atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
On the other hand, a small subset of severe cases of COVID-19 can also be seen as in the case of SARS-CoV infection, although the ratio is a bit lower.
Kwa upande mwingine, kijikundi kidogo cha visa kali vya COVID-19 pia kinaweza kuonekana kama ilivyo katika kisa cha maambukizi ya SARS-CoV, ingawa vipimo ni vya chini zaidi.
Third, the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 also shows interesting patterns characteristic of both community-acquired HCoVs and SARS-CoV.
Tatu, usambazaji wa SARS-COV-2 pia unaonyesha ruwaza ya kuvutia ya HCoV vinavyosambazwa kijumuiya na SARS-CoV.
On one hand, the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 is at least as high as that of community-acquired HCoVs.
Kwa upande mmoja, uwezo wa kusambazwa kwa SARS-CoV-2 angalau uko juu kama ule wa virusi vya HCoV vinavyosambazwa kijamii.
On the other hand, it remains to be verified whether the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 decreases after passages in humans as in the cases of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
Kwa upande mwingine, itasalia kuthibitishwa iwapo uwezo wa kusambazwa kwa ugonjwa wa SARS-COV-2 hupungua baada ya kupitishwa kwa binadamu kama ilivyo katika visa vya SARS-CoV na MERS-CoV.
Finally, same as the other HCoVs, SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in fecal samples.
Hatimaye, sawa na virusi vingine vya HCoV, virusi vya SARS-CoV-2 vinaweza kugunduliwa kwenye sampuli ya kinyesi.
Whether fecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 plays an important role as in the case of SARS-CoV at least under some circumstance remains to be clarified by future studies.
Iwapo kusambazwa kwa SARS-CoV-2 kupitia kinyesi kwenye midomo huwa na jukumu muhimu kama ilivyo katika kisa cha SARS-CoV angalau chini ya hali fulani kunasalia kuwekwa wazi kupitia utafiti wa siku zijazo.
It is also of particularly great interest to see whether SARS-CoV-2 might exhibit seasonality as in the cases of community-acquired HCoVs.
Pia ni jambo la kuvutia kuona iwapo virusi vya SARS-CoV-2 vinaweza kutokea kwa misimu kama ilivyo katika visa vya HCoV vinavyosambazwa kijamii.
Nevertheless, the features of SARS-CoV-2 including its transmissibility, pathogenicity and sustainable spreading after passages in humans will be influential on the ultimate fate of the ongoing outbreak of COVID-19.
Licha ya hayo, vipengele vya SARS-CoV-2 ikiwa ni pamoja na uwezo wa kusambazwa, uwezo wa kuambukiza na kuendelea kusambaa baada ya kupitishwa kwa binadamu vitakuwa na ushawishi kwenye hatima ya mkurupuko unaoendelea wa COVID-19.
All four community-acquired HCoVs causing mild symptoms have been well adapted to humans.
Virusi vyote vinne vya HCoVs vinavyosambazwa kijamii vinavyosababisha dalili za wastani vimezoea binadamu.
From another perspective, it might also be true that humans have been well adapted to these four HCoVs.
Kwa mtazamo mwingine, pia huenda ikawa ni ukweli kwamba binadamu wamezoea virusi hivi vinne vya HCoV.
In other words, both could be the survivors of ancient HCoV pandemics.
Yaani, huenda wote wakawa wasaliaji wa majanga ya zamani ya HCoV.
HCoVs that cause severe diseases in humans and humans who developed severe HCoV diseases have been eliminated.
Virusi vya HCoV vinavyosababisha magonjwa kali kwa binadamu na binadamu waliopata magonjwa kali ya HCoV wameondolewa.
For this to happen, HCoVs have to replicate in humans to sufficient extent to allow the accumulation of adaptive mutations that counteract host restriction factors.
Ndio hii ifanyike, virusi vya HCoV lazima vizalishwe ndani ya binadamu kwa kiwango toshelevu cha kuruhusu mkusanyiko wa mabadiliko yanayoweza kupambana na vigezo vya udhibiti vya mbebaji virusi.
In this sense, the longer the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak persists and the more people that it infects, the greater chance that it will fully adapt to humans.
Kwa mantiki hii, kadri mkurupuko wa SARS-CoV-2 unavyondelea na jinsi watu zaidi wanavyoambukizwa, ndivyo kuna uwezekano mkuu kwamba utazoeleka kwa binadamu.
If it adapts well, its transmission in humans would be difficult to stop by quarantine or other infection control measures.
Ikiwa virusi hivi vitazoeleka vyema, uenezi wake kwa binadamu unaweza kuwa vigumu kudhibiti kupitia karantini au hatua zingine za kudhibiti maambukizi.
For many years, the four community-acquired CoVs circulate in human populations, triggering common cold in immunocompetent subjects.
Kwa miaka mingi, virusi vinne vya CoV vinavyoenezwa kijamii vimesambaa miongoni mwa watu, na kuchochea homa ya kawaida miongoni mwa watu/wanyama walio na kinga thabiti.
These viruses do not need an animal reservoir.
Virusi hivi havihitaji hifadhi ndani ya mnyama.
In contrast, highly pathogenic SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV have not adapted to humans well and their transmission within humans cannot be sustained.
Kinyume chake, virusi vya SARS-CoV na MERS-CoV ambavyo husambazwa zaidi havijazoeleka vyema kwa binadamu na uenezi wake miongoni mwa binadamu hauwezi kudhibitiwa.
They need to maintain and propagate in their zoonotic reservoirs and seek the chance to spillover to susceptible human targets, possibly via one or more intermediate and amplifying hosts.
Vinahitaji kudumisha na kuendeleza hifadhi zao ndani ya wanyama na kutafuta nafasi ya kusambaa kwa wanadamu wanaolengwa walio hatarini, pengine kupitia kibebaji cha pili na kinachoeneza.
SARS-CoV-2 has features that are similar to both SARS-CoV/MERS-CoV and the four community-acquired HCoVs.
Virusi vya SARS-CoV-2 vina sifa sawa na za virusi vya SARS-CoV/MERS-CoV na HCoV nne vinavyosambazwa kijamii.
It is highly transmissible like community-acquired HCoVs, at least for the time being.
Vina uwezekano mkubwa wa kusambazwa kama vile virusi vya HCoV vinavyosambazwa kijamii, angalau kwa sasa.
However, it is more pathogenic than community-acquired HCoVs and less pathogenic than SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV.
Hata hivyo, inasababisha ugonjwa kuliko virusi vya HCoV vinavyosambazwa kijamii na uwezo wake wa kusababisha ugonjwa ni wa chini kuliko SARS-CoV au MERS-CoV.
It remains to be seen whether it will adapt fully to humans and circulate within humans without a reservoir or intermediate animal host.
Itasalia kuonekana iwapo vitazoeleka kikamilifu kwa binadamu na kusambaa ndani ya binadamu bila hifadhi au mnyama mbebaji.
Before discussing the animal origins of HCoVs, it will serve us well to discuss the definitions and characteristics of evolutionary, natural, reservoir, intermediate and amplifying hosts of HCoVs.
