atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
And there have been mask-related disputes reported between other countries, such as Germany, Austria and Switzerland; and the Czech Republic and Italy.
据报道，德国、奥地利与瑞士以及捷克共和国与意大利等其他国家之间也存在口罩纠纷。
In addition, Turkey seized hundreds of ventilators destined for Spain.
此外，土耳其截获了数百台运往西班牙的呼吸机。
In early March, the Italian government criticized the European Union's lack of solidarity with coronavirus-affected Italy.
3 月初，意大利政府批评欧盟对受新型冠状病毒影响的意大利的支持力度不够。
Maurizio Massari, Italy's ambassador to the EU, said that "Only China responded bilaterally.
意大利驻欧盟大使 Maurizio Massari 表示：“只有中国做出了双边回应。
Certainly, this is not a good sign of European solidarity."
当然，这不是欧洲团结的好迹象。”
On 22 March, after a phone call with Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte, Russian president Vladimir Putin arranged the Russian army to send military medics, special disinfection vehicles, and other medical equipment to Italy.
3 月 22 日，俄罗斯总统普京在与意大利总理孔特通话后，安排俄罗斯军队向意大利派遣军医、特种消毒车和其他医疗设备。
Italy's La Stampa newspaper cited an anonymous "high-level political source" that 80 percent of Russia's aid was "useless or of little use to Italy".
意大利《新闻报》引用一位匿名“高层政治官员”的话说，俄罗斯 80% 的援助“对意大利几乎毫无用处”。
The source accused Russia of embarking on a "geopolitical and diplomatic" charm offensive.
该消息人士指责俄罗斯发起了“地缘政治和外交”魅力攻势。
The President of Lombardy, Attilio Fontana, and Italian Foreign Minister Luigi Di Maio dismissed the media reports and expressed their gratitude.
伦巴第区长 Attilio Fontana 和意大利外交部长 Luigi Di Maio 驳回了媒体的报道，并表达了自己的谢意。
Russia also sent a cargo plane with medical aid to the United States.
俄罗斯还向美国派出了一架载有医疗援助物资的货运飞机。
Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said that "when offering assistance to US colleagues, [Putin] assumes that when US manufacturers of medical equipment and materials gain momentum, they will also be able to reciprocate if necessary."
克里姆林宫发言人 Dmitry Peskov 称：“[普京]在向美国同僚提供援助时，认为一旦美国医疗设备和材料制造商恢复产能，将在必要情况下做出回报。”
The planned NATO "Defender 2020" military exercise in Germany, Poland, and the Baltic states, the largest NATO war exercise since the end of the Cold War, will be held on a reduced scale.
计划在德国、波兰和波罗的海举行的北约“捍卫者 2020”军事演习是冷战结束以来规模最大的北约军事演习，演习时规模将有所缩小。
The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament's general secretary Kate Hudson criticized the Defender 2020 exercise: "In the current public-health crisis, it jeopardizes the lives not only of the troops from the US and the many European countries participating but the inhabitants of the countries in which they are operating."The Iranian government has been heavily affected by the virus, with around two dozen parliament members infected as well as fifteen other current or former political figures.
核裁军运动秘书长 Kate Hudson 批评了“捍卫者 2020”演习：“在全球面临公共卫生危机的当下，演习不仅危及美国及很多欧洲参与国家军人的生命，还会危及演习所在国的居民。”伊朗政府受疫情影响严重，约有 24 名议员及 15 名其他现任或前任政治人物被感染。
Iran's President Hassan Rouhani wrote a public letter to world leaders asking for help on 14 March 2020, saying that his country is struggling to fight the outbreak due to lack of access to international markets as a result of the United States sanctions against Iran.The outbreak has prompted calls for the United States to adopt social policies common in other wealthy countries, including universal health care, universal child care, paid family leave, and higher levels of funding for public health.
2020 年 3 月 14 日，伊朗总统哈桑·鲁哈尼给世界各国领导人写了一封公开信，请求援助。信中指出，美国对伊朗的制裁导致伊朗无法进入国际市场，让伊朗在抗击疫情方面困难重重。疫情爆发促使各方呼吁美国采取其他富裕国家常见的社会政策，包括全民医疗保健、全民儿童保健、带薪探亲假以及提高公共卫生资金水平。
Political analysts anticipated it may negatively affect Donald Trump's chances of re-election in the 2020 presidential election.Diplomatic relations between Japan and South Korea worsened due to the pandemic.
政治分析人士预计，此次疫情可能会对唐纳德·特朗普能否在 2020 年总统大选中获得连任产生负面影响。日本和韩国之间的外交关系也因全球大流行而恶化。
South Korea criticized Japan's "ambiguous and passive quarantine efforts" after Japan announced anybody coming from South Korea will be placed in two weeks' quarantine at government-designated sites.
日本宣布从韩国入境的所有人均需在政府指定地点接受为期两周的检疫隔离，韩国随后批评日本的此项“检疫措施模糊且被动”。
The South Korean society was initially polarized on President Moon Jae-in's response to the crisis.
韩国社会最初对总统文在寅的危机应对措施表现出两极分化的态度。
Many Koreans signed petitions either calling for the impeachment of Moon over what they claimed to be government mishandling of the outbreak, or praising his response.The pandemic has allowed countries to pass emergency legislation in response.
很多韩国人在请愿书上签字，有的呼吁弹劾文在寅，指责政府对疫情的处理不当，有的则赞扬他的应对策略。这场大流行促使很多国家通过了紧急立法作为应对。
Some commentators have expressed concerns that it could allow governments to strengthen their grip on power.
一些评论家担心这可能会使政府强化对权力的控制。
In Hungary, its parliament voted to allow the prime minister, Viktor Orbán, to rule by decree indefinitely, suspend parliament as well as elections and punish those deemed to have spread false information about the virus and the government's handling of the crisis.
在匈牙利，议会投票支持总理欧尔班·维克托通过法令无限期执政，暂停议会和选举，如果有人被认定传播了有关病毒和政府危机处理方面的虚假信息，也可对其进行处罚。
The coronavirus outbreak has been blamed for several instances of supply shortages, stemming from globally increased usage of equipment to fight the outbreaks, panic buying, and disruption to factory and logistic operations.
多方面的供应短缺可归咎于新型冠状病毒爆发，这源于全球为对抗疫情而增加了设备使用，恐慌性购物，以及工厂和物流运营中断。
The United States Food and Drug Administration has issued warnings about shortages of drugs and medical equipment due to increased consumer demand and supplier disruption.
美国食品药品监督管理局发布了关于药品和医疗设备短缺的警告，原因是消费者需求增加和供应中断。
Several localities also witnessed panic buying that led to shelves being cleared of grocery essentials such as food, toilet paper, and bottled water, inducing supply shortages.
多地出现恐慌性购物现象，导致货架上的食品、卫生纸和瓶装水等必需品被清空，造成供应短缺。
The technology industry in particular has been warning about delays to shipments of electronic goods.
尤其科技行业也一直在警告电子产品发货延迟。
According to WHO director-general Tedros Adhanom, the demand for personal protection equipment has risen 100-fold.
世界卫生组织总干事谭德塞称，大众对个人防护设备的需求增加了 100 倍。
This demand has led to the increase in prices of up to twenty times the normal price and also induced delays on the supply of medical items for four to six months.
这种需求导致这类产品的价格比平时最高上涨了 20 倍，医疗用品供应也延迟了 4 至 6 个月，
It has also caused a shortage of personal protective equipment worldwide, with the WHO warning that this will endanger health workers.
