atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
For the diagnosis of “suspected case” and “confirmed case”, we suggest to trace and obey the newest guidelines of their home countries.
对于“疑似病例”和“确诊病例”的诊断，我们建议参考并遵循病例所在国的最新指南。
Our team will also timely update our guideline to offer help.
我们团队也会及时更新我们的指南以提供帮助。
Bangladesh reports five new deaths due to COVID-19, a daily highest
孟加拉国报告新增COVID-19死亡病例5例，创单日新高
Yesterday, Bangladesh has confirmed five new deaths due to COVID-19 on the day.
昨日，孟加拉国证实当日新增COVID-19死亡病例5例。
This is the highest number of fatalities in a day due to the virus.
这创下该病毒所致单日死亡病例新高。
As of yesterday, Bangladesh's Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR) reported the number of recorded infected cases included 114 active cases and 33 recovered cases who were staying home.
截止到昨天，孟加拉国流行病学、疾病控制和研究所(IEDCR)报告的感染病例记录中，现有确诊病例114例，家中休息后治愈33例。
A total of 17 deaths have been recorded.
累计死亡17例。
In an online news briefing, the director of IEDCR, Dr Meerjady Sabrina Flora, said the fatalities included four males and one female.
在线上新闻发布会上，IEDCR负责人Meerjady Sabrina Flora博士称，这些死亡病例中包括4名男性和1名女性。
According to Dr Meerjady, two cases were aged above 60, two between 51 and 60, and one 41-50 years old.
据Meerjady博士所说，有2例的年龄在60岁以上，2例在51-60岁之间，还有1例在41-50岁之间。
She also said two of the victims were from Dhaka.
她还表示，其中有2名死亡患者来自达卡。
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11.
世界卫生组织(WHO)于3月11日宣布COVID-19为全球大规模流行疾病（pandemic）。
A hospital official told Anadolu Agency, a local news outlet, that one of the deceased was Jalal Saifur Rahman, a director of Bengali Anti-Corruption Commission, who was cared for at the Kuwait Maitree Hospital.
一位医院官员向当地新闻媒体Anadolu Agency透露，其中一名死亡患者是孟加拉反腐败委员会主任Jalal Saifur Rahman，他曾在Kuwait Maitree医院接受治疗。
On Saturday, in an online video announcement, Bangladeshi Road Transport and Bridges Minister Obaidul Quader said public transport would be shut down for longer than initially planned, until this coming Saturday.
星期六，孟加拉国公路运输和桥梁部长Obaidul Quader通过在线视频宣布，公共交通停运时间将超出最初计划，延长至本周六。
This public transport shutdown had initially started on March 26 and was planned to end on Saturday, April 4.
此次公共交通停运始于3月26日，原计划于4月4日星期六结束。
Transport of essential goods -- medical, fuel and food -- was still allowed.
医疗、燃料和食物等基本物资仍然可正常运输。
The first recorded incidents of COVID-19 infection in Bangladesh were on March 8, in two people who returned from Italy and also the wife of one of them.
3月8日，孟加拉国首次记录的COVID-19确诊病例中，2人从意大利返回，另外1名患者为其中1名确诊患者的妻子。
As of March 19, these three had already recovered.
截止到3月19日，这3名患者均已康复。
National Basketball Association suspends season due to COVID-19 concerns
职业篮球联赛受COVID-19影响而暂停本赛季
On Wednesday, the United States' National Basketball Association (NBA) suspended its professional basketball season due to concerns regarding COVID-19.
星期三，由于COVID-19的影响，美国职业篮球联赛(NBA)暂停其职业篮球赛季的比赛。
The NBA's decision followed a Utah Jazz player testing positive for the COVID-19 virus.
NBA在一名犹他爵士球员检测出COVID-19病毒呈阳性后做出了这一决定。
The NBA did not release the identity of the player in question in its announcement.
NBA没有在声明中公布该相关球员的身份。
They did say he was not present at Chesapeake Energy Arena in Oklahoma City, where the Utah Jazz were to play against the Oklahoma City Thunder.
NBA表示这名球员并没有出现在俄克拉荷马城的切萨皮克能源球馆，原本犹他爵士队将在这里对阵俄克拉荷马城雷霆队。
According to its press release, the NBA was "suspending game play following the conclusion of [Wednesday's] schedule of games until further notice."
根据其新闻稿，NBA“会在[星期三]安排的比赛结束之后暂停比赛，直到另行通知。”
The Jazz's game was cancelled, as was another NBA game Wednesday between the Sacramento Kings and the New Orleans Pelicans.
爵士队的比赛被取消，而星期三的另外一场NBA比赛，即萨克拉门托国王对新奥尔良鹈鹕的比赛也被取消。
Other games scheduled for Wednesday were still held, according to NBC News.
据NBC新闻报道，原定于星期三举行的其他比赛仍然继续。
The United States' other major basketball organization, the National Collegiate Athletic Association, which runs college basketball, has cancelled its own tournament, March Madness, for both men's and women's leagues.
美国另一个主要篮球组织全国大学体育协会负责运营大学生篮球联赛，该协会也取消了自己的“疯狂三月”联赛，包括男子联赛和女子联赛。
According to Johns Hopkins University, as of Wednesday, there were at least 1,279 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the United States.
据约翰-霍普金斯大学透露，截止到星期三，美国至少已有1279例COVID-19确诊病例。
CNBC reported there were at least 118,381 cases worldwide.
CNBC报道称，全球至少有118381例。
SARS-CoV-2 surpasses one million infections worldwide
SARS-CoV-2在全球的感染人数超过百万
On Thursday, the total number of cases of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infections surpassed one million worldwide, Johns Hopkins University data indicated.
约翰-霍普金斯大学的数据显示，全球SARS-CoV-2冠状病毒感染病例总数在星期四已超过100万。
At least 52 thousand deaths were linked to COVID-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus.
至少5.2万例死亡与由冠状病毒引发的疾病 - COVID-19有关。
The milestone came the same day Malawi confirmed its first coronavirus infections and Zambia had its first coronavirus-related death.
在发生该里程碑事件的同一天，马拉维证实了该国首例冠状病毒感染，赞比亚出现首例与冠状病毒相关的死亡病例。
North Korea claimed, as of Thursday, it was one of the few countries remaining free of coronavirus infections.
朝鲜宣称，截止到星期四，该国是少数没有冠状病毒感染的国家之一。
By yesterday, the World Health Organization reported 1,051,635 confirmed cases, including 79,332 cases in the twenty four hours preceding 10 a.m. Central European Time (0800 UTC) on April 4.
截至到昨天，世界卫生组织已报告1051635例确诊病例，包括欧洲中部时间4月4日上午10点(0800 UTC)之前24小时内的79332例。
In the United States, over 244 thousand coronavirus cases were recorded, linking to at least 5,900 deaths.
在美国，据记载已有超过24.4万例冠状病毒病例，至少造成5900人死亡。
CBS News reported, citing Johns Hopkins University data, there were over 1,000 US deaths on Wednesday caused by coronavirus infections.
CBS新闻援引约翰-霍普金斯大学的数据报道，在星期三，冠状病毒感染导致美国1000多人死亡。
Around the world, countries announced stricter measures to inhibit the disease from spreading.
在全世界，各个国家都宣布了更为严格的措施来抑制疾病扩散。
On Thursday, Sergei Sobyanin, the mayor of Moscow, extended the city lockdown to May 1.
