atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
It is imperative to provide psychological counseling and long-term support to help these patients recover from the stress and return to normal life.
Ni muhimu kutoa ushauri wa kisaikolojia na msaada wa muda mrefu ili kusaidia wagonjwa kupona kutokana na mfadhaiko na kurejelea hali ya kawaida ya maisha.
According to demographic studies so far, COVID-19 seems to have different epidemiological features from SARS.
Kulingana na utafiti wa kidemografia kufikia sasa, COVID-19 inaonekana kuwa na vipengele vya kiepidemiolojia tofauti na vya SARS.
In addition to replicating in the lower respiratory tract, SARS-CoV-2 can efficiently replicate in the upper respiratory tract and causes mild or no symptoms in the early phase of infection, similar to other CoVs that cause common colds.
Pamoja na kuzalishwa katika njia ya chini ya kupumua, SARS-CoV-2 inaweza kuzalishwa katika sehemu ya juu ya njia ya kupumua kwa ufanisi na kusababisha dalili za wastani au kutoonyesha dalili zozote katika awamu ya awali ya maambukizi, sawa na virusi vingine vya CoV vinavyosababisha homa kali.
Therefore, infected patients at the early phase or incubation period can produce a large amount of virus during daily activities, causing great difficulty for the control of the epidemic.
Kwa hivyo, wagonjwa walioambukizwa katika awamu ya mapema au kipindi cha kuatamia wanaweza kuzalisha kiwango kikubwa cha virusi wakati wa shughuli za kila siku, kusababisha ugumu mkubwa kwa udhibiti wa janga.
However, the transmission of SARS-CoV was considered to occur when the patients are severely ill, while most transmission did not happen at the early phase.
Hata hivyo, usambazaji wa SARS-CoV ulizingatiwa kufanyika wakati wagonjwa ni wagonjwa vibaya sana, ingawa usambazaji mwingi haukufanyika katika awamu ya mapema.
Thus, the current outbreak of COVID-19 is much more severe and difficult to control than the outbreak of SARS.
Hivyo, mkurupuko wa sasa wa COVID-19 ni mbaya zaidi na ni mgumu kudhibiti kuliko mkurupuko wa SARS.
Great efforts are currently underway in China including the lockdown of Wuhan and surrounding cities and continuous quarantine of almost the entire population in hopes of interrupting the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
Juhudi kubwa zinaendelea kwa sasa nchini China ikiwa ni pamoja na kufungwa kwa shughuli za kawaida mjini Wuhan na miji iliyo karibu na kuendeleza karantini kwa karibu watu wote kwa matumaini ya kukatisha usambazaji wa SARS-CoV-2.
Although these actions have been dramatically damaging the economy and other sectors of the country, the number of new patients is declining, indicating the slowdown of the epidemic.
Ingawa hatua hizi zimekuwa zikiharibu uchumi kwa njia mbaya na sekta zingine za nchi, idadi ya wagonjwa wapya inapungua na kuashiria kupungua kwa janga hili.
The most optimistic estimate is that the outbreak will end by March and the downswing phase will last for 3-4 months.
Makadirio ya matumaini zaidi ni kwamba mkurupuko huu utakakwisha kufikia Machi na awamu ya athari zake kwake itadumu kwa miezi 3-4.
However, some other experts are not that optimistic.
Hata hivyo, baadhi ya wataalamu hawana matumaini sana.
Paul Hunter, et al., estimated that COVID-19, which seems substantially more infectious than SARS, will not end in 2020.
Paul Hunter na wenzake, walikadiria kwamba COVID-19, ambao kimsingi unaonekana kuambukiza zaidi ya SARS, hautaisha mwaka wa 2020.
Ira Longini, et al., established a model to predict the outcome of the epidemic and suggested that SARS-CoV-2 could infect two-thirds of the global population.
Ira Longini na wenzake, waliunda utaratibu wa kutabiri matokeo ya janga hili na kupendekeza kwamba virusi vya SARS-CoV-2 huenda vikaambukiza thuluthi mbili ya watu kote ulimwenguni.
A Canadian group reported that SARS-CoV-2 was detected in both mid-turbinate and throat swabs of patients who recovered and left the hospital 2 weeks earlier, which indicates that the newly identified virus could become a cyclical episode similar to influenza.
Kikundi cha wanakanada waliripoti kwamba SARS-CoV-2 iligunduliwa katika vipimo vya mikondo ya hewa na koo vya wagonjwa waliopona na kutoka hospitalini wiki 2 mapema, jambo linaloashiria kwamba virusi vipya vilivyotambuliwa vinaweza kuwa vya vipindi vya kujirudia kama vile homa ya mafua.
However, promising signs have occurred in China based on the declining number of new cases, indicating the current strategies might have been working.
Hata hivyo, ishara za matumaini zimetokea nchini China kwa msingi wa kupungua kwa idadi ya visa vipya, hii ikionyesha kwamba mikakati ya sasa huenda imekuwa ikifanya kazi.
Ebola was originally predicted to cause up to a million cases with half a million deaths.
Ebola ilitabiriwa awali kusababisha hadi visa milioni moja na vifo vya watu nusu milioni.
However, via strict quarantine and isolation, the disease has eventually been put under control.
Hata hivyo, kupitia kanuni madhubuti ya karantini na kutenga watu, ugonjwa huu hatimaye umedhibitiwa.
It is possible, similar to SARS-CoV, that SARS-CoV-2 might become weaker in infectivity and eventually die down or become a less pathogenic virus co-existent with humans.
Inawezekana, sawa na SARS-CoV, kwamba virusi vya SARS-CoV-2 vinaweza kuwa dhaifu katika maambukizi na hatimaye kufa au kuwa na kiwango cha chini cha virusi vinavyoambukiza na iwe inapatikana miongoni mwa wanadamu.
A comparison of the epidemic of COVID-19 with that of SARS and MERS is provided below (Fig. ​(Fig.55).
Ulinganisho wa janga la COVID-19 na lile la SARS na MERS umetolewa hapa chini (Picha. ​(Picha.55).
SARS-CoV-2 is highly transmittable through coughing or sneezing, and possibly also through direct contact with materials contaminated by the virus.
SARS-CoV-2 inasambazwa zaidi kupitia kikohozi au kupiga chafya na pia inaweza kusambazwa kupitia kugusana moja kwa moja na vifaa viliyochafuliwa na virusi.
The virus was also found in feces, which raises a new possibility of feces-to-mouth transmission.
Virusi hivi pia vilipatikana kwenye kinyesi jambo linaloibua uwezekano mpya wa usambazaji kutoka kwa kinyesi hadi mdomoni.
A recent study on 138 cases reported that 41% of the cases were possibly caused by nosocomial infections, including 17 patients with other prior diseases and 40 health-care providers.
