atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
Reports from February (when the majority of the cases had still been confined to China) have documented racist sentiments expressed in various groups worldwide of Chinese people deserving the virus or receiving what has been claimed as justified retribution.
Ripoti kutoka Februari (ambapo visa vingi vilikuwa bado Uchina tu) zimeshuhudia hisia za ubaguzi wa rangi zikielekezwa katika vikundi tofauti ulimwenguni ya Wachina kustahili virusi au kupokea kinachodaiwa kuwa adhabu inayofaa.
Some countries in Africa have also seen a rise in anti-Chinese sentiment.
Nchi zingine Afrika zimeona hisia dhidi ya Wachina.
Many residents of Wuhan and Hubei have reported discrimination based on their regional origin.
Wakazi wengi wa Wuhan na Hubei wameripoti ubaguzi kulingana na eneo wanaotoka.
There has been support for the Chinese, both on and offline, and towards those in virus-stricken areas.
Kumekuwa na kuunga mikono Wachina, mtandaoni na nje, na kwa wale walio katika maeneo yaliyoathiriwa na virusi.
Following the progression of the outbreak to new hotspot countries, people from Italy, the first country in Europe to experience a serious outbreak of COVID-19, could also be subjected to suspicion and xenophobia.Citizens in countries including Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, and South Korea initially signed petitions lobbying to ban Chinese people from entering their countries in an effort to stop the disease.
Kufuatia kuendelea kwa mkurupuko huu katika nchi nyingine, watu kutoka Italia, nchi ya kwanza barani Ulaya kupitia mkurupuko mbaya wa COVID-19, pia wangepitia hali ya kushuku na woga dhidi ya wageni.Wananchi katika nchi za Malaysia, Nyuzilandi, Singapore na Korea Kusini awali walitia sahihi hoja ya kutaka kuzuia watu wa China kuingia nchini mwao katika jitihada za kuzuia ugonjwa huu.
In Japan, the hashtag #ChineseDontComeToJapan trended on Twitter.
Nchini Japani, alama ya reli #ChineseDontComeToJapan ilivuma katika mtandao wa Twitter.
Chinese people as well as other Asians in the United Kingdom and the United States have reported increasing levels of racist abuse, as well as assaults.
Watu wa asili ya China pamoja na Waasia wengine walio nchini Uingereza na Marekani wameripoti viwango vya juu vya dhuluma za kirangi, pamoja na mashambulizi.
U.S. president Donald Trump has faced criticism for referring to the coronavirus as the "Chinese Virus", a term considered by critics to be racist and anti-Chinese.
Rais wa Marekani Donald Trump amesutwa kwa kurejelea virusi vya korona kuwa "Virusi vya China", kauli inayozingatiwa na wahakiki kuwa ni la ubaguzi wa rangi na inayobagua Uchina.
Protesters in Ukraine attacked buses carrying Ukrainian and foreign evacuees from Wuhan to Novi Sanzhary.
Waandamanaji nchini Ukraine walishambulia mabasi yaliyobeba wana Ukraine na wageni waliookolewa kutoka Wuhan hadi Novi Sanzhary.
Students who come from Northeast India, which shares a border with China, and study in major Indian cities have reportedly experienced harassment related to the coronavirus outbreak.
Wanafunzi kutoka Kaskazini Mashariki ya India, inayotumia mpaka mmoja na China na kusoma katika miji mikuu ya India waeripotiwa kupitia hali ya unyanyasaji unaohusiana na mkurupuko wa virusi vya korona.
The Bharatiya Janata Party's State unit president in West Bengal Dilip Ghosh stated that the Chinese had destroyed nature and "that's why the God took revenge against them."
Dilip Ghosh, rais wa kitengo cha Chama cha Serikali cha Bharatiya Janata kule Bengal Magharibi alitaja kuwamba Wachina walikuwa wameharibu mali asili na "hiyo ndiyo sababu Mungu aliamua kulipiza kisasi dhidi yao."
The remarks were later condemned by the Chinese consulate in Kolkata, calling it "erroneous".In China, xenophobia and racism agains non-Chinese residents has been inflamed by the pandemic, with foreigners described as "foreign garbage" and targeted for "disposal".
Maoni hayo yalishutumiwa baadaye na ubalozi wa Uchina Kolkata, wakiitaja kuwa "makosa".Huko Uchina, ubaguzi wa watu kutoka nchi zingine na ubaguzi wa rangi dhidi ya wakazi ambao si Wachina imeongezeka kufuatia janga hili, na wageni kuitwa "takataka geni" na kulengwa kwa "kutupwa".
Many newspapers with paywalls have removed them for some or all of their coronavirus coverage.
Magazeti mengi yaliyo na usajili yameyaondoa kwa baadhi ya au kwa taarifa yote kuhusu virusi vya korona.
Many scientific publishers made scientific papers related to the outbreak available with open access.
Wachapishaji wengi wa kisayansi waliandika karatasi za kisayansi zinazohusiana na mkurupuko kupatikana na uwezo huru wa ufikiaji.
Some scientists chose to share their results quickly on preprint servers such as bioRxiv.
Wanasayansi wengine waliamua kusambaza matokeo yao haraka katika seva otomatiki kama vile bioRxiv.
Emerging infectious disease – Infectious disease of emerging pathogen, often novel in its outbreak range or transmission mode
Ugonjwa unaoibuka wa kuambukizana – Ugonjwa wa kuambukizana wa virusi vinayoibuka, mara nyingi nyingi ni mpya katika safu ya mkurupuko wako au njia ya usambazaji wake
Globalization and disease – Overview of globalization and disease transmission
Umataifishaji na ugonjwa – Muhtasari wa umataifishaji na usambazaji wa ugonjwa
List of epidemics and pandemics – A list of death tolls due to infectious disease
Orodha ya majanga na majanga makubwa – Orodha ya watu waliofariki kutokana na ugonjwa wa kuambukizana
Wildlife smuggling and zoonoses – Health risks associated with the trade in exotic wildlife
Mauzo ya wanyama wa pori na magonjwa yanayoweza kuenezwa kutoka kwa wanyama hadi kwa binadamu – Hatari za afya zinazohusishwa na biashara ya wanyama wageni wa porini
Laboratory testing for the respiratory coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the associated SARS-CoV-2 virus includes methods that detect the presence of virus and those that detect antibodies produced in response to infection.
Vipimo vya mahabari vya ugonjwa wa pumu wa virusi vya korona 2019 (COVID-19) na virusi vinavyohusiana na SARS-CoV-2 ikiwa ni pamoja na mbinu zinazogundua kuwepo kwa virusi na vile vinavyogundua antibodi zinazozalishwa kupambana na maambukizi.
