atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV can survive in vitro for 48 hours in a dry environment and up to 5 days under 20 °C and 40%-50% humidity.
SARS-CoV na MERS-CoV vinaweza kua ndani ya tubu za vipimo kwa saa 48 katika mazingira pakavu na hadi siku 5 chini ya nyuzi 20 °C na 40%-50% za hali ya unyevunyevu.
SARS-CoV-2 may possess similar properties.
SARS-CoV-2 inaweza kuwa na sifa sawa.
It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 is sensitive to ultraviolet rays and heat at 56 °C for 30 minutes; ether, 75% ethanol, chlorine-containing disinfectant, peracetic acid, chloroform, and other fatty solvents, but not chlorhexidine, can effectively inactivate the virus.
Imeripotiwa kwamba SARS-CoV-2 huathirika pakubwa na miale ya utraviolet na nyuzi joto ya 56 °C kwa dakika 30; ether, 75% ya ethanol, kisafishaji kilicho na klorini, asidi ya peracetic, chloroform na vimumunyisho vingine vya mafuta, lakini sio chlorhexidine, vinaweza kulemaza virusi hivi kwa ufanisi.
The entire human population generally lacks immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and hence is susceptible to the novel virus.
Binadamu wote kwa ujumla hawana kinga mwilini dhidi ya SARS-CoV-2 na hivyo wamo hatarini kupata virusi hivi vipya.
Currently, no detailed study has been reported regarding the immunological response to SARS-CoV-2.
Kwa sasa, hakuna utafiti wa kina ambao umeripoti kuhusiana na makabiliano ya kinga ya mwili dhidi ya SARS-CoV-2.
Thus, we can only refer to previous studies on other CoVs, especially SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV (Fig. ​(Fig.4).4).
Kwa hivyo, tunaweza tu kurejelea tafiti za awali kuhusu CoV vingine, haswa SARS-CoV na MERS-CoV (Picha. ​(Picha ya.4).4).
In general, after a virus invades the host, it is first recognized by the host innate immune system through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including C-type lectin-like receptors, Toll-like receptor (TLR), NOD-like receptor (NLR), and RIG-I-like receptor (RLR).
Kwa ujumla, baada ya virusi kumvamia anayevibeba, kwanza vinatambuliwa na mfumo wa kinga ya mwili usiohai wa anayevibeba kupitia vipokezi vya kutambua ruwaza (PRR) ikiwa ni pamoja na vitambuzi vya C-type vya aina ya lectin, vitambuzi vya aina ya Toll (TLR), vitambuzi aina ya NOD (NLR), na vitambuzi vya aina ya RIG-I (RLR).
Through different pathways, the virus induces the expression of inflammatory factors, maturation of dendritic cells, and synthesis of type I interferons (IFNs) which limit the spreading of the virus and accelerate macrophage phagocytosis of viral antigens.
Kupitia njia tofauti, virusi vinasababisha kuwepo kwa elementi zinazosababisha kuchomeka kwa tishu, kukomaa kwa seli za dendraiti na kuzalishwa kwa protini aina ya I interferons (IFNs) ambayo hudhibiti kuenea kwa virusi na kuharakisha kuzalishwa kwa protini zinazopigana na virusi.
However, the N protein of SARS-CoV can help the virus escape from the immune responses.
Hata hivyo, protini ya N ya SARS-CoV inaweza kusaidia virusi kukwepa makali ya kinga ya mwili.
Soon, the adaptive immune response joins the fight against the virus.
Baada ya muda mfupi, kinga ya mwili inajiunga katika kupambana na virusi.
T lymphocytes including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells play an important role in the defense.
Seli nyeupe za damu za aina ya T ikiwa ni pamoja na CD4+ na CD8+ seli aina ya T zinaweza kuwa na jukumu muhimu katika kukinga mwili.
CD4+ T cells stimulate B cells to produce virus-specific antibodies, and CD8+ T cells directly kill virus-infected cells.
Seli za T za aina ya CD4+ huchochea seli za B kuzalisha antibodi zinazokabiliana na virusi mahususi na seli aina ya T za CD8+ huuwa seli zilizoathirika na virusi moja kwa moja.
T helper cells produce proinflammatory cytokines to help the defending cells.
Seli za T helper huzalisha molekuli za saitokini zinazosaidia hali ya kuchomeka ili kusaidia kulinda seli.
However, CoV can inhibit T cell functions by inducing apoptosis of T cells.
Hata hivyo, CoV huweza kuzuia utendakazi wa seli za T kwa kusababisha kuuawa kwa seli za T.
The humoral immunity including complements such as C3a and C5a and antibodies is also essential in combating the viral infection.
Kinga mwilini mwa binadamu ikiwa ni pamoja na viziada kama vile C3a na C5a na antibodi mbalimbali pia ni muhimu katika kukabiliana na maambukizi ya virusi.
For example, antibodies isolated from a recovered patient neutralized MERS-CoV.
Kwa mfano, antibodi zilizotolewa kwa mgonjwa aliyepona ziliangamiza MERS-CoV.
On the other hand, an overreaction of the immune system generates a large number of free radicals locally that can cause severe damages to the lungs and other organs, and, in the worst scenario, multi-organ failure and even death.
Kwa upande mwingine, kinga ya mwili inapozalisha antibodi kupita kiasi inaweza kusababisha madhara mabaya ya mapafu na viungo vingine, na katika hali mbaya zaidi, viungo vingi kukosa kufanya kazi na hata kifo.
The SARS-CoV-2 infection, featured by clustering onset, is more likely to affect elderly people with comorbidities and pregnant women.
Maambukizi ya SARS-CoV-2, yaliyoangaziwa mwanzo yana uwezekano mkubwa wa kuathiri watu wazee walio na magonjwa mengine na wanawake wajawazito.
It is common that for people who are exposed to a large number of viruses or whose immune functions are compromised, they have higher chance to be infected than others.
Ni jambo la kawaida kwamba kwa watu waliomo katika hatari ya kupata idadi kubwa ya virusi au ambao kinga zao za mwili ni dhaifu, wana nafasi kubwa zaidi ya kuambukizwa na wengine.
The estimated mean incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 is 1-14 days, mostly 3-7 days based on a study of the first 425 cases in Wuhan.
Kipindi cha wastani kilichokadiriwa cha kuatamia kwa SARS-CoV-2 ni siku 1-14, mara nyingi siku 3-7 kulingana na utafiti wa visa 425 vya kwanza kule Wuhani.
However, a study on 1,099 cases demonstrates that the incubation period was 3 days on average and ranged from 0 to 24 days.
Hata hivyo, uchunguzi kwenye visa 1,099 unaonyesha kwamba kipindi cha kuatamia kwake kilikuwa siku 3 kwa wastani na kilikuwa kati siku 0 hadi 24.