Kabla ya kujadili asili zinazotokana na wanyama za HCoV, itakuwa vyema kwetu kujadili ufafanuzi na sifa za kibebaji cha kiukuaji, asilia,hifadhi na mbebaji wa uenezi wa HCoV.
An animal serves as the evolutionary host of an HCoV if it harbours a closely related ancestor sharing high homology at the level of nucleotide sequence.
Mnyama hutumika kama kibebaji cha HCoV cha kiukuaji ikiwa amehifadhi ukoo wa karibu unaofanana katika kiwango cha mfululizo wa nukliotidi.
The ancestral virus is usually well adapted and non-pathogenic in this host.
Virusi vya kiukoo kwa kawaida vimezoeleka na havina uwezo wa kusababisha ugonjwa ndani ya mbebaji huyu.
Likewise, a reservoir host harbours HCoV continuously and for long term.
Vilevile, mbebaji ambaye ni hifadhi huwa na HCoV kila mara na kwa muda mrefu.
In both cases, the hosts are naturally infected and are the natural hosts of HCoV or its parental virus.
Katika hali zote, vibebaji virusi huambukizwa kiasilia na ni wabebaji asili wa HCoV au virusi vyake ambavyo ni vizazi.
In contrast, if the HCoV is newly introduced to an intermediate host right before or around its introduction to humans, it is not well adapted to the new host and is often pathogenic.
Kinyume chake, ikiwa virusi vya HCoV vimeingia kwa mara ya kwanza ndani ya mbebaji wa kati kabla au karibu kuingia kwake kwa binadamu, huwa havijazoeleka vyema katika mazingira hayo mapya na mara nyingi husababisha ugonjwa.
This intermediate host can serve as the zoonotic source of human infection and play the role of an amplifying host by allowing the virus to replicate transiently and then transmitting it to humans to amplify the scale of human infection.
Mbebaji huyu wa kati anaweza kutumika kama chanzo kutokana na wanyama cha maambukizi kwa binadamu na hutekeleza jukumu la mbebaji msambazaji kwa kuruhusu virusi kuzalishwa na kisha kusambazwa kwa binadamu ili kuzidisha kiwango cha maambukizi kwa binadamu.
An HCoV can undergo a dead-end infection if it cannot sustain its transmission within the intermediate host.
Virusi vya HCoV vinaweza kupitia maambukizi yasiyo na athari ikiwa haviwezi kudumisha usambazaji wake ndani ya mbebaji wa kati.
On the contrary, HCoVs can also adapt to the intermediate host and even establish long-term endemicity.
Kwa upande mwingine, virusi vya HCoV vinaweza pia kuzoeleka ndani ya mbebaji wake wa kati na hata kuunda hali ya ugonjwa wa muda mrefu.
In this case, the intermediate host becomes a natural reservoir host.
Katika hali hii, mbebaji wa kati anakuwa mbebaji asilia anayehifadhi virusi.
Epidemiological data revealed retrospectively that the index case of SARS had a contact history with game animals.
Data ya kiepidimiolojia iliyofichua kwa njia ya kurudi nyuma kwamba faharasa ya kisa cha SARS kilikuwa na historia ya kutangamana na wanyama wa porini.
Subsequent seroprevalence investigations indicated that animal traders had a higher prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV IgG compared with that of the general population.
Uchunguzi uliofuata wa kiwango cha maambukizi uliashiria kuwa wafanyabiashara ya wanyama walikuwa na kiwango cha juu cha anti-SARS-CoV igG ikilinganishwa na idadi ya jumla ya watu.
Masked palm civets (Paguma larvata) and a racoon dog in live animal markets were first identified to carry SARS-CoV-like viruses that are almost identical to SARS-CoV.
Ngawa wenye uso wa barakoa (Paguma larvata) na mbwa wa rakuni waliomo katika masoko ya wanyama hai walitambuliwa kwanza kubeba virusi vinavyofanana na SARS-CoV ambavyo vinakaribia kufanana na SARS-CoV.
This was indirectly supported by the fact that no further SARS was reported after killing all civets in the markets.
Hii iliungwa mkono kwa njia isiyo ya moja kwa moja na ukweli kwamba hakuna visa zaidi vya SARS vilvyoripotiwa baada ya kuuawa kwa ngawa wote waliokuwa sokoni.
However, it has been reported that masked palm civets from the wild or farms without exposure to the live animal markets were largely negative for SARS-CoV, suggesting that masked palm civets might only serve as the intermediate amplifying host but not the natural reservoir of SARS-CoV.
Hata hivyo, imeripotiwa kwamba ngawa wenye uso wenye barakoa kutoka porini au mashambani bila kutangamana na wanyama wanaouzwa sokoni wengi wao hawakupatikana na SARS-CoV, na kuashiria kwamba ngawa wenye uso wa barakao wanaweza tu kutumika kama wabebaji wa kati wa kueneza lakini sio hifadhi asili wa SARS-CoV.
Notably, since 80% of the different animals in the markets in Guangzhou have anti-SARS-CoV antibodies, the possibilities that multiple species of small mammals might also serve as intermediate amplifying hosts of SARS-CoV cannot be excluded.
Itabainika kwamba, kwa vile 80% ya wanyama tofauti katika masoko ya Guangzhou wana antibodi zinazopambana na SARS-CoV, uwezekano kwamba aina nyingi za mamalia wadogo pia wanaweza kutumika kama wabebaji wa kati waenezi wa SARS-CoV hauwezi kupuuzwa.
All of these appear to be dead-end hosts of SARS-CoV.
Hawa wote wanaonekana kuwa wabebaji wasio na athari wa SARS-CoV.
Subsequent search for the natural animal host of SARS-CoV unveiled a closely related bat CoV, termed SARS-related Rhinolophus bat CoV HKU3 (SARSr-Rh-BatCoV HKU3), which exists in Chinese horseshoe bats.
Utafutaji uliofuata wa mnyama ambaye ni mbebaji asili wa SARS-CoV ulionyesha kuwa virusi vya CoV vinavyohusiana kwa karibu na popo, viitwavyo SARS-related Rhinolophus bat CoV HKU3 (SARSr-Rh-BatCoV HKU3), vinavyopatikana ndani ya popo wa Kichina wa horsehoe.
These bats are positive for anti-SARS-CoV antibodies and genome sequence of SARSr-Rh-BatCoV HKU3.
Popo hawa wana antibodi dhidi ya SARS-CoV na msururu wa jinomu wa SARSr-Rh-BatCoV HKU3.
This and other bat CoVs share 88-92% nucleotide sequence homology with SARS-CoV.
Virusi hivi na vingine vya popo vya CoV huwa na msururu 88-92% unaofanana wa nukleotidi ulio na SARS-CoV.
These studies have laid the foundation for the new concept that bats host emerging human pathogens.
Utafiti huu umeweka msingi wa dhana mpya kwamba popo hubeba virusi vinavyoibuka vya binadamu.