星期四，莫斯科市长Sergei Sobyanin将封城日期延长至5月1日。
Nationally, President Vladimir Putin declared Russians would continue to be paid without going to work until April 30.
总统弗拉基米尔·普京宣布，在全国范围内俄罗斯人将在停工期间继续获得报酬，直到4月30日。
The parliament of Portugal voted to extend the national state of emergency by 15 days; the vote passed with 215 votes in favor, ten abstentions, and one vote against.
葡萄牙议会投票决定将国家紧急状态延长15天；投票以215票赞成、10票弃权和1票反对获得通过。
Saudi Arabia extended curfews in the holy cities of Mecca and Medina to last the entire day; previously, the curfew was only in effect between 3 p.m. and 6 a.m.
沙特阿拉伯延长了圣城麦加和麦地那的宵禁，改为全天宵禁；之前，宵禁仅在下午3点至凌晨6点之间有效。
Thailand planned to implement a curfew between 10 p.m. and 4 a.m.
泰国计划在晚上10点至凌晨4点之间实施宵禁。
The governor of Ohio, Mike DeWine, announced the state had extended its stay-at-home order until May 1.
俄亥俄州州长Mike DeWine宣布，该州已将居家令延长至5月1日。
Stores in Australia lower toilet paper limits per transaction
澳大利亚的商店降低了每次交易的卫生纸数量上限
On Sunday and Saturday evening, Australian store chains Woolworths and Coles lowered their purchase restrictions on toilet paper to two and one package per transaction in all stores on national level, respectively.
在星期天和星期六晚上，澳大利亚的连锁商店Woolworths和Coles在全国范围内分别将其所有商店的每次交易卫生纸购买上限降低至两包和一包。
ALDI also introduced a one-pack limit, on Monday.
ALDI也在星期一推出了限购一包的限制。
These limitations were posted as messages on the checkouts, and on the chains' Facebook pages.
这些限制以消息的形式张贴在收银台或发布到连锁店的Facebook页面上。
Buyers were reportedly stocking up due to fears of COVID-19 in case people need to self-isolate.
报道称，买家由于害怕COVID-19而囤积货物，以防他们需要自我隔离。
On Wednesday, Woolworths also limited toilet paper purchases for home delivery to one pack per order.
星期三，Woolworths还将送货上门的卫生纸购买数量限制为每单一包。
These changes followed the previous four-pack per transaction restriction introduced by Woolworths and Coles on March 4 and 5 respectively.
在这些变更之前，Woolworths和Coles分别于3月4日和5日推出了每次交易限购4包的限制。
Coles, in its March 8 media release, reported that with the four-pack restriction in place, "many stores are still selling out within an hour of delivery", and called the demand "unprecedented", while ALDI, in a Facebook post on Tuesday, called it "unexpected".
Coles在其3月8日的新闻稿中报告，实施限购4包的限制后，“许多商店仍然在到货后一小时内就售罄了”，并称需求是“前所未有的”，同时，ALDI在星期二的Facebook帖子中称其“始料不及”。
Sales went up in a "sharp increase" last week, according to a Woolworths spokesperson.
据一位Woolworths发言人所说，上周的销售额“急剧增加”。
Costco's store in Canberra also limited the allowed amount to two packs last week.
上周，堪培拉的Costco商店也将允许的数量限制为两包。
To further alleviate the shortage, Coles ordered bigger packages from suppliers and increased delivery frequency, Woolworths ordered extra stock, while ALDI made stocks for a planned Wednesday special available early.
为了进一步缓解短缺，Coles向供应商订购了更大的包装，并提高了交货频率，Woolworths订购了额外的库存，而ALDI则提前为计划的星期三特惠准备好库存。
Russell Zimmerman, executive director of the Australian Retailers Association, said that retailers try to raise stock, but local council restrictions on the timing of truck-deliveries make it hard.
澳大利亚零售商协会执行董事Russell Zimmerman表示，零售商试图增加库存，但地方议会对卡车送货时间的限制让这变得困难。
He expects rising production costs, as suppliers try to meet demand, and fewer specials.
他预计，随着供应商尽力满足需求，生产成本将上升，而特惠活动则会减少。
On Tuesday, ALDI announced that following the early release of stock, some stores can't run the Wednesday special.
星期二，ALDI宣布，在提前释放库存后，一些商店将无法举行星期三特惠活动。
In a News.com.au report, Dr Gary Mortimer, retail expert from Queensland University of Technology, said the stores fill the stock every night.
在News.com.au的一份报告中，昆士兰科技大学的零售专家Gary Mortimer博士称，商店每晚都会补充库存。
He remarked toilet paper is a bulky item, leading to low quantity of stocks in numbers, and, when sold out, leaves vast shelf spaces empty, hardening the feeling of a shortage.
他说，卫生纸是大件物品，因此库存数量较少，而且，一旦售罄，会留下巨大的货架空间，加剧了物资短缺的感觉。
"Coles and Woolworths have a view [that] if there was plenty of stuff on the shelf, if product like toilet rolls and sanitiser could be [bought] and are there in quantities, you would probably minimise the panic" said Russell Zimmerman per ABC News.
“Coles和Woolworths的观点是，如果货架上有许多东西，像卷筒纸和洗手液等商品可以[买到]并且数量充足，您可能不会那么恐慌。”Russell Zimmerman对ABC新闻说。
Recycled toilet paper producer Who Gives a Crap said on last Wednesday they'd run out of stock.
再生卫生纸制造商Who Gives a Crap上个星期三表示，他们已经没有库存了。
Kimberly-Clark, which makes Kleenex Toilet Tissue, and Solaris Paper which makes Sorbent, emphasized they were working 24/7 to maintain the supply, according to the News.com.au report.
据News.com.au报道，制造舒洁卫生纸的Kimberly-Clark和制造Sorbent卫生纸的Solaris Paper都强调，他们正在全天候工作，周末无休，以保证供应。
Domain.com, a real estate site, reported some property sellers offering free toilet paper to the first bidder on auctions in Melbourne, when fewer auctions were held because of buyers having time off on the long weekend of Labour Day.
房地产网站Domain.com报道称，由于买家在劳动节长周末休息，举行的拍卖数量较少，因此一些房地产商在墨尔本举行的拍卖会上会向第一位竞标者提供免费卫生纸。
The Thursday edition of NT News, a daily printed in Darwin, included an eight-page insert meant to be cut up and used as toilet paper.
NT新闻是在达尔文市印刷的日报，在其星期四版的报纸中包含8页的插页，旨在供裁剪后用作卫生纸。
The stores were originally reluctant to impose restrictions, according to a report from ABC Australia on March 3 in which they said they had no plans to introduce restrictions on the purchases.
据ABC Australia 3月3日的报道，商店最初并不愿意实施限购，他们说他们并没有计划实施购买限制。
Russell Zimmerman added that other products are also in high demand, including masks, sanitiser, dried goods, handwash and flour.
Russell Zimmerman补充说，其他商品的需求也很高，包括口罩、洗手液、干货、洗手液和面粉。
Similarly, outside of Australia, on Sunday evening online British supermarket Ocado was observed limiting purchases of Andres toilet paper to two 12-roll packs.
同样，在澳大利亚以外，英国网上超市Ocado在星期天晚上将Andres卫生纸的购买数量限制为2包，每包12卷。
US President Trump declares COVID-19 national emergency
美国总统特朗普宣布COVID-19国家紧急状态
On Friday, United States President Donald Trump declared a national emergency in response to the ongoing coronavirus outbreak.