A more recent study, as described above, demonstrates that the incubation period was 4.8 (3.0-7.2) days based on the demography of 8,866 cases.
Uchunguzi wa hivi punde zaidi kama ilivyofafanuliwa hapa juu unaonyesha kwamba kipindi cha kuatamia kilikuwa siku 4.8 (3.0-7.2) kulingana na demografia ya visa 8,866.
It is very important for health authorities to adjust the effective quarantine time based on the most accurate incubation period, thus preventing infected but symptomless people from transmitting the virus to others.
Ni muhimu kwa mamlaka ya afya kurekebisha muda faafu wa karantini kulingana na kipindi sawa zaidi cha kuatamia, hivyo kuzuia watu walioambukizwa wasioonyesha dalili kusambaza virusi kwa wengine.
As a common practice, individuals exposed to, or infected by, the virus are usually required to be quarantined for 14 days.
Kama kitendo cha kawaida, watu waliomo hatarini au walioambukizwa na virusi kwa kawaida wanahitajika kuwa kwenye karantini kwa siku 14.
Should the quarantine time be extended to 24 days?
Je, muda wa karantini unapaswa kuongezwa hadi siku 24?
Fever is often the major and initial symptom of COVID-19, which can be accompanied by no symptom or other symptoms such as dry cough, shortness of breath, muscle ache, dizziness, headache, sore throat, rhinorrhea, chest pain, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.
Joto jingi mwilini ndiyo dalili kuu na mara nyingi ya awali ya COVID-19, ambayo inaweza kufuatwa na kutokuwepo kwa dalili au dalili nyinginezo kama vile kikohozi kikavu, ugumu wa kupumua, maumivu ya misuli, kisunzi, kuumwa na kichwa, kuwashwa na koo, mafua, maumivu ya kifua, kuendesha, kifechuchefu na kutapika.
Some patients experienced dyspnea and/or hypoxemia one week after the onset of the disease.
Baadhi ya wagonjwa walikuwa na ugumu wa kupumua na/au kiwango cha chini cha hewa safi mwilini mwanzoni mwa ugonjwa.
In severe cases, patients quickly progressed to develop acute respiratory syndrome, septic shock, metabolic acidosis, and coagulopathy.
Katika hali mbaya zaidi, wagonjwa waliendelea kuwa na matatizo mabaya ya kupumua, hali inayosababisha viungo vya mwili kutofanya kazi, asidi nyingi mno mwilini na hali ya damu kushindwa kuganda.
Patients with fever and/or respiratory symptoms and acute fever, even without pulmonary imaging abnormalities, should be screened for the virus for early diagnosis.
Wagonjwa walio na homa na/au dalili za pumu na homa kali, hata bila matatizo ya njia za kupumua wanapaswa kuchunguzwa kwa virusi katika uchunguzi wa mapema.
A demographic study in late December of 2019 showed that the percentages of the symptoms were 98% for fever, 76% for dry cough, 55% for dyspnea, and 3% for diarrhea; 8% of the patients required ventilation support.
Uchunguzi wa kidemografia mwishoni mwa Disemba 2019 ulionyesha asilimia ya dalili zilikuwa 98% kwa homa, 76% kwa kikohozi kikavu, 55% kwa ugumu wa kupumua na 3% kwa kuendesha; 8% ya wagonjwa waliohitaji msaada wa mashine za kupumua.
Similar findings were reported in two recent studies of a family cluster and a cluster caused by transmission from an asymptomatic individual.
Matokeo sawa na hayo yaliripotiwa katika tafiti mbili za hivi majuzi za sampuli ya familia na sampuli iliyosababisha na mtu ambaye hakuonyesha dalili za ugonjwa.
Comparably, a demographic study in 2012 showed that MERS-CoV patients also had fever (98%), dry cough (47%), and dyspnea (55%) as their main symptoms.
Kiulinganifu, utafiti kwa kidemografia mwaka 2012 ulionyesha kwamba wagonjwa wa MERS-CoV pia walikuwa na homa (98%), kikohozi kikavu (47%) na ugumu wa kupumua (55%) kama dalili zao kuu.
However, 80% of them required ventilation support, much more than COVID-19 patients and consistent with the higher lethality of MERS than of COVID-19.
Hata hivyo, 80% yao walihitaji mashine za kusaidia kupumua, kuliko wagonjwa wa COVID-19 na hii inaoana na hali ya ukali wa MERS kuliko COVID-19.
Diarrhea (26%) and sore throat (21%) were also observed with MERS patients.
Kuendesha (26%) na koo kuuma (21%) pia kulionekana miongoni mwa wagonjwa wa MERS.
In SARS patients, it has been demonstrated that fever (99%-100%), dry cough (29%-75%), dyspnea (40%-42%), diarrhea (20-25%), and sore throat (13-25%) were the major symptoms and ventilation support was required for approximately 14%-20% of the patients.
Kwa wagonjwa wa SARS, imebainika kwamba joto jingi mwilini (99%-100%), kikohozi kikavu (29%-75%), ugumu wa kupumua (40%-42%), kuendesha (20-25%) na koo kuuma (13-25%) zilikuwa dalili kuu na mashine za kusaidia kupumua zilihitajika kwa 14%-20% ya wagonjwa.
By February 14, the mortality of COVID-19 was 2% when the confirmed cases reached 66,576 globally.
Kufikia tarehe 14 Februari, kiwango cha vifo kutokana na COVID-19 kilikuwa 2% wakati visa vilivyothibitisha vilifika 66,576 kote ulimwenguni.
Comparably, the mortality of SARS by November 2002 was 10% of 8,096 confirmed cases.
Ikilinganishwa, viwango vya vifo kutokana na SARS kufikia Novemba 2002 kilikuwa 10% ya visa 8,096 vilivyothibitishwa.
For MERS, based on a demographic study in June 2012, the mortality was 37% of 2,494 confirmed cases.
Kwa MERS, kulingana na utafiti wa kidemografia mnamo mwezi Juni 2012, viwango vya vifo vilikuwa 37% kati ya visa 2,494 vilivyothibitishwa.
An earlier study reported that the R0 of SARS-CoV-2 was as high as 6.47 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 5.71-7.23, whereas the R0 of SARS-CoV only ranged from 2 to 4.
Utafiti wa hapo awali uliripoti kuwa R0 ya SARS-CoV-2 ilikuwa juu kwa kiwango cha 6.47 kwa kiwango cha 95% kiwango cha usahihi (CI) cha 5.71-7.23, ambapo R0 ya SARS-CoV ilikuwa kwa masafa ya 2 hadi 4 pekee.
A comparison of SARS-CoV-2 with MERS-CoV and SARA-CoV regarding their symptoms, mortality, and R0 is presented in Table ​Table1.1.