Utafiti wa hivi majuzi kwa visa 138 uliripoti kwamba 41% ya visa vilisababishwa na maambukizi ndani ya hospitalini, ikiwa ni pamoja na wagonjwa 17 walio na magonjwa mengine ya awali na watoa huduma 40 wa matibabu.
Thus, great precaution should be used to protect humans, especially health-care providers, social workers, family members, colleagues, and even bystanders in contact with patients or infected people.
Kwa hivyo, tahadhari kubwa inapaswa kuchukuliwa ili kuwalinda binadamu, hasa watoa huduma ya afya, wafanyakazi wa jamii, wanafamilia, wafanyakazi wenza na hata watu wengine wanaowagusa wagonjwa au watu walioambukizwa.
The first line of defense that could be used to lower the risk of infection is through wearing face masks; both the use of surgical masks and N95 respirator masks (series # 1860s) helps control the spread of viruses.
Hatua ya kwanza ya kujikinga inayoweza kutumika kupunguza hatari ya maambukizi ni kupitia kuvaa barakao za uso; kutumia barakoa za matibabu na barakoa za N95 za kusaidia pumu (matoleo ya # 1860) husaidia kudhibiti kuenea kwa virusi.
Surgical face masks prevent liquid droplets from a potentially infected individual from traveling through the air or sticking onto surfaces of materials, where they could be passed on to others.
Barakoa za uso za kimatibabu zinazuia matone ya majimaji kutoka wa mtu anayeweza kuwa ameambukizwa dhidi ya kusafirishwa hewani au kukwama kwenye sehemu za bidhaa, ambapo yanaweza kupitisha kwa watu wengine.
However, only N95 (series # 1860s) masks can protect against the inhalation of virions as small as 10 to 80 nm, with only 5% of the virions being able to penetrate completely; SARS-CoV-2 is similar to SARS-CoV in size and both are approximately 85 nm.
Hata hivyo, barakoa za N95 pekee (matoleo ya # 1860) zinaweza kulinda dhidi ya kupumua ndani viini vidogo hata kwa vipimo vya 10 hadi 80 nm, huku 5% ya viini hivyo vikiweza kupenyeza kikamilifu; SARS-CoV-2 ni sawa na SARS-CoV kwa ukubwa na ni takriban 85 nm.
Since particles can penetrate even five surgical masks stacked together, health-care providers in direct contact with patients must wear N95 (series # 1860s) masks but not surgical masks.
Kwa vile vipande vidogo vinaweza kupenyeza hata barakoa tano zilizowekwa pamoja, watoa huduma ya afya wanaogusana na wagonjwa lazima wavae barakoa za N95 (matoleo ya # 1860) lakini sio barakoa za kimatibabu.
In addition to masks, health-care providers should wear fitted isolation gowns in order to further reduce contact with viruses.
Pamoja na barakoa, watoa huduma ya afya wanapaswa kuvaa magwanda yenye vipengele hitajika ili kupuguza zaidi mgusano na virusi.
Viruses can also infect an individual through the eyes.
Virusi pia vinaweza kuathiri watu kupitia macho.
On January 22, 2020, a doctor was infected with SARS-CoV-2 although he wore an N95 mask; the virus might have entered his body through his inflammatory eyes.
Mnamo tarehe 22 Januari 2020, daktari fulani aliambukizwa SARS-CoV-2 ingawa alivaa barakoa ya N95; huenda virusi viliingia mwilini mwake kupitia macho yake yaliyokuwa yakimwasha.
Thus, health-care providers should also wear transparent face shields or goggles while working with patients.
Hivyo, watoa huduma ya afya wanapaswa pia kuvaa vikinga uso vinavyoona au miwani wakiwa wanashughulikia wagonjwa.
For the general public in affected or potentially affected areas, it is highly suggested that everybody wash their hands with disinfectant soaps more often than usual, try to stay indoors for self-quarantine and limit contact with potentially infected individuals.
Kwa jumla ya umma katika maeneo yaliyoathirika au yaliyo na uwezekano wa kuathirika, inapendekezwa sana kwamba kila mtu aoshe mikono yake kwa kutumia sabuni ya kusafisha nyingi kuliko kawaida, jaribu kukaa nyumbani kwa karantini ya kibinafsi na kupunguza kugusana na watu ambao huenda wameambukizwa.
Three feet is considered an appropriate distance for people to stay away from a patient.
Mita tatu inazingatiwa kuwa ni umbali unaofaa kwa watu kukaa mbali ya mgonjwa.
These actions are effective methods to lower the risk of infection as well as prevent the spread of the virus.
Hatua hizi ni njia zinazofaa za kupunguza hatari ya maambukizi pamoja na kuzuia kuenea kwa virusi.
Although SARS-CoV-2 came as a new virus to the human world, its high homology to SARS-CoV as reported on 7 January 2020 should have caused high alert to China based on her deep memory of the SARS outbreak in 2003.
Ingawa virusi vya SARS-CoV-2 vilikuja kama virusi vipya kwa ulimwengu wa binadamu, kufanana sana kwake na SARS-CoV kama ilivyoripitwa tarehe 7 Januari 2020 kungepaswa kutoa tahadhari kubwa kwa China kutokana na kumbukumbu lao la mkurupuko wa SARS wa 2003.
However, not until 19 January 2020 did the director of the Center of Disease Control of Wuhan comfort the citizens by saying that the novel virus has low contagiousness and limited reproductivity from human to human and that it is not a problem to prevent and contain the disease.
Hata hivyo, ilikuwa hadi tarehe 19 Januari 2020 ambapo mkurugenzi wa Kituo cha Kudhibiti Magonjwa cha Wuhan aliwafariji wananchi kwa kusema kwamba virusi hivi vipya vina viwango vya chini vya maambukizi na uwezo wa chini wa kuzalishana kutoka kwa mtu hadi mwingine na kwamba si tatizo kuzuia na kudhibiti ugonjwa huu.
This message remarkably relaxed the alarm of the public, especially when the entire country was preparing for the Spring Festival, and the critical time was missed to contain the disease at its minimal scale in Wuhan.
Ujumbe huu ulipunguza pakubwa wasiwasi wa umma, haswa wakati nchi nzima ilikuwa ikijiandaa kwa Tamasha la Spring, na walikosa kukabiliana na ugonjwa huo wakati haukuwa umeenea zaidi Wuhan.
The disease control agencies in China may take this hard lesson and make critical improvements in the future.
Mashirika ya kudhibiti ugonjwa nchini China yanaweza kujutia hili na kufanya uboreshaji muhimu siku za usoni.