星期五，美国总统唐纳德·特朗普宣布了国家紧急状态，以应对不断蔓延的冠状病毒爆发。
The move came two days after the World Health Organization declared the outbreak, which causes the COVID-19 disease, to be a pandemic.
该举措是在世界卫生组织宣布导致COVID-19疾病的病毒爆发为大流行后两天做出的。
The move gives the federal government access to around US$50 billion in extra funding to combat the pandemic, according to NBC News.
据NBC新闻报道，该举措让联邦政府获权启动约500亿美元的额外资金，来应对该大流行。
The proclamation specifically said "the COVID-19 outbreak in the United States constitutes a national emergency" and said the national emergency began on March 1, almost two weeks before the proclamation itself.
公告特别指出“美国爆发COVID-19导致了国家紧急状态”，并表示国家紧急状态已于3月1日开始，比公告本身早两周。
The United States Department of Health and Human Services declared the outbreak a "public health emergency" on January 31.
1月31日，美国卫生与公共服务部宣布此次爆发为“公共卫生紧急事件”。
Trump did not place the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in charge of the government's response to COVID-19, which Politico reported left some experts in disaster management disappointed.
特朗普并没有让联邦应急管理局(FEMA)来负责政府对COVID-19的应对工作，据Politico报道，这让部分灾难管理专家感到失望。
Politico quoted Tim Manning, formerly a deputy administrator at FEMA, as saying "FEMA has an important role in coordinating the larger response to the crisis" and "[i]f there's an emergency, FEMA needs to be involved."
Politico援引FEMA前副局长Tim Manning的话表示，“FEMA在协调更大的危机应对行动方面发挥着重要作用”，“[如果]出现紧急情况，FEMA需要介入。”
Trump made the decision under provisions of the National Emergencies Act, amongst other governing authorities.
特朗普是根据《国家紧急状态法案》以及其他监管机构的规定做出这一决定的。
The Trump administration also announced other efforts in response to COVID-19, including waiving the interest it collects on federal student loans and increasing U.S. strategic oil reserve oil purchases.
特朗普政府还宣布了应对COVID-19的其他举措，包括免除联邦学生贷款的利息以及增加购买美国战略石油储备油。
World Health Organization declares COVID-19 pandemic
世界卫生组织宣布COVID-19为大流行
On Wednesday, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 — the disease caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 — to be a pandemic.
星期三，世界卫生组织(WHO)宣布，持续爆发的COVID-19（由冠状病毒SARS-CoV-2引发的疾病）为大流行。
Although the word "pandemic" only refers to how widely a disease has spread, not how dangerous specific cases are, the WHO noted the need to drive governments to action:
尽管“大流行”一词仅指疾病的扩散程度，而并非特定病例的危险程度，但WHO指出需要敦促政府采取措施：
"All countries can still change the course of this pandemic.
“所有国家/地区仍然可以改变本次大流行的进程。
If countries detect, test, treat, isolate, trace and mobilize their people in the response," said Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the Director-General of the WHO.
如果各个国家/地区对其人民进行检测、测试、治疗、隔离、追踪和动员作为应对措施，”WHO总干事Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus说道。
"We are deeply concerned both by the alarming levels of spread and severity and by the alarming levels of inaction."
“我们对于扩散和严重性的惊人程度以及不作为的惊人程度深感担忧。”
According to Dr. Tom Frieden, formerly the director of the United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the pandemic is "unprecedented."
据美国疾病控制与预防中心前主任Tom Frieden博士所说，这次大流行是“空前的”。
He said, in remarks published by CNN in February, "other than influenza, no other respiratory virus has been tracked from emergence to continuous global spread."
他于2月在CNN发表评论说，“除了流感之外，还没有发现哪种呼吸道病毒在出现以后持续扩散到全球。”
Ghebreyesus expressed a similar view, saying "we have never before seen a pandemic sparked by a coronavirus."
Ghebreyesus表达了类似的观点，并且说“我们以前从未见过冠状病毒引发的大流行。”
He continued, "and we have never before seen a pandemic that can be controlled at the same time."
他继续说道，“同样，我们以前也从未见过可以控制的病毒大流行。”
The new status as a pandemic follows the WHO's decision in January to declare the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern.
进入大流行的新状态之前，WHO在1月确定此次爆发为国际关注的突发公共卫生事件。
The United States' National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease's director, Dr. Anthony Fauci, said of the outbreak, "bottom line, it's going to get worse."
美国国家过敏症和传染病研究所主任Anthony Fauci博士说到此次爆发，“最重要的是，它仍在恶化。”
As of Thursday, Associated Press reported there were at least 126,000 cases of COVID-19 worldwide, resulting in over 4,600 deaths.
截止到星期四，美联社报道全球的COVID-19病例至少为126000例，导致4600多人死亡。
The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic is an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
2019-2020 冠状病毒疫情是持续蔓延的 2019 新型冠状病毒疾病 (COVID-19)，由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2 型 (SARS-CoV-2) 引起。
The outbreak was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, declared to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020, and recognized as a pandemic on 11 March 2020.
本次爆发于 2019 年 12 月在中国武汉确认，2020 年 1 月 30 日被列为国际关注的公共卫生突发事件，2020 年 3 月 11 日被认定为流行病。
As of 10 April 2020, approximately 1.61 million cases of COVID-19 have been reported in 210 countries and territories, resulting in approximately 97,000 deaths.
截至 2020 年 4 月 10 日，全球 210 个国家和地区累计报告约 161 万 COVID-19 病例，死亡约 9.7 万人，
About 364,000 people have recovered.
治愈约 36.4 万人。
The case fatality rate has been estimated to be 4% in China, while globally ranging from 13.04% in Algeria to .08% in New Zealand.
中国病死率约 4%，而全球各地区病死率则介于 0.08%（新西兰）到 13.04%（阿尔及利亚）之间。
Common symptoms include fever, cough and shortness of breath.
常见症状包括发热、咳嗽和气促。
Complications may include pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome.
并可能伴有肺炎、急性呼吸窘迫综合征等并发症。
The time from exposure to onset of symptoms is typically around five days, but may range from two to fourteen days.
从接触病患到发病的潜伏期为 2-14 天不等，通常为 5 天左右。
There is no known vaccine or specific antiviral treatment.
目前尚无疫苗或特效抗病毒治疗方案。
Primary treatment is symptomatic and supportive therapy.Recommended preventive measures include hand washing, covering one's mouth when coughing, maintaining distance from other people, and monitoring and self-isolation for people who suspect they are infected.
临床治疗以对症支持治疗为主。推荐采取的预防措施包括勤洗手、咳嗽时遮挡口部、与他人保持安全距离、对疑似感染者进行监控和自我隔离等。
Authorities worldwide have responded by implementing travel restrictions, quarantines, curfews, workplace hazard controls, and facility closures.
各国官方机构已采取旅行限制、隔离、宵禁、工作场所危险防控和设施关闭等应对措施。
The pandemic has led to severe global socioeconomic disruption, the postponement or cancellation of sporting, religious, political and cultural events, and widespread shortages of supplies exacerbated by panic buying.
此次疫情导致全球社会经济遭受严重冲击，体育、宗教、政治和文化活动纷纷推迟或取消，而恐慌性购物更是加剧了大范围供应短缺。
Schools and universities have closed either on a nationwide or local basis in 193 countries, affecting approximately 99.4 percent of the world's student population.