此外还导致全球个人防护设备短缺。世界卫生组织警告称，这将对医护人员造成威胁。
In Australia, the pandemic provided a new opportunity for daigou shoppers to sell Australian products into China.
在澳大利亚，大流行为代购人员提供了向中国销售澳大利亚产品的新机会。
The activity has created a shortage of baby formula in some supermarkets and was subsequently banned by the Australian government.Despite the high prevalence of COVID-19 cases in Northern Italy and the Wuhan region, and the ensuing high demand for food products, both areas have been spared from acute food shortages.
这一活动导致一些超市婴儿配方奶粉出现短缺，随即被澳大利亚政府禁止。尽管意大利北部和武汉地区的 COVID-19 非常严重，但这两地并没有出现严重的食品短缺。
Measures by China and Italy against the hoarding and illicit trade of critical products have been successful, avoiding acute food shortages that were anticipated in Europe as well as in North America.
中国和意大利针对关键产品囤积和非法贸易行为采取的措施非常成功，避免了严重食品短缺问题，而欧洲和北美则预计会出现此类问题。
Northern Italy with its significant agricultural production has not seen a large reduction, but prices may increase according to industry representatives.
意大利北部的农业产量并未大幅下降，但业界代表认为，价格可能会上涨。
Empty food shelves were only encountered temporarily, even in Wuhan city, while Chinese government officials released pork reserves to assure sufficient nourishment of the population.
食品货架清空现象只是暂时性出现，即使在武汉也是如此，中国政府官员还释放了猪肉储备，以保障居民的充分营养。
Similar laws exist in Italy requiring food producers to keep reserves for such emergencies.
意大利也有类似法律规定，要求食品生产商针对这类紧急情况储备供应。
Damage to the global economy has been felt in China: according to a media report on 16 March, the economy in China was very hard hit in the first two months of 2020 due to the measures taken by the government to curtail virus spread, and retail sales plunged 20.5%.
全球经济受损已对中国产生影响：3 月 16 日的一份媒体报道称，2020 年前两个月，受政府采取的疫情遏制措施的影响，中国经济遭受巨大冲击，零售额暴跌 20.5%。
As mainland China is a major economy and manufacturing hub, the viral outbreak has been seen to pose a major destabilizing threat to the global economy.
由于中国大陆是全球主要的经济和制造业中心，所以病毒爆发被视为对全球经济稳定性构成重大威胁。
Agathe Demarais of the Economist Intelligence Unit has forecast that markets will remain volatile until a clearer image emerges on potential outcomes.
据《经济学人》情报组的 Agathe Demarais 预测，在对可能的后果有更清晰的认识之前，市场将一直处于不稳定状态。
In January 2020, some analysts estimated that the economic fallout of the epidemic on global growth could surpass that of the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak.
2020 年 1 月，一些分析师估计，此次爆发对全球经济增长的负面影响可能超过 2002-2004 年的非典疫情。
One estimate from an expert at Washington University in St. Louis gave a $300+ billion impact on the world's supply chain that could last up to two years.
圣路易斯华盛顿大学的一位专家估计，疫情对全球供应链产生的影响将达 3,000 多亿美元，持续时间可能长达两年。
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) reportedly "scrambled" after a steep decline in oil prices due to lower demand from China.
据报道，因中国需求下降，石油输出国组织 (OPEC) 在油价大幅下跌后“处境艰难”。
Global stock markets fell on 24 February due to a significant rise in the number of COVID-19 cases outside mainland China.
2 月 24 日，因中国大陆以外的 COVID-19 病例大幅增加，导致全球股市下跌。
On 27 February, due to mounting worries about the coronavirus outbreak, various U.S. stock indexes including the NASDAQ-100, the S&amp;P 500 Index, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average posted their sharpest falls since 2008, with the Dow falling 1,191 points, the largest one-day drop since the financial crisis of 2007–08.
2 月 27 日，因民众对新型冠状病毒疫情的担忧日益加剧，包括纳斯达克 100 指数、标准普尔 500 指数和道琼斯工业平均指数在内的各类美股指数均出现自 2008 年以来的最大跌幅，道指下跌 1,191 点，为 2007-08 年金融危机以来最大单日跌幅。
All three indexes ended the week down more than 10%.
三大指数当周均下跌了 10% 以上。
On 28 February, Scope Ratings GmbH affirmed China's sovereign credit rating, but maintained a Negative Outlook.
2 月 28 日，Scope Ratings GmbH 确认了中国的主权信用评级，但仍保持负面展望。
Stocks plunged again based on coronavirus fears, the largest fall being on 16 March.
民众对新型冠状病毒的担忧导致股市再次暴跌，最大跌幅出现在 3 月 16 日。
Many consider an economic recession to be likely.
多方认为经济衰退是大概率事件。
Economist Mohamed El-Erian praised central banks' and states' timely emergency measures.
经济学家 Mohamed El-Erian 称赞各国央行和各州均及时采取了紧急措施。
Central banks are reacting more quickly than they did to the 2008 financial crash.
相比 2008 年的金融危机，央行反应更快了。
Tourism is one of the worst affected sectors due to travel bans, closing of public places including travel attractions, and advice of governments against any travel all over the world.
受旅行禁令、旅游景点等公共场所关闭，以及各国政府建议避免出行的影响，旅游业成为遭受影响最严重的行业之一。
As a consequence, numerous airlines have cancelled flights due to lower demand, including British Airways, China Eastern Airlines, and Qantas, while British regional airline Flybe collapsed.
受此影响，很多航空公司因需求下降而取消了航班，包括英国航空公司、中国东方航空公司和澳洲航空公司，而英国支线航空公司 Flybe 则不幸倒闭。
The impact on the cruise line industry was at a level never seen before.
邮轮行业所受重创更是前所未有。
Several train stations and ferry ports have also been closed.
多个火车站和轮渡港口也被迫关闭。
The epidemic coincided with the Chunyun, a major travel season associated with the Chinese New Year holiday.
疫情恰逢春运期间，因中国春节放假，这原本是一个重要的旅游季。
A number of events involving large crowds were cancelled by national and regional governments, including annual New Year festivals, with private companies also independently closing their shops and tourist attractions such as Hong Kong Disneyland and Shanghai Disneyland.
国家和地方政府取消了一系列会涉及人群聚集的活动，包括一年一度的春节，私营企业也自行关闭了店铺和旅游景点，如香港迪士尼乐园和上海迪士尼乐园。
Many Lunar New Year events and tourist attractions have been closed to prevent mass gatherings, including the Forbidden City in Beijing and traditional temple fairs.
很多农历新年活动和旅游景点（包括北京故宫和传统庙会）一律取消和关闭，以防止大规模人群聚集。
In 24 of China's 31 provinces, municipalities and regions, authorities extended the New Year's holiday to 10 February, instructing most workplaces not to re-open until that date.
在中国 31 个省、直辖市和自治区当中，有 24 个地区将新年假期延长到了 2 月 10 日，要求大多数企业在该日期之前不得复工。
These regions represented 80% of the country's GDP and 90% of exports.
这些地区的国内生产总值占全国的 80%，出口占 90%。
Hong Kong raised its infectious disease response level to the highest and declared an emergency, closing schools until March and cancelling its New Year celebrations.The retail sector has been impacted globally, with reductions in store hours or temporary closures.
中国香港将传染病应对级别提高至最高级，并宣布进入紧急状态，学校停课至 3 月，新年庆祝活动取消。零售业受到全球影响，店铺营业时间缩短或临时关闭。
Visits to retailers in Europe and Latin America declined by 40%.