The presence of viruses in samples is confirmed by RT-PCR, which detects the coronavirus' RNA.
Kuwepo kwa virusi kwenye sampuli ya virusi kunathibitishwa na RT-PCR, inayogundua protini ya RNA ya virusi vya korona.
This test is specific and is designed to only detect the RNA of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Kipimo hiki ni mahususi na kimeundwa ili kugundua protini ya RNA ya virusi vya SARS-CoV-2 pekee.
It is used to confirm very recent or active infections.
Kinatumika kuthibitisha maambukizi ya hivi majuzi au yanayoendelea.
Detection of antibodies (serology) can be used both for diagnosis and population surveillance.
Ugunduaji wa antibodi (serolojia) unaweza kutumika katika uchunguzi pamoja na ufuatiliaji wa watu.
Antibody tests show how many people have had the disease, including those whose symptoms were too minor to report or who were asymptomatic.
Vipimo vya antibodi vinaonyesha idadi ya watu waliopata ugonjwa ikiwa ni pamoja na wale ambao dalili zao zilikuwa za chini sana kuripotiwa au wale ambao hawakuonyesha dalili zozote.
An accurate mortality rate of the disease and the level of herd immunity in the population can be determined from the results of this test.
Kiwango sahihi cha vifo vinavyosababishwa na ugonjwa huu na kiwango cha kinga kigumu cha mwili miongoni mwa watu kinaweza kubainishwa kutokana na kipimo hiki.
Due to limited testing, as of March 2020 no countries had reliable data on the prevalence of the virus in their population.
Kutokana na viwango vya chini ya upimaji, kufikia Machi 2020 hakuna nchi zilizokuwa na data ya kutegemeka kuhusu kusambaa kwa virusi miongoni mwa watu wake.
By 23 March, no country had tested more than 3% of their population, and there are massive variations in how much testing has been done across countries.
Kufikia tarehe 23 Machi, hakuna nchi iliyokuwa imepima zaidi ya 3% ya watu wake, na kuna tofauti kubwa katika idadi ya vipimo vilivyofanywa katika nchi mbalimbali.
This variability is also likely to be significantly affecting reported case fatality rates, which are likely to be significantly over-estimated in some countries.
Hali hii ya utofauti pia ina uwezekano wa kuathiri pakubwa visa vya kiwango vya vifo, ambavyo kuna uwezekano mkubwa wa kukadiriwa kupita kiasi katika baadhi ya nchi.
Using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) the test can be done on respiratory samples obtained by various methods, including nasopharyngeal swab or sputum sample.
Kwa kutumia kipimo cha muda halisi cha (rRT-PCR) kipimo kinaweza kufanywa kwenye sampuli ya pumu iliyopatikana kwa njia mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na sampuli ya bidhaa za puani au sampuli ya kohozi.
Results are generally available within a few hours to 2 days.
Matokeo kwa ujumla hupatikana ndani ya saa chache hadi siku 2.
The RT-PCR test performed with throat swabs is only reliable in the first week of the disease.
Kipimo cha RT-PCR kinachofanywa kwa kutumia sampuli za kooni kinategemewa tu katika wiki ya kwanza ya ugonjwa.
Later on the virus can disappear in the throat while it continues to multiply in the lungs.
Baadaye, virusi vinaweza kupotea kooni huku vikiendelea kuzaana kwenye mapafu.
For infected people tested in the second week, alternatively sample material can then be taken from the deep airways by suction catheter or coughing up material (sputum) can be used.
Kwa watu walioambukizwa waliopimwa katika wiki ya pili, vifaa mbadala vya sampuli vinaweza kuchukuliwa kutoka kwenye kina cha njia za kupumua kupitia kifaa cha kunyonya majimaji ya mwili au kikohozi (kikohozi) kinaweza kutumika.
One of the early PCR tests was developed at Charité in Berlin in January 2020 using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), and formed the basis of 250,000 kits for distribution by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Mojawapo ya vipimo vya awali vya PCR kiliundwa katika Charité kule Berlin mnamo Januari 2020 kwa kutumia kipimo cha muda halisi cha (rRT-PCR), na kikawa msingi wa vifurushi 250,000 vilivyosambazwa na Shirika la Afya Ulimwenguni (WHO).
The United Kingdom had also developed a test by 23 January 2020.The South Korean company Kogenebiotech developed a clinical grade, PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection kit (PowerChek Coronavirus) on 28 January 2020.
Nchi ya Uingereza pia ilikuwa imeunda kipimo kufikia tarehe 23 Januari 2020.Kampuni ya Korea Kusini ya Kogenebiotech ,iliunda kifurushi cha kugundua SARS-CoV-2 kinachotegemea PCR cha hadhi ya kimatibabu (PowerChek Coronavirus) mnamo tarehe 28 Januari 2020.
It looks for the "E" gene shared by all beta coronaviruses, and the RdRp gene specific to SARS-CoV-2.In China, BGI Group was one of the first companies to receive emergency use approval from China's National Medical Products Administration for a PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection kit.In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is distributing its 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel to public health labs through the International Reagent Resource.
Inatafuta jini aina ya "E" inayofanana katika virusi vyote vya korona vya beta, na jini ya RdRp ambayo hususan hupatikana katika SARS-CoV-2.Nchini China, BGI Group ilikuwa moja wapo ya kampuni za kwanza kupokea idhini ya matumizi ya dharura kutoka kwa Usimamizi wa Kitaifa wa Bidhaa za Kimatibabu nchini China kwa ajili ya kifurushi cha ugunduaji wa SARS-CoV-2 kutegemea PCR.Nchini Marekani, Kituo cha Kudhibiti na kuzuia Ugonjwa (CDC) kinasambaza Paneli yake ya Uchunguzi ya Muda Halisi ya PCR ya Virusi Vipya vya Korona 2019 (2019-nCoV) kwa mahabara ya afya ya umma kupitia kwa Rasilimali ya Kimataifa ya Vyombo vya Kupimia Ugonjwa.
One of three genetic tests in older versions of the test kits caused inconclusive results due to faulty reagents, and a bottleneck of testing at the CDC in Atlanta; this resulted in an average of fewer than 100 samples a day being successfully processed throughout the whole of February 2020.
Mojawapo ya vipimo vitatu vya kijenetiki katika matoleo ya awali ya vifurushi vya upimaji kilisababisha mtokeo yasiyo makilifu kutokana vyombo viovu vya kupimia, na uchangamano wa upimaji katika kituo cha CDC kule Atlanta; hii ilisababisha idadi ya wastani ya chini ya sampuli 100 kupimwa kwa ufanisi katika kipindi kizima cha mwezi Februari 2020.
