effective than cold, soapy water at removing natural oils which hold soils and bacteria.
但是，在清除含有土和细菌的天然油脂方面，温肥皂水比冷肥皂水更有效。
Contrary to popular belief however, scientific studies have shown that using warm water has no effect on reducing the microbial load on hands.
科学研究已证实，使用温水对减少手上的微生物没有效果，这与普遍的观点相反。
A hand sanitizer or hand antiseptic is a non-water-based hand hygiene agent.
免水洗手液或免洗杀菌洗手液属于非水基手部清洁剂。
In the late 1990s and early part of the 21st century, alcohol rub non-water-based hand hygiene agents (also known as alcohol-based hand rubs, antiseptic hand rubs, or hand sanitizers) began to gain popularity.
在二十世纪九十年代末和二十一世纪初，非水基的酒精手部清洁剂（也称为酒精搓手液、免洗杀菌搓手液或免洗洗手液）大受欢迎。
Most are based on isopropyl alcohol or ethanol formulated together with a thickening agent such as Carbomer (polymer of acrylic acid) into a gel, or a humectant such as glycerin into a liquid, or foam for ease of use and to decrease the drying effect of the alcohol.
这类洗手液的配方大多都含有异丙醇或乙醇，再加入卡波姆（丙烯酸聚合物）等增稠剂形成凝胶，或加入甘油等保湿剂形成液体，或呈泡沫状以便易于使用，并缓解酒精导致的皮肤干燥。
Adding diluted hydrogen-peroxide increases further the antimicrobial activity.Hand sanitizers containing a minimum of 60 to 95% alcohol are efficient germ killers.
添加稀释后的过氧化氢可进一步增加抗菌活性。至少含有 60% 至 95% 酒精的免洗洗手液才可有效杀菌。
Alcohol rub sanitizers kill bacteria, multi-drug resistant bacteria (MRSA and VRE), tuberculosis, and some viruses (including HIV, herpes, RSV, rhinovirus, vaccinia, influenza, and hepatitis) and fungi.
酒精搓手液可杀死细菌、多药耐药性细菌（耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌 (MRSA) 和抗万古霉素肠球菌 (VRE)）、结核病以及一些病毒（包括 HIV、疱疹、呼吸道合胞病毒 (RSV)、鼻病毒、牛痘、流感和肝炎）以及真菌。
Alcohol rub sanitizers containing 70% alcohol kill 99.97% (3.5 log reduction, similar to 35 decibel reduction) of the bacteria on hands 30 seconds after application and 99.99% to 99.999% (4 to 5 log reduction) of the bacteria on hands 1 minute after application.Hand sanitizers are most effective against bacteria and less effective against some viruses.
酒精含量 70% 的酒精搓手液使用 30 秒后，可杀死手上 99.97% 的细菌（减少了 3.5 个数量级，类似于减少了 35 分贝），搓手 1 分钟后可减少手上 99.99% 至 99.999%（4 至 5 个数量级）的细菌。免洗洗手液对细菌最有效，而对于一些病毒则效果略差。
Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are almost entirely ineffective against norovirus (or Norwalk) type viruses, the most common cause of contagious gastroenteritis.Enough hand antiseptic or alcohol rub must be used to thoroughly wet or cover both hands.
酒精搓手液对诺如病毒(norovirus，又称诺瓦克，Norwalk) 之类的病毒（感染性胃肠炎的最常见病因）几乎完全没有效果。必须使用足够的免洗杀菌洗手液或酒精搓手液，以彻底湿润或覆盖双手。
The front and back of both hands and between and the ends of all fingers are rubbed for approximately 30 seconds until the liquid, foam or gel is dry.
将手心和手背以及手指间和所有手指末端搓洗大约 30 秒，直至液体、泡沫或凝胶变干。
Finger tips must be washed well too, rubbing them in both palms.The US Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommends hand washing over hand sanitizer rubs, particularly when hands are visibly dirty.
指尖也必须充分清洗，在两个掌心上搓洗指尖。美国疾病控制与预防中心建议最好洗手，而不是使用免洗搓手液，特别是看上去手很脏时。
The increasing use of these agents is based on their ease of use and rapid killing activity against micro-organisms; however, they should not serve as a replacement for proper hand washing unless soap and water are unavailable.
由于这类搓手液易于使用并可快速使微生物失去活性，所以越来越多地得到使用；不过，它们不应替代正确洗手，除非没有肥皂和水可供使用。
Frequent use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers can cause dry skin unless emollients and/or skin moisturizers are added to the formula.
频繁使用酒精免洗洗手液会导致皮肤干燥，除非配方里添加了润肤剂和/或保湿剂。
The drying effect of alcohol can be reduced or eliminated by adding glycerin and/or other emollients to the formula.
可向配方里添加甘油和/或其他润肤剂，以减少或消除酒精导致的皮肤干燥。
In clinical trials, alcohol-based hand sanitizers containing emollients caused substantially less skin irritation and dryness than soaps or antimicrobial detergents.
在临床实验中，与肥皂或抗菌清洁剂相比，含有润肤剂的酒精免洗洗手液可明显减少皮肤刺激和皮肤干燥情况的发生。
Allergic contact dermatitis, contact urticaria syndrome or hypersensitivity to alcohol or additives present in alcohol hand rubs rarely occur.
过敏性接触皮肤炎、接触性荨麻疹综合征或对酒精或酒精搓手液中的添加剂过敏的情况很罕见。
The lower tendency to induce irritant contact dermatitis became an attraction as compared to soap and water hand washing.
与用肥皂和水洗手相比，酒精免洗洗手液诱发刺激性接触性皮炎的可能性较低，这是其具有吸引力的一个原因。
Despite their effectiveness, non-water agents do not cleanse the hands of organic material, but simply disinfect them.
无水清洁剂虽然有效，但并不能去除手上的有机物质，只是将其消毒。
It is for this reason that hand sanitizers are not as effective as soap and water at preventing the spread of many pathogens, since the pathogens still remain on the hands.
因此，免洗洗手液在预防许多病原体的传播上效果不如肥皂和水，因为这些病原体依旧在手上。
Alcohol-free hand sanitizer efficacy is heavily dependent on the ingredients and formulation, and historically has significantly under-performed alcohol and alcohol rubs.
无酒精免洗洗手液的功效很大程度上取决于成分和配方，其效果历来比酒精和酒精搓手液差很多。
More recently, formulations that use benzalkonium chloride have been shown to have persistent and cumulative antimicrobial activity after application, unlike alcohol, which has been shown to decrease in efficacy after repeated use, probably due to progressive adverse skin reactions.
