atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
The high failure rates associated with pharmaceutical development are referred to as an "attrition rate", requiring decisions during the early stages of drug development to "kill" projects early to avoid costly failures.
Viwango vya juu vya kufeli vinavyohusiana na maendeleo ya dawa hujulikana kama "kiwango cha kutoa", vinavyohitaji maamuzi wakati wa hatua za mwanzo za maendeleo ya dawa ili "kuua" miradi mapema kuepuka kufeli ya gharama kubwa.
One 2010 study assessed both capitalized and out-of-pocket costs for bringing a single new drug to market as about US$1.8 billion and $870 million, respectively.
Utafiti mmoja katika mwaka wa 2010 uligundua gharama za ziada na zisizokuwa na marejesho za kuleta dawa moja moya kwa soko kukaribia dola bilioni 1.8 na dola milioni 870, mtawalia.
A median cost estimate of 2015-16 trials for development of 10 anti-cancer drugs was $648 million.
Makadirio ya gharama ya wastani ya majaribio ya mwaka wa 2015 hadi 2016 ya kukuza dawa 10 za kuzuia saratani ilikuwa dola milioni 648.
In a 2016 review of 106 drug candidates assessed through clinical trials, the total capital expenditure for a manufacturer having a drug approved through successful Phase III trials was $2.6 billion (in 2013 dollars), an amount increasing at an annual rate of 8.5%.
Katika ukaguzi mwaka wa 2016 wa dawa 106 zilizoteuliwa na kutathminiwa kupitia vipimo vya kliniki, matumizi ya jumla ya mtaji kwa mtengenezaji mwenye dawa ilidhibitishwa kupitia vipimo vilivyofaulu vya Awamu ya III yalikuwa dola bilioni 2.6 (kwa dola za mwaka wa 2013), kiasi cha fedha kinachoongezeka kwa kiwango cha kila mwaka cha asilimia 8.5.
Seven trials were evaluating repurposed drugs already approved to treat malaria, including four studies on hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine phosphate.
Majaribio saba yalikuwa yakikagua dawa zilizotumika vingine na zilizoidhinishwa kutibu ugonjwa wa malaria, ikiwemo utafiti nne wa hydroxychloroquine au chloroquine phosphate.
Repurposed antiviral drugs make up most of the Chinese research, with 9 Phase III trials on remdesivir across several countries due to report by the end of April.
Dawa za kukinga virusi zilizotumika vingine zinajumuisha utafiti zaidi huko Uchina, na majaribio ya Awamu ya III ya remdesiviri katika nchi kadhaa kwa sababu ya ripoti kabla ya mwisho wa Aprili.
Led by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation with partners investing US$125 million and coordinating with the World Health Organization, the COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator began in March, facilitating drug development researchers to rapidly identify, assess, develop, and scale up potential treatments.
Ikiongozwa na Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation na washiriki wanaowekeza dola milioni 125 na kuratibu na Shirika la Afya Duniani, Kichocheo cha Matibabu ya COVID-19 kilianza mwezi wa Machi, kikiwezesha watafiti wa ukuzaji dawa kutambua haraka, kutatathmini, kukuza, na kuongeza matibabu yanayowezekana.
The COVID-19 Clinical Research Coalition formed to coordinate and expedite results from international clinical trials on the most promising post-infection treatments.
Muungano wa Utafiti wa Kliniki wa COVID-19 uliundwa kuratibu na kuongeza matokeo kutoka kwa majaribio ya kliniki ya kimataifa katika matibabu yanayowezekana zaidi ya baada ya kuambukizwa.
In early 2020, numerous established antiviral compounds for treating other infections were being repurposed or developed in new clinical research efforts to alleviate the illness of COVID-19.
Mwanzoni mwa mwaka wa 2020, misombo anuwai iliyotengenezwa ya kukinga virusi na kutibu maambukizo mengine ilikuwa inatumika vingine au kukuzwa katika juhudi mpya za utafiti wa kliniki ili kupunguza ugonjwa wa COVID-19.
For an already-approved drug (such as hydroxychloroquine for malaria), Phase III-IV trials determine in hundreds to thousands of COVID-19-infected people the possible extended use of an already-approved drug for treating COVID-19 infection.
Dawa iliyoidhinishwa tayari (kama vile hydrichloroquine ya kutibu malaria), majaribio ya Awamu ya III-IV huamua kwa mamia hadi maelfu ya watu walioambukizwa na COVID-19 uwezekano wa matumizi ya ziada ya dawa iliyodhiitishwa tayari kutibu maambukizo ya COVID-19.
As of early April 2020, 103 candidate therapeutics were in preclinical or a stage of Phase I-IV development, with trial results for 29 drug candidates expected during April.
Mapema Aprili 2020, dawa 103 zilizoteuliwa zilikuwa zinapimwa kwa wanyama au katika hatua ya maendeleo ya Awamu ya I-IV, na matokeo ya majaribio ya dawa 29 zilizoteuliwa kutarajiwa mwezi wa Aprili.
In March, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the coordinated "Solidarity trial" in 10 countries to rapidly assess in thousands of COVID-19 infected people the potential efficacy of existing antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents not yet evaluated specifically for COVID-19 illness.
Mwezi wa Machi, Shirika la Afya Duniani (WHO) lilizindua "jaribio la umoja" ulioratibiwa katika nchi 10 ili kukagua haraka maelfu ya watu walioambikizwa na COVID-19, ufanisi unaowezekana wa dawa za kuzuia virusi au kuzuia uvimbe ambazo bado hazijakaguliwa kwa ajili ya ugonjwa wa COVID-19.
Do any of the drugs reduce mortality?
Kuna dawa zozote zinazopunguza vifo?
Do any of the drugs reduce the time a patient is hospitalized?
Dawa hizo hupunguza muda ambao mgonjwa analazwa hospitalini?
Do the treatments affect the need for people with COVID-19-induced pneumonia to be ventilated or maintained in intensive care?
Je, matibabu hayo huathiri hitaji la watu wenye nimonia ya COVID-19 kuongezwa hewa au kusalia katika kitengo cha huduma maalum?
Could such drugs be used to minimize the illness of COVID-19 infection in healthcare staff and people at high risk of developing severe illness?Enrolling people with COVID-19 infection is simplified by using data entries, including informed consent, on a WHO website.
Je, dawa hazo zinaweza kutumiwa kupunguza ugonjwa wa maambukizo ya COVID-19 katika wafanyikazi wa huduma ya afya na watu walio katika hatari kubwa ya kupata ugonjwa mkali? Kuandikisha watu wenye maambukizo ya COVID-19 kunarahisishwa kwa kutumia uingizaji takwimu, ikiwemo idhini ya kuarifiwa, kwenye tovuti ya WHO.