Ulinganisho wa SARS-CoV-2 na MERS-CoV na SARA-CoV kuhusiana na dalili zao, viwango vya kifo na R0 umeonyeshwa kwenye Jedwali ​Jedwali la 1.1.
The above figures suggest that SARS-CoV-2 has a higher ability to spread than MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, but it is less lethal than the latter two.
Takwimu zilizo hapa juu zinaonyesha kwamba SARS-CoV-2 vina uwez wa juu zaidi kuenea kulika MERS-CoV na SARS-CoV lakini makali yake ni ya chini kuliko hivo vingine viwili.
Thus, it is much more challenging to control the epidemic of SARS-CoV-2 than those of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV.
Kwa hivyo kuna changamoto kubwa ya kudhibiti janga kubwa la SARS-CoV-2 kuliko za kudhibiti MERS-CoV na SARS-CoV.
Clustered onset often happens in the same family or from the same gathering or vehicle such as a cruise ship.
Inapozuka mwanzo, mara nyingi hufanyika katika familia sawa au kutoka kwa mkusanyiko au gari sawa kama vile meli.
Patients often have a history of travel or residence in Wuhan or other affected areas or contact with infected individuals or patients in the recent two weeks before the onset.
Wagonjwa mara nyingi wana historia ya kusafiri au kuishi mjini Wuhani au maeneo mengine yaliyoathirika au kugusana na watu au wagonjwa walioathirika katika wiki mbili zilizopita kabla ya kuanza.
However, it has been reported that people can carry the virus without symptoms longer than two weeks and cured patients discharged from hospitals can carry the virus again, which sends out an alarm to increase the time for quarantine.
Hata hivyo, imeripotiwa kwamba watu wanaweza kubeba virusi hivi bila dalili kwa muda zaidi ya wiki mbili na wagonjwa waliopona walioruhusiwa kurudi nyumbani wanaweza kubeba virusi hivi tena, jambo linalotoa tahadhari la kuongezwa kwa muda wa karantini.
Patients have normal or reduced number of peripheral white blood cells (especially lymphocytes) at the early stage.
Wagonjwa wana idadi ya kawaida au iliyopungua ya seli nyeupe za damu za pembeni (hasa lymphocytes) katika awamu ya awali.
For example, lymphopenia with white blood cell count &lt; 4×109/L including lymphocyte count &lt; 1×109/L, and elevated aspartate aminotransferase levels and viremia were found in 1,099 COVID-19 patients.
Kwa mfano, hali ya upungufu wa seli nyeupe za damu < 4×109/L ikiwa ni pamoja na idadi ya lymphocyte < 1×109/L na viwango vilivyoogezwa vya aspartate aminotransferase na viremia vilipatikana kwa wagonjwa 1,099 wa COVID-19.
The levels of liver and muscle enzymes and myoglobin were increased in the blood of some patients, and C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation were increased in the blood of most patients.
Viwango vya enzaimu za ini na misuli na myoglobin viliongezeka kwenye damu ya baadhi ya wagonjwa na protini ya C-reactive na kusafishwa kwa erythrocyte viliongezeka kwenye damu za wengi wa wagonjwa.
In patients with severe cases, the level of D-dimer, a fibrin degradation product present in the blood, was elevated, and lymphocyte count was progressively reduced.
Kwa wagonjwa walio na visa vya hali mbaya, kiwango cha D-dimer, bidhaa ya kushusha hadhi ya fibrini ndani ya damu, iliinuliwa na idadi ya lymphocyte iliendelea kupungua.
Abnormalities in chest radiography are found in most COVID-19 patients and featured by bilateral patchy shadows or ground glass opacity in the lungs.
Hali zisizo za kawaida katika vipimo vya kifua zilipatikana kwa wagonjwa wengi wa COVID-19 na hali hizo zilikuwa pamoja na vivuli vya njia mbili au kufungana kwa mapafu hivi kwamba visiweze kuonekana.
Patients often develop an atypical pneumonia, acute lung injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Wagonjwa mara nyingi hukuwa na nimonia isiyo ya kawaida, majeraha mabaya ya mapafu na matatizo mabaya ya kupumua yaani acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
When ARDS happens, uncontrolled inflammation, fluid accumulation, and progressive fibrosis severely compromise the gas exchange.
Kukitokea ARDS, kuchomeka kusikodhibitiwa, kukusanyika kwa majimaji na kuendelea kufura kwa mishipa kunahitilafiana vibaya na hali ya kupishana kwa gesi.
Dysfunction of type-I and type-II pneumocytes decreases the surfactant level and increases surface tension, thus reducing the ability of the lungs to expand and heightening the risk of lung collapse.
Kutofanya kazi kwa mikamba ya hewa ya type-I na type-II hupunguza viwango vya mshtuko vya bidhaa oevu na kuzidisha viwango vya mshutuko wa eneo, hivyo kupunguza uwezekano wa mapafu kupanuka na kuweka hatari zaidi ya mapafu kukosa kufanya kazi.
Therefore, the worst chest radiographic findings often parallel the most severe extent of the disease.
Kwa hivyo, matokeo ya vipimo vya hali mbaya zaidi ya kifua huwa sambamba na kiwango kibaya zaidi cha ugonjwa.
On February 18, 2020, the first pathological analysis of COVID-19 demonstrated the desquamation of pneumocytes, hyaline membrane formation, and interstitial lymphocyte infiltration, and multinucleated syncytial cells in the lungs of a patient who died of the disease, consistent with the pathology of viral infection and ARDS and similar to that of SARS and MERS patients.
Mnamo tarehe 18, Februari 2020, uchanganuzi wa kwanza wa kipatholojia wa COVID-19 uliashiria kubambuliwa kwa sehemu za ndani za mapafu, muundo wa utandu wa hyaline, kuingia kwa lymphocytes mwilini kupitia vijia na seli za zenye nyulia nyingi kwenye mapafu ya mgnjwa ambaye alikufa kutokana na ugonjwa huu, kwa ulinganifu na patholojia ya maambukizi ya virusi na ARDS na sawa na ule wa wagonjwa wa SARS na MERS.
The detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA via reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used as the major criteria for the diagnosis of COVID-19.
Ugunduzi wa RNA ya SARS-CoV-2 kupitia msururu wa reverse-transcriptase polymerase (RT-PCR) ulitumika kama utaratibu msingi wa upimaji wa COVID-19.
However, due to the high false-negative rate, which may accelerate the epidemic, clinical manifestations started to be used for diagnosis (which no longer solely relied on RT-PCR) in China on February 13, 2020.
Hata hivyo, kutokana na kiwango cha juu cha visa vya ugonjwa uliopo kutopatikana kupitia vipimo, jambo linaloweza kueneza janga hili, ishara za kimatibabu zilianza kutumika kwa ajili ya upimaji (ambayo haitegemei tena RT-PCR pekee) nchini China mnamo tarehe 13 Februari 2020.