Tests using two components were not determined to be reliable until 28 February 2020, and it was not until then that state and local laboratories were permitted to begin testing.
Vipimo kwa kutumia viambajengo havikubainishwa kuwa vinategemeka hadi tarehe 28 Februari 2020, ilikuwa hadi wakati huu ndipo mahabara ya kitaifa na ya mtaani yaliruhusiwa kuendesha vipimo.
The test was approved by the Food and Drug Administration under an Emergency Use Authorization.US commercial labs began testing in early March 2020.
Kipimo kiliidhinishwa na Usimamizi wa Chakula na Dawa chini ya Uidhinishaji wa Matumizi katika Dharura.Mahabara ya kibiashara ya Markani yalianza kufanya vipimo mnamo Machi 2020.
As of 5 March 2020 LabCorp announced nationwide availability of COVID-19 testing based on RT-PCR.
Kufikia tarehe 5 Machi 2020 LabCorp ilitangaza kuwepo kwa kipimo cha COVID-19 katika taifa inayotumia RT-PCR.
Quest Diagnostics similarly made nationwide COVID-19 testing available as of 9 March 2020.
Quest Diagnostics vilevile ilifanya vipimo vya COVID-19 kupatikana kufikia tarehe 9 Machi 2020.
No quantity limitations were announced; specimen collection and processing must be performed according to CDC requirements.
Hakuna vikomo vya viwango vilivyotangazwa; ukusanyaji na uchakataji wa sampuli lazima ufanywe kulingana na mahitaji ya CDC.
In Russia, the COVID-19 test was developed and produced by the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR.
Nchini Urusi, kipimo cha COVID-19 kiliundwa na kuzalishwa na Kituo cha Kitaifa cha Utafiti cha Vairolojia na Bayoteknolojia VECTOR.
On 11 February 2020 the test was registered by the Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare.On 12 March 2020, Mayo Clinic was reported to have developed a test to detect COVID-19 infection.On 13 March 2020, Roche Diagnostics received FDA approval for a test which could be performed within 3.5 hours in high volume, thus allowing one machine to do approximately 4,128 tests in a 24-hour period.
Tarehe 11 Februari 2020 kipimo kilisajiliwa na Huduma ya Ufuatilia wa Matibabu ya Shirikisho.Tarehe 12 Machi 2020, Kliniki ya Mayo iliripotiwa kuunda kipimo cha kugundua maambukizi ya COVID-19 .Tarehe 13 Machi 2020, Roche Diagnostics ilipokea idhinisho kutoka FDA kwa kipimo ambacho kingefanywa ndani ya saa 3.5 kwa juzuu ya juu, hivyo kuruhusu mashine moja kufanya takriban vipimo 4,128 kwa muda wa saa 24.
On 19 March 2020, the FDA issued emergency use authorization (EUA) to Abbott Laboratories for a test on Abbott's m2000 system; the FDA had previously issued similar authorization to Hologic, LabCorp, and Thermo Fisher Scientific.
Tarehe 19 Machi 2020, FDA ilitoa uidhinishaji wa matumizi wa dharura (EUA) kwa Abbott Laboratories kwa kipimo cha mfumo wa Abbott wa m2000; the FDA awali ilikuwa imetoa idhini sawa na hiyo kwa Hologic, LabCorp na Thermo Fisher Scientific.
On 21 March 2020, Cepheid similarly received EUA from the FDA for a test that takes about 45 minutes.
Tarehe 21 Machi 2020, Cepheid pia ilipokea idhini sawa ya EUA kutoka kwa FDA kwa kipimo kinachochukua takriban dakika 45.
The FDA has approved a test that uses isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology instead of PCR.
FDA imeidhinisha kipimo kinachotumia teknolojia ya uzalishaji ya asidi ya kinyuklia inayotegemea kipimo thabiti cha nyuzi joto badala ya PCR.
Since this does not require a series of alternating temperature cycles this method can deliver positive results in as little as five minutes and negative results in 13 minutes.
Kwa sababu kipimo hiki hakihitaji misururu ya nyuzi joto inayobadilika, mbinu hii inaweza kutoa matokeo chanya katika dakika muda mfupi wa dakika tano na matoeko hasi katika muda wa dakika 13.
There are currently about 18,000 of these machines in the U.S. and Abbott expects to ramp up manufacturing to deliver 50,000 tests per day.A test which uses a monoclonal antibody which specifically binds to the nucleocapsid protein (N protein) of the novel coronavirus is being developed in Taiwan, with the hope that it can provide results in 15 to 20 minutes just like a rapid influenza test.
Kwa sasa kuna takriban mashine 18,000 nchini Marekani na Abbott inatarajia kuzidisha utengenezaji ili kutoa vipimo 50,000 kwa siku.Kipimo kinachotumia antibodi zinazofanana za protini ya nucleocapsid (protini aina ya N) ya virusi vipya vya korona vinaundwa nchini Taiwan, kukiwa na imani kuwa vitatoa matokeo baada ya dakika kati ya 15 hadi 20 kama tu vipimo vya homa ya mafua.
A March 2020 literature review concluded that "chest radiographs are of little diagnostic value in early stages, whereas CT [computed tomography] findings may be present even before symptom onset."
Ukakiki wa makala wa mwezi Machi 2020 ulihitimisha kwamba "vipimo vya kifua ni vya thamani ya chini ya kiuchunguzi katika awamu ya awali, huku matokeo ya CT [picha ya viungo vya mwili zinazoonyeshwa na kompyuta] yakiweza kuwepo hata kabla ya kuonekana kwa dalili."
Typical features on CT include bilateral multilobar ground-glass opacificities with a peripheral, asymmetric and posterior distribution.
Vipengele vya kawaida kwenye CT ni pamoja na glasi zenye mistari miwili za mwambaa anuai zinazozuia mwangaza zilizo na msambao wa pembeni, zisizo sambamba na za nyuma.
Subpleural dominance, crazy paving and consolidation develop as the disease evolves.
Kuwepo kwa Subpleural kwa wingi, njia mbovu na uimarishaji hukua ugonjwa ukiendelea kua.
A study comparing PCR to CT in Wuhan at the point of origin of the current pandemic has suggested that CT is significantly more sensitive than PCR, though less specific, with many of its imaging features overlapping with other pneumonias and disease processes.