For example, these agencies should be (1) more careful when making public announcements as every word counts to citizens and can change their attitude and decisions; (2) more sensitive and reactive to unusual information from clinics rather than waiting for formal reports from doctors or officials; (3) more restrictive to contain a potential epidemic at its early stage rather than attempting to comfort the public; and (4) more often to issue targeted and effective drills to increase the public's awareness about epidemic diseases and to test and improve the response system of the society periodically.
Kwa mfano, mashirika haya yanapaswa kuwa (1) makini zaidi yanapofanya matangazo ya umma kwa sababu kila neno lina maana kwa wananchi na linaweza kubadilisha mitazamo na maamuzi yao; (2) kuwa makini zaidi na kuchukulia hatua taarifa zisizo za kawaida kutoka katika kliniki kuliko kusubiri kupokea ripoti rasmi kutoka kwa madaktari au maafisa; (3) kuweka vikwazo zaidi ili kudhibiti uwezekano wa kutokea janga katika awamu yake ya awali kuliko kujaribu kuifariji umma na (4) mra kwa mara kutoa majaribio faafu zaidi ili kuongeza ufahamu wa umma kuhusu magonjwa ya janga na kujaribu kuboresha mfumo wa majibu ya jamii muda baada ya muda.
The outbreak of COVID-19 caused by the novel virus SARS-CoV-2 started in the end of December 2019.
Mkurupuko wa COVID-19 uliosababishwa na virusi vipya vya SARS-CoV-2 ulianza mwishoni mwa Disemba 2019.
In less than two months, it has spread all over China and near 50 other countries globally at the time of this writing.
Katika muda wa chini ya miezi miwili, ugonjwa umeenea kote nchini China na karibu nchi nyingine 50 kote ulimwenguni kufikia wakati huu tunapoandika.
Since the virus is very similar to SARS-CoV and the symptoms are also similar between COVID-19 and SARS, the outbreak of COVID-19 has created a sense of SARS recurring.
Kwa vile virusi hivi vinafanana sana na SARS-CoV na dalili pia ni sawa kati ya COVID-19 na SARS, mkurupuko wa COVID-19 umesababisha dhana ya kutokea tena kwa SARS.
However, there are some remarkable differences between COVID-19 and SARS, which are essential for containing the epidemic and treating the patients.
Hata hivyo, kuna baadhi ya tofauti za kimsingi kati ya COVID-19 na SARS, ambazo ni muhimu katika kudhibiti janga hili na kutibu wagonjwa.
COVID-19 affects more elderly individuals than youth and more men than women, and the severity and death rate are also higher in elderly individual than in youth.
COVID-19 inaathiri zaidi watu wazee kuliko vijana na wanaume zaidi kuliko wanawake na uzito wake na viwango vya vifo viko juu miongoni mwa watu wazee kuliko vijana.
SARS has higher mortality than COVID-19 (10.91% versus 1.44%).
SARS inasababisha vifo kwa asilimia ya juu kuliko COVID-19 (10.91% dhidi ya 1.44%).
COVID-19 patients transmit the virus even when they are symptomless whereas SARS patients do so usually when they are severely ill, which causes much greater difficulty to contain the spread of COVID-19 than SARS.
Wagonjwa wa COVID-19 wanasambaza virusi hata wakati hawaonyeshi dalili zozote huku wagonjwa wa SARS wakiwa wanafanya hivyo wakiwa katika hali mbaya sana, jambo linalosababisha ugumu zaidi wa kudhibiti kuenea kwa COVID-19 kuliko SARS.
This partially explains why SARS-CoV-2 spread much faster and broader than SARS-CoV.
Hii inaeleza kwa upande ni kwa nini SARS-CoV-2 huenea kwa haraka na katika eneo pana zaidi kuliko SARS-CoV.
The regular RNA assay for SARS-CoV-2 can be negative in some COVID-19 patients.
Jaribio la kawaida la RNA ya SARS-CoV-2 linaweza kutokea hasi kwa baadhi ya wagonjwa wa COVID-19.
On the other hand, cured patients can be positive for the virus again.
Kwa upande mwingine, wagonjwa waliotibiwa wanaweza kupatikana na virusi hivi tena.
These findings dramatically increase the risk of virus spreading.
Matokeo haya yanaongeza pakubwa hatari ya kuenea kwa virusi.
Given such rapid progress in research on COVID-19, several critical issues remain to be solved, as follows:
Kutokana na kuendelea kwa kasi kwa utafiti kuhusu COVID-19, masuala mengi muhimu bado hayajatatuliwa, kama ifuatavyo:
Where did SARS-CoV-2 come from?
Virusi vya SARS-CoV-2 vilitoka wapi?
Although 96% genetic homolog was found between SARS-CoV-2 and two bat SARS-like CoVs, we still cannot conclude that SARS-CoV-2 is from bats.
Ingawa mfanano wa kijenetiki wa 96% ulipatikana kati ya SARS-CoV-2 na CoV mbili vya SARS vinavyotokana na popo, bado hatuwezi kuhitimisha kwamba SARS-CoV-2 vinatokana na popo.
What animal was the intermediate species to transmit the virus from the original host, say bats, to humans?
Ni mnyama yupi alikuwa wa kati kuvibeba na kusambaza virusi kutoka kwa mbebaji virusi asilia, kwa mfano kutoka kwa popo hadi kwa binadamu?
Without knowing answers to #1 and 2, we cannot efficiently cut the transmission, and the outbreak can relapse at any time.
Bila kufahamu majibu ya maswali ya #1 na 2, hatuwezi kukatisha usambazaji kwa ufanisi na mkurupuko huu unaweza kutokea tena wakati wowote.
Although molecular modeling and biochemical assays have demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2, how exactly does the virus enter the airway cells and cause subsequent pathological changes?
Ingawa miundo ya kimolekuli na majaribio ya kibayokemia yameonyesha kwamba SARS-CoV-2 hunata na kuwa ACE2, ni vipoi haswa virusi hivi huingia kwenye seli za njia ya kupumua na kusababisha mabadiliko yanayofuata ya kipatholojia?
Does the virus also bind ACE2-expressing cells in other organs?
Je, virusi hivi pia vinaunganisha seli zinazoonyesha ACE2- katika viungo vingine?
Without clear answers to these questions, we cannot achieve fast and accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.
Bila majibu bayana kwa maswali haya, hatuwezi kuafikia upimaji haraka na sahihi na matibabu faafu.
How long will the epidemic last?
Je, janga hili litadumu kwa muda gani?
How is the virus genetically evolving during transmission among humans?
Je, virusi hivi vinakua vipi kijenetiki kwa wakati wa kusambazwa kutoka kwa binadamu?
Will it become a pandemic worldwide, die down like SARS or relapse periodically like the flu?
Je, utakuwa janga la ulimwenguni kote, utakufa kama SARS au kutokea tena muda baada ya muda kama vile mafua?
It is essential but may take some time to search for answers to the above and many other questions.