A similar situation also occurred with the diagnosis of SARS.
Hali sawa na hiyo pia ilitokea kupitia upimaji wa SARS.
Therefore, a combination of disease history, clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, and radiological findings is essential and imperative for making an effective diagnosis.
Kwa hivyo, jumla ya historia ya ugonjwa, udhihirisho wa kimatibabu, majaribio kwenye mahabara na matokeo ya rediolojia ni muhimu na yanafaa kwa ajili ya kufanya vipimo vya ufanisi.
On February 14, 2020, the Feng Zhang group described a protocol of using the CRISPR-based SHERLOCK technique to detect SARS-CoV-2, which detects synthetic SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragments at 20 × 10-18 mol/L to 200 × 10-18 mol/L (10-100 copies per microliter of input) using a dipstick in less than an hour without requiring elaborate instrumentation.
Mnamo tarehe 14 Februari 2020, kikundi cha Feng Zhang kilifafanua utaratibu wa kutumia mbinu ya SHERLOCK inayotegemea CRISPR kugundua SARS-CoV-2, ambayo inagundua vipande vya RNA vya kisinthetiki vya SARS-CoV-2 katika vipimo vya 20 × 10-18 mol/L hadi 200 × 10-18 mol/L (nakala 10-100 kwa kila lita ndogo ya mweko) kwa kutumia chuma cha kutumbukiza kwa chini ya saa moja bila kuhitaji kifaa cha uwezo changamano.
Hopefully, the new technique can dramatically enhance the sensitivity and convenience if verified in clinical samples.
Tunatumai kwamba mbinu hii mpya inaweza kuboresha kwa njia ya kipekee umuhimu na urahisi ikiwa itathibitishwa katika sampuli za kliniki.
Due to the lack of experience with the novel CoV, physicians can mainly provide supportive care to COVID-19 patients, while attempting a variety of therapies that have been used or proposed before for the treatment of other CoVs such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and other viral diseases (Table ​(Table2).2).
Kutokana na ukosefu wa uzoefu wa CoV mpya, wataalamu wa matibabu wanaweza kutoa tiba ya msaada kwa wagonjwa wa COVID-19, huku wakijaribu aina mbalimbali za tiba ambazo zimetumika au kupendekezwa hapo awali kutibu CoV vingine kama vile SARS-CoV na MERS-CoV na aina nyingine ya magonjwa yanayosababishwa na virusi (Jedwali (Jedwali la2).2).
These therapies include current and potential treatments with antiviral drugs, immunosuppressants, steroids, plasma from recovered patients, Chinese medicine, and psychological support.
Matibabu haya ni pamoja na matibabu ya kisasa na yanayowezekana na dawa zinapambana na virusi, kikandamizi vya kinga, steroids, plasma kutoka kwa wagonjwa waliopona, Msaada wa dawa na wa kisaikolojia kutoka China.
Even plasma from recovered patients was proposed to be used for treatment.
Hata plasma kutoka kwa wagonjwa waliopona ilipendekezwa kutumika kwa matibabu.
Pharmaceutical companies are racing to develop antibodies and vaccines against the virus.
Kampuni za bidhaa za dawa zinang'ang'ana kuunda antibodi na chanjo dhidi ya virusi hivi.
SARS-CoV-2 mainly attacks the lungs in the beginning and probably also attacks, to a lesser degree, other organs that express ACE2, such as the gastrointestinal system and the kidneys.
SARS-CoV-2 hushambulia sana mapafu mwanzoni na pengine pia hushambulia viungo vingine vinavyodhihirisha ACE2 japo kwa kiwango cha chini, kama vile mfumo wa matumbo ya gesi na figo.
Nevertheless, respiratory dysfunction and failure are the major threat to the patients and the major cause of death.
Licha ya hayo, kutofanya kazi kwa njia za pumu na kufeli ndiyo tishio kuu kwa wagonjwa na sababu kuu ya vifo.
Thus, respiratory support is critical to relieve the symptoms and save lives and includes general oxygen therapy, high-flow oxygen, noninvasive ventilation, and invasive mechanical ventilation depending on the severity of the disease.
Hivyo, msaada wa kupumua ni muhimu kuondoa maumivu na huokoa maisha na hujumuisha tiba ya kawaida ya hewa safi, mtiririko wa hewa safi, kusaidiwa kupumua bila kutumia mashine ya pembeni na kusaidiwa kupumua kwa mashine ya pembeni kwa kutegemea hali ya ugonjwa.
Patients with severe respiratory symptoms have to be supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), a modified cardiopulmonary bypass technique used for the treatment of life-threatening cardiac or respiratory failure.
Wagonjwa walio na hali mbaya ya pumu lazima wasaidiwe kwa njia ya extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), na mbinu ya cardiopulmonary bypass inayotumika katika matibabu ya kukosa kufanya kazi kwa moyo au njia ya pumu ambayo ni hatari.
In addition, the maintenance of electrolyte balance, the prevention and treatment of secondary infection and septic shock, and the protection of the functions of the vital organs are also essential for SARS-CoV-2 patients.
Vilevile, kudumisha usawa wa electrolyte, kuzuia na kutibu maambukizi ya pili na kutofanya kazi kwa viungo vya mwili na ulinzi wa utendakazi wa viungo muhimu pia ni muhimu kwa wagonjwa wa SARS-CoV-2.
It has been known that a cytokine storm results from an overreaction of the immune system in SARS and MERS patients.
Pia inafahamika kwamba mlipuko wa saitokini hutokana na mfumo wa kinga ya mwili wa wagonjwa kutoa antibodi kupita kiasi kupigana na SARS na MERS.
Cytokine storm is a form of systemic inflammatory response featured by the release of a series of cytokines including TNFα, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ, and MCP-1.
Mlipuko wa saitokini ni namna ya makabiliano ya kimfumo ya kuchomeka ambao unaohusisha kutolewa kwa misururu ya saitokini ikiwa ni pamoja na TNFα, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ na MCP-1.
These cytokines induce immune cells to release a vast number of free radicals which are the major cause of ARDS and multiple organ failure.
Cytokine hizi huiingiza seli za kinga ili kuachilia idadi kubwa ya fanifu huru ambazo ndizo chanzo kikubwa cha ARDS na viungo kufeli mara nyingi.
Immunosuppression is essential in the treatment of cytokine storms, especially in severe patients.
Kukandamizwa kwa kinga ya mwili ni muhimu katika matibabu ya mlipuko wa saitokini, hasa kwa wagonjwa walio katika hali mbaya.
Corticosteroids and tocilizumab, an anti-IL6 monoclonal antibody, have been used to treat cytokine storm.