全球 193 个国家和地区实行全国或地方性的停学措施，约 99.4% 的中小学和高校学生受到影响。
Misinformation about the virus has spread online, and there have been incidents of xenophobia and discrimination against Chinese people, other people of East and Southeast Asian descent and appearance, and others from areas with significant virus cases.
由于虚假病毒信息在网上传播，出现了针对中国人、其他东亚和东南亚血统和外貌群体以及疫情严重地区群体的仇外与歧视事件。
Due to reduced travel and closures of heavy industry, there has been a decrease in air pollution and carbon emissions.
不过，出行减少和重工业关闭使得空气污染指数下降，碳排放减少。
Health authorities in Wuhan, China (the capital of Hubei province) reported a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown cause on 31 December 2019, and an investigation was launched in early January 2020.
2019 年 12 月 31 日，中国武汉（湖北省省会）卫生部门通报了一批不明原因肺炎病例，并于 2020 年 1 月初启动调查。
The cases mostly had links to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market and so the virus is thought to have a zoonotic origin.
这些病例大部分与华南海鲜批发市场有关，因此新冠病毒被认为是人畜共患病。
The virus that caused the outbreak is known as SARS-CoV-2, a newly discovered virus closely related to bat coronaviruses, pangolin coronaviruses, and SARS-CoV.The earliest known person with symptoms was later discovered to have fallen ill on 1 December 2019, and that person did not have visible connections with the later wet market cluster.
引发这次爆发的病毒称为 SARS-CoV-2，是一种新发现的病毒，与蝙蝠冠状病毒、穿山甲冠状病毒和 SARS-CoV 密切相关。最早发现的患者后被证实 2019 年 12 月 1 日发病，且与后面出现的一批华南海鲜市场病例无明显联系。
Of the early cluster of cases reported in December 2019, two-thirds were found to have a link with the market.
在 2019 年 12 月通报的这批早期病例中，三分之二被证实与华南海鲜市场有关。
On 13 March 2020, an unverified report from the South China Morning Post suggested that a case traced back to 17 November 2019, in a 55-year-old from Hubei province, may have been the first.On 26 February 2020, the WHO reported that, as new cases reportedly declined in China but suddenly increased in Italy, Iran, and South Korea, the number of new cases outside China had exceeded the number of new cases within China for the first time.
2020 年 3 月 13 日，《南华早报》发表了一篇未经证实的报道，称第一例病例可能要追溯到 2019 年 11 月 17 日，患者为 55 岁男性，来自湖北省。2020 年 2 月 26 日，据世界卫生组织报告，中国新增报告病例出现下降，但意大利、伊朗和韩国新增报告病例却突然大增，中国境外的新增病例数首次超过境内。
There may be substantial underreporting of cases, particularly among those with milder symptoms.
可能存在大量未报告病例，尤其是轻症病例。
By 26 February, relatively few cases had been reported among youths, with those 19 and under making up 2.4% of cases worldwide.The United Kingdom's chief scientific adviser, Patrick Vallance, estimated that 60% of the British population would need to become infected before effective herd immunity could be achieved.
截至 2 月 26 日，报告的青少年病例相对较少，全球 19 岁及以下的青少年病例占比仅为 2.4%。英国首席科学顾问帕特里克·瓦兰斯估计，英国需要有大约 60% 的人口感染新冠病毒才能获得有效群体免疫。
Cases refers to the number of people who have been tested for COVID-19, and whose test has been confirmed positive according to official protocols.
病例数是指已接受 COVID-19 检测且根据官方方案确认检测结果为阳性的人数。
As of 23 March, no country had tested more than 3% of its population, and many countries have had official policies not to test those with only mild symptoms, such as Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland.
截至 3 月 23 日，世界各国接受检测的群体占比均未超过总人口的 3%，很多国家还都发布了不检测轻症人群的官方政策，包括意大利、荷兰、西班牙和瑞士等国。
A study published on 16 March found that in China, up to 23 January, an estimated 86% of COVID-19 infections had not been detected, and that these undocumented infections were the infection source for 79% of documented cases.
3 月 16 日发表的一项研究指出，截至 1 月 23 日，中国估计有 86% 的 COVID-19 感染者未得到检测，而这些未记录的感染者是 79% 已记录病例的感染源。
A statistical analysis published 30 March estimated that numbers of infections in Italy were considerably greater than the reported cases.
据 3 月 30 日公布的一项统计分析估计，意大利实际感染人数远超报告病例数。
The initial estimates of the basic reproduction number (R0) for COVID-19 were 1.4 to 2.4.
COVID-19 的基本传染数 (R0) 最初估计介于 1.4 到 2.4 之间。
A study published by the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention has concluded that it may be 5.7.
美国疾控中心发表的一项研究表明 R0 可能为 5.7。
Most people with COVID-19 recover.
大部分 COVID-19 患者可以康复。
For those who do not, the time from development of symptoms to death has been between 6 and 41 days, with the most common being 14 days.
无法康复的患者从发病到死亡的时间为 6-41 天，14 天最常见。
As of 10 April 2020, approximately 97,000 deaths had been attributed to COVID-19.
截至 2020 年 4 月 10 日，约有 9.7 万人死于 COVID-19。
In China, as of 5 February about 80% of deaths were in those over 60, and 75% had pre-existing health conditions including cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.Official tallies of deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic generally refer to dead people who tested positive for COVID according to official protocols.
截至 2 月 5 日，中国约 80% 的死亡病例为 60 岁以上人群，75% 的死亡病例同时伴有心血管疾病和糖尿病等基础疾病。COVID-19 死亡病例的官方统计数据通常指根据官方方案，新冠病毒检测结果呈阳性的死亡患者。
The number of true fatalities from COVID-19 may be much higher, as it may not include people who die without testing - e.g. at home, in nursing homes, etc.
实际的 COVID-19 死亡人数可能远超统计数据，因为该数据可能不包含未接受检测的患者，如在家中、疗养院等地死亡的患者。
Partial data from Italy found that the number of excess deaths during the pandemic exceeded the official COVID death tally by a factor of 4-5x.
来自意大利的部分数据显示，疫情期间的实际死亡人数是官方统计的新冠病毒肺炎死亡人数的 4-5 倍。
A spokeswoman for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) acknowledged "We know that [the stated death toll] is an underestimation", a statement corroborated by anecdotal reports of undercounting in the U.S. Such underestimation often occurs in pandemics, such as the 2009 H1N1 swine flu epidemic.The first confirmed death was in Wuhan on 9 January 2020.
美国疾控中心 (CDC) 一名女发言人坦言：“我们知道[公布的死亡人数]低于实际数值”，而关于美国数据被低估的传闻也印证了这一言论。低估在流行病领域经常发生，如 2009 年 H1N1 猪流感疫情。2020 年 1 月 9 日，武汉出现中国首例确诊死亡病例。
The first death outside mainland China occurred on 1 February in the Philippines, and the first death outside Asia was in France on 14 February.
2 月 1 日，中国境外首例死亡病例出现在菲律宾，2 月 14 日，亚洲以外首例死亡病例出现在法国。
By 28 February, outside mainland China, more than a dozen deaths each were recorded in Iran, South Korea, and Italy.
截至 2 月 28 日，中国境外，伊朗、韩国和意大利各出现十多例死亡病例。
By 13 March, more than forty countries and territories had reported deaths, on every continent except Antarctica.Several measures are commonly used to quantify mortality.