After the trial staff determines the drugs available at the hospital, the WHO website randomizes the hospitalized subject to one of the trial drugs or to the hospital standard of care for treating COVID-19.
Baada ya jaribio, wafanyakazi huamua dawa zinazopatikana hospitalini, tovuti ya WHO huchagua mhusika aliyelazwa hospitalini bila utaratibu kuwa mmoja wa kufanyiwa majaribio ya dawa au kwa kiwango cha utunzaj wa hospitali kwa ajili ya matibabu ya COVID-19.
The trial physician records and submits follow-up information about the subject status and treatment, completing data input via the WHO Solidarity website.
Daktari wa majaribio hurekodi na kuwasilsha maelezo ya ufuatiliaji kuhusu hali na matibabu ya mhusika, kukamilisha uingizaji wa data kupitia tovuti ya WHO.
A global safety monitoring board of WHO physicians examine interim results to assist decisions on safety and effectiveness of the trial drugs, and alter the trial design or recommend an effective therapy.
Bodi ya kufuatilia usalama duniani ya madaktari wa WHO hukuchunguza matokeo ya muda ili kusaidia maamuzi ya usalama na ufanisi wa dawa za majaribio, na kubadilisha muundo wa jaribio au kupendekeza dawa inayofaa.
A similar web-based study to Solidarity, called "Discovery", was initiated in March across seven countries by INSERM (Paris, France).During March, funding for the Solidarity trial reached US$108 million from 203,000 individuals, organizations and governments, with 45 countries involved in financing or trial management.
Utafiti sawia unaotegemea tovuti wa Umoja, unaojulikana kama "Ugunduzi", ulianzishwa mwezi wa Machi katika nchi saba na INSERM (Paris, Ufaransa). Mwezi wa machi, ufadhili wa jaribo la Umoja ulifikia dola milioni 108 kutoka kwa watu 203,000, mashirika, na serikali, na nchi 45 zilizohusika katika ufhadhili au udhibiti wa jaribio.
Numerous candidate drugs under study as "supportive" treatments to relieve discomfort during illness, such as NSAIDs or bronchodilators, are not included in the table below.
Dawa nyingi zilizoteuliwa zinazochunguzwa kama matibabu "yaliyokubaliwa" ya kupunguza maumivu wakati wa ugonjwa, kama vile NSAID AU bronchodilato, hazijajumuishwa kwenye jedwali hapa chini.
Others in early-stage Phase II trials or numerous treatment candidates in Phase I trials, are also excluded.
Zingine katika majaribio ya hatua ya kwanza ya Awamu ya II au matibabu anuwai yaliyoteuliwa katika majaribio ya Awamu ya I, pia hazijaajumuishwa.
Drug candidates in Phase I-II trials have a low rate of success (under 12%) to pass through all trial phases to gain eventual approval.
Dawa zilizoteuliwa katika majaribio ya Awamu ua I-II zina kiwango cha chini cha mafanikio (chini ya asilimia 12%) kupita katika awamu za majaribio ili kupata idhini ya mwisho.
Hydroxychloroquine is more commonly available than chloroquine in the United States.
Hydroxychloroquine inapatikana sana kuliko chloroquine huko Marekani.
Although several countries use chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for treatment of persons hospitalized with COVID-19, as of March 2020 the drug has not been formally approved through clinical trials in the United States.
Ingawa nchi kadhaa hutumia chloroquine au hydroxychloroquine kwa matibabu ya watu waliolazwa hospitalini kwa sababu ya COVID-19, kuanzia March 2020 dawa hiyo haijaidhinishwa rasmi kupitia majaribu ya kliniki nchini Marekani..
Chloroquine has been recommended by Chinese, South Korean and Italian health authorities for the treatment of COVID-19, although these agencies and the US CDC noted contraindications for people with heart disease or diabetes.
Chloroquine imependekezwa na wizara ya afya huko Uchina, Korea Kusini na Italia kwa matibabu ya COVID-19, ingawa mashirika haya na CDC ya Marekani ilibaini madhara kwa watu wenye ugonjwa wa moyo au kisukari.
Both drugs have extensive interactions with prescription drugs, affecting the therapeutic dose and disease mitigation.
Dawa zote zina mwingiliano mkubwa na dawa za kuagiza, zikiathiri dawa ya matibabu na kupunguza magonjwa.
Some people have allergic reactions to these drugs.On 12 April, a preliminary clinical trial conducted at a hospital in Brazil was stopped when several people given high doses of chloroquine for COVID-19 infection developed irregular heart rates, causing 11 deaths.
Watu wengine hupatwa na athari za mizio kwa dawa hizi. Tarehe 12 Aprili, jaribio la kliniki lililofanyiwa uchunguzi kwanza lililofanyika katika hospitali nchini Brazili ulikomeshwa wakati watu kadhaa waliopewa kipimo cha juu cha chloroquine kwa ajili ya mmambukizo ya COVID-19 walikuwa na viwango vya mapigo ya moyo yasiyo ya kawaida, na kusababisha vifo vya watu 11.
Chinese clinical trials in Wuhan and Shenzhen claimed to show that favipiravir was "clearly effective".
Majaribio ya kliniki ya Wachina huko Wuhan na Shenzhen yalionyesha kuwa favipiravir ilikuwa "fanisi kabisa".
Of 35 patients in Shenzhen tested negative in a median of 4 days, while the length of illness was 11 days in the 45 patients who did not receive it.
Wagonjwa 35 huko Shenzhen walipimwa na matokeo yao yalikuwa hasi katika wastani wa siku 4, ambapo urefu wa ugonjwa ulikuwa siku 11 kwa wagonjwa 45 ambao hawakupewa dawa hiyo.
In a study conducted in Wuhan on 240 patients with pneumonia half were given favipiravir and half received umifenovir.
Katika utafiti uliofanywa huko Wuhan kwa wagonjwa 240 wenye ugonjwa wa nimonia, nusu yao walipewa favipiravir na nusu walipewa umifenovir.
The term "preclinical research" is defined by laboratory studies in vitro and in vivo, indicating a beginning stage for development of a vaccine, antiviral or monoclonal antibody therapy, such as experiments to determine effective doses and toxicity, before a candidate compound is advanced for safety and efficacy evaluation in humans.
Neno "uchunguzi wa kujaribu dawa" hufafanuliwa na utafiti wa maabara katika vitro na vivo, ukionyesha hatua za mwanzo za ukuzaji wa dawa, dawa ya kuzuia virusi au kingamwili za monoklonali, kama vile majaribio ya kuamua dawa fanisi na kiwango cha sumu, kabla ya dawa iliyoteuliwa inaendelezwa kwa ajili ya thathmni ya usalama na ufanisi kwa mwanadamu.