Corticosteroids na tocilizumab, antibodi inayopambana na IL6 ya kloni moja, zimetumika kutibu mlipuko wa saitokini.
Other immunosuppression treatments for cytokine storm include the modulation of T cell-directed immune response; the blockade of IFN-γ, IL-1, and TNF; JAK inhibition; blinatumomab; suppressor of cytokine signaling 4; and HDAC inhibitors.
Matibabu mengine ya kukandamiza kinga kwa ajili mlipuko wa saitokini ni pamoja na kudhibitiwa kwa kinga ya mwili inayoelekezwa na seli ya T; mzibo wa IFN-γ, IL-1, na TNF; kuzuiwa kwa JAK; blinatumomab; kikandamizi cha cytokine signaling 4; na vizuizi vya HDAC.
Steroids, as immunosuppressants, were widely used in the treatment of SARS to reduce the severity of inflammatory damage.
Steroids, kana vikandamizi vya kinga, zilitumika pakubwa katika matibabu ya SARS ili kupunguza athari ya uharibifu wa kuchomeka.
However, steroids at high dosages were not beneficial to severe lung injury in SARS and COVID-19 patients.
Hata hivyo, dozi za juu za steroids hazikuwa na manufaa kwa jeraha mbaya la mapafu kwa wagonjwa wa SARS na COVID-19.
Instead, they may cause severe side effects, especially avascular osteonecrosis, dramatically affecting the prognosis.
Badala yake, zinaweza kusababisha athari mbaya, hasa ukosefu wa damu kwenye mifupa uliathiri pakubwa kutambuliwa kwa ugonjwa.
Nevertheless, short courses of corticosteroids at low-to-moderate doses have been recommended to be used prudently for critically ill COVID-19 patients.
Licha ya hayo, viwango vidogo vya corticosteroids vya dozi ya chini hadi ya wastani imependekezwa kutumika ipasavyo kutibu wagonjwa walio katika hali mbaya wa COVID-19.
At the time of writing, no effective antiviral therapy has been confirmed.
Kufikia wakati wa kuandika makala, hakuna tiba faafu dhidi ya virusi ambayo imethibitishwa.
However, intravenous administration with remdesivir, a nucleotide analog, has been found to be efficacious in an American patient with COVID-19.
Hata hivyo, kudungwa kwa dawa remdesivir inayodungwa ndani ya mishipa, ambayo ni nucleotide iliyo na sukari na fosfeti, imepatikana kuwa faafu kwa mgonjwa wa Marekani aliye na COVID-19.
Remdesivir is a novel antiviral drug developed by Gilead initially for the treatment of diseases caused by Ebola and Marlburg viruses.
Remdesivir ni dawa ya mpya ya kupambana na virusi inayoundwa na Gilead hapo awali kwa matibabu ya ugonjwa uliosababishwa na Ebola na virusi vya Marlburg.
Later, remdesivir also demonstrated possible inhibition of other single stranded RNA viruses including MERS and SARS viruses.
Baadaye, remdesivir pia ilionyesha kuzuia uwezekano wa kutokea virusi vingine vya RNA vya namna moja ikiwa ni pamoja na virusi vya MERS na SARS.
Based on these, Gilead has provided the compound to China to conduct a pair of trials on SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, and the results are highly anticipated.
Kwa misingi hii, Gilead imetoa dawa hiyo kwa China ili iendeshe jozi ya majaribio kwa watu walioambukizwa SARS-CoV-2 na matukio yanatarajiwa sana.
In addition, baricitinb, interferon-α, lopinavir/ritonavir, and ribavirin have been suggested as potential therapies for patients with acute respiratory symptoms.
Isitoshe, baricitinb, interferon-α, lopinavir/ritonavir, na ribavirin zimependekezwa kuwa tiba zinazowezekana kwa wagonjwa walio na dalili za matatizo mabaya ya kupumua.
Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, liver damage, and other adverse reactions can occur following combined therapy with lopinavir/ritonavir.
Kuendesha, kichefuchefu, kutapika, kuharibika kwa ini na hali nyingine mbaya zinaweza kutokea kufuatia jumla ya tiba na lopinavir/ritonavir.
The interaction of these treatments with other drugs used in the patients should be monitored carefully.
Mwingiliano wa matibabu haya na dawa nyingine zilizotumika kwa wagonjwa unapaswa kufuatiliwa kwa makini.
Plasma from recovered patients and antibody generation
Plasma kutoka kwa wagonjwa waliopona na uzalishaji wa antibodi
The collection of the blood from patients who recovered from a contagious disease to treat other patients suffering from the same disease or to protect healthy individuals from catching the disease has a long history.
Ukusanyaji wa damu kutoka kwa wagonjwa ambao walipona kutokana na ugonjwa wa kuambukizana ili kutibu wagonjwa wengine wanaougua kutokana na ugonjwa sawa au kulinda wahudumu wa afya kupata ugonjwa una historia ndefu.
Indeed, recovered patients often have a relatively high level of antibodies against the pathogen in their blood.
Hakika, wagonjwa waliopona mara nyingi wana viwango vya juu vya antibodi ikilinganishwa na pathogeni kwenye damu zao.
Antibodies are an immunoglobulin (Ig) produced by B lymphocytes to fight pathogens and other foreign objects and they recognize unique molecules in the pathogens and neutralize them directly.
Antibodi ni immunoglobulin (Ig) zinazozalishwa na B lymphocytes kupambana na viini na vitu vingine vya kigeni na zinatambua molekyuli maalum kwenye viini na kupambana nazo moja kwa moja.
Based on this, plasma was collected from the blood of a group of patients who recovered from COVID-19 and was injected into 10 seriously ill patients.
Kutokana na haya, plasma iliyokusanywa kutoka kwa damu za kikundi cha wagonjwa ambao walipona kutokana na COVID-19 ilitumika kuwadunga wagonjwa 10 waliokuwa katika hali mbaya sana.
Their symptoms improved within 24 hours, accompanied by reduced inflammation and viral loads and improved oxygen saturation in the blood.
Dalili zao ziliboreka ndani ya saa 24, ikiwa ni pamoja na kupungua kwa hali ya kuchomeka na viwango vya virusi na kuboreka kwa kuloweshwa kwa hewa safi ndani ya damu.
However, verification and clarification are necessary to propose the method for large-scale use before specific therapies are not yet developed.
Hata hivyo, uthibitishaji na ufafanuzi ni muhimu ili kupendekeza njia ya matumizi ya viwango vikubwa kabla ya tiba mahususi kuundwa.
In addition, given the therapeutic effects, some disadvantages associated with the plasma should be considered carefully.
Pia, athari za kimatibabu zikiangaziwa, baadhi upungufu unaohusiana na plasma unapaswa kuzingatiwa kwa makini.