Ni muhimu lakini unaweza kuchukua muda kutafuta majibu ya maswali yaliyo hapa juu na maswali mengine mengi.
However, with whatever expense it may demand, we have no other choice but to stop the epidemic as soon as possible and bring our life back to normal.
Hata hivyo, licha ya gharama yake, hatuna budi ila kukomesha janga hili haraka iwezekanavyo na kurejesha maisha katika hali ya kawaida.
Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses
Asili ya magonjwa ya wanyama ya virusi vya korona vya binadamu
Mutation and adaptation have driven the co-evolution of coronaviruses (CoVs) and their hosts, including human beings, for thousands of years.
Mabadiliko ya mwili na hali za kukabiliana na mazingira zimechangia kukua kwa virusi vya korona (CoVs) na wabebaji wake, ikiwa ni pamoja na binadamu kwa maelfu ya miaka.
Before 2003, two human CoVs (HCoVs) were known to cause mild illness, such as common cold.
Kabla ya 2003, virusi viwili vya CoVs (HCoVs) vya binadamu vilijulikana kusababisha ugonjwa usio kali, kama vile homa ya kawaida.
The outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) have flipped the coin to reveal how devastating and life-threatening an HCoV infection could be.
Mikurupuko ya ugojwa wa sindromu mbaya kali ya kupumua (SARS) na sindromu ya kupumua ya Mashariki ya Kati (MERS) imebadilisha mambo na kudhihirisha jinsi maambukizi ya HCoV yanaweza kuwa hatari na kutishia maisha.
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in central China at the end of 2019 has thrusted CoVs into the spotlight again and surprised us with its high transmissibility but reduced pathogenicity compared to its sister SARS-CoV.
Kuibuka kwa SARS-CoV-2 katika China ya kati mwishoni mwa 2019 kumevifanya virusi vya CoVs kuangaziwa kwa mara nyingine na kutushangaza kwa uwezekano wake wa juu wa kuenezwa lakini vikapunguza hali ya kusababisha ugonjwa ikilinganishwa na virusi vinavyofanana nayo vya SARS-CoV.
HCoV infection is a zoonosis and understanding the zoonotic origins of HCoVs would serve us well.
Maambukizi ya HCoV yanatokana na wanyama na kuelewa asili ya maambukizi ya HCoV kutoka kwa wanyama kunaweza kutusaidia.
Most HCoVs originated from bats where they are non-pathogenic.
Virusi vingi vya HCoV vilitoka kwa popo ambapo havikuwa na uwezo wa kusababisha ugonjwa.
The intermediate reservoir hosts of some HCoVs are also known.
Wabebaji wa kati wa baadhi ya HCoV pia wanajulikana.
Identifying the animal hosts has direct implications in the prevention of human diseases.
Kutambua mnyama mbebaji kunahusishwa moja kwa moja katika kuzuia magonjwa ya binadamu.
Investigating CoV-host interactions in animals might also derive important insight on CoV pathogenesis in humans.
Kuchunguza miingiliano ya mbebaji wa CoV kwa wanyama pia kunaweza kusaidia sana kupata utambuzi muhimu kuhusu uwezo wa CoV kusababisha ugonjwa miongoni mwa binadamu.
In this review, we present an overview of the existing knowledge about the seven HCoVs, with a focus on the history of their discovery as well as their zoonotic origins and interspecies transmission.
Katika ukaguzi huu, tunawasilisha muhtasari wa ujuzi uliopo kuhusu aina saba za HCoV, kwa kuangazia historia ya kugunduliwa kwake pamoja na chanzo chake kwenye wanyama na kuenezwa kwake kutoka kwa aina moja ya mnyama hadi nyingine.
Importantly, we compare and contrast the different HCoVs from a perspective of virus evolution and genome recombination.
Muhimu sana, tunalinganisha na kutofautisha aina tofauti za HCoV kwa mtazamo wa ugeukaji wa virusi na kujumuishwa tena kwa jinomu.
The current CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic is discussed in this context.
Ugonjwa wa sasa wa janga la CoV 2019 (COVID-19) umejadiliwa katika muktadha huu.
In addition, the requirements for successful host switches and the implications of virus evolution on disease severity are also highlighted.
Pia, mahitaji ya kufanikiwa kwa kubadilika kwa mbebaji na athari ya ukuaji wa virusi kwa uzito wa ugonjwa pia yameangaziwa.
Coronaviruses (CoVs) belong to the family Coronaviridae, which comprises a group of enveloped, positive-sensed, single-stranded RNA viruses.
Virusi vya korona (CoV) vinatokana na familia ya Coronaviridae, inayojumuisha kikundi cha virusi vilivyofungamanishwa, vilivyo na hisi chanya na RNA ya namna moja.
These viruses harbouring the largest genome of 26 to 32 kilobases amongst RNA viruses were termed “CoVs” because of their crown-like morphology under electron microscope.
Virusi hivi vilivyo na jinomu kubwa zaidi ya kilobesi 26 hadi 32 miongoni mwa virusi vya RNA viliitwa “CoVs” kutokana na umbo lao kama la taji chini ya uchunguzi wa kielektroniki.
Structurally, CoVs have non-segmented genomes that share a similar organization.
Kimuundo, virusi vya CoV vina jenomu ambazo hazina vijisehemu vilivyo na mpangilio sawa.
Approximately two thirds of the genome contain two large overlapping open reading frames (ORF1a and ORF1b), which are translated into the pp1a and pp1ab replicase polyproteins.
Takriban thuluthi mbili za jinomu zina fremu mbili kubwa zinazolandana zilizo wazi (ORF1a na ORF1b), zinazobadilika na kuwa protini ya namna ya pp1a na pp1ab replicase polyproteins.
The polyproteins are further processed to generate 16 non-structural proteins, designated nsp1~16.
Poliprotini huchakatwa zaidi ili kuzalisha protini 16 zisizo za kimuundo, zilizosanifiwa kama nsp1~16.
The remaining portion of the genome contains ORFs for the structural proteins, including spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M) and nucleoprotein (N).
Sehemu iliyosalia ya jinomu ina ORF za protini za kimuundo, ikiwa ni pamoja na spike (S), envelope (E), membreni (M) na nukleoprotini (N).
A number of lineage-specific accessory proteins are also encoded by different lineages of CoVs.
Idadi fulani ya protini zilizo mahususi kikizazi zimesimbwa na vizazi tofauti vya CoV.
Based on the difference in protein sequences, CoVs are classified into four genera (alpha-CoV, beta-CoV, gamma-CoV and delta-CoV), among which the beta-CoV genera contains most HCoVs and is subdivided into four lineages (A, B, C and D).