欧洲和拉丁美洲的零售店光顾量下降了 40%。
North America and Middle East retailers saw a 50–60% drop.
北美和中东地区零售店光顾量下降了 50-60%。
This also resulted in a 33–43% drop in foot traffic to shopping centres in March compared to February.
此外，疫情还导致购物中心 3 月份的客流量比 2 月份下降了 33-43%。
Shopping mall operators around the world imposed additional measures, such increased sanitation, installation of thermal scanners to check the temperature of shoppers, and cancellation of events.According to a United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America estimate, the pandemic-induced recession could leave between 14 and 22 million more people in extreme poverty in Latin America than would have been in that situation without the pandemic.
世界各地的购物中心经营者均采取了额外措施，如增加卫生设施，安装热扫描仪来测量购物者体温，同时还取消了一些活动。根据联合国拉丁美洲经济委员会的估计，大流行引发的经济衰退可能会导致拉丁美洲的极贫人口比未发生大流行时多出 1,400 万至 2,200 万。
In January and February 2020, during the height of the epidemic in Wuhan, about 5 million people in China lost their jobs.
2020 年 1 月和 2 月，在武汉疫情高峰期，中国大约有 500 万人失业。
Many of China's nearly 300 million rural migrant workers have been stranded at home in inland provinces or trapped in Hubei province.In March 2020, more than 10 million Americans lost their jobs and applied for government aid.
中国有近 3 亿农民工，其中很多均被滞留在内陆省份家中或湖北省。2020 年 3 月，超过 1,000 万美国人失业，并申请了政府援助。
The coronavirus outbreak could cost 47 million jobs in the United States and unemployment rate may hit 32%, according to estimates by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.The lockdown in India has left tens of millions of Indian migrant workers (who are paid through daily wages) unemployed.The survey from the Angus Reid Institute found that 44% of Canadian households have experienced some type of unemployment.Nearly 900,000 workers lost their jobs in Spain since it went into lockdown in mid-March 2020.
根据圣路易斯联邦储备银行的估计，新型冠状病毒疫情可能导致美国 4,700 万人失业，失业率可能达到 32%。印度的封锁已导致数千万（按日计薪的）印度农民工失业。安格斯里德研究所调查发现，44% 的加拿大家庭经历过某种形式的失业。自 2020 年 3 月中旬西班牙实施封锁以来，近 90 万工人失业。
During the second half of March, 4 million French workers applied for temporary unemployment benefits and 1 million British workers applied for a universal credit scheme.Almost half a million companies in Germany have sent their workers on a government-subsidized short-time working schemes known as Kurzarbeit.
3 月下半月，400 万法国工人申请了临时失业救济，100 万英国工人申请了通用福利金。德国近 50 万家公司对员工采用了由政府补贴的缩时工作制。
The German short-time work compensation scheme has been adopted by France and Britain.
法国和英国也都采用了德国的缩时工作补偿制。
The performing arts and cultural heritage sectors have been profoundly affected by the pandemic, impacting organizations' operations as well as individuals—both employed and independent—globally.
演艺和文化产业也因疫情受到重创，全球范围内的组织运作以及受雇员工和个体均未能幸免。
Arts and culture sector organizations attempted to uphold their (often publicly funded) mission to provide access to cultural heritage to the community, maintain the safety of their employees and the public, and support artists where possible.
艺术和文化产业组织努力坚持其使命（通常由政府资助），向社区展示文化遗产，维护其雇员和公众的安全，并尽可能为艺术家提供支持。
By March 2020, across the world and to varying degrees, museums, libraries, performance venues, and other cultural institutions had been indefinitely closed with their exhibitions, events and performances cancelled or postponed.
到 2020 年 3 月，世界各地的博物馆、图书馆、演艺场所和其他文化机构均在不同程度上被无限期关闭，原定展览、活动和表演也被迫取消或推迟。
In response there were intensive efforts to provide alternative services through digital platforms.Another recent and rapidly accelerating fallout of the disease is the cancellation of religious services, major events in sports, and other social events, such as music festivals and concerts, technology conferences, and fashion shows.
为应对这一状况，各方开始大力通过数字平台提供替代性服务。此次疫情近期还会导致很多宗教服务、重大体育活动和其他社会活动（如音乐节、音乐会、技术研讨会和时装表演）被迫取消，而且这一负面影响会迅速加剧。
The film industry has also experienced disruption.The Vatican announced that Holy Week observances in Rome, which occur during the last week of the Christian penitential season of Lent, have been cancelled.
电影业同样受到了冲击。梵蒂冈宣布取消将于基督教四旬斋最后一周在罗马举行的圣周纪念活动。
Many dioceses have recommended older Christians to stay at home rather than attending Mass on Sundays; some churches have made church services available via radio, online live streaming or television while others are offering drive-in worship.
很多教区建议年长的基督徒呆在家中，礼拜日也不用参加弥撒；一些教堂通过广播、在线直播或电视举行礼拜仪式，还有些教堂则允许车内敬拜。
With the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rome closing its churches and chapels and St. Peter's Square emptied of Christian pilgrims, other religious bodies also cancelled services and limited public gatherings in churches, mosques, synagogues, temples and gurdwaras.
因罗马天主教管区关闭了其大小教堂，圣彼得广场上不见基督教朝圣者踪影，其他宗教团体也取消或限制了在教堂、清真寺、犹太教堂、寺庙和谒师所的礼拜或有限的公共集会。
Iran's Health Ministry announced the cancellation of Friday prayers in areas affected by the outbreak and shrines were later closed, while Saudi Arabia banned the entry of foreign pilgrims as well as its residents to holy sites in Mecca and Medina.
伊朗卫生部宣布取消受疫情影响地区的周五祈祷，祈祷圣地后来也被迫关闭，沙特阿拉伯则禁止外国朝圣者及其居民进入麦加和麦地那圣地。
The pandemic has caused the most significant disruption to the worldwide sporting calendar since the Second World War.
这场大流行给世界体育日程造成了自第二次世界大战以来最严重的破坏。
Most major sporting events have been either cancelled or postponed, including the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League, 2019–20 Premier League, UEFA Euro 2020, 2019–20 NBA season, and 2019–20 NHL season.
大部分重大体育赛事被迫取消或推迟，其中包括 2019-20 欧洲冠军联赛、2019-20 英超联赛、2020 欧洲冠军联赛、2019-20 NBA 赛季和 2019-20 全美曲棍球联合会赛季。
The outbreak disrupted plans for the 2020 Summer Olympics, which were originally scheduled to start at the end of July; the International Olympic Committee announced on 24 March that the event will be "rescheduled to a date beyond 2020 but not later than summer 2021".Casinos and other gaming venues worldwide have closed and live poker tournaments have been either postponed or cancelled.
此次爆发打乱了原定于 7 月底举行的 2020 年夏季奥运会计划；国际奥委会于 3 月 24 日宣布，该赛事将“重新安排到 2020 年以后，但不得晚于 2021 年夏季”。世界各地的赌场和其他博彩场所均遭关闭，现场扑克比赛也被迫推迟或取消。
This has led many gamblers to move online, with many online gambling sites reporting significant increases in their rates of new sign-ups.The entertainment industry has also been affected, with various music groups suspending or cancelling concert tours.
这进而导致很多赌博者转向网上赌博，多家网上赌博网站报告称其新注册率显著增加。娱乐业也受到了影响，各种音乐团体均暂停或取消了巡回演唱会。
Many large theatres such as those on Broadway also suspended all performances.