Some antibiotics may be repurposed as COVID-19 treatments:
Baadhi ya viua vijasumu vinaweza kutumuka vingine kama matibabu ya COVID-19:
In March 2020, the main protease of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was identified as a target for post-infection drugs.
Mwezi wa Machi 2020, protease kuu ya virusi vya SARS-CoV-2 ilitambuliwa kama shabaha ya dawa za baada ya kuambukizwa.
This enzyme is essential to the host cell to reproduce the ribonucleic acid of the virus.
Kimeng'enya hiki ni muhimu kwa seli enyeji ili kutoa asidi ya ribonucleic ya virusi hivyo.
To find the enzyme, scientists used the genome published by Chinese researchers in January 2020 to isolate the main protease.
Kupata kimeng'enya hicho, wanasayansi walitumia jenomu iliyochapishwa na watafiti Wachina mnamo Januari 2020 ili kutenga protease kuu.
As a potential combination therapy, they are used together in two Phase III arms of the 2020 global Solidarity project on COVID-19.
Kama mchanyanyiko wa tiba inayowezekana, hutumiwa pamoja katika majaibio ya Awamu ya III ya mradi wa 2020 wa Umoja wa Kimataifa kuhusu COVID-19.
A preliminary study in China of combined lopinavir and ritonavir found no effect in people hospitalized for COVID-19.
Uchunguzi wa kujaribu dawa nchini Uchina wa mchanganyiko wa lopinavir na ritonavir, haukupara athari kwa watu waliolazwa hospitalini kwa sababu ya COVID-19.
b'Drug repositioning (also known as drug repurposing, re-profiling, re-tasking or therapeutic switching) is the repurposing of an approved drug for the treatment of a different disease or medical condition than that for which it was originally developed.
Ubadilishaji wa dawa (pia inajulikana kama kutumia dawa vingine, kuweka umbo mpya, kusababisha kufanya kazi mpya au kubadilisha dawa) ni kutumua dawa iliyoidhinishwa vingine kwa ajili ya matibabu ya ugonjwa tofauti au hali ya matibabu badala ya kuitumia kwa sababu iliyotengenezwa hapo awali.
This is one line of scientific research which is currently being pursued to develop safe and effective COVID-19 treatments.
Hii ni njia moja ya utafiti wa kisayansi ambayo kwa sasa inafuatiliwa kukuza matatibabu salama na fanisi ya COVID-19.
Other research directions include the development of a COVID-19 vaccine and convalescent plasma transfusion.SARS-CoV-2 has about 66 druggable proteins, each of which has multiple ligand binding sites.
Miongozo mingine ya utafiti inajumuisha ukuzaji wa chanjo ya COVID-19 na kuchukua kinga mwili za mtu aliyepona na kuzipeleka kwa mtu mgonjwa kupitia damu. SARS-CoV-2 ina protini za dawa karibu 66, ambazo kila moja ina maeneo mengi yenye molekuli.
Analyzing those binding sites provide the reasonable project of developing effective antiviral drug against COVID-19 proteins.
Kuchambua maeneo hayo ya kuunganisha hutoa mradi mzuri wa kutengeneza dawa bora ya kuzuia virusi itakayotoa protini za COVID-19.
Of the most important SARS-CoV-2 target proteins are papain-like protease, RNA dependent RNA polymerase, helicase, S protein, and ADP ribophosphatase.
Protini zinazolengwa zaidi za SARS-CoV-2 ni protease kama papain, RNA inayotegemea RNA polymerase, helicase, protini S, na ADP ribophosphatase.
Hussein A A, et al studied several candidate compounds which then optimized and analyzed for their skeleton similarity with the highest similar approved drugs in order to accelerate a potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug development in his preclinical study to be recommended in a clinical study design.
Hussein A A, alichuguza dawa kadhaa zilizoteuliwa, kisha akaboresha na kuchambua mfanano wao na mifupa na dawa za kiwango cha juu zilizoidhinishwa ili kuharakisha maendeleo ya dawa inayowezekana ya kuzuia SARS-CoV-2 na uchunguzi wake wa dawa kupendekezwa katika muundo wa uchunguzi wa kliniki.
Chloroquine is an anti-malarial medication that is also used against some auto-immune diseases.
Chloroquine ni dawa ya kuzuia malaria ambayo hutumika pia dhidi ya magonjwa fulani ya kingamwili kushambulia mwili kimakosa.
On 18 March, the WHO announced that chloroquine and the related hydroxychloroquine would be among the four drugs studied as part of the Solidarity clinical trial.
Tarehe 18 Machi, WHO ilitangaza kuwa chloroquine na hydroxychloroquine husika zitakuwa kati ya dawa nne zilizochunguzwa na kuwa sehemu ya jaribio la Kliniki la Umoja.
New York governor Andrew Cuomo announced that New York State trials of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine would begin on 24 March.On 28 March, the FDA authorized the use of hydroxychloroquine sulfate and chloroquine phosphate under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA).
Gavana wa New York Andrew Cuomo, alitagaza kuwa majaribio huko New York ya chloroquine na hydroxychloroquine yanaweza kuanza tarehe 24 Machi. Tarehe 28 Machi, FDA iliidhinisha matumizi ya hydroxychloroquine sulfate na chloroquine phosphate chini ya Idhini ya Matumizi ya Dharura (EUA).
The treatment has not been approved by the FDA's clinical trials process and is authorized under the EUA only as an experimental treatment for emergency use in patients who are hospitalized but are not able to receive treatment in a clinical trial.
Matibabu hayo hayajaidhinishwa na mchakato wa majaribio ya kliniki ya FDA na yameidhinishwa chini ya EUA pekee kama matibabu ya majaribio ya matumizi ya dharura kwa wagonjwa waliolazwa hospitalini lakini hawawezi kupokea matibabu katika jaribio la kliniki.
The CDC has said that "the use, dosing, or duration of hydroxychloroquine for prophylaxis or treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection" are not yet established.
CDC imesema kuwa "matumizi, kipimo cha dawa, na muda wa hydrichloroquine kwa prophylaxis au matibabu ya maambukizo ya SARS-CoV-2" bado haijaanzishwa.
Doctors have said they are using the drug when "there's no other option".
Madaktari wamesema kuwa wanatumia dawa hiyo wakati "hakuna chaguo lingine",
A Turkish research team in Istanbul is conducting a small study on the use of chloroquine in combination with zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin D.
Timu ya Uturuki ya utafiti huko Istabul inafanya utafiti mdogo wa matumizi ya chloroquine pamija na zinki, vitamini A, vitamini C, na vitamini D.