Kulingana na tofauti katika misururu ya protini, Virusi vya CoV vinmeainishwa katika aina nne (alpha-CoV, beta-CoV, gamma-CoV na delta-CoV), kati yavyo, aina ya beta-CoV genera huwa na virusi vya HCoV vingi zaidi na imegawanya katika vizazi vinne (A, B, C na D).
Phylogenetic evidence has shown that bats and rodents serve as the gene source of most alpha-CoVs and beta-CoVs, while birds are the main reservoir of gamma-CoVs and delta-CoVs.
Ushahidi wa kifilogenetiki umeonyesha kwamba popo na wanyama wagugunaji hutumika kama vyanzo vya jeni ya alpha-CoV na beta-CoV nyingi, huku ndege wakiwa ndio wahifadhi wakuu wa gamma-CoV na delta-CoV.
For thousands of years, CoVs have constantly crossed species barriers and some have emerged as important human pathogens.
Kwa maelfu ya miaka, virusi vya CoV vimeendelea kupita vizuizi vya aina ya wanyama na vingine vimeibuka kuwa visababisha vikuu vya magonjw vya wanadamu.
To date, seven human CoVs (HCoVs) are known.
Hadi leo, kuna aina saba za virusi vya CoV (HCoV) vya binadamu vinavyojulikana.
Among them HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63 are alpha-CoVs.
Miongoni mwao HCoV-229E na HCoV-NL63 ni alpha-CoV.
The other five beta-CoVs include HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2.
Aina nyingine tano za beta-CoV ni pamoja na HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, virusi vya korona (SARS-CoV) vya sindromu hatari kali ya kupumua, Virusi vya korona vya sindromu ya kupumua vya Mashariki ya Kati (MERS-CoV) na SARS-CoV-2.
HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-NL63 usually cause mild symptoms, like common cold and/or diarrhea.
HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 na HCoV-NL63 mara nyingi husababisha dalili za kiasi, kama vile homa ya kawaida na/au kuendesha.
In contrast, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and the newly-identified SARS-CoV-2 are highly pathogenic, causing severe lower respiratory tract infection in relatively more patients with a higher chance to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and extrapulmonary manifestations.
Kinyume chake, virusi vya SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV na vilivyotambuliwa vipya vya SARS-CoV-2 ni viini vilivyo na uwezo mkubwa wa kusababisha ugonjwa, vinavyosababisha mambukizi mabaya katika njia ya chini ya kupumua kwa wagonjwa zaidi walio na uwezekano mkubwa wa kupata ugonjwa wa sindromu ya matatizo kali ya kupumua (ARDS) na matatizo yasiyo ya nje ya mapafu.
The first HCoV-229E strain, B814, was isolated from the nasal discharge of patients with common cold in mid-1960s.
Aina ya kwanza ya HCoV-229E, B814, ilitolewa kutoka kwa majimaji yatokayo puani za wagonjwa waliokuwa na homa ya kawaida katikati ya miaka ya 1960.
Since then, more knowledge was accumulated through extensive studies on HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, both of which cause self-limiting symptoms.
Tangu wakati huo, maarifa zaidi yalikusanywa kupitia utafiti wa kina kuhusu virusi vya HCoV-229E na HCoV-OC43, vyote vikiwa ambavyo husababisha dalili za udhaifu wa kibinafsi.
Indeed, the concept had been widely accepted that infection with HCoVs is generally harmless until the outbreak of SARS.
Hakika, dhana hiyo ilikuwa imekubalika miongoni mwa wengi kwamba maambukizi ya HCoV kijumla hayana madhara hadi mkurupuko wa SARS ulipotokea.
The SARS outbreak occurred in 2003 is one of the most devastating in current history, infecting over 8,000 people with a crude case fatality of approximately 10%.
Mkurupuko wa SARS uliotokea 2003 ni moja ya mikurupuko mbaya zaidi katika historia ya sasa, ukiambukiza zaidi ya watu 8,000 ukiwa na kiwango kibaya cha vifo kwa takriban 10%.
Ten years later, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak resulted in a persistent epidemic in the Arabian Peninsula with sporadic spreading to the rest of the world.
Miaka kumi baadaye, mkurupuko wa virusi vya sindromu ya kupumua ya Mashariki ya Kati (MERS) ulisababisha janga lililoendelea katika Peninsula ya Kiarabu huku vikienea sehemu nyingine ulimwenguni.
The 2019 novel HCoV (2019-nCoV), which has subsequently been renamed SARS-CoV-2, is the causative agent of the ongoing epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has claimed more than 3,120 lives and infected more than 91,000 people as of March 3, 2020.
Virusi vipya vya 2019 vya HCoV (2019-nCoV), ambavyo baadaye vilipewa jina SARS-CoV-2, ndivyo ajenti sababishi wa janga linaloendelea la ugonjwa wa virusi vya korona 2019 (COVID-19), ambalo limewauwa zaidi ya watu 3,120 na kuwaambukiza zaidi ya watu 91,000 kufikia tarehe 3 mwezi Machi 2020.
The alarm has been ringing and the world has to prepare for the coming pandemic of SARS-CoV-2.
Tahadhari imekuwepo na ulimwengu ni lazima ujiandae kwa janga linalokuja la SARS-CoV-2.
All seven HCoVs have a zoonotic origin from bats, mice or domestic animals.
Virusi vyote saba vya HCoV vina asili ya kutoka kwa popo, panya au wanyama wa nyumbani.
Multiple lines of evidence support an evolutionary origin of all HCoVs from bats, where viruses are well adapted and non-pathogenic but show great genetic diversity.
Maelezo mengi ya ushahidi yanaunga mkono asili ya ukuaji wa virusi vyote vya HCoV kutoka kwa popo, ambapo virusi vinazoeleka na havina uwezo wa kusababisha magonjwa lakini vinaonyesha hali anuwai ya kijenetiki.
The COVID-19 epidemic has presented enormous medical, scientific, social and moral challenges to China and the world.
Janga la COVID-19 limewasilisha changamoto kubwa za kimatibabu, kisayansi, kijamii na kimaadili nchini China na ulimwenguni.
Tracing the zoonotic origins of HCoVs provides a framework to understand the natural history, driving force and restriction factors of species jumping.
Kufuatilia chanzo cha HCoV kutoka kwa wanyama hutoa utaratibu wa kuelewa historia asilia, msukumo na vigezo vya uzuiaji wa ugonjwa kusambaa baina ya aina za wanyama.
This might also guide or facilitate the search for the reservoir, intermediate and amplifying animal host(s) of SARS-CoV-2, with important implications in the prevention of future spillovers.
Hii pia inaweza kuongoza au kuwezesha utafutaji wa hifadhi, wabebaji wa kati na wanyama wabebaji wanaosambaza SARS-CoV-2, kukiwa na athari ya kuzuia maenezi kupindukia siku zijazo.