最近，使用苯扎氯铵的配方已被证实在使用后具有持续、累积性的抗菌活性，这一点与酒精不同，酒精已被证实在重复使用后效果会降低，可能是由于会逐渐引起不良的皮肤反应。
Many people in low-income communities cannot afford soap and use ash or soil instead.
低收入社区的许多人负担不起肥皂，可使用草木灰或土代替。
Ash or soil may be more effective than water alone, but may be less effective than soap.
草木灰或土比单独用水洗手效果要好，但不如肥皂。
One concern is that if the soil or ash is contaminated with microorganisms it may increase the spread of disease rather than decrease it.
其中存在的一个问题是，如果土或草木灰受到微生物的污染，那么，可能会加速疾病的传播，而不是减缓传播。
Like soap, ash is also a disinfecting agent because in contact with water, it forms an alkaline solution.
与肥皂一样，草木灰也是一种消毒剂，因为它遇水后会形成碱性溶液。
WHO recommended ash or sand as alternative to soap when soap is not available.
WHO 建议如果没有肥皂可用，可以用草木灰或沙子代替肥皂。
Correct handwashing technique recommended by the US Centers for Disease Control for prevention of transmission of disease includes the following steps:
美国疾病控制与预防中心为预防疾病传播而建议的正确洗手方式步骤如下：
Wet hands with warm or cold running water.
用流动的温水或凉水弄湿手。
Running water is recommended because standing basins may be contaminated, while the temperature of the water does not seem to make a difference.
建议用流水是因为立式盆可能会被污染，而水温似乎关系不大。
Lather hands by rubbing them with a generous amount of soap, including the backs of hands, between fingers, and under nails.
使用足量的肥皂反复搓洗以产生泡沫，同时要清洗手背、手指间及指甲缝。
Soap lifts germs from the skin, and studies show that people tend to wash their hands more thoroughly when soap is used rather than water alone.
肥皂可去除皮肤上的细菌，研究显示，人们在使用肥皂而不是单独用水洗手时，往往会更彻底地洗手。
Scrub for at least 20 seconds.
至少搓洗 20 秒。
Scrubbing creates friction, which helps remove germs from skin, and scrubbing for longer periods removes more germs.
搓洗可产生摩擦力，这有助于去除皮肤上的细菌，搓洗时间越长，去除的细菌越多。
Rinse well under running water.
用流水充分清洗。
Rinsing in a basin can recontaminate hands.
用水盆洗手会造成重新污染。
Dry with a clean towel or allow to air dry.
用干净的毛巾擦干或自然晾干。
Wet and moist hands are more easily recontaminated.The most commonly missed areas are the thumb, the wrist, the areas between the fingers, and under fingernails.
手部潮湿比较容易被重新污染。拇指、手腕、手指间的区域以及指甲缝是最常被忽略的部位。
Artificial nails and chipped nail polish may harbor microorganisms.
人工指甲和裂开的指甲油可能会藏匿微生物。
Moisturizing lotion is often recommended to keep the hands from drying out; dry skin can lead to skin damage which can increase the risk for the transmission of infection.
通常建议使用保湿乳液来避免手部干燥；皮肤干燥会导致皮肤受损，从而增加感染传播的风险。
Various low-cost options can be made to facilitate hand washing where tap-water and/or soap is not available e.g. pouring water from a hanging jerrycan or gourd with suitable holes and/or using ash if needed in developing countries.In situations with limited water supply (such as schools or rural areas in developing countries), there are water-conserving solutions, such as "tippy-taps" and other low-cost options.
在发展中国家无法获取自来水和/或肥皂的地方，可提供各种低成本措施来方便洗手，例如，通过一个悬挂着的桶或有孔的葫芦倒水，以及/或者使用草木灰洗手（必要时）。在水源供应有限的情况下（例如，发展中国家的学校或农村地区），可采用节水的洗手方案，例如，简易水龙头和其他低成本的方式。
A tippy-tap is a simple technology using a jug suspended by a rope, and a foot-operated lever to pour a small amount of water over the hands and a bar of soap.
简易水龙头的技术很简单，用绳子悬挂好一个水罐，然后通过一个脚踏板向手上倒出少量的水，再使用肥皂。
Effective drying of the hands is an essential part of the hand hygiene process, but there is some debate over the most effective form of drying in public washrooms.
有效地擦干手是手部卫生流程的重要一步，但是，对于公共卫生间里最有效的干手方式还存在一些争论。
A growing volume of research suggests paper towels are much more hygienic than the electric hand dryers found in many washrooms.
越来越多的研究表明，纸巾比许多卫生间提供的电动干手机更卫生。
In 2008, a study was conducted by the University of Westminster, London, and sponsored by the paper-towel industry the European Tissue Symposium, to compare the levels of hygiene offered by paper towels, warm-air hand dryers and the more modern jet-air hand dryers.
2008 年，伦敦威斯敏斯特大学进行了一项由纸巾行业的欧洲纸巾研究会（European Tissue Symposium）赞助的研究，对纸巾、暖风式干手机以及更加现代的喷射式干手机，在卫生程度方面进行了比较。
After washing and drying hands with the warm-air dryer, the total number of bacteria was found to increase on average on the finger pads by 194% and on the palms by 254%.
洗手后使用暖风式干手机烘干双手，发现手指上细菌总量平均增加 194%，手掌上细菌总量平均增加 254%。
Drying with the jet-air dryer resulted in an increase on average of the total number of bacteria on the finger pads by 42% and on the palms by 15%.
而以喷射式干手机干手，手指上细菌总量平均增加 42%，手掌上细菌总量平均增加 15%。
After washing and drying hands with a paper towel, the total number of bacteria was reduced on average on the finger pads by up to 76% and on the palms by up to 77%.The scientists also carried out tests to establish whether there was the potential for cross contamination of other washroom users and the washroom environment as a result of each type of drying method.
洗手后用纸巾擦干手，手指上的细菌总量平均减少 76%，掌心细菌总量平均减少 77%。科学家还进行了各项测试，以确定各种干手方法是否可能造成其他卫生间使用者和卫生间设施出现交叉感染。
The jet-air dryer, which blows air out of the unit at claimed speeds of 180 m/s (650 km/h; 400 mph), was capable of blowing micro-organisms from the hands and the unit and potentially contaminating other washroom users and the washroom environment up to 2 metres away.
据称喷射式干手机以180米/秒（650公里/小时；每小时400英里）将空气喷出， 能够吹走手上和机身上的微生物，从而可能会污染 2 米以内的其他卫生间使用者和卫生间设施。
Use of a warm-air hand dryer spread micro-organisms up to 0.25 metres from the dryer.