Uchunguzi unaolinganisha PCR na CT kule Wuhan wakati wa kuibuka kwa janga kubwa la sasa umependekeza kuwa CT ni bora kwa kiasi kikubwa kuliko PCR, ingawa si mahususi na vipengele vyake vingi vya picha kuingiliana na mchochota wa pafu mengine na taratibu za ugonjwa.
As of March 2020, the American College of Radiology recommends that "CT should not be used to screen for or as a first-line test to diagnose COVID-19".As of March 2020, the CDC recommends PCR for initial screening.
Kufikia Machi 2020, Chuo cha Rediolojia cha Marekani kinapendekeza kwamba "CT haipaswi kutumika kufanya uchunguzi au awamu ya kwanza ya vipimo vya kuchunguza COVID-19".Kufikia mwezi Machi 2020, kituo cha CDC kinapendekeza PCR itumike katika uchunguzi wa awali.
Part of the immune response to infection is the production of antibodies including IgM and IgG.
Sehemu ya kinga ya mwili kukabiliana na maambukizi ni uzalishaji wa antibodi ikiwa ni pamoja na IgM na IgG.
These can be used to detect infection in individuals starting 7 days or so after the onset of symptoms, to determine immunity, and in population surveillance.Assays can be performed in central laboratories (CLT) or by point-of-care testing (PoCT).
Hizi zinaweza kutumika kugundua maambukizi ndani ya watu kuanzia siku 7 baada ya kuanza kwa dalili, kubaini kinga ya mwili, na ufuatiliaji wa watu.Majaribio yanaweza kufanywa kwenye mahabara ya kati ya (CLT) au kwa upimaji katika maeneo ya utunzaji (PoCT).
The high-throughput automated systems in many clinical laboratories will be able to perform these assays but their availability will depend on the rate of production for each system.
Mifumo ya uchunguzi wa mwili ya kiotomatiki katika mahabari nyingi za kliniki zitaweza kutekeleza majaribio haya lakini upatikanaji wao utategemea kiwango cha uzalishaji cha kila mfumo.
For CLT a single specimen of peripheral blood is commonly used, although serial specimens can be used to follow the immune response.
Kwa CLT sampuli moja ya damu ya pembeni inatumika, ingawa sampuli zsugu zinaweza kutumika fuatilia makabiliano ya kinga ya mwili.
For PoCT a single specimen of blood is usually obtained by skin puncture.
Kwa PoCT, sampuli moja ya damu hupatikana kwa kawaida kutokana na kubonyea kwa ngozi.
Unlike PCR methods an extraction step is not needed before assay.On March 26, 2020, the FDA named 29 entities that provided notification to the agency as required and are now therefore able to distribute their antibody tests.
Tofauti na mbinu za PCR hatua za uchukuaji haihitajiki kabla ya jaribio.Tarehe 26 Machi, 2020, FDA ilitoa majina ya mashirika 29 zilizotoa taarifa kwa shirika hilo inavyohitajika na kwa hivyo kwa sasa yana uwezo wa kusambaza vipimo vyao vya antibodi.
As of April 7, 2020, only a single test has been approved by the FDA under an emergency use authorization.In late March 2020, Euroimmun Medical Laboratory Diagnostics and Epitope Diagnostics received European approvals for their test kits, which can detect IgG and IgA antibodies against the virus in blood samples.
Kufikia tarehe 7 Aprili, 2020, jaribio moja pekee limeidhinishwa na FDA chini ya uidhinishaji wa matumizi ya dharura.Mwishoni mwa Machi 2020, Euroimmun Medical Laboratory Diagnostics na Epitope Diagnostics zilipokea uidhinisho wa Ulaya wa vifurushi vyao vipimo, vinavyoweza kgundua antibodi za IgG na IgA dhidi ya virusi kwenye sampuli ya damu..
The testing capacity is several hundred samples within hours and therefore much faster than the conventional PCR assay of viral RNA.
Uwezo wa upimaji ni mamia ya sampuli ndani ya saa na hivyo ni wa kasi zaidi kuliko jaribio la kawaida la PCR la RNA ya virusi.
The antibodies are usually detectable 14 days after the onset of the infection.In early April, the UK found none of the antibody test kits it purchased were sufficiently good to use.
Antibodi kikawaida zinaweza kugunduliwa siku 14 baada ya kuanza kwa maambukizi.Mapema Aprili, Uingereza ilipata kuwa hakuna kifurushi cha kipimo cha antibodi ilichonunua kuwa bora kutumika.
Hong Kong has set up a scheme where suspected patients can stay home, "emergency department will give a specimen tube to the patient", they spit into it, send it back and get a test result a while after.The British NHS has announced that it is piloting a scheme to test suspected cases at home, which removes the risk of a patient infecting others if they come to a hospital or having to disinfect an ambulance if one is used.In drive-through testing for COVID-19 for suspected cases, a healthcare professional takes sample using appropriate precautions.
Hong Kong imeweka mpango ambapo watu wanaoshukiwa kuwa wagonwa wanaweza kukaa nyumbani, "idara ya dharura itampa mgonjwa chupa cha sampuli", atatema mate ndani yake, kuirejesha na kupata matokeo ya vipimo baada ya muda.NHS ya Uingereza imetangaza kwamba inafanya majaribio ya kupima watu wanaoshukiwa kuwa wagonjwa wakiwa nyumbani, jambo linaloondoa hatari ya mgonjwa kuambukiza wengine wakija hospitalini aukulazimika kuuwa viini kwenye ambulensi ikiwa ilitumika na mgonjwa.Katika vipimo vya COVID-19 kwa visa vinavyoshukiwa, mtaalamu wa afya huchukua sampuli kwa kutumia tahadhari zinazofaa.
Drive-through centers have helped South Korea do some of the fastest, most-extensive testing of any country.In Germany, the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians said on 2 March, that it had a capacity for about 12,000 tests per day in the ambulatory setting and 10.700 had been tested in the prior week.
Vituo vya kupitia kwa gari vimesaidia Korea Kusini kutekeleza baadhi ya vipimo ya haraka na yenye kadiri kubwa kuliko nchi yoyote.Huko Ujerumani, Shirika la Taifa ya Madaktari wa Sheria ya Bima ya Afya walisema tarehe 2 Machi, kuwa ilikuwa na kiwango cha takriban vipimo 12,000 kila siku katika mpangilio wa ambulansi na 10.700 walikuwa wamepimwa wiki iliyopita.
Costs are borne by the health insurance when the test is ordered by a physician.
Gharama inadhaminiwa na bima ya afya wakati kipimo inaagizwa na daktari.
According to the president of the Robert Koch Institute, Germany has an overall capacity for 160,000 tests per week.