很多大型剧院，如百老汇剧院，也暂停了所有演出。
Some artists have explored ways to continue to produce and share work over the internet as an alternative to traditional live performance, such as live streaming concerts or creating web-based "festivals" for artists to perform, distribute, and publicize their work.
一些艺人也设法通过互联网继续创作和分享作品，以替代传统现场演出，如现场直播音乐会，或创建网络“节日”供艺人表演、发行和宣传其作品。
Online, numerous coronavirus-themed Internet memes have spread as many turn to humour and distraction amid uncertainty.
在网上，众多以新型冠状病毒为主题的网络迷因传播开来，在不确定性蔓延的当下，很多人开始转向以幽默和转移注意力的方式应对。
Since the outbreak of COVID-19, heightened prejudice, xenophobia, and racism have been noted toward people of Chinese and East Asian descent, and against people from hotspots in Europe, the United States and other countries.
自 COVID-19 爆发以来，针对中国人、东亚裔及来自欧洲、美国和其他国家热点地区人群的偏见、仇外心理和种族歧视日益加剧。
Incidents of fear, suspicion, and hostility have been observed in many countries, particularly in Europe, East Asia, North America, and the Asia-Pacific region.
很多国家和地区，尤其是在欧洲、东亚、北美和亚太地区，均出现了恐惧、怀疑和仇视事件。
Reports from February (when the majority of the cases had still been confined to China) have documented racist sentiments expressed in various groups worldwide of Chinese people deserving the virus or receiving what has been claimed as justified retribution.
今年 2 月的诸多报道（当时大部分病例仍局限于中国）记录了世界范围内不同群体对中国人表现出的种族主义情绪，认为中国人就应该感染病毒或接受所谓的正当报复。
Some countries in Africa have also seen a rise in anti-Chinese sentiment.
一些非洲国家也出现了反华情绪上升现象。
Many residents of Wuhan and Hubei have reported discrimination based on their regional origin.
据报道称，武汉和湖北地区的很多居民受到了地域歧视。
There has been support for the Chinese, both on and offline, and towards those in virus-stricken areas.
无论在线下还是线上，都有声音支持中国人以及疫情严重地区的居民。
Following the progression of the outbreak to new hotspot countries, people from Italy, the first country in Europe to experience a serious outbreak of COVID-19, could also be subjected to suspicion and xenophobia.Citizens in countries including Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, and South Korea initially signed petitions lobbying to ban Chinese people from entering their countries in an effort to stop the disease.
随着疫情蔓延至其他热点国家，意大利成为欧洲首个 COVID-19 严重爆发的国家，来自该国的人群也可能受到怀疑和仇外心理的影响。马来西亚、新西兰、新加坡、韩国等国的一些公民最初签署了请愿书，请求禁止中国人进入本国，以试图阻止疾病传播。
In Japan, the hashtag #ChineseDontComeToJapan trended on Twitter.
在日本，有人推特上发起的 #ChineseDontComeToJapan（中国人别来日本）话题广泛传播。
Chinese people as well as other Asians in the United Kingdom and the United States have reported increasing levels of racist abuse, as well as assaults.
中国人以及身在英国和美国的其他亚洲人报告称，种族虐待和攻击日渐增多。
U.S. president Donald Trump has faced criticism for referring to the coronavirus as the "Chinese Virus", a term considered by critics to be racist and anti-Chinese.
美国总统唐纳德·特朗普因将新型冠状病毒称为“中国病毒”而饱受批评，批评者认为其言论存在种族歧视和反华倾向。
Protesters in Ukraine attacked buses carrying Ukrainian and foreign evacuees from Wuhan to Novi Sanzhary.
乌克兰抗议者袭击了从武汉开往新桑扎里的公共汽车，里面载有乌克兰和外国撤离者。
Students who come from Northeast India, which shares a border with China, and study in major Indian cities have reportedly experienced harassment related to the coronavirus outbreak.
据报道，来自印度东北部（与中国接壤）并在印度主要城市就读的学生也因新型冠状病毒爆发而受到骚扰。
The Bharatiya Janata Party's State unit president in West Bengal Dilip Ghosh stated that the Chinese had destroyed nature and "that's why the God took revenge against them."
印度人民党西孟加拉邦主席迪利普·戈什称，中国人破坏了自然，“所以上帝要报复他们。”
The remarks were later condemned by the Chinese consulate in Kolkata, calling it "erroneous".In China, xenophobia and racism agains non-Chinese residents has been inflamed by the pandemic, with foreigners described as "foreign garbage" and targeted for "disposal".
这些言论后来遭到中国驻加尔各答领事馆的谴责，称其“错误”。在中国，非中国居民受到的仇外心理和种族歧视也因大流行而加剧，外国人被描述为“外国垃圾”，应成为“垃圾处理”的目标。
Many newspapers with paywalls have removed them for some or all of their coronavirus coverage.
很多设有付费墙的报纸为部分或全部有关新型冠状病毒的报道取消了付费墙的限制。
Many scientific publishers made scientific papers related to the outbreak available with open access.
很多科学出版商公开发表了一些疫情相关科学论文。
Some scientists chose to share their results quickly on preprint servers such as bioRxiv.
还有些科学家选择在 bioRxiv 等预印本服务器上快速分享其研究结果。
Emerging infectious disease – Infectious disease of emerging pathogen, often novel in its outbreak range or transmission mode
新出现的传染病——由新出现的病原体引发的传染病，其爆发范围或传播方式通常也与以往不同
Globalization and disease – Overview of globalization and disease transmission
全球化与疾病——全球化与疾病传播概述
List of epidemics and pandemics – A list of death tolls due to infectious disease
流行病和大流行病清单——传染病死亡人数清单
Wildlife smuggling and zoonoses – Health risks associated with the trade in exotic wildlife
野生动物走私与人畜共患病——与外来野生动物买卖相关的健康风险
Laboratory testing for the respiratory coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the associated SARS-CoV-2 virus includes methods that detect the presence of virus and those that detect antibodies produced in response to infection.
2019 呼吸道冠状病毒疾病 (COVID-19) 及相关 SARS-CoV-2 病毒的实验室检测方法包括：检测病毒是否存在以及检测感染后是否产生抗体。
The presence of viruses in samples is confirmed by RT-PCR, which detects the coronavirus' RNA.
RT-PCR 可检测冠状病毒的 RNA，并由此确定样本中是否存在病毒。
This test is specific and is designed to only detect the RNA of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
这项检测是 SARS-CoV-2 病毒 RNA 的特异性检测。
It is used to confirm very recent or active infections.
可用来确定最近是否受到感染或是否有活动性感染。
Detection of antibodies (serology) can be used both for diagnosis and population surveillance.
抗体检测（血清测试）可用于诊断和群体监测。
Antibody tests show how many people have had the disease, including those whose symptoms were too minor to report or who were asymptomatic.
抗体检测显示有多少人已感染病毒，包括症状轻微而没有报告或无症状的感染者。
An accurate mortality rate of the disease and the level of herd immunity in the population can be determined from the results of this test.
这项检测结果可确定疾病的准确致死率，以及人口中的群体免疫水平。
Due to limited testing, as of March 2020 no countries had reliable data on the prevalence of the virus in their population.
由于检测数量有限，截至 2020 年 3 月，没有任何国家/地区能够就病毒在其人口中的流行情况提供可靠的数据。
By 23 March, no country had tested more than 3% of their population, and there are massive variations in how much testing has been done across countries.