Large studies are underway at Duke University and the University of Oxford.
Utafiti mkubwa unaendelea katika Chuo Kikuu cha Duke na Oxford.
NYU Langone Medical School is conducting a trial on the safety and efficacy of preventative use of hydroxychloroquine.
Shule ya Masomo ya Matibabu ya NYU Langone inafanya majaribio ya usalama na ufanisi wa matumizi ya hydroxychloroquine.
Chinese clinical trials in Wuhan and Shenzhen claimed to show favipiravir was "clearly effective".
Majaribio ya kliniki huko Wuhan na Shenzhen yalionyesha kuaw favipiravir ilikuwa "fanisi"
35 patients in Shenzhen tested negative in a median of 4 days, while the length of illness was 11 days in the 45 patients who did not receive it.
Wagonjwa 35 huko Shenzen walipimwa na matokeo yalikuwa hasi katika wastani wa siku 4, ambapo urefu wa ugonjwa ulikuwa siku 11 kwa wagonjwa 45 ambao hawakupokea dawa hiyo.
In a study conducted in Wuhan on 240 patients with pneumonia, half were given favipiravir and half received umifenovir.
Katika utafiti uliofanywa huko Wuhan kwa wagonjwa 240 patients wenye ugonjwa wa nimonia, nusu walipewa favipiravir na nusu wakapewa umifenovir.
The Italian Pharmaceutical Agency reminded the public that the existing evidence in support of the drug is scant and preliminary.
Shirika la Dawa la Italia liliwakumbusha umma kuwa ushahidi uliopo unaounga mkono dawa hiyo ni adimu na ya awali.
On 2 April, Germany announced that it would purchase the drug from Japan for its stockpile, and use the military to deliver the drug to university hospitals, where the drug will be used to treat COVID-19 patients.
Tarehe 2 Aprili, Ujerumani ilitangaza kuwa itanunua dawa hiyo kutoka Japani kwa akiba yake, na kutumia jeshi kupeleka dawa hiyo kwa hospitali za chuo kikuu, ambapo dawa hiyo itatumika kutibu wagonjwa wa COVID-19.
According to the South China Morning Post, Shinzo Abe has made overtures to the Trump administration about purchasing the drug.The drug may be less effective in severe cases of illness where the virus has already multiplied.
Kulingana na South China Morning Post, Shinzo Abe amefanya mazungumzo ya awali na utawala wa Trump kuhusu kununua dawa hiyo. Dawa hiyo inaweza kuwa sio fanisi kwa ugonjwa kali ambapo virusi tayari vimeongezeka.
It may not be safe for use by pregnant women or those trying to conceive.
Inaweza kuwa sio salama kutumiwa na wanawake wajawazito au wale wanaojaribu kupata mimba.
One study of lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra), a combination of the antivirals lopinavir and ritonavir, concluded that "no benefit was observed".
Utafiti mmoja wa lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra), mchanganyiko wa kinga virusi vya lopinavir na ritonavir, ulihitimisha kuwa "hakuna faida ulioonekana".
The drugs were designed to inhibit HIV from replicating by binding to the protease.
Dawa hizo zilibuniwa kuzuia HIV kutoa nakala kwa kuinganisha na protease.
A team of researchers at the University of Colorado are trying to modify the drugs to find a compound that will bind with the protease of SARS-CoV-2.There are criticisms within the scientific community about directing resources to repurposing drugs specifically developed for HIV/AIDS.
Timu ya watafiti katika Chuo Kikuu cha Colorado wanajaribu kubadilisha dawa hiyo ili kupata chembe ambacho kitaunganisha na protease ya SARS-CoV-2. Kuna ukosoaji katika jamii ya kisayansi kuhusu kuelekeza rasimali za kubadilisha dawa zilizoundwa muhususi kutibu HIV/AIDS.
The WHO included lopinavir/ritonavir in the international Solidarity trial.
WHO ilijumuisha lopinavir/ritonavir katika jaribio la kimataifa la Umoja.
Remdesivir was created and developed by Gilead Sciences as a treatment for Ebola virus disease and Marburg virus infections . Gilead Sciences subsequently discovered that Remdesivir had antiviral activity in vitro against multiple filo-, pneumo-, paramyxo-, and corona- viruses .
Remdesivir iliundwa na kukuzwa na Gilead Sciences kama matibabu ya ugonjwa wa virusi vya Ebola na maambukizo ya virusi vya Marburg . Gilead Sciences baadaye iligundua kuwa Remdesivir ilikuwa na shughuli ya kuzuia virusi katika vitro dhidi ya filo-, pneumo-, paramyxo-, na virusi vya korona.
One issue with antiviral treatment is the development of resistance through mutations that can lead to more severe disease and transmission.
Suala moja na matibabu ya kuzia virusi ni maedeleo ya upinzani kupitia mabadiliko ambayo yanaweza kusababisha ugonjwa kali na maambukizo.
Some early pretrial studies suggest remdesivir may have a high genetic barrier to resistance.There are several clinical trials underway, including two conducted by Cleveland University Hospitals; one for people with moderate illness and another for those with more severe illness.
Baadhi ya uchunguzi wa mapema wa remdesivir unaonyesha kuwa inaweza kuwa kizuizi kikubwa cha jenitiki. Kuna majaribio kadhaa ya kliniki yanayoendelea, ikiwemo mbili yanayofanywa na Hospitali za Chuo Kikuu cha Cleveland, moja kwa ajili ya watu wenye magonjwa ya wastani na nyingine kwa watu wenye ugonjwa mkali zaidi.
There are three ongoing clinical trials of intravenous vitamin C for people who are hospitalized and severely ill with COVID-19; two placebo controlled (China, Canada) and one with no control (Italy).
Kuna majaribio matatu ya kiliniki yanayoendelea ya vitamini C ya kupitisha mishipani kwa watu waliolazwa hospitalini na wanaugua sana ugonjwa wa COVID-19; vipozauongo viwili vilivyodhibitiwa (Uchina, Kanada) na moja kisicho dhibitiwa (Italia).
New York State began trials for the antibiotic azithromycin on 24 March 2020.
Jimbo la New York lilianza majaribio ya kiua vijasumu cha azithromycin tarehe 24 Machi 2020.
Japan's National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM) is planning a clinical trial for Teijin's Alvesco (ciclesonide), an inhaled corticosteroid for asthma, for the treatment of pre-symptomatic patients infected with the novel coronavirus.
Kituo cha Kitaifa cha Afya na Tiba ya Jumuiya huko Japani (NCGM) inapanga jaribio la kliniki la Teijin's Alvesco (ciclesonide), corticosteroid ya kuvuta puani kwa ajili ya pumu, kwa matibabu ya wagonjwa wenye pumu walioambukizwa na virusi vipya vya korona.
