atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
Screenings, temperature checks, extra paperwork, and the associated waiting around can add minutes or hours before you're allowed to continue on your journey.
Uchunguzi, ukaguzi wa halijoto, fomu za ziada, na muda husika wa kusubiri unaweza kuongezea dakika au saa kabla uruhusiwe kuendelea na safari yako.
You may find it harder than usual to buy a ticket to or from a destination subject to warnings and restrictions.
Huenda ukapata kuwa vigumu kuliko kawaida kununua tiketi kwenda au kutoka mwisho wa safari yako kulingana na maonyo na vikwazo.
This is a real concern if you're trying to get out of an affected area.
Huu ni wasiwasi wa kweli ikiwa unajaribu kutoka eneo lililoathirika.
For instance, most aggregators are not selling tickets from China to the United States (presumably to avoid falling afoul of restrictions and being on the hook for a passenger's flight out).
Kwa mfano, wauzaji hawauzi tiketi kutoka Uchina hadi Marekani (hiyo ni kwa sababu ya kuepuka kukiuka vikwazo na kushindwa kupata ndege ya abiria ya kutoka)
To buy a ticket for an itinerary like this, you may have to contact the airline or use a lesser-known aggregator.
Ili kununua tiketi ya safari kama hii, huenda ukalamizika kuwasiliana na ndege au utumie muuzaji asiyejulikana sana.
Another possibility is to buy two separate tickets (for instance, a ticket from China to Cambodia and a second ticket from Cambodia to the U.S.), but be careful you won't get quarantined or lose your luggage in between.
Uwezekano mwingine ni kununua tiketi mbili tofauti (kwa mfano, tiketi kutoka Uchina hadi Kambodia na tiketi ya pili kutoka Kambodia hadi Marekani.), lakini kuwa mwangalifu usiingie karantini au upoteze mizigo yako hapo katikati.
Connecting flights can be a problem.
Ndege za kuunganisha safari zinanaweza kuwa na shida,
The risk of getting stuck in the connection city is higher than usual right now, due to delays for screening and testing as well as extensive cancellations.
Hatari ya kukwama katika mji wa kuunganisha safari iko juu kuliko kawaida wakati huu, kwa sababu ya kucheleweshwa na kupimwa na hata pia kughairishwa kwingi.
Connecting in an affected area may lead to entry restrictions later on, and if you've been in an affected area recently some countries won't even let you change planes.
Kuunganisha safari katika eneo lililoathirika kunaweza kusababisha vikwazo vya kuingia baadaye, na kama umekuwa katika eneo lililoathirika hivi karibuni baadhi ya nchi hazitakuruhusu ubadilishe ndege.
On certain itineraries there is a risk of getting quarantined somewhere along the way.
Katika safari nyingine kuna hatari ya kuingia karantini mahali katikati ya safari yako.
So book a direct flight if you can, and if not, think carefully about where to connect.
Kwa hivyo hifadhi nafasi ya safari ya moja kwa moja, na ikiwa haiwezekani, fikiria kwa makini kuhusu ni wapi utaunganisha safari yako.
In uncertain times, plans can change.
Katika hali nyingine, mipango inaweza kubadilika.
Many embassies and consulates have evacuated nonessential staff, and some have shut down operations completely.
Balozi nyingi zimewaokoa wafanyakazi wasio muhimu, na baadhi zimefunga shughuli zao kabisa.
Emergency assistance should still be available, though it's possible you may have to contact a further-away consulate if your local one has shut down.
Msaada wa dharura unapaswa bado kupatikana, ijapokuwa inawezekana unaweza kulazimika kuwasiliana na ubalozi kwa mbali ikiwa ile iliyo karibu na wewe imefungwa.
If you have been stranded due to the pandemic, your nearest consulate may be able to help you find a flight home, arrange an emergency loan so you can buy a ticket, or provide an emergency passport.
Ikiwa umekwama kwa sababu ya janga hili, ubalozi wako ulio karibu unaweza kukusaidia kupata ndege ya kukupeleka nyumbani, kupanga mkopo wa dharura ili uweze kununua tiketi, au kukupa pasipoti ya dharura.
At the very least they can keep you informed about the local situation and notify you about recently introduced travel requirements and restrictions.
Katika hali ya chini kabisa wanaweza kukufahamisha kuhusu hali ya ndani na kukuarifu kuhusu mahitaji na vikwazo vipya vya kusafiri.
Ordinary consular services such as visa and passport processing may be suspended or restricted to urgent need, depending on the location and the consulate.