截至 3 月 23 日，没有一个国家/地区的检测人数超过其人口的 3%，各个国家/地区完成的检测量差异巨大。
This variability is also likely to be significantly affecting reported case fatality rates, which are likely to be significantly over-estimated in some countries.
这种差异还可能严重影响报告的病例死亡率，在部分国家，这个比率可能被严重高估。
Using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) the test can be done on respiratory samples obtained by various methods, including nasopharyngeal swab or sputum sample.
采用咽喉拭子进行实时逆转录聚合酶链反应（rRT-PCR）检测，只有在感染病毒后的第一周内完成，才能得到可靠结果。
Results are generally available within a few hours to 2 days.
一般情况下，几个小时至 2 天内即可得到结果。
The RT-PCR test performed with throat swabs is only reliable in the first week of the disease.
采用咽拭子进行的 RT-PCR 检测，只有在感染病毒后的第一周内完成，才能得到可靠结果。
Later on the virus can disappear in the throat while it continues to multiply in the lungs.
之后，病毒在咽喉中消失，但在肺部继续繁殖。
For infected people tested in the second week, alternatively sample material can then be taken from the deep airways by suction catheter or coughing up material (sputum) can be used.
对于在感染后第二周进行检测的感染者，样本物可替换为通过吸痰管获得的深呼吸道提取物，或可以使用咳出物（痰液）。
One of the early PCR tests was developed at Charité in Berlin in January 2020 using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), and formed the basis of 250,000 kits for distribution by the World Health Organization (WHO).
2020 年 1 月在柏林查瑞特 (Charité) 医院发布了 rRT-PCR， 这是早期 PCR 检测法之一，并成为世界卫生组织 (World Health Organization, WHO) 分发的 250,000 个检测试剂盒的依据。
The United Kingdom had also developed a test by 23 January 2020.The South Korean company Kogenebiotech developed a clinical grade, PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection kit (PowerChek Coronavirus) on 28 January 2020.
2020 年 1 月 23 日，英国也开发出一种检测法。2020 年 1 月 28 日，韩国公司 Kogenebiotech 开发出一种临床级、基于 PCR 的 SARS-CoV-2 检测试剂盒（PowerChek Coronavirus）。
It looks for the "E" gene shared by all beta coronaviruses, and the RdRp gene specific to SARS-CoV-2.In China, BGI Group was one of the first companies to receive emergency use approval from China's National Medical Products Administration for a PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection kit.In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is distributing its 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel to public health labs through the International Reagent Resource.
它寻找所有 β 冠状病毒共有的“E”基因，以及 SARS-CoV-2 特有的 RdRp 基因。在中国，华大基因 (BGI Group) 是首批获得中国国家药品监督管理局关于生产基于 PCR 的 SARS-CoV-2 检测试剂盒的紧急使用批准的公司之一。在美国，疾病控制与预防中心 (CDC) 通过国际试剂资源部门向公共卫生实验室分发了 2019 新型冠状病毒 (2019-nCoV) 实时 RT-PCR 诊断面板。
One of three genetic tests in older versions of the test kits caused inconclusive results due to faulty reagents, and a bottleneck of testing at the CDC in Atlanta; this resulted in an average of fewer than 100 samples a day being successfully processed throughout the whole of February 2020.
早期版本的检测试剂盒采用三个基因检测法，其中的一种方法由于试剂缺陷导致无法确定结果，同时，亚特兰大 CDC 出现检测瓶颈；这导致在 2020 年的整个二月，每天成功处理的平均样本数量不足 100 个。
Tests using two components were not determined to be reliable until 28 February 2020, and it was not until then that state and local laboratories were permitted to begin testing.
包含两个部分的检测法直至 2020 年 2 月 28 日才被认定可靠，在这时，该州和当地实验室才被允许开始检测。
The test was approved by the Food and Drug Administration under an Emergency Use Authorization.US commercial labs began testing in early March 2020.
此检测由美国食品药品监督管理局依据紧急使用授权批准。美国商业实验室在 2020 年 3 月初开始检测。
As of 5 March 2020 LabCorp announced nationwide availability of COVID-19 testing based on RT-PCR.
LabCorp 宣布，从 2020 年 3 月 5 日起可在全国范围内进行基于 RT-PCR 的 COVID-19 检测。
Quest Diagnostics similarly made nationwide COVID-19 testing available as of 9 March 2020.
Quest Diagnostics 也同样宣布从 2020 年 3 月 9 日起可提供全国范围的 COVID-19 检测。
No quantity limitations were announced; specimen collection and processing must be performed according to CDC requirements.
未宣布数量限制；样本采集和处理必须按照 CDC 要求执行。
In Russia, the COVID-19 test was developed and produced by the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR.
在俄罗斯，COVID-19 检测由国家病毒学与生物技术研究中心 (VECTOR) 负责研制和生产。
On 11 February 2020 the test was registered by the Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare.On 12 March 2020, Mayo Clinic was reported to have developed a test to detect COVID-19 infection.On 13 March 2020, Roche Diagnostics received FDA approval for a test which could be performed within 3.5 hours in high volume, thus allowing one machine to do approximately 4,128 tests in a 24-hour period.
2020 年 2 月 11 日，该检测已在俄罗斯联邦卫生监督局注册。2020 年 3 月 12 日，据报告，梅奥诊所研制出一种可检测 COVID-19 感染的试剂盒。2020 年 3 月 13 日，Roche Diagnostics 的一个检测方法获得 FDA 的批准，该方法可在 3.5 小时内完成大量检测，从而实现一台设备可在 24 小时内进行大约 4,128 次检测。
On 19 March 2020, the FDA issued emergency use authorization (EUA) to Abbott Laboratories for a test on Abbott's m2000 system; the FDA had previously issued similar authorization to Hologic, LabCorp, and Thermo Fisher Scientific.
2020 年 3 月 19 日，FDA 向雅培 (Abbott Laboratories) 发放了采用 Abbott 的 m2000 系统进行检测的紧急使用授权 (EUA)；FDA 此前曾向 Hologic、LabCorp 和 Thermo Fisher Scientific 发放了类似授权。
On 21 March 2020, Cepheid similarly received EUA from the FDA for a test that takes about 45 minutes.
2020 年 3 月 21 日，Cepheid 的一项大约需要 45 分钟的检测方法同样获得了 FDA 的紧急使用授权。
The FDA has approved a test that uses isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology instead of PCR.
FDA 已批准了一项使用核酸等温扩增技术代替 PCR 的检测方法。
Since this does not require a series of alternating temperature cycles this method can deliver positive results in as little as five minutes and negative results in 13 minutes.
由于该方法不需要一系列的变温循环，因此，仅 5 分钟就可得出阳性结果，13 分钟内可确定阴性结果。
There are currently about 18,000 of these machines in the U.S. and Abbott expects to ramp up manufacturing to deliver 50,000 tests per day.A test which uses a monoclonal antibody which specifically binds to the nucleocapsid protein (N protein) of the novel coronavirus is being developed in Taiwan, with the hope that it can provide results in 15 to 20 minutes just like a rapid influenza test.
美国当前有大约 18,000 套这样的设备，Abbott 预计会提高产量以便每天可以提供 50,000 次检测。台湾正在研发一种使用单克隆抗体（专门与新型冠状病毒的核衣壳蛋白（N 蛋白）结合）的检测方法，希望它能像快速流感检测一样在 15 至 20 分钟内提供检测结果。
A March 2020 literature review concluded that "chest radiographs are of little diagnostic value in early stages, whereas CT [computed tomography] findings may be present even before symptom onset."