In this review we present an overview of the zoonotic origins, interspecies transmission and pathogenesis of HCoVs.
Katika ukaguzi huu tunawasilisha muhtasari wa asili ya wanyama, usambazaji miongoni mwa aina ya wanyama na uwezo wa HCoV kusababisha magonjwa.
Particularly, we highlight and discuss the common theme that parental viruses of HCoVs are typically non-pathogenic in their natural reservoir hosts but become pathogenic after interspecies transmission to a new host.
Hususan, tunaangazia na kujadili mada ya kawaida kwamba virusi vizalishaji vya HCoV kawaida havina uwezo wa kusababisha magonjwa ndani ya wabebaji wake asilia lakini huwa na uwezo wa kusababisha ugonjwa baada ya kusambazwa baina ya aina ya wanyama hadi kwa mbebaji mpya.
We also review the trend of HCoV evolution in which the increase in transmissibility often comes with the decrease in pathogenicity.
Pia tunakagua masuala ya sasa ya ukuaji wa HCoV ambapo ongezeko la uwezo wa kuambukizana mara nyingi huambatana na kupungua kwa uwezo wa kusababisha magonjwa.
The outcome of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 outbreak is also discussed in this context.
Matokeo ya mkurupuko unaoendelea wa SAR-CoV-2 pia yamejadiliwa katika muktadha huu.
Animal CoVs have been known since late 1930s.
Virusi vya CoV vya wanyama vimejulikana tangu miaka ya mwishoni mwa 1930.
Before the first isolation of HCoV-229E strain B814 from the nasal discharge of patients who had contracted common cold, different CoVs had been isolated in various infected animals, including turkey, mouse, cow, pig, cat and dog.
Kabla ya kutolewa kwa aina ya kwanza ya HCoV-229E aina ya B814 kutoka kwa majimaji yaliyotoka puani mwa wagonjwa waliopata homa kali, virusi mbalimbali vya CoV vimetoewa katika wanyama mbalimbali walioambukizwa, wakiwemo bata mzinga, panya, ng'ombe, nguruwe, paka na mbwa.
In the past decades, seven HCoVs have been identified.
Katika miongo iliyopita, virusi saba vya HCoV vimetambuliwa.
A brief summary of the history of HCoV discovery in chronological order (Table ​1) would be informative and instructive.
Muhtasari wa historia ya ugunduzi wa HCoV katika utaratibu wa muda (Jedwali la 1) unaweza kuwa wa kuelimisha na kuelekeza.
The first HCoV-229E strain was isolated from the respiratory tract of patients with upper respiratory tract infection in the year of 1966, and was subsequently adapted to grow in WI-38 lung cell lines.
Aina ya kwanza ya HCoV-229E ilitolewa kwa njia ya kupumua ya wagonjwa waliokuwa na maambukizi ya sehemu ya juu ya njia ya kupumua katika mwaka wa 1966, na baadaye iliendelea kukua katika mikondo ya seli za mapafu ya WI-38.
Patients infected with HCoV-229E presented with common cold symptoms, including headache, sneezing, malaise and sore-throat, with fever and cough seen in 10~20% cases.
Wagonjwa walioambukizwa HCoV-229E walionyesha dalili za homa ya kawaida, ikiwa ni pamoja na maumivu ya kichwa, kupiga chafya, uchovu na koo inayouma, huku joto jingi na kikohozi kikionekana katika visa 10~20%.
Later in 1967, HCoV-OC43 was isolated from organ culture and subsequent serial passage in brains of suckling mice.
Baadaye katika mwaka wa 1967, virusi vya HCoV-OC43 vilitolewa kutoka kwa ukuzaji wa kiungo na upandikishaji katika bongo za panya walionyonyesha.
The clinical features of HCoV-OC43 infection appear to be similar to those caused by HCoV-229E, which are symptomatically indistinguishable from infection with other respiratory tract pathogens such as influenza A viruses and rhinoviruses.
Vipengele vya kimatibabu vya maambukizi ya HCoV-OC43 huonekana kuwa sawa na vile vinavyosababishwa na HCoV-229E, ambavyo haviwezi kutofautishwa kidalili na vile vya maambukizi kutoka kwa virusi vingine vya njia ya kupumua kama vile virusi vya influenza A na rhinoviruses.
Both HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 are distributed globally, and they tend to be predominantly transmitted during the season of winter in temperate climate.
Virusi vya HCoV-229E na HCoV-OC43 vimeenea kote duniani, na huonekana kuenea zaidi wakati wa msimu wa kipupwe katika hali ya hewa kiasi.
Generally, the incubation time of these two viruses is less than one week, followed by an approximately 2-week illness.
Kijumla, muda kati ya kuambukizwa na kujitokeza kwa virusi hivi ni chini ya wiki moja na, ukifuatwa na ugonjwa wa takriban wiki 2.
According to a human volunteer study, healthy individuals infected with HCoV-229E developed mild common cold.
Kwa mujibu wa utafiti wa kujitolea kwa binadamu, wahudumu wa afya walioambukizwa HCoV-229E walikuwa na homa kiasi ya kawaida.
Only a few immunocompromised patients exhibited severe lower respiratory tract infection.
Wagonjwa wachache pekee ambao kinga zao za mwili ni dhaifu ndio walioonyesha maambukizi kali ya sehemu ya chini ya njia ya kupumua.
SARS, also known as “atypical pneumonia”, was the first well documented HCoV-caused pandemic in human history and the etiological agent is SARS-CoV, the third HCoV discovered.
Virusi vya SARS, ambavyo pia vinafahamika kama “nimonia isiyo ya kawaida”, vilikuwa janga la kwanza lililosababishwa na HCoV katika historia ya binadamu vilivyonakiliwa vyema na ajenti wa kietiolojia ni virusi vya SARS-CoV, virusi vya tatu vya HCoV kugunduliwa.
The first case of SARS can be traced back to late 2002 in Guangdong Province of China.
Kisa cha kwanza cha SARS kinaweza kufuatiliwa hadi mwishoni mwa 2002 katika Mkoa wa Gaungdong nchini China.
The SARS epidemic resulted in 8,096 reported cases with 774 deaths, spreading across many countries and continents.
Janga la SARS lilisababisha visa 8,096 vilivyoripotiwa na vifo 774, na kuenea katika nchi nyingi na mabara mengi.
Apart from the super-spreaders, it was estimated that each case could give rise to approximately two secondary cases, with an incubation period of 4 to 7 days and the peak of viral load appearing on the 10th day of illness.
Kando na vienezi vikuu, ilikadiriwa kwamba kila kisa kingeibua takriban visa viwili vya pili na kipindi kati ya kuambukizwa na kujitokeza cha siku 4 hadi 7 na upeo wa kiwango cha virusi ukionekana siku ya 10 ya ugonjwa.
