atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
The intermediate reservoir hosts of some HCoVs are also known.
እቲ መንጎኛ መሕደሪ ናይ HCoVs እውን ፍሉጣት እዮም።
Identifying the animal hosts has direct implications in the prevention of human diseases.
ናይ እንስሳ ፍልፍል ምፍላጥ ናይቲ ሕማም ምክልኻል ኣብ ምርካብ ዓብዪ እጃም ይጻወት።
Investigating CoV-host interactions in animals might also derive important insight on CoV pathogenesis in humans.
ናይ CoV ቫይረስ ተጠቃዕቲ ምስ እንስሳት ዝነብሮም ርክብ ምጽናዕን ምምርማርን ዝሓሸ መረዳእታ ምምሕልላፍ ነቲ ሕማም ንምርካብ ይሕግዝ።
In this review, we present an overview of the existing knowledge about the seven HCoVs, with a focus on the history of their discovery as well as their zoonotic origins and interspecies transmission.
ኣብዚ ምርምር ኣብቶም ሸውዓተ HCoVs ዘለና ፍልጠት ብመሰረት ናይ ረኸበ ታሪኽን ካብ እንስሳት ናብ ሰባት ናይ ምምሕልላፍ ኩነትን ነጠቓልል።
Importantly, we compare and contrast the different HCoVs from a perspective of virus evolution and genome recombination.
ብቐንዲ ድማ ናይ ዝተፈላለዩ ዓይነታት HCoVs ብመንጽር ዝግመት ለውጢ ቫይረስን ናይ ጀኖም ጥምረትን ዘለዎም ምምስሳልን ምፍልላይን ንጠቅስ።
The current CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic is discussed in this context.
አዚ ግዜኣዊ CoV ሕማም 2019 (COVID-19) ለበዳ ኣብ እዚ ሓሳብ እዚ ምይይጥ ተገይርዎ እዩ።
In addition, the requirements for successful host switches and the implications of virus evolution on disease severity are also highlighted.
ብተወሳኺ፣ ንዕውት ካብ መሕደሪ ናብ መሐደሪ ምስግጋርን ናይ እዚ ቫይረስ ዕብየት ኣብ እቲ ናይ ሕማም ከቢድነት ብዛዕባ ዘስዕቦ ጽልዋ እውን ትኹረት ተዋሂቡዎም እዩ።
Coronaviruses (CoVs) belong to the family Coronaviridae, which comprises a group of enveloped, positive-sensed, single-stranded RNA viruses.
ኮሮና ቫይረስ(CoVs) ምስ Coronaviridae ዝበሃሉ ናይ ቫይረስ ስድራ ይምደብ። Coronaviridae enveloped፣ positive-sensed፣ single-stranded ዝኾኑ ናይ RNA ቫይረስ ጉጅለታት የጠቓልል።
These viruses harbouring the largest genome of 26 to 32 kilobases amongst RNA viruses were termed “CoVs” because of their crown-like morphology under electron microscope.
እዞም ቫይረሳት ካብ 26 ክሳብ 32 ኪ.ግ. ዝኸውን ዓብዪ ጂኖም ዝሕዙን ብዓይኒ ዘይረኣዩ ትሃዋስያን ኮይኖም ብምኽንያት ዘውዲ መሰል ቕርጾም “CoVs” ብምባል ይጽውዑ።
Structurally, CoVs have non-segmented genomes that share a similar organization.
CoVs ዘይተኸፋፈሉ ጀኖማት ተመሳሳሊ መዋቕር ይዉንኑ።
Approximately two thirds of the genome contain two large overlapping open reading frames (ORF1a and ORF1b), which are translated into the pp1a and pp1ab replicase polyproteins.
ብግምት ክልተ ሰለስታዊ ናይ እዚ ጄኖም ክልተ ዓበይቲ ተደራረብቲ ክፍቲ ተነበብቲ ፍሬማት (ORF1a ን ORF1b ን) ኣለውዎም፣ እዚኦም ድማ ናብ pp1a ን pp1ab ን ሪፕሊኬዝ ፖሊፕሮቲናት ዝትርጎሙ እዮም።
The polyproteins are further processed to generate 16 non-structural proteins, designated nsp1~16.
እዞም ፖሊፕሮቲናት nsp1~16 ዝበሃል በዓል 16 ዘይተዋቐሩ ፕሮቲናት ከምርቱ ይግበሩ።
The remaining portion of the genome contains ORFs for the structural proteins, including spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M) and nucleoprotein (N).
እቲ ዝተረፈ ክፋል ናይ እቲ ጄኖም፣ spike (S)፣envelope (E)፣membrane (M)ን nucleoprotein (N) ሓዊሱ ነቶም ቅርጻዊ ፕሮቲናት ORF ዝወስድ እዩ።
A number of lineage-specific accessory proteins are also encoded by different lineages of CoVs.
ብዙሓት ናይ ዓሌታዊ-መሰረት ዘለዎም መበቆል ፕሮቲናት እውን ብዝተፈላለዩ ናይ CoVs ዓሌታት ሓበሬታት ዝተመልኡ እዮም።
Based on the difference in protein sequences, CoVs are classified into four genera (alpha-CoV, beta-CoV, gamma-CoV and delta-CoV), among which the beta-CoV genera contains most HCoVs and is subdivided into four lineages (A, B, C and D).
ኣብ ናይ ፕሮቲን መስርዕ ኣፈላላይ ብምምርኳስ CoVs ኣብ ኣርባዕተ (alpha-CoV, beta-CoV, gamma-CoVን delta-CoVን) ይኽፈሉ። ካብዚኣቶም beta-CoV መብዛሕትኦም HCoVs ዝሕዝ ኮይኑ ኣርብዕተ ክፍልታት (A, B, C and D) ኣልዎም።
Phylogenetic evidence has shown that bats and rodents serve as the gene source of most alpha-CoVs and beta-CoVs, while birds are the main reservoir of gamma-CoVs and delta-CoVs.
ፓይሎጀኒክ መረዳእታ ለዃኺቶታትን ኣንጭዋታትን ናይ መብዛሕትኦምኣልፋ-CoVs ን ቤታ -CoVs ን ጂን ምንጪታት እዮም፣ ኣዕዋፍ ድማ ናይ ጋማ-CoVs ን ደልታ-CoVs ዋና መሕደሪታት እየን።
For thousands of years, CoVs have constantly crossed species barriers and some have emerged as important human pathogens.
ንኣሽሓት ዓመታት፣ CoVs ናይ ዓሌታት ገደባት ጥሒሱ ሓሊፉ እዩ ሓደሓዲኦም ድማ ከበድቲ ኣብ ደቂ ሰባት ሕማም ከስዕቡ ዝኽእሉ ኮይኖም መጺኦም ኣለዉ።
To date, seven human CoVs (HCoVs) are known.
ክሳብ ሎሚ፣ ሸውዓተ ናይ ሰባት CoVs (HCoVs) ተፈሊጦም ኣለዉ።
Among them HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63 are alpha-CoVs.
ካብኦም ድማ HCoV-229E ን HCoV-NL63 ን alpha-CoVs እዮም።
The other five beta-CoVs include HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2.
እተ ካልእ ሓሙሽተ ቤታ-CoVs በዓል HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1፣ ከቢድ ህጹጽ ናይ ስርዓት ምትንፋስ ሲንድረም (SARS-CoV)፣ ናይ ማእኸላይ ምብራቕ ናይ ስርዓተ ምትንፋስ ሲንድረም ኮሮናቫይረስ (MERS-CoV) ከምኡውን SARS-CoV-2 ዘጠቓልል እዩ።
HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-NL63 usually cause mild symptoms, like common cold and/or diarrhea.
HCoV-229E፣ HCoV-OC43፣ HCoV-HKU1ን HCoV-NL63ን ከም ሰዓልን ተቕማጥን ዝኣምሰሉ ምልክታት የርእዩ።
In contrast, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and the newly-identified SARS-CoV-2 are highly pathogenic, causing severe lower respiratory tract infection in relatively more patients with a higher chance to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and extrapulmonary manifestations.
ምስ SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV ከምኡውን ምስ እቲ ሓድሽ ዝተረኸበ SARS-CoV-2 ብንጽጽር ኣብ መብዛሕትኦም ሰባት ከቢድ ናይ ስርዓተ ምትንፋስ ዲስትረስ ሲንድረም (ARDS) ከምኡውን ካብ ሳንባ ወጻኢ ናይ ሕማም ምልክታት ናይ ምርኣይ ዕድል ዘለዎ ከቢድ ናይ ታሕተዋይ መተንፈሲ ኣካላት ከቢድ ረኽሲ ብምስዓብ ኣዝዩ ልዑል ሕማም ናይ ምስዓብ ተኽእሎ ኣለዎም።
The first HCoV-229E strain, B814, was isolated from the nasal discharge of patients with common cold in mid-1960s.
B814 ዝበሃል እቲ ናይ መጀመርያ HCoV-229E ኣብ 1960 ማእኸል ካብ ናይ ሰዓል ሕሙም ንፋጥ ተረኺቡ።
Since then, more knowledge was accumulated through extensive studies on HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, both of which cause self-limiting symptoms.
ካብኡ ንዳሓር ኣብቶም ዓርሶም ዝድርቱ ቫይረሳት HCoV-229Eን HCoV-OC43ን ብዝተገብረ መፅናዕቲ ብዙሕ ግንዛበ ክእከብ ተኻኢሉ እዩ።
Indeed, the concept had been widely accepted that infection with HCoVs is generally harmless until the outbreak of SARS.
ቅድሚ ለበዳ SARS ምፍጣሩ ብ HCoVs ዝመፅእ ሕማም ጎዳኢ ከምዘይኮነ ይእመን ኔሩ።
The SARS outbreak occurred in 2003 is one of the most devastating in current history, infecting over 8,000 people with a crude case fatality of approximately 10%.
እቲ ኣብ ታሪክ ዝኸፍእ ናይ SARS ለበዳ ኣብ 2003 ተኸሲቱ። በዚ ምኽንያት ድማ ልዕሊ 8,000 ሰባት ተጠቒዖም፤ ካብኦም ድማ 10% ሞየቶም።
Ten years later, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak resulted in a persistent epidemic in the Arabian Peninsula with sporadic spreading to the rest of the world.
ድሕሪ ዓሰርተ ዓመታት፣ ናይ ማእኸላይ ምብራቕ ስርዓተ ምስትንፋስ ሲንድረም (MERS) ናብ ዝተረፈ ዓለም ብሰፊሑ ብምዝማት፣ ኣብ ዓረብ ፔኒንሱላ ቀጻላይ ዝኾነ ለበዳ ኣስዒቡ እዩ።
The 2019 novel HCoV (2019-nCoV), which has subsequently been renamed SARS-CoV-2, is the causative agent of the ongoing epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has claimed more than 3,120 lives and infected more than 91,000 people as of March 3, 2020.
ኣብ 2019 ዝትርኣየ HCoV (2019-nCoV) SARS-CoV-2 ብምባል ዝተሰየመ ናይዚ ሕጂ ዘሎ ናይ ኮሮና 2019(COVID-19) ሕማም ክሳብ መጋቢት 3, 2020 ናይ ልዕሊ 3,120 ሰባት ሂወት ዝወሰደን ልዕሊ 91,000 ሰባት ዘጥቀዐ ዝኾነ ሕማም መልዓሊ እዩ።
The alarm has been ringing and the world has to prepare for the coming pandemic of SARS-CoV-2.
ደወል ተደዊሉ’ሎ ዓለም ድማ ን ናይ SARS-CoV-2 ለበዳ ሕማም ክትዳሎ ኣሎዋ።
All seven HCoVs have a zoonotic origin from bats, mice or domestic animals.
ኩሎም ሸውዓት ዓይነታት HCoVs ካብ ከም ሎዃኺቶ፣ ኣንጭዋን ካልኦት አንስሳት ዘቤት ዝመጹ እዮም።
Multiple lines of evidence support an evolutionary origin of all HCoVs from bats, where viruses are well adapted and non-pathogenic but show great genetic diversity.
ብዙሓት ናይ መረጋገጺ መስመራት ናይ ኩሎም HCoVs መበቆላዊ ኣመጻጽኣ ካብ ለዃኺቶ ምዃኑ ዘርእዩ እዮም፣ እቶም ቫይረሳት ድማ ብኣግባቡ ዝተላመዱን ሕማም ዘየስዕቡ ኮይኖም ግን ሰፊሕ ጀነቲካዊ ፍልልይ ዘርእዩ እዮም።
The COVID-19 epidemic has presented enormous medical, scientific, social and moral challenges to China and the world.
ናይ ኮቪድ-19 ለበዳ ዓብዪ ናይ ሕክምና፣ ሳይንሳዊ፣ ማሕበራዊን ናይ ሞራላዊን ማሕለኻታት ኣብ ቻይናን ኣብ ዓለምን ኣምጺኡ እዩ።
Tracing the zoonotic origins of HCoVs provides a framework to understand the natural history, driving force and restriction factors of species jumping.
ናይ HCoVs ዙኖቲክ መበቆላት ንምክትታል ናይ ተፈጥሮኣዊ ታሪክ፣ ዘንቀሳቕሶ ዘሎ ሓይሊን ናይ ዓሌታት ገደብ ምኽንያታት ምርዳእ የድሊ።
This might also guide or facilitate the search for the reservoir, intermediate and amplifying animal host(s) of SARS-CoV-2, with important implications in the prevention of future spillovers.
እዚ ድማ ነቶም መሕደሪ እቲ ቫይረስ ዝኾኑ፡ኣብ መንጎ ዝርከቡን ኣባዛሕቲ ዝኾኑ መሕደሪ(ታት) ናይ SARS-CoV-2 ዝኾኑ እንስሳት ንምርካብ ኣብ ዝግበር ኣለሻ ክመርሕን ከሳልጥን እውን ዝኽእል እዩ፣ ፣ ን ቀጸልቲ ምፍሳሳት ኣብ ንምክልኻል ድማ ጠቐምቲ ኣንፈታት ዘለዎ እዩ።
In this review we present an overview of the zoonotic origins, interspecies transmission and pathogenesis of HCoVs.
ኣብ እዚ ክለሳ ናይ HCoVs ናይ እንስሳ ፍልፍል፣ ካብ እንስሳ ናብ እንስሳ ናይ ምምሕልላፍ ዓቕሚን ሕማም ናይ ምምጻእ ዓቕምን የጠቓልል።
Particularly, we highlight and discuss the common theme that parental viruses of HCoVs are typically non-pathogenic in their natural reservoir hosts but become pathogenic after interspecies transmission to a new host.
ብፍላይ፣ ብዛዕባ ናይ HCoVs ቫይረሳት ኣብ ማእኸላይ መሕደሪኦም ሕማም ዘየስዕቡ ከምዝኾኑ ግን ናብ ካልእ ዓሌት ድሕሪ ምምሕልላፎም ሕማም ምስዓብ ከምዝጅምሩ ብዝምልከት ዘለዉ ተመሳሳሊ ባህርያት ትኹረት ሂብና ተመያይጥና ኢና።
We also review the trend of HCoV evolution in which the increase in transmissibility often comes with the decrease in pathogenicity.
ናይ HCoV ኣመጻጽኣ ከይዲ ንግምግም ኢና ፣ በዚ ድማ ናይ ምምሕልላፍ ክእለት መብዛሕትኡ ግዘ ምስ ናይ ሕማም ናይ ምስዓብ ተኽእሎ ምቕናስ ዝመጽእ እዩ።
The outcome of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 outbreak is also discussed in this context.
ናይዚ ቀጻሊ SARS-CoV-2 ለበዳ ውጽኢት ኣብዚ ሓሳብ እዚ እውን ምይይጥ ተገይርዎ እዩ።
Animal CoVs have been known since late 1930s.
ናይ እንስሳት CoVs ካብ 1930 መወዳታታት ጀሚሮም ፍሉጣት እዮም።
Before the first isolation of HCoV-229E strain B814 from the nasal discharge of patients who had contracted common cold, different CoVs had been isolated in various infected animals, including turkey, mouse, cow, pig, cat and dog.
ቅድሚ እቲ ናይ መጀመርታ HCoV-229E strain B814 ካብ ንቡር ሰዓል/ጉንፋእ ዝሓመመ ሰብ ንፋጥ ምርካቡ ዝተፈላለዩ ቫይረሳት ካብ ብዙሓት እንስሳት ከም ቆቓሓት፣ ኣንጭዋ፣ ላም፣ሓሰማ፡ ድሙን ኸልብን ተረኺቡ ኔሩ።
In the past decades, seven HCoVs have been identified.
ኣብ ዝሓለፉ ዓሰርተታት ዓመታት፣ ሸውዓተ HCoVs ተፈሊጦም።
A brief summary of the history of HCoV discovery in chronological order (Table ​1) would be informative and instructive.
ሓጺር መጠቓለሊ ታሪኽ ኣመጻጽኣ HCoV ብቕደም ሰዓብ (ሰንጠረዥ 1) መምሃሪን መዓዲን ይኸውን።
The first HCoV-229E strain was isolated from the respiratory tract of patients with upper respiratory tract infection in the year of 1966, and was subsequently adapted to grow in WI-38 lung cell lines.
እቲ ናይ መጀመርያ HCoV-229E ስትረይን ኣብ 1966 ካብ ናይ ላዕለዋይ ኣካል መተንፈሲ ኣካላት ዝሓመሙ ሰባት ዝተወሰደ እዩ፣ ድሕሪኡ ግን ተላሚዱ ኣብ ናይ ሳንባ መስመራት WI-38 ክዓቢ ተገይሩ እዩ።
Patients infected with HCoV-229E presented with common cold symptoms, including headache, sneezing, malaise and sore-throat, with fever and cough seen in 10~20% cases.
ብ HCoV-229E ዝተለኸፉ ሕሙማት ምስ ከም ርእሲ ሕማም፣ ምህንጣስ፣ ናይ ሕማም ስምዒትን ናይ ጎሮሮ ቃንዛን፣ ረስኒን ሰዓልን ኣበቶም ካብ 10~20% ጉዳያት፣ ዝበሉ ልሙዳት ናይ ሰዓል ምልክታት ዝቐረቡ እዮም፣ ።
Later in 1967, HCoV-OC43 was isolated from organ culture and subsequent serial passage in brains of suckling mice.
ኣብ 1967፣ HCoV-OC43 ካብ ናይ ሰብነት ኣካል ካልቸረ ተረኺቡ ድሕሪኡ ድማ ኣብ ናይ ኣንጭዋ ሓጎል ተረኺቡ።
The clinical features of HCoV-OC43 infection appear to be similar to those caused by HCoV-229E, which are symptomatically indistinguishable from infection with other respiratory tract pathogens such as influenza A viruses and rhinoviruses.
ክሊኒካዊ ዝርአ ረኽሲ ናይ HCoV-OC43 ምስ HCoV-229E ተመሳሳሊ ዝኾነ ምልክታት ሕማም ኣለዎም። እዚኦም ድማ ካብ ካልኦት ናይ ስርዓተ ምትንፋስ ረኽስታት ዘስዕቡ ከም ኢንፍሉዌንዛ ኤን ራይኖቫይረስ ዝመሳስሉ ቫይረሳት ዝተፈለየ ናይ ሕማም ምልክት የብሎምን።
Both HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 are distributed globally, and they tend to be predominantly transmitted during the season of winter in temperate climate.
HCoV-229E ን HCoV-OC43 ን ብዓለም ለኸ ተሰራጭዮም፣ ኣብዚ ናይ ሓገይ ወቕቲ ኣብ ደጉዓዊ ነባሪ ኣር ኣብ ዘሎሉ ብሰፊሑ ክስፋሕፍሑ ይረኣዩ።
Generally, the incubation time of these two viruses is less than one week, followed by an approximately 2-week illness.
ብሓፈሻ፣ ናይ እዞም ክልተ ቫይረሳት መጫጭሒግዘ ትሕቲ ሓደ ሰሙን እዩ፣ ቀጺሉ ድማ ዳርጋ ናይ 2-ሰሙን ሕማም ይስዕብ።
According to a human volunteer study, healthy individuals infected with HCoV-229E developed mild common cold.
ኣብ ፍቓደኛታት ውልቀሰባት ዝተገብረ ምርምር፡ ብ HCoV-229E ዝተጠቕዑ ሰባት ማእኸላይ ዝኾነ ናይ ሰዓል ምልክታት ከምዝነበሮም የረድእ።
Only a few immunocompromised patients exhibited severe lower respiratory tract infection.
ካብቶም ሕማም ናይ ምክልኻል ዓቕሞም ትሑት ዝኾኑ ሕሙማት እቶም ዉሑዳት ጥራሕ ከቢድ ናይ ትሕተዋይ ስርዓተ ምትንፋስ ረኽሲ ኣጋጢሙዎም።
SARS, also known as “atypical pneumonia”, was the first well documented HCoV-caused pandemic in human history and the etiological agent is SARS-CoV, the third HCoV discovered.
SARS፣ “ዘይልሙድ ኒሞንያ” ተባሂሉ እውን ይፍለጥ፣ ናይ መጀመርያ ኣብ ደቂ ሰባት ታሪክ ዓለምለኸዊ ለበዳ ከም ዝፈጠረ ብኣግባቡ ዝተመዝገበ HCoV-እዩ ጠንቁ ድማ SARS-CoV ከምዝኾነን፣ ሳልሳይ HCoV ድማ ከምዝተፈለጠ ይግለጽ።
The first case of SARS can be traced back to late 2002 in Guangdong Province of China.
ናይ መጀመርታ ናይ SARS ጉዳይ ለበዳ ኣብ 2002 ኣብ ጋንግዶንግ ናይ ቻይና ኣውራጃ እዩ ተራእዩ።
The SARS epidemic resulted in 8,096 reported cases with 774 deaths, spreading across many countries and continents.
ኣብ ብዙሓት ሃገራትን ኣህጉራትን ብSARS ዝተጠቕዑ 8,096 ሰባት እንተኾኑ በዚ ምኽንያት ድማ 774 ንሞት ተቓሊዖም እዮም።
Apart from the super-spreaders, it was estimated that each case could give rise to approximately two secondary cases, with an incubation period of 4 to 7 days and the peak of viral load appearing on the 10th day of illness.
እቶም ብልዑል መንገዲ ዘመሓላልፉ ገዲፍካ ሕድሕድ ኬዝ ንኣስታት ክልተ ሓደሽቲ ኬዛት ክዳርግ ይኽእል። እዚ ድማ ካብ 4 እስካብ 7 ማዓልቲ ዝኸዉን ናይ ኢንኩቤሽን እዋን የድልዮ እቲ ዝለዓለ ናይ ቫይረስ መጠን ድማ ኣብ 10ይ መዓልቲ ይፍጠር።
Patients infected with SARS-CoV initially present with myalgia, headache, fever, malaise and chills, followed by dyspnea, cough and respiratory distress as late symptoms.
ብSARS-CoV ዝተጠቕዑ ሰባት ናይ ጨዋዳ ቓንዛ፣ ሕማም ርእሲ፣ ረስኒ፣ ድኻምን ቑሪን፣ ሕጽረት ኣየር፣ ሰዓልን ናይ መተንፈሲ ኣካል ሕማምን ምልክታት የርእዩ።
Lymphopenia, deranged liver function tests, and elevated creatine kinase are common laboratory abnormalities of SARS.
ሊምፎፒንያ፣ ዝተዛበዐ ናይ ጉበት ስራሐሕ ምርመራታት፣ ልዑል ናይ ክሬቲን ካይኔዝ ልሙዳት ናይ ቤተ ፈተነ ዘይስሩዕነት SARS እዮም።
Diffuse alveolar damage, epithelial cell proliferation and an increase of macrophages are also observed in SARS patients.
ዲፊዩዝ ናይ ኣሊቪዮላር ጉድኣት፣ ናይ ኢፒቴልያል ዋህዮ ምብርባርን ናይ ማክሮፌጃት ምብዛሕን ኣብ ናይ SARS ሕሙማት ዝተረኣዩ እዮም።
Approximately 20-30% of patients subsequently require intensive care and mechanical ventilation.
ዳርጋ 20-30% ዝኾኑ ሕሙማት ጽኑዕ ክንክንን ሜካኒካዊ ventilation(ምጽራይ ኣየር) ዝሓቱ እዮም።
In addition to lower respiratory tract, multiple organs including gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidney can also be infected in these severe cases, usually accompanied with a cytokine storm, which might be lethal particularly in immunocompromised patients.
ካብ ታሕተዋይ ስርዓተ ምትንፋስ ብተወሳኺ ከም ማዓንጣ፣ ፀላም ከብድን ኩላሊትን ዝመሳሰሉ ክፍለኣካላት እዉን ከቢድ ሕማም እንተጋጥም ክጥቅዑ ይኽእሉ እዮም። ኣብ ከምዚ ዓይነት ኩነታት ብዝሒ ሳይቶካይን ስለዝህሉ ሕማም ናይ ምክልኻል ዓቕሞም ትሑት ዝኾኑ ሕሙማት ዝኸፍአ ፀግም ከምፅእ ይኽእል።
The virus was first isolated from the open lung biopsy of a relative of the index patient who travelled to Hong Kong from Guangzhou.
እዚ ቫይረስ መጀመርያ ካብ ግዋንግዡ ናብ ሆንግኮንግ ዝተጎዓዘ ሕሙም ክፉት ሳንባ ባየፕሲ ዝተወሰደ እዩ።
Since then, tremendous efforts have been dedicated to HCoV research.
ድሕሪኡ፣ ብዙሓት ጻዕሪታት ንናይ HCoV መጽናዕቲ ክውዑል ተገይሩ እዩ።
HCoV-NL63 was isolated from a 7-month-old child from the Netherlands during late 2004.
HCoV-NL63 ኣብ 2004 መወዳእታት ኣብ ኔዘርላንድስ ካብ 7-ወርሒ ዝዕድሚኣ ህጻን ዝተወሰደ እዩ።
It was initially found to be prevalent in young children, the elderly and immunocompromised patients with respiratory illnesses.
መጀመርያ ኣብ ህጻናት፣ ሽማግለታትን ኣብ ብናይ መተንፈሲ ኣካል ሕማም ዝተጠቕዑ ሕማም ናይ ምክልኻል ዓቕሞም ዝተዳኸመ ሰባትን እዩ ብብዙሕ ኔሩ።
Presentation of coryza, conjunctivitis, fever, and bronchiolitis is common in the disease caused by HCoV-NL63.
ናይ ኮሪዛ፣ ኮንጃክቲቫይቲስ፣ ረስኒን ብሮንኮላይትስን ምልክታት ኣብ ብ HCoV-NL63 ዝምዕብሉ ሕማማት ልሙዳት እዮም።
Another independent study described the isolation of the same virus from a nasal specimen from an 8-month-old boy suffering from pneumonia in the Netherlands.
ካልኦት ዓርሶም ዝኸኣሉ መጽናዕቲታት ኣብ ኔዘርላንድስ ካብ 8-ወርሒ ዝዕድሚኡ ብኒሞንያ ዝተጠቐዐ ህጻን ካብ ናይ ኣንቻ ስዋብ ናሙና ዝተወሰደ ተመሳሳሊ ቫይረስ ክረኽቡ ምኽኣሎም ገሊጾም።
Although it was identified in Netherlands, it is actually distributed globally.
ዋላኳ ኣብ ኔዘርላንድስ ዝተፍልጠ እንተኾነ ብዓለም ለኸ ደረጃ ተላቢዱ እዩ።
It has been estimated that HCoV-NL63 accounts for approximately 4.7% of common respiratory diseases, and its peak incidence occurs during early summer, spring and winter.
HCoV-NL63 ክሳብ 4.7% ዝኾኑ ልሙዳት ናይ ስርዓተ ምስትንፋስ ሕማማት ዘስዐበ እዩ፣ ዋና ኣጋጣሚታቱ ድማ ኣብ ክረምቲ መጀመርያ፣ ኣብ ጽድያን ሓጋይን እዮም ዝፍጠሩ።
HCoV-NL63 is associated with obstructive laryngitis, also known as croup.
HCoV-NL63 ምስ ክሩፕ(croup) ዝበሃል ምዕጋት ነድሪ ላንቃ ይተሓሓዝ።
In the same year, HCoV-HKU1 was isolated from a 71-year-old man who had been hospitalized with pneumonia and bronchiolitis in Hong Kong.
ኣብ እቲ ዓመት HCoV-HKU1 ኣብ ወዲ 71 ዓመት ዝኮነ ብምኽንያት ኒሞንያንያን ብሮንካይተስን ናብ ሕክምና ዝኣተወ ሰብኣይ ኣብ ሆንግ ኮንግ ተረኺቡ።
Besides community-acquired pneumonia and bronchiolitis, HCoV-HKU1 was reported to be associated with acute asthmatic exacerbation.
HCoV-HKU1 ካብ ናይ ማሕበረሰብ ኒሞንያን ብሮንካይተስን ብተወሳኺ ምስ ሃንደበታዊ ናይ ኣዝማ ምብርታዕ ኣለዎ።
Similar to HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 was found worldwide, causing mild respiratory diseases.
ምስ HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E ከምኡውን HCoV-OC43, ብተመሳሳሊ HCoV-HKU1 ቀለልቲ ናይ ስርዓት ምስትንፋስ ሕማም ብምስዓብ እውን ኣብ ዓለም ሙሉእ ተራእዩ እዩ ።
All these four community-acquired HCoVs have been well adapted to humans and are generally less likely to mutate to cause highly pathogenic diseases, though accidents did occur for unknown reasons as in the rare case of a more virulent subtype of HCoV-NL63, which has recently been reported to cause severe lower respiratory tract infection in China.
እዞም ኣርባዕተ ካብ ከባቢ ዝውሰዱ HCoVs ምስሰባት ብጽቡቕ ተላሚዶም እዮም ከቢድ ሕማ ንምስዓብ ሚችዌት ናይ ምግባር ክእለቶም ድማ ትሑት እዩ፣ ብዘይተፈለጡ ምኽንያታት ሓደጋታታት ኣጋጢሞም ዋላ እንተኾኑ ብዙሓት ዓይነታት HCoV-NL63፣ ኣብ ቀረባ ግዘ ኣብ ቻይና ከቢድ ናይ ታሕተዋይ መተንፈሲ ኣካላት ሕማ ኣስዒቡ እዩ።
Generally, when these HCoVs acquire the abilities to transmit efficiently and to maintain themselves continuously within humans, they also become less virulent or pathogenic.
ብጠቕላላ HCoVs ናይ ምትሕልላፍን ኣብ ሰብነትና ኣቲዩ ናይ ምንባርን ዓቕሙ ክብ እንተብል ጉድኣት ናይምብፃሕ ክእለቱ ይቕንስ።
MERS-CoV was first isolated in 2012 from the lung of a 60-year-old patient who developed acute pneumonia and renal failure in Saudi Arabia.
MERS-CoV ንመጀመርያ ግዜ ኣብ2012 ኣብ ሳዑዲ ዓረብያ ከቢድ ናይ ሳምባ ምቺን ናይ ኩላሊት ሕማም ኣብ ዝሓዞ ናይ 60 ዓመት ሕሙም ተረኺቡ።
Whereas most of the laboratory-confirmed cases originate from the Middle East, imported cases with occasional secondary spreads to close contacts have been reported in various European countries and Tunisia.
መብዛሕትኦም ብቤተ ፈተነ ዝተረጋገጹ ጉዳያት ለበዳ ካብ ማእኸላይ ምብራቕ ዝመጹ እዮም፣ ካብ ደገ ዝኣተዉ ጉዳያት ለበዳ ምስ ሓሓሊፉ ዘጋጠሙ ቀረባ ርክባት ዝግበሩ ናይ ካልኣይ ደረጃ ምልባዓት ካብ ዝተፈላለዩ ናይ ኣውሮፓ ሃገራትን ቱኒዝያን ጸብጻብ ተገይሮም እዮም።
Another secondary outbreak occurred in South Korea in 2015 with 186 confirmed cases.
ኣብ 2015 ኣብ ደቡብ ኮርያ ብ186 ዝተረጋገጸ ኩነት ካልኣይ ደረጃ ለበዳ ተመዝጊቡ።
Clinical manifestations of MERS resemble those of SARS, characterized by progressive acute pneumonia.
ናይ MERS ክሊካላዊ ምልክታት ናይ SARS እዮም፣ ብእንዳገደደ ዝኸይድ ከቢድ ኒሞንያ የስዕቡ።
Unlike SARS, many patients with MERS also developed acute renal failure, which is thus far unique for MERS among HCoV-caused diseases.
ካብ SARS ፍልይ ብዝበለ መንገዲ፡ ብMERS ዝተጠቕዑ ሕሙማት ሃንደበታዊ ናይ ኩላሊት ሕማም የጋጥሞም። እዚ ፀባዩ ድማ ካብ ካልኦት ብHCoV- ዝመፁ ሕማማት ፍሉይ ይገብሮ።
More than 30% of patients present with gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea and vomiting.
ልዕሊ 30% ዝኾኑ ሕሙማት ከም ተቕማጥን ንዓቐብ ምባልን ዝበሉ ጋስትሮኢንተስታይናል ምልክታት ዝቐርቡ እዮም።
As of February 14, 2020, over 2500 laboratory confirmed cases were reported with a high case fatality of 34.4%, making MERS-CoV one of the most devastating viruses known to humans.
ካብ ፌብሩዋሪ 14, 2020 ጀሚሩ፣ ልዕሊ 2500 ኣብ ቤተ ፈተነ ዝተረጋገጹ ጉዳያት ለበዳ ልዑል ናይ ሞት ንጽጽራዊ መጠን 34.4% ኣረእዮም እዮም፣ ን MERS-CoV ኣብ ሰባት ካብ ዝፈለጡ ኣዝዮም ክፉኣት ቫይረሳት ክኾኑ ጌርዎም እዩ።
During middle to late December 2019, clusters of pneumonia patients retrospectively known to be associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection were detected in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
ኣብ ዲሰምበር 2019 ማእኸል፣ ምስ SARS-CoV-2 ረኽሲብዝተተሓሓዘ ኒሞን ዝሓመሙ ሕሙማት ኣብ ውሃን፣ ሁቤይ ኣውራጃ ቻይና ተራእዮም።
World Health Organization declared the ongoing outbreak of lower respiratory tract infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern and also named the disease COVID-19.
ዉድብ ጥዕና ዓለም ነዚ ብSARS-CoV-2 ዝመፅእ ቀፃሊ ዝኾነ ናይ ታሕተዋይ ስርዓተ ምትንፋስ ረኽሲ ፣ ናይ ዓለምለኸ ህዝቢ ጥዕና ናብ ሓደጋ ዝዳርግ ብምባል ሽሙ ድማ COVID-19 ብምባል ኣዊጁ።
As of March 3, 2020, 90,053 cases have been confirmed worldwide, with a crude case fatality of 3.4%.
ክሳብ መጋቢት 3 2020 ብዓለም ደረጃ 90,053 ዝኾኑ ናይዚ ሕማም ኩነታትን 3.4% ሞትን ተመዝጊቡ።
Notably, the case fatality in Hubei, China is 4.2%, whereas the one outside of it is 1.2%.
ብፍላይ ኣብ ሁበይ፡ ቻይና ናይ 4.2% ናይ ሞት መጠን እንትህሉ ኣብ ካልኦት ክፍልታት ቻይና ድማ ናይ 1.2% ናይ ሞት መጠን ኣሎ።
SARS-CoV-2 causes severe respiratory infection like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, presented as fever, cough and dyspnea.
SARS-CoV-2 ከም SARS-CoV ን MERS-CoV ዝበሉ፣ ብ ረስኒ፣ ምስዓልን ትንፋስ ምሕጻርን ዝበሉ ምልክታት ዝግለጹ፣ ከበድቲ ናይ ስርዓተ ምስትንፋስ ረኽሲታት የስዕብ እዩ።
Diarrhea is also seen in some patients.
ተቕማጥ ኣብ ገለ ሕሙማት ተራእዩ እዩ።
Pneumonia is one of the most severe symptoms and can progress rapidly to acute respiratory distress syndrome.
ኒሞንያ ካብቶም ከበድቲ ምልክታቱ ሓደ እዩ ብቕልጡፍ ድማ ናብ ከቢድ ናይ ስርዓተ ምትነፋስ ዲስተረስ ሲንድረም ክዓቢ ይኽእል።
Although SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are very similar due to high nucleotide sequence homology of 82%, they cluster into different branches in the phylogenetic tree.
ዋላ SARS-CoV ን SARS-CoV-2 ን ብናይ ልዑል ኒኩሎታይድ ሲኬንስ ሆሞሎጂ 82% ተመሳሰልቲ እዮም፣ ኣብ ዝተፈላለዩ ፓይሎጀኒክ ጨንፈራት እዮም ግን ዝቕመጡ።
SARS-CoV-2 is apparently less pathogenic but more transmissible compared to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
SARS-CoV-2 ምስ SARS-CoVን MERS-CoVን እንትነጻጸር ዝነኣሰ ናይ ሕማም ምምጻእን ዝለዓለ ናይ ምምሕልላፍን ዕድል ኣለዎ።
Asymptomatic subjects infected with SARS-CoV-2 have been reported and might contribute to its rapid spreading around the world.
ብ SARS-CoV-2 ዝተለኸፉ ምልክት ዘየርእዩ ሰባት ተጸብጺቦም እዮም ኣብ መላእ ዓለም ንዘሎ ቅልጡፍ ምልባዕ ድማ ኣበርክቶ ይገብሩ ኣለዉ።
Comparing and contrasting SARS-CoV-2 with the other six HCoVs reveal similarities and differences of great interest.
SARS-CoV-2 ምስ ካልኦት ሽድሽተ ናይ HCoVs ቫይረሳት ምንጽጻር ዓብዪ ተመሳሳልነትን ፍልልይን የርኢ።
First, the incubation period and the duration of the course of HCoV disease are very similar.
መጀመርታ፣ እቲ ናይ መራብሒ ግዘን ናይ HCoV ሕማም ከይዲን ኣዝዮም ተመሳሰልቲ እዮም።
In this regard, SARS-CoV-2 follows the general trend of the other six HCoVs.
ነዚ ብዝምልከት፣ SARS-CoV-2 ናይ ካልኦት ሽድሽተ HCoVs መገዲ እዩ ዝኸተል።
Second, the severity of symptoms of COVID-19 lies between SARS-CoV and the four community-acquired HCoVs (i.e. HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-NL63).
ካልኣይ፣ ናይ ኮቪድ-19 ምልክታት ከቢድነት ኣብ መንጎ SARS-CoV ን እቶም ኣርባዕተ ካብ ማሕበረሰብ-ዝውሰዱ HCoVs (ንኣብነት፣ HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 ን HCoV-NL63 ) ዝርከብ እዩ።
On one hand, SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibits features that are more commonly seen during infection with community-acquired HCoVs, including the presentation of non-specific, mild or even no symptoms.
ብካልእ ገጽ፣ ናይ SARS-CoV-2 ረኽሲታት መብዛሕትኡ ግዘ፣ ዘይንጹር፣ ቀሊል ምልክት ወይ ምንም ምልክት ዘይምርኣይ እውን ሓዊሱ፣ ኣብቶም ካብ ማሕበረሰብ ዝውሰዱ HCoVs ዘለዉ ባህርያታት የርኢ እዩ።
On the other hand, a small subset of severe cases of COVID-19 can also be seen as in the case of SARS-CoV infection, although the ratio is a bit lower.
ብካልእ ገጹ፣ዋላ እቲ ንጽጽራዊ መጠን ትሑት እንተኾነ፣ ንእሽተይ ናይ ከቢድ ኮቪድ-19 ጉዳያት ለበዳ ከም ናይ SARS-CoV ረኽሲ ጉዳያት ለበዳ ክረአ ይኽእል እዩ።
Third, the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 also shows interesting patterns characteristic of both community-acquired HCoVs and SARS-CoV.
ሳልሳይ፣ ናይ SARS-CoV-2 ምምሕልላፍ ዘገርሙ ናይ ካብ ማሕበረሰብ ዝውሰድ HCoVs ን SARS-CoV ን ባህርያዊ ምምስሳላተ እውን ዘርኢ እዩ።
On one hand, the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 is at least as high as that of community-acquired HCoVs.
ብካልእ ገጹ፣ ናይ SARS-CoV-2 ተመሓላላፍነት ክንዲ እቶም ካብ ማሕበረሰብ ዝውሰዱ HCoVs ልዑል እዩ።
On the other hand, it remains to be verified whether the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 decreases after passages in humans as in the cases of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
ብኻልእ መዳይ ድማ ልክዕ ከም SARS-CoVን MERS-CoVን ናይ SARS-CoV-2 ካብ ሰብ ናብ ሰብ ናይ ምትሕልላፍ ዓቕሙ ከምዝቕንስ ገና ኣይተፈልጠን።
Finally, same as the other HCoVs, SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in fecal samples.
ኣብ መወዳእታ፣ ከም ካልኦት HCoV፣ SARS-CoV-2 ኣብ ናይ ቀልቀል ናሙናታት ውሽጢ ክርከቡ ይኽእሉ ፡፡
Whether fecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 plays an important role as in the case of SARS-CoV at least under some circumstance remains to be clarified by future studies.
ልክዕ ከም SARS-CoV ኣብ ሓደሓደ ኩነታታት ናይ SARS-CoV-2 ብኣፍ ናይ ምምሕልላፍ ግደ ኣብ ቐጻሊ ምርምራት ክግለጽ ትጽቢት ይግበር።
It is also of particularly great interest to see whether SARS-CoV-2 might exhibit seasonality as in the cases of community-acquired HCoVs.
ኣብ ዝተፈላለዩ ወቕትታት ዓመት SARS-CoV-2 ዘርእዮ ለውጢ ካብ ብ HCoVs ዝተጠቕዑ ሕብረተ ሰብ ክርከብ ትጽቢት ይግበር።
Nevertheless, the features of SARS-CoV-2 including its transmissibility, pathogenicity and sustainable spreading after passages in humans will be influential on the ultimate fate of the ongoing outbreak of COVID-19.
ተኾነ’ዉን ባህርታት SARS-CoV-2 ከም ናይ ምትሕልላፍ ዓቕሙ፡ ሓደገኛነቱን ቀጻልነት ዝርግሐኡ ኣብ ሰባት ድሕሪ ምሕላፉን ንመጻኢ ናይዚ ለበዳ COVID-19 ይዉስኖ።
All four community-acquired HCoVs causing mild symptoms have been well adapted to humans.
እቶም ኣርባዕተ ካብ ማሕበረሰብ ዝርከቡ HCoVs ቀሊል ናይ ሕማም ምልክታት ዘርእዩ እንትኾኑ ምስ ደቂ ሰባት ድማ ብዝግባእ ዝተለማመዱ እዮም።
From another perspective, it might also be true that humans have been well adapted to these four HCoVs.
ብኻልእ ጎኒ ደቂ ሰባት ምስዞም ኣርባዕተ HCoVs ተላሚዶም ክኾኑ ይኽእሉ።
In other words, both could be the survivors of ancient HCoV pandemics.
ብካልእ ኣበሃህላ፣ ክልቲኦም ካብ እቲ ጥንታዊ HCoV ለበዳ ብህይወት ዝተረፉ ክኾኑ ይኽእሉ እዮም።
HCoVs that cause severe diseases in humans and humans who developed severe HCoV diseases have been eliminated.
ሎሚ ኣብ ወዲ ሰብ ከቢድ ሕማም ዘምፅኡ HCoVsን ብምኽንያት HCoV ሓደገኛ ምልክታት ዘርእዩ ሰባትን የለዉን።
For this to happen, HCoVs have to replicate in humans to sufficient extent to allow the accumulation of adaptive mutations that counteract host restriction factors.
እዚ ንክኾን HCoVs ብብዝሓት ኣብ ደቂ-ሰባት ተራቢሖም ኣንጻር ናይ እቲ መዕቆቢ መከላኸሊ ዓቕሚ ብምስራሕ ኩነታት ዘመቻችዉ ሙቼሽን ከዋህልሉ ኣለዎም።
In this sense, the longer the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak persists and the more people that it infects, the greater chance that it will fully adapt to humans.
በዚ ምኽንያት እዚ፣ እዚ ናይ SARS-CoV-2 ለበዳ ብዝቐጸለ ቁጽሪ ብዙሓት ሰባት ድማ እንዳለኸፈ ብዝኸደ ቁጽሪ፣ ምስ ሰባት መሉእ ንሙሉእ ናይ ምልማድ ዕድሉ ሰፈሕ እዩ።
If it adapts well, its transmission in humans would be difficult to stop by quarantine or other infection control measures.
ብግቡእ እንተድኣ ተላሚዱ፣ ለበዳ ብውሸባ ወይ ካልኦት መንግድታት ምግታዕ ኸቢድ ይኸውን።
For many years, the four community-acquired CoVs circulate in human populations, triggering common cold in immunocompetent subjects.
ንብዙሕ ዓመታት እቶም ኣርባዕተ ኣብ ማሕበረሰብ ዝርከቡ CoVsንጥዕናኦም ዝተሓለወ ሰባት ብምጥቃዕ ሰዓል የምጽኡ ኔሮም።
These viruses do not need an animal reservoir.
እዞም ቫይረሳት ናይ እንስሳ መሕደሪ ኣድልዮምን።
In contrast, highly pathogenic SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV have not adapted to humans well and their transmission within humans cannot be sustained.
ብንጽጽር፣ ልዑል ሕማም ናይ ምስዓብ ተኽእሎ ዘለዎም SARS-CoV ን MERS-CoVን ምስ ሰባት ብኣግባቡ ኣይተላመዱን ኣብ መንጎ ሰባት ዘለዎም ምትሕልላፋት እውን ቀጻልነት ክህልዎ ኣይኽእልን እዩ።
They need to maintain and propagate in their zoonotic reservoirs and seek the chance to spillover to susceptible human targets, possibly via one or more intermediate and amplifying hosts.
ኣብ ዙኖቲክ መዕቖቢታቶም ብምጽናሕን ምብዛሕን፣ ቀጺሎም ድማ ሓደ ወይ ካብኡ ንላዕሊ መንጎኛን መባዛሕቲን መሕደሪታት ብምጥቃም ናብ ተጠቃዒ ወዲ ሰብ ዒላማ ናይ ምፍሳስ ዕድል ድማ ክጽበዩ ኣለዎም።
SARS-CoV-2 has features that are similar to both SARS-CoV/MERS-CoV and the four community-acquired HCoVs.
SARS-CoV-2 ምስ SARS-CoV/MERS-CoVን ምስ እቶም ካልኦት ኣርባዕተ ካብ ማሕበረሰብ-ዝውሰዱ HCoVs ተመሳሳሊ ባህርያታት ኣለዎ።
It is highly transmissible like community-acquired HCoVs, at least for the time being.
እዚ ድማ ልክዕ ከም ብካብ ማሕበረሰብ-ዝርከቡ HCoVs፣ እንተንኢሱ ንግዚኡ ብሰፊሑ ዝጋፋሕ እዩ።
However, it is more pathogenic than community-acquired HCoVs and less pathogenic than SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV.
ኮይኑ ግና ካብ ኣብ ማሕበረሰብ ዝተረኽበ HCoVs ዝበኣሰን ካብ SARS-CoV ወይ MERS-CoV ድማ ዝሓሸን እዩ።
It remains to be seen whether it will adapt fully to humans and circulate within humans without a reservoir or intermediate animal host.
ሙሉእ ንሙሉእ ናብ ሰባት ክላመድ ድዩ ወይስ ኣብ ውሽጢ ሰባት ብዘይ መዐቖቢ ወይ መንጎኛ እንስሳ መሕደሪ ክዘዋወር ይኽእል ድማ ዝብል ገና ኣይተፈለጠን።
Before discussing the animal origins of HCoVs, it will serve us well to discuss the definitions and characteristics of evolutionary, natural, reservoir, intermediate and amplifying hosts of HCoVs.
ቕድሚ ናይ HCoVs ፍልፍል ዝኾኑ እንስሳት ምጥቃስና፡ ናይ HCoVs ኩነታትን ዝግመት ለውጢ፣ ተፈጥራዊ መጠራቐሚ፣ ማእኸላይ መጸግዕን መበኣኣስን ምምርማር ይጠቅም።
An animal serves as the evolutionary host of an HCoV if it harbours a closely related ancestor sharing high homology at the level of nucleotide sequence.
ኣብ ናይ ኒክሎታይድ ተኸታታሊ ደረጃ ዓብዪ ናይ ሆሞሎጂ ምምስሳል ምስ ዘለዎ ወለዶ ናይ ቀረባ ርክብ እንታሃልይዎም፡ እንስሳት ከም ናይ HcoV ዝግመታዊ መሕደሪ ኮይኖም የገልግሉ እዮም።
The ancestral virus is usually well adapted and non-pathogenic in this host.
እዚ ካብ ዘርኢ ዝውረስ ቫይረስ ኣብ መሕደሪኡ ብጽቡቕ ኩነት ዝተላመደን ሕማም ዘየስዕብን እዩ።
Likewise, a reservoir host harbours HCoV continuously and for long term.
ብተመሳሳሊ፣ እቲ ሰብ ወይ እንስሳ ንነዊሕ ግዜ ናይ HcoV መዕቖቢ ኮይኑ ክጸንሕ ይኽእል እዩ።
In both cases, the hosts are naturally infected and are the natural hosts of HCoV or its parental virus.
ኣብ ክልቲኦም ኬዛት፣ እዞም መሕደሪታት እዚኦም ብተፈጥሮ ይልከፉ ናይ HCoV ወይ ናይ ዘርኦም ቫይረስ ተፈጥሮኣዊ መሕደሪ እዮም።
In contrast, if the HCoV is newly introduced to an intermediate host right before or around its introduction to humans, it is not well adapted to the new host and is often pathogenic.
ብተፃራሪ እንድሕር ኣብ ሓፂር እዋን ብHCoV ዝተጥቕዐ እንስሳ ናብ ሰብ ኣመሓላሊፉ እቲ ቫይረስ ምስቲ ሓድሽ ተሸካማይ ስለዘይተላመደ ከቢድ ሕማም ከስዕብ ይኽእል እዩ።
This intermediate host can serve as the zoonotic source of human infection and play the role of an amplifying host by allowing the virus to replicate transiently and then transmitting it to humans to amplify the scale of human infection.
እቲ ናይ ማእኸላይ ተሸካማይ እቲ ቫይረስ ዝኾነ እንስሳ ከም ፍልፍል ረኽሲ ናይ ወድሰብ ኮይኑ የገልግል ብተወሳኺ ድማ እቲ ቫይረስ ንሓፂር እዋን ኣብ ዉሽጢ እቲ እንስሳ ብምርባሕ ናይቲ ቫይረስ ናይ ምጥቃዕ ዓቕሙ ንኽጎልህ ዓቢ እጃም ይፃወት።
An HCoV can undergo a dead-end infection if it cannot sustain its transmission within the intermediate host.
HCoV ምውት መወዳትኡ ረኸሲ ከስዕብ ይኽእል እዩ ኣብ ውሽጢ መንጎኛ መሕደሪ ኮይኑ ተመሓላላፍነቱ ክቕጽል እንተዘይክኢሉ።
On the contrary, HCoVs can also adapt to the intermediate host and even establish long-term endemicity.
ብካልእ ገጹ ደድማ፣ HCoVs ንመንጎኛ መሕደሪታት ክላመድ ይኽእል ነዊሕ ግዘ መጽሒ እውን ክገብርዎም ይኽእሉ።
In this case, the intermediate host becomes a natural reservoir host.
በዚ እዋን ናይ ሞንጎ መጸግዒ ተፈጥሮኣዊ መቐመጢ ይኾን።
Epidemiological data revealed retrospectively that the index case of SARS had a contact history with game animals.
ኢፒዴሞሎጂያዊ ዳታ ናይ SARS ጠቋሚ ጉዳይ ለበዳ ምስ ናይ ጌም እንስሳት ናይ ንኽክእ ታሪኽ ዘለዎ እዩ።
Subsequent seroprevalence investigations indicated that animal traders had a higher prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV IgG compared with that of the general population.
ተኸታተልቲ ናይ ሴሮፕርቫለንስ ምርመራታት ከምዘርእዩዎ፣ ናይ እንስሳት ነጋዴታት ምስ እቲ ሓፈሻዊ በዝሒ ህዝቢ ክነጻጸሩ ከለዉ ልዑል ናይ ጸረ-SARS-CoV IgG ተሸከምቲ እዮም።
Masked palm civets (Paguma larvata) and a racoon dog in live animal markets were first identified to carry SARS-CoV-like viruses that are almost identical to SARS-CoV.
ዝተሸፈኑ ዝባዳት (ፓጉማ ላርቫታ)ን ራኩን ኣኻልብን ኣብ ናይ እንስሳት ዕዳጋ ይርከቡ መጀመርያ SARS-CoV-ምስ SARS-CoV ማዕረ ዝኑ ቫይረሳት ከምዝሸከሙ ዝተፈለጡ ድማ ንሶም እዮም።
This was indirectly supported by the fact that no further SARS was reported after killing all civets in the markets.
እዚ ድማ ኣብቲ ዕዳጋ ንዝነበሩ ዝባዳት ኩሎም ድሕሪ ምቕታል፣ ናይ SARS ጉዳይ ለበዳ ጸብጻብ ዘይምህላዉ፣ ብተዘዋዋሪ ዝሕግዝ እዩ።
However, it has been reported that masked palm civets from the wild or farms without exposure to the live animal markets were largely negative for SARS-CoV, suggesting that masked palm civets might only serve as the intermediate amplifying host but not the natural reservoir of SARS-CoV.
እንተኾነ ግን፣ ዝተሸፈኑ ናይ በረኻ ወይ ናይ ሕርሻ ዝባዳት ብዘይ ናይ ብሂወት ዘለዉ ናይ እንሰሳት ዕዳጋ ምቅላዕ ብሰፊሑ ን SARS-CoV ኔጌቲቭ እዮም ኔሮም፣ እዚ ድማ ዝተሸፈኑ ዝባዳት ከም መንጎኛ መባዛሕቲ መሕደሪታት እምበር ከም ማእኸላይ መዕቖብቲ SARS-CoV ከምዘይኮኑ የርኢ።
Notably, since 80% of the different animals in the markets in Guangzhou have anti-SARS-CoV antibodies, the possibilities that multiple species of small mammals might also serve as intermediate amplifying hosts of SARS-CoV cannot be excluded.
ብግልጺ፣ ካብ 80% ናይ እዞም ዝተፈላለዩ ኣብ ናይ ግዋንግዙ ዕዳጋ ዘለዉ እንስሳት ጸረ-SARS-CoV ኣንቲቦዲታት ኣለዎም፣ ናይ ዝተፈላለዩ ዓሌታት ኣናእሽተይ መጥወብቲ ከም መንጎኛ መራብሕቲ መሕደሪ ናይ SARS-CoV ከምዝኾኑ ክርሳዕ ኣይኽእልን።
All of these appear to be dead-end hosts of SARS-CoV.
ኩሎም እዚኦም እቶም ዝኸፍኡ ናይ SARS-CoV መሕደሪ ይመስሉ።
Subsequent search for the natural animal host of SARS-CoV unveiled a closely related bat CoV, termed SARS-related Rhinolophus bat CoV HKU3 (SARSr-Rh-BatCoV HKU3), which exists in Chinese horseshoe bats.
ን ናይ SARS-CoV ተፈጥሮኣዊ እንስሳ መሕደሪ ንምርካብ ኣብ ዝግበሩ ተኸታተልቲ ኣለሻታት፣ ኣብ ናይ ቻይና ናይ ፈረስ ጫማ ለዃዂቶታት ዝርከብ፣ SARS-ዝዛመዱ ርሂኖሎፈስ ለዃዂቶታት CoV HKU3 (SARSr-Rh-BatCoV HKU3) ተባሂሉ ዝጽዋዕ፣ ቀረባ ዝምድና ዘለዎ ናይ ለዃዂቶ CoV ገሊጾም እዮም።
These bats are positive for anti-SARS-CoV antibodies and genome sequence of SARSr-Rh-BatCoV HKU3.
እዞም ለዃኺቶታት ንናይ ጸረ-SARS-CoV ኣንቲቦዲታትን ናይ ጄኖም ተኸታታሊ SARSr-Rh-BatCoV HKU3 ፖዚቲቭ እዮም።
This and other bat CoVs share 88-92% nucleotide sequence homology with SARS-CoV.
እዚን ካልኦት ናይ ሎዃኺቶ CoVን SARS-CoVን 88-92% ተመሳስልቲ ኒክሎታይድ ኣለዎም።
These studies have laid the foundation for the new concept that bats host emerging human pathogens.
እዞም መጽናዕቲታት ለዃኺቶታት ኣብ ምምጻእ ዝርከቡ ኣብ ደቂ ሰባት ሕማም ከስዕቡ ዝኽእሉ ባእታት ከሕድሩ ከምዝኽእሉ ዘርኢ ሓድሽ ሓሳብ መሰረት ኣንቢሮም ኣለዉ።
Several SARS-like CoVs (SL-CoVs) have also been identified from bats, but none except for one designated WIV1 can be isolated as live virus.
ብዙሓት SARS-ዝመስሉ CoVs (SL-CoVs)ካብ ለዃኺቶ ዝተወሰዱ እዮም፣ ካብ እዚ WIV1 ወጻኢ ግን ካልኦት ህይወት ዘለዎም ቫይረስ ኣይኮኑን።
Human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is known to be the receptor of SARS-CoV.
ናይ ሰብ ኣንጂዮቴንሲን ቀያሪ ኤንዛይም 2 (ACE2) ናይ SARS-CoV ተቐባሊ ተባሂሉ ዝፍለጥ እዩ።
WIV1 derived from fecal sample of bats was demonstrated to use bat, civet and human ACE2 as receptor for cell entry.
ካብ WIV1 ዝተወሰዱ ናይ ለዃኺቶታት ናይ ሰገራ ናሙና፣ ናይ ለዃኺቶ፣ ዝባድን ሰባትን ACE2 ከም ናይ ዋህዮ መእተዊ ተቐበልቲ ክምዝጥቀም ተራእዩ እዩ።
Intriguingly, sera of convalescent SARS patients were capable of neutralizing WIV1.
በዝገርም፣ ናይ SARS ሕሙማት ሴራ ኮንቨልሰንት ን WIV1 ከጥፍእዎ ክኢሎም እዮም።
Thus far, WIV1 represents the most closely related ancestor of SARS-CoV in bats, sharing 95% nucleotide sequence homology.
ክሳብ እዚ እዋን WIV1 ምስ ኣብ ሎዃኼቶ ዝርከብ SARS-CoV 95% ኒዩክሎታይድ ምምስሳል ዘለዎ ኣቦሓጎ እዩ።
Albeit the high homology between these two viruses, it is generally believed that WIV1 is not the immediate parental virus of SARS-CoV and bats are not the immediate reservoir host of SARS-CoV.
ኣብ መንጎ እዞም ክልተ ቫይረሳት ልዑል ሆሞሎጂ ዋላ እንተሃለወ፣ WIV1 ናይ SARS-CoV መንጎኛ መምጽኢኡ ቫይረስ ከምዘይኮነነ ይእመን ለዃኺቶታት ድማ ናይ SARS-CoV መንጎኛ መሕደሪ ኣይኮናን።
Phylogenetic analysis clusters MERS-CoV to the same group as bat CoV-HKU4 and bat CoV-HKU5.
ፋይሎጀነቲክ ትንተና ን MERS-CoV ምስ ናይ ለዃኺቶ CoV-HKU4 ን ናይ ለዃኺቶ CoV-HKU5 ጉጅለ ይምድቦ።
Bat CoV-HKU4 and MERS-CoV utilize the same host receptor, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), for virus entry.
ናይ ለዃኺቶ CoV-HKU4ን MERS-CoVን ተመሳሳሊ dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) ዝበሃል መቐበሊ ቫይረስ ከም መእተዊ ይጥቀሙ።
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase sequences of MERS-CoV are phylogenetically closer to counterparts in bat beta-CoVs identified from Europe and Africa.
ናይ MERS-CoV RNA-dependent RNA ፖሊመሬዝ ሲክዌንስ ምስ ኣብ ኣፍሪካን ኣውሮፓን ዝርከቡ beta-CoVs ናይ ቕርጺ ምምስሳል ኣልዎም።
Up to now, no live MERS-CoV can be found in wild bats.
ክሳብ ሕዚ፣ ኣብ ናይ በረኻ ለዃኺቶታት ዋላ ሓደ MERS-CoV ብህይወት ክርከብ ኣይከኣለን።
MERS-CoV and its closest relative bat CoV-HKU25 share only 87% nucleotide sequence homology.
MERS-CoV ን ናይ ቀረባ ዘመዱ ናይ ለዃኺቶ CoV-HKU25 87% ናይ ኒክሎታይድ ተኸታታሊ ሆሞሎጂ ተመሳሳልነት ኣለዎም።
Thus, bats might not be the immediate reservoir host of MERS-CoV.
ስለዚ፣ ለዃኺቶታት ቀጥተኛ መንጎኛ ናይ MERS-CoV መሕደሪ ዘይክኾኑ ይኽእሉ እዮም።
On the other hand, studies in Middle East have shown that dromedary camels are seropositive for MERS-CoV-specific neutralizing antibodies, same as camels of Middle East origin in multiple African countries.
ብኻልእ ኣባሃህላ፣ ኣብ ማእኸላዊ ምብራቕ ዝካየዱ ዘለዉ መጽናዕቲታት፣ ናይ ድሬሞንዳሪ ግመላት ልክዕ ከም መበቆሎም ካብ ናይ ኣፍሪካ ሃገራት ዝኾኑ ናይ ማእኸላይ ምብራቕ ኣግማል፣ ን MERS-CoV-ፍሉይ መማእኸላይ ኣንቲቦዲታት ሴሮፖዚቲቭ ከምዝኾኑ ኣርእዮሞ እዮም።
Live MERS-CoV identical to the virus found in humans was isolated from the nasal swabs of dromedary camels, further indicating that camels serve as the bona fide reservoir host of MERS-CoV.
ብሂወት ዘሎ MERS-CoV ምስ ኣብ ሰባት ዝተረኸበ ቫይረስ ማዕረ ካብ ናይ ደሮሜዳሪ ግመላት ኣፍንጫ ስዋብ ዝተወሰደ እዩ፣ እዚ ድማ ግመላት ከም ናይ MERS-CoV ቦና ፋይድ መሕደሪ ኮይነኖም የገልግሉ ማለት እዩ።
It is also noteworthy that generally mild symptoms but massive virus shedding were observed in camels experimentally infected with MERS-CoV.
ኣብ ንፈተነ ብ MERS-CoV ዝተለኸፉ ግመላት ቀለልቲ ምልክታት ምስ ጽዑቕ ናይ ቫይረስ ስርጭት ከምዝተረኣየ ምግላጽ እውን ኣገዳሲ እዩ።
Notably, infected camels shed viruses not only through respiratory route but also through fecal-oral route, which is also the main route for virus shedding from bats.
ብግልጺ፣ ዝተለኸፉ ግመላት ነቲ ቫይረስ ብ ናይ መተንፈሲ መንገዲ ጥራሕ ዘይኮነስ ብካብ ፍታን-ናብ-ኣፍ መንገዲ እውን የመሓላልፍዎ እዮም፣ እዚ ድማ ለዃኺቶታት እውን ነዚ ቫይረስ ዘላባዓሉ ዋና መገደን እዩ።
However, questions still remain since many confirmed cases of MERS have no contact history with camels prior to symptom onset, plausibly ascribed to human-to-human transmission or unknown transmission routes involving unrecognized animal species that harbour MERS-CoV.
ይኹን ደኣምበር፣ ብዙሓት ዝተረጋገጹ ናይ MERS ጉዳያት ምስ ግመላት ዝራኸብ ታሪኽ ዘይብሎም ብምዃኑ፣ሐዚ’ውን ሕቶታት ይለዓሉ ዋላ እንትኾኑ ፣ ካብ ሰብ ናብ ሰብ ምምሕልላፋት ውይድማ ን MERS-CoV ዝሽከም ዘይተፈልጠ ናይ እንስሳት ዓሌት ሓዊሱ ዘይተፈልጠ ናይ ምምሕልልፋ መሰምር ክህሉ ይኽእል እዩ ብምባል ድማ ግምት ይህቡ።
SARS-CoV-2 shares 96.2% nucleotide homology with a bat CoV RaTG13 isolated from Rhinolophus affinis bats.
SARS-CoV-2 ምስ ካብ ራይኖፊለስ ኣፊንስ ለዃኺቶታት ዝተወሰደ ናይ ለዃኺቶ CoV RaTG13 96.2% ናይ ኒኩሎታይድ ሆሞሎጂ ይካፈል እዩ።
As in the cases of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, the sequence divergence between SARS-CoV-2 and RaTG13 is too great to assign parental relationship.
ኣብ ጉዳያት SARS-CoV ን MERS-CoV ን፣ ኣብ መንጎ SARS-CoV-2 ን RaTG13 ን ዘሎ ናይ sequence divergence(ተኸታታልነት ምልጣጥ)፣ ናይ ዝመጹሉ ዝምድና ንምፍላይ ኣዝዩ ገዚፍ እዩ።
That is to say, bats might not be the immediate reservoir host(s) of SARS-CoV-2 unless almost identical bat CoVs are found in future.
እዚ ማለት፣ ኣብ መጻኢ ዳርጋ ማዕረ ዝኾኑ ናይ ለዃኺቶ CoVs እንተዘይተረኺቦም፣ ለዃኺቶታት ናይ SARS-CoV-2 መንጎኛ መሕደሪ(ታት) ዘይክኾኑ ይኽእሉ እዮም ማለት እዩ።
Presumably, the intermediate animal hosts of SARS-CoV-2 should be among the wildlife species sold and killed at the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, with which many of the initial cases of COVID-19 were associated, indicative of a probable animal-to-human transmission event.
ኣብ ሁናን ዝርከብ እንስሳ ዘገዳም ተቐቲሎም ዝሽየጥሉ ናይ ጅምላ ዕዳጋ፣ እቶም ናይ መጀመርታ ናይ COVID-19 ሕሙማት ከምዝተረኽቡ ይሕበር። በዚ ምኽኒያት SARS-CoV-2 ካብ እንስሳ ናብ ሰብ ከምዘመሓላለፍ ይእመን።
Several recent studies based on metagenomic sequencing have suggested that a group of endangered small mammals known as pangolins (Manis javanica) could also harbour ancestral beta-CoVs related to SARS-CoV-2.
ብዙሓት ኣብ ቀረባ ግዘ ዝተገበሩ መጽናዕቲታት ብመሰረት ሜታጄኖሚክ ሲኬንሶም ዝተፈላለዩ ኣብ ሓደጋ ዘለዉ ኣናእሽተይ መጥወብቲ ከም ፓንጎሊን (ማኒስ ጃቪንካ) ናይ ዘርኦም ቤታ-CoVs ምስ SARS-CoV-2 ዝተተሓሓዙ ክሕዙ ከምዝኽእሉ የርእዩ።
These novel pangolin CoV genomes share 85-92% nucleotide sequence homology with SARS-CoV-2.
ሓደሽቲ ፓንጎሊን CoV ጄኖማት 85-92% ኒኩሎታይድ ተኸታታልነት ሆሞሎጂ ምስ SARS-CoV-2 ዝካፈሉ እዮም።
However, they are equally closely related to RaTG13 with about 90% identity at the level of nucleotide sequence.
ነገር ግን ምስ RaTG13 ብኒኩሊኦታይድ ደረጃ 90 ሚእታዊ ተመሳሳልንት ኣለዎም።
They cluster into two sub-lineages of SARS-CoV-2-like viruses in the phylogenetic tree, one of which share a more similar receptor binding domain (RBD) with SARS-CoV-2, with 97.4% amino acid sequence identity.
ናብ ክልተ ንኡስ-ላይኔጅ ናይ SARS-CoV-2-ይምደቡ ከም ኣብቲ ፓይሎጀነቲክ ጨንፈራት ዘለዉ ቫይረሳት፣ ሓዲኡ ድማ ምስ SARS-CoV-2፣ 97.4% ኣሚኖ ኣሲድን ሲኬንስ መንነት ሒዙ ብዙሕ ተመሳሳሊ ተቐባሊ (RBD) ኣለዎ።
In stark contrast, the RBDs of SARS-CoV-2 and RaTG13 are more divergent, albeit a higher degree of sequence homology genome-wide.
ኣብ ናይ ስታርክ ንጽጽር፣ ዋላ ልዑል ናይ ሆሞሎጂ ጄኖም ተኸታታልነት ዲግሪ ይሃልዎም፣ ናይ SARS-CoV-2 ን RaTG13 ን RBD ታት እናግፍሑ ዝኸዱ እዮም።
An earlier study on diseased pangolins also reported the detection of viral contigs from lung samples, which turn out to be similarly related to SARS-CoV-2.
ኣቐዲሙ ኣብ ዝሓመሙ ፓንጎሊናት ዝተገበረ መጽናዕቲ እውን ካብ ናይ ሳምባ ናሙና viral contig ምርኣዩ ጸብጺቡ እዩ፣ እዚ ዳምምስ SARS-CoV-2 ብተመሳሳሊ ዝተሓሓዝ እዩ።
This study adopted different assembly methods and manual curation to generate a partial genome sequence comprising about 86.3% of the full-length viral genome.
እዚ መፅናዕቲ ዝተፈላለዩ መተኣኻኸቢ መንገድታን ኣመራርፃን ብምጥቃም ክፋል ናይቲ ጀኖም ቅደም ተኸተል ፈጢሩ። እዚ ድማ 86.3% ናይቲ ሙሉእ ቁመት ናይቲ ቫይረስ ጀኖም ይዉንን።
We cannot exclude the possibility that pangolin is one of the intermediate animal hosts of SARS-CoV-2.
ፓንጎሊን ናይ SARS-CoV-2 መንጎኛ ናይ እንስሳ መሕደሪ ናይ ምዃን ዕድል ኣለዎ።
However, currently there is no evidence in support of a direct pangolin origin of SARS-CoV-2 due to the sequence divergence between SARS-CoV-2 and pangolin SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs.
እንተኾነ ግን፣ አበ እዚ ሐዚ እዋን ብምኽኒያት ኣብ መንጎ SARS-CoV-2ን ፓንጎሊን SARS-CoV-2-ዝተተሓሓዙ ቤታ-CoVs ዘሎ ናይ ተኸታታልነ ምልጣጥ፣ SARS-CoV-2 ብቐጥታ ካብ ፓንጎሊን ከምዝመጸ ዝሕግዝ መረዳእታ የለን።
In addition, the distance between SARS-CoV-2 and RaTG13 is even shorter than that between SARS-CoV-2 and pangolin SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs.
ብተወሳኺ ኣብሞንጎ SARS-CoV-2ን RaTG13 ዘሎ ርሕቐት ካብ ኣብ ሞንጎ SARS-CoV-2ን pangolin SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVsን ይሓጽር።
The evolutionary pathway of SARS-CoV-2 in bats, pangolins and other mammals remains to be established.
ናይ SARS-CoV-2 ኣብ ለዃኺቶ. ፓንጎሊናትን ካልኦት መጥወብቲን ኢቮልሽናዊ መገዱ ክሳብ ሕዚ ኣይተፈለጠን።
Whereas the highest sequence homology has been found in the RBDs between SARS-CoV-2 and pangolin, SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs, SARS-CoV-2 and RaTG13 share the highest genome-wide sequence homology.
እቲ ዝለዓለ ተኸታታሊ ሆሞሎጂ ድማ ኣብ RBD ኣብ መንጎ SARS-CoV-2 ን ፓንግልዮንን ዝተረኸበ ኮይኑ፣ SARS-CoV-2-ዝተተሓሓዘ ቤታ-CoVs, SARS-CoV-2 ን RaTG13 ን ድማ ልዑል ናይ ጄኖም ሰፊሕ ተኸታትሊ ሆሞሎጂ ኣለዎም።
It is highly speculative that the high degree of similarity between the RBDs of pangolin SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs and SARS-CoV-2 is driven by selectivity-mediated convergent evolution.
ኣብ ናይ ፓንጎሊ SARS-CoV-2-ዘረተተሓሓዘ beta-CoVs RBD ን SARS-CoV-2 ን ዘሎ ልዑል ምምስሳል፣ብ selectivity-mediated (ተመሪጹ-ዝመሓላለፍ) convergent evolution (እናጸበበ ዝኸድ ዝግመታዊ ለውጢ) ዝመጽእ እዩ።
A counter-proposal is in favour of a recombination between a pangolin SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoV and RaTG13 in the third wild animal species.
ኣብ መንጎ ናይ ፓንግሊዮንSARS-CoV-2-ዝተተሓሓዘ beta-CoV ን RaTG13 ን ኣብ ሳልሳይ ናይ በረኻ እንስሳ ዓሌት recombination(ጀነቲካኦ ምድቓል) ንክካየድ ካለእ ሓሳብ የድሊ እዩ።
As a driving force in evolution, recombination is widespread among beta-CoVs.
ከም ናይ ኢቮልሽን ዝገንሕ ሓይሊ፣ ሪኮምቢኔሽን ናይ ቤታ-CoVs ተስፋሕፊሑ።
The jury is still out on the immediate zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2.
እቲ መጋባእያ ናይ SARS-CoV-2 ዙኖቲካዊ መበቆል ንምፍላጥ እንዳሰርሐ ይርከብ።
Besides the highly pathogenic HCoVs, the zoonotic origin of HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 have also been studied.
ካብቲ ልዑል ናይ ሕምም ናይ ምሳዓብ ክእለት ዘለዎ HcoVs ብተወሳኺ፣ ናይ HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63 ን HCoV-HKU1 ን ዙኖቲክ መበቆሎም መጽናዕቲ ተገይርሎም እዩ።
Phylogenetic evidence indicated that both HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E might have originated from bat CoVs, while the parental viruses of HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 have been found in rodents.
ፋይሎጀኒቲካዊ መረዳእታ HCoV-NL63 ን HCoV-229E ን ካብ ናይ ለዃኺቶ CoVs መጽዮም ከምዝኾኑ የርኢ፣ ናይ HCoV-OC43 ን HCoV-HKU1 ን ድማ ካብ ኣንጭዋታት ኣዮም መጽዮም።
It has been reported that a bat CoV termed ARCoV.2 (Appalachian Ridge CoV) detected in North American tricolored bat displayed close relationship with HCoV-NL63.
ኣብ ሰሜን ኣሜሪካ ምስ HCoV-NL63 ምምስሳል ዘለዎ ARCoV.2 (Appalachian Ridge CoV) ዝበሃል CoV ከምዝተረኽበ ይሕበር።
On the other hand, HCoV-229E was genetically related to another bat CoV, termed Hipposideros/GhanaKwam/19/2008, which was detected in Ghana, while camelids have also been suspected as its intermediate host.
ብኻልእ ወገን፣ HCoV-229E ምስ ካልእ Hipposideros/GhanaKwam/19/2008 ተባሂሉ ዝፍለጥ፣ ኣብ ጋና ዝተረኸበ፣ ናይ ለዃኺቶ CoV ጀነቲካዊ ምትሕሓዝ ዝነበሮ እዩ፣ ግመላት ድማ መንጎኛ መሕደሪ ክኾና ይኽእላ እየን ዝብል ጥርጣረ ኣሎ።
For clarity, the current knowledge on animal origins of known HCoVs is summarized in Figure ​1 and Table 2.
ናይ HCoVs ናይ እንስሳት ፍልፍል ክሳብ እዚ እዋን ዘሎ ፍልጠት ኣብ ስእሊ 1ን ሰንጠረዥ 2 ይርክብ።
Phylogenetic analysis has provided evidence for interspecies transmission events of HCoVs in the history.
ፓይሎጀነቲክ ትንተና ኣብ መንጎ ዓሌታት ብዛዕባ ዘሎ ናይ HCoVs ናይ ምምሕልላፍ መረዳእታታት ኣብ ታሪክ ከምዘሎ ይሕብር።
When HCoV-OC43 crossed species to infect humans from domestic livestock around 1890, a pandemic of respiratory infection was recorded.
HCoV-OC43 ካብ እንስሳ ዘቤት ሓሊፉ ንወድሰብ ከጥቅዕ ምስጀመረ ኣብ 1890 ናይ ስርዓተ ምትንፋስ ረኽሲ ለበዳ ተኸሲቱ።
The interspecies transmission history of HCoV-229E is less clear.
ታሪኽ ናይ ኣብ ሞንጎ ዝተፈላለዩ ዓሌታት እንስሳት ናይ HCoV-229E ምምሕልላፍ ንጹር ኣይኮነን።
Bat alpha-CoVs closely related to HCoV-229E have been found.
ናይ ሎዃኺቶ alpha-CoVs ምስ HCoV-229E ዝለዓለ ምምስሳል ሃሊዎም ተረኺቡ ኣሎ።
Between them there is an alpaca alpha-CoV.
ኣብ መንጎኦም alpaca alpha-CoV ኣሎ።
Several lines of evidence support the transmission of virus from bats to humans directly.
እቲ ቫይረስ ብቐጥታ ካብ ሎዃኺቶ ናብ ሰባት ከምዝትሓላለፈ መረዳእታት ይሕብሩ።
First, humans but not alpacas might have contact with bats in a shared ecological niche.
ቕድሚ ኣልፓካስ ሰባት ምስ ሎዃኺቶ ኣብ ተመሳሳሊ ናይ ስነ ምህዳር ጎጆ ምንንኽኻእ ነይርዎም።
Instead, humans have close contact with alpacas.
ኣብ ክንድኡ፣ ሰባት ምስ ኣልፔካታት ቀረባ ርክብ ኣለዎም።
Second, HCoV-229E-related bat alpha-CoVs are diverse and non-pathogenic in bats, whereas alpaca alpha-CoV caused an outbreak of respiratory disease in infected animals.
ካልኣይ፣ ምስ HCoV-229E-ዝተተሓሓዙ ናይ ለዃኺቶ alpha-CoVs ኣብ ለዃኸቶታት ፍሉያትን ሕማም ዘየስዕቡን እዮም፣ ይኹንደኣምበር alpaca alpha-CoV ኣብ ዝተለኸፉ እንስሳት ናይ መተንፈሲ ኣካላት ሕማም ለበዳ ኣስዒቡ እዩ።
Finally, alpaca alpha-CoV has not been found in feral animals.
ኣብ መወዳእታ፣ alpaca alpha-CoV ኣብ ኣራዊት እንስሳት ኣይተረኸበን።
Thus, the possibility cannot be excluded that alpacas obtain the HCoV-229E-related alpha-CoV from humans.
ስለ ዝኾነ ድማ፣ ኣልፔካታት ነዚ ምስ HCoV-229E-ዝተተሓሓዘ alpha-CoV ካብ ደቂ ሰባት ሓሊፍዎም ክኸውን እውን ይኽእል እዩ ዝብል ሓሳብ ክንጸግ ኣይከኣልን።
In fact, bats are the direct source of human pathogenic viruses including rabies virus, Ebola virus, Nipah virus and Hendra virus.
ብሓቂ፣ ለዃኺቶታት ናይ ሰባት ሕማም መምጽኢ ቫይረሳት ቀጥተኛ ምንጪታት እዮም ከም ራቢስ ቫይረስ፣ ኢቦላ ቫይረስ፣ ኒፋ ቫይረስን ሄንድራ ቫይረስን ሓዊስካ።
It is therefore not too surprising that bats might transmit HCoV-229E to humans directly.
በዚ ድማ ለዃኺቶታት HCoV-229E ብቐጥታ ናብ ሰባት ከመሓላልፋ ምኽኣለን ዘገርም ኣይኮነን።
Alternatively, whereas bat alpha-CoVs serve as the gene pool of HCoV-229E, alpacas and dromedary camels might serve as intermediate hosts that transmit viruses to humans, exactly as in the case of MERS-CoV.
ዋላኳ ናይ ሎዃኺቶ alpha-CoVs ናይ HCoV-229E ምጸገዕቲ እንተኾኑ ከም ኣልፓካስን ናይ ዓረብ ግመልን ዝበሉ እንስሳት MERS-CoV ከመሓላልፉ ኽኢሎም እዮም።
MERS-CoV serves as an excellent example of interspecies transmission from bats to dromedary camels and from dromedary camels to humans.
MERS-CoV ከም ብሉጽ ናይ ካብ ዓሌት ናብ ዓሌት ካብ ለዃኺቶ ናብ ድሮሜዳሪ ግመላት ካብ ድሮሜዳሪ ግመላት ናብ ሰባት ምምሕልላፍ ጽቡቕ ኣብነት ክኾን ይኽእል።
The evolutionary origin of MERS-CoV from bats is known at its initial identification and has also been strengthened by subsequent findings.
ናይ MERS-CoV መበቆላዊ ኣመጻጽኣ ካብ ለዃኺቶ ምዃኖ ካብ እቲ ናይ መፈለምታ ምልላዩ ኣትሒዙ ዝፍለጥ ኮይኑ፣ ብቐጸልቲ ርካቦታት ድማ እዩ እናተጠናኸረ ዝመጸ።
It is obvious that bats provide a rich pool of virus species for interspecies exchange of genetic fragments and interspecies transmission.
ለዃኺቶታት ን ኣብ መንጎ ዓሌታት ዝግበር ናይ ጀነቲካዊ ባእታታት ልውውጥን፣ ምምሕልላፍትን፣ ብዙሓት ናይ ቫይረሳት ዓሌት ሒዞም ከምዝርከቡ ግልጺ እዩ።
Longevity, densely packed colonies, close social interaction and strong ability to fly are all favourable conditions for bats to be an ideal 'virus spreader'.
ሎዃኺቶ ናይዚ ቫይረስ ቀንዲ መመሓላለፊ ዝኾነሉ ምኽንያት ነዊሕ ዕድመ፣ ፅዑቕ መንበሪ፣ ቕርበት ዘለዎ ተግባብሮን ናይ ምብራር ዓቕምን ስለዘለዎ እዩ።
On the other hand, MERS-CoV has been introduced to dromedary camels for decades.
ብካልእ ገጹ ድማ፣ MERS-CoV ንዓሰርተታት ዓመታት ናብ ድሮሜዳሪ ግመላት ተኣታትዩ እዩ።
It is well adapted to these camels that have turned from an intermediate host to a stable and natural reservoir host.
ምስዞም ኣግማል ብዕዉት ዝተላመደ ብምዃኑ ቀዋሚ መቐመጢ ጌርዎም ይርከብ።
MERS-CoV causes very mild disease and maintains a relatively low mutation rate in these animals.
ኣብዞም እንስሳት MERS-CoV ቀሊል ሕማም ዘምፅእ እንትኸዉን ናይ ሙቴሽን ክእለቱ ድማ ትሑት አዩ።
Its sporadic transmission to humans is an accident and humans remain a dead-end host of MERS-CoV as its transmission cannot be sustained.
ናይዚ ሕማም ዘይስሩዕ ምትሕልላፉ ናብ ሰብ ናይ ኣጋጣሚ ኩነታት ብምዃኑ ወድ ሰብ ናይ MERS-CoV ናይ መወዳእታ ተሸካሚ ኮይኑ ይቕፅል እቲ ለበዳ ዘላቒ ክኸዉን ስልዘይክእል።
In contrast to the role of camels in the transmission of MERS-CoV, the role of pangolins, if there is any, in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is different.
ምስ ኣብ ናይ MERS-CoV ምምሕልላፍ ግመላት ዝጻወትዎ ግደ እንትነጻጸር፣ ናይ ፓንጎሊናት ግደ ኣብ ናይ SARS-CoV-2 ምምሕልላፍ፣ ምናልባት እንተሃልዩ፣ ዝተፈለየ እዩ።
Particularly, pangolin beta-CoVs are highly pathogenic in pangolins.
ብፍላይ፣ ፓንጎሊን ቤታ -CoVs ኣብ ፓንጎሊናት ኣዝዮም ሕማም ዘስዕቡ እዮም።
They might be a dead-end host for SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs, similar to civets in the case of SARS-CoV.
መወዳትኡ ምውት መሕደሪ ናይ SARS-CoV-2-ዝተተሓሓዘ ቤታ-CoVs፣ ክኾኑ ይኽእሉ ምስ ናይ SARS-CoV ዝባድ ኬዛት።
Several possibilities for interspecies transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from animals to humans have to be ruled in or ruled out in future studies.
ናይ SARS-CoV-2 ካብ ዝተፈላለዩ እንስሳታት ናይ ምምሕልላፍ ግደ ኣብ ቐጻሊ ምርምራት ክግለጽ ትጽቢት ይግበር።
First, bats could be the reservoir host of a SARS-CoV-2-related virus almost identical to SARS-CoV-2.
መጀመርያ፣ ለዃኺቶ ናይ SARS-CoV-2-ዝተተሓሓዘ ቫይረስ ምስ SARS-CoV-2 ዳርጋ ሓደ ዓይነት መሕደሪ ኮይኑ ከገልግል ይኽእል እዩ።
Humans might share the ecological niche with bats through butchering or coal mining.
ሰባት ብምሕራድ ወይ ፈሓም ምፍልፋል ምስ ለዃኺቶታት ኢኮሎጂካዊ ኒች ክካፈሉ ይኽእሉ።
Second, pangolins could be one of intermediate amplifying host to which a SARS-CoV-2-related virus had been newly introduced.
ብተወሳኺ ድማ ፓንጎሊን ዝተብሃለ እንስሳ ካብቶም ናይቲ ቫይረስ ዓቕሚ ዘጉልሑ ናይ ማእኸላይ ቫይረስ ተሸከምቲ እንሳታት ሓደ ብምዃኑ ንSARS-CoV-2 ዝመስል ቫይረስ ተረኺብዎ።
Humans contract the virus through butchering and consumption of game meat.
ሰባት እቲ ቫይረስ ስጋ ኣብ ምሕራድን ምብላዕን እዩ ዝሓልፎም።
It is possible that many mammals including domestic animals are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2.
ዘቤታውያን እንስሳት ሓዊስካ ብዙሓት መጥወብቲ እንስሳት ን SARS-CoV-2 ተቓላዕቲ ክኾኑ ይኽእሉ እዮም።
A survey of domestic and wild animals for antibodies is warranted.
ኣብ ናይ ዱር እንስሳትን እንስሳት ዘቤትን ናይ ጸረ-ነፍሳት መጽናዕቲ ምግባር ፍቓድ ኣሎ።
Third, as mentioned above, recombination and adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 might have occurred in a third species that has contact with both bats and pangolins.
ሳልሳይ፣ ለዕል ክብክ ከምዝተጠቐሰ፣ ናይ SARS-CoV-2 ሪኮምቢኔሽንን ምልማድን ኣብ ሳልሳይ ዓሌት ዝተፈጠረ ክኸውን ይኽእል ምስ ክልኢቶም ለዃኺቶን ፓንጎሊንን ርክብ እንተነይርዎ።
The search for the animal origins of SARS-CoV-2 is still on.
ናይ SARS-CoV-2 መበቆል እንስሳ ምድላይ ክሳብ ሕዚ ኣብ ምካያድ ይርከብ።
Apart from different types of the animal hosts, three major factors on the viral side are also important in facilitating CoVs to cross species barriers.
ካብ እዞም ዝተፈላለዩ ዓይነት ናይ እንስሳት መሕደሪታት፣ CoVs ናብ ካልእ ዓሌት ንከይሰግር ንምግዳብ ሰለስተ ዓበይቲ ሜላታት ኣለዉ።
First of all, their relatively high mutation rates in RNA replication.
ቅድሚ ኹሉ፣ ኣብ RNA ሪፕሊኬሽን ዘለዎም ልዑል ናይ mutation(ጀነቲካዊ ለውጢ) ንጽጽራዊ መጠን።