atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
A small number of studies which have looked at the bacterial transfer from contaminated solid soap have concluded transfer is unlikely as the bacteria are rinsed off with the foam.
ብዙሓት መጽናዕቲታት ከምዘካየድዎ ናይ ካብ ዝተበከለ ሓመድ ዝመሓላለፍ ናይ ባክቴርያ ዝርጋሐ ውሑድ እዩ ምኽንያቱ እቲ ባክቴርያ በቲ ዓፍራ ስለዝጠፍእ።
The CDC still states "liquid soap with hands-free controls for dispensing is preferable". 
CDC ክሳብ ሕዚ "ፈሳሲ ሳሙና ኢድካ ከይነኻእኻ ምጥቃም እዩ ዝምረጽ " ኢሉ።
Antibacterial soaps have been heavily promoted to a health-conscious public.
ኣንቲባክቴርያል ሳሙናታት ንጥዕና ዘተሓሳስቦ ህዝቢ ብከቢዱ ክላለዩ ተገይሩ እዩ።
To date, there is no evidence that using recommended antiseptics or disinfectants selects for antibiotic-resistant organisms in nature.
ክሳብ ሕዚ፣ኣብቶም ብተፈጥሮ ተጻወርቲ ኦርጋኒዝማት እቶም ዝምከሩ ጸረ-ታህዋስያን ወይ ጸረ-ረኽሲታት ምጥቃም፣ ነቶም ብተፈጥሮ ኣንቲባዮቲክ ዝኾኑ ኦርጋኒዝማት ይመርጹዎም ምዃኖም ዘርኢ መረዳእታ የለን።
However, antibacterial soaps contain common antibacterial agents such as triclosan, which has an extensive list of resistant strains of organisms.
እንተኾነ ግን፣ ጸረ-ባክቴርያ ሳሙናታት ከም triclosan ዝኣመሰሉ ጸረ -ባክቴርያ ኤጀንትታት ዝሓዙ እዮም፣ ብዙሓት ነዚ ዝጻወርዎ ናይ ስትረይናት ዝርዝር ኣሎ።
So, even if antibiotic resistant strains aren't selected for by antibacterial soaps, they might not be as effective as they are marketed to be.
ስለዚ፣ ጸረ-ረኽሲ ተጻወርቲ ስተርይናት በቲ ጸረ-ባክቴርያ ሳሙና ዋላ ኣይመረጹ ፣ ክንድቲ ዝድለ ኣድማዕቲ ዘይክኾኑ ይኽእሉ እዮም።
Besides the surfactant and skin-protecting agent, the sophisticated formulations may contain acids (acetic acid, ascorbic acid, lactic acid) as pH regulator, antimicrobially active benzoic acid and further skin conditioners (aloe vera, vitamins, menthol, plant extracts).A comprehensive analysis from the University of Oregon School of Public Health indicated that plain soaps are as effective as consumer-grade anti-bacterial soaps containing triclosan in preventing illness and removing bacteria from the hands.
ምስቲ ስርፋክታንትን ናይ ቆርበት ተኸላኻሊ ኤጀንት ጎኒ ን ጎኒ፣ እዚ ውስብስብ ፎርሙሌሽን ኣሲድ ዝሓዘ ክኸውን ይኽእለል እዩ (ኣሰቲክ ኣሲድ፣ ኣስኮርቢክ ኣሲድ፣ ላክቲክ ኣሲድ) ከም ናይ pH መመጣጠኒ፣ ጸረ ማይክሮቢያል ንጡፍ ዝኾነ ቤንዞኒክ ኣሲድን ተወሳኺ ናይ ቆርበት ኮንዲሽነራትን (ኣሎይ ቬራ፣ ቪታሚናት፣ ሜታኖል፣ ካብ ኣትክልቲ ዝተወሰዱ)። ብ University of Oregon School of Public Health(ኦሪጎን ዩኒቨርሲቲ ናይ ፐብሊክ ጥዕና ቤት ትምህርቲ) ዝተገበረ ሓፈሻዊ ሳይንሳዊ ገምጋም ተራ ሳሙናታት ክንዲ እቶም ንዓደግቲ ዝተዳለዉ ሕማማት ንኽከላኸሉን ባክቴርያ ከወግዱን ዝተዳለዉ ጸረ-ባክቴርያ ሳሙናታት ማዕረ ብቑዓት እዮም ክብል ኣመላኺቱ።
Hot water that is comfortable for washing hands is not hot enough to kill bacteria.
ኢድካ ንምሕጻብ ዝምቹ ትኩስ ማይ ባክቴርያ ንምቕጣል ዝኣክል ትኩስ ኣይኮነን።
Bacteria grow much faster at body temperature (37 °C).
ባክቴረያ ኣብ ናይ ሰብነት ረስኒ (37 °C) ብቕልጡፍ ይዓቢ።
However, warm, soapy water is more effective than cold, soapy water at removing natural oils which hold soils and bacteria.
እንተኾነ ግን፣ ውዑይን ሳሙና ዘለዎን ማይ ካብ ዝሑልን ሳሙና ዘለዎን ማይ ሓመድን ባክቴርያን ዝሕዙ ተፈጥሮኣዊ ዘይትታት ኣብ ምውጋድ ዝሓሸ ኣድማዕነት ኣለዎ።
Contrary to popular belief however, scientific studies have shown that using warm water has no effect on reducing the microbial load on hands.
ብዙሕ ሰብ ንዘለዎ እምነት ብዝጻረር መልክዑ፣ ሳይንሳዊ መጽናዕቲታት ውዑይ ማይ ምጥቃም ኣብ ኢድ ናይ ዘለዉ ማይክሮብያል በዝሒ ኣብ ምቕናስ ጥቕሚ ከምዘይብሉ ሓቢሮም።
A hand sanitizer or hand antiseptic is a non-water-based hand hygiene agent.
ናይ ኢድ ሳኒታየዘራት ወይ ናይ ኢድ ኣንቲሰፕቲክ ማይ ዘይብሎም ናይ ኢድ መጽረዪ ኤጀንትታት እዮም።
In the late 1990s and early part of the 21st century, alcohol rub non-water-based hand hygiene agents (also known as alcohol-based hand rubs, antiseptic hand rubs, or hand sanitizers) began to gain popularity.
ኣብ መወዳእታ 1990ታትን መጀመርታ 21 ክፍለዘመን ናይ ኣልኮል መስተ ማያዊ ዘይኮኑ ናይ ኢድ ጽሬት መሐለዊ ውህዳት (ኣልኮላዊ መሕጸቢ ኢድ፣ ኣንቲሰፕቲክ መሕጸቢ ኢድ፣ ወይ ሳኒታይዘር) ተጠላብነት ክረኽቡ ጀሚሮም።
Most are based on isopropyl alcohol or ethanol formulated together with a thickening agent such as Carbomer (polymer of acrylic acid) into a gel, or a humectant such as glycerin into a liquid, or foam for ease of use and to decrease the drying effect of the alcohol.
መብዛሕትኦም ናይ ኣይዞፕሮፓይል ኣልኮል ወይ ኢታኖል ምስ መሕፈሲ ኤጀንት ከም ካርቦመር (ናይ ኣክሪሊክ ኣሲድ ፖሊመር) ተሓዊሶም ጄለ ይኾኑ፣ ወይ ሂዩመክታንት ይኾኑ ከም ግላይሰሪን ፈሳሲ፣ ወይ ናይ እቲ ኣልኮል ናይ ምንቃጽ ጽልዋ ንምቕናስ ዓፍራ ዘለዎ ምግባር።
Adding diluted hydrogen-peroxide increases further the antimicrobial activity.Hand sanitizers containing a minimum of 60 to 95% alcohol are efficient germ killers.
ዝተጽበጸበ ሃይድሮጂን-ፐርኦክሳይድ ምጥቃም ተወሳኺ ጸረ-ማይክሮቢያል ንጥፈት ይውስኽ። እንተንኢሱ 60 ክሳብ 95% ኣልኮል ዘለዎም ናይ ኢድ ሳኒታይዘራት ብቑዓት ጀርም ቀተልቲ እዮም።
Alcohol rub sanitizers kill bacteria, multi-drug resistant bacteria (MRSA and VRE), tuberculosis, and some viruses (including HIV, herpes, RSV, rhinovirus, vaccinia, influenza, and hepatitis) and fungi.
ኣልኮል ዘለዎም ሳኒታይዘራት ባክቴርያ፣ ዝተፈላለዩ መድሓኒታት ዝጻወሩ ባክቴርያ (MRSA ን VRE ን)፣ ቲበርኪሎሲስ፣ ከምኡውን ገለ ቫይረሳት (HIV፣ ሀርፒስ፣ RSV፣ ራይኖቫይረስ፣ ቫክሲንያ፣ ኢንፍሉዌንዛ፣ ከምኡውን ሄፓታይተስ እውን ሓዊሱ) ከምኡ ውን ፋንጋይ ይቐትል።
Alcohol rub sanitizers containing 70% alcohol kill 99.97% (3.5 log reduction, similar to 35 decibel reduction) of the bacteria on hands 30 seconds after application and 99.99% to 99.999% (4 to 5 log reduction) of the bacteria on hands 1 minute after application.Hand sanitizers are most effective against bacteria and less effective against some viruses.
ኣልኮል ዘለዎም ሳኒታይዘራት 70% ኣልኮል ዘለዎም 99.97% (3.5 ሎግ ምቕናስ፣ ምስ 35 ዴሲቤል ምቕናስ ብተመሳሳሊ) ምስ ገበርኩመምዎም ድሕሪ 30 ሰከንድታት ነቶም ባክቴርያታት ይቐትልዎም 99.99% ክሳብ 99.999% (4 ክሳብ 5 ና ሎግ ምቕናስ) ናይ ቲ ባክቴርያ ናብ ኢድኩም ምገበርኩምዎ ድሕሪ 1 ደቒቓ። ናይ ኢድ ሳኒታይዘራት ኣንጻር ባክቴርያ ብሉጻት እዮም ኣንጻር ሓደ ቫይረሳት ግን ክንድቲ ኣድማዕቲ ኣይኮኑን።
Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are almost entirely ineffective against norovirus (or Norwalk) type viruses, the most common cause of contagious gastroenteritis.Enough hand antiseptic or alcohol rub must be used to thoroughly wet or cover both hands.
ኣልኮል ዘለዎም ናይ ኢድ ሳኒታይዘራት ኣንጻር እቶም ንቡር ናይ ተላባዒ ጋስትሮኢንተራይትስ ሕማም መልዐሊ ዝኾኑ ኖሮቫይረስ (ወይ Norwalk) ዓይነት ቫይረሳት ኣድማዕነት የብሎምን። ኣእዳውኩም ንምትርካስ ወይ ክልቲኦም ኣእዳው ንምሽፋን ዘኽእል እኹል ናይ ኢድ ኣንቲሴፕቲክ ወይ ኣልኮል መድረዚ ኣብ ጥቕሚ ክውዕል ኣለዎ።
The front and back of both hands and between and the ends of all fingers are rubbed for approximately 30 seconds until the liquid, foam or gel is dry.
ናይ ክልቲኦም ኣእዳውኩም ቅድሚትን ድሕሪቶምን ከምኡውን ማእኸል ኣጻብዕቲኹም ክሳብ እቲ ፈሳሲ፣ ዓፍራ ወይ ጄል ዝነቅጽ ን 30 ሰከንድታት ዝኸውን ክድረዙ ኣለዎም።
Finger tips must be washed well too, rubbing them in both palms.The US Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommends hand washing over hand sanitizer rubs, particularly when hands are visibly dirty.