Kulingana na rais wa Taasisi ya Robert Koch, Ujerumani ina uwezo wa jumla ya vipimo 160,000 kila wiki.
As of 19 March drive in tests were offered in several large cities.
Kufikia 19 Machi vipimo vya kupitia kwa gari zilifanywa katika miji kadhaa kubwa.
As of 26 March 2020 the total number of tests performed in Germany was unknown, because only positive results are reported.
Kufikia 26 Machi 2020 nambari ya jumla ya vipimo vilivyotekelezwa Ujerumani haikujulikana, kwa sababu matokeo ya walioathiriwa pekee ndiyo iliripotiwa.
A first lab survey revealed that as of calendar week 12/2020 a total of at least 483,295 samples were tested up to and including week 12/2020 and 33,491 samples (6.9%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.In Israel, researchers at Technion and Rambam Hospital developed and tested a method for testing samples from 64 patients simultaneously, by pooling the samples and only testing further if the combined sample is found to be positive.In Wuhan a makeshift 2000-sq-meter emergency detection laboratory named "Huo-Yan" (Chinese: 火眼, or "Fire Eye" in English) was opened on 5 February 2020 by BGI, which can process over 10,000 samples a day.
Utafiti wa maabara ya kwanza ilionyesha kuwa kufikia wiki ya kalenda 12/2020 jumla ya angalau sampuli 483,295 zilipimwa hadi na ikiwemo wiki ya 12/2020 na sampuli 33,491 (6.9%) zilipatikana kuwa na SARS-CoV-2.Huko Israeli, watafiti katika Hospitali ya Technion na Rambam walibuni na kujaribu mbinu ya kupima sampuli kutoka wagonjwa 64 kwa wakati moja, kwa kuweka pamoja sampuli na kupima zaidi ikiwa mchanganyiko wa sampuli inapatikana kuwa imeathirika.Huko Wuhan maabara ya ugunduzi wa dharura ulioundwa wa muda ya mita ya mraba 2000 iitwayo "Huo-Yan" (Kichina: 火眼, au "Fire Eye" katika Kiingereza) ilifunguliwa tarehe 5 Februari 2020 na BGI, na inaweza kuchinguza sampuli 10,000 kwa siku.
With the construction overseen by BGI-founder Wang Jian and taking 5-days, modelling has show cases in Hubei would have been 47% higher and the corresponding cost of the tackling the quarantine would have doubled if this testing capacity hadn't come on line.
Na ujenzi ukisimamiwa na mwanzilishi wa BGI Wang Jian na kukamilika katika siku 5, makadirio yameonyesha visa Hubei zingekuwa 47% zaidi na gharama inayoambatana ya kukabili karantini ingeongezeka maradufu ikiwa kiwango hiki cha kupima haingeanzishwa.
The Wuhan Laboratory has been promptly followed by Huo-Yan labs in Shenzhen, Tianjin, Beijing, and Shanghai, in a total of 12 cities across China.
Maabara ya Wuhan imefuatwa haraka na maabara ya Huo-Yan huko Shenzhen, Tianjin, Beijing, na Shanghai, katika jumla ya miji 12 kote Uchina.
By 4 March 2020 the daily throughput totals were 50,000 tests per day.Open source, multiplexed designs released by Origami Assays have been released that can test as many as 1122 patient samples for COVID19 using only 93 assays . These balanced designs can be run in small laboratories without the need for robotic liquid handlers.
Kufikia 4 Machi 2020 jumla ya uwezekano wa kila siku zilikuwa vipimo 50,000 kila siku.Miundo tofauti yanayopatikana bila malipo yaliyotolewa na Origami Assays zimetolewa na zina uwezo wa kupima kiasi cha sampuli ya wagonjwa 1122 ya COVID19 kwa kutumia vigezo vya vipimo 93 pekee . Miundo hii yaliyosawazishwa huweza kutumiwa katika maabara ndogo bila kuhitaji matumizi ya roboti kushughulikia maji.
By March, shortages and insufficient amounts of reagent has become a bottleneck for mass testing in the EU and UK and the US.
Kufikia Machi, upungufu na viwango duni ya zana za vipimo imekuwa changamoto kwa kupimwa kwa umma EU na Uingereza na Marekani.
This has led some authors to explore sample preparation protocols that involve heating samples at 98 °C (208 °F) for 5 minutes to release RNA genomes for further testing.On 31 March it was announced United Arab Emirates was now testing more of its population for Coronavirus per head than any other country, and was on track to scale up the level of testing to reach the bulk of the population.
Hii imesababisha wachapishaji kuchunguza taratibu za utayarishaji wa sampuli unaohusisha sampuli za joto katika nyuzi joto 98 °C (208 °F) kwa dakika 5 kuachilia jenomu ya RNA kwa ajili ya vipimo zaidi.Tarehe 31 Machi ilitangazwa kwamba Muungano wa Milki za Kiarabu sasa ulikuwa unapima zaidi watu wengi kwa Virusi vya korona kuliko nchi nyingine yoyote, na ilikuwa mbioni kuzidisha viwango vya upimaji kuifikia idadi ya juu ya watu.
This was through a combination of drive-through capability, and purchasing a population-scale mass-throughput laboratory from Group 42 and BGI (based on their "Huo-Yan" emergency detection laboratories in China).
Hii ilikuwa ni kupitia ujumuishaji wa uwezo wa kuhudumia watu walipo na ununuzi wa mahabara ya kupima idadi kubwa ya watu kutoka Group 42 na BGI (kulingana na mahabara yao ya ugunduzi wa dharura ya "Huo-Yan" nchini China).
Constructed in 14 days, the lab is capable of conducting tens of thousands RT-PCR tests per day and is the first in the world of this scale to be operational outside of China.
Yakiwa yamejengwa ndani ya siku 14, mahabara haya yana uwezo wa kufanya maelfu ya vipimo vya RT-PCR kila siku na ndiyo ya kwanza kote ulimwenguni yenye uwezo kama huu kutumika nje ya China.
Different testing recipes targeting different parts of the coronavirus genetic profile were developed in China, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, and the United States.
Vigezo mbalimbali vya kupimia vilivyolenga sehemu mbalimbali za utaratibu wa kijenetiki wa virusi vya korona viliundwa nchini China, Ufaransa, Ujerumani, Hong Kong, Japan na Marekani.
The World Health Organization adopted the German recipe for manufacturing kits sent to low-income countries without the resources to develop their own.
Shirika la Afya Ulimenguni lilianza kutumia resipe ya Ujerumani ya kutengeneza vifurushi vinavyotumwa katika mataifa ya mapato ya chini yasiyo na uwezo wa kuunda vyao yenyewe.