A form of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, a Phase II trial is underway with 200 patients to be recruited from severe, hospitalized cases in Denmark, Germany, and Austria to determine the effectiveness of the treatment.
Dawa ya angiotensin-inayobadilisha kimeng'enya 2, jaribio la awamu ya II na wagonjwa 200 kuandikishwa wenye magonjwa mahututi na waliolazwa hospitalini kutoka Denmark, Ujerumani, na Austria ili kubaini ufanisi wa matibabu hayo.
Researchers from the Montreal Heart Institute in Canada are currently studying the role of colchicine in reducing inflammation and pulmonary complications in patients suffering from mild symptoms of COVID-19.
Watafiti kutoka Taasisi ya Moyo huko Montreal kwa sasa wanachunguza jukumu la colchicine katika kupunguza uvimbe na matatizo ya mapafu kwa wagonjwa wenye dalili kazi za COVID-19.
The study, named COLCORONA, is recruiting 6000 adults aged 40 and over who were diagnosed with COVID-19 and experience mild symptoms not requiring hospitalization.
Utafiti unaojulikana kama COLCORONA, unaandikisha watu wazima 6000 wenye unmri wa miaka 40 na zaidi ambao wamegunduliwa kuwa na ugonjwa wa COVID-19 na wanaonyesha dalili zisizo kali na hawahitaji kulazwa hospitalini.
Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding or who do not have an effective contraceptive method are not eligible.
Wanawke ambao ni wajawazito au wananyonyesha au ambao hawana njia bora ya upangaji uzazi hawastahiki.
Several anticoagulants are being tested in Italy.
Dawa za kuzuia kuganda zinapimwa nchini Italia.
Low-molecular-weight heparin is being widely used to treat patients, prompting the Italian Medicines Agency to publish guidelines on its use.
Heparin yenye uzito wa chini wa molekuli inatumika sana kutibu wagonjwa, ikisababisha Shirika la Dawa huko Italia kuchapisha miongozo ya matumizi yake.
A multicenter study on 300 patients researching the use of enoxaparin sodium at prophylaxis and therapeutic dosages was announced in Italy on April 14.
Utafiti wa vituo anuwai kwa wagonjwa 3000, unaochunguza matumizi ya enoxaparin sodium katika prophylaxis na dawa za matibbau ulitangazwa nchini Italia terehe 14 Aprili.
Since SARS-CoV-2 is a virus, considerable scientific attention has been focused on repurposing approved anti-viral drugs that were developed for prior outbreaks such as MERS, SARS, and West Nile virus.
Kwa kuwa SARS-CoV-2 ni virusi, uzingatifu mkubwa wa kisayansi umejikita kurudisha dawa za kuzuia virusi ambazo zilikuwa zimetengenezwa kwa ajili ya milipuko ya awali kama vile virusi vya MERS, SARS, na West Nile.
Ribavirin: ribavirin was recommended for COVID-19 treatment according to Chinese 7th edition guidelines
Ribavirin: ribavirin ilipendekezwa kwa matibabu ya COVID-19 kulingana na miongozo ya toleo la 7 la Uchina
Umifenovir: umifenovir was recommended for COVID-19 treatment according to Chinese 7th edition guidelines
Umifenovir: umifenovir ilipendekezwa kwa matibabu ya COVID-19 kulingana na miongozo ya toleo la 7 la Uchina
Some antibiotics that have been identified as potentially repurposable as COVID-19 treatments:
Dawa zingine za antibiotiki vimegundulikwa kuwa zinaweza kutumika kwa matibabu ya COVID-19:
Tocilizumab (Anti-IL-6 receptor): Approved by China.
Tocilizumab (Kipokezi cha anti-IL-6): Imeidhinishwa nchini Uchina.
Also trials in Italy and China. and see Tocilizumab#COVID-19.
Pia vipimo huko Italia na Uchina. na angaliaTocilizumab#COVID-19.
It is unclear yet whether conditions arising during pregnancy including diabetes, cardiac failure, hypercoagulability or hypertension might represent additional risk factors for pregnant people as they do for nonpregnant people.From the limited data available, vertical transmission during the third trimester probably does not occur, or only occurs very rarely.
Haijulikani wazi ikiwa hali zinazotokea wakati wa ujauzito ikiwemo ugonjwa wa kisukari, matatizo ya moyo, shinikizo la juu la damu zinaweza kuwakilisha sababu za hatari kwa watu wajawazito kama zinavyofanya kwa watu wasio wajawazito. Kutoka wa data ndogo inayopatika, labda maambukizo ya ugonjwa hautatokea kwa mtoto wakati wa miezi mitatu ya mwisho, au hutokea mara chache sana.
There is no data yet on early pregnancy.
Bado hakuna data ya ujauzito wa mapema.
Little evidence exists to permit any solid conclusions about the nature of COVID-19 infection in pregnancy.
Ushahidi mdogo upo wa kudhibitisha hitimisho lolote dhabiti kuhusu asili ya maambukizo ya COVID-19 katika ujauzito.
A case series of 43 women from New York who tested positive for COVID-19 showed similar patterns to non-pregnant adults: 86% had mild disease, 9.3% had severe disease and 4.7% developed critical disease.
Mfululizo wa visa vya wanawake 43 kutoka New York ambao walipatikana kuwa na COVID-19 ulionyesha hali kama hiyo kwa watu wazima wasio wajawazito: asilimia 86 walikuwa na ugonjwa usio mkali, asilimia 9.3 walikuwa na ugonjwa kali na asilimia 4.7 walikuwa na ugonjwa ya hali mahututi.
Fetal distress was reported in two.
Watu wawili walipatikana kuwa na matatizo kwenye kijusi.
None of the women developed severe COVID-19 pneumonia or died.
Hakuna wanawake walipatikana kuwa nimonia kali ya COVID-19 au kufa.
All of them had live birth pregnancies and no severe neonatal asphyxia was observed.
Wote walikuwa na ujauzito mzuri na hakuna hali ya mtoto kukosa oksijeni ulionekana.
The samples of breast milk, amniotic fluid, cord blood and neonatal throat swab were tested for SARS-CoV-2, and all results were negative.In another study on 15 pregnant women, majority of the patients presented with fever and cough, while laboratory tests yielded lymphocytopenia in 12 patients.
Sampuli za maziwa ya matiti, maji ya mimba, damu ya ugwe na maambukizo kwenye koo zilipimwa SARS-CoV-2, na matokeo yote yalikuwa hasi. Katika utafiti mwingine wa wanawake 15 wajawazito, wagonjwa wengine walionyesha homa na kukohoa, na vipimo vya maabara vilionyesha lympocytopenia kwa wagonjwa 12.