ናይ ኣጻብዕቲ ጫፋት ብክልቲኡ ከብዲ ኢድ ብምድራዝ ብኣግባቡ ክሕጸቡ ኣለዎም።ናይ US Center for Disease Control and Prevention (ኣሜሪካ ናይ ሕማም ምክልኻልን ቁጽጽርን ማእኸል) ልዕሊ ሳኒታይዘር መድረዚታት ኢድካ ምሕጻብ የበረታትዕ እዩ።
The increasing use of these agents is based on their ease of use and rapid killing activity against micro-organisms; however, they should not serve as a replacement for proper hand washing unless soap and water are unavailable.
ናይ እዞም ኤጀንትታት ተጠቃሚነት ዝዓቢ ዘሎ ብቐሊሉ ምጥቃም ምኽኣሉን ማይክሮኦርጋኒዝማት ቶሎ ይቐተል ምዃኑን እዩ፣ እንተኾነ ግን፣ ሳሙናን ማይን ኣብ ዝህልወሉ ንትኽክለኛ ናይ ኢድ ኣተሓጻጽባ ግን ክትክኡ የብሎምን ።
Frequent use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers can cause dry skin unless emollients and/or skin moisturizers are added to the formula.
ኣልኮል ዘለዎም ናይ ኢድ ሳኒታይዘራት ብተደጋጋሚ ምጥቃም ደረቐ ቆርበት ከስዕብ ይኽእል እዩ፣ ስለዚ መተርከስቲ/ወይ ናይ ቆርበት መርሓስቲ ናብቲ ፎርሙላ ክሕወሱ ኣለዎም።
The drying effect of alcohol can be reduced or eliminated by adding glycerin and/or other emollients to the formula.
ናይ እቲ ኣልኮል ናይ ምንቃጽ ጽልዋ ግላይስሪንን/ወይ ካልኦት መተርከሲታት ናብ እቲ ፎርሙላ ብምሕዋስ ምቕናስ ወይ ምጥፋእ ይከኣል እዩ።
In clinical trials, alcohol-based hand sanitizers containing emollients caused substantially less skin irritation and dryness than soaps or antimicrobial detergents.
ኣብ ክሊኒካላዊ ፈተነታት፣ ኣልኮል ዘለዎም ሳኒታይዘራት መርሓሲ ዝሓዙ እንትኾኑ ምስ ሳሙናታትን ኣንቲማይክሮቢል ዲተርጀንትን ክነጻጸሩ ከለዉ ትሑት ናይ ቆርበት ምንቃጽን ምብልሻውን ዕድል ኣለዎም።
Allergic contact dermatitis, contact urticaria syndrome or hypersensitivity to alcohol or additives present in alcohol hand rubs rarely occur.
ናይ ደርማታይቲስ ኣለርጂካዊ ምንኽኻእ፣ ናይ ዩሪቲሰርያ ሲንድረምን ምስ ኣልኮል ዝተሓሓዝ ወይ ምስቶም ናብ ኣልኮል መድራዝ ኢድ ዝኣትዉ ተወሰኽቲ ነገራት hypersensitivity(ልዕሊ መጠን ተኣፋፍነት) ሓልሓሊፉ ዘጋጥሙ እዮም።
The lower tendency to induce irritant contact dermatitis became an attraction as compared to soap and water hand washing.
ምስ ብ ማይን ሳሙናን ምሕጻብ ዝግብር ክነጻጸር እንከሎ፣ ምስ ደርማታይተስ ኣብ ዝህሉ ምንኽኻእ ዝፍጠር ቁጣዐ ዝረኣይ ናይ ምቕናስ ተኽእሎ ሳሓቢ ንክኸውን ዝገበር እዩ።
Despite their effectiveness, non-water agents do not cleanse the hands of organic material, but simply disinfect them.
ኣድማዕነቶም ብዘየገድስ፣ ማይ ዘይኮኑ ኤጀንትታት ን ኣእዳው ካብ ኦርጋኒክ ማቴርያል ከጽርዩ ኣይኽእሉን፣ ካብ ረኽሲ ነጻ ክገብሩ ጥራይ እዮም ዝኽእሉ።
It is for this reason that hand sanitizers are not as effective as soap and water at preventing the spread of many pathogens, since the pathogens still remain on the hands.
በዚ ምኽንያት ድማ፣ እቶም ሕማም ዘስዕቡ ባእታታት ኣብ ኢድ ስለ ዝጸንሑ፣ ናይ ኢድ ሳኒታይዘራት ክንዲ ሳሙናን ማይን ኣብ ናይ ብዙሓት ሕማም ዘስዕቡ ባእታታት ዝርጋሐ ኣብ ምክልኻል ብቑዓት ዘይኾኑ።
Alcohol-free hand sanitizer efficacy is heavily dependent on the ingredients and formulation, and historically has significantly under-performed alcohol and alcohol rubs.
ኣልኮል ዘይብሎም ናይ ኢድ ሳኒታይዘራት ኣድማዕነት ኣብ እቲ ንጥረ ነገራቱን ፎርሙሌሽንኑን ኣዝዩ መሰረት ዝገበረ እዩ፣ ኣብ ታሪክ እውን ብቕዓቱ ትሕቲ ኣልኮልን ኣልኮል ዘለዎም ናይ ኢድ መድረዚን ኮይኑ ተራእዩ እዩ።
More recently, formulations that use benzalkonium chloride have been shown to have persistent and cumulative antimicrobial activity after application, unlike alcohol, which has been shown to decrease in efficacy after repeated use, probably due to progressive adverse skin reactions.
ኣብ ቀረባ እዋን፣ benzalkonium chloride ዝጥቀሙ ፎርሙሌሽናት ቀጻሊን እኩብን ናይ ኣንቲማይክሮቢያል ንጥፈት ኣርእዮም፣ ኣንጻር ኣልኮል፣ ድሕሪ ብተደጋጋሚ ኣብ ጥቕሚ ምውዓሉ ግን ኣድማዒነቱ ቀኒሱ እዩ፣ ኣብ ቆርበት ብዘለዎ ጎድናዊ ጸገም ክኸውን ይኽእል።
Many people in low-income communities cannot afford soap and use ash or soil instead.
ኣብ ትሑት ኣታዊ ዘለዎም ኮሚኒቲታት ዝነብሩ ብዙሓት ሰባት ሳሙና ክዕድጉ ኣይኽእሉን ስለዚ ኣብ ክንድኡ ሓሙኽሽቲ ወይ ሓመድ ዝጥቀሙ እዮም።
Ash or soil may be more effective than water alone, but may be less effective than soap.
ካብ ማይ ጥራሕ ምጥቃም ሓሞኽሽቲ ወይ ሓመድ ምጥቃም ዝበለጸ እዩ፣ ክንዲ ሳሙና ግን ኣድማዒ ኣይኮነን።
One concern is that if the soil or ash is contaminated with microorganisms it may increase the spread of disease rather than decrease it.
እቲ ሓመድ ወይ ሓሞኽሽቲ ብማይክሮ ኦርጋኒዝማት ዝተለኸፈ ከይኸውን እዩ ዘስግእ፣ ከምዚ እንተኾይኑ ናይ እቲ ቫይረስ ዝርጋሐ ኣይኮነን ክቕንሶ ክበዝሕ ስለዝገብሮ።
Like soap, ash is also a disinfecting agent because in contact with water, it forms an alkaline solution.
ከም ሳሙና፣ ሓሙኽሽቲ ምስ ማይ ኣብዝሕወሰሉ ግዘ ኣልካላይን ብጽባጽ ስለዝፈጥር፣ ዲስኢንፌክት ዝገብር ኤጀንት እዩ ።
WHO recommended ash or sand as alternative to soap when soap is not available.
ሳሙና ኣብ ዘይንረኽበሉ ጥዕና ሓሞኽሽቲ ወይ ሑጻ ከም መተካእታ ሳሙና ክንጥቀመሎም ከም ንኽእል ትካል ዓለም ይሕብር።
Correct handwashing technique recommended by the US Centers for Disease Control for prevention of transmission of disease includes the following steps:
ናይ US Centers for Disease Control (ሕብራት መንግስታት ኣሜሪካ ናይ ሕማም ቁጽጽር ማእኸል) ዘቕረብዎ ትኽክለኛ ናይ ኢድ ኣተሓጻጽባ ቴክኒክ ናይ እቲ ሕማም ዝርጋሐ ንምቕናስ እዞም ዝስዕቡ ስጉምቲታት የጠቓልል:
Wet hands with warm or cold running water.
ኣእዳውኩም ብውዑይ ወይ ዝሑል ፈሳሲ ማይ ኣተርክሱ።
Running water is recommended because standing basins may be contaminated, while the temperature of the water does not seem to make a difference.
ዝፈስስ ማይ እዩ ዝምከር ምኽንያቱ ደው ዝበሉ ባዚናት ክብከሉ ይኽእሉ፣ እቲ ናይ ማይ ረስኒ ድማ ኣፈላላይ ዝፈጥር ኣይኮነን።
Lather hands by rubbing them with a generous amount of soap, including the backs of hands, between fingers, and under nails.
ናይ ኢድኩም ሕቖ፣ ኣብ መንጎ ኣጻብዕቲ፣ ትሕቲ ጽፍሪ እውን ሓዊሱ ብብዝሕ ዝበለ ሳሙና ኢድካ ደራሪዝካ ምሕጻብ።
Soap lifts germs from the skin, and studies show that people tend to wash their hands more thoroughly when soap is used rather than water alone.
ሳሙና ካብ ቆርበት ነቲ ጀርም የልዕሎ፣ መጽናዕቲታት ከምዘርእይዎ ድማ ሰባት ብማይ ጥራሕ ካብ ዝሕጸብዎ ንላዕሊ ብሳሙና እንተኾይኑ እዮም ብደምቢ ዝሕጸቡ።
Scrub for at least 20 seconds.
እንተንኢሱ ን 20 ሰከንድታት ድረዝዎ።
Scrubbing creates friction, which helps remove germs from skin, and scrubbing for longer periods removes more germs.
ኢድካ ምድራዝ ምፍሕፋሕ ይፈጥር፣ ጀርምታት ካብ ቆርበትካ ንክጠፍኡ ድማ ይሕግዝ፣ ንንውሕ ዝበለ ግዘ ምድራዝ ድማ ብዙሓት ጀርምታት የወግድ።
Rinse well under running water.
ብትሕቲ ዝፈስስ ማይ ኣእዳው ይላቕልቑ።
Rinsing in a basin can recontaminate hands.
ኣብ ባዚን ምጽራይ ኣእዳው መሊሱ ክብክል ይኽእል እዩ።
Dry with a clean towel or allow to air dry.
ብጽሩይ ፎጣ ኢድኩም ኣጽርዩ ወይ ብ ናይ ኣየር ምንቃጽ ኣንቅጹ።
Wet and moist hands are more easily recontaminated.The most commonly missed areas are the thumb, the wrist, the areas between the fingers, and under fingernails.
ርሑስን ትርኩስን ኣእዳው ብቐሊሉ ይብከሉ። ብበዝሒ ዝርስዑ ኣካላት ኣእዳው ዓባይ ኣጻብዕቲ፣ ናይ ኢድ ክሳድ፣ ሞንጎ ኣጻብዕቲን ውሽጢ ጽፍሪን እዮም።
Artificial nails and chipped nail polish may harbor microorganisms.