2020 年 3 月的一份文献综述得出了这样的结论，“在病毒早期阶段，胸片的诊断价值很小，而 CT [电脑断层扫描] 的表现可能会很明显，即使在症状出现前”
Typical features on CT include bilateral multilobar ground-glass opacificities with a peripheral, asymmetric and posterior distribution.
CT 的典型特征包括双肺多叶磨玻璃影，具有外周非对称和后部分布。
Subpleural dominance, crazy paving and consolidation develop as the disease evolves.
随着疾病进展，将发展出胸膜下显性、碎石路征和肺实变。
A study comparing PCR to CT in Wuhan at the point of origin of the current pandemic has suggested that CT is significantly more sensitive than PCR, though less specific, with many of its imaging features overlapping with other pneumonias and disease processes.
一项比较武汉（当前大流行病的最初爆发的地方）的 PCR 和 CT 的研究表明，CT 的敏感性比 PCR 高很多，但 CT 的精确度较低，它的许多影像学特点与其他肺炎和疾病重叠。
As of March 2020, the American College of Radiology recommends that "CT should not be used to screen for or as a first-line test to diagnose COVID-19".As of March 2020, the CDC recommends PCR for initial screening.
截至 2020 年 3 月，美国放射学会建议“CT 不应该用于筛查 COVID-19 或作为诊断 COVID-19 的一线检测工具”。自 2020 年 3 月开始，CDC 建议使用 PCR 进行初始筛查。
Part of the immune response to infection is the production of antibodies including IgM and IgG.
对感染作出的部分免疫反应是产生抗体，包括 IgM 和 IgG。
These can be used to detect infection in individuals starting 7 days or so after the onset of symptoms, to determine immunity, and in population surveillance.Assays can be performed in central laboratories (CLT) or by point-of-care testing (PoCT).
这些抗体可用于检测症状开始后 7 天左右的个体感染情况，以确定受监测人群的免疫情况。测定可在中心实验室 (CLT) 或通过即时检测 (PoCT) 进行。
The high-throughput automated systems in many clinical laboratories will be able to perform these assays but their availability will depend on the rate of production for each system.
许多临床实验室中的高通量自动系统都能进行上述测定，但其可用性则取决于各个系统的生产率。
For CLT a single specimen of peripheral blood is commonly used, although serial specimens can be used to follow the immune response.
对于 CLT，虽然可通过序列样本来追踪免疫反应，但它通常使用一份外周血样本进行测定。
For PoCT a single specimen of blood is usually obtained by skin puncture.
对于 PoCT，一般情况下会采用皮肤穿刺获取一份血液样本。
Unlike PCR methods an extraction step is not needed before assay.On March 26, 2020, the FDA named 29 entities that provided notification to the agency as required and are now therefore able to distribute their antibody tests.
测定前不需要执行提取步骤，这一点不同于 PCR 方法。2020 年 3 月 26 日，FDA 批准了 29 个实体申报的检测方法，这些实体现在能够分发其抗体检测试剂盒。
As of April 7, 2020, only a single test has been approved by the FDA under an emergency use authorization.In late March 2020, Euroimmun Medical Laboratory Diagnostics and Epitope Diagnostics received European approvals for their test kits, which can detect IgG and IgA antibodies against the virus in blood samples.
截至 2020 年 4 月 7 日，FDA 依据紧急使用授权仅批准了一项检测。2020 年 3 月下旬，欧蒙医学实验诊断股份公司和 Epitope Diagnostics 的检测试剂盒在欧洲获得了批准，这些试剂盒可针对血液样本中的病毒检测 IgG 和 IgA 抗体。
The testing capacity is several hundred samples within hours and therefore much faster than the conventional PCR assay of viral RNA.
检测能力为数小时内可检测数百个样本，因此，在测定病毒 RNA 上，比传统 PCR 测定速度快很多。
The antibodies are usually detectable 14 days after the onset of the infection.In early April, the UK found none of the antibody test kits it purchased were sufficiently good to use.
一般情况下，在感染开始后的 14 天可以检测出抗体。四月初，英国发现在其购买的抗体检测试剂盒中，没有一种足够好用。
Hong Kong has set up a scheme where suspected patients can stay home, "emergency department will give a specimen tube to the patient", they spit into it, send it back and get a test result a while after.The British NHS has announced that it is piloting a scheme to test suspected cases at home, which removes the risk of a patient infecting others if they come to a hospital or having to disinfect an ambulance if one is used.In drive-through testing for COVID-19 for suspected cases, a healthcare professional takes sample using appropriate precautions.
香港建立了一套疑似患者可以居家的机制，“急诊室给患者提供样本试管”，患者将唾液吐到试管里，然后将试管寄回，稍后便会收到结果。英国 NHS 宣布，它在试行一个居家检测疑似病例的方案，这样便可消除患者前往医院时感染其他人的风险，也可消除患者使用救护车后必须对救护车进行消毒的风险。在进行免下车检测 COVID-19 疑似病例时，医护专业人员可以采取适当的预防措施来提取样本。
Drive-through centers have helped South Korea do some of the fastest, most-extensive testing of any country.In Germany, the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians said on 2 March, that it had a capacity for about 12,000 tests per day in the ambulatory setting and 10.700 had been tested in the prior week.
免下车检测中心已帮助韩国进行了比其他国家更快、最广泛的检测。在德国，全国法定健康保险医师协会在 3 月 2 日表示，非住院机构每天有能力进行大约 12,000 次检测，上一周已经检测了 10,700 次。
Costs are borne by the health insurance when the test is ordered by a physician.
如果是应医生要求进行检测，则费用由健康保险承担。
According to the president of the Robert Koch Institute, Germany has an overall capacity for 160,000 tests per week.
德国罗伯特•科赫研究所 (Robert Koch Institute) 所长表示，德国每周的总检测能力是 160,000 份。
As of 19 March drive in tests were offered in several large cities.
截至 3 月 19 日，已在多个大城市提供免下车检测。
As of 26 March 2020 the total number of tests performed in Germany was unknown, because only positive results are reported.
截至 2020 年 3 月 26 日，在德国进行的总检测人数尚不知晓，因为只报告了检测结果为阳性的人数。
A first lab survey revealed that as of calendar week 12/2020 a total of at least 483,295 samples were tested up to and including week 12/2020 and 33,491 samples (6.9%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.In Israel, researchers at Technion and Rambam Hospital developed and tested a method for testing samples from 64 patients simultaneously, by pooling the samples and only testing further if the combined sample is found to be positive.In Wuhan a makeshift 2000-sq-meter emergency detection laboratory named "Huo-Yan" (Chinese: 火眼, or "Fire Eye" in English) was opened on 5 February 2020 by BGI, which can process over 10,000 samples a day.
一项初期的实验室调查显示，截至 2020 年第 12 周，至少一共检测了 483,295 个样本（包括 2020 年第 12 周在内），检测出 33,491 个样本 (6.9%) SARS-CoV-2 呈阳性。在以色列，Technion 和 Rambam 医院的研究人员研制并测试了一个用于同时检测 64 名患者样本的方法，即汇总样本，并仅在合并的样本被发现为阳性时才进行进一步检测。在武汉，华大基因 (BGI) 临时建立了一个名为“火眼”的 2000 平米紧急检测实验室，于 2020 年 2 月 5 日投入使用，每天可以处理 10,000 多个样本。
With the construction overseen by BGI-founder Wang Jian and taking 5-days, modelling has show cases in Hubei would have been 47% higher and the corresponding cost of the tackling the quarantine would have doubled if this testing capacity hadn't come on line.