Huduma za kawaida za ubalozi kama vile kuchakata visa na pasipoti zinaweza kusitishwa au kuzuiwa kwa mahitaji ya haraka, kulingana na eneo na ubalozi.
Although some people call the disease "Wuhan pneumonia" (武汉(漢)肺炎/武肺), "Wuhan disease", or "Chinese virus", the use of these terms is considered racist in China and by many people of Chinese origin.
Ijapokuwa baadhi ya watu wanaita ugonjwa huu "nimonia ya Wuhan" (武汉(漢)肺炎/武肺), "ugonjwa wa Wuhan", au "virusi vya Uchina", matumizi ya maneno haya yanachukuliwa kama ya ubaguzi wa rangi nchini Uchina na watu wengi wa eneo la Uchina.
It is still common to refer the disease as "Wuhan pneumonia" or "Chinese virus" in places like Hong Kong and Taiwan.
Ni kawaida kurejelea ugonjwa huu kama "nimonia ya Wuhana" au "virusi vya Uchina" katika maeneo kama vile Hong kong na Taiwan.
To be safe, use location-neutral terms when referring to the disease, such as "COVID-19", "novel coronavirus", or just "the virus" or "the pandemic".
Ili kuwa salama, tumia maneno ya kawaida ya eneo lako wakati unarejelea ugonjwa huu, kama vile "COVID-19" "ugonjwa wa korona" au "virusi" au "janga" tu.
Particularly in developing countries where law enforcement are poorly trained, enforcement of curfew, lockdown or stay-at-home orders are often brutal, often using forces not proportionate against crowds.
Katika nchi zinazostawi hasa ambapo watekelezaji sheria wamefunzwa vibaya, utekelezaji wa amri ya kutotoka nje, kusitishwa kwa shughuli za kawaida au amri za kukaa nyumbani huwa mbaya sana, mara kwa mara hao hutumia nguvu zisizofaa kwa umati.
Comply with these orders, and avoid crowds in public.
Tii amri hizi, na uepuke umati wa watu.
As a result of the coronavirus pandemic, xenophobia has risen in many countries, primarily but not exclusively targeting people perceived to be Chinese.
Kama matokeo ya janga hili la virusi vya korona, ubaguzi wa wageni umeongezeka katika nchi nyingi, kimsingi lakini sio tu unaowalenga watu wanaochukuliwa kuwa Wachina.
There has been a worldwide spike in racist incidents targeting people of East Asian origin, including in major cities such as New York, London and San Francisco.
Kumekuwa na ongezeko kubwa duniani katika matukio ya ubaguzi wa rangi unaowalenga watu wa asili ya Asia Mashariki, ikiwa ni pamoja na miji mikuu kama vile New York, London na San Francisco.
In Hong Kong, Sinophobia, which was already high to begin with, has intensified as a result of the pandemic, with the result that many shops and restaurants are now denying service to mainland Chinese customers and banning Mandarin speakers from their premises (with the exception of Taiwanese).
Kule Hong Kong, ubaguzi dhidi ya Uchina, ambao ulikuwa juu tayari, umeongezeka kama matokeo ya janga hili, matokeo yake yakisababisha maduka na mikahawa ikiwanyima huduma wateja kutoka China Kuu na kuwapiga marufuku wanenaji wote wa Kimandarini katika majengo yao (isipokuwa Taiwanisi).
Levels of xenophobia have also risen in East Asia, with some restaurants and other businesses in Japan and China refusing service to foreign customers.
Viwango vya ubaguzi wa wageni vimeongezeka pia katika Asia Mashariki, na baadhi ya mikahawa na biashara nyingine nchini Japani na Uchina ikikataa kuwahudumia wateja wa kigeni.
In China, there have been incidents of foreigners being refused rooms by hotel staff, and foreign residents, particularly black people, being kicked out of their apartments on short notice by their landlords.
Nchini Uchina, kumekuwa na matukio ya wageni kunyimwa vyumba na wafanyakazi wa hoteli, na wakazi wa kigeni, hasa watu weusi, wakifurushwa kutoka makazi yao baada ya ilani fupi kutoka kwa kabaila wao.