Several SARS-like CoVs (SL-CoVs) have also been identified from bats, but none except for one designated WIV1 can be isolated as live virus.
Virusi kadhaa vya Cov (SL-CoVs) vinavyofanana na SARS pia vimetambuliwa kwenye popo, lakini hakuna kati yavyo isipokuwa WIV1 vinavyoweza kutengwa kama virusi hai.
Human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is known to be the receptor of SARS-CoV.
Homoni ya binadamu inayosababisha shinikizo la damu inayobadilisha enzaimu 2 (ACE2) inafahamika kuwa kipokezi cha SARS-CoV.
WIV1 derived from fecal sample of bats was demonstrated to use bat, civet and human ACE2 as receptor for cell entry.
Virusi vya WIV1 viliyotolewa kwenye sampuli ya kinyesi ya popo vilionyeshwa kutumia popo, ngawa na ACE2 ya binadamu kama kipokezi cha kuingia kwenye seli.
Intriguingly, sera of convalescent SARS patients were capable of neutralizing WIV1.
Cha kushangaza, seramu kutoka wagonjwa wanaopona wa SARS ziliweza kuangamiza WIV1.
Thus far, WIV1 represents the most closely related ancestor of SARS-CoV in bats, sharing 95% nucleotide sequence homology.
Kufikia sasa, virusi vya WIV1 vinawakilisha kizazi cha karibu sana cha SARS-CoV kwenye popo, vikiwa na 95% za msururu wa nukleotidi unaofanana.
Albeit the high homology between these two viruses, it is generally believed that WIV1 is not the immediate parental virus of SARS-CoV and bats are not the immediate reservoir host of SARS-CoV.
Kwa mfanano mkubwa kati ya virusi hivi, inaaminika kwa jumla kwamba WIV1 si virusi vizalishaji vya kati vya SARS-CoV na popo sio wabebaji wa kati wanaohifadhi SARS-CoV.
Phylogenetic analysis clusters MERS-CoV to the same group as bat CoV-HKU4 and bat CoV-HKU5.
Uchanganuzi wa kifilogenetiki unaweka pamoja MERS-CoV kwenye kikundi sawa na virusi vya CoV-HKU4 vya popo na virusi vya CoV-HKU5 vya popo.
Bat CoV-HKU4 and MERS-CoV utilize the same host receptor, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), for virus entry.
Virusi vya CoV-HKU4 vya popo na MERS-CoV hutumia vipokezi sawa vya mbebaji, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), kwa ajili ya kuingia kwa virusi.
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase sequences of MERS-CoV are phylogenetically closer to counterparts in bat beta-CoVs identified from Europe and Africa.
Misururu ya RNA- tegemezi ya polimerisi ya RNA ya MERS-CoV inakaribia kufanana kifilojenetiki na iliyo ndani ya virusi vya beta-CoV vya popo vilivyotambuliwa barani Ulaya na Afrika.
Up to now, no live MERS-CoV can be found in wild bats.
Kufikia sasa, hakuna virusi hai vya MERS-COV vinavyoweza kupatikana ndani ya popo wa porini.
MERS-CoV and its closest relative bat CoV-HKU25 share only 87% nucleotide sequence homology.
MERS-CoV na jamii yake ya karibu zaidi ya virusi vya CoV-HKU25 vya popo vina mfanano wa 87% tu wa msururu wa nukleotidi.
Thus, bats might not be the immediate reservoir host of MERS-CoV.
Kwa hivyo, popo huenda wasiwe wabebaji wa kati wahifadhi wa MERS-CoV.
On the other hand, studies in Middle East have shown that dromedary camels are seropositive for MERS-CoV-specific neutralizing antibodies, same as camels of Middle East origin in multiple African countries.
Kwa upande mwingine, utafiti uliofanywa Mashariki ya Kati umeonyesha kwamba ngamia warefu zaidi kuwa na antibodi mahususi ya kusawazisha MERS-CoV, sawa na ngamia wa asili ya Mashariki ya Kati walio katika nchi nyingi za Afrika.
Live MERS-CoV identical to the virus found in humans was isolated from the nasal swabs of dromedary camels, further indicating that camels serve as the bona fide reservoir host of MERS-CoV.
Virusi hai vya MERS-CoV vinavyofanana na virusi vinavyopatikana katika binadamu vilitolewa kutoka kwa sampuli za puani kutoka kwa ngamia warefu zaidi, na kuashiria zaidi kwamba ngamia wanaweza kutumika kama wabebaji wahifadhi wa kweli wa virusi vya MERS-CoV.
It is also noteworthy that generally mild symptoms but massive virus shedding were observed in camels experimentally infected with MERS-CoV.
Pia ni muhimu kukumbuka kwamba kwa kawaida dalili kiasi lakini zilizo na utoaji wa virusi kwa wingi kwa jumla zilionekana kwa ngamia walioambukizwa MERS-CoV kwa ajili ya majaribio.
Notably, infected camels shed viruses not only through respiratory route but also through fecal-oral route, which is also the main route for virus shedding from bats.
Ni dhahiri kwamba, ngamia walioambukizwa hutoa virusi sio tu kupitia njia ya kupumua lakini pia kupitia kinyesi, ambayo pia ni njia kuu ya kutoa virusi kutoka kwa popo.
However, questions still remain since many confirmed cases of MERS have no contact history with camels prior to symptom onset, plausibly ascribed to human-to-human transmission or unknown transmission routes involving unrecognized animal species that harbour MERS-CoV.
Hata hivyo, maswali bado hayajajibiwa kwa kuwa visa vingi vya watu waliothibitishwa kuwa na MERS hawana historia ya kutangamana na ngamia kabla ya kuanza kwa dalili, na kuashiria pakubwa maambukizi ya binadamu hadi kwa binadamu au njia zisizojulikana za usambazaji zinazohusisha aina za wanyama ambao hawajatambuliwa wanaobeba MERS-CoV.
SARS-CoV-2 shares 96.2% nucleotide homology with a bat CoV RaTG13 isolated from Rhinolophus affinis bats.
Virusi vya SARS-CoV-2 vina 96.2% za nukleotidi zinazofanana na virusi vya CoV RaTG13 vya popo vilivyotolewa kwa popo wa asili ya Rhinolophus affinis.
As in the cases of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, the sequence divergence between SARS-CoV-2 and RaTG13 is too great to assign parental relationship.
Kama ilivyo katika visa vya SARS-CoV na MERS-CoV, tofauti za msururu kati ya SARS-CoV-2 na RaTG13 ni kubwa zaidi hivyo haviwezi vikawekewa uhusiano wa kiuzazi.
That is to say, bats might not be the immediate reservoir host(s) of SARS-CoV-2 unless almost identical bat CoVs are found in future.
Hiyo ni kusema kwamba, popo huenda sio wabebaji wa karibu wahifadhi wa SARS-CoV-2 isipokuwa iwapo virusi vya CoV vya popo vinavyokaribia kufanana vitapatikana katika siku zijazo.