使用暖风式干手机可将微生物传播到干手机以外 0.25 米的地方。
Paper towels showed no significant spread of micro-organisms.In 2005, in a study conducted by TÜV Produkt und Umwelt, different hand drying methods were evaluated.
使用纸巾干手的结果表明，不会出现严重的微生物传播。2005 年，TÜV Produkt und Umwelt 进行了一项研究，对不同的干手方式进行了评估。
The following changes in the bacterial count after drying the hands were observed:
干手后观察到细菌数量发生以下变化：
Many different hand dryer manufacturers exist, and hand driers have been compared against drying with paper towels.
该研究有许多不同的干手机生产商参与，对这些干手机与用纸巾干手进行了比较。
Hand washing using hand sanitizing wipes is an alternative during traveling in the absence of soap and water.
旅行期间，在没有肥皂和水的情况下，可以选择使用手部消毒湿巾洗手。
Alcohol-based hand sanitizer should contain at least 60% alcohol.
酒精免洗洗手液的酒精含量至少应达到 60%。
Medical hand-washing became mandatory long after Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis discovered its effectiveness (in 1846) in preventing disease in a hospital environment.
匈牙利医生伊格纳兹·塞麦尔维斯（Ignaz Semmelweis）于1846 年发现洗手能有效预防医院内的疾病传播，然而，在很久之后，才强制要求医护人员进行洗手。
There are electronic devices that provide feedback to remind hospital staff to wash their hands when they forget.
医院使用可提供反馈的电子设备，以便在医院工作人员忘记洗手时进行提醒。
One study has found decreased infection rates with their use.
一项研究发现，使用这些设备后感染率有所降低。
Medical hand-washing is for a minimum of 15 seconds, using generous amounts of soap and water or gel to lather and rub each part of the hands.
医务人员洗手至少要持续 15 秒，洗手时使用足量的肥皂和水或凝胶，以产生泡沫并搓洗手的各个部位。
Hands should be rubbed together with digits interlocking.
双手手指相扣互搓。
If there is debris under fingernails, a bristle brush may be used to remove it.
如果指甲缝之间有残渣，可以用硬毛刷清除。
Since germs may remain in the water on the hands, it is important to rinse well and wipe dry with a clean towel.
由于手上残留的水分可能仍有细菌，因此，必须充分清洗并用干净的毛巾擦干。
After drying, the paper towel should be used to turn off the water (and open any exit door if necessary).
擦干后，应使用纸巾关闭水龙头（必要时，使用纸巾打开出口门）。
This avoids re-contaminating the hands from those surfaces.
这可防止由于接触这些表面而再次污染手部。
The purpose of hand-washing in the health-care setting is to remove pathogenic microorganisms ("germs") and avoid transmitting them.
在医疗卫生机构，洗手的目的是消除病原微生物（“细菌”）并避免传播。
The New England Journal of Medicine reports that a lack of hand-washing remains at unacceptable levels in most medical environments, with large numbers of doctors and nurses routinely forgetting to wash their hands before touching patients, thus transmitting microorganisms.
《新英格兰医学杂志》上的报告表明，在大多数医疗环境下，仍存在洗手未达到可接受水平的情况，大量医护人员在接触病人前常常忘记洗手，从而导致微生物传播。
One study showed that proper hand-washing and other simple procedures can decrease the rate of catheter-related bloodstream infections by 66 percent.The World Health Organization has published a sheet demonstrating standard hand-washing and hand-rubbing in health-care sectors.
一项研究表明，正确洗手加上其他简单的程序，可以将导管相关的血流感染率减少 66%。世界卫生组织公布了一个工作表，对医疗机构的标准洗手和搓手方法进行了示范。
The draft guidance of hand hygiene by the organization can also be found at its website for public comment.
该组织也在其网站上公布了手部卫生指南草稿，以获得公众意见。
A relevant review was conducted by Whitby et al.
Whitby 等人进行了相关综述。
Commercial devices can measure and validate hand hygiene, if demonstration of regulatory compliance is required.
如果需要证实法规合规性，那么商业设备可以对手部卫生进行衡量和验证。
The World Health Organization has "Five Moments" for washing hands:
世界卫生组织建议洗手的“五个时刻”：
after exposure to blood/body fluids
接触血液/体液后
before an aseptic task, and
进行无菌操作之前以及
after patient care.The addition of antiseptic chemicals to soap ("medicated" or "antimicrobial" soaps) confers killing action to a hand-washing agent.
照顾患者之后。将抗菌化学品添加到肥皂中（“药皂”或“抗菌皂”）可使洗手剂产生杀菌作用。
Such killing action may be desired prior to performing surgery or in settings in which antibiotic-resistant organisms are highly prevalent.To 'scrub' one's hands for a surgical operation, it is necessary to have a tap that can be turned on and off without touching it with the hands, some chlorhexidine or iodine wash, sterile towels for drying the hands after washing, and a sterile brush for scrubbing and another sterile instrument for cleaning under the fingernails.
在进行手术前或有大量抗生素耐药微生物的环境中，可能需要这种杀菌操作。为做手术而“擦洗”双手时，必须有无需接触就可以打开和关闭的水龙头、含氯己定或碘的洗手液，洗手后用来擦干手的无菌毛巾，擦洗用的无菌刷和清洁指甲缝的其他无菌工具。
All jewelry should be removed.
所有首饰都要取下。
This procedure requires washing the hands and forearms up to the elbow, usually 2–6 minutes.
此程序要求清洗手、前臂直至肘部，通常要洗 2–6 分钟。
Long scrub-times (10 minutes) are not necessary.
不需要长时间搓洗（10 分钟）。
When rinsing, water on the forearms must be prevented from running back to the hands.
冲洗时，必须防止前臂上的水回流到手上。
After hand-washing is completed, the hands are dried with a sterile cloth and a surgical gown is donned.
洗完手后，使用无菌布擦干手并穿上手术衣。
To reduce the spread of germs, it is better to wash the hands or use a hand antiseptic before and after tending to a sick person.
为减少细菌传播，在接触病人前后，最好洗手或使用免洗杀菌洗手液。
For control of staphylococcal infections in hospitals, it has been found that the greatest benefit from hand-cleansing came from the first 20% of washing, and that very little additional benefit was gained when hand cleansing frequency was increased beyond 35%.