截至 3 月 13 日，除南极洲以外的各大洲有 40 多个国家和地区报告了死亡病例。有几种方法常用来量化死亡率。
These numbers vary by region and over time, and are influenced by the volume of testing, healthcare system quality, treatment options, time since initial outbreak, and population characteristics such as age, sex, and overall health.The death-to-case ratio reflects the number of deaths divided by the number of diagnosed cases within a given time interval.
这些数字因地区而异，会随时间发生变化，并受检测量、卫生系统质量、治疗方案、疫情首次爆发时间以及年龄、性别和总体健康状况等人口特征的影响。病死率为给定时间段内的死亡人数除以确诊人数得出的结果。
Based on Johns Hopkins University statistics, the global death-to-case ratio is 6.0% (97,039/1,617,204) as of 10 April 2020.
根据约翰·霍普金斯大学的统计数据，截至 2020 年 4 月 10 日，全球病死率为 6.0% (97,039/1,617,204)。
The number varies by region.
不同地区的病死率也不同。
In China, estimates for the death-to-case ratio decreased from 17.3% (for those with symptom onset 1–10 January 2020) to 0.7% (for those with symptom onset after 1 February 2020).Other measures include the case fatality rate (CFR), which reflects the percent of diagnosed people who die from a disease, and the infection fatality rate (IFR), which reflects the percent of infected (diagnosed and undiagnosed) who die from a disease.
在中国，病死率估计值从 17.3%（2020 年 1 月 1 日至 10 日发病的患者）下降到 0.7%（2020 年 2 月 1 日以后发病的患者）。其他一些衡量标准还包括病例死亡率 (CFR) 和感染死亡率 (IFR)，前者反映的是疾病死亡人数占确诊人数的百分比，后者反映的是疾病死亡人数占感染人数（包括确诊和未确诊人数）的百分比。
These statistics are not timebound and follow a specific population from infection through case resolution.
这些统计数据没有时间限制，并且跟踪的是特定人群从感染到病例解决的全过程。
A number of academics have attempted to calculate these numbers for specific populations.
很多学者尝试针对特定人群计算上述数据。
The University of Oxford's Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine estimates that the infection fatality rate for the pandemic as a whole is between 0.1% and 0.39%.
据牛津大学循证医学中心估计，此次疫情整体的感染死亡率介于 0.1% 到 0.39% 之间。
The upper estimate of this range is consistent with the results from the first random testing for COVID-19 in Germany, and a statistical study analysing the impact of testing on CFR estimates.
该范围的估计值上限符合德国对 COVID-19 进行的首次随机检测，以及一项关于检测对 CFR 估计值影响的统计分析研究。
The WHO asserts that the pandemic can be controlled.
世界卫生组织声称此次疫情是可控的。
The peak and ultimate duration of the outbreak are uncertain and may differ by location.
爆发高峰和最终持续时间无法确定且因地区而异。
Maciej Boni of Penn State University stated, "Left unchecked, infectious outbreaks typically plateau and then start to decline when the disease runs out of available hosts.
来自宾州州立大学的 Maciej Boni 指出：“如果不加以控制，传染病爆发通常会在现有宿主耗尽后进入停滞期，然后开始趋于缓解。
But it's almost impossible to make any sensible projection right now about when that will be".
但是目前我们几乎不可能合理预测拐点何时会出现。”
The Chinese government's senior medical adviser Zhong Nanshan argued that "it could be over by June" if all countries can be mobilized to follow the WHO's advice on measures to stop the spread of the virus.
中国政府高级医疗顾问钟南山认为，如果所有国家动员起来，采纳世界卫生组织关于采取措施阻止病毒传播的建议，那么“6 月份结束疫情是可以期待的”。
On 17 March, Adam Kucharski of the London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine stated that SARS-CoV-2 "is going to be circulating, potentially for a year or two".
3 月 17 日，来自伦敦卫生与热带医学院的 Adam Kucharski 表示，SARS-CoV-2“可能会反复爆发，持续一到两年。”
According to the Imperial College study led by Neil Ferguson, physical distancing and other measures will be required "until a vaccine becomes available (potentially 18 months or more)".
Neil Ferguson 在帝国理工学院牵头开展的研究表明，“在疫苗投入使用之前（可能需要 18 个月或更长时间）”，务必要采取保持物理距离和其他措施。
William Schaffner of Vanderbilt University stated, "I think it's unlikely that this coronavirus—because it's so readily transmissible—will disappear completely" and it "might turn into a seasonal disease, making a comeback every year".
来自范德堡大学的 William Schaffner 表示：“这种冠状病毒传播性很强，我认为其不太可能完全消失”，“可能会演变成一种季节性疾病，每年爆发一次。”
The virulence of the comeback would depend on herd immunity and the extent of mutation.
再次爆发的致病力取决于群体免疫力和突变程度。
Symptoms of COVID-19 can be relatively non-specific and infected people may be asymptomatic.
COVID-19 的症状相对具有非特异性，有些感染者可能无症状。
The two most common symptoms are fever (88%) and dry cough (68%).
两种最常见症状表现为发热 (88%) 和干咳 (68%)。
Less common symptoms include fatigue, respiratory sputum production (phlegm), loss of the sense of smell, shortness of breath, muscle and joint pain, sore throat, headache, chills, vomiting, hemoptysis, diarrhea, or cyanosis.The WHO states that approximately one person in six becomes seriously ill and has difficulty breathing.
较不常见的症状包括疲劳、呼吸道痰液（痰）、嗅觉丧失、气促、肌肉和关节痛、喉咙痛、头痛、发冷、呕吐、咯血、腹泻或发绀。据世界卫生组织称，约六分之一的患者会转为重症，并出现呼吸困难。
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) lists emergency symptoms as difficulty breathing, persistent chest pain or pressure, sudden confusion, difficulty waking, and bluish face or lips; immediate medical attention is advised if these symptoms are present.Further development of the disease can lead to severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, septic shock and death.
美国疾控中心 (CDC) 将呼吸困难、持续胸痛或压力、突然意识模糊、难以清醒及脸部或嘴唇发青列为紧急症状；如果出现这些症状，建议立即就医。该病进一步发展可导致重症肺炎、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、败血症、感染性休克和死亡。
Some of those infected may be asymptomatic, with no clinical symptoms but with test results that confirm infection, so researchers have issued advice that those with close contact to confirmed infected people should be closely monitored and examined to rule out infection.
有些感染者可能无症状，无任何临床表现，但检测结果呈阳性，因此研究人员建议对确诊患者的密切接触者进行密切观察和检查，排除感染可能。
Chinese estimates of the asymptomatic ratio range from few to 44%.
中国估计无症状感染者的比率从极低到 44% 不等。
The usual incubation period (the time between infection and symptom onset) ranges from one to 14 days; it is most commonly five days.As an example of uncertainty, the estimate of the fraction of people with COVID-19 who lost their sense of smell was initially 30% and later fell to 15%.
潜伏期（从感染到发病的时间间隔）一般为 1-14 天；5 天最常见。关于不确定性，可以通过一个例子来说明：COVID-19 患者中丧失嗅觉的患者占比最初估计为 30%，后来降至 15%。
Some details about how the disease is spread are still being determined.
有关该病传播途径的一些细节还尚未确定。
The disease is believed to be primarily spread during close contact and by small droplets produced during coughing, sneezing, or talking; with close contact being within 1 to 2 metres (3 to 6 feet).
目前认为该病主要通过近距离接触以及咳嗽、打喷嚏或说话时产生的飞沫传播；近距离接触是指间隔 1-2 米（3-6 英尺）内。
Studies have found that an uncovered coughing can lead to droplets travelling up to 4.5 metres (15 feet) to 8.2 metres (27 feet).