Patients infected with SARS-CoV initially present with myalgia, headache, fever, malaise and chills, followed by dyspnea, cough and respiratory distress as late symptoms.
Wagonjwa walioambukizwa SARS-CoV awali huonyesha dalili za maumivu kwenye misuli, maumivu ya kichwa, joto jingi, uchovu na kijibaridi, kisha matatizo ya kupumua, kikohozi na matatizo ya kupumua kama dalili za baadaye.
Lymphopenia, deranged liver function tests, and elevated creatine kinase are common laboratory abnormalities of SARS.
Kupungua kwa seli za limfositi katika damu, uchunguzi wa utendakazi wa ini lililoharibika, na ongezeko la kinase ya kriatini ni uchunguzi usio wa kawaida wa kimahabara wa SARS.
Diffuse alveolar damage, epithelial cell proliferation and an increase of macrophages are also observed in SARS patients.
Kuharibika kwa alveola, kuongezeka kwa seli za epithelia na ongezeko la makrofeji pia huonekana kwa wagonjwa wa SARS.
Approximately 20-30% of patients subsequently require intensive care and mechanical ventilation.
Takriban 20-30% ya wagonjwa baadaye huhitaji tiba ya kina na mashine za kusaidia kupumua.
In addition to lower respiratory tract, multiple organs including gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidney can also be infected in these severe cases, usually accompanied with a cytokine storm, which might be lethal particularly in immunocompromised patients.
Pamoja na njia ya chini ya kupumua, viungo vingi ikiwa ni pamoja na njia ya gesi za utumbo, ini na figo pia vinaweza kuambukizwa katika visa hivi mbaya, kwa kawaida vikiambatana na mlipuko wa saitokini, jambo linaloweza kuwa hatari hasa kwa wagonjwa ambao kinga zao za mwili zimeathirika.
The virus was first isolated from the open lung biopsy of a relative of the index patient who travelled to Hong Kong from Guangzhou.
Virusi hivi vilitolewa mara ya kwanza kutoka katika uchunguzi wa upasuaji wa mapafu wa jamaa wa mgonjwa ambaye alisafiri kutoka Hong Kong kuenda Guangzhou.
Since then, tremendous efforts have been dedicated to HCoV research.
Tangu wakati huo, jitihada za dhati zimewekwa katika utafiti wa HCoV.
HCoV-NL63 was isolated from a 7-month-old child from the Netherlands during late 2004.
Virusi vya HCoV-NL63 vilitolewa kutoka kwa Mtoto wa umri wa miezi -7 nchini Uholanzi mwishoni mwa 2004.
It was initially found to be prevalent in young children, the elderly and immunocompromised patients with respiratory illnesses.
Mwanzoni viligunduliwa kusambaa miongoni mwa watoto wadogo, watu wazee na wagonjwa ambao kinga zao za mwili zimeathirika waliokuwa na magonjwa ya kupumua.
Presentation of coryza, conjunctivitis, fever, and bronchiolitis is common in the disease caused by HCoV-NL63.
Kuonekana kwa mafua, inflamesheni ya konjaktiva ya jicho, joto jingi na bronkiolitisi ni kawaida katika ugonjwa unaosababishwa na HCoV-NL63.
Another independent study described the isolation of the same virus from a nasal specimen from an 8-month-old boy suffering from pneumonia in the Netherlands.
Utafiti mwingine huru ulifafanua kutolewa kwa virusi sawa kutoka kwa sampuli za puani kutoka kwa mvulana wa umri wa miezi -8 aliyekuwa akiugua ugonjwa wa nimonia nchini Uholanzi.
Although it was identified in Netherlands, it is actually distributed globally.
Ingawa vilitambuliwa nchini Uholanzi, vilisambaa ulimwenguni.
It has been estimated that HCoV-NL63 accounts for approximately 4.7% of common respiratory diseases, and its peak incidence occurs during early summer, spring and winter.
Imekadiriwa kwamba HCoV-NL63 inachangia 4.7% ya magonjwa ya kawaida ya kupumua na hutokea sana nyakati za kipindi cha awali cha kiangazi, mapukutiko na kipupwe.
HCoV-NL63 is associated with obstructive laryngitis, also known as croup.
Virusi vya HCoV-NL63 vinahusishwa na kuchomeka kwa koo kunakoziba koo, pia iitwayo kifaduro.
In the same year, HCoV-HKU1 was isolated from a 71-year-old man who had been hospitalized with pneumonia and bronchiolitis in Hong Kong.
Mwaka huo huo, virusi vya HCoV-HKU1 vilitolewa kutoka kwa mwanaume wa miaka 71-ambaye alikuwa amelazwa hospitalini akiwa ameugua ugonjwa wa nimonia na kuziba kwa njia za hewa kwenye mapafu kule Hong Kong.
Besides community-acquired pneumonia and bronchiolitis, HCoV-HKU1 was reported to be associated with acute asthmatic exacerbation.
Kando na nimonia inayosambazwa kijamii na kuziba kwa njia za hewa kwenye mapafu, HCoV-HKU1 iliripotiwa kuhusishwa na ongezeko kali la kufungana kwa pumu.
Similar to HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 was found worldwide, causing mild respiratory diseases.
Virusi sawa na HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E na HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 vilipatikana ulimwenguni kote na kusababisha magonjwa ya kiasi pumu.
All these four community-acquired HCoVs have been well adapted to humans and are generally less likely to mutate to cause highly pathogenic diseases, though accidents did occur for unknown reasons as in the rare case of a more virulent subtype of HCoV-NL63, which has recently been reported to cause severe lower respiratory tract infection in China.
Virusi hivi vyote vya HCoV vinavyosambazwa kijamii vimepata njia ya kukaa ndani ya binadamu vyema na vina uwezekano mdogo wa kubadilika ili kusabaisha ugonjwa wa virusi, ingawa ajali zilitokea kwa sababu zisizojulikana kama ilivyo katika visa nadra vya aina ndogo yenye virusi zaidi ya HCoV-NL63, ambavyo hivi majuzi viliripotiwa kusababisha maambukizi kali ya sehemu ya chini ya njia ya kupumua nchini China.
Generally, when these HCoVs acquire the abilities to transmit efficiently and to maintain themselves continuously within humans, they also become less virulent or pathogenic.
Kijumla, virusi hivi vya HCoV vikishapata uwezo wa kusambaza kwa ufanisi na kuendelea kujidumisha ndani ya binadamu, pia uwezo wao wa virusi au wa kipathogenetiki unapungua.
MERS-CoV was first isolated in 2012 from the lung of a 60-year-old patient who developed acute pneumonia and renal failure in Saudi Arabia.