为控制医院中的葡萄球菌感染症，人们发现，清洁手部最大的效益来自于洗手频率达到 20% 的时候，当清洁手部频率增加到 35% 以上时，进一步的获益极为有限。
Washing with plain soap results in more than triple the rate of bacterial infectious disease transmitted to food as compared to washing with antibacterial soap.Comparing hand-rubbing with alcohol-based solution with hand washing with antibacterial soap for a median time of 30 seconds each showed that the alcohol hand-rubbing reduced bacterial contamination 26% more than the antibacterial soap.
与使用抗菌肥皂相比，使用普通肥皂洗手会导致传播到食物上的细菌感染性疾病比例增加三倍以上。将使用酒精搓手液搓手与用抗菌皂洗手进行比较（分别洗 30 秒）后，发现使用酒精搓手液细菌感染的比例比抗菌肥皂低 26%。
But soap and water is more effective than alcohol-based hand rubs for reducing H1N1 influenza A virus and Clostridium difficile spores from hands.Interventions to improve hand hygiene in healthcare settings can involve education for staff on hand washing, increasing the availability of alcohol-based hand rub, and written and verbal reminders to staff.
但是，对于减少手上甲型 H1N1 流感(HI1N1 influenza A)病毒和难辨梭状芽胞杆菌(Clostridium difficile spores)，肥皂和水比酒精搓手液更有效。可通过培训员工如何洗手、增加酒精搓手液的供应以及对员工进行书面和口头提醒等干预措施，来改善医疗机构的手部卫生情况。
There is a need for more research into which of these interventions are most effective in different healthcare settings.
对于在各种医疗环境下，哪些干预最有效，则需要进一步研究。
In developing countries, hand washing with soap is recognized as a cost-effective, essential tool for achieving good health, and even good nutrition.
在发展中国家，用肥皂洗手被认为是一种具成本效益的达到身体健康、甚至良好营养的重要工具。
However, a lack of reliable water supply, soap or hand washing facilities in people's homes, at schools and at the workplace make it a challenge to achieve universal hand washing behaviors.
不过，人们的家中、学校和工作场所缺少可靠的水源供应、肥皂或洗手设施，这使得普及洗手行为成为一项挑战。
For example, in most of rural Africa hand washing taps close to every private or public toilet are scarce, even though cheap options exist to build hand washing stations.
例如，在大多数非洲农村地区，即使有廉价的方法建造洗手台，在每个私人卫生间或公共卫生间附近安有洗手水龙头的情况还是非常少见。
However, low hand washing rates rather can also be the result of engrained habits rather than due to a lack of soap or water.
不过，洗手频率低也可能是根深蒂固的习惯使然，而不是因为缺少肥皂或水。
The promotion and advocacy of hand washing with soap can influence policy decisions, raise awareness about the benefits of hand washing and lead to long-term behavior change of the population.
推广和倡导使用肥皂洗手可以影响政策制定，提高对洗手好处的认识，并且导致居民长期的行为变化。
For this to work effectively, monitoring and evaluation are necessary.
要想行之有效，就必须进行监督和评估。
A systematic review of 70 studies found that community-based approaches are effective at increasing hand washing in LMICs, while social marketing campaigns are less effective.One example for hand washing promotion in schools is the "Three Star Approach" by UNICEF that encourages schools to take simple, inexpensive steps to ensure that students wash their hands with soap, among other hygienic requirements.
通过对 70 项研究进行系统性评估发现，在中低收入国家 (LMICs) 增加洗手比例上，基于社区的方法有效，而社会营销活动效果较差。在学校倡导洗手的一个例子是联合国儿童基金会推行的“三星方法”，除其他卫生要求外，鼓励学校采取简单、便宜的措施来确保学生用肥皂洗手。
When minimum standards are achieved, schools can move from one to ultimately three stars.
当达到最低标准时，学校可以从一颗星升到最高的三颗星。
Building hand washing stations can be a part of hand washing promotion campaigns that are carried out in order to reduce diseases and child mortality.
洗手推广活动可包括修建洗手台，以减少疾病和儿童死亡率。
Global Hand washing Day is another example of an awareness-raising campaign that is trying to achieve behavior change.As a result of the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic, UNICEF promoted the adoption of a handwashing emoji.
提升洗手意识活动的另一个例子是世界洗手日，目的是尝试实现行为上的改变。由于2019-20 冠状病毒大流行，联合国儿童基金会推广使用了一个洗手的表情符号。
Few studies have considered the overall cost effectiveness of hand washing in developing countries in relationship to DALYs averted.
很少有研究考察过在发展中国家，洗手带来的总体成本效益与避免伤残调整寿命年 (DALY) 之间的关系。
However, one review suggests that promoting hand washing with soap is significantly more cost-effective than other water and sanitation interventions.
不过，有报告显示，与其他水和卫生设施干预相比，倡导用肥皂洗手的成本效益更显著。
The importance of hand washing for human health – particularly for people in vulnerable circumstances like mothers who had just given birth or wounded soldiers in hospitals – was first recognized in the mid 19th century by two pioneers of hand hygiene: the Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis who worked in Vienna, Austria and Florence Nightingale, the English "founder of modern nursing".
最早认识到洗手对人类健康重要性的——特别是对那些身体孱弱的人（例如，医院里刚刚生产后的母亲或受伤的士兵），是19 世纪中期两位手部卫生领域的先锋人物：奥地利维也纳工作的匈牙利医生伊格纳兹·塞麦尔维斯（Ignaz Semmelweis） 和英国“现代护理学创始人”弗洛伦斯·南丁格尔（Florence Nightingale）。
At that time most people still believed that infections were caused by foul odors called miasmas.
那时，大多数人们仍认为感染是被称为瘴毒的恶臭味所引起。
In the 1980s, foodborne outbreaks and healthcare-associated infections led the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to more actively promote hand hygiene as an important way to prevent the spread of infection.
二十世纪八十年代食源性疾病爆发和医源性感染，促使美国疾病控制与预防中心更积极倡导手部卫生，强调手部卫生是预防感染传播的重要方式。
The outbreak of swine flu in 2009 and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 led to increased awareness in many countries of the importance of washing hands with soap to protect oneself from such infectious diseases.
2009 年猪流感的爆发和 2020 年 COVID-19 大流行，使许多国家更加认识到用肥皂洗手的重要性，以保护人们免于感染此类传染性疾病。
For example, posters with "correct hand washing techniques" were hung up next to hand washing sinks in public toilets and in the toilets of office buildings and airports in Germany.
例如，德国在公共卫生间、办公大楼以及机场卫生间的洗手池旁会悬挂“正确洗手方法”海报。
The phrase "washing one's hands of" something, means declaring one's unwillingness to take responsibility for the thing or share complicity in it.