For example, antibodies can overstimulate the immune response and cause cytokine release syndrome, which is potentially a life-threatening toxicity.
Kwa mfano, antibodi zinaweza kuchochea kinga ya mwili kupita kisasi na kusababisha saitokini kuzalishwa, ambayo ina uwezekano wa kuwa na uchafu wa kutishia maisha.
The concentration of antibodies in the blood is usually low, and the demand for the plasma is large to treat critically ill patients.
Mrundiko wa antibodi kwenye damu huwa ni wa chini na hitaji la plasma ni la juu ili kutibu wagonjwa.
It is difficult to develop and produce specific antibodies rapidly enough to fight against a global epidemic.
Ni vigumu kuunda na kuzalisha antibodi mahususi kwa haraka zaidi ili kupambana na janga la ulimwengu mzima.
Thus, it is more critical and practical to isolate B cells from recovered patients and identify the genetic codes encoding effective antibodies or screen for effective antibodies against essential proteins of the virus.
Hivyo ni muhimu zaidi kutoa seli za B kutoka kwa wagonjwa waliopona na kutambua misimbo ya kijenetiki inayosimbua antibodi faafu au kuchunguza kutafuta antibodi faafu dhidi ya protini muhimu ya virusi.
This way, we can readily scale up the production of the antibodies.
Kwa njia hii, tunaweza kupandisha uzalishaji wa antibodi.
TCM has been used to treat a variety of diseases in China for thousands of years.
TCM pia imetumika kutibu aina ya magonjwa nchini China kwa miaka mingi.
However, its effects largely rely on a combination of multiple components in a formula that varies depending on the diagnosis of a disease based on the theories of TCM.
Hata hivyo, athari zake zinategemea pakubwa ujumuishaji wa viambajengo vingi kwenye fomula inayotofautiana kwa kutegemea uchunguzi wa ugonjwa kulingana na nadharia za TCM.
Most of the effective components remain unknown or are vague as it is difficult to extract and verify such components or their optimal combinations.
Viambajengo vingi faafu bado havijulikani au si bayana kwa vile ni vigumu kuopoa na kuthibitisha viambajengo kama hivyo au ujumuishaji wao bora.
Currently, due to the lack of effective and specific therapy for COVID-19, TCM has become one of the major alternative treatments for patients with light to moderate symptoms or for those who have recovered from severe stages.
Kwa sasa, kutokana na ukosefu wa tiba faafu na mahususi kwa COVID-19, TCM imekuwa mojawapo ya tiba kuu mbadala kwa wagonjwa walio na dalili hafifu hadi za wastani au kwa wale ambao wamepona kutoka katika hatua mbaya zaidi.
For example, Shu Feng Jie Du capsules and Lian Hua Qing Wen capsules were found to be effective for COVID-19 treatment.
Kwa mfano, tembe za Shu Feng Jie Du na Lian Hua Qing zilipatikana kuwa zinatibu COVID-19 kwa ufanisi.
Top cure rates in the treatment of COVID-19 patients were observed in several provinces in China that used TCM in 87% of their patients, including Gansu (63.7%), Ningxia (50%), and Hunan (50%), whereas Hubei province, which used TCM in only approximately 30% of its COVID-19 patients, had the lowest cure rate (13%).
Viwango vya juu vya tiba katika matibabu ya wagonjwa wa COVID-19 vilionekana katika mikoa nyingi nchini China iliyotumia TCM kutibu 87% ya wagonjwa wao, ikiwa ni pamoja na Gansu (63.7%), Ningxia (50%) na Hunan (50%), Huku mkoa wa Hubei, ambapo TCM ilitumika kwa takriban 30% pekee ya wagonjwa wao wa COVID-19, ulikuwa na kiwango cha chini zaidi cha tiba kwa (13%).
However, this is quite a rough comparison as many other impact factors such as the number and severity of the patients should be included in the evaluation.
Hata hivyo, huu ni ulinganisho wa juujuu kwa sababu vigezo vingine vya athari kama vile idadi na hali ya wagonjwa vinapaswa kujumuishwa kwenye tathmini.
On February 18, 2020, Boli Zhang and coworkers published a study to compare western medicine (WM) treatment alone with combined treatment of WM and TCM.
Mnamo tarehe 18 Februari 2020, Boli Zhang na wafanyakazi wenza walichapisha utafiti wa kulinganisha matibabu ya dawa za magharibi (WM) pekee na jumla ya matibabu ya WM na TCM.
They found that the times needed for body temperature recovery, symptom disappearance, and hospitalization were remarkably shorter in the WM+TCM group than in the WM only group.
Waligundua kwamba muda unaohitajika kwa kurejesha nyuzi joto ya mwili, kupotea kwa dalili na kulazwa hospitalini ulipungua pakubwa katika kikundi cha WM+TCM kuliko kikundi cha WM pekee.
Most impressively, the rate for symptomatic worsening (from light to severe) was remarkably lower for the WM+TCM group than for the WM only group (7.4% versus 46.2%) and the mortality was lower in the WM+TCM group than WM only group (8.8% versus 39%).
Matokeo mema zaidi ni kuwa, viwango vya hali ya wagonjwa wenye dalili kuwa mbaya zaidi (kutoka kwa hali hafifu hadi mbaya zaidi) ilipungua pakubwa kwa kikundi cha WM+TCM kuliko kwa kikundi cha WM pekee (7.4% dhidi ya 46.2%) na viwango vya vifo vilipungua katika kikundi cha WM+TCM kuliko kikundi cha WM pekee (8.8% dhidi ya 39%).
Nevertheless, the efficacy and safety of TCM still await more well-controlled trials at larger scales and in more centers.
Licha ya hayo, ufanisi na usalama wa TCM bado unasubiri majaribio yaliyodhibitiwa vyema zaidi katika viwango vikubwa na katika vituo vingi zaidi.
It would also be intriguing to characterize the mechanism of actions and clarify the effective components of TCM treatments or their combinations if possible.
Itakuwa ni jambo la kuvutia kuzipa sifa taratibu za hatua na kuweka wazi viambajengo faafu vya matibabu ya TCM au ujumuishaji wavyo ikiwezekana.
Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 mostly experience great fear of the highly contagious and even fatal disease, and quarantined people also experience boredom, loneliness, and anger.
Wagonjwa wanaoshukiwa au waliothibitishwa kuwa na COVID-19 mara nyingi hupitia hali ya hofu kubwa ya ugonjwa huu unaoambukiza sana na hata kuwauwa watu, na watu walio kwenye karantini pia wanapitia hali ya uchovu, upweke na hasira.
Furthermore, symptoms of the infection such as fever, hypoxia, and cough as well as adverse effects of the treatments such as insomnia caused by corticosteroids can lead to more anxiety and mental distress.