Sources for further information on the coronavirus outbreak include:
Vyanzo vya maelezo zaidi kuhusu mlipuko wa virusi vya korona vinajumuisha:
The US government Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Vituo vya Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa vya serikali ya Marekani
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (daily updates)
Kituo cha Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa cha Ulaya (taarifa za kila siku)
United Kingdom government, - Foreign and Commonwealth Office advice for Travellers
Serikali ya Uingereza, - ushauri kwa Wasafiri kutoka Ofisi ya Mambo ya Nje na Jumuiya ya madola
An online map and dashboard from the John Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering with live updates
Ramani na dashibodi ya mtandaoni kutoka kwa Kituo cha Chuo Kikuu cha John Hopkins cha Sayansi ya Mifumo na Uhandisi na taarifa za moja kwa moja
Partial lists of entry restrictions from IATA and The New York Times
Orodha nusu ya vikwazo vya kuingia kutoka IATA na The New York Times
A variety of misinformation and conspiracy theories about the virus are being promoted online and even by some government officials, so be careful which sources you check for information.
Maelezo mengi yasio ya kweli na nadharia za njama kuhusu virusi hivi zimekuzwa sana mtandaoni na hata pia na baadhi ya maafisa wa serikali, kwa hivyo kuwa mwangalifu ni vyanzo gani unavyoangalia kwa maelezo.
Ensure that all information and advice you receive has been backed by reputable doctors and scientists.
Hakikisha kwamba maelezo na ushauri wote unaopokea umeungwa mkono na madaktari na wanasayansi wanaoaminika.
In a crisis, it's natural to want to keep following the latest updates, but it may be better for your mental health to moderate the amount of news that you look at, and stick to reliable news sources.
Wakati wa janga, ni kawaida kutaka kufuata taarifa zinazochipuka, lakini huenda ikawa vizuri kwa afya ya akili yako kupunguza kiwango cha habari unachoangalia, na kufuata vyanzo vinavyoaminika vya habari.
If you normally watch the news twice per day then stick to this schedule and do something else, rather than having the 24-hour news on continuously.
Ikiwa kwa kawaida unatazama habari mara mbili kwa siku basi fuata ratiba hii na ufanye mambo mengine, badala ya kupata habari kwa saa 24 kila wakati.
b'Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an enzyme attached to the outer surface (cell membranes) of cells in the lungs, arteries, heart, kidney, and intestines.
Kimeng'enya 2 cha kugeuza b'Angiotensin (ACE2) ni kimeng'enya kilichoambatishwa kwa sehemu ya nje (utandao wa seli) ya seli katika mapafu, mishipa, moyo, figo na utumbo.
ACE2 counters the activity of the related angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) by reducing the amount of angiotensin-II and increasing Ang(1-7) making it a promising drug target for treating cardiovascular diseases.ACE2 also serves as the entry point into cells for some coronaviruses.
ACE2 hukabiliana na shughuli zinazohusiana na kimeng'enya kinachogeuza angiotensin (ACE) kwa kupunguza kiwango cha angiotensi-II na kuongeza Ang(1-7) kwa kuifanya iwe dawa nzuri ya kutibu magonjwa ya moyo. ACE2 hutumika pia kama sehemu ya kuingia kwenye seli ya baadhi ya virusi vya korona.
The human version of the enzyme is often referred to as hACE2.
Toleo la mwanadamu la kimeng'enya hurejelewa mara kwa mara kama hACE2.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a zinc containing metalloenzyme located on the surface of endothelial and other cells.
Kimeng'enya 2 cha kugeuza angiotensin ni zinki yenye kimeng'enya cha atomu za metali zilizo kwenye eneo la neva za seli za mwisho na seli nyingine.
ACE2 protein contains an N-terminal peptidase M2 domain and a C-terminal collectrin renal amino acid transporter domain.
Protini ya ACE2 ina kikoa cha M2 cha peptidi ya temino N na kikoa cha kusafirisha asidi ya amino ya figo ya kolektini temino C
ACE2 is a single-pass type I membrane protein, with its enzymatically active domain exposed on the surface of cells in lungs and other tissues.
ACE2 ni protini ya utando wa aina I ya njia moja, kikoa chake kinachotumika cha kumeng'enya kikiwa kwenye sehemu ya juu ya seli katika mapafu na tishu nyingine.
The extracellular domain of ACE2 is cleaved from the transmembrane domain by another enzyme known as sheddase, and the resulting soluble protein is released into the blood stream and ultimately excreted into urine.
Kikoa cha giligili iliyo nje cha ACE2 kimeshikilia kikoa cha utando kwa kimeng'enya kingine kinachojulikana kama sheddase, na protini inayotokea inayoyeyuka hutolewa kwenye mfumo wa damu na mwishowe kutolewa kupitia mkojo.