Computed tomography findings of these patients were consistent with previous reports of non-pregnant patients, consisting of ground-glass opacities at early stage.
Matokeo ya eksrei kwa kutumia kompyuta ya wagonjwa hawa yalikuwa sawa na ripoti za awali kutoka kwa wagonjwa wasio wajawazito, yanayojumuisha matokeo ya rediolojia katika hatua za kwanza.
Follow-up images after delivery showed no progression of pneumonia.Media reports indicate that over 100 women with COVID-19 might have delivered, and in March 2020, no maternal deaths were reported.
Picha za kufuatia baada ya kujifungua haukuonyesha maendeleo ya nimonia. Ripoti za vyombo za habari zinaonyesha kuwa zaidi ya wanawake 100 wenye COVID-19 wanaweza kuwa wamejifungua, na mnamo Machi 2020, hakuna vifo vya akina mama walioripotiwa.
Their guidelines thus advise that any pregnant person admitted to hospital with a COVID-19 infection should receive at least 10 days of prophylactic low-molecular-weight heparin after being discharged from the hospital.
Kwa hivyo miongozo yao inashauri kuwa mtu yeyote ambaye ni mjamzito alliyelazwa hospitalini kwa sababu ya maambukizo ya COVID-19 anapaswa kupewa heparin yenye uzito wa chini wa molekuli kwa siku 10 baada ya kutolewa hospitalini.
There are no data yet concerning the implications of COVID-19 infections for labour.
Bado hakuna data inayohusiana na matatizo ya maambukizo ya COVID-19 kwa uchungu wa uzazi.
One infant girl born to a mother with COVID-19 had elevated IgM levels two hours after birth, suggesting that she had been infected in utero and supporting the possibility of vertical transmission in some cases.
Msichana mmoja mchanga aliyezaliwa na mama mwenye COVID-19 alikuwa na viwango vya juu vya IgM saa mbili baada ya kuzaliwa, na kupendekeza kuwa alikuwa ameambukizwa kwenye tumbo la uzazi na kuonyesha uwezekano wa maambukizo ya ugonjwa kwa mtoto katika baadhi ya visa.
A small study involving 6 confirmed COVID-19 mothers showed no indication of SARS-COV-19 in their newborns' throats or serum but antibodies were present in neonatal blood sera samples, including IgM in two of the infants.
Utafiti mdogo unaohusisha mama 6 waliodhibitishwa kuwa na COVID-19 hawakuonyesha ishara yoyote ya SARS-COV-19 katika koo au damu ya watoto wao wachanga lakini kingamwili ilikuwepo katika sampuli za damu ya watato wachanga hao, ikiwemo IgM katika watoto wawili wachanga kati yao.
This is not usually passed from mother to fetus so further research is required to know whether the virus crossed the placenta or whether placentas of women in the study were damaged or abnormal.
Kwa kawaida hii haipitishwi kutoka kwa mama kwenda kwa kijusi kwa hivyo uchunguzi zaidi unahitajika kujua ikiwa virusi hivyo vilipitia kwenye kondo au ikiwa kondo ya wanawake kwenye utafiti ilikuwa imeharibiwa au isiyo ya kawaida.
Since COVID-19 shows similarities to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, it is likely that their effect on pregnancy are similar.
Kwa kuwa COVID-19 inaonyesha mfanano wa SARS-CoV na MERS-CoV, kuna uwezekano kuwa athari zao kwa ujauzito ni sawia.
Four of seven had first trimester miscarriage, two of five had fetal growth restriction in the second trimester, and four of five had preterm birth.
Watu wanne kati ya saba, mimba yao iliharibika katika miezi mitatu ya kwanza, wawili kati ya tano walikuwa na kizuizi cha ukuaji wa kijusi katika miezi mitatu ya pili na wanne kati ya tano walizaa kabla ya wakati kufika.
None of the newborns were infected with SARS-CoV.
Hakuna watoto wachanga waliozaliwa waliambukizwa na SARS-CoV.
A report of ten cases of MERS- CoV infection in pregnancy in Saudi Arabia showed that the clinical presentation is variable, from mild to severe infection.
Ripoti ya visa kumi ya maambukizo ya MERS- Cov wakati wa ujauzito nchini Saudia Arabia ilionyesha kuwa uwasilishaji wa kiliniki unatofautiana, kutoka kwa maambukizo isiyo kali hadi kali.
The outcome was favorable in a majority of the cases, but the infant death rate was 27%.A recent review suggested that COVID-19 appeared to be less lethal to mothers and infants than SARS and MERS but that there may be an increased risk of preterm birth after 28 weeks' gestation.
Matokeo yalikuwa mazuri katika visa vingi, lakini kiwango cha vifo vya watoto wachanga kilikuwa asilimia 27. Ukaguzi wa hivi karibuni ulionyesha kuwa COVID-19 ilionekana kuwa hasababishi vifo sana kwa mama na watoto wachanga kuliko SARS na MERS, lakini kunaweza kuwa na hatari iliyoongezeka kwa watoto waliozaliwa kabla ya wakati baada ya ujauzito wa wiki 28.
The World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the United States advises pregnant women to do the same things as the general public to avoid infection, such as covering cough, avoid interacting with sick people, cleaning hands with soap and water or sanitizer.
Shirika la Afya Duniani na Vituo vya Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Ugonjwa huko Marekani hushauri wanawake wajawazito kufanya mambo sawa kama umma kwa ujumla ili kuzuia maambukizo, kama vile kujifuka ukikohoa, kuepuka kutangamana na watu wagonjwa, kusafisha mikono kwa kutumia sabuni na maji au kisafisha mikono chenye kileo cha kuua viini.
A survey conducted in Shanghai among pregnant women in different trimesters of pregnancy identified a strong demand for online access to health information and services.
Utafiti uliofanywa huko Shangai wa wanawake wajawazito katika miezi tofauti ya ujauzito ulibaini hitaji kubwa la ufikiaji wa mtandaoni wa maelezo na huduma za afya.
People expecting their first baby were more willing to have online consultation and guidance than who had previously given birth.The RCOG and RCM recommend that in-person appointments be deferred by 7 days after the start of symptoms of COVID-19 or 14 days if another person in the household has symptoms.
Watu wanaotarajia mtoto wao wa kwanza walikuwa tayari zaidi kupata ushari na mwongozo mtandaoni kuliko wale waliozaa hapo awali. RCOG na RCM inapendekeza kuwa miadi ya ana kwa ana upunguzwe kuwa siku 7 baada ya dalili za COVID-19 kuonekana au siku 14 ikiwa mtu mwingine katika kaya anaonyesha dalili.