Virusi vya MERS-CoV vilitolewa kwa mara ya kwanza katika mwaka wa 2012 kutoka kwa mgonjwa wa mapafu wa umri wa miaka 60 ambaye alipata ugonjwa wa nimonia kali na kufeli kwa njia ya kupitisha mkojo nchini Saudi Arabia.
Whereas most of the laboratory-confirmed cases originate from the Middle East, imported cases with occasional secondary spreads to close contacts have been reported in various European countries and Tunisia.
Ingawa visa vingi vilivyothibitishwa kwenye mahabara vilitokea Mashariki ya Kati, visa kutoka nchi za nje vilivyoenea mara kwa mara kwa watu wengine hadi kwa watu waliotangamana nao kwa karibu vimeripotiwa katika nchi za Ulaya na Tunisia.
Another secondary outbreak occurred in South Korea in 2015 with 186 confirmed cases.
Mkurupuko mwingine wa pili ulitokea nchini Korea Kusini mnamo 2015 kukiwa na visa 186 vilivyothibitishwa.
Clinical manifestations of MERS resemble those of SARS, characterized by progressive acute pneumonia.
Ishara za kimatibabu za MERS zinafanana na zile za SARS, zikiwa na sifa ya nimonia kali inayoendelea.
Unlike SARS, many patients with MERS also developed acute renal failure, which is thus far unique for MERS among HCoV-caused diseases.
Tofauti na SARS, wagonjwa wengi wenye MERS pia walipata kufeli kwa njia ya mkojo, jambo ambalo ni la kipekee sana kwa MERS miongoni mwa magonjwa yanayosababishwa na HCoV.
More than 30% of patients present with gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea and vomiting.
Zaidi ya 30% ya wagonjwa huonyesha kuwa na dalili za matatizo ya tumbo, kama vile kuendesha na kupatika.
As of February 14, 2020, over 2500 laboratory confirmed cases were reported with a high case fatality of 34.4%, making MERS-CoV one of the most devastating viruses known to humans.
Kufikia tarehe 14 Februari 2020, zaidi ya visa 2500 vilivyothibitishwa kwenye mahabara viliripotiwa kukiwa na viwango vya juu vya visa vya vifo kwa 34.4%, na kufanya MERS-CoV mojawapo ya virusi vibaya zaidi vinavyojulikana na binadamu.
During middle to late December 2019, clusters of pneumonia patients retrospectively known to be associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection were detected in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
Katika kipindi cha katikati hadi mwishoni wa mwezi Disemba 2019, mkusanyiko wa wagonjwa wa nimonia ambao awali ulifahamika kuhusishwa na maambukizi ya SARS-CoV-2 uligunduliwa kule Wuhan, Mkoa wa Hubei, China.
World Health Organization declared the ongoing outbreak of lower respiratory tract infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern and also named the disease COVID-19.
Shirika la Afya Duniani lilitangaza mkurupuko unaoendelea wa maambukizi ya njia ya chini ya kupumua unaosababishwa na SARS-CoV-2 kuwa Dharura ya Afya ya Umma ya Wasiwasi wa Kimataifa na pia likaupa jina ugonjwa huu kuwa COVID-19.
As of March 3, 2020, 90,053 cases have been confirmed worldwide, with a crude case fatality of 3.4%.
Kufikia tarehe 3 Machi 2020, visa 90,053 vimethibitishwa kote ulimwenguni na kiwango cha kutisha cha vifo cha 3.4%.
Notably, the case fatality in Hubei, China is 4.2%, whereas the one outside of it is 1.2%.
Ni dhahiri kwamba, kiwango cha visa vya vifo Mkoani Hubei, China ni 4.2%, ilhali huku nje ya mkoa huo ni 1.2%.
SARS-CoV-2 causes severe respiratory infection like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, presented as fever, cough and dyspnea.
SARS-CoV-2 husababisha maambukizi kali ya kupumua sawa na SARS-CoV na MERS-CoV, yanayodhihirika kama joto jingi mwilini, kikohozi na ugumu wa kupumua.
Diarrhea is also seen in some patients.
Kuendesha pia hudhihirika kwa baadhi ya wagonjwa.
Pneumonia is one of the most severe symptoms and can progress rapidly to acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Nimonia ni mojawapo ya dalili kali zaidi na inaweza kuendelea kukua kwa haraka na kuwa sindromu kali ya matatizo ya kupumua.
Although SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are very similar due to high nucleotide sequence homology of 82%, they cluster into different branches in the phylogenetic tree.
Ingawa virusi vya SARS-CoV na SARS-CoV-2 hufanana kwa karibu kutokana na mfululizo wa juu unaofanana wa nukleotidi wa 82%, huunganika na kuwa matawi tofauti katika mchoro wa kifilogenetiki.
SARS-CoV-2 is apparently less pathogenic but more transmissible compared to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
Ni wazi kwamba SARS-CoV-2 haina uwezo mkubwa wa kusababisha ugonjwa lakini usambazaji wake ni wa juu ikilinganishwa na SARS-CoV na MERS-CoV.
Asymptomatic subjects infected with SARS-CoV-2 have been reported and might contribute to its rapid spreading around the world.
Watu wasioonyesha dalili za ugonjwa walioambukizwa virusi vya SARS-CoV-2 wameripotiwa na wanaweza kuchangia katika kuenea kwake haraka kote duniani.
Comparing and contrasting SARS-CoV-2 with the other six HCoVs reveal similarities and differences of great interest.
Kulinganisha na kutofautisha SARS-CoV-2 na aina nyingine sita za HCoV kumeibua mfanano na tofauti zinazovutia sana.
First, the incubation period and the duration of the course of HCoV disease are very similar.
Kwanza, kipindi kati ya kuambukizwa na kujitokeza na kipindi cha kuwepo kwa ugonjwa wa HCoV ni sawa.
In this regard, SARS-CoV-2 follows the general trend of the other six HCoVs.
Kutokana na hili, virusi vya SARS-CoV-2 hufuata hali inayovuma ya kawaida ya virusi vingine vya HCoV.
Second, the severity of symptoms of COVID-19 lies between SARS-CoV and the four community-acquired HCoVs (i.e. HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-NL63).
Pili, uzito wa dalili za COVID-19 huwa kati ya SARS-CoV na virusi vinne vya HCoV vinavyosambazwa kijamii (yaani. HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 na HCoV-NL63).
On one hand, SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibits features that are more commonly seen during infection with community-acquired HCoVs, including the presentation of non-specific, mild or even no symptoms.
Kwa upande mmoja, maambukizi ya SARS-CoV-2 huonyesha sifa ambazo kwa kawaida huonekana wakati wa maambukizi ya virusi vya kuambukizana kijamii vya HCoV, ikiwa ni pamoja na kuonyesha dalili zisizo mahususi, kiasi au hata kutokuwepo kwa dalili zozote.