ACE2 is present in most organs: ACE2 is attached to the cell membrane of mainly lung type II alveolar cells, enterocytes of the small intestine, arterial and venous endothelial cells and arterial smooth muscle cells in most organs.
ACE2 inapatikana katika viungo vingi: ACE2 imeambatishwa kwenye utando wa seli za alveola aina II za mapafu, enterosaiti ya utumbo mdogo, mishipa na seli za mwisho za vena na seli za mishipa laini ya misuli katika viungo vingi.
ACE2 mRNA expression is also found in the cerebral cortex, striatum, hypothalamus, and brainstem.
Onyesho la ACE2 mRNA linapatikana pia katika utando wa bongo, striatum, hypothalamus, na mfumo wa ubongo.
The primary function of ACE2 is to act as a counter balance to ACE.
Kazi kuu ya ACE2 ni kufanya kazi kama kisawazishi cha ACE.
ACE cleaves angiotensin I hormone into the vasoconstricting angiotensin II.
ACE hukuamilia homoni I ya angiotensin kwenye angiotensin II ya shinikizo la damu.
ACE2 in turn cleaves the carboxyl-terminal amino acid phenylalanine from angiotensin II (Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe) and hydrolyses it into the vasodilator angiotensin (1-7), (H-Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-OH).
Upande wake ACE2 hukwamilia carboxyl-terminal amino acid phenylalanine kutoka kwa angiotensin II (Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe) na kuivunja kuwa angiotensin ya vasodilator (1-7), (H-Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-OH).
ACE2 can also cleave a number of other peptides including [des-Arg9]-bradykinin, apelin, neurotensin, dynorphin A, and ghrelin.
ACE2 inaweza pia kukwamilia viunganishi kadhaa ikiwa ni pamoja na [des-Arg9]-bradykinin, apelin, neurotensin, dynorphin A, na ghrelin.
ACE2 also regulates the membrane trafficking of the neutral amino acid transporter SLC6A19 and has been implicated in Hartnup's disease.
ACE2 hudhibiti pia usafirishaji wa utando wa kisafirishi SLC6A19 cha amino asili na imetajwa kwa ugonjwa wa Hartnup.
As a transmembrane protein, ACE2 serves as the main entry point into cells for some coronaviruses, including HCoV-NL63; SARS-CoV (the virus that causes SARS); and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19).
Kama protini ya kupitisha utando, ACE2 inatumika kama sehemu kuu ya kuingia kwenye seli za baadhi ya virusi vya korona, ikiwa ni pamoja na HCoV-NL63; SARS CoV (virusi ambavyo vinasababisha SARS); na SARS-CoV-2 (virusi ambavyo vinasababisha COVID-19).
More specifically, the binding of the spike S1 protein of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 to the enzymatic domain of ACE2 on the surface of cells results in endocytosis and translocation of both the virus and the enzyme into endosomes located within cells.
Kihususa, ushikamano wa protini ya SI ya SARS-CoV na SARS-CoV2 kwa kikoa cha mmeng'enyo cha ACE2 kwenye sehemu ya juu ya seli husababisha endocytosis na uhamishaji wa virusi na kimeng'enya kwa endosomu zilizo ndani ya seli.
This entry process also requires priming of the S protein by the host serine protease TMPRSS2, the inhibition of which is under current investigation as a potential therapeutic.This has led some to hypothesize that decreasing the levels of ACE2, in cells, might help in fighting the infection.
Mchakato huu wa kuingia unahitaji pia utayarishaji wa protini S na vizuia protini vya serine kuu ya TMPRSS2, uzuiaji ambao unachunguzwa kwa sasa kama matibabu yanayowezekana. Hii imesababisha wengine kudhania kwamba kupunguza viwango vya ACE2, katika seli, kunaweza kusaidia kukabiliana na maambukizi.
However, multiple professional societies and regulatory bodies have recommended continuing standard ACE inhibitor and ARB therapy.
Hata hivyo, mashirika mengi ya kitaalamu na ya usimamizi yamependekeza kuendelea na kizuzi cha kawaida cha ACE na matibabu ya ARB.
A systematic review and meta-analysis published on July 11, 2012, found that "use of ACE inhibitors was associated with a significant 34% reduction in risk of pneumonia compared with controls."
Upitiaji wa kimfumo na uchanganuzi wa meta uliochapishwa tarehe 11 Julai, 2013, ulipata kwamba "matumizi ya vizuizi vya ACE yalihusishwa na upungufu mkubwa wa asilimia 34 katika hatari ya nimonia ikilinganishwa na vidhibiti."