研究发现，无遮挡咳嗽可能导致飞沫最远传播 4.5 米（15 英尺）-8.2 米（15-27 英尺）。
Some have proposed that the virus may also be transmitted by small droplets that stay for more prolonged periods in the air, that may be generated during speech.Respiratory droplets may also be produced during breathing out, including when talking, though the virus is not generally airborne.
还有人提出，人们说话时产生的飞沫在空气中停留较长时间也可能导致该病毒的传播。尽管病毒通常无法通过空气传播，但人们在呼气或说话时，也可能会产生飞沫。
The droplets can land in the mouths or noses of people who are nearby or possibly be inhaled into the lungs.
这种飞沫可能会落到周围人的口鼻部，甚至被吸入肺部。
Some medical procedures such as intubation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) may cause respiratory secretions to be aerosolized and thus result in airborne spread.
插管和心肺复苏 (CPR) 等医疗程序可能会使呼吸道分泌物雾化，进而造成空气传播。
It may also spread when one touches a contaminated surface, including skin, and then touches their eyes, nose, or mouth.
另外，如果一个人触摸了受病毒污染的表面（包括皮肤），然后再触摸自己的眼鼻口部，也可能导致病毒传播。
While there are concerns it may spread by faeces, this risk is believed to be low.
还有人担心病毒可能会通过粪便传播，但这种风险被认为较低。
The Government of China denied the possibility of faecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2.The virus is most contagious during the first three days after onset of symptoms, although spread may be possible before symptoms appear and in later stages of the disease.
中国政府否认了 SARS-CoV-2 粪口传播的可能性。这种病毒在发病后前三天的传染性最强，但发病前和患病后期也具有传染性。
People have tested positive for the disease up to three days before onset of symptoms suggesting transmission is possible before developing significant symptoms.
最早可在发病前三天检测出阳性结果，这表明新冠病毒在出现明显症状之前已经具有传染性。
Only few reports of laboratory-confirmed asymptomatic cases exist, but asymptomatic transmission has been identified by some countries during contact tracing investigations.
尽管实验室确诊的无症状病例报告很少，但一些国家在进行接触者追踪调查的过程中，已经发现了无症状感染的现象。
The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) states that while it is not entirely clear how easily the disease spreads, one person generally infects two to three others.The virus survives for hours to days on surfaces.
欧洲疾控中心 (ECDC) 表示，虽然新冠病毒的传播力尚不完全明确，但一般 1 人会传染 2-3 人。该病毒在物体表面的存活时间从几小时到几天不等。
Specifically, the virus was found to be detectable for up to three days on plastic (polypropylene) and 304 stainless steel, for one day on cardboard, and for up to four hours on copper.
具体来说，已知新冠病毒在塑料（聚丙烯）和 304 不锈钢上最长可存活三天，在纸板上可存活一天，在铜上最多可存活四小时。
This, however, varies based on the humidity and temperature.Pets and other animals have tested positive for COVID-19.
不过，其存活时间也受湿度和温度的影响。目前已出现宠物和其他动物 COVID-19 检测呈阳性的病例。
There is no evidence animals can pass the virus on to humans, though British authorities advise washing one's hands after contact with animals, like after contact with other surfaces infected people could have touched.
目前没有证据表明动物会将病毒再传染给人类，但英国官方机构还是建议人们在接触动物后洗手，就像接触其他可能被感染者触摸过的表面一样。
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel virus, first isolated from three people with pneumonia connected to the cluster of acute respiratory illness cases in Wuhan.
严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2 型 (SARS-CoV-2) 是一种新型病毒，最先是从武汉一批急性呼吸系统疾病病例的 3 名肺炎患者身上分离出的。
All features of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus occur in related coronaviruses in nature.Outside the human body, the virus is killed by household soap, which dissolves its protective envelope.SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to the original SARS-CoV.
这种新型 SARS-CoV-2 病毒的所有特征在自然界的相关冠状病毒中均有呈现。病毒未进入人体之前，可用家用肥皂将其杀灭，因为肥皂能够溶解病毒的保护囊膜。SARS-CoV-2 与最初的 SARS-CoV 密切相关。
It is thought to have a zoonotic origin.
目前它被视为人畜共患病。
Genetic analysis has revealed that the coronavirus genetically clusters with the genus Betacoronavirus, in subgenus Sarbecovirus (lineage B) together with two bat-derived strains.
遗传分析显示，这种冠状病毒在遗传学上与 β 冠状病毒属 Sarbecovirus 亚属（B 簇）和两种蝙蝠来源病毒株集群。
It is 96% identical at the whole genome level to other bat coronavirus samples (BatCov RaTG13).
新冠病毒与其他蝙蝠冠状病毒样本 (BatCov RaTG13) 在全基因组水平上的一致性达 96%。
In February 2020, Chinese researchers found that there is only one amino acid difference in certain parts of the genome sequences between the viruses from pangolins and those from humans.
2020 年 2 月，中国研究人员发现，穿山甲体内的病毒与人体上的病毒在基因组序列的某些部分只差一个氨基酸。
Whole-genome comparison to date has found at most 92% of genetic material shared between pangolin coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2, which is insufficient to prove pangolins to be the intermediate host.
截至目前的全基因组对比发现，穿山甲冠状病毒和 SARS-CoV-2 之间最多有 92% 的遗传物质相同，还不足以证明穿山甲就是中间宿主。
Infection by the virus can be provisionally diagnosed on the basis of symptoms, though confirmation is ultimately by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) of infected secretions or CT imaging.
是否感染了病毒可根据症状初步诊断，但最终还是要通过被感染分泌物的逆转录聚合酶链反应 (rRT-PCR) 或 CT 成像才能确诊。
A study comparing PCR to CT in Wuhan has suggested that CT is significantly more sensitive than PCR, though less specific, with many of its imaging features overlapping with other pneumonias and disease processes.
在武汉进行的一项 PCR 与 CT 对比研究表明，CT 明显比 PCR 更敏感，但特异性较低，很多成像特征会与其他肺炎和疾病发展过程重合。
As of March 2020, the American College of Radiology recommends that "CT should not be used to screen for or as a first-line test to diagnose COVID-19".
截至 2020 年 3 月，美国放射学会建议，“CT 不宜用于筛查 COVID-19 或作为诊断该病的第一道检测。”
The WHO has published several RNA testing protocols for SARS-CoV-2, with the first issued on 17 January.
世界卫生组织目前已公布多个针对 SARS-CoV-2 的核酸检测方案，首个方案发布于 1 月 17 日。
The test uses real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR).
核酸检测采用实时逆转录聚合酶链反应 (rRT-PCR)。
The test can be done on respiratory or blood samples.
呼吸道样本或血样均可用于检测。
Results are generally available within a few hours to days.
结果一般可在几小时到几天内得出。
Generally this test is carried out on a nasopharyngeal swab though a throat swab may also be used.A number of laboratories and companies are developing serological tests, which detect antibodies.
一般来说，这种检测通过鼻咽拭子进行，也可通过咽拭子进行。很多实验室和公司正在开发用于检测抗体的血清学试验。
As of 6 April 2020, none of these has been proved sufficiently accurate to be approved for widespread use.
截至 2020 年 4 月 6 日，这些检测方法均未证实足够准确，还无法批准广泛使用。
In the US a serological test developed by Cellex has been approved for emergency use by certified laboratories only.