The German recipe was published on 17 January 2020; the protocol developed by the United States Centers for Disease Control was not available until 28 January, delaying available tests in the U.S.China and the United States had problems with the reliability of test kits early in the outbreak, and these countries and Australia were unable to supply enough kits to satisfy demand and recommendations for testing by health experts.
Mwitikio wa Ujerumani ilichapishwa tarehe 17 Januari 2020; itifaki iliyotengenezwa na Kituo cha Udhibiti na Uzuiaji wa Magonjwa ya Marekani haikuwa inapatikana hadi 28 Januari, na kuchelewesha vipimo zilizopo huko Marekani.Uchina na Marekani zilikuwa na matatizo na ufanisi wa vifyaa vya kupima mwanzo wa mkurupuko, na nchi hizi na Australia hazingeweza kutoa vifaa vya kutosha kulingana na mahitaji na mapendekezo ya kupimwa na wataalam wa afya.
In contrast, experts say South Korea's broad availability of testing helped reduce the spread of the novel coronavirus.
Kwa ulinganisho, wataalamu wanasema kwamba upatikanaji wa upimaji katika maeneo mengi ya Korea Kusini kulisaidia kupunguza kuenea kwa virusi vipya vya korona.
Testing capacity, largely in private sector labs, was built up over several years by the South Korean government.
Uwezo wa kupima, pakubwa katika mahabara ya sekta ya kibinafsi, ulijengwa kwa kipindi cha muda wa mrefu na serikali ya Korea ya Kusini.
On 16 March, the World Health Organization called for ramping up the testing programmes as the best way to slow the advance of COVID-19 pandemic.High demand for testing due to wide spread of the virus caused backlogs of hundreds of thousands of tests at private U.S. labs, and supplies of swabs and chemical reagents became strained.
Tarehe 16 Machi, Shirika la Afya Ulimwenguni lilitoa mwito wa kupigwa jeki kwa mipango ya vipimo kama njia ya kupunguza kuendelea kuenea kwa janga kubwa la COVID-19.Hitaji la juu la vifurushi vya kufanyia vipimo kutokana na kuenea kwa virusi kwingi kulisababisha mrundiko wa mamia ya maelfu ya vipimo katika mahabara ya kibinafsi nchini Marekani, na kukawa na upungufu katika usambazaji wa kemikali za kufanyia vipimo.
In March 2020 China reported problems with accuracy in their test kits.
Mwezi Machi 2020 China iliripoti matatizo katika usahihi wa vifurushi vya vya upimaji.
In the United States, the test kits developed by the CDC had "flaws;" the government then removed the bureaucratic barriers that had prevented private testing.Spain purchased test kits from Chinese firm Shenzhen Bioeasy Biotechnology Co Ltd, but found that results were inaccurate.
Nchini Marekani, vifurushi vya upimaji vilivyoundwa na CDC vilikuwa na "upungufu;" serikali kisha ikaondoa vizuizi ambavyo vilivzuia upimaji wa kibinafsi .Nchi ya Uhispania ilinunua vifurushi vya upimaji kutoka katika kampuni ya Uchina ya Shenzhen Bioeasy Biotechnology Co Ltd, lakini waligundua kwamba matokeo ya vipimo hayakuwa sahihi.
The firm explained that the incorrect results may be a result of a failure to collect samples or use the kits correctly.
Shirika hilo lilifafanua kwamba matokeo hayo yasiyo sahihi yanaweza kutokana na kukosa kukusanya sampuli au kutotumia vifurushi ipasavyo.
The Spanish ministry said it will withdraw the kits that returned incorrect results, and would replace them with a different testing kit provided by Shenzhen Bioeasy.80% of test kits the Czech Republic purchased from China gave wrong results.Slovakia purchased 1.2 million test kits from China which were found to be inaccurate.
Wizara ya Uhispania ilisema kwamba itaondoa vifurushi vilivyorejesha matokeo yasiyo sahihi, na ingetumia vifurushi vinavyotolewa na Shenzhen Bioeasy badala yake.80% ya vifurushi vya upimaji ambavyo Jamhuri ya Cheki ilinunua kutoka China vilitoa matokeo yasiyo sahihi.Slovakia ilinunua vifurushi milioni 1.2 kutoka China ambavyo vilivyopatikana kutotoa matokeo sahihi.
Prime Minister Matovič suggested these be dumped into the Danube.Ateş Kara of the Turkish Health Ministry said the test kits Turkey purchased from China had a "high error rate" and did not "put them into use."The UK purchased 3.5 million test kits from China but in early April 2020 announced these were not usable.
Waziri Mkuu Matovič alipendekeza kwamba vitupwe kwenye mto Danube.Ateş Kara kutoka Wizara ya Afya ya Uturuki alisema kuwa vifurushi vya upimajia ambavyo nchi ya Uturuki ilinunua kutoka China vilikuwa na "kiwango cha juu cha kosa" na "haikuvitumia."Nchi ya Uingereza ilinunua vifurushi milioni 3.5 kutoka China lakini mapema Aprili 2020 ikatangaza kuwa hazikuwa zinaweza kutumika.
Testing, followed with quarantine of those who tested positive and tracing of those with whom the SARS-CoV-2 positive people had had contact, resulted in positive outcomes.
Upimaji, ukifatwa na karantini ya wale waliopimwa na kupatikana na ugonjwa na kufuatiliwa kwa wale waliotangamana na walio na SARS-CoV-2, ilitokea katika matokeo ya kuambukizwa.
Researchers working in the Italian town of Vò, the site of the first COVID-19 death in Italy, conducted two rounds of testing on the entire population of about 3,400 people, about ten days apart.
Watafiti wanaofanya kazi katika mji wa Italia wa Vò, eneo la kisa cha kwanza cha kifo kutokana na COVID-19 nchini Italia, waliendesha awamu mbili za vipimo kwa idadi nzima ya watu 3,400, takriban kwa utofauti wa siku kumi.
About half the people testing positive had no symptoms, and all discovered cases were quarantined.
Takriban nusu ya watu waliopatikana na ugonjwa hawakuwa na dalili na visa vyote vilivyogunduliwa viliwekwa kwenye karantini.
With travel to the commune restricted, this eliminated new infections completely.
Huku usafiri ukiwa umedhibitiwa, hii iliondoa kabisa maambukizi mapya.
With aggressive contact tracing, inbound travel restrictions, testing, and quarantining, the 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Singapore has proceeded much more slowly than in other developed countries, but without extreme restrictions like forced closure of restaurants and retail establishments.