该实验室在华大基因创始人汪建监督下 5 天建成，建模显示出，若不是达到了上述检测能力，湖北的病例会高出 47%，而相应的处理隔离费用也会翻倍。
The Wuhan Laboratory has been promptly followed by Huo-Yan labs in Shenzhen, Tianjin, Beijing, and Shanghai, in a total of 12 cities across China.
继武汉实验室之后，深圳、天津、北京和上海立即相继建立了火眼实验室，目前中国共有 12 个城市建立了该实验室。
By 4 March 2020 the daily throughput totals were 50,000 tests per day.Open source, multiplexed designs released by Origami Assays have been released that can test as many as 1122 patient samples for COVID19 using only 93 assays . These balanced designs can be run in small laboratories without the need for robotic liquid handlers.
到 2020 年 3 月 4 日，实验室检测日通量总计为每日 50,000 份。Origami Assays 发布的开源、多路设计，仅通过 93 次测定就可对多达 1122 个患者样本进行 COVID19 检测。这些均衡的设计可在小型实验室中运行，无需自动移液器。
By March, shortages and insufficient amounts of reagent has become a bottleneck for mass testing in the EU and UK and the US.
截至 3 月，试剂短缺和数量不足已成为在欧盟、英国和美国进行大规模检测的障碍。
This has led some authors to explore sample preparation protocols that involve heating samples at 98 °C (208 °F) for 5 minutes to release RNA genomes for further testing.On 31 March it was announced United Arab Emirates was now testing more of its population for Coronavirus per head than any other country, and was on track to scale up the level of testing to reach the bulk of the population.
这导致一些发起人探索样本制备方案，其涉及将样本加热到 98 °C (208 °F) 达到 5 分钟，以释放 RNA 基因组进行进一步检测。阿拉伯联合酋长国在 3 月 31 日宣布，现在已对其更多人口进行了新冠病毒检测，检测人数多于任何其他国家，并且正在扩大检测水平，以让大量民众接受检测。
This was through a combination of drive-through capability, and purchasing a population-scale mass-throughput laboratory from Group 42 and BGI (based on their "Huo-Yan" emergency detection laboratories in China).
实现这一检测能力的方法在于，一方面使用免下车 (drive-through) 检测，另一方面向 Group 42 和华大基因（基于其在中国的“火眼”紧急检测实验室）出资建立应对大规模人群检测需求的高通量实验室。
Constructed in 14 days, the lab is capable of conducting tens of thousands RT-PCR tests per day and is the first in the world of this scale to be operational outside of China.
该实验室在 14 天内建成，每天能够进行数以万计的 RT-PCR 检测，是世界上第一个在中国境外运营的如此规模的实验室。
Different testing recipes targeting different parts of the coronavirus genetic profile were developed in China, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, and the United States.
中国、法国、德国、中国香港、日本和美国都开发出了针对冠状病毒基因图谱各个部分的不同检测方法。
The World Health Organization adopted the German recipe for manufacturing kits sent to low-income countries without the resources to develop their own.
世界卫生组织采纳了德国生产检测试剂盒的方法，为没有资源开发自己的试剂盒的低收入国家寄送试剂盒。
The German recipe was published on 17 January 2020; the protocol developed by the United States Centers for Disease Control was not available until 28 January, delaying available tests in the U.S.China and the United States had problems with the reliability of test kits early in the outbreak, and these countries and Australia were unable to supply enough kits to satisfy demand and recommendations for testing by health experts.
德国的方法已在 2020 年 1 月 17 日公布；美国疾病控制与预防中心制定的方案在 1 月 28 日后方可使用，从而限制了美国的检测能力。中国和美国在爆发早期都遇到了检测试剂盒可靠性的问题，这两个国家和澳大利亚无法提供足够的检测盒来满足需求和健康专家提出的检测建议。
In contrast, experts say South Korea's broad availability of testing helped reduce the spread of the novel coronavirus.
与此相反的是，专家认为韩国的广泛检测对减少新型冠状病毒的传播很有帮助。
Testing capacity, largely in private sector labs, was built up over several years by the South Korean government.
得益于韩国政府在过去几年里建立起来的检测能力，其主要集中在私营部门的实验室中。
On 16 March, the World Health Organization called for ramping up the testing programmes as the best way to slow the advance of COVID-19 pandemic.High demand for testing due to wide spread of the virus caused backlogs of hundreds of thousands of tests at private U.S. labs, and supplies of swabs and chemical reagents became strained.
3 月 16 日，世界卫生组织号召增加检测方案，作为减缓 COVID-19 流行病发展的最佳方法。病毒广泛传播导致对检测的需求非常大，这致使美国私人实验室积压了数十万份检测，且拭子和化学试剂的供应也开始变得紧张。
In March 2020 China reported problems with accuracy in their test kits.
2020 年 3 月，中国报告了其检测试剂盒的准确性问题。
In the United States, the test kits developed by the CDC had "flaws;" the government then removed the bureaucratic barriers that had prevented private testing.Spain purchased test kits from Chinese firm Shenzhen Bioeasy Biotechnology Co Ltd, but found that results were inaccurate.
在美国， 由 CDC 研制的检测试剂盒具有“缺陷”；随后，政府消除了阻碍私人实验室检测的官僚主义障碍。西班牙从中国公司深圳易瑞生物技术有限公司购买了检测盒，发现检测结果不准确。
The firm explained that the incorrect results may be a result of a failure to collect samples or use the kits correctly.
该公司解释说，检测结果不准确可能是未正确收集样本或错误地使用检测试剂盒所导致。
The Spanish ministry said it will withdraw the kits that returned incorrect results, and would replace them with a different testing kit provided by Shenzhen Bioeasy.80% of test kits the Czech Republic purchased from China gave wrong results.Slovakia purchased 1.2 million test kits from China which were found to be inaccurate.
西班牙内阁表示，将回收返回错误结果的试剂盒，并替换成深圳易瑞生物 (Shenzhen Bioeasy) 提供的另外一种试剂盒。捷克共和国从中国购买的测试盒中有 80% 检测结果不正确。斯洛伐克从中国购买了 120 万个测试盒，结果发现不准确。
Prime Minister Matovič suggested these be dumped into the Danube.Ateş Kara of the Turkish Health Ministry said the test kits Turkey purchased from China had a "high error rate" and did not "put them into use."The UK purchased 3.5 million test kits from China but in early April 2020 announced these were not usable.
首相 Matovič 建议这些检测盒应该被扔进多瑙河。土耳其卫生部的 Ateş Kara 表示，土耳其从中国购买的检测盒“错误率很高”，并且没有“将它们投入使用”。英国从中国购买了 350 万个检测盒，在 2020 年四月宣布这些检测盒无法使用。
Testing, followed with quarantine of those who tested positive and tracing of those with whom the SARS-CoV-2 positive people had had contact, resulted in positive outcomes.
进行检测，并对检测结果呈阳性的人员进行隔离并追踪 SARS-CoV-2 阳性人员的接触史，可获得积极效果。
Researchers working in the Italian town of Vò, the site of the first COVID-19 death in Italy, conducted two rounds of testing on the entire population of about 3,400 people, about ten days apart.
在意大利 Vò 市（意大利首例 COVID-19 患者死亡地）工作的研究人员，对总共约 3,400 人的群体进行了两轮检测，每轮相隔约十天。
About half the people testing positive had no symptoms, and all discovered cases were quarantined.