Moreover, "the risk of pneumonia was also reduced in patients treated with ACE inhibitors who were at higher risk of pneumonia, in particular those with stroke and heart failure.
Zaidi ya hayo, "hatari ya nimonia pia ilipunguzwa kwa wagonjwa waliotibiwa na vizuizi vya ACE ambao walikuwa na hatari kubwa ya kupata nimonia, hasa wale wenye kiharusi au moyo kushindwa kufanya kazi.
Use of ACE inhibitors was also associated with a reduction in pneumonia related mortality, although the results were less robust than for overall risk of pneumonia."
Matumizi ya vizuizi vya ACE pia yalijumuishwa na kupungua kwa vifo vinavyohusiana na nimonia, ingawa matokeo yalikuwa dhaifu kuliko hatari ya jumla ya nimonia."
Recombinant human ACE2 (rhACE2) is surmised to be a novel therapy for acute lung injury, and appeared to improve pulmonary hemodynamics and oxygen saturation in piglets with a lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome.
ACE2 iliyounganishwa ya binadamu (rhACE2) imechukuliwa kuwa matibabu mapya ya majeraha makali ya mapafu, na ilionekana kuboresha mzunguko wa damu mwilini na ukolevu wa oksijeni katika nguruwe wadogo walio na ugonjwa uliosababishwa wa shida kali ya mfumo wa kupumua wa lipopolysaccharide.
The half-life of rhACE2 in human beings is about 10 hours and the onset of action is 30 minutes in addition to the course of effect (duration) of 24 hours.
Maisha nusu ya rhACE2 kwa binadamu ni saa 10 na itaanza kufanya kazi baada ya dakika 30 pamoja na sababu ya matokeo (muda) saa 24.
Several findings suggest that rhACE2 may be a promising drug for those with intolerance to classic renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RAS inhibitors) or in diseases where circulating angiotensin II is elevated.Infused rhACE2 has been evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Matokeo kadhaa yanaonyesha kuwa rhACE2 inaweza kuwa dawa nzuri kwa wale hawawezi kuvumilia vizuizi vya mfumo vya renin-angiotensin (vizuizi vya RAS) au katika magonjwa ambapo angiotensin II inayozunguka imapenda. Mchanganyiko wa rhACE2 umekadiriwa katika majaribio ya kliniki kwa ajili ya matibabu ya matatizo sugu ya upumuaji.
b'Bat SARS-like coronavirus WIV1 (Bat SL-CoV-WIV1), also sometimes called SARS-like coronavirus WIV1, is a strain of Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV) isolated from Chinese rufous horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus sinicus).
Virusi vya korona kama vya SARS ya popo WIV1 (Bat SL-CoV-WIV1), pia ambavyo wakati mwingine hutiwa virusi vya korona kama vya SARS WIV1, ni ugonjwa wa matatizo sugu ya upumuaji yanayohusika na virusi vya korona (SARSr-CoV) vilivyotengwa kutoka kwa spishi ya popo huko Uchina (Rhinolophus sinicus).
Like all coronaviruses, virions consist of single-stranded positive-sense RNA enclosed within an envelope.
Kama virusi vya korona, chembe kimoja cha virusi kina RNA chanya ya kamba moja kilichofunikwa ndani ya gubiko.
The discovery confirms that bats are the natural reservoir of SARS-CoV.
Ugunduzi huo unathibitisha kuwa popi ni hifadhi ya asili ya SARS-CoV.
Phylogenetic analysis shows the possibility of direct transmission of SARS from bats to humans without the intermediary Chinese civets, as previously believed.
Uchunguzi wa filojenitiki unaonyesha uwezekanao wa maambukizi ya moja kwa moja kutoka kwa popo kwenda kwa wanadamu bila kizuizi cha ngawa za Kichina, kama ilivyokuwa ikiaminiwa hapo awali.
b'COVID-19 apps are mobile software applications designed to aid contact tracing in response to the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic, i.e. the process of identifying persons ("contacts") who may have been in contact with an infected individual.
Programu za COVID-19 ni progamu-tumizi za simu ya mkononi zilizoundwa kusaidia kutafuta watu waliotangamana ili kushughulikia maradhi ya virusi vya korona 2019-20, yaani mchakato wa kutambua watu ("watu waliokutana nao") ambao wanaweza kuwa walitangamana na mtu aliyeambukizwa.
Numerous applications were developed or proposed, with official government support in some territories and jurisdictions.