Kukiwa na mpango kabambe wa kufuatilia watu waliogusana, vizuizi vya usafiri wa ndani wa ndani ya nchi, upimaji na karantini, janga la virusi vya korona 2020 nchini Singapore vimeenea pole pole kuliko mataifa mengine yaliyoendelea, lakini bila vizuizi vya hali mbaya zaidi kama vile kulazimisha kufunga mikahawa na maduka ya rejareja.
Many events have been cancelled, and Singapore did start advising residents to stay at home on 28 March, but schools reopened on time after holiday break on 23 March.
Matukio mengi yamekatishwa na Singapore ilianza kuwashauri wakaazi kukaa nyumbani tarehe 28 Machi, lakini shule zilifunguliwa tena kwa muda ufaao baada ya muda wa likizo tarehe 23 Machi.
Several other countries have also managed the pandemic with aggressive contact tracing, inbound travel restrictions, testing, and quarantining, but with less aggressive lock-downs, such as Iceland and South Korea.
Nchi nyingine nyingi pia zimedhibiti janga hili kubwa kwa mpango kabambe wa kufuatilia watu waliogusana, vizuizi vya usafiri ndani ya nchi, upimaji na karantini, lakini kwa kiwango cha chini cha kufungia shughuli za kawaida, kama vile Aislandi na Korea Kusini.
A statistical study has found that countries that have tested more, relative to the number of deaths, have much lower case fatality rates, probably because these countries are better able to detect those with only mild or no symptoms.
Utafiti wa kitakwimu umeonyesha kwamba mataifa ambayo yamepima zaidi, ikilinganishwa na idadi ya vifo, yana viwango vya chini vya hali mbaya ya visa, pengine kwa sababu ya mataifa haya kuwa na uwezo mzuri wa kugundua wale walio na dalili za wastani au bila dalili.
WHO recommends that countries that do not have testing capacity and national laboratories with limited experience on COVID-19 send their first five positives and the first ten negative COVID-19 samples to one of the 16 WHO reference laboratories for confirmatory testing.
WHO inapendekeza kwamba mataifa yasiyo na uwezo kupima na mahabara ya kitaifa yenye uzoefu wa chini kuhusu COVID-19 yatume visa vitano vya kwanza vya kupatikana kwa ugonjwa na sampuli kumi za kwanza zisizo na COVID-19 katika mojawapo ya mahabara husika 16 ya WHO kwa ajili ya upimaji wa uthibitisho.
Out of the 16 reference laboratories, 7 are in Asia, 5 in Europe, 2 in Africa, 1 in North America and 1 in Australia.
Kati ya mahabara husika 16, 7 yapo bara Asia, 5 yapo Ulaya, 2 Afrika, 1 Amerika ya Kaskazini na 1 Australia.
In the following chart, the column “Positive as % of tests” is influenced by the country's testing policy.
Kwenye chati ifuatayo, safu wima ya “Kisa cha ugonjwa kama % ya vipimo” inachochewa na sera ya upimaji ya upimaji.
A country that only tests people admitted to hospitals will have a higher positive as % of tests than a country that tests all citizens, whether or not they are showing symptoms, other things being equal.
Nchi inayopima watu waliolazwa hospitalini pekee itakuwa na idadi ya juu ya visa vya ugonjwa kama % ya vipimo kuliko nchi inayopima wananchi wote, iwe wanaonyesha dalili au la, mambo mengine yakiwa sawa.
Hand washing (or handwashing), also known as hand hygiene, is the act of cleaning one's hands for the purpose of removing soil, grease, microorganisms, or other unwanted substances.
Kuosha mikono (au kunawa mikono), ambako pia kunajulikana kama usafi wa mikono, ni kitendo cha kusafisha mikono kwa madhumuni ya kuondoa mchanga, uchafu, viini au vitu vingine visivyotakana.
Hand washing with soap consistently at certain "critical moments" during the day prevents the spread of many diseases, for example diarrhoea and cholera, which are transmitted through fecal–oral route.
Kuosha mikono kwa sabuni kila mara katika "nyakati fulani muhimu" wakati wa mchana huzuia kuenea kwa magonjwa mengi, kwa mfano kuendesha na kipindupindu, ambayo husambazwa kupitia njia ya kinyesi kufika kwa mdomo.
People can also become infected with respiratory diseases such as influenza or the common cold, for example, if they do not wash their hands before touching their eyes, nose, or mouth (i.e., mucous membranes).
Watu pia wanaweza kuambukizwa magonjwa ya kupumua kama vile homa ya mafua au homa ya kawaida, kwa mfano, iwapo hawataosha mikono yao kabla ya kugusa macho yao, pua au mdomo (yaani membreni zilizo na majimaji).
The five critical moments during the day where washing hands with soap is important include: before and after defecation, after cleaning a child's bottom or changing nappies, before feeding a child, before eating and before and after preparing food or handling raw meat, fish, or poultry.
Nyakati tano muhimu wakati wa mchana ambapo kuosha mkono kwa sabuni ni muhimu ni pamoja na: kabla na baada ya kuenda msalani, baada ya kusafisha choo ya mtoto au kumbadilisha nepi, kabla ya kumpa mtoto chakula, kabla ya kula na kabla na baada ya kuandaa chakula au kugusa nyama mbichi, samaki au kuku.
If water and soap are not available, hands can be cleaned with ash.The World Health Organization recommends washing hands:
Ikiwa maji na sabuni hazipatikani, mikono inawezaoshwa kwa jivu.Shirika la Afya Duniani hupendekeza kuosha mikono:
Before, during, and after preparing food.
Kabla ya, wakati wa, na baada ya kutayarisha chakula.
Before and after caring for a sick person.
Kabla ya na baada ya kumhudumia mgonjwa.
After changing the diapers or cleaning up a child who has used the toilet.
Baada ya kubadilisha nepi au kumsafisha mtoto ambaye ameenda chooni.
After blowing your nose, coughing or sneezing.
Baada ya kupenga makamasi, kukohoa au kupiga chafya.
After touching animal, animal feed, or animal waste.
Baada ya kushika mnyama, chakula cha mnyama, au kinyesi cha mnyama.
Medical hand hygiene refers to hygiene practices related to medical procedures.
Usafi wa mikono wa kimatibabu unarejelea shughuli za usafi zinayohusiana na taratibu za kimatibabu.
Hand washing before administering medicine or medical care can prevent or minimize the spread of disease.
Kuosha mikono kabla ya kupeana dawa au matibabu kunaweza kuzuia au kupunguza kuenea kwa ugonjwa.