在美国，由 Cellex 开发的血清学试验已获批，仅供认证实验室在紧急情况下使用。
Characteristic imaging features on radiographs and computed tomography (CT) of people who are symptomatic include asymmetric peripheral ground glass opacities and absent pleural effusions.
发病患者的 X 片和计算机断层扫描 (CT) 的典型成像特征包括外周磨玻璃影不对称和无胸腔积液。
The Italian Radiological Society is compiling an international online database of imaging findings for confirmed cases.
意大利放射学会正在针对确诊病例的影像表现汇编国际在线数据库。
Due to overlap with other infections such as adenovirus, imaging without confirmation by PCR is of limited specificity in identifying COVID-19.
因与其他病毒感染（如腺病毒）重合，所以未经 PCR 确认的影像在鉴定 COVID-19 方面的特异性有限。
A large study in China compared chest CT results to PCR and demonstrated that though imaging is less specific for the infection, it is faster and more sensitive, suggesting its consideration as a screening tool in epidemic areas.
中国一项大型研究将胸部 CT 结果与 PCR 结果对比后发现，尽管影像对于识别感染的特异性较低，但检测速度更快、更灵敏，因此可以考虑将其作为流行地区的一种筛查手段。
Artificial intelligence-based convolutional neural networks have been developed to detect imaging features of the virus with both radiographs and CT.
目前已开发出基于人工智能的卷积神经网络，可联合使用 X 片和 CT 来检测病毒的影像特征。
Strategies for preventing transmission of the disease include maintaining overall good personal hygiene, washing hands, avoiding touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands, and coughing or sneezing into a tissue and putting the tissue directly into a waste container.
预防疾病传播的措施包括良好的个人卫生习惯、勤洗手、避免未洗手直接触摸眼鼻口部、咳嗽或打喷嚏时用纸巾捂住口鼻，用过的纸巾直接丢进垃圾桶。
Those who may already have the infection have been advised to wear a surgical mask in public.
疑似感染者在进入公共场所时应佩戴医用外科口罩。
Physical distancing measures are also recommended to prevent transmission.Many governments have restricted or advised against all non-essential travel to and from countries and areas affected by the outbreak.
另外建议采取保持物理距离的措施以防止病毒传播。很多政府已限制或建议避免在非必要的情况下往返受疫情影响的国家和地区。
However, the virus has reached the stage of community spread in large parts of the world.
然而，该病毒目前已在全球大部分地区达到社区传播阶段。
This means that the virus is spreading within communities, and some community members don't know where or how they were infected.Health care providers taking care of someone who may be infected are recommended to use standard precautions, contact precautions, and eye protection.Contact tracing is an important method for health authorities to determine the source of an infection and to prevent further transmission.
这意味着病毒正在社区内传播，一些社区居民无从知晓他们是在哪里或者是怎样被感染的。接触疑似感染者的医护人员应采取标准预防措施、接触预防措施和眼部防护。追踪接触者是卫生监管部门确定传染源和防止进一步传播的重要手段。
The use of location data from mobile phones by governments for this purpose has prompted privacy concerns, with Amnesty International and over 100 other organizations issuing a statement calling for limits on this kind of surveillance.
政府出于追踪目的使用手机定位数据引发了人们对隐私的担忧，大赦国际等 100 多家组织发表声明，呼吁对这种监督加以限制。
Various mobile apps have been implemented or proposed for voluntary use, and as of April 7, 2020, over a dozen expert groups were working on privacy-friendly solutions, such as using Bluetooth to log a user's proximity to other cellphones.
目前有各种移动应用已投入使用或进入提案，供人们自愿使用，截至 2020 年 4 月 7 日，共有十多个专家组正致力于研究具备隐私保护功能的解决方案，如使用蓝牙记录用户与其他手机之间的距离。
Users then receive a message if they've been in close contact with someone who has tested positive for COVID-19.Misconceptions are circulating about how to prevent infection; for example, rinsing the nose and gargling with mouthwash are not effective.
用户一旦与 COVID-19 检测结果呈阳性的患者有过密切接触，便会收到信息提醒。关于预防感染的错误言论持续传播；如冲洗鼻子和用漱口水漱口是无效的。
There is no COVID-19 vaccine, though many organizations are working to develop one.
目前尚无 COVID-19 疫苗，但很多组织都在积极研发。
Hand washing is recommended to prevent the spread of the disease.
建议通过勤洗手来阻止疾病传播。
The CDC recommends that people wash hands often with soap and water for at least twenty seconds, especially after going to the toilet or when hands are visibly dirty; before eating; and after blowing one's nose, coughing, or sneezing.
美国疾控中心建议人们经常用肥皂和自来水洗手至少 20 秒，尤其是在如厕后或手上有明显污物时、饭前以及擤鼻涕、咳嗽或打喷嚏后。
This is because outside the human body, the virus is killed by household soap, which bursts its protective bubble.
这是因为病毒在进入人体之前，只需使用家用肥皂即可破坏其保护囊膜，从而起到杀灭病毒的作用。
CDC further recommended using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol by volume when soap and water are not readily available.
美国疾控中心 (CDC) 还建议，如果身边没有肥皂和自来水，可使用酒精含量至少达 60% 的含酒精洗手液洗手。
The WHO advises people to avoid touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands.
世界卫生组织建议人们避免在未洗手的情况下触摸眼睛、鼻子或嘴巴。
Surfaces may be decontaminated with a number of solutions (within one minute of exposure to the disinfectant for a stainless steel surface), including 62–71% ethanol, 50–100% isopropanol, 0.1% sodium hypochlorite, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide, and 0.2–7.5% povidone-iodine.
物体表面可使用多种溶液消毒（消毒液在不锈钢表面作用一分钟以内即可起效），包括 62-71% 乙醇、50-100% 异丙醇、0.1% 次氯酸钠、0.5% 过氧化氢和 0.2-7.5% 聚维酮碘。
Other solutions, such as benzalkonium chloride and chrohexidine gluconate, are less effective.
其他溶液（如苯扎氯铵和氯己定葡萄糖酸盐）效果较差。
The CDC recommends that if a COVID case is suspected or confirmed at a facility such as an office or day care, all areas such as offices, bathrooms, common areas, shared electronic equipment like tablets, touch screens, keyboards, remote controls, and ATM machines used by the ill persons, should be disinfected.
美国疾控中心建议，如果在办公室或日托所等设施出现新型冠状病毒肺炎疑似病例或确诊病例，则应对所有区域进行消毒，包括办公室、浴室、公共区域、共用电子设备，如平板电脑、触摸屏、键盘、遥控器和患者用过的自动取款机等。
Health organizations recommended that people cover their mouth and nose with a bent elbow or a tissue when coughing or sneezing, and disposing of any tissue immediately.
卫生组织建议人们在咳嗽或打喷嚏时用弯曲的手肘或纸巾捂住口鼻，并立即处理掉所有受污染纸巾。
Surgical masks are recommended for those who may be infected, as wearing a mask can limit the volume and travel distance of expiratory droplets dispersed when talking, sneezing, and coughing.
建议疑似感染者佩戴医用外科口罩，因为佩戴口罩可以减少说话、打喷嚏和咳嗽时呼出的飞沫量并缩短传播距离。
The WHO has issued instructions on when and how to use masks.
世界卫生组织已发布关于口罩使用场合与使用方法的说明。
According to Stephen Griffin, a virologist at the University of Leeds, "Wearing a mask can reduce the propensity [of] people to touch their faces, which is a major source of infection without proper hand hygiene."Masks have also been recommended for use by those taking care of someone who may have the disease.