习语“洗手不干了”的意思是，某人声明不愿对某事负责或不愿参与某事。
It originates from the bible passage in Matthew where Pontius Pilate washed his hands of the decision to crucify Jesus Christ, but has become a phrase with a much wider usage in some English communities.
它源自《圣经》马太福音中的内容，本丢·彼拉多 (Pontius Pilate) 在决定钉死耶稣后洗手，后来在一些讲英语的群体中演变为使用广泛的习语。
In Shakespeare's Macbeth, Lady Macbeth begins to compulsively wash her hands in an attempt to cleanse an imagined stain, representing her guilty conscience regarding crimes she had committed and induced her husband to commit.
在莎士比亚的《麦克白》中，麦克白夫人为试图清洗想象中的污点开始强迫性洗手，表明她对自己犯下的罪行和怂恿丈夫犯罪感到内疚。
It has also been found that people, after having recalled or contemplated unethical acts, tend to wash hands more often than others, and tend to value hand washing equipment more.
研究表明，想起或设想了不道德行为的人，往往会比其他人更频繁地洗手，并往往更珍惜洗手设施。
Furthermore, those who are allowed to wash their hands after such a contemplation are less likely to engage in other "cleansing" compensatory actions, such as volunteering.
此外，在设想了不道德行为后可以洗手的那些人，不太可能从事其他“有净化作用的”补偿行动，例如，做志愿者。
Religions prescribe hand washing for both hygienic and symbolic purposes.Symbolic hand washing, using water but no soap to wash hands, is a part of ritual hand washing featured in many religions, including Bahá'í Faith, Hinduism, tevilah and netilat yadayim in Judaism, Lavabo in Christianity, and Wudhu in Islam.Religions also prescribe hygienic hand washing, especially after certain actions.
宗教出于卫生和象征目的而要求洗手。洗手时用水但不用肥皂的象征性洗手是许多宗教标志性洗手礼的一部分，其中包括巴哈伊信仰、印度教、犹太教中的沐浴式 (tevilah) 和洗手式 (netilat yadayim) 洁净礼、基督教中的洗手礼和伊斯兰教中的小净。宗教还有卫生方面的洗手规定，特别是在某些行为之后。
Hinduism, Judaism and Islam mandate washing of hands after using the toilet.
印度教、犹太教和伊斯兰教要求在如厕后洗手。
And, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Judaism and Islam mandate washing of hands before and after every meal.
印度教、佛教、锡克教、犹太教和伊斯兰教要求用餐前后洗手。
Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on education
2019-20冠状病毒疫情对教育的影响
The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic has affected educational systems worldwide, leading to the widespread closures of schools and universities.
2019-20冠状病毒疫情已经影响了全球教育系统，导致中小学和大学普遍关闭。
As of 8 April 2020, approximately 1.716 billion learners have been affected due to school closures in response to COVID-19.
截止到2020年4月8日，约有17.16亿学生由于学校为应对COVID-19而关闭的举措受到影响。
According to UNESCO monitoring, 188 countries have implemented nationwide closures and 5 have implemented local closures, impacting about 99.4% of the world's student population.
联合国教科文组织的监控结果显示，188个国家/地区已实行全国范围的关闭举措，5个国家/地区实行了地区性关闭，这影响到全球大约99.4%的学生。
On 23 March 2020, Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) released a statement announcing the cancellation of Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge O Level, Cambridge International AS &amp; A Level, Cambridge AICE Diploma, and Cambridge Pre-U examinations for the May/June 2020 series across all countries.
2020年3月23日，剑桥国际考试委员会(CIE)发布了一项声明，宣布取消所有国家/地区2020年5月/6月的系列考试，包括Cambridge IGCSE、Cambridge O Level、Cambridge International AS &amp; A Level、Cambridge AICE Diploma和Cambridge Pre-U。
International Baccalaureate exams have also been cancelled.School closures impact not only students, teachers, and families, but have far-reaching economic and societal consequences.
国际文凭组织的考试也已取消。学校关闭不仅会影响学生、教师和家庭，还会产生深远的经济和社会后果。
School closures in response to COVID-19 have shed light on various social and economic issues, including student debt, digital learning, food insecurity, and homelessness, as well as access to childcare, health care, housing, internet, and disability services.
为应对COVID-19而关闭学校反映出各种社会和经济问题，包括学生贷款、数字化学习、食品安全和无家可归问题，以及儿童保育、医疗保健、住房、互联网和残障人士服务的提供情况。
The impact was more severe for disadvantaged children and their families, causing interrupted learning, compromised nutrition, childcare problems, and consequent economic cost to families who could not work.In response to school closures, UNESCO recommended the use of distance learning programmes and open educational applications and platforms that schools and teachers can use to reach learners remotely and limit the disruption of education.
该影响对于弱势儿童和他们的家庭更为严重，导致学习中断、营养不良、儿童保育问题，以及由此给无法工作的家庭带来的经济损失。为了应对学校关闭，联合国教科文组织建议使用远程学习课程以及开放式教育应用程序和平台，供学校和教师用来远程联系学生，缓解教育中断情况。
Efforts to stem the spread of COVID-19 through non-pharmaceutical interventions and preventive measures such as social-distancing and self-isolation have prompted the widespread closure of primary, secondary, and tertiary schooling in over 100 countries.Previous outbreaks of infectious diseases have prompted widespread school closings around the world, with varying levels of effectiveness.
通过非药物干预以及保持社交距离和自我隔离等预防性措施来阻止COVID-19扩散的举措导致超过100个国家/地区的小学、中学和高校普遍关闭。以前爆发的传染性疾病曾导致全球学校普遍关闭，并且该关闭举措取得了不同程度的成效。
Mathematical modelling has shown that transmission of an outbreak may be delayed by closing schools.
数学建模显示，关闭学校可能会延缓病毒爆发所导致的传染。
However, effectiveness depends on the contacts children maintain outside of school.
然而，效果取决于学生在校外的社交接触。
School closures may be effective when enacted promptly.
快速实施关闭学校的举措可能会有效。
If school closures occur late relative to an outbreak, they are less effective and may not have any impact at all.
如果病毒爆发以后才迟迟关闭学校，则效果会大打折扣，甚至完全无效。
Additionally, in some cases, the reopening of schools after a period of closure has resulted in increased infection rates.
另外，在一些案例中，学校关闭一段时间后重新开学导致了感染率增加。
As closures tend to occur concurrently with other interventions such as public gathering bans, it can be difficult to measure the specific impact of school closures.During the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in the United States, school closures and public gathering bans were associated with lower total mortality rates.