The main medical purpose of washing hands is to cleanse the hands of pathogens (bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms that can cause disease) and chemicals which can cause harm or diseases.
lengo kuu la kimatibabu la kuosha mikono ni kusafisha mikono kutokana na virusi (bakteria, virusi, au viini vingine vianavyoweza kusababisha magonjwa) na kemikali zinazoweza kusababisha madhara au magonjwa.
This is especially important for people who handle food or work in the medical field, but also an important practice for the general public.
Hii ni muhimu hasa kwa watu wanaoshughulikia vyakula au wanaofanya kazi katika uwanja wa kimatibabu, lakini pia ni kitendo muhimu kwa umma kijumla.
Hand washing has many health benefits, including minimizing the spread of influenza, coronavirus, and other infectious diseases; preventing infectious causes of diarrhea; decreasing respiratory infections;
Kuosha mikono kuna manufaa mengi ya kiafya, ikiwa ni pamoja na kupunguza kuenea kwa homa ya mafua, virusi vya korona na magonjwa mengine ya kuambukiza; kuzuia sababu za kuambukiza kwa kuendesha; kupunguza magonjwa ya kuambukiza;
and reducing infant mortality rate at home birth deliveries.
na kupunguza vifo vya watoto wachanga wakati wa kujifungua nyumbani.
A 2013 study showed that improved hand washing practices may lead to small improvements in the length growth in children under five years of age.
Utafiti uliofanywa 2013 ulionyesha kuwa kuboresha matendo ya kuosha mikono kunaweza kusababisha kuboreka kwa viwango vidogo katika kimo cha watoto chini ya umri wa miaka mitano.
In developing countries, childhood mortality rates related to respiratory and diarrheal diseases can be reduced by introducing simple behavioral changes, such as hand washing with soap.
Katika mataifa yanayoendelea, viwango vya vifo vya watoto vinavyohusiana na magonjwa ya kupumua na kuendesha vinaweza kuzuiwa kwa kuanzisha mabadiliko ya mienendo rahisi, kama vile kuosha mikono kwa sabuni.
This simple action can reduce the rate of mortality from these diseases by almost 50%.
Kitendo hiki rahisi kinaweza kupunguza kiwango cha vifo kutokana na magonjwa haya kwa karibu 50%.
Interventions that promote hand washing can reduce diarrhoea episodes by about a third, and this is comparable to providing clean water in low income areas.
Mikakati inayohimiza watu kuosha mikono inaweza kupunguza vipindi vya kuendesha kwa takribani theluthi moja, na hii inaweza kulinganishwa na kutoa maji safi katika maeneo ya mapato ya chini.
48% of reductions in diarrhoea episodes can be associated with hand washing with soap.Hand washing with soap is the single most effective and inexpensive way to prevent diarrhea and acute respiratory infections (ARI), as automatic behavior performed in homes, schools, and communities worldwide.
48% ya kupungua kwa vipindi vya kuendesha inaweza kuhusishwa na kuosha mikono kwa sabuni.Kuosha mikono kwa sabuni ni njia moja inayofaa zaidi isiyo na gharama ya juu ya kuzuia kuendesha na maambukizi ya ugonjwa wa kupumua (ARI), kama mwenendo wa wa kawaidaunaofuatwa nyumbani, shuleni na katika jamii kote ulimwenguni.
Pneumonia, a major ARI, is the number one cause of mortality among children under five years old, taking the lives of an estimated 1.8 million children per year.
Nimonia, aina ya ARI kuu, ni kisababishi nambari moja cha vifo vya watoto walio chini ya miaka mitano, na kuuwa takriban watoto milioni 1.8 kila mwaka.
Diarrhea and pneumonia together account for almost 3.5 million child deaths annually.
Kuendesha na nimonia kwa pamoja huchangia karibu vifo vya watoto milioni 3.5 kila mwaka.
According to UNICEF, turning hand washing with soap before eating and after using the toilet into an ingrained habit can save more lives than any single vaccine or medical intervention, cutting deaths from diarrhea by almost half and deaths from acute respiratory infections by one-quarter.
Kulingana na UNICEF, kufanya uoshaji mikono kwa sabuni kabla ya kula na baada ya kutumia choo kuwa mazoea kunaweza kuokoa maisha zaidi kuliko chanjo yoyote au mkakati wa kimatibabu, kupunguza vifo kutokana na kuendesha kwa karibu nusu na vifo kutokana na maambukizi ya pumu kwa robo.
Hand washing is usually integrated together with other sanitation interventions as part of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programmes.
Kuosha mikono kwa kawaida hujumuishwa kwa mikakati mingine ya usafishaji kama sehemu ya maji, mipango ya usafi na unadhifu (OSHA).
Hand washing also protects against impetigo which is transmitted through direct physical contact.
Kuosha mikono pia huzuia ugonjwa wa ngozi wa upele ambao husambazwa kupitia mgusano wa moja kwa moja wa mwili.
A small detrimental effect of hand washing is that frequent hand washing can lead to skin damage due to drying of the skin.
Athari kidogo mbaya ya kuosha mikono ni kwamba kuosha mikono kila mara kunaweza kusababisha kuharibika kwa ngozi kutokana na kukauka kwa ugonjwa.
A 2012 Danish study found that excessive hand washing can lead to an itchy, flaky skin condition known as hand eczema or hand dermatitis, which is especially common among health-care workers.
Utafiti wa nchini Denmaki wa 2012 ulionyesha kwamba kuosha mikono kupita kiasi kunaweza kusababisha hali ya mwasho wa ngozi unaofahamika kuwakizema ya mikono au ugonjwa wa ngozi ya mikojno hali zilizo za kawaida hususan miongoni mwa wafanyakazi wa matibabu.
Too frequent hand washing is also seen as one of the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Kuosha mikono kila mara pia kunaonekana kuwa mojawapo ya dalili za ugonjwa wa kuwaza au kurudia jambo kupita kiasi (OCD).
There are five critical times during the day where washing hands with soap is important to reduce fecal-oral transmission of disease: after using the bathroom (urination, defecation), after cleaning a child's bottom (changing nappies), before feeding a child, before eating and before/after preparing food or handling raw meat, fish, or poultry.
Kuna nyakati tano muhimu kwa siku ambapo kuosha mikono kwa sabuni ni muhimu ili kupunguza usambazaji wa magonjwa ya yanatoka kwa kinyesi hadi mdomoni: baada ya kutumia choo (kuenda haja ndogo, kuenda haja kubwa), baada ya kumsafisha moto haja yake (kubadilisha nepi zake), kabla ya kumpa chakula, kabla ya kula na kabla/baada ya kuandaa chakula au kugusa nyama mbichi, samaki au ndege wa kufuga.