其中约一半的人检测出阳性且无症状，所有发现的病例均已隔离。
With travel to the commune restricted, this eliminated new infections completely.
通过对社区采取了出行限制，从而完全消除了新发感染。
With aggressive contact tracing, inbound travel restrictions, testing, and quarantining, the 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Singapore has proceeded much more slowly than in other developed countries, but without extreme restrictions like forced closure of restaurants and retail establishments.
通过大规模追踪接触者、限制入境旅行、检测和进行隔离，2020 冠状病毒在新加坡的传染速度远远慢于其他发达国家/地区，而且新加坡没有采取极端限制措施，例如，强制关闭餐馆和零售场所。
Many events have been cancelled, and Singapore did start advising residents to stay at home on 28 March, but schools reopened on time after holiday break on 23 March.
新加坡取消了许多活动，3 月 28 日开始建议居民留在家中，但学校在假期后于 3 月 23 日准时复课。
Several other countries have also managed the pandemic with aggressive contact tracing, inbound travel restrictions, testing, and quarantining, but with less aggressive lock-downs, such as Iceland and South Korea.
爱尔兰和韩国等其他几个国家/地区也通过大规模追踪接触者、限制入境旅行、检测和隔离以及不太激进的封锁措施控制住了疾病的大规模流行。
A statistical study has found that countries that have tested more, relative to the number of deaths, have much lower case fatality rates, probably because these countries are better able to detect those with only mild or no symptoms.
一项统计研究发现，相对于死亡人数，检测数量越多的国家，其病例死亡率也越低，原因可能是这些国家能够更好地检测只有轻微症状或无症状的群体。
WHO recommends that countries that do not have testing capacity and national laboratories with limited experience on COVID-19 send their first five positives and the first ten negative COVID-19 samples to one of the 16 WHO reference laboratories for confirmatory testing.
WHO 建议没有检测能力且国家级实验室处理 COVID-19 经验有限的国家，将他们的前五个呈阳性和前十个呈阴性的 COVID-19 样本，寄往 16 个 WHO 参比实验室中的其中一个进行确认检测。
Out of the 16 reference laboratories, 7 are in Asia, 5 in Europe, 2 in Africa, 1 in North America and 1 in Australia.
在这 16 个参比实验室中，其中 7 个位于亚洲 、5 个位于欧洲、2 个位于非洲、1 个位于北美、1 个位于澳大利亚。
In the following chart, the column “Positive as % of tests” is influenced by the country's testing policy.
在以下图表中，“检测呈阳性%”列受所在国家检测政策的影响。
A country that only tests people admitted to hospitals will have a higher positive as % of tests than a country that tests all citizens, whether or not they are showing symptoms, other things being equal.
在其他条件相同情况下，与检测所有公民（无论是否显现出症状）的国家相比，仅检测住院人员的国家，其阳性检出率较高。
Hand washing (or handwashing), also known as hand hygiene, is the act of cleaning one's hands for the purpose of removing soil, grease, microorganisms, or other unwanted substances.
洗手，也称为手部清洁，是为了清除手上的尘土、油脂、微生物或其他无用物质而清洁手部的行为。
Hand washing with soap consistently at certain "critical moments" during the day prevents the spread of many diseases, for example diarrhoea and cholera, which are transmitted through fecal–oral route.
在每天的某些“关键时刻”坚持用肥皂洗手可防止许多疾病的传播，例如腹泻和霍乱，这些疾病都可通过粪–口途径传播。
People can also become infected with respiratory diseases such as influenza or the common cold, for example, if they do not wash their hands before touching their eyes, nose, or mouth (i.e., mucous membranes).
如果人们在接触自己的眼睛、鼻子或嘴（即粘膜）之前没有洗手，还可能会感染呼吸系统疾病，例如，流感或普通感冒。
The five critical moments during the day where washing hands with soap is important include: before and after defecation, after cleaning a child's bottom or changing nappies, before feeding a child, before eating and before and after preparing food or handling raw meat, fish, or poultry.
一天中务必用肥皂洗手的五个关键时刻：排便前后、清洁孩童的臀部或换尿片后、给孩子喂食前、饭前以及处理食物前后或处理生肉、鱼或禽肉前后。
If water and soap are not available, hands can be cleaned with ash.The World Health Organization recommends washing hands:
如果没有肥皂和水，可以用草木灰清洁手部。世界卫生组织建议在下列情况下洗手：
Before, during, and after preparing food.
准备食物之前、过程中以及之后。
Before and after caring for a sick person.
照顾病人前后。
After changing the diapers or cleaning up a child who has used the toilet.
更换尿布或清洁如厕孩童的臀部后。
After blowing your nose, coughing or sneezing.
擦鼻涕、咳嗽或打喷嚏后。
After touching animal, animal feed, or animal waste.
触摸动物、动物食物或动物粪便后。
Medical hand hygiene refers to hygiene practices related to medical procedures.
医务人员手部卫生指的是与医疗程序有关的卫生习惯。
Hand washing before administering medicine or medical care can prevent or minimize the spread of disease.
在发药或进行医疗护理前洗手，可防止或最大限度减少疾病的传播。
The main medical purpose of washing hands is to cleanse the hands of pathogens (bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms that can cause disease) and chemicals which can cause harm or diseases.
在医疗领域，洗手的主要目的是清除手上可能伤害人体或导致疾病的病原体（细菌、病毒或可引发疾病的其他微生物）及化学物质。
This is especially important for people who handle food or work in the medical field, but also an important practice for the general public.
对于从事食品加工或在医疗领域工作的人来说，洗手尤其重要，但对于公众来说，洗手也是非常重要的做法。
Hand washing has many health benefits, including minimizing the spread of influenza, coronavirus, and other infectious diseases; preventing infectious causes of diarrhea; decreasing respiratory infections;
洗手对健康的益处很多，包括最大限度减少流感、冠状病毒和其他传染性疾病的传播；防止传染性腹泻；减少呼吸系统感染；
and reducing infant mortality rate at home birth deliveries.
以及降低在家中接生时的婴儿死亡率。
A 2013 study showed that improved hand washing practices may lead to small improvements in the length growth in children under five years of age.
2013 年的一项研究表明，改善洗手习惯对五岁以下儿童的身高增加有略微的促进作用。
In developing countries, childhood mortality rates related to respiratory and diarrheal diseases can be reduced by introducing simple behavioral changes, such as hand washing with soap.
在发展中国家，通过倡导简单的行为改变（例如，用肥皂洗手），就可减少与呼吸系统和腹泻疾病有关的儿童死亡率。
This simple action can reduce the rate of mortality from these diseases by almost 50%.
这一简单的行为可将上述疾病的致死率降低近 50%。
Interventions that promote hand washing can reduce diarrhoea episodes by about a third, and this is comparable to providing clean water in low income areas.
倡导洗手这一干预方式可降低约三分之一腹泻事件的发生，其效果相当于在低收入地区提供清洁水源。
48% of reductions in diarrhoea episodes can be associated with hand washing with soap.Hand washing with soap is the single most effective and inexpensive way to prevent diarrhea and acute respiratory infections (ARI), as automatic behavior performed in homes, schools, and communities worldwide.
用肥皂洗手可将腹泻事件减少 48%。作为在世界各地的家庭、学校和社区进行的自发行为，用肥皂洗手是预防腹泻和急性呼吸道感染 (Acute Respiratory Infections, ARI) 的最有效和最廉价方法。