由于关闭往往与禁止公共聚会等其他干预措施同时实施，因此很难衡量关闭学校的具体影响。1918-1919年流感在美国大流行期间，学校关闭和公共聚会禁令降低了总死亡率。
Cities that implemented such interventions earlier had greater delays in reaching peak mortality rates.
较早实施此类干预措施的城市大大延缓了死亡率高峰的到来。
Schools closed for a median duration of 4 weeks according to a study of 43 US cities' response to the Spanish Flu.
根据一项针对美国43个城市应对西班牙流感的研究，学校关闭的平均持续时间为4周。
School closures were shown to reduce morbidity from the Asian flu by 90% during the 1957–58 outbreak, and up to 50% in controlling influenza in the US, 2004–2008.Multiple countries successfully slowed the spread of infection through school closures during the 2009 H1N1 Flu pandemic.
在1957-1958年的亚洲流感爆发期间，美国通过学校关闭举措使发病率降低了90%；2004-2008年期间，该举措将流感发病率降低了50%。在2009年H1N1流感期间，多个国家/地区都实施了学校关闭政策，成功地减缓了传染病的扩散。
School closures in the city of Oita, Japan, were found to have successfully decreased the number of infected students at the peak of infection; however closing schools was not found to have significantly decreased the total number of infected students.
据发现，日本大分市的学校关闭举措成功降低了感染高峰期的感染学生人数；但未发现关闭学校显著降低感染学生的总人数。
Mandatory school closures and other social distancing measures were associated with a 29% to 37% reduction in influenza transmission rates.
强制关闭学校和其他保持社交距离的措施使流感传染速度降低了29%至37%。
Early school closures in the United States delayed the peak of the 2009 H1N1 Flu pandemic.
美国及早实行的学校关闭措施延缓了2009年H1N1流感大流行高峰期的到来。
Despite the overall success of closing schools, a study of school closures in Michigan found that "district level reactive school closures were ineffective."During the swine flu outbreak in 2009 in the UK, in an article titled "Closure of schools during an influenza pandemic" published in the Lancet Infectious Diseases, a group of epidemiologists endorsed the closure of schools in order to interrupt the course of the infection, slow further spread and buy time to research and produce a vaccine.
尽管关闭学校举措在总体上是成功的，但一项针对密歇根州学校关闭举措的研究显示，“地区级别的被动关闭学校没有效果”。根据《柳叶刀传染性疾病》上发表的一篇标题为《流感大流行期间的学校关闭措施》的文章所述，在2009年英国猪流感爆发期间，一些流行病学专家都赞成关闭学校，以切断感染过程、减慢病毒进一步扩散，并为研发和生产疫苗赢得时间。
Having studied previous influenza pandemics including the 1918 flu pandemic, the influenza pandemic of 1957 and the 1968 flu pandemic, they reported on the economic and workforce effect school closure would have, particularly with a large percentage of doctors and nurses being women, of whom half had children under the age of 16.
在对以往的流感大流行（包括1918年流感大流行、1957年流感大流行和1968年流感大流行）进行研究后，他们报道了学校关闭对经济和劳动力造成的影响，特别是在医生和护士中，女性占较大比例，而且其中半数有不满16周岁的子女。
They also looked at the dynamics of the spread of influenza in France during French school holidays and noted that cases of flu dropped when schools closed and re-emerged when they re-opened.
他们还研究了在法国学校放假期间，法国流感扩散的动态趋势，并注意到在学校关闭期间，流感病例数下降，而在学校重新开学后，病例数反弹。
They noted that when teachers in Israel went on strike during the flu season of 1999–2000, visits to doctors and the number of respiratory infections dropped by more than a fifth and more than two fifths respectively.
他们指出，在1999–2000年以色列流感发病期，以色列教师举行了罢工，就医人数和呼吸道感染人数分别下降了五分之一以上和五分之二以上。
For schools and childcare facilities, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends short-term closure to clean or disinfect if an infected person has been in a school building regardless of community spread.
对于学校和儿童福利机构，美国疾病控制与预防中心建议，如果有已感染的患者曾在学校教学楼逗留过，不论病毒在社区内的扩散情况如何，都应进行短期封闭，以便进行清洁或消毒。
When there is minimal to moderate community transmission, social distancing strategies can be implemented such as cancelling field trips, assemblies, and other large gatherings such as physical education or choir classes or meals in a cafeteria, increasing the space between desks, staggering arrival and dismissal times, limiting nonessential visitors, and using a separate health office location for children with flu-like symptoms.
当社区传染程度极低或不严重时，可以实施保持社交距离的策略，例如，取消野外郊游、集会以及其他大型聚会（如体育课、合唱班或在餐厅就餐）、增大课桌之间的空间、错峰上下学、限制非必要的来访者，以及对出现疑似流感症状的儿童安排单独的就医点。
When there is substantial transmission in the local community, in addition to social distancing strategies, extended school dismissals may be considered.
如果当地社区出现了大量传染，除了实施保持社交距离策略之外，还可以考虑延长学校假期。
On 26 January, China instituted measures to contain the COVID-19 outbreak which included extending the Spring Festival holiday to contain the outbreak.
1月26日，中国制定措施控制COVID-19疫情爆发，其中包括延长春节假期以控制疫情爆发。
Universities and schools around the country closed.
全国各地的大学和中小学校纷纷关闭。
On 23 February, Iran's Ministry of Health announced the closure of universities, higher educational institutions and schools in several cities and provinces.
2月23日，伊朗卫生部宣布关闭多个城市和省份的大学、高等教育机构和中小学校。
On 3 March, UNESCO released the first global numbers on school closures and affected students.
3月3日，联合国教科文组织公布了关于学校关闭和受影响学生的第一批全球数字。
It reported that 13 countries had enacted preventive measures including the temporary closure of schools and universities, impacting 290.5 million students around the world.
它报告说，有13个国家/地区颁布了预防性措施，其中包括暂时关闭中小学和大学，这影响了全球2.905亿学生。
In reaction, UNESCO called on countries to support affected students and families and facilitate large-scale inclusive distance learning programmes.
作为回应，联合国教科文组织呼吁各个国家/地区为受影响的学生和家庭提供支持，并推动大范围实施全纳远程学习课程。
On 4 March, the Italian government ordered the full closure of all schools and universities nationwide as Italy reached 100 deaths.
3月4日，意大利政府下令全国所有的中小学和大学全部关闭，因为意大利的死亡人数已达100人。
In doing so, Italy became one of 22 countries on three continents which had announced or implemented school closures.