Fever subsequently developed in three asymptomatic patients.
Homa baadaye ilionekana kwa wagonjwa watatu wasioonyesha dalili.
One patient who had tested negative subsequently became symptomatic postpartum and tested positive three days after the initial negative test.
Mgonjwa mmoja ambaye alikuwa amepimwa na matokeo yalikuwa hasi baadaye alionyesha dalili baada ya kujifungua na matokeo ya vipimo yalikuwa chanya siku tatu baada ya matokeo hasi ya kwanza.
The doctors conducting the screening recommended that in order to reduce infection and allocate PPE, due to high numbers of patients presenting as asymptomatic, universal screening of pregnant patients should be conducted.
Madaktari wanaofanya uchunguzi huo walipendekeza kuwa, ili kupunguza maambukizo na kutenga PPE, kwa sababu ya idadi kubwa ya wagonjwa wasioonyesha ugonjwa, uchunguzi wa wagonjwa wote wajawazito unapaswa kufanywa.
They also suggest that people with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 should have continuous electronic fetal monitoring.
Pia wanapendekeza kwamba watu wanaoshukiwa au wamedhibitishwa kuwa na ugonjwa wa COVID-19 wanapaswa kuendelea na uchunguzi wa kijusi kielekroniki.
The use of birthing pools is not recommended for suspected or confirmed cases of COVID-19 due to the risk of infection via faeces.
Haipendekezwi kutumia mabwawa ya kuzaa kwa watu wanaoshukiwa au waliodhibitishwa kuwa na ugonjwa wa COVID-19 kwa sababu ya hatari ya kuambukiza kupitia kinyesi.
In the UK, official recommendations state that precautionary separation of a mother and a healthy baby should not be undertaken lightly and that they should be kept together in the postpartum period where neonatal care is not required.Literature from China recommended separation of infected mothers from babies for 14 days.
Nchini Uingereza, mapendekezo rasmi yanasema kuwa utengano wa tahadhari wa mama na mtoto mwenye afya haupaswi kufanywa kwa urahisi na wanapaswa kuwekwa pamoja katiki kipindi cha baada ya kujifungua ambapo utuzaji wa mtoto aliyezaliwa hauhitajiki. Mwandishi kutoka Uchina alipendekeza mama walioambukizwa kutenganishwa na watoto kwa siku 14.
In the US there is also the recommendation that newborns and mothers should be temporarily separated until transmission-based precautions are discontinued, and that where this is not possible the newborn should be kept 2 metres away from the mother.
Huko Marekani bado kuna pendekezo kuwa watoto wachanga na mama watenganishwe kwa muda hadi tahadhari zinazotegemea maambukizo zimekomeshwa, na ambapo hii haiwezekani, mtoto mchanga anapaswa kuweka umbali wa mita 2 kutoka kwa mama.
b'COVID-19 surveillance involves monitoring the spread of the coronavirus disease in order to establish the patterns of disease progression.
Uchunguzi wa b'COVID-19 unajumuisha kufuatilia ugonjwa kuenea ili kuweka mifumo ya maendeleo ya ugonjwa huo.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends active surveillance, with focus of case finding, testing and contact tracing in all transmission scenarios.
Shirika la Afya Duniani (WHO) linapendekeza uchunguzi amilifu, ukizingatia utafutaji wa kisa, upimaji na utafutaji wa utangamano katika hali zote za maambukizo.
COVID-19 surveillance is expected to monitor epidemiological trends, rapidly detect new cases, and based on this information, provide epidemiological information to conduct risk assessment and guide disease preparedness.
Uchunguzi wa COVID-19 unatarajiwa kufuatilia mitindo ya ugonjwa, kugundua haraka visa vipya, na kulingana na maelezo haya, kutoa maelezo ya ugonjwa ili kufanya utathmini wa hatari na kutoa mwongozo wa utayarishaji wa magonjwa.
Syndromic surveillance is done based on the symptoms of an individual that corresponds to COVID-19.
Uchunguzi wa dalili za ugonjwa hufanyika kulingana na dalili za mtu binafsi ambazo zinalingana na COVID-19.
As of March 2020, the WHO recommends the following case definitions:
Kufikia Machi 2020, WHO inapendekeza ifafanuzi wa visa vifuatavyo:
Probable case : "A suspect case for whom testing for the COVID-19 virus is inconclusive" OR "a suspect case for whom testing could not be performed for any reason".
Kisa kinachowezekana: "Mtu anayeshukiwa ambaye upimaji wa virusi vya COVID-19 haujakamilika" AU " mtu anayeshukiwa ambaye hangeweza kufanyiwa upimaji kwa sababu yeyote".
Confirmed case: "A person with laboratory confirmation of COVID-19 infection, irrespective of clinical signs and symptoms".
Kisa kilichodhibitishwa: "Mtu mwenye uthibitisho wa maabara ya maambukizo ya COVID-19, bila kujali ishara na dalili za kliniki".
Direct physical contact with a probable or confirmed case;
Utangamano wa kimwili wa moja kwa moja na mtu anayeshukuwa au aliyedhibitishwa;
Direct care for a patient with probable or confirmed COVID-19 disease without using proper personal protective equipment;
Utunzaji wa moja kwa moja bila kutumia vizuri vifaa sahihi vya kujikinga na mgonjwa anayeshukiwa au amedhibitishwa kuwa na ugonjwa wa COVID-19;
Other situations as indicated by local risk assessments".WHO recommends reporting of probable and confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection within 48 hours of identification.
Hali zingine kama ilivyoonyeshwa na tathmini za hatari za ndani". WHO inapendekeza kuripoti watu wanaoshukuwa au wamedhibitishwa kuwa na maambukizo ya COVID-19 ndani ya saa 48 baada ya utambuzi.
The countries should report on a case-by-case basis as far as possible, but in case of limitation in resources, aggregate weekly reporting is also possible.
Nchi zinapaswa kuripoti kwa msingi wa tukio-kwa-tukio iwezekanavyo, lakini ikiwa kuna upungufu wa rasilimali, ripoti ya jumla ya kila wiki inawezekana pia.
Some organizations have created crowdsourced apps for syndromic surveillance, where people can report their symptoms to help researchers map areas with concentration of COVID-19 symptoms.
Baadhi ya mashirika wameunda programu ya ukusanyaji wa maelezo ya uchunguzi wa dalili, ambapo watu wanaweza kuripoti dalili zao ili kuwasaidia watafiti kualamisha maeneo yenye idadi kubwa ya dalili za COVID-19.
Virological surveillance is done by using molecular tests for COVID-19.