利兹大学病毒学家 Stephen Griffin 认为:“戴口罩可减少人们摸脸的倾向，在手部卫生不到位的情况下，摸脸也是一大感染源”。此外，还建议负责照料疑似感染者的人员佩戴口罩。
The WHO has recommended the wearing of masks by healthy people only if they are at high risk, such as those who are caring for a person with COVID-19, although they also acknowledge that wearing masks may help people avoid touching their face.
世界卫生组织建议健康人群只有在高风险区域才需戴口罩，如负责照料 COVID-19 患者的人员，不过该组织也认可戴口罩有助于避免摸脸。
Several countries have started to encourage the use of face masks by members of the public.
一些国家和地区已经开始鼓励普通大众戴口罩。
In the U.S., the CDC recommends wearing non-medical face mask made out of cloth.China has specifically recommended the use of disposable medical masks by healthy members of the public, particularly when coming into close contact (1 metre (3 ft) or less) with other people.
美国疾控中心 (CDC) 建议佩戴用布料制成的非医用口罩。中国则明确建议健康公民也要佩戴一次性医用口罩，尤其是在（1 米（3 英尺）范围内）与他人近距离接触时。
Hong Kong recommends wearing a surgical mask when taking public transport or staying in crowded places.
中国香港建议乘坐公共交通工具或进入人群密集场所时需戴口罩。
Thailand's health officials are encouraging people to make cloth facemasks at home and wash them daily.
泰国卫生官员建议人们自制口罩，并每天清洗。
The Czech Republic and Slovakia banned going out in public without wearing a mask or covering one's nose and mouth.
捷克共和国和斯洛伐克严禁不戴口罩或不遮挡口鼻进入公共场所。
On 16 March, Vietnam requested everyone to wear a face mask when going to public areas in order to protect themselves and others.
3 月 16 日，越南要求所有人需戴口罩才可进入公共场所，以保护自己和他人。
The Austrian government mandated that everyone entering a grocery store must wear a face mask.
奥地利政府规定，所有人进入杂货店均需戴口罩。
Israel has asked all residents to wear face masks when in public.
以色列要求所有居民在公共场合均需戴口罩。
Taiwan, which has been producing ten million masks per day since mid-March, required passengers on trains and intercity buses to wear face masks on 1 April.
中国台湾自 3 月中旬以来的口罩日产量达 1,000 万只，4 月 1 日开始要求必须戴口罩乘坐火车和城际巴士。
Panama has made it obligatory to wear a face mask whenever going outside, while also recommending the manufacture of a homemade face mask for those who cannot purchase face masks.
巴拿马规定外出必须戴口罩，并建议买不到口罩的居民自制口罩。
Face masks have also been widely used in Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, and Singapore.
口罩在日本、韩国、马来西亚和新加坡也已广泛使用。
Social distancing (also known as physical distancing) includes infection control actions intended to slow the spread of disease by minimizing close contact between individuals.
有关保持社交距离（也称保持物理距离）的感染防控措施旨在尽量减少人与人之间的密切接触，从而减缓疾病传播。
Methods include quarantines; travel restrictions; and the closing of schools, workplaces, stadiums, theatres, or shopping centres.
措施包括隔离；出行限制；停学、停工以及关闭体育场、剧院或购物中心。
Individuals may apply social distancing methods by staying at home, limiting travel, avoiding crowded areas, using no-contact greetings, and physically distancing themselves from others.
在保持社交距离方面，个人可采取的措施包括呆在家中、限制出行、避开进入人群密集区域、改用非接触式问候方式以及与他人保持物理距离等。
Many governments are now mandating or recommending social distancing in regions affected by the outbreak.
现在，很多政府均已强制要求或建议受疫情影响的地区保持社交距离。
The maximum gathering size recommended by US government bodies and health organizations was swiftly reduced from 250 people (if there was no known COVID-19 spread in a region) to 50 people, and later to 10 people.
关于最大人群聚集规模，美国政府机构和卫生组织最初的建议是 250 人（在无 COVID-19 传播的地区），随后很快减少到 50 人，后来又减少到 10 人。
On 22 March 2020, Germany banned public gatherings of more than two people.Older adults and those with underlying medical conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, respiratory disease, hypertension, and compromised immune systems face increased risk of serious illness and complications and have been advised by the CDC to stay home as much as possible in areas of community outbreak.In late March 2020, the WHO and other health bodies began to replace the use of the term "social distancing" with "physical distancing", to clarify that the aim is to reduce physical contact while maintaining social connections, either virtually or at a distance.
2020 年 3 月 22 日，德国禁止两人以上的公共集会。老年人和患有糖尿病、心脏病、呼吸系统疾病、高血压和免疫系统受损等基础性疾病的群体患重症和并发症的风险较高。德国疾控中心建议身居疫情区域的这类人群尽可能不要外出。2020 年 3 月下旬，世界卫生组织和其他卫生机构开始用“保持物理距离”取代“保持社交距离”的说法，以澄清其目的是要减少身体接触，同时仍要保持社交联系，包括虚拟联系和远距离联系。
The use of the term "social distancing" had led to implications that people should engage in complete social isolation, rather than encouraging them to stay in contact with others through alternative means.Some authorities have issued sexual health guidelines for use during the pandemic.
使用“保持社交距离”的说法蕴含着要求人们完全与社会隔离的含义，没有鼓励人们采用其他方式保持人与人之间的联系。一些权威机构还发布了大流行期间适用的性健康指导方针。
These include recommendations to only have sex with someone you live with, who does not have the virus or symptoms of the virus.
其中的建议包括仅与生活在一起且未感染病毒或无症状的伴侣发生性关系。
Self-isolation at home has been recommended for those diagnosed with COVID-19 and those who suspect they have been infected.
建议 COVID-19 确诊患者和疑似感染者居家进行自我隔离。
Health agencies have issued detailed instructions for proper self-isolation.Many governments have mandated or recommended self-quarantine for entire populations living in affected areas.
卫生机构已发布关于正确自我隔离的详细说明。很多政府已强制或建议疫区的全体居民进行自我隔离。
The strongest self-quarantine instructions have been issued to those in high risk groups.
另外还向高危人群发布了最严厉的自我隔离指示。
Those who may have been exposed to someone with COVID-19 and those who have recently travelled to a country or region with widespread transmission have been advised to self-quarantine for 14 days from the time of last possible exposure.
如有可能接触过 COVID-19 患者，或者近期去过大范围传播的国家或地区，会被建议自最后可能接触病毒的时间起自我隔离 14 天。
Strategies in the control of an outbreak are containment or suppression, and mitigation.
疫情防控策略包括遏制/抑制和缓解。
Containment is undertaken in the early stages of the outbreak and aims to trace and isolate those infected as well as introduce other measures of infection control and vaccinations to stop the disease from spreading to the rest of the population.
遏制适用于爆发早期阶段，目的是要追踪和隔离感染者，同时采取其他感染防控和疫苗接种措施，以阻止疾病向其他人群传播。
When it is no longer possible to contain the spread of the disease, efforts then move to the mitigation stage: measures are taken to slow the spread and mitigate its effects on the healthcare system and society.
如果已经无法遏制疾病的传播，则要努力过渡到缓解阶段：采取措施减缓疾病传播，降低疾病对卫生系统和社会的影响。
A combination of both containment and mitigation measures may be undertaken at the same time.
遏制和缓解措施可同时进行。