ኣርቴፊሻል ጽፍሪታትን ዝቕብኡ ናይ ጽፍሪ ቀለማትን ማይክሮ ኦርጋኒዝማት ክሕዙ ይኽእሉ እዮም።
Moisturizing lotion is often recommended to keep the hands from drying out; dry skin can lead to skin damage which can increase the risk for the transmission of infection.
ደረቕ ቆርበት ሕማም ናይ ምምሕልላፍ ዕድል ክውስኽ ስንዝገብር ናይ ኢድ ሎሽን ኣእዳው ካብ ድርቀት ንምክልኻል ክንጥቀመሎም ይምከር።
Various low-cost options can be made to facilitate hand washing where tap-water and/or soap is not available e.g. pouring water from a hanging jerrycan or gourd with suitable holes and/or using ash if needed in developing countries.In situations with limited water supply (such as schools or rural areas in developing countries), there are water-conserving solutions, such as "tippy-taps" and other low-cost options. 
ዝተፈላለዩ ትሑት ዋጋኦም መማረጺታት ናይ ቡንባ ማይን/ ወይ ሳሙና ዘይክህሉ ከሎ ኢድ ምሕጻብ ንምብርትታዕ ክቐርቡ ይኽእሉ ንኣብነት፣ ካብ ዝተንጠልጠለ ጀሪካን ማይ ብምቕዳሕ ወይ ብምንኳልን/ ወይ ኣብ ማዕበልቲ ሃገራት ኣድላዪ እንተኾይኑ ሓሞኽሽቲ ምጥቃም ይከኣል። ወይ ናይ ማይ ኣቕርቦት ዝህልወሉ ኩነታት (ከም ቤት ትምህርቲታት ወይ ናይ ገጠር ቦታታት ኣብ ማዕበልቲ ሃገራት)፣ ኣለዉ፣ ንኣብነት ከም "tippy-taps" ከምኡውን ትሑት ዋጋ ዘውጽኡ መማረጺታት ዝበሉ ማይ መዐቀቢ መፍትሒታት ኣለዉ ።
A tippy-tap is a simple technology using a jug suspended by a rope, and a foot-operated lever to pour a small amount of water over the hands and a bar of soap.
tippy-tap ብገመድ ዝተኣሰረ ጆግ ብምጥቃም ዝሰርሕ፣ ብእግሪ ድማ ብምርግጋጽ ውሑድ ማይን ሳሙናን ናብ ኢድኩም ብምፍሳስ ምጥቃም ዝከኣለሉ ቀሊል ቴክኖሎጂ እዩ።
Effective drying of the hands is an essential part of the hand hygiene process, but there is some debate over the most effective form of drying in public washrooms.
ብቑዕ ናይ ኢድ ምንቃጽ ናይ ኢድ ጽሬት ምሕላው ከይዲ ወሳኒ አካል እዩ፣ እንተኾነ ግን ኣብ ናይ ህዝባዊ ሽንቲ ቤታት ዘሎ ናይ ኢድካ ምንቃጽ ከይዲ ክርክራት ኣሎ እዩ።
A growing volume of research suggests paper towels are much more hygienic than the electric hand dryers found in many washrooms.
ብዙሓት መጽናዕቲታት ከምዘመላኽቱዎ ናይ ወረቐት ፎጣታት ልዕሊ እቶም ኣብ ብዙሓት መሕጸቢ ክፍሊታት ዝርከቡ ናይ ኤሌክትሪክ ናይ ኢድ መንቀጺታት ጽረየቶም ዝሓለዉ እዮም።
In 2008, a study was conducted by the University of Westminster, London, and sponsored by the paper-towel industry the European Tissue Symposium, to compare the levels of hygiene offered by paper towels, warm-air hand dryers and the more modern jet-air hand dryers.
ኣብ 2008፣ ኣብ ለንደን ዝርከብ፣ University of Westminster (ዌስትሚንስትር ዩኒቨርሲቲ) ብ ናይ ኣውሮፓ ሶፍት ሲምፖዝየም ናይ ወረቐት ፎጣ መምረቲ ስፖንሰር ዝተገበረ ናይ ወረቐት ፎጣታት ዝህብዎ ናይ ጽሬት ደረጃ ምስ፣ ውዑይ-ኣየር ናይ ኢድ መድረቒን ዘመናዊ ዝኾኑ ጀት ኤር ናይ መድረቒታት ዘነጻጸር መጽናዕቲ ተኻይዱ።
After washing and drying hands with the warm-air dryer, the total number of bacteria was found to increase on average on the finger pads by 194% and on the palms by 254%.
ኢድካ ተሓጺብካ ኢድካ ምድራቕ ብውዑይ ኣየር መድረቒ፣ ሓፈሻዊ ናይ ባክቴርያታት በዝሒ ኣብ ናይ ኣጻብዕቲ ፓዳት ብ 194% ኣብ ከብዲ ኢድ ድማ 254% ክውስኽ ክኢሉ እዩ።
Drying with the jet-air dryer resulted in an increase on average of the total number of bacteria on the finger pads by 42% and on the palms by 15%.
ብናይ ጀት መንቀጺ ኢድካ ምንቃጽ ናይ ሓፈሻዊ ማእኸላይ ናይ ባክቴርያ ምጥፋእ ዕድሉ ካብ ኣጻብዕቲ ውሽጣዊ ኣካል 42% እንትኸውን ኣብ ከብዲ ኢድ ድማ 15% እዩ።
After washing and drying hands with a paper towel, the total number of bacteria was reduced on average on the finger pads by up to 76% and on the palms by up to 77%.The scientists also carried out tests to establish whether there was the potential for cross contamination of other washroom users and the washroom environment as a result of each type of drying method.
ኣእዳውካ ተሓጺብካ ብወረቐት ፎጣ ድሕሪ ምንቃጽ፣ ሓፈሻዊ ናይ ባክቴርያ በዝሒ ብማእኸላይ ኣብ ናይ ኣጻብዕቲ ፓዳት 76% ቀኒሱ ኣብ ከብዲ ኢድ ድማ 77%። ናብ ካልኦት ናይ ሽንቲ ቤት ተጠቀምቲ ናይ ምትሕልላፍ ዕድል እንተሃሊዎ በዝምልከት መጽዕቲ ተኻይዱ እዩ።
The jet-air dryer, which blows air out of the unit at claimed speeds of 180 m/s (650 km/h; 400 mph), was capable of blowing micro-organisms from the hands and the unit and potentially contaminating other washroom users and the washroom environment up to 2 metres away.
እቲ jet-air መንቀጺ፣ ኣየር ካብ እቲ ዩኒት ብ 180 m/s (650 km/h; 400 mph) ናህሪ ዘውጽእ፣ ካብ ኣእዳው ማይክሮኦርጋኒዝማት ኣልዒሉ ናብ ካልኦት ናይ መሕጸቢ ክፍሊ ቦታታት ብምብካል ናይ እቲ መሕጸቢ ቦታ ከባቢ ክሳብ 2 ሜትር ዝኣክል ናይ ምብካል ክእለት ኣለዎ።
Use of a warm-air hand dryer spread micro-organisms up to 0.25 metres from the dryer.
ናይ ውዑይ ኣየር ኢድ መንቀጺ ንማይክሮ ኦርጋኒዝማት ካብቲ መንቀጺ 0.25 ሜትር ዝኣክል ክንጽጎም ይኽእል እዩ ።
Paper towels showed no significant spread of micro-organisms.In 2005, in a study conducted by TÜV Produkt und Umwelt, different hand drying methods were evaluated.
ናይ ወረቐት ፎጣታት ናይ ማይክሮ ኦርጋኒዝማት ክንድቲ ስርጭት ኣይተራኣዮምን። ኣብ 2005፣ብ TÜV Produkt und Umwelt ዝተኻየደ መጽናዕቲ፣ ዝተፈለየ ናይ ኢድ ምንቃጽ ሜላታት ገምጊሙ ነይሩ።
The following changes in the bacterial count after drying the hands were observed:
እዞም ዝስዕቡ ለውጢታት ኣብ ናይ ባክተርያ በዝሒ ድሕሪ ኢድ ምንቃጽ ዝተረኣዩ እዮም:
Many different hand dryer manufacturers exist, and hand driers have been compared against drying with paper towels.
ብዙሓት ዝተፈላለዩ ናይ ኢድ መንቀጺ መፍረይቲ ኣለዉ፣ ናይ ኢድ መንቀጽቲ ምስ ናይ ወረቐት ፎጣታት ክነጻጸሩ ጸኒሖም እዮም።
Hand washing using hand sanitizing wipes is an alternative during traveling in the absence of soap and water.
ሳሙናን ማይን ኣብዘይርከበሉ እዋን ኢድ ብትርኩስ ሳኒታይዚንግ ሶፍት ምሕጻብ ይመክር።
Alcohol-based hand sanitizer should contain at least 60% alcohol.
ኣልኮል ዘለዎም ናይ ኢድ መጽረይቲ እንተንኢሱ 60% ኣልኮል ዝሓዙ ክኾኑ ኣለዎም።
Medical hand-washing became mandatory long after Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis discovered its effectiveness (in 1846) in preventing disease in a hospital environment.
ናይ ሕክምና ኢድ ምሕጻብ ናይ ድሕሪ ናይ ሃንጋሪ ዶክተር ኢግናዝ ሰመልውይስ ኣብ ሆስፒታል ከባቢ ሕማም ንከይመሓላለፍ ኣብ ምግባር ብቑዕነቱ ምርግጋጹ (ኣብ 1846) ግድን ኣብ ጥቕሚ ዝውዕል ኮይኑ።
There are electronic devices that provide feedback to remind hospital staff to wash their hands when they forget.
ናይ ሆስፒታል ሰራሕተኛታት ኣእዳዎም ንክሕጸቡ ዘዘኻኽሩ ኤሌክትሮኒክ መሳርሒታት ኣለዉ።
One study has found decreased infection rates with their use.
ሓደ መጽናዕቲ ብኣጠቓቕምኦም ዝቐነሰ ናይ ረኽሲ ንጽጽራዊ መጠን ረኺቡ እዩ።
Medical hand-washing is for a minimum of 15 seconds, using generous amounts of soap and water or gel to lather and rub each part of the hands.
ሕክምናዊ ኢድካ ምሕጻብ እንተንኢሱ 15 ሰከንድታት እዩ ዝብል፣ ብዙሕ ሳሙናን ማይን ብምጥቃም ወይ ጄል ብምጥቃም ሕድሕድ ናይ እቲ ኢድ ክፍሊታት ድረዝዎ።
Hands should be rubbed together with digits interlocking.
ኣእዳው ብሓባር ኣጻብዕቲ ኣቆላሊፍካ ክድረዙ ኣለዎም።
If there is debris under fingernails, a bristle brush may be used to remove it.
ኣብ ትሕቲ ኣጻፍር ርስሓት እንተልዩ፣ ጸጓር ብሩሽ ጠጠቒምኩም ምውጻእ ትኽእሉ ኢኹም።
Since germs may remain in the water on the hands, it is important to rinse well and wipe dry with a clean towel.
ጀርምታት ኣብ እቲ ኣብ ኢድና ዘሎ ማይ ክጸንሑ ስለዝኽእሉ ብኣግባቡ ምፍሕፋሕን ብዝነቐጸ ፎጣ ኢድካ ምንቃጽ ኣገዳሲ እዩ።
After drying, the paper towel should be used to turn off the water (and open any exit door if necessary).
ድሕሪ ምንቃጽ፣ እቲ ወረቐተ ፎጣ ማይ ንምጥፋእ ተጠቐሙሉ (ኣድላዪ እንተኾይኑ እውን ዝተዓጸወ በሪ ክፈቱሉ)።
This avoids re-contaminating the hands from those surfaces.
እዚ ድማ ኣእዳውኩም እቶም ቦታታት ብምንካእ ደጊሞም ከይብከሉ ይሕግዝ።
The purpose of hand-washing in the health-care setting is to remove pathogenic microorganisms ("germs") and avoid transmitting them. 
ኣብ ክንክን-ጥዕና ቦታ ዘሎ ናይ ምሕጻብ ኣእዳው ዕላማ፡ ተጓዳእቲ ታህዋስያን (ጀርምታት) ካብ ምስፍሕፋሕ ንምዕጋትን ናብ ካልኦት ንኸይመሓላለፍ ድማ ንምዕጋት'ዩ።
The New England Journal of Medicine reports that a lack of hand-washing remains at unacceptable levels in most medical environments, with large numbers of doctors and nurses routinely forgetting to wash their hands before touching patients, thus transmitting microorganisms.
ኣብ ናይ New England Journal of Medicine (ሓዳሽ ኢንግላንድ ናይ ሜድስን ጆርናል) ኣብ መብዛሕትኡ ናይ ሕክምና ከባቢታት ና ኢድ መሕጸቢ ሕጽረት ተቐባሊነት ዘይብሉ ነገር ከምዝኾነ ሓቢሩ፣ ብዙሓት ዶክተራትን ነርስታትን ሕሙማት ቅድሚ ምንክኦም ኢዶም ምሕጻብ ብምርሳዖም፣ በዚ ድማ ማይክሮኦርጋኒዝማት የመሓላልፍሎም ኣለዉ።
One study showed that proper hand-washing and other simple procedures can decrease the rate of catheter-related bloodstream infections by 66 percent.The World Health Organization has published a sheet demonstrating standard hand-washing and hand-rubbing in health-care sectors.
ሓደ መጽናዕቲ ከምዘርኣዮ ግቡእ ዝኾነ ኢድ ምሕጻብን ካልኦት ቀለልቲ ከይዲታትን፣ ምስ ካቴተር ዝተተሓሓዙ ናይ ደም ቱቦታት ረኽሲ ብ 66 ሚአታዊ ምቕናስ ይከኣል እዩ። ናይ ወድብ ጥዕና ዓለም ኣብ ናይ ጥዕና ክንክን ሴክተራት ክህሉ ዝግበኦ ናይ ኢድ ምሕጻብን ኢድ ምድራዝን ደረጃታት ጽሬት ዘርእዩ ወረቐት ኣሕቲሙ እዩ።
The draft guidance of hand hygiene by the organization can also be found at its website for public comment.
እዚ በቶም ትካላት ዝተደለወ ናይ ኢድ ጽሬት ንድፊ መምርሒ ንህዝባዊ ርኢቶ ኣብ ዌብ ሳይቶም ምርካብ ይከኣል።
A relevant review was conducted by Whitby et al.
ነዚ ዝምልከት ተተሓሓዚ ገምጋም ብ Whitby et al ተኻይዱ ነይሩ።
Commercial devices can measure and validate hand hygiene, if demonstration of regulatory compliance is required.
ሕጋዊ ተገዳዲነት ኣድላዪ እንተኾይኑ፣ ናይ ንግዲ መሳርሒታት ናይ ኢድ ጽሬት ምልካዕን ምግላጽን ይኽእሉ እዮም።
The World Health Organization has "Five Moments" for washing hands: 
ናይ ውደብ ጥዕና ዓለም ንኢድ ምሕጻብ "ሓሙሽተ ግዘታት " ኣለዉዎ፡
after exposure to blood/body fluids
ንደም/ናይሰውነት ፈሳሲ ድሕሪ ምቅላዕ
before an aseptic task, and
ቅድሚ ናይ ምምካን ስራሕ፣ ከምኡውን
after patient care.The addition of antiseptic chemicals to soap ("medicated" or "antimicrobial" soaps) confers killing action to a hand-washing agent. 
ድሕሪ ናይ ተሓካሚ ክንክን።ናይ ጸረ-ታህዋስያን ኬሚካላት ናብ ሳሙና ምሕዋስ ("መድሓኒትነት ዘለዎም" ወይ "ጸረ ማይክሮቢያል" ሳሙናታት) ንናይ ኢድ መሐጸቢ ናይ ምቕታል ተግባር ዝህቡ እዮም።
Such killing action may be desired prior to performing surgery or in settings in which antibiotic-resistant organisms are highly prevalent.To 'scrub' one's hands for a surgical operation, it is necessary to have a tap that can be turned on and off without touching it with the hands, some chlorhexidine or iodine wash, sterile towels for drying the hands after washing, and a sterile brush for scrubbing and another sterile instrument for cleaning under the fingernails.
ከምዚ ዓይነት ቀታሊ ስጉምቲ ቅድሚ መጥባሕቲ ምክያድ ወይ ጸረ-ረኽሲ ተጻወርቲ ኦርጋኒዝማት ኣብ ዝበዝሑሉ ኩነታት ምጥቃም ይከኣል። ንናይ መጥባሕቲ ኦፕሬሽን ናይ ሓደ ሰብ ኢድ 'ምድራዝ'፣ ብኣእዳውካ ከይነኻእካ ዝውላዕን ዝጠፍእን ታ ኣድላዪ እዩ፣ ከምኡውን ዝተወሰነ chlorhexidine ወይ iodine መሕጸቢ፣ ስተራይል ፎጣታት ድማ ንመድረቒ ኣእዳው፣ ስተራይል ብሩሸት ድማ ንመድረዚ ካልእ ስተራይል መሳርሒታት ድማ ትሕቲ ጽፍሪ ንምጽራይ ኣድለይቲ እዮም።
All jewelry should be removed.
ኩሎም መጋየጺታት ክውገዱ ኣለዎም።
This procedure requires washing the hands and forearms up to the elbow, usually 2–6 minutes.
እዚ ከይዲ እዚ ኣእዳወኩም ክሳብ ኩርናዕ ኢድኩም፣ መብዛሕትኡ ግዘ ን 2–6 ደቓይቕ ምሕጻብ ዝሓትት እዩ።
Long scrub-times (10 minutes) are not necessary.
ንነዊሕ ግዘ ምድራዝ (10 ደቓይቕ) ኣድላዪ ኣይኮነን።
When rinsing, water on the forearms must be prevented from running back to the hands.
ላዕለዋይ ክፋል ኢድ እንተነለቕልቕ ማይ ናብ ኣእዳው ከይወርድ ጥንቃቐ ምግባር የድሊ።
After hand-washing is completed, the hands are dried with a sterile cloth and a surgical gown is donned.
ኢድኩም ምሕጻብ ድሕሪ ምውዳእኩም፣ ኣእዳውኩም ብዝመኸነ ደረቕ ፎጣ ኣንቅጹዎ፣ ናይ ሰርጂካል ጋውንኩም ድማ ኣውጽእዎ።
To reduce the spread of germs, it is better to wash the hands or use a hand antiseptic before and after tending to a sick person.
ናይ ጀርምታት ዝርጋሐ ንምቕናስ፣ ዝሓመመ ሰብ ቅድሚ ምርካብኩምን ድሕሪኡን ኣእዳውኩም ምሕጸብ ወይ ኣንቲሴፕቲክ ምጥቃም ዝሓሸ እዩ።
For control of staphylococcal infections in hospitals, it has been found that the greatest benefit from hand-cleansing came from the first 20% of washing, and that very little additional benefit was gained when hand cleansing frequency was increased beyond 35%.
ኣብ ሆስፒታል ዘለዉ ናይ staphylococcal(ስታፍይሎኮካል) ረኽሲታት ንምቁጽጻር፣ ናይ ኢድ ምጽራይ ዓብዪ ጥቕሚ ዝተረኸበ ካብቶም ናይ መጀመርያ 20% ኢዶም ዝተሓጸቡ እዩ፣ እቲ ናይ ኢድ ምሕጻብ ተደጋጋሚነት ናብ 35% ምስወሰኸ ድማ ተወሳኺ ረብሓ ተረኺቡ እዩ።
Washing with plain soap results in more than triple the rate of bacterial infectious disease transmitted to food as compared to washing with antibacterial soap.Comparing hand-rubbing with alcohol-based solution with hand washing with antibacterial soap for a median time of 30 seconds each showed that the alcohol hand-rubbing reduced bacterial contamination 26% more than the antibacterial soap.
ብንቡር ሳሙና ምሕጻብ ምስ ጸረ ባክቴርያ ሳሙና ምሕጻብ ክነጻጸር ከሎ ልዕሊ ሰለስተ ዕጽፊ ባክቴርያ ኢንፌክሽን ናብ መግቢ ናይ ምምሕልላፍ ዕድል ኣለዎ። ናይ ኣልኮል ዘለዎ ናይ ኢድ መድረዚ ምስ ብጸረ ባክቴርያ ሳሙና ኢድካ ምሕጻብ ን 30 ሰከንድ ክነጻጸር ከሎ እቲ ኣልኮል ዝሓዘ ኢድ መድረዚ ናይ ባክቴርያ ብከላ ልዕሊ እቲ ጸረ-ባክቴርያ ሳሙና ብ 26% ይቕንስ።
But soap and water is more effective than alcohol-based hand rubs for reducing H1N1 influenza A virus and Clostridium difficile spores from hands.Interventions to improve hand hygiene in healthcare settings can involve education for staff on hand washing, increasing the availability of alcohol-based hand rub, and written and verbal reminders to staff.
እንተኾነ ግን ማይን ሳሙናን ካብ ኣልኮል ዘለዎም ናይ ኢድ መድረዚታት H1N1 ኢንፍሉዌንዛ A ቫይረስን ክሎስትሪዲየም ካብ ኢድ ኣብ ምውጋድ ዝበለጹ እዮም። ኣብ ናይ ጥዕና ክንክን መሰናድኦታት ናይ ኢድ ጽሬት ንምምሕያሽ ዝግበሩ ጣልቃ ምእታዋት፣ ብዛዕባ ኢድ ምሕጻብ ንሰረሕተኛታት ምምሃር፣ ናይ ኣልኮል ዘለዎ መድረዚ ኣቕራቦት ምውሳኽን ጽሑፋዊን ብኣፍን ነቲ ስራሕተኛ መዘኻኸሪታት ምቕራብ ዘጠቓለሉ ክኾኑ ይኽእሉ እዮም።
There is a need for more research into which of these interventions are most effective in different healthcare settings.
ካብዞም ሕክምናታት እዚኦም ኣየኖት ብሉጻት ከምዝኾኑ ንምፍላጥ ተወሰኽቲ መጽናዕቲታት ከድልዩ እዮም።
In developing countries, hand washing with soap is recognized as a cost-effective, essential tool for achieving good health, and even good nutrition.
ኣብ ማዕበልቲ ሃገራት፣ ኢድካ ብሳሙና ምሕጻብ ዋጋ ዘገናዘበ ፣ ጽቡቕ ጥዕና ንምሕላውን ንጽቡቕ ኣመጋግባ እውን ከም ወሳኒ መሳርሒ ተገይሩ እዩ ዝውሰድ።
However, a lack of reliable water supply, soap or hand washing facilities in people's homes, at schools and at the workplace make it a challenge to achieve universal hand washing behaviors.
እንተኾነ ግን፣ ናይ ማይ፣ ሳሙና ወይ ናይ ኢድ መሕጸቢ መሳለጥያታት ሕጽረት ኣብ ገዛ፣ ቤት ትምህርቲታትን ኣብ ናይ ስራሕ ቦታን ዘሎ ናይ ኣቕርቦት ሕጽረት ዓለምለኻዊ ናይ ኢድ ምሕጻብ ባህርያት ንምምዕባል ከቢድ ይገብሮ።
For example, in most of rural Africa hand washing taps close to every private or public toilet are scarce, even though cheap options exist to build hand washing stations.
ንኣብነት፣ ኣብ መብዛሕትኦም ገጸራት ናይ ኣፍሪካ፣ ዋላኳ ሕሳራት መማረጺታት ባዕልኻ ናይ መሕጸቢ ጣብያ ምህናጽ ተኽእሎ እንተሃለወ፣ ናይ ኢድ መሕጸቢ ታፓት ዳርጋ ኣብ ሕድሕድ ሽንቲ ቤታት ሕጽረት ኣሎ።
However, low hand washing rates rather can also be the result of engrained habits rather than due to a lack of soap or water.
እንተኾነ ግን፣ ትሑት ዝኾነ ናይ ኢድ ምሕጻብ ንጽጽራዊ መጠን ናይ ባህሪ ውጽኢት እምበር ናይ ሳሙናን ማይን ሕጽረት ኣይኮነን።
The promotion and advocacy of hand washing with soap can influence policy decisions, raise awareness about the benefits of hand washing and lead to long-term behavior change of the population.
ናይ ኢድካ ብሳሙና ምሕጻብ ምብርትታዕ ናይ ፖሊሲ ውሳነታት ክጸልው ይኽእል እዩ፣ ብዛዕባ ናይ ኢድ ምሕጻብ ጥቕሚ ግንዛበ ክፈጥርን ናይ ነዊሕ ግዘ ናይ እቲ ህዝቢ ናይ ኢድ ምሕጻብ ባህሪ ክፈጥርን ይኽእል እዩ።
For this to work effectively, monitoring and evaluation are necessary.
እዚ በኣግባቡ ንክሰርሕ፣ ቁጽጽርን ክትትልን ኣገዳሲ እዩ።
A systematic review of 70 studies found that community-based approaches are effective at increasing hand washing in LMICs, while social marketing campaigns are less effective.One example for hand washing promotion in schools is the "Three Star Approach" by UNICEF that encourages schools to take simple, inexpensive steps to ensure that students wash their hands with soap, among other hygienic requirements. 
ኣብ 70 መጽናዕቲታት ዝተኻየደ ስርዓታዊ ገምጋም ከምዝረኸቦ፣ ማሕበረሰብ መሰረት ዝገበረ ኣቀራርባ ናይ ኢድ ምሕጻብ ኣብ LMICs ኣብ ምዕባይ ኣድማዕቲ እዮም፣ ናይ ማሕበራዊ ዕዳጋ ኣቀራርባታት ክንድቲ ኣድማዕቲ ኣይኮኑን። ሓደ ኣብነት ናይ ቤት ትምህርቲታት ናይ ኢድ ምሕጻብ ጎስጓስ ብ UNICEF ዝቐረበ "ሰለስተ ኮኾብ ኣቀራርባ " ዝተብሃለ እዩ፣ ቤት ትምህርቲታት ቀለል፣ ሕሳር ዝኾኑ ስጉምቲታት ብምውሳድ ምስ ካልኦት ናይ ጽሬት ረቛሒታት፣ ተመሃሮ ኣእዳዎም ብሳሙና ንክሕጸቡ ምግባር ዘበረታትዕ እዩ።
When minimum standards are achieved, schools can move from one to ultimately three stars.
ዝተሓተ ስታንዳርድ እንተተማሊኡ፣ ቤት ትምህርቲታት ካብ ሓደ ናብ ሰለስተ ኮኾባት ሓፍ ክብሉ ይኽእሉ።
Building hand washing stations can be a part of hand washing promotion campaigns that are carried out in order to reduce diseases and child mortality.
ናይ እቲ ሕማምን ናይ ህጻናት ሞትን ንምቕናስ፣ ናይ ኢድ መሕጸቢ ጣብያታት ምህናጽ ከም ናይ ኢድ ምሕጻብ መበረታትዒ ጎስጓስ ክኾኑ ይኽእሉ እዮም።
Global Hand washing Day is another example of an awareness-raising campaign that is trying to achieve behavior change.As a result of the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic, UNICEF promoted the adoption of a handwashing emoji.
ዓለምለኻዊ ናይ ኢድ ምሕጻብ መዓልቲ ናይ ባህሪ ለውጢ ከምጽእ ዝፍትን ዘሎ ጎስጓስ እዩ። በዚ ናይ 2019-20 ኮሮናቫይረስ ምኽንያት፣ UNICEF ናይ ኢድ ምሕጻብ ኢሞጂ ኣብ ስራሕ ምውዓል ኣፋሊጡ እዩ።
Few studies have considered the overall cost effectiveness of hand washing in developing countries in relationship to DALYs averted.
ገለ መጽናዕቲታት ኣብ ማዕበልቲ ሃገራት ምስ DALYs ብዝተትሓሓዘ ናይ ኢድ ምሕጻብ ሓፈሻዊ ናይ ወጻኢ ኣድማዒነት ኣብ ግምት ዘአተዉ እዮም።
However, one review suggests that promoting hand washing with soap is significantly more cost-effective than other water and sanitation interventions.
እንተኾነ ግን፣ ሓደ ገምጋም ብሳሙና ኢድካ ምሐጻብ ምስካልኦት ናይ ማየን ጽሬትን ከይዲታት ክረአ ከሎ ዋጋ ቖጣቢ ከምዝኾነ ኣረጋጊጹ።
The importance of hand washing for human health – particularly for people in vulnerable circumstances like mothers who had just given birth or wounded soldiers in hospitals – was first recognized in the mid 19th century by two pioneers of hand hygiene: the Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis who worked in Vienna, Austria and Florence Nightingale, the English "founder of modern nursing". 
ናይ ኢድ ምሕጻብ ኣብ ደቂ ሰባተ ዘለዎ ናይ ጥዕና ጥቕሚ – ብፍላይ ኣብ ተጋላጺነት ኩነታት ዘለዉ ሰባት ን ኣብነተት ሕዚ ዝወለዳ ኣደታት ወይ ዝቖሰሉ ወታደራት ኣብ ሆስፒታላት – መጀመርያ ኣብ መበል 19 ክፍለ ዘመን ማእኸል ብክልተ ናይ ኢድ ጽሬት መስረትቲ እዩ ተፈሊጡ፣ ሃንጋርያዊ ሓኪም Ignaz Semmelweis፣ ኣብ ቬና፣ ኦስትሪያን ዝሰርሐን ናይ ኢንግሊዝ "ናይ ዘመናዊ ምጥዋብ መስራቲ" ፍሎረንስ ናይቲንግሌን እዮም።
At that time most people still believed that infections were caused by foul odors called miasmas.
ኣብቲ ግዘ እቲ ብዙሓት ሰባት ረኽሲታት ብ ሚያስማስ ዝበሃል ሕማቕ ጨና ዝመጹ እዮም ኢሎም ይአምኑ ኔሮም።
In the 1980s, foodborne outbreaks and healthcare-associated infections led the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to more actively promote hand hygiene as an important way to prevent the spread of infection.
ኣብ 1980፣ ብመግቢ ዝመሓለለፉ ለበዳታትን ምስ ናይ ጥዕና ክንክን-ዝተተሓሓዙ ረኽሲታትን ንናይ United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention( ሕቡራት መንግስቲታት ኣሜሪካ ማእኸላት ሕማም ቁጽጽርን ምክልኻልን) ብዝበለጸ ናይ ኢድ ጽሬት ነቲ ረኽሲ ከም ዋና መከላኸሊ መንገዲ ጌሮም ከበረታትዑ ዝገበረ ነይሩ።
The outbreak of swine flu in 2009 and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 led to increased awareness in many countries of the importance of washing hands with soap to protect oneself from such infectious diseases.
እቲ ኣብ 2009 ዘጋጠመ ናይ ስዋይን ፍሉ ለበዳ ን ናይ 2020 ናይ ኮቪድ -19 ለበዳ ኣብ ብዙሓት ሃገራት ካብ ተላባዕቲ ሕማማት ዓርስኻ ንምክልኻል ኢድካ ብሳሙና ምሕጻብ ብዛዕባ ዘለዎ ጥቕሚ ግንዛበ ዝፈጠረ እዩ።
For example, posters with "correct hand washing techniques" were hung up next to hand washing sinks in public toilets and in the toilets of office buildings and airports in Germany. 
ንኣብነት፣ "ትኽክለኛ ናይ ኢድ ምሕጻብ ቴክኒካት" ዘርእዩ ፖስተራት ኣብ ጎኒ ናይ ህዝባዊ ሽንቲቤታትን ኢድመሕጸበ ሲንክታትን ተንጠልጢሎም ይርከቡ ኣብ ናይ ቤት ጽሕፈታት ማዕጾን ናይ ጀርመን ኤርፖርትታትን እውን ይርከቡ።
The phrase "washing one's hands of" something, means declaring one's unwillingness to take responsibility for the thing or share complicity in it. 
እዚ "ኢድ ምሕጻብ " ዝብል ሓረግ፣ ማለት ናይ ሓደ ሰብ ነቲ ነገር ሓላፍነት ዘይምውሳድ ወይ ኣብ ገበን ተሳታፍነት ምህላው ዘርኢ እዩ።
It originates from the bible passage in Matthew where Pontius Pilate washed his hands of the decision to crucify Jesus Christ, but has become a phrase with a much wider usage in some English communities.
ካብ ናይ መጽሓፍ ቅዱስ መልእኽቲ ማቲዎስ መንጌል እዩ መበቆሉ ጴንጥዮስ ጲላጦስ ንኢየሱስ ክርስቶስ ኣብ ናይ ምስቃል ውሳነ ኢዱ ተሓጺቡ፣ እዚ ቃል እዚ ግን ኣብ ኢንግሊሽ ማሕበረ ሰባት ሰፊሕ ተጠቃሚነት ኣለዎ።
In Shakespeare's Macbeth, Lady Macbeth begins to compulsively wash her hands in an attempt to cleanse an imagined stain, representing her guilty conscience regarding crimes she had committed and induced her husband to commit.
ኣብ Shakespeare Macbeth፣ Lady Macbeth ዝፈጸመቶ ገበንን ንሰብኣያ እውን ክፍጽሞ ዝደፋፈአቶ ገበን ብዝምልከት ናይ ገበነኛነት ስምዒታ ንምጽራይ፣ ኣእዳዋ ብሓይሊ ክትሕጸብ ትጅምር።
It has also been found that people, after having recalled or contemplated unethical acts, tend to wash hands more often than others, and tend to value hand washing equipment more.
ሰባት፣ ስርዓት ዘይብሉ ነገር ምግባሮም እንተዘኪሮም ወይ እንተሓሲቦም፣ ልዕሊ ካልኦት ብተደጋጋሚ ኣእዳዎም ከምዝሕጸቡ ተፈሊጡ፣ ንናይ ኢድ መሕጸቢ ናውቲታት ድማ ልዕሊ ካልኦት ዋጋ ይህብዎም።
Furthermore, those who are allowed to wash their hands after such a contemplation are less likely to engage in other "cleansing" compensatory actions, such as volunteering. 
ብተወሳኺ፣ ኣእዳዎም ንክሕጸቡ ዝፍቀደሎም ሰባት ድሕሪ ከምዚ ዓይነት ተግባር ኣብ ካልኦት ከም ወለንታዊነት ዝበሉ፣ "መጽረዪ" መከሓሓስቲ ተግባራት ናይ ምውዓል ክእለቶም ውሱን እዩ።
Religions prescribe hand washing for both hygienic and symbolic purposes.Symbolic hand washing, using water but no soap to wash hands, is a part of ritual hand washing featured in many religions, including Bahá'í Faith, Hinduism, tevilah and netilat yadayim in Judaism, Lavabo in Christianity, and Wudhu in Islam.Religions also prescribe hygienic hand washing, especially after certain actions.
ሃይማኖታት ኢድ ምሕጻብ ን ጉዳይ ጽሬትን ምልክታዊ ተግባርን ዕላማ ገይሮም ይመኽሩ። ምልክታዊ ዝኾነ ኢድ ምሕጻብ፣ ኢድካ ብዘይ ሳሙና ብማይ ጥራሕ ምሕጻብ እንትኸውን፣ ኣብ ናይ ባሃይ እምነት፣ ሂንዱይዝም፣ ኣብ ጁዱይዝም ዝርከቡ ቴቪላህን ኔቲላት ያዳይምን፣ኣብ ክርስትና ዝርከብ ላቫቦ፣ኣብ እስልምና ዝርከብ ዉድሁ ሓዊሱ፣ኣብ ብዙሓት ሃይማኖታት ዝርከብ እመነታዊ ተገባር እዩ። ሃይማኖታት ብፍላይ ድሕሪ ገለ ተግባር ኢድካ ን ምጽራይ ምሕጻብ እውን ይመኽሩ እዮም።
Hinduism, Judaism and Islam mandate washing of hands after using the toilet.
ሂንዱዝም፣ ጁዲዝምን እስላምን ድሕሪ ሽንት ቤት ምጥቃም ኢድካ ምሕጻብ ሕጎም እዩ።
And, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Judaism and Islam mandate washing of hands before and after every meal.
ከምኡውን፣ ሂንዱዝም፣ ቡደሂዝም፣ ስኪዝም፣ ጁዲዝምን እስልምናን ቅድሚ ምግቢ ምብላዕ ኢድ ምሕጻብ የበረታትዑ።
Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on education
ናይ 2019-20 ኮረና ቫይረስ ለበዳ ኣብ ትምህርቲ ዘሕደሮ ጽልዋ
The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic has affected educational systems worldwide, leading to the widespread closures of schools and universities.
እዚ 2019-20 ኮሮናቫይረስ ለበዳ በ ዓለም ደረጃ ኣብ ናይ ትምህርቲ ስርዓታት ጽልዋ ዘሕደረ እዩ፣ እዚ ድማ ዓብዪ ዝርጋሐ ዝተርኣዮ ምዕጻው ቤት ትምህርቲታትን ዩኒቨርስቲታትን ዘስዓበ እዩ።
As of 8 April 2020, approximately 1.716 billion learners have been affected due to school closures in response to COVID-19.
ካብ ኣፕሪል 8 2020 ጀሚሩ፡ ናብ 1.716 ቢልየን ዝጽግዑ ተምሃሮ፡ ን COVID-19 መልሲ ንምሃብ ክበሃል ቤት ትምህሪታት ምዕጻዎም ስዒቡ ጽልዋ ሓዲሩዎም እዩ።
According to UNESCO monitoring, 188 countries have implemented nationwide closures and 5 have implemented local closures, impacting about 99.4% of the world's student population.
ብመስረት ናይ UNESCO ቁጽጽራት ፡ 188 ዝኾና ሃገራት ብሄራዊ ምዕጻው ዘተግበራ እንትኾና፡ እተን 5 ድማ ክባቢያዊ ምዕጻዋት ብምትግባር ኣብ ዓለምና ካብ ዝርከቡ ናይ ተምሃሮ ብዝሓት ነቶም 99.4% ዝጸለው እዩ።
On 23 March 2020, Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) released a statement announcing the cancellation of Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge O Level, Cambridge International AS &amp; A Level, Cambridge AICE Diploma, and Cambridge Pre-U examinations for the May/June 2020 series across all countries.
ኣብ ማርች 23 2020፣ Cambridge International Examinations (CIE)( CIE፣ ካምብሪጅ ዓለምለኻዊ ምርመራታት) ናይ Cambridge IGCSE፣ Cambridge O Level፣ Cambridge International AS &amp፣ A Level፣ Cambridge AICE Diploma፣ and Cambridge Pre-U ኣብ ማኤይ/ጁን 2020 ተኸታተልቲ ፈተናታት ኣብ ኩለን ሃገራት ምስራዙ ኣመልኪቱ መግለጺ ኣውጺኡ።
International Baccalaureate exams have also been cancelled.School closures impact not only students, teachers, and families, but have far-reaching economic and societal consequences.
ዓለምለኻዊ ናይ ባክላውሬት ፈተናታት ተሰሪዞም ኣለው። ናይ ቤት ትምህርቲታት ምዕጻው ኣብ ተምሃሮ ጥራሕ ዘይኮነስ ኣብ መማህራን፣ ስድራ ቤት 'ውን ዝርጋሕኡ ዝነውሐ ናይ ቁጠባዊ ን ማሕበራዊን ሳዕቤናት ኣለዎም እዩ።
School closures in response to COVID-19 have shed light on various social and economic issues, including student debt, digital learning, food insecurity, and homelessness, as well as access to childcare, health care, housing, internet, and disability services.
ን ናይ COVID-19 ለበዳ መልሲ ኣብ ምሃብ ዝተኻየዱ ናይ ቤት ትምህርቲታት ምዕጻዋት፣ ን ናይ ተምሃሮ ልቕሕ፣ ዲጂታላዊ ትምህርቲ፣ናይ ምግቢ ውሑስነት ን ናይ ስእነት ገዛ ክምኡዎን ናይ ህጻናት ክንክን ፣ናይ ጥዕና ክንክን፣መንበሪ ገዛ ምርካብ፣ ናይ ኢንተርኔት ኣግልግሎት ን ናይ ኣካል ጉድኣት ኣግልግሎት ኣብ ምርካብ ሓዊሱ ካልኦት ሰፋሕቲ ማሕበራዊን ቁጠባዊን ጉዳያት ብ ንጹር ንኽረኣዩ ገይሩ እዩ።
The impact was more severe for disadvantaged children and their families, causing interrupted learning, compromised nutrition, childcare problems, and consequent economic cost to families who could not work.In response to school closures, UNESCO recommended the use of distance learning programmes and open educational applications and platforms that schools and teachers can use to reach learners remotely and limit the disruption of education.
እቲ ጽልዋ ከይዲ ትምህርቲ ብምቁርራጽ፣ ዘይእኹል ምግባና፣ ናይ ህጻናት ሕብሓበ ጸገማት፣ ነዚኦም ስዒቡ ድማ ኣብቶም ዘይሰርሑ ስድራ ቤታት ናይ ቁጣባዊ ጸገም ብምብጻሕ፣ ኣብ እቶም ጉዱኣት ቆልዑን ስድራ ቤቶምን ኣዝዩ ዝኸበደ ነይሩ። ናይ ቤት ትምህርቲታት ምዕጻው ስዒቡ፣ UNESCO ናይ ርሕቐት ትምህርቲ መድባት ኣብ ጥቕሚ ብምውዓል ቤት ትምህቲታትን መማህራንን ን ተምሃሮ ብ ርሕቀት ክበጽሑሎም ዘኽእሉ ናይ መምሃሪ መተግበሪታትን ፕላትፎርምን ብምኽፋት ናይ እቲ ኣጋጢሙ ዘሎ ናይ ትምህርቲ ምቁርራጽ ን ክወስኑ ምኽረ ሓሳብ ሂቡ።
Efforts to stem the spread of COVID-19 through non-pharmaceutical interventions and preventive measures such as social-distancing and self-isolation have prompted the widespread closure of primary, secondary, and tertiary schooling in over 100 countries.Previous outbreaks of infectious diseases have prompted widespread school closings around the world, with varying levels of effectiveness.
ን ምስ መድሓኒት ብዘይተሓሓዙ ጣልቃ ምእታዋትን ብ ከም ማሕበራዊ ምርሕሓቓትን ዓርሰ ምንጻልን ዝ ኣምሰሉ ናይ ምክልኻል ስጉምቲታትን ናይ COVID-19 ምግፋሓት ንምግታዕ ምስ ዝግበሩ ጻዕሪታት ኣብ ልዕሊ 100 ቤት ሃገራት ኣዝዩ ገፊሕ ዝርጋሐ ዘለዎ ናይ መብኣታዊ፣ ካልኣይ ደረጃ፣ ሳልሳይ ደረጃ ቤት ትምህርቲታት ምዕጸዋት ኣስዒቡ እዩ። ሕሉፋት ለበዳታት ኣብ መላእ ዓለም ዝተፈላለየ ደረጃ ንጥፈት ዘለዎ ኣዝዩ ገፊሕ ዝርጋሐ ዘለዎ ናይ ቤት ትምህርቲታት ምዕጻዋት ኣስዒቦም ሓሊፎም እዮም።
Mathematical modelling has shown that transmission of an outbreak may be delayed by closing schools.
ናይ ሒሳብ ሞዴል ከምዘርእዮ ናይ ለበዳ ምዝማት ቤት ትምህርቲታት ብምዕጻው ክደናጎ ወይድማ ይኽእል እዩ።
However, effectiveness depends on the contacts children maintain outside of school.
እዚ ዋላ’ኳ እንተኾነ ካብ ክሊ ቤት-ትምህርቲ ወጻኢ ተምሃሮ ዘካይድዎ ርክባት’ዩ ንዓወት ናይዚ ሜላ ዝውስኖ።
School closures may be effective when enacted promptly.
ናይ ቤት ትምህርቲታ ምዕጻው ስሉጥ ውጽ ኢት ክምጽእ ዝኽእል ብ ቕልጡፍ ኣብ ዝትግበረሉ እዋን እዩ።
If school closures occur late relative to an outbreak, they are less effective and may not have any impact at all.
ናይ ቤት ትምህርቲታት ካብቲ ለበዳ ደንጒዮም ምዕጻው፣ ዝህልዎም ጽልዋ ኣዝዩ ትሑት ውይድማ ምንም ክኸውን እዩ ዝገብሮ።
Additionally, in some cases, the reopening of schools after a period of closure has resulted in increased infection rates.
ብተወሳኺ ገሊኡ እዋናት ድሕሪ ዝተወሰነ ዕጽዋ ቤት-ትምህርትታት ምኽፋተን ወሰኽ ናይ መልከፍቲ የምጽእ።
As closures tend to occur concurrently with other interventions such as public gathering bans, it can be difficult to measure the specific impact of school closures.During the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in the United States, school closures and public gathering bans were associated with lower total mortality rates.
ምዕጻው ጎኒጎኒ ምስ ከም ህዝባዊ ኣኼባታት ምእጋድ ዝኣመሰሉ ከልኦት ንጥፈታት ብምክያዱ፣ እዚ ነቲ ናይ ቤት ትምህርቲ ምዕጻው ልክዕ ጽልዋ ማዕረ ኽንደይ ከምዝኾነ ንምፍላጥ ከቢድ ክኸውን ይኽእል እዩ። ኣብ እቲ ኣብ ኣሜሪካ ዝነበረ ናይ 1918-1919 ኢንፍሉዌንዛ ለበዳ፣ ናይ ቤት ትምህርቲ ምዕጻውን ህዝባዊ ኣኼባታት ምእጋድን ነቲ ናይ ሞት ደረጃ ትሕት ኣቢልዎ ነይሩ።
Cities that implemented such interventions earlier had greater delays in reaching peak mortality rates.
ከምዚኦም ዝኣምሰሉ ጣልቃ ምእታዋት ቀዲመን ተግባራዊ ዝገበራ ከተማታት ኣብ ላዕለዋይ ናይ ሞት ቀጽሪ ቅድሚ ምብጻሖን ግዜ ወሲድን እየን።
Schools closed for a median duration of 4 weeks according to a study of 43 US cities' response to the Spanish Flu.
ብመሰረት ናይ 43 ናይ US ከተማታት ን ናይ ስፓኒሽ ፍሉ ዝሃባኦ መልሲ ኣመልኪቱ ኣብ ዝተገበረ መጽናዕቲ ቤትትምህሪታት ን 4 ሰሙናት ተዓጺዮም ነይሮም።
School closures were shown to reduce morbidity from the Asian flu by 90% during the 1957–58 outbreak, and up to 50% in controlling influenza in the US, 2004–2008.Multiple countries successfully slowed the spread of infection through school closures during the 2009 H1N1 Flu pandemic.
ዕጽዋ ቤት-ትምህርትታት ኣብ 1957-58 ናይ ኤሽያን ፍሉ ለበዳ ብ90%፡ ኣብ ናይ 2004-2008 U.S. ኢንፍሉወንዛ ለበዳ ከኣ ክሳብ 50% ምቅናስ መጠነ ሕማም ከምዘምጽአ ተራእዩ። ከምኡ’ውን ኣብ 2009 ናይ H1N1 ፍሉ ለበዳ፡ ብዙሓት ሃገራት ቤት-ትምህርትታት ብምዕጻወን ዝርግሐ ናይቲ ሕማም ብምቅናስ ተዓዊተን።
School closures in the city of Oita, Japan, were found to have successfully decreased the number of infected students at the peak of infection; however closing schools was not found to have significantly decreased the total number of infected students.
ኣብ ከተማ ኦታ፣ ጃፓን፣ ዝትኻየዱ ናይ ቤት ትምህሪታት ምዕጻዋት፣እቲ ቫይረስ ኣብ እቲ ዝለዓለ ወሳኸኡ ኣብ ዘለወሉ ሰዓት፣ ናይ ዝተለኽፉ ተምሃሮ ቁጽሪ ኣብ ምቕናስ ዕውት ተራ ተጻዊቶም እዮም ፣ ይኹን ደኣምበር፣ ናይ ቤት ትምህሪታት ምዕጻው ኣብ ኣጠቓላሊ ቁጽሪ ዝተልኸፉ ትምሃሮ ብ ርኡይ ንክቕንስ ኣይገበሮን።
Mandatory school closures and other social distancing measures were associated with a 29% to 37% reduction in influenza transmission rates.
ብግዲ ምዕጻው ቤት-ትምህርትታት ከምኡ’ውን ካልኦት ምስ ማሕበራዊ ርሕቀት ዝምልከት ስጉምትታት ካብ 29% ክሳብ 37% ጉድለት ኣብ ተላባዕነት ኢንፍሉዌንዛ ናይ ምምጻእ ተኽእሎታት ኣለዎ።
Early school closures in the United States delayed the peak of the 2009 H1N1 Flu pandemic.
ኣብ ኣሜሪካ ዝርከብ ቤት ትምህርቲ ኣቐዲምካ ናይ ምዕጻው ፕሮግራም ነቲ ናይ 2009 H1N1 Flu ለበዳ ንኽንኪ ገይርዎ ነይሩ እዩ።
Despite the overall success of closing schools, a study of school closures in Michigan found that "district level reactive school closures were ineffective."During the swine flu outbreak in 2009 in the UK, in an article titled "Closure of schools during an influenza pandemic" published in the Lancet Infectious Diseases, a group of epidemiologists endorsed the closure of schools in order to interrupt the course of the infection, slow further spread and buy time to research and produce a vaccine. 
ናይ ቤት ትምህርቲታት ምዕጻው ጥቕልል ብዝበለ ዓወት እኳ እንተተርኣየ፣ ኣብ ሚቺጋን ዝተኻየደ ኣብ ምዕጻው ዘተኮረ ጽንዓት ከምዘርእዮ ፣ "ብ ደረጃ ዲስትሪክት ዝነበሩ ናይ ቤት ትምህርቲታት ምዕጻዋት ስሉጣት ኣይነበሩን" ኣርእዩ እዩ። "ኣብ እዋን ናይ 2009 ናይ ስዋይን ፍሉ ለበዳ ኣብ እንግሊዝ፣ ኣብ ትሕቲ "ኣብ እዋን ናይ ኢንፍሉዌንዛ ለበዳ ናይ ቤት ትምህርቲታት ምዕጻው" ዝብል ርእሲ ኣብ ላንሴት ተላበድቲ ሕማማት ዝተባሃለ ጉጅለ ናይ ኢፒዲሚዮሎጂስታት ብዝተሓተመ ጽሑፍ ናይ እቲ ለበዳ ምግፋሓት ንምትእጉጓልን ናይ ምዝማት ቅልጣፈኡ ብምዝሓል ን ምርምራትን ክታበት ንምስራሕን ዝኾን ጊዜ ንምግዛእ ቤት ትምህርቲታት ምዕጻው ኣድላዪ ክምዝኾነ ዝሓበሩሉ እዩ ነየሩ።
Having studied previous influenza pandemics including the 1918 flu pandemic, the influenza pandemic of 1957 and the 1968 flu pandemic, they reported on the economic and workforce effect school closure would have, particularly with a large percentage of doctors and nurses being women, of whom half had children under the age of 16.
ካብቶም ኣብ ዝሓለፈ እዋናት ኣብ ዓለምና ዝትኸስቱ ናይ ኢንፍሉወንዛ ለበዳታት፣ ከም ዓብነት ናይ 1918 ለበዳ ሰዓል፡ናይ 1957 ለበዳ ኢንፍሉወንዛ ከምኡ’ውን ናይ 1968 ለበዳ ሰዓል፡ዝተገብሩ መጽናዕቲታት ተበጊሶም ምዕጻው ቤት-ትምህርቲታት ኣብ ልዕሊ ቁጠባን ሰራሕተኛታትን ቀንዲ ድማ ዝበዝሐ ምኢታዊት ናይ ሓካይምን ነርሳትን ደቀንስትዮ ኮይነን ፍርቀን ትሕቲ 16 ዝዕድመዮም ቆልዑ ዘለወን ብምዃነን ጽልዋ ከመዘለዎ ገሊጾም።
They also looked at the dynamics of the spread of influenza in France during French school holidays and noted that cases of flu dropped when schools closed and re-emerged when they re-opened.
ኣብ እዋን ናይ ቤት ትምህሪታት ዕረፍቲ ኣብ ፈረንሳይ ዝነበረ ናይ ኢንፍሉዌንዛ ዝርጋሐ ብምርኣይ፣ ናይ ፍሉ ጉዳያት ኣብ እዋን ምዕጻው ቤት ትምህርቲታ ዝቐነሱ እንትኾን ቤት ትምህርቲታት ኣብ ዝኽፈትሉ ሰዓት ድማ መሊሶም ተራእዮም እዮም።
They noted that when teachers in Israel went on strike during the flu season of 1999–2000, visits to doctors and the number of respiratory infections dropped by more than a fifth and more than two fifths respectively.
ኣብ 1999–2000 ናይ ፍሉ ወቕቲ መማህራት ናብ መጥቃዕቲ ኣብ ዝኸዱሉ እዋን፡ ናብ ዶክተራት ዝግበሩ ምብጻሓት ካብ ሓሙሽተ ብ ልዕሊ ሓደ ኢድ እንትቕንስ፡ ናይ መተንፍሲ ኣካላት ረኽሲ ድማ ካብ ሓሙሽተ ብልዕሊ ክልተ ኢድ ቀኒሶም እዮም።
For schools and childcare facilities, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends short-term closure to clean or disinfect if an infected person has been in a school building regardless of community spread.
ን ቤት ትምህርቲታትን ናይ ህጻናት መሐብሐቢታት ን ዝምልከት ናይ U.S. ማእኸል ቁጽጽርን ምክልኻልን ሕማም ሓጺር ጊዜ ስጋብ ኣብ'ቲ ናይ ትምህርት ቤት ህንጻ እንድሕር ደኣ ዝሓመመ ሰብ ዝኣተወ ኾይኑ ስጋብ ዝጽረን ጸረ-ታህዋስያን ዝግበረሉን ንሓጺር ጊዜ ንኸዕጾ ተላብዮም።
When there is minimal to moderate community transmission, social distancing strategies can be implemented such as cancelling field trips, assemblies, and other large gatherings such as physical education or choir classes or meals in a cafeteria, increasing the space between desks, staggering arrival and dismissal times, limiting nonessential visitors, and using a separate health office location for children with flu-like symptoms.
ኣብ ኮም ትሑት ወይ መጠናዊ ተላባዕነት ምስዝህሉ፡ ናይ ማሕበራዊ ርሕቀት መምርሒታት ክትግበሩ ይከኣል። ምስራዝ ናይ መገሻታት፡ ኣኼባታትን ምስ ስፖርታዊ ሙዚቃዊ ንጥፈታትን ከምኡ’ውን ኣብ ካፊተራታትን ዝመጽእ ምትእኽኻብ ብዙሃት፡ ጣውላታት ምርህሓቅ፡ ኣጋይሽ ብስሉጥ ተቀቢልካ ምፍናው፡ ቁጽሪ ዘየድልዩ በጻሕቲ ምጉዳልን ንምልክታት ጉንፋዕ ዘለዎም ህጻናት ንምሕካም ዝተገለለ ቦታ ምፍላይ ገለ ኣብነታት ናይዚ’ዮም።
When there is substantial transmission in the local community, in addition to social distancing strategies, extended school dismissals may be considered.
ኣብ ሓደ ክባቢ ማሕበረሰብ ዝረኣይ ናይ ምምሕልላፍ ኣብ ዝህልወሉ እዋን ፡ ካብ ናይ ማሕበራዊ ርሕቀት ምሕላው ስትራቴጂታት ብተወሳኺ፡ ዝተናውሑ ናይ ቤት ትምህርቲታት ምዕጻዋት ከም መማርጺታት ክረኣዩ ኣለዎም።
On 26 January, China instituted measures to contain the COVID-19 outbreak which included extending the Spring Festival holiday to contain the outbreak.
ኣብ ጃኑዋሪ 26፣ ቻይና ናይ ስፕሪንግ ፌስቲቫል ጽምብላት ምንዋሕ ሓዊሱ ን COVID-19 ለበዳ ንምቁጽጻር ብዝብል ስጉምቲታት ወሲዳ ኣላ።
Universities and schools around the country closed.
ኣብ መላእ ሃገራት ዝተዓጸዉ ዩኒቨርስቲታትን ቤት ትምህቲታትን
On 23 February, Iran's Ministry of Health announced the closure of universities, higher educational institutions and schools in several cities and provinces.
ብ23 ፌብሩዋሪ ሚኒስትሪ ጥዕና ኢራን ዩኒቨርሲታት፡ ትካላት ላዕለዋይ ትምህርትታትን ቤት-ትምህርትታትን ኣብ ዝተፈላለዩ ከተማታትን ክልላትን ከም ዝተዓጽዋ ኣመልኪቱ።
On 3 March, UNESCO released the first global numbers on school closures and affected students.
ኣብ ማርች 3፡ UNESCO ን ዝተዓጸዉ ቤት ትምህርቲታትን ዝተጸለዉ ተምሃሮን ዘርእዩ ናይ መጀምሪያ ዓለም ለኻዊ ቀጽርታት ዕላው ገይሮም።
It reported that 13 countries had enacted preventive measures including the temporary closure of schools and universities, impacting 290.5 million students around the world.
13 ዝኾና ሃገራት ኣብ መላእ ዓለም ኣብ ከባቢ 290.5 ሚልዮን ተምሃሮ ጽልዋ ዘሕደረ ቤት ትምህሪታትን ዩኒቨርሲቲታትን ብ ጊዜያዊነት ምዕጻው ሓዊሱ ናይ ምክልኻል ስጉምቲታት ወሲደን እየን፣
In reaction, UNESCO called on countries to support affected students and families and facilitate large-scale inclusive distance learning programmes.
ከም ግብረ መልሲ፡ UNESCO ሃገራት ዝተጸልዉ ተምሃሮን ስድራ ቤታትን ድጋፍ ንኽገብሩን ገጅፍን ሓቛፊን ዝኾነ ናይ ርሕቐት ትምህርቲ መደባት ንኸተግበሩ ጻውዒት ኣቕሪቦም።
On 4 March, the Italian government ordered the full closure of all schools and universities nationwide as Italy reached 100 deaths.
ብ4 ማርች መንግስቲ ጥልያን መጠነ-ሞት 100 ድሕሪ ምብጽሑ ኩለን ናይ ውሽጢ ሃገር ትምህርትታትን ዩኒቨርሲታትን ምሉእብምሉእ ክእጸዋ ኣዚዙ።
In doing so, Italy became one of 22 countries on three continents which had announced or implemented school closures.
እዚ ኣብ ምግባር ድማ፣ ጣልያን ካብተን ኣብ ሰለስተ ኣህጉራት ዘለዋ ምዕጻው ቤት ትምህርቲ ዝኣወጃ ወይድማ ዘተግበራ 22 ሃገራት ውሽጢ ኾይና ኣላ።
On 5 March, the majority of learners affected by COVID-19 emergency measures were located in China, with 233 million learners affected, followed by Japan at 16.5 million and Iran at 14.5 million.
ኣብ ማርች 5፣ እቶም ብ ኣብዝሓ ብ ናይ COVID-19 ህጹጻት ስጉምቲታት ዝተጸለዉ ተምሃሮ ኣቶም ኣብ ቻይና ዝርከቡ እንተኾኑ፣ በዚ ድማ 233 ተምሃሮ ኣብ ቻይና፣ ኣብ ጃፓን ድማ 16.5 ሚልየን ኣብ ኢራን ድማ 14.5 ትምሃሮ ጽልዋ ሓዲሩዎም ይርከብ።
By 10 March, one in five students worldwide was "staying away from school due to the COVID-19 crisis" while another one in four was barred from higher education institutions. 
እስካብ ማርች 10፣ ኣብ መላእ ዓለም ካብ ሓሙሽተ እስካብ እቲ ሓደ ተምሃራይ "ብሰንኪ ናይ COVID-19 ቅልውላው ካብ ትምህርቲ ዝርሓቁ" እንትኾኑ ካልኦት ካብ እቶም ኣርባዕተ እቲ ሓደ ድማ ካብ ናይ ላዕለዋይ ደረጃ ትምህርቲ ትካላት ዝተኸለከሉ እዮም።
On 13 March, governments in 49 countries announced or implemented school closures, including 39 countries which closed schools nationwide and 22 countries with localised school closures.
ኣብ ማርች 13፣ ኣብ 49 ሃገራት ዘለዉ መንግስቲታት ናይ ቤት ትምህርቲታት ምዕጻው ኣዊጀን ወይድማ ኣተግቢረን እየን፡ ካብዚእን ድማ እተን 39 ሃገራት ብ ብሄራዊ ደረጃ ቤት ትምህርቲታት ዝዓጸዋ እንትኾና እተን 22 ድማ ኣብ ከባቢ ዝተወሰነ ናይ ቤት ትምህርቲታት ምዕጻዋት ኣካይደን እየን።
By 16 March, this figure increased from 49 to 73 countries according to UNESCO.
UNESCO ብዝገልጾ ብ ማርች 16 እዚ ቁጽሪ ካብ 49 ናብ 73 ሃገራት ወሲኹ።
By 19 March, 50% of students worldwide were affected by school closures, corresponding to nationwide closures in 102 countries and local closures in 11 countries affecting 850 million children and youth.
ብ19 ማርች ምዕጻው ቤት-ትምህርትታት ኣብ ልዕሊ 50% ናይ ዓለም ተምሃሮ ጽልዋ ገይሩ። እዚ ማለት ከዓ ዕጽዋ ብሃገር ደረጃ ኣብ 102 ሃገራት፡ ብዞባ ደረጃ ጥራይ ድማ ኣብ 11 ሃገራት፡ ን850 ሚልዮን ህጻናትን መንእሰያትን ዘጠቓልል’ዩ።
By 20 March, over 70% of the world's learners were impacted by closures, with 124 country-wide school closures.
ክሳብ ማርች 20፡ ካብ 70% ንላእሊ ዝኾኑ ናይ ዓለም ተምሃሮ ብ ምዕጻዋት ተጸልዮም እዮም፡ 124 ሃገራት ብ ብሄራዊ ደረጃ ቤት ትምህርቲታት ምዕጻወን ተተሓሒዙ።
On 23 March, all Nigerian school were found to have been closed down by Nigerian government, markets as well as companies were closed down and children were forbidden by parents to step out of their homes.
ኣብ ማርች 23፣ ኩሎም ናይ ናይጀሪያ ቤት ትምህሪታት ብ ናይ ናይጀሪያ መንግስቲ ተዓጽዮም፣ ብ ተውሳኺ ድማ ዕዳጋታትን ትካላትን እውን እንከዕጸዉ ከለዉ፣ ቆልዑ ድማ ብወለዲ ካብ ገዛኦም ንኸይወጹ ተኽልኪሎም ይርከቡ።
On 26 March, all New Zealand schools and universities have been closed down across the country.
አብ ማርች 26፣ ኩለን ናይ ኒውዚላንድ ኣብያተ ትምህርትን ዩኒቨርስታትን አብ መላእ ሃገር ተዓጽየን ይርከባ።
The government has imposed a two-week holiday, allowing schools to transition to forms of distant teaching as soon as possible.
መንግስቲ ቤት ትምህርቲታት ብዝተኽኣለ መጠን ናብ ናይ ርሕቐት መማህሪ ንኽቕየሩ ንምግባር ብዝብል ናይ ክልተ ሰሙን ባዓል ኣቐሚጡ ኣሎ።
Universities have closed for one week, but resumed with online teaching afterwards.
ዩኒቨርሲታት ካብ ዝዕጽዋ ሓደ ሰሙን ዋላ እንተገበራ፡ ብኢንተርነት ብምምሃር ስርሐን ብድሕሪኡ ቀጺለን’የን።
Other school services remain open, but teaching is restricted to distant learning.
ካልኦት ናይ ትምህርቲ ኣገልግሎታት ተኸፊተን ጸኒሐን ኣለዋ፣ ምምሃር ግን ብናይ ርሕቀት ክወሃብ ጥራይ እዩ ገደብ ተነቢሩሉ።
By 27 March, nearly 90 percent of the world's student population was out of class.
ብ27 ማርች፣ ኣስታት 90 ምኢታዊት ናይ ዓለም ተምሃሮ ካብ ትምህርቲ ወጻኢ ኮይኖም።
Regions with schools remaining open included Taiwan, Singapore, Australia, Sweden, and some U.S. states.
ኣብያተ ትምህርቲታት ክፉታት ዝኾኑለን ከባቢታት ታይዋን፣ ሲንጋፖር፣ኣኡስትራሊያ፣ ስዊድን፣ ከምኡ እውን ገለ ናይ ኣሜሪካ ስቴታት ዘካተተ እዩ።
By 29 March, more than 1.5 billion children and other students were affected by nationwide school closures.
ኣብ 29 ማርች፣ ልዕሊ 1.5 ሚሊዮን ዝኾኑ ህጻናትን ካልኦት ተማሃሮን ብናይ ሃገራዊ ምዕጻው ትምህርቲ ተጸሊዮም ኣለዉ።
Others were disrupted by localized closures.
ካልኦት ድማ ብ ክባቢያዊ ምዕጻዋት ዝተቖራረጹ እዮም።
Until April 6, holidays were extended in all secondary schools of Turkmenistan.
ክሳብ ኤፕሪል 6፡ ኣብ ቱርከሚስታን ኩለን ካልኣይ ደረጃ ቤት-ትምህርትታት በዓላት ንቅድሚት ኣናዊሐንኦ።
An order signed by the Ministry of Education as a preventative measure aims to prevent the spread of respiratory diseases in connection with the WHO coronavirus pandemic.
ብ ናይ ትምህርቲ ሚኒስቴር ዝተፈረመ ናይ ምክልኻል ትእዛዝ ምስ ናይ ወድብ ጥዕና ዓለም ናይ ኮረና ቫይረስ ልበዳ ዝተትሓሓዙ ናይ መተንፈሲ ሕማማት ኣብ ምክልኻል ዝዓለመ እዩ።
10 countries have localised schools closures, UNESCO estimates 473,933,356 learners are potentially at risk (pre-primary to upper-secondary education) and 77,938,904 learners are potentially at risk in tertiary education.
ዞባዊ ዕጽዋ ቤት-ትምህርትታት ኣብ 10 ሃገራት ተገይሩ። 473,933,356 ካብ መባእታዊ ክሳብ ካልኣይ ደረጃ ዘለዉ ተምሃሮን 77,938,904 ተምሃሮ ላዕለዋይ ትካላትን ኣብ ሓደጋ ከምዘለዉ UNESCO ይትንትን።
Note: Figures correspond to total number of learners enrolled at pre-primary, primary, lower-secondary, and upper-secondary levels of education [ISCED levels 0 to 3], as well as at tertiary education levels [ISCED levels 5 to 8] who could be affected should localised closures become countrywide.
ሓበሬታ፡ እዚ ሰንጠረዥ ብዕጽዋ ቤት-ትምህርትታት ዝተጸልዉ ጠቕላላ ቁጽሪ ተምሃሮ መዋእለ ህጻናት፡ ቀዳማይ ደረጃን ካልኣይ ደረጃ ትምህርቲ [ISCED 0-3 ደረጃ] ከምኡ’ውን ተምሃሮ ላዕለዋይ ትካላት [ISCED 5-8 ደረጃ] ዘጠቃልል እዩ።
Enrolment figures based on latest UNESCO Institute of Statistics data.
ኣብ ናይ UNESCO Institute of Statistics(UNESCO ትካል ስታትስቲክስ) ናይ ቀረባ እዋን ዳታ መሰረት ዝገበረ ናይ ተመዝገብቲ ቁጽርታት።
School closures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic have shed a light on numerous issues affecting access to education, as well as broader socio-economic issues.
ን ናይ COVID-19 ለበዳ መልሲ ኣብ ምሃብ ዝተኻየዱ ናይ ቤት ትምህርቲታት ምዕጻው፣ ኣብ ብዙሓት ኣብ ናይ ትምህርቲ ዕድል ምርካብ ጽልዋ ዘሕድሩ ጉዳያትን ካልኦት ሰፋሕቲ ማሕበራዊን ቁጠባዊን ጉዳያት ብ ንጹር ንኽረኣዩ ገይሩ እዩ።