Programu nyingi zilitengenezwa au kupendekezwa, na msaada rasmi wa serikali katika wilaya na maeneo kadhaa.
Several frameworks for building contact tracing apps have been developed.
Mifumo kadhaa ya kuunda proramu za kutafuta watu waliotangamana imetengenezwa.
Privacy concerns have been raised, especially about systems that are based on tracking the geographical location of app users.
Maswala ya faragha yamedokezwa, haswa kuhusu mifumo ambayo inategemea kufuatilia eneo la kijiografia la watumiaji wa programu.
Less intrusive alternatives include the use of Bluetooth signals to log a user's proximity to other cellphones.
Mibadala isiyojidukiza sana inajumuisha matumizi ya ishara za Bluetooth ili kuweka eneo la karibu la mtumiaji kwa simu zingine.
On 10 April 2020, Google and Apple jointly announced that they would integrate functionality to support such Bluetooth-based apps directly into their Android and iOS operating systems.
Tarehe 10 Aprili 2020, Google na Apple walitangaza kwa pamoja kuwa wataunganisha utendaji ili kukubali programu hizo zinazotegemea Bluetooth moja kwa moja kwenye mifumo yao ya uendeshaji ya Android na iOS.
In China, the Chinese government, in conjunction with Alipay, has deployed an app that allows citizens to check if they have been in contact with people that have COVID-19.
Nchini Uchina, serikali ya Kichina, kwa kushirikiana na Alipay, imetoa programu ambayo huruhusu raia kuangalia ikiwa wametangamana na watu ambao wana COVID-19.
It is in use across more than 200 Chinese cities.In Singapore, an app called TraceTogether is being used.
Inatumika wa zaidi ya miji 200 ya Uchina. Huko Singapore, proframu inayoitwa TraceTogether inatumika.
The app was developed by local IT community, released as open source and will be handed over to the government.North Macedonia launched "StopKorona!", a Bluetooth-based app to trace exposure with potentially infected persons and provide a fast response to healthcare authorities.
Programu hiyo ilitengenezwa na jamii na IY ya eneo hilo, iliyotolewa kama chanzo wazi na itakabidhiwa kwa serikali. Makedonia ya Kaskazini ilizindua "StopKorona!", programu inayotegemea Bluetooth ya kutafuta watu walioambukizwa wanaoweza kueneza na kutoa majibu ya haraka kwa mamlaka ya huduma ya afya.
The app was developed by the Ministry of Communication and Technology and Ministry of Health.
Programu hiyo ilitengenezwa na Wizara ya Mawasiliano na Teknolojia na Wiraza ya Afya.
As of 14 April 2020, the app was awaiting approval by the Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Kutikia tarehe 14 Aprili 2020, programu ilikuwa inasubiri kuidhinishwa na Google Play Store na Appple App Store.
On 12 April, the government stated that the contact tracing app was in an advanced stage of development, and would be available for deployment within weeks.A similar app is planned in Ireland, and in France ("StopCovid").
Tarehe 12 Aprili, serikali ilisema kuwa programu ya kutafuta watu waliotangamana ilikuwa katika hatua za juu za maendeleo, na itatumika baada ya majuma machache. Programu sawia inapangwa nchini Ireland, na huko Ufaransa ("StopCovid").
Both Australia and New Zealand are considering apps based on Singapore's TraceTogether app and BlueTrace protocol.Russia intends to introduce a geofencing app for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 living in Moscow, designed to ensure they do not leave home.
Australia na New Zealand inazingatia programu kulingana na programu ya TraceTogether ya Singapoo na itifaki ya BlueTrace. Urusi inatarajia kuanzisha programu inayotegemea eneo ya wagonjwa wanaopatikana kuwa na COVID-19 wanaoishi Moscow, iliyoundwa kuhakikishwa kuwa hawatoki nyumbani.
Ross Anderson, professor of security engineering at Cambridge University, listed a number of potential practical problems with app-based systems, including false positives and the potential lack of effectiveness if takeup of the app is limited to only a small fraction of the population.
Ross Anderson, profesa wa uhandisi wa usalama katika Chuo Kikuu cha Cambridge University, aliorodhesha matatizo kadhaa ya kiutendaji ya mifumo ya programu, ikiwemo maoni mazuri ya uongo na ukosefu unaowezekana wa ufanisi ikiwa matumizi ya programu imezuiwa kwa idadi ndogo ya watu.
Addressing concerns about the spread of misleading or harmful "coronavirus" apps, Apple set limits on which types of organizations could add coronavirus-related apps to its App Store, limiting