Pamoja na hayo, dalili za maambukizi kama vile joto jingi mwilini, ukosefu wa hewa safi ya kutosha kwenye viungo vya mwili na kikohozi pamoja na athari mbaya za matibabu kama vile ukosefu wa usingizi unaosababishwa na dawa zinazopunguzwa hali ya kuchomeka kwa mwili yanaweza kusababisha wasiwasi na msongo wa mawazo.
In the early phase of the SARS outbreak, a range of psychiatric morbidities including persistent depression, anxiety, panic attacks, psychomotor excitement, psychotic symptoms, delirium, and even suicidality were reported.
Katika awamu ya awali ya mkurupuko wa SARS, matatizo mbalimbali ya kiakili yanayojumuisha mfadhaiko uliokithiri, wasiwasi, mashambulizi ya hofu, msisimko wa kiakili, dalili za matatizo ya kiakili, hali ya kusumbuliwa kiakili na hata watu kutaka kujitoa uhai ziliripotiwa.
Mandatory contact tracing and quarantine, as a part of the public health responses to the COVID-19 outbreak, can make people more anxious and guilty about the effects of the contagion, quarantine, and stigma on their families and friends.
Kufuatilia watu waliogusana na karantini ya lazima, kama sehemu ya majibu ya afya ya umma kwa mkurupuko wa COVID-19, kunaweza kuwatia watu wasiwasi zaidi na maasumu kuhusu athari za maambukizo, karantini na unyanyapaa kuhusu familia na marafiki.
Thus, mental health care should be provided to COVID-19 patients, suspected individuals, and people in contact with them as well as the general public who are in need.
Hivyo, tiba ya afya ya kiakili inapaswa kutolewa kwa wagonjwa wa COVID-19, watu wanaoshukiwa na watu waliogusana nao pamoja na umma wa jumla ambao wanahitaji.
The psychological support should include the establishment of multidisciplinary mental health teams, clear communications with regular and accurate updates about the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and treatment plans and the use of professional electronic devices and applications to avoid close contact with each other.
Msaada wa kisaikolojia unapaswa kujumuishwa katika kuundwa kwa timu za tasnia mbalimbali za afya ya kiakili, mawasiliano wazi na taarifa za mara kwa mara ambazo ni sahihi kuhusu mkurupuko wa SARS-CoV-2 na mipango ya matibabu na matumizi ya vifaa vya kielektroniki vya kitaaluma na programu za kuepuka kugusana na wengine.
Effective vaccines are essential for interrupting the chain of transmission from animal reservoirs and infected humans to susceptible hosts and are often complementary to antiviral treatment in the control of epidemics caused by emerging viruses.
Chanjo faafu ni muhimu katika kukatiza msururu wa usambazaji kutoka kwa wanyama na binadamu walioambukizwa kwa watu walio hatarini na zinatumika pamoja na matibabu dhidi ya virusi katika kudhibiti majanga makubwa yanayosababishwa na virusi vinavyoibuka.
Efforts have been made to develop S protein-based vaccines to generate long-term and potent neutralizing antibodies and/or protective immunity against SARS-CoV.
Jitihada zimewekwa kuunda chanjo za protini ya S ili kuzalisha antibodi thabiti na ya kutumika muda mrefu na/au kinga ya mwili ya ulinzi dhidi ya SARS-CoV.
Live-attenuated vaccines have been evaluated in animal models for SARS.
Chanjo za kutoka kwa virusi vilivyopunguziwa makali zimetathminiwa katika miundo ya wanyama kwa ajili ya SARS.
However, the in vivo efficacy of these vaccine candidates in elderly individuals and lethal-challenge models and their protection against zoonotic virus infection have yet to be determined before a clinical study is initiated.
Hata hivyo, ufanisi wa chanjo hizi kwa watu wazee na miundo ya viwango vyao kuuwa virusi na ulinzi wa dhidi ya virusi vinavyotokana na wanyama bado haujabainishwa kabla utafiti wa kimatibabu uanzishwe.
This is probably because SARS died down 17 years ago and no new case has been reported since.
Hii pengine ni kwa sababu SARS ilikufa miaka 17 iliyopita na hakuna maambukizi mapya ambayo yameripotiwa tangu wakati huo.
In contrast, sporadic cases and clusters of MERS continue to occur in the Middle East and spread to other regions owing to the persistence of zoonotic sources in endemic areas.
Kwa ulinganisho, visa na mkusanyiko hapa na pale wa MERS unaendelea kufanyika katika Mashariki ya Kati na kuenea katika maeneo mengine kutokana na vyanzo vya wanyama katika maeneo yanayoshuhudia maaenezi ya ugonjwa.
Vaccination strategies have been developed for MERS by using inactivated virus, DNA plasmids, viral vectors, nanoparticles, virus-like particles and recombinant protein subunits and some have been evaluated in animal models.
Mikakati ya chanjo imeundwa kwa ajili ya MERS kwa kutumia virusi vilivyolemazwa, plasmidi za DNA, mikondo ya virusi, chembechembe ndogo, chembechembe zinazofanana na virusi na vitengo vidogo vya protini vilivyounganishwa tena na zingine vimetathminiwa katika miundo ya wanyama.
The development of a safe and effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 for non-immune individuals is an urgent and critical task for controlling the ongoing epidemic.
Uundaji wa chanjo salama na faafu dhidi ya SARS-CoV-2 kwa watu wasiokuwa na kinga ya mwili ni jukumu la dharura na muhimu la kudhibiti janga hili linaloendelea.
However, it is challenging to overcome the difficulty because of the long period of time (averaged 18 months) needed for vaccine development and the dynamic variations of CoVs.
Hata hivyo, kuna changamoto la kuondokana na ugumu huu kwa sababu ya muda mrefu unaohitajika (kwa wastani miezi 18) kuunda chanjo na mambo mbalimbali yanayobadilika ya CoV.
As a novel disease, COVID-19 has just started to manifest its full clinical course throughout thousands of patients.
Kama ugonjwa mpya, COVID-19 imeanza tu kujidhihirisha kikamilifu kimatibabu kwa maelfu ya wagonjwa.
In most cases, patients can recover gradually without sequelae.
Katika hali nyingi, wagonjwa wanaweza kupona polepole bila hali inasababishwa na ugonjwa uliotangulia.
However, similar to SARS and MERS, COVID-19 is also associated with high morbidity and mortality in patients with severe cases.
Hata hivyo, sawa na SARS na MERS, COVID-19 pia inahusishwa na hali ya juu ya kuweza kupata ugonjwa na viwango vya vifo kwa wagonjwa walio na hali mbaya.
Therefore, building a prognosis model for the disease is essential for health-care agencies to prioritize their services, especially in resource-constrained areas.