Presumably, the intermediate animal hosts of SARS-CoV-2 should be among the wildlife species sold and killed at the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, with which many of the initial cases of COVID-19 were associated, indicative of a probable animal-to-human transmission event.
Inaweza kuchukuliwa kwamba, mnyama mbebaji wa kati wa SARS-CoV-2 anapaswa kuwa miongoni mwa aina ya wanyama wa porini wanaouzwa na kuuawa katika Soko la Jumla la Huanan Seafood, ambapo visa vingi vya kwanza vya COVID-19 vilihusishwa, ikiashiria uwezekano wa tukio la usambazaji kutoka kwa mnyama hadi kwa binadamu.
Several recent studies based on metagenomic sequencing have suggested that a group of endangered small mammals known as pangolins (Manis javanica) could also harbour ancestral beta-CoVs related to SARS-CoV-2.
Tafiti nyingi za hivi majuzi zenye unaozingatia misururu ya kimetagenomiki imeashiria kwamba kikundi cha mamalia wadogo walio hatarini wanaojulikana kama kakakuona (Manis javanica) wanaweza kubeba virusi vya jadi vya beta-CoV vinavyohusiana na SARS-CoV-2.
These novel pangolin CoV genomes share 85-92% nucleotide sequence homology with SARS-CoV-2.
Jinomeu hizi za CoV kutoka kwa kakakuona zina 85-92% ya msururu wa homolojia ya nukleotidi sawa na virusi vya SARS-CoV-2.
However, they are equally closely related to RaTG13 with about 90% identity at the level of nucleotide sequence.
Hata hivyo, pia vinahusiana kwa njia sawa kwa karibu na RaTG13 kwa takriban 90% ya utambulisho katika ngazi ya mfululizo wa nukleotidi.
They cluster into two sub-lineages of SARS-CoV-2-like viruses in the phylogenetic tree, one of which share a more similar receptor binding domain (RBD) with SARS-CoV-2, with 97.4% amino acid sequence identity.
Hupangwa katika jamii mbili ndogo za virusi vinavyofanana na SARS-CoV-2 katika mchoro wa kifilogenetiki, moja yao ikiwa inashiriki kikoa sawa kipokezi cha kunata (RBD) sawa na SARS-CoV-2, kilicho na 97.4% ya mfululizo wa utambuzi wa asidi amino.
In stark contrast, the RBDs of SARS-CoV-2 and RaTG13 are more divergent, albeit a higher degree of sequence homology genome-wide.
Katika ulinganisho ulio wazi, RBD za virusi vya SARS-CoV-2 na RaTG13 ni tofauti kabisa, ijapokuwa kiwango kikubwa cha upana wa msururu wa jinomu inayofana.
An earlier study on diseased pangolins also reported the detection of viral contigs from lung samples, which turn out to be similarly related to SARS-CoV-2.
Utafiti wa awali kwenye kakakuona waliokuwa wagonjwa pia uliripoti kugunduliwa kwa virusi katika sampuli za figo ambavyo, vilitokea kuwa na uhusiano na SARS-CoV-2.
This study adopted different assembly methods and manual curation to generate a partial genome sequence comprising about 86.3% of the full-length viral genome.
Utafiti huu ulitumia mbinu tofauti za ukusanyaji na urekebishaji ili kuzalisha msururu nusu wa jinomu ulio na 86.3% ya urefu kamili wa jinomu ya virusi.
We cannot exclude the possibility that pangolin is one of the intermediate animal hosts of SARS-CoV-2.
Hatuwezi kufungia nje uwezekano kwamba kakakuona ni mmoja wa wanyama wabebaji wa kati wa SARS-CoV-2.
However, currently there is no evidence in support of a direct pangolin origin of SARS-CoV-2 due to the sequence divergence between SARS-CoV-2 and pangolin SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs.
Hata hivyo, kwa sasa hakuna ushahidi wa kuunga mkono asili ya moja kwa moja ya kakakuona ya SARS-CoV-2 kutokana na tofauti za msururu kati ya virusi vya SARS-CoV-2 na virusi vya beta-CoVs vinavyohusiana na SARS-CoV-2 ya kakakuona.
In addition, the distance between SARS-CoV-2 and RaTG13 is even shorter than that between SARS-CoV-2 and pangolin SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs.
Pia, umbali uliopo kati ya SARS-COV-2 na RaTG13 ni mfupi hata zaidi kuliko ule uliopo kati ya virusi vya beta-CoV vinavyohusiana na SARS-CoV-2 na SARS-CoV-2 vilivyopatikana kwa kakakuona.
The evolutionary pathway of SARS-CoV-2 in bats, pangolins and other mammals remains to be established.
Njia ya ukuaji wa SARS-CoV-2 katika popo, kakakuona na mamalia wengine bado inasalia kutambulika.
Whereas the highest sequence homology has been found in the RBDs between SARS-CoV-2 and pangolin, SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs, SARS-CoV-2 and RaTG13 share the highest genome-wide sequence homology.
Ingawa mfanano wa juu zaidi wa msururu umepatikana kwenye RBD kati ya beta-CoV vinavyohusiana na SARS-CoV-2 na SARS-CoV-2 vilivyopatikana kwa kakakuona, SARS-CoV-2 na RaTG13 vina mfanano wa juu wa msururu wa jinomu.
It is highly speculative that the high degree of similarity between the RBDs of pangolin SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs and SARS-CoV-2 is driven by selectivity-mediated convergent evolution.
Inakisiwa pakubwa kwamba kiwango cha juu cha mfanano kati ya RBD za virusi vya beta-CoV vinavyohusiana na SARS-CoV-2 vinavyopatikana ndani ya kakakuona na SARS-CoV-2 hungozwa na ukuaji wa kimkusanyiko unaoletwa kwa msingi wa uteuzi.
A counter-proposal is in favour of a recombination between a pangolin SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoV and RaTG13 in the third wild animal species.
Pendekezo kinzani linaunga mkono uunganishaji tena kati ya virusi vya beta-CoV vinavyohusiana na SARS-CoV-2 vilivyopatikana kwa kakakuona na RaTG13 katika aina ya tatu ya wanyama wa porini.
As a driving force in evolution, recombination is widespread among beta-CoVs.
Kama msukumo katika ukuaji, uunganishaji tena umeenea miongoni mwa virusi vya beta-CoV.
The jury is still out on the immediate zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2.
Uamuzi bado haujafikiwa kuhusu asili ya karibu ya SARS-CoV-2 kutoka kwa wanyama.
Besides the highly pathogenic HCoVs, the zoonotic origin of HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 have also been studied.
Kando na uwezekano mkuu wa HCoV kusababisha magonjwa, asili ya HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63 na HCoV-HKU1 kutoka kwa wanyama pia imefanyiwa utafiti.
Phylogenetic evidence indicated that both HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E might have originated from bat CoVs, while the parental viruses of HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 have been found in rodents.
Ushahidi wa kifilogenetiki unaonyesha kwamba virusi vya HCoV-NL63 na HCoV-229E huenda vilitokana na bat-CoV, huku virusi vizazi vya HCoV-OC43 na HCoV-HKU1 vikipatikana ndani ya jamii ya panya.