Uchunguzi wa kivirolojia hufanywa kwa kutumia vipimo vya molekuli kwa COVID-19.
WHO has published resources for laboratories on how to perform testing for COVID-19.
WHO imetoa rasilimali za maabara za jinsi ya kupima COVID-19.
In the European Union, laboratory confirmed cases of COVID-19 are reported within 24 hours of identification.
Nchini Ulaya, visa vya COVID-19 vilivyodhibitishwa na maabra huripotiwa ndani ya saa 24 baada ya kutambuliwa.
At least 24 countries have established digital surveillance of their citizens.
Angalau nchi 24 zimeanzisha uchunguzi wa kidijitali wa raia wao.
The digital surveillance technologies include apps, location data and electronic tags.
Teknolojia za uchunguzi wa kidijitali zinajumuisha pogramu, data ya eneo na vitambulisho vya kielekroniki.
The Center For Disease Control and Prevention in USA tracks the travel information of individuals using airline passenger data.
Kituo cha Udhbiti na Uzuizi wa Ugonjwa huko Marekani hufuatilia maelezo ya usafiri wa watu wanaotuma data za abiria wa ndege.
In Hong Kong, authorities are requiring a bracelet and an app for all travellers.
Huko Hong Kong, mamlaka zinataka watu wawe na bangili na programu ya simu kwa wote wanaosafiri.
A GPS app is used to track the locations of individuals in South Korea to ensure against quarantine breach, sending alerts to the user and to authorities if people leave designated areas.
Programu ya GPS hutumika kufuatilia maeneo ya watu huko Korea Kusini ili kuhakikisha hakuna kutoka karantini, kutuma arifa kwa mtumiaji na mamlaka ikiwa watu watatoka kwenye maeneo waliowekwa.
In Singapore, individuals have to report their locations with photographic proof.
Huko Singapoo, lazima watu waripoti mahali walipo na ushahidi wa picha.
Thailand is using an app and SIM cards for all travelers to enforce their quarantine.
Nchini Thailand inatumia programy na SIM kadi kwa wasafiri wote ili kutekeleza muda wao wa karantini.
Human rights organizations have criticized some of these measures, asking the governments not to use the pandemic as a cover to introduce invasive digital surveillance.
Mashirika ya haki za kibinadamu yamekosoa baadhi ya hatu hizo, yakiwauliza serikali isitumie ugonjwa huo kama kisetiri cha kuanzisha uchunguzi wa kuingilia kwa njia ya kidijitali.
b'A COVID-19 vaccine is a hypothetical vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Chanjo ya b'A COVID-19 ni chanjo ya kubuni ya kuzuia ugonjwa wa virusi vya korona 2019 (COVID-19).
Although no vaccine has completed clinical trials, there are multiple attempts in progress to develop such a vaccine.
Ingawa hakuna chajo iliyokamilisha majaribio ya kliniki, kuna majaribio kadhaa yanayoendelea ya kuunda chanjo hiyo.
In late February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) said it did not expect a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the causative virus, to become available in less than 18 months.
Mwisho wa Februari 2020, Shirika la Afya Duniani (WHO) lilisema kuwa halikutarajia chanjo ya kuzuia SARS-CoV-2, virusi vinavyosababisha ugonjwa huo, kupatikana katika kipindi kisichozidi miezi 18.
Five vaccine candidates were in Phase I safety studies in April.
Chanjo tano zilizoteuliwa zilikuwa katika utafiti wa usalami wa Awamu ya I mwezi wa Aprili.
COVID-19 was identified in December 2019.
COVID-19 ilitambuliwa mwezi wa Desemba 2019.
A major outbreak spread around the world in 2020, leading to considerable investment and research activity to develop a vaccine.
Mlipuko mkubwa ulioenea duniani kote mwaka wa 2020, na kusababisha uwekezaji mkubwa na shughuli za utafiti wa kutengeneza chanjo.
Many organizations are using published genomes to develop possible vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.
Mashirika mengi yanatumia jenomu zilizochapishwa kutengeneza chanjo zinazowezekana za kuzuia SARS-CoV-2.
Stated in April, imperatives of the CEPI initiative for vaccine development are speed, manufacturing capacity, deployment at scale, and global access.
Ilivyotajwa mwezi wa Aprili, mahitaji ya mpango wa CEPI kwa maendeleo ya chanjo ni kasi, uwezo wa utengenezaji, matumizi ya kiwango, na ufikiaji duniani.
In April, CEPI scientists reported that 10 different technology platforms were under research and development during early 2020 to create an effective vaccine against COVID-19.
Mnamo Aprili, wanasayansi wa CEPI waliripoti kuwa majukwaa 10 tofauti ya teknolojia yalikuwa yanafanyiwa utafiti na maendeleo mwanzoni mwa mwaka wa 2020 ili kuunda chanjo inayofaa ya kuzuia COVID-19.
Major platform targets advanced into Phase I safety studies include:
Malengo makuu ya jukwa yaliyoendelea katika utafiti wa usalama wa Awamu ya I yanajumuisha:
nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) (Phase I developer and vaccine candidate: Moderna, mRNA-1273)
asidi za kiini cha chembe (DNA na RNA) (Mkuzaji wa awamu ya I na chanjo kilichoteuliwa: Moderna, mRNA-1273)
viral vector (Phase I developer and vaccine candidate: CanSino Biologics, adenovirus type 5 vector)
zana za kuchunguza virusi (Mwendelezaji wa awamu ya I na chajo kilichoteuliwa: CanSino Biologics, virusi vya adeno vya vekta ya aina ya 5).
As reported by CEPI scientists in April, 115 total vaccine candidates are in early stages of development, with 78 confirmed as active projects (79, according to the Milken Institute), and 37 others announced, but with little public information available (presumed to be in planning or being designed).
Kama ilivyoripotiwa na wanasayansi wa CEPI mnamo Aprili, jumla ya chanjo 115 zilizoteuliwa zinafanyiwa maendeleo ya hatua za mwanzo, huku 78 zikithibitishwa kama miradi inayoendelea (79, kulingana na Taasisi ya Milken), na zingine 37 zimetangazwa, lakini kwa maelezo chache yanayopatikana kwa umma (zinadhaniwa kuwa zinapangwa au zinaundwa).
A Phase I-II trial conducts preliminary safety and immunogenicity testing, is typically randomized, placebo-controlled, and at multiple sites, while determining more precise, effective doses.
Jaribio la Awamu ya I-II inaendesha jaribio ya awali ya usalama na imunogenisiti, kikawaida halifuati utaratibu maalum, hudhibitiwa kupitia placebo na katika maeneo anuwai, huku likibaini dozi sahihi zaidi na faafu.