Kwa hivyo, kukuza muundo unaotegemea uzoefu wa kimatibabu kwa ajili ya ugonjwa ni muhimu kwa mashirika ya tiba ya afya kuzipa kipaumbele huduma zao, hasa katika maeneo yasiyo na rasilimali za kutosha.
Based on clinical studies reported thus far, the following factors may affect or be associated with the prognosis of COVID-19 patients (Table ​(Table33):
Kulingana na utafiti wa kimatibabu ulioripotiwa kufikia sasa, vigezo hivi vinaweza kuathiri au kuhusishwa na hali ya kuwepo kwa COVID-19 kwa wagonjwa (Jedwali (Jedwali la 33):
Age: Age was the most important factor for the prognosis of SARS, which is also true for COVID-19.
Umri: Umri ilikuwa kigezo muhimu katika kuchunguza SARS, ambacho pia ni ukweli katika COVID-19.
COVID-19 mainly happened at the age of 30-65 with 47.7% of those patients being over 50 in a study of 8,866 cases as described above.
COVID-19 kimsingi ilitokea sana kwa watu walio na umri wa 30-65 huku 47.7% ya wagonjwa hao wakiwa na zaidi ya 50 katika uchunguzi wa visa 8,866 kama ilivyofafanuliwa hapa juu.
Patients who required intensive care were more likely to have underlying comorbidities and complications and were significantly older than those who did not (at the median age of 66 versus 51), suggesting age as a prognostic factor for the outcome of COVID-19 patients.
Wagonjwa waliohitaji matibabu ya kina walikuwa na uwezekano mkubwa wa kuwa na hali nyingine ya ugonjwa na matatizo na walikuwa na umri mzee kuliko wale ambao hawakuwa nayo (katika umri wa wastani wa 66 dhidi ya 51) na kuashiria umri kuwa kigezo cha matokeo ya wagonjwa wa COVID-19.
Sex: SARS-CoV-2 has infected more men than women (0.31/100,000 versus 0.27/100,000), as described above.
Ngono: SARS-CoV-2 imeathiri wanaume wengi zaidi ya wanawake (0.31/100,000 dhidi ya 0.27/100,000), kama ilivyofafanuliwa hapa juu.
Comorbidities and complications: Patients with COVID-19 who require intensive care are more likely to suffer from acute cardiac injury and arrhythmia.
Magonjwa na hali za afya za awali: Wagonjwa waliokuwa na COVID-19 waliohitaji matibabu wana uwezekano wa kuambukizwa jehaha mbaya la moyo na moyo kutopiga vyema.
Cardiac events were also the main reason for death in SARS patients.
Matukio ya moyo pia yalikuwa sababu kuu ya vifo kwa wagonjwa wa SARS.
It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 can also bind to ACE2-positive cholangiocytes, which might lead to liver dysfunctions in COVID-19 patients.
Imeripotiwa kwamba SARS-CoV-2 pia inaweza kuunganisha kwenye seli za mfuko wa baili za ACE2-positive, jambo linaloweza kusababisha kutofanya kazi kwa maini ya wagonjwa wa COVID-19.
It is worth noting that age and underlying disease are strongly correlated and might interfere with each other.
Ni muhimu kutaja kwamba umri na magonjwa sugu yana mahusiano makubwa na yanaweza kuingiliana.
Abnormal laboratory findings: The C-reactive protein (CRP) level in blood reflects the severity of inflammation or tissue injury and has been proposed to be a potential prognostic factor for disease, response to therapy, and ultimate recovery.
Matokeo yasiyo ya kawaida ya mahabara. Kiwango cha protini ya C-reactive (CRP) ndani ya damu inaakisi hali ya kuchomeka au majeraha ya tishu na zimependekezwa kuwa kigezo cha uwezo wa kupona, hali ya kupokea tiba na uponyaji hatimaye.
The correlation of CRP level to the severity and prognosis of COVID-19 has also been proposed.
Uhusiano kati ya viwango vya CRP na uzito na uwezo wa kupona kutokana na COVID-19 pia umependekezwa.
In addition, elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and creatine kinase (CK) may also help predict the outcome.
Pia, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), na creatine kinase (CK) pia zinaweza kusaidia kutabiri matokeo.
These enzymes are expressed extensively in multiple organs, especially in the heart and liver, and are released during tissue damage.
Enzaimu hizi zinadhihirika moja kwa wingi ndani ya viungo vingi vya mwili, hasa ndani ya moyo na ini na hutolewa wakati wa kuharibika kwa tishu.
Thus, they are traditional markers for heart or liver dysfunctions.
Hivyo, ndiyo ishara za tangu jadi za kutofanya kazi kwa moyo au ini.
Major clinical symptoms: Chest radiography and temporal progression of clinical symptoms should be considered together with the other issues for the prediction of outcomes and complications of COVID-19.
Dalili kuu za kimatibabu: Upimaji wa kifua na maendeleo ya muda ya dalili za kimatibabu zinapaswa kuzingatiwa pamoja na masuala mengine kwa ajili ya utabiri wa matokeo na matatizo ya COVID-19.
Use of steroids: As described above, steroids are immunosuppressant commonly used as an adjunctive therapy for infectious diseases to reduce the severity of inflammatory damage.
Matumizi ya steroids: Ilivyofafanuliwa hapa juu, steroids ni vikandamizi vya kinga ambavyo hutumika sana kama tiba ya ziada kwa magonjwa ya kuambukizana ili kupunguza kiwango cha uharibifu wa kuchomeka.
Since a high dosage of corticosteroids was widely used in severe SARS patients, many survivors suffered from avascular osteonecrosis with life-long disability and poor life quality.
Kwa vile dozi ya juu ya dawa zinazopunguza kuchomeka kwa viungo zilitumika sana kwa wagonjwa wa hali mbaya ya SARS, wengi wa wahasiriwa waliugua kutokana na ukosefu wa damu kwenye mifupa na ulemavu ya muda mrefu na hali mbaya ya maisha.
Thus, if needed, steroids should be used at low dosage and for a short time in COVID-19 patients.
Hivyo, ikihitajika, steroids zinapaswa kutumika kwa dozi ya chini na kwa muda mfupi kwa wagonjwa wa COVID-19.
Mental stress: As described above, during the COVID-19 outbreak many patients have suffered from extraordinary stress as they often endured long periods of quarantine and extreme uncertainty and witnessed the death of close family members and fellow patients.
Msongo wa akili: Kama ilivofafanuliwa hapa juu, wakati wa mkurupuko wa COVID-19 wagonjwa wengi waliugua kutokana na mfadhaiko usio wa kawaida kwa vile walistahimili vipindi virefu vya karantini na hali ya shauku na wakaona vifo vya wanafamilia wa karibu na wagonjwa wenzao.