如此一来，意大利成为了三大洲中宣布或实施关闭学校措施的22个国家/地区之一。
On 5 March, the majority of learners affected by COVID-19 emergency measures were located in China, with 233 million learners affected, followed by Japan at 16.5 million and Iran at 14.5 million.
3月5日，受COVID-19紧急措施影响的大部分学生都在中国，受影响学生人数为2.33亿人，其次是日本的1650万人和伊朗的1450万人。
By 10 March, one in five students worldwide was "staying away from school due to the COVID-19 crisis" while another one in four was barred from higher education institutions.
截止到3月10日，全世界五分之一的学生“因COVID-19危机而离开学校”，同时四分之一的高校生被禁止入校。
On 13 March, governments in 49 countries announced or implemented school closures, including 39 countries which closed schools nationwide and 22 countries with localised school closures.
3月13日，49个国家/地区的政府宣布或实施了关闭学校措施，其中39个国家/地区在全国范围内关闭学校，22个国家/地区实施了地方性的学校关闭措施。
By 16 March, this figure increased from 49 to 73 countries according to UNESCO.
截止到3月16日，据联合国教科文组织报道，这一数字从49个国家/地区增加到了73个。
By 19 March, 50% of students worldwide were affected by school closures, corresponding to nationwide closures in 102 countries and local closures in 11 countries affecting 850 million children and youth.
截止到3月19日，全球50%的学生受到学校关闭举措的影响，102个国家/地区在全国范围内关闭学校，11个国家/地区在地方范围内关闭学校，影响了8.5亿儿童和青年。
By 20 March, over 70% of the world's learners were impacted by closures, with 124 country-wide school closures.
截止到3月20日，全球超过70%的学生受到学校关闭举措的影响，124个国家/地区在全国范围内关闭学校。
On 23 March, all Nigerian school were found to have been closed down by Nigerian government, markets as well as companies were closed down and children were forbidden by parents to step out of their homes.
3月23日，尼日利亚政府关闭了所有尼日利亚学校，市场和公司也被关闭，家长禁止儿童踏出家门。
On 26 March, all New Zealand schools and universities have been closed down across the country.
3月26日，新西兰全国的所有中小学校和大学都已关闭。
The government has imposed a two-week holiday, allowing schools to transition to forms of distant teaching as soon as possible.
政府强制放假两周，允许学校尽快将教学形式转为远程教学。
Universities have closed for one week, but resumed with online teaching afterwards.
大学关闭了一周，但之后又通过在线教学的方式复课。
Other school services remain open, but teaching is restricted to distant learning.
学校的其他服务仍然开放，但授课方式仅限于远程学习。
By 27 March, nearly 90 percent of the world's student population was out of class.
截止到3月27日，全球近90%的学生都已离开学校。
Regions with schools remaining open included Taiwan, Singapore, Australia, Sweden, and some U.S. states.
仍然开放学校的地区包括台湾、新加坡、澳大利亚、瑞典和美国的一些州。
By 29 March, more than 1.5 billion children and other students were affected by nationwide school closures.
截止到3月29日，超过15亿儿童和其他学生受到全国性关闭学校的影响。
Others were disrupted by localized closures.
其他人则受到地方性关闭学校的影响。
Until April 6, holidays were extended in all secondary schools of Turkmenistan.
截止到4月6日，土库曼斯坦所有的中学都延长了假期。
An order signed by the Ministry of Education as a preventative measure aims to prevent the spread of respiratory diseases in connection with the WHO coronavirus pandemic.
教育部签署了一项命令作为预防措施，旨在防止与WHO宣布的冠状病毒疫情有关的呼吸道疾病的扩散。
10 countries have localised schools closures, UNESCO estimates 473,933,356 learners are potentially at risk (pre-primary to upper-secondary education) and 77,938,904 learners are potentially at risk in tertiary education.
在10个实施地方性关闭学校举措的国家/地区中，联合国教科文组织估计有473,933,356名学生可能面临风险（学前到高中教育），高等教育中有77,938,904名学生可能面临风险。
Note: Figures correspond to total number of learners enrolled at pre-primary, primary, lower-secondary, and upper-secondary levels of education [ISCED levels 0 to 3], as well as at tertiary education levels [ISCED levels 5 to 8] who could be affected should localised closures become countrywide.
注意：这些数字与接受学前、小学、初中和高中教育[ISCED 0-3级]以及接受高等教育[ISCED 5-8级]的学生总数相对应，如果地方性关闭学校举措变为全国性关闭学校，则接受高等教育的学生就会受到影响。
Enrolment figures based on latest UNESCO Institute of Statistics data.
入学人数基于最新的联合国教科文组织统计研究所数据。
School closures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic have shed a light on numerous issues affecting access to education, as well as broader socio-economic issues.
为应对COVID-19疫情而关闭学校反映出许多影响教育机会的问题，以及更为广泛的社会经济问题。
As of March 12, more than 370 million children and youth are not attending school because of temporary or indefinite country wide school closures mandated by governments in an attempt to slow the spread of COVID-19.
截止到3月12日，为减缓COVID-19的扩散，政府要求在全国范围内暂时或无限期关闭学校，导致超过3.7亿名儿童和青年无法入校学习。
As of 29 March, nearly 90% of the world's learners were impacted by closures.Even when school closures are temporary, it carries high social and economic costs.
截止到3月29日，全球近90%的学生受到关闭学校举措的影响。即使是暂时关闭学校，也会产生很高的社会和经济成本。
The disruptions they cause affect people across communities, but their impact is more severe for disadvantaged children and their families including interrupted learning, compromised nutrition, childcare problems and consequent economic cost to families who cannot work.
它们造成的中断对各个社区的人群造成了影响，但对弱势儿童及其家庭的影响尤为严重，其中包括学习中断、营养不良、儿童保育问题以及由此给无法工作的家庭带来的经济损失。
Working parents are more likely to miss work when schools close in order to take care of their children, incurring wage loss in many instances and negatively impacting productivity.
学校关闭后，上班族家长很可能为了照顾子女而耽误工作，在许多情况下会遭受工资损失，生产效率也因此受到负面影响。
Localised school closures place burdens on schools as parents and officials redirect children to schools that are open.
地方性关闭学校的举措也会给其他学校带来负担，因为家长和官员会将孩子们重新转入还在开放的学校。
Women often represent a large share of health-care workers and often cannot attend work because of childcare obligations that result from school closures.
女性通常在医护人员中占据很大的比例，学校关闭后，她们不得不承担起看护子女的责任，所以往往无法继续工作。
This means that many medical professionals are not at the facilities where they are most needed during a health crisis.
这意味着，在健康危机时期，许多医疗专业人员都无法坚守在最需要他们的地方。
Lack of access to technology or fast, reliable internet access can prevent students in rural areas and from disadvantaged families.
对于生活在农村地区和来自贫困家庭的学生来说，由于缺少技术支持或快速、可靠的互联网访问，使得他们无法接受远程教育。
Lack of access to technology or good internet connectivity is an obstacle to continued learning, especially for students from disadvantaged families.
缺少技术支持和稳定的互联网连接成为继续学习的阻碍，对来自贫困家庭的学生来说尤为如此。
In response to school closures caused by COVID-19, UNESCO recommends the use of distance learning programmes and open educational applications and platforms that schools and teachers can use to reach learners remotely and limit the disruption of education.To aid in slowing the transmission of COVID-19, hundreds of libraries have temporarily closed.
针对因COVID-19而导致的学校关闭，联合国教科文组织建议开展远程学习课程，并开放教育应用程序和平台，让学校和老师为学生远程授课，以减少学业中断。为了帮助减缓COVID-19的传染，数百家图书馆已暂时关闭。
In the United States, numerous major cities announced public library closures, including Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and New York City, affecting 221 libraries.
在美国，许多主要城市都已宣布关闭公共图书馆，其中包括洛杉矶、旧金山、西雅图和纽约市，受此影响的图书馆已有221家。
For students without internet at home, this increases the difficulty of keeping up with distance learning.
对于家里没有互联网的学生来说，这增加了他们跟上远程学习进度的难度。
School closures puts a strain on parents and guardians to provide childcare and manage distance learning while children are out of school.
学校的关闭也给家长和监护人增加了负担，孩子不在校期间，他们需要看护孩子和监督远程学习。
In the absence of alternative options, working parents often leave children alone when schools close and this can lead to risky behaviours, including increased influence of peer pressure and substance abuse.
由于缺乏其他出路，上班族父母只能在停课期间将孩子独自留在家中，这可能会导致危险行为，并更多地被同龄人影响和滥用药物。
Many children worldwide rely on free or discounted meals at schools.
全球许多儿童都依赖学校提供的免费或有补贴的餐食。
When schools close, nutrition is compromised.Nutrition plays a critical role in cognitive development and academic performance for children.In Washington State, around 45% of the states 1.1 million students enrolled in traditional public and charter schools qualify for subsidised school meals.
学校关闭后，孩子们无法摄取足够的营养。而充足的营养对孩子的认知能力发展和学习表现起着至关重要的作用。在华盛顿州，110万学生就读于传统公立学校和特许学校，大约45%的学生有资格享受学校伙食补贴。
At least 520,000 students and their families may be affected by food insecurity as a result of school closures.School lunch programmes are the second-biggest anti-hunger initiative in the United States after food stamps.
学校关闭后，至少有52万名学生及其家庭可能受到食品安全问题的影响。在美国，学校午餐计划是仅次于食品券计划的第二大反饥饿倡议。
Every year, nearly 30 million children rely on schools to provide free or low-cost meals including breakfast, lunch, snacks, and even dinner.In Alabama, where state-wide school closures as of 18 March have affected over 720,000 students, the state Superintendent announced that staff in schools disproportionately affected by poverty would create meal distribution networks to provide food for students who rely on school lunches.
每年，近3000万儿童依赖于学校提供的免费伙食或成本低廉的伙食，包括早餐、午餐、零食，甚至晚餐。在阿拉巴马州，截止到3月18日，全州范围的学校关闭举措已对超过72万学生造成影响，该州的教育厅长宣布，对因贫困而受到更大影响的学校，该校工作人员将建立伙食分配网络，为依靠学校伙食的学生提供食物。
School closures negatively impact student learning outcomes.
学校关闭举措对学生的学习效果产生了负面影响。
Schooling provides essential learning and when schools close, children and youth are deprived opportunities for growth and development.
学校教育提供了必要的学习机会，学校关闭后，儿童和青少年被剥夺了成长和发展的机会。
The disadvantages are disproportionate for under-privileged learners who tend to have fewer educational opportunities beyond school.Student drop-out rates tend to increase as an effect of school closures due to the challenge of ensuring all students return to school once school closures ends.
这种影响对来自贫困家庭的学生更为严重，因为他们接受校外教育的机会更少。受到学校关闭的影响，学生辍学率往往会增加，因为在学校复课后，很难确保所有学生都能返回学校。
This is especially true of protracted closures.Schools are hubs of social activity and human interaction.
学校持久性关闭造成的影响更为明显。因为学校是社会活动和人际交往的中心。
When schools are closed, many children and youth miss out of on social contact that is essential to learning and development.When schools close parents are often asked to facilitate the learning of children at home and can struggle to perform this task.
学校关闭后，许多儿童和青年都失去了社交的机会，这些机会对于他们的学习和发展都至关重要。学校关闭后，家长往往需要督促子女在家中学习，而这项任务十分艰巨，家长对此苦不堪言。
This is especially true for parents with limited education and resources.
对受教育程度较低且资源有限的家长尤为如此。
Potential impacts of school closures and reliance on distance learning are not addressed in federal acts of legislation at this time.
目前，联邦立法尚未关注学校关闭和依赖远程学习所产生的潜在影响。
Formal education — as opposed to informal education or non-formal education — tends to refer to schools, colleges, universities and training institutions.
与非正式教育或非正规教育相反，正规教育通常是指学校、学院、大学和培训机构。
A 1974 report by the World Bank defined formal education as the following:Formal education: the hierarchically structured, chronologically graded ‘education system’, running from primary school through the university and including, in addition to general academic studies, a variety of specialised programmes and institutions for full-time technical and professional training.The majority of data collected on the number of students and learners impacted by COVID-19 has been calculated based on the closure of formal education systems.
世界银行在1974年发布的报告对正规教育的定义如下：正规教育：从小学到大学期间具备结构分层并逐渐升级的“教育系统”，除普遍学术学习外，还包括针对全日制技术和职业培训提供的各种专业课程和机构。针对受到COVID-19影响的学生和学习者人数，所收集到的大部分相关数据都基于已关闭的正规教育系统。
The UNESCO Institute for Statistics provides figures on students impacted by COVID-19 corresponding to the number of learners enrolled at pre-primary, primary, lower-secondary, and upper-secondary levels of education [ISCED levels 0 to 3], as well as at tertiary education levels [ISCED levels 5 to 8].
联合国教科文组织统计研究所提供了受COVID-19影响的学生数据，该数据与接受学前、小学、初中和高中教育[ISCED 0-3级]以及接受高等教育[ISCED 5-8级]的学生人数相对应。