It has been reported that a bat CoV termed ARCoV.2 (Appalachian Ridge CoV) detected in North American tricolored bat displayed close relationship with HCoV-NL63.
Imeripotiwa kwamba virusi vya bat CoV vinavyoitwa ARCoV.2 (Appalachian Ridge CoV) vilivyogunduliwa Kaskazini mwa Marekani popo wa rangi tatu alionyesha uhusiano wa karibu na HCoV-NL63.
On the other hand, HCoV-229E was genetically related to another bat CoV, termed Hipposideros/GhanaKwam/19/2008, which was detected in Ghana, while camelids have also been suspected as its intermediate host.
Kwa upande mwingine, virusi vya HCoV-229E vilihusiana kigenetiki na virusi vingine vya bat CoV, vinavyoitwa Hipposideros/GhanaKwam/19/2008, vilivyogunduliwa nchini Ghana, huku wanyama wadogo wa jamii ya ngamia pia wakishukiwa kuwa wabebaji wake wa kati.
For clarity, the current knowledge on animal origins of known HCoVs is summarized in Figure ​1 and Table 2.
Kwa uwazi, maarifa ya sasa kuhusu asili ya wanyama ya virusi vya HCoV vinavyojulikana yamewekwa kwa njia ya muhtasari katika mchoro wa 1 na Jedwali la 2.
Phylogenetic analysis has provided evidence for interspecies transmission events of HCoVs in the history.
Uchanganuzi wa kifilojenetiki umetoa ushahidi wa matukio ya usambazaji wa HCoV baina ya aina za wanyama katika historia.
When HCoV-OC43 crossed species to infect humans from domestic livestock around 1890, a pandemic of respiratory infection was recorded.
Wakati virusi vya HCoV-OC43 vilisambaa baina ya wanyama na kuambukiza binadamu vikitoka kwa wanyama karibu mwaka wa1890, janga la maambukizi ya pumu lilishuhudiwa.
The interspecies transmission history of HCoV-229E is less clear.
Historia ya usambazaji baina ya wanyama ya HCoV-229E si bayana.
Bat alpha-CoVs closely related to HCoV-229E have been found.
Virusi vya alpha-CoV vya popo vinavyohusiana kwa karibu na HCoV-229E vimepatikana.
Between them there is an alpaca alpha-CoV.
Kati ya virusi hivyo kuna virusi vya alpha-CoV vinavyopatikana kwa alpaca ambaye ni aina ya mnyama.
Several lines of evidence support the transmission of virus from bats to humans directly.
Mistari kadhaa ya ushahidi huunga mkono usambazaji wa virusi wa moja kwa moja kutoka kwa popo hadi kwa binadamu.
First, humans but not alpacas might have contact with bats in a shared ecological niche.
Kwanza, binadamu wala sio alpaca ambao ni wanyama huenda walikuwa na mgusano na popo katika mazingira walioshiriki ya kiekolojia.
Instead, humans have close contact with alpacas.
Badala yake, binadamu wanatangamana kwa karibu na alpaca ambao ni wanyama.
Second, HCoV-229E-related bat alpha-CoVs are diverse and non-pathogenic in bats, whereas alpaca alpha-CoV caused an outbreak of respiratory disease in infected animals.
Pili, virusi vya alpha-CoVs vya popo vinavyohusiana na HCoV-229E ni tofauti na havina uwezo wa kusababisha ugonjwa ndani ya popo, ilhali virusi vya alpha-CoV vilivyopatikana kwa alpaca vilisababisha mkurupuko wa ugonjwa wa kupumua kwa wanyama walioambukizwa.
Finally, alpaca alpha-CoV has not been found in feral animals.
Mwisho, virusi vya alpha-CoV vilivyopatikana kwa alpaca havijapatikana ndani ya wanyama wa mwituni.
Thus, the possibility cannot be excluded that alpacas obtain the HCoV-229E-related alpha-CoV from humans.
Hivyo, uwezekano wa alpaca kupata virusi vya alpha-CoV vinavyohusiana na HCoV-229E kutoka kwa binadamu hauwezi kufungiwa nje.
In fact, bats are the direct source of human pathogenic viruses including rabies virus, Ebola virus, Nipah virus and Hendra virus.
Hakika, popo ndio chanzo cha moja kwa moja cha virusi vinavyosababisha ugonjwa kwa binadamu ikiwa ni pamoja na virusi vya kichaa cha mbwa, virusi vya Ebola, virusi vya Nipah na virusi vya Hendra.
It is therefore not too surprising that bats might transmit HCoV-229E to humans directly.
Kwa hivyo si ajabu sana kwamba popo wana uwezo wa kusambaza HCoV-229E moja kwa moja kwa binadamu.
Alternatively, whereas bat alpha-CoVs serve as the gene pool of HCoV-229E, alpacas and dromedary camels might serve as intermediate hosts that transmit viruses to humans, exactly as in the case of MERS-CoV.
Vinginevyo, ingawa virusi vya alpha-CoV vinatumika kama kikoa cha jeni cha HCoV-229E, alpaca na ngamia warefu zaidi huenda wanatumika kama wabebaji wa kati wa virusi wanaosambaza virusi kwa binadamu, hasa ilivyo katika hali ya MERS-CoV.
MERS-CoV serves as an excellent example of interspecies transmission from bats to dromedary camels and from dromedary camels to humans.
Virusi vya MERS-CoV vinatumika kama mfano bora wa usambazaji baina ya wanyama kutoka kwa popo hadi kwa ngamia warefu na kutoka kwa ngamia warefu hadi kwa binadamu.
The evolutionary origin of MERS-CoV from bats is known at its initial identification and has also been strengthened by subsequent findings.
Asili ya ukuaji ya MERS-CoV kutoka kwa popo inafahamika katika utambuzi wake wa kwanza na pia imethibitishwa na matokeo yaliyofuatia.
It is obvious that bats provide a rich pool of virus species for interspecies exchange of genetic fragments and interspecies transmission.
Ni wazi kwamba popo hutoa mkusanyiko mkuu wa aina ya virusi kwa ajili ya mabadilishano baina ya wanyama ya visehemu za kijenetiki na usambazaji baina ya wanyama.
Longevity, densely packed colonies, close social interaction and strong ability to fly are all favourable conditions for bats to be an ideal 'virus spreader'.
Uwezo wa kuishi kwa muda mrefu, makazi yenye wanyama wengi, miingiliano ya karibu ya kijamii na uwezo thabiti wa kuruka ni hali zinazomfanya popo kuwa 'mnyama anayeweza kueneza virusi'.
On the other hand, MERS-CoV has been introduced to dromedary camels for decades.
Kwa upande mwingine, virusi vya MERS-CoV vimekuwa ndani ya ngamia warefu kwa muda wa miongo.
It is well adapted to these camels that have turned from an intermediate host to a stable and natural reservoir host.
Vilizoeleka vyema ndani ya ngamia hawa ambao wamegeuka kutoka kwa wabebaji wa kati wa virusi hadi kuwa wabebaji thabiti na asilia wanaohifadhi virusi.
MERS-CoV causes very mild disease and maintains a relatively low mutation rate in these animals.
MERS-CoV husababisha ugonjwa kiasi sana na hudumisha kiwango cha chini cha kubadilika ikilinganishwa miongoni mwa wanyama hawa.
Its sporadic transmission to humans is an accident and humans remain a dead-end host of MERS-CoV as its transmission cannot be sustained.
Usambazaji wake wa mara moja moja kwa binadamu ni ajali na binadamu wanasalia kuwa wabebaji wa mwisho wa MERS-CoV wasioambukizana kwa sababu usambazaji wake hauwezi kudumu.
In contrast to the role of camels in the transmission of MERS-CoV, the role of pangolins, if there is any, in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is different.
Kinyume chake, jukumu la ngamia katika usambazaji wa MERS-CoV, jukumu la kakakuona, ikiwa kuna lolote, katika usambazaji wa SARS-CoV-2 ni tofauti.
Particularly, pangolin beta-CoVs are highly pathogenic in pangolins.
Hususan, virusi vya beta-CoV vinavyopatikana kwa kakakuona vina uwezo mkubwa wa kusababisha magonjwa ndani ya kakakuona.
They might be a dead-end host for SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs, similar to civets in the case of SARS-CoV.
Wanaweza kuwa ndio wabebaji virusi vya beta-CoV vinavyohusiana na SARS-CoV-2- visivyoweza kuambukiza, sawa na ngawa katika hali ya SARS-CoV.
Several possibilities for interspecies transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from animals to humans have to be ruled in or ruled out in future studies.
Uwezekano kadhaa wa usambazaji wa SARS-CoV-2 baina ya viumbe kutoka kwa wanyama hadi kwa binadamu lazima uweze kukubalika au kukataliwa katika utafiti wa sku zijazo.
First, bats could be the reservoir host of a SARS-CoV-2-related virus almost identical to SARS-CoV-2.
Kwanza, popo wanaweza kuwa wabebaji wahifadhi wa virusi vinavyohusiana na SARS-CoV-2 vinavyokaribia kufanana na SARS-CoV-2.
Humans might share the ecological niche with bats through butchering or coal mining.
Binadamu wanaweza kushiriki mazingira ya kiekolojia na popo kupitia uchinjaji au uchimbaji makaa ya mawe.
Second, pangolins could be one of intermediate amplifying host to which a SARS-CoV-2-related virus had been newly introduced.
Pili, kakakuona wanaweza kuwa mojawapo ya wabebaji wa kati wanaosambaza virusi ambao wamepata virusi vinavyohusiana na SARS-CoV-2 kwa mara ya kwanza.
Humans contract the virus through butchering and consumption of game meat.
Binadamu hupata virusi kupitia kuchinja na kula nyama ya wanyama wa porini.
It is possible that many mammals including domestic animals are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2.
Kuna uwezekano kwamba mamalia wengi ikiwa ni pamoja na wanyama wa nyumbani wanaweza kupata SARS-CoV-2.
A survey of domestic and wild animals for antibodies is warranted.
Uchunguzi wa wanyama wa nyumbani na wa porini kwa ajili ya antibodi unastahiki.
Third, as mentioned above, recombination and adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 might have occurred in a third species that has contact with both bats and pangolins.
Tatu, kama ilivyotajwa hapa juu, kujumuishwa tena na kuzoeleka kwa SARS-CoV-2 huenda kulifanyika katika kiumbe cha tatu ambacho kilitangmana na popo na kakakuona.
The search for the animal origins of SARS-CoV-2 is still on.
Utafutaji wa sili ya SARS-CoV-2 kutoka kwa wanyama bado unaendelea.
Apart from different types of the animal hosts, three major factors on the viral side are also important in facilitating CoVs to cross species barriers.
Kando na aina tofauti za wanyama wabebaji, vigezo vitatu vikuu kwenye upande wa virusi pia ni muhimu katika kuwezesha virusi vya CoVs kusambazwa kwa viumbe.
First of all, their relatively high mutation rates in RNA replication.
Kwanza kabisa, viwango vyao vya juu vya kubadilika katika uzalishaji wa RNA.
In comparison to other single-stranded RNA viruses, the estimated mutation rates of CoVs could be regarded as “moderate” to “high” with an average substitution rate being ~10-4 substitution per year per site 2, depending on the phase of CoV adaptation to novel hosts.
Ikilinganisha na virusi vingine vya RNA moja, viwango vilivyokadiriwa vya kubadilika kwa CoV vinaweza kuzingatiwa kuwa “wastani” au “juu” huku kiwango cha wastani cha ubadilishanaji kikiwa ~10-4 kwa kila mwaka kwa kila eneo 2, kwa kutegemea awamu ya kuzoeleka kwa CoV kwenye mbebaji wake mpya.
CoVs have a proof-reading exoribonuclease, deletion of which results in exceedingly high mutability and attenuation or even inviability.
Virusi vya CoVs vina eksoribonuklisi ya udurusu, ambayo kufutwa kwake husababisha kuongezeka kwa uwezo wa kubadilika, kupunguza athari au hata uwezo wake.
Interestingly, the nucleotide analogue Remdesivir is known to suppress CoV replication through inhibition of this exoribonuclease and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
Jambo la kupendeza ni kuwa, dawa ya nucleotide analogue Remdesivir inafahamika kudidimisha uzalishaji wa CoV kupitia uzuiaji wa eksoribonuklisi na RNA polimerisi inayotegemea RNA.
Remdesivir is one of most promising anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents to be tested in clinical trials.
Remdesivir ni mojawapo ya chanjo iliyo na uwezo mkubwa dhidi ya SARS-CoV-2 iliyofanyiwa majaribio ya kimatibabu.
Nevertheless, mutation rates of CoVs are about a million times higher than those of their hosts.
Licha ya hayo, viwango vya kubadilika kwa CoV ni takriban mara milioni zaidi ya vile vya wabebaji wake.
In addition, mutation rate is often high when CoVs are not well adapted to the host.
Pia, viwango vya kubadilika mara nyingi huwa juu wakati ambapo virusi vya CoV havijazoeleka kwenye mbebaji.
Compared to SARS-CoV with a high mutation rate, the mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2 is apparently lower, suggestive of a higher level of adaptation to humans.
Ikilinganishwa na virusi vya SARS-CoV vilivyo na viwango vya juu vya kubadilika, viwango vya kubadilika kwa SARS-CoV-2 ni bayana kuwa viko chini, hali inayoashiria uwezekano wa juu zaidi wa kuzoeleka kwa binadamu.
Presumably, it has already been adapted to another host close to humans.
Inaweza kuchukuliwa kwamba, tayari vimezoeleka kwa mbebaji mwingine wa karibu na binadamu.
In addition to SARS-CoV-2, this also applies to MERS-CoV, which is well adapted to dromedary camels.
Pamoja na SARS-CoV-2, hii pia hutumika kwa MERS-CoV, virusi ambayo vimezoeleka vyema ndani ya ngamia warefu zaidi.
Theoretically, it is unlikely that genetic drift would render vaccines and antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 ineffective quickly.
Kinadharia, hakuna uwezekano kwamba mabadiliko ya kijenetiki yanaweza kufanya chanjo na dawa za kupambana na virusi dhidi ya SARS-CoV-2 zisiwe za kufaa haraka.
Second, the large RNA genome in CoVs exerts extra plasticity in genome modification for mutations and recombination, thereby increasing the probability for interspecies co-evolution, which is advantageous for the emergence of novel CoVs when the conditions become appropriate.
Pili, jinomu kubwa ya RNA kwenye CoVs ina uwezo zaidi wa kubadilika umbo katika urekebishaji wa jinomu kwa ajili ya mabadiliko na uunganishaji tena, hivyo kuongeza uwezekano wa ukuaji pamoja baina ya viumbe, jambo ambalo ni la manufaa kwa kuibuka kwa CoV mpya hali zikiwa zinafaa.
This is supported by the copious unique open reading frames and protein functions encoded towards the 3′ end of the genome.
Haya yanaungwa mkono na fremu maalum wazi zilizo tele na utendakazi wa protini zilizosimbwa kuelekea mwisho wa 3 wa jinomu.
Third, CoVs randomly and frequently switch templates during RNA replication through a unique “copy-choice” mechanism.
Tatu, CoV bila mpangilio na mara kwa mara hubadili kiolezo wakati wa uzalishaji wa RNA kupitia utaratibu maalum wa "copy-choice".
In a host that serves as the mixing vessel, strand switching occurs frequently during CoV RNA transcription.
Ndani ya mbebaji virusi anayetumika kama chombo cha kuchanganyia, ubadilishaji wa strandi hufanyika mara kwa mara wakati wa kunakiliwa kwa CoV RNA.
Highly homologous full-length and subgenomic RNAs could recombine to generate new CoVs.
RNA zinazofanana zaidi za urefu kamili na za jinomu ndogo zinaweza kuungana tena ili kuzalisha COV mpya.
Phylogenetic evidence of natural recombination has been found in both HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43, as well as animal CoVs such as bat SL-CoV and batCoV-HKU9.
Ushahidi wa kifilojenetiki wa uunganishaji tena asilia umepatikana katika HCoV-HKU1 na HCoV-OC43, na vilevile virusi vyaCoV vilivyopatikana ndani ya wanyama kama vile virusi vya SL-CoV ya popo na virusi vya CoV-HKU9 vya popo.
Virus-host interaction in relation to transmission
Mwingiliano wa mbebaji virusi ukihusishwa na usambazaji
Besides three viral factors stated above, viral interaction with host receptor is another key factor influential on interspecies transmission.
Kando na vigezo vitatu vya virusi vilivyotajwa hapa juu, mwingiliano wa virusi vipokezi vya mbebaji ni kigezo kingine muhimu chenye ushawishi kwenye usambazaji baina ya viumbe.
Herein, recombination of SARS-CoV is taken as a typical example, which also showed evidence of positive selection during interspecies transmission events.
Hapa ndani, kuunganishwa tena kwa SARS-CoV kunazingatiwa kuwa mfano wa kawaida, ambao pia ulionyesha ushahidi wa uteuzi chanya wakati wa matukio ya usambazaji baina ya viumbe.
Based on the comparative analysis between isolates of human and civet SARS-CoVs, SARS-CoV is thought to undergo rapid adaptation in different hosts, particularly with mutations at the RBD of the S protein.
Kulingana na uchanganuzi wa kiulinganisho kati ya SARS-CoV ndani ya binadamu na ngawa, SARS-CoV inadhaniwa kuzoeleka haraka ndani ya wabebaji tofauti, hasa kwa mabadiliko katika RBD ya protini ya S.
Generally, the RBD in the S protein of a CoV interacts with the cellular receptor and is intensely selected by the host antibody response.
Kwa jumla, RBD kwenye protini ya S ya CoV huingiliana na kipokezi cha seli na huteuliwa kwa kina na jibu la antibodi ya mbebaji.
In SARS-CoV, the RBD is in the 318th to 510th amino acids on the S1 fragment, which binds to the human ACE2 as well as its coreceptors for viral entry.
Katika SARS-CoV, RBD ndiyo asidi amino ya 318 na ya 510 katika kipande cha S1, ambayo hunata ACE2 ya kibinadamu pamoja na vipokezi vikuu kwa ajili ya kuingia kwa virusi.
The RBD of SARS-CoV is capable of recognizing the ACE2 receptors of various animals, including bat, civet, mouse and raccoon dog, allowing interspecies transmission of the virus.
RBD ya SARS-CoV ina uwezo wa kutambua vipokezi vya ACE2 vya wanyama mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na popo, ngawa, panya na mbwa, na kuruhusu usambazaji wa virusi baina ya viumbe.
In fact, only 6 amino acid residues were observed to be different from human and civet viral isolates in the RBD and 4 of them locate in the receptor-binding motif for interaction with the ACE2 receptor.
Hakika, ni mabaki 6 ya asidi amino pekee ndiyo yalipatikana kuwa tofauti kutoka kwa virusi vilivyotengwa kutoka kwa binadamu na ngawa kwenye RBD na 4 kati yazo ziko katika sehemu ya kuunganisha vipokezi kwa ajili ya miingiliano na kipokezi cha ACE2.
Civet SARS-CoV has K479N and S487T mutations in its RBD, which might increase the affinity of the interaction of spike protein with human ACE2 receptor.
Virusi vya SARS-CoV vilivyo ndani ya Ngawa vina mabadiliko ya K479N na S487T kwenye RBD yavyo, jambo linaloweza kuzidisha uwezekano wa mwingiliano wa protini ya S na vipokezi vya binadamu vya ACE2.
In other words, these two amino acid substitutions might be critical to viral adaption to humans.
Yaani, ubadilishaji wa asidi amino hizi mbili unaweza kuwa muhimu katika virusi kuzoeleka kwa binadamu.
It is noteworthy that SARS-CoV-2 shares the same cellular receptor with SARS-CoV.
Ni muhimu kukumbuka kwamba virusi vya SARS-CoV-2 vina vipokezi sawa vya seli na SARS-CoV.
A 30% difference between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in the S1 unit of the S protein implicates that the binding affinity of its S protein with human ACE2 might have altered.
Tofauti ya 30% kati ya SARS-CoV-2 na SARS-CoV kwenye kitengo cha S1 cha protini ya S huashiria kwamba uwezo wa protini ya S kuunganishwa na ACE2 ya binadamu huenda umebadilisha.
Indeed, a cryo-EM study indicates a 10- to 20-fold higher affinity of this binding than that between human ACE2 and SARS-CoV S protein.
Bila shaka, utafiti wa cryo-EM unaonyesha uwezekano wa mnato wa 10- hadi 20-zaidi wa mnato huu kuliko kati ya protini ya binadamu ya ACE2 na ya SARS-CoV S.
It will also be of interest to determine whether any other coreceptor might be required for SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
Iitakuwa jambo la kuvutia kubaini iwapo vitambuzi vyovyote vyenza vinaweza kuhitajika kwa ajili ya usambazaji wa SARS-CoV-2.
Intriguingly, HCoV-NL63 also binds to ACE2 but with a different part of S.
Inashangaza kwamba, HCoV-NL63 pia hunata kwenye ACE2 lakini kwa sehemu tofauti ya S.
There exist many other HCoV receptors, such as aminopeptidase N for HCoV-229E, and 9-O-acetylated sialic acid for HCoV-OC43.
Kuna vipokezi vingine vingi vya HCoV, kama vile aminopeptidisi N vya HCoV-229E, na asidi ya kupambana na gluteni ya 9-O-acetylated vya HCoV-OC43.
They might also account for successful adaptation of these CoVs in humans after interspecies transmission from their animal hosts.
Vinaweza pia kusababisha ufanisi wa kuzoeleka kwa virusi hivi vya CoV kwa binadamu baada ya kusambazwa baina ya viumbe kutoka kwa wanyama wao wabebaji.
In addition to cellular receptors, the outcome of interspecies transmission of HCoVs is also governed by other host dependency and restriction factors.
Pamoja na vipokezi vya seli, matokeo ya usambazaji wa HCoV baina ya viumbe pia hutawaliwa na utegemezi na wabebaji wengine na vigezo vya uzuiaji.
The divergence of these host proteins between humans and natural reservoir hosts of HCoVs such as bats, dromedary camels and rodents might constitute a barrier to interspecies transmission.
Tofauti ya protini hizi za wanyama wabebaji kati ya binadamu na wabebaji asilia wahifadhi wa virusi vya HCoV kama vile popo, ngamia warefu zaidi na wanyama wagugunaji huenda ukawa kikwazo kwa usambazaji baina ya viumbe.
HCoVs have to usurp host dependency factors and subvert host restriction factors for a successful interspecies transmission.
Ni lazima virusi vya HCoV vivamie vipengee vya utegemezi vya mbebaji virusi na kubadilisha vipengee vya uzuiaji vya mbebaji virusi ili kufanikiwa kusambaza virusi baina ya viumbe.
In this regard, molecular determinants in this important area of virus-host interaction remain to be identified and characterized.
Kwa mintaarafu hii, vibainishi vya kimolekuli katika sehemu hii muhimu ya mwingiliano baina ya virusi na mbebaji wake bado havijatambuliwa na kuainishwa.
An unbiased genome-wide screening of host dependency and restriction factors for SARS-CoV-2 using the state-of-the-art technology of CRISPR might be fruitful.
Ukaguzi yakinifu wa kina wa mbebaji wa jinomu ulio tegemezi na vigezo vya uzuiaji vya SARS-CoV-2 kwa kutumia teknolojia ya aina yake ya CRISPR huenda ukazaa matunda.
Emergence of novel HCoVs: back to ground zero
Kuibuka kwa virusi vipya vya HCoV: kurudi nyuma kabisa
The diversity of bat CoVs provides ample opportunities for the emergence of novel HCoVs.
Aina mbalimbali za bat CoV hutoa fursa tele za kuibuka kwa HCoV vipya.
In this sense, bat CoVs serve as the gene pool of HCoVs.
Kwa mantiki hii, virusi vya CoV vya popo hutumika kama mkusanyiko wa jeni wa HCoV mbalimbali.
In addition, rapid mutation and genetic recombination also drive HCoV evolution and serve as two important steps in this process.
Pamoja na hayo, kubadilika haraka na kuunganishwa kijenetiki pia huwezesha ukuaji wa HCoV na huwa hatua mbili muhimu katika mchakato huu.
For example, the acquisition or loss of novel protein-coding genes has the potential to drastically modify viral phenotypes.
Kwa mfano, kupata au kupoteza jeni mpya inayosimba protini kuna uwezekano wa kubadilisha haraka sampuli ya virusi.
Among SARS-CoV accessory proteins, ORF8 has been thought to be important in adaptation to humans, as SARS-CoV-related bat viruses were isolated but found to encode divergent ORF8 proteins.
Miongoni mwa protini za ufikiaji za SARS-CoV, ORF8 imedhaniwa kuwa muhimu katika kuzoeleka kwa binadamu, kwa kuwa virusi vya SARS-CoV vinavyohusiana na popo vilitolewa lakini vikapatikana kusimba protini tofauti za ORF8.
A 29-nucleotide deletion characteristic of SARS-CoVs has been found in strains isolated at the beginning of the human epidemic.
Sifa ya ufutaji wa nukleotidi 29 ya SARS-CoV imepatikana katika sampuli zilizotengwa mwanzoni mwa janga la binadamu.
This deletion splits ORF8 into ORF8a and ORF8b and is thought to be an adaptive mutation that promotes the switch of hosts.
Ufutaji huu hugawa ORF8 ikawa ORF8a na ORF8b na inadhaniwa kuwa mabadiliko ya kuzoeleka yanayowezesha kubadilishwa kwa wabebaji virusi.
Besides, SARS-CoV has a possible recombination history with lineages of alpha- and gamma-CoVs, where a large number of smaller recombinant regions were identified in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
Vilevile, SARS-CoV ina uwezekano wa kuwa na historia ya kuunganishwa na vizazi vya alpha- na gamma-CoVs, ambapo idadi kubwa ya maeneo madogo madogo ya vipengee vya kuunganishwa ilitambuliwa kwenye polimerisi ya RNA inayotegemea RNA.
Recombination locations were also identified in the nsp9, most of nsp10, and parts of nsp14.
Maeneo ya kuunganishwa pia yalitambuliwa katika nsp9, nsp10 nyingi na sehemu za nsp14.
Likewise, it has been shown that the epidemic MERS-CoV experienced recombination events between different lineages, which occurred in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia.
Vilevile, imeonyeshwa kwamba janga la MERS-CoV lilishuhudia matukio ya uunganishaji kati ya vizazi tofauti, uliotokea katika ngamia warefu zaidi nchini Saudi Arabia.
Besides SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, recombination events have also been observed in other HCoVs, in which the HCoVs recombine with other animal CoVs in their non-structural genes.
Kando na SARS-CoV na MERS-CoV, matukio ya kuunganishwa tena kuwa aina nyingine ya HCoV yameshuhudiwa pia, ambapo HCoV mbalimbali huunganishwa tena na na virusi vingine vya CoV vya wanyama kwenye jeni zao zisizo na umbo.
It should also be cautioned that artificial selection can contribute to unintended changes in viral genomes, most likely resulting from relieving viruses from selection pressures exerted, such as by the host immune system.
Tahadhari pia inapaswa kukumbukwa kwamba uteuzi wa bandia unaweza kuchangia katika mabadiliko yasiyonuiwa katika jinomu za virusi, mara nyingi kutokana na kuondolea virusi mashinikizo ya uteuzi, kama vile mfumo wa kinga ya mwili wa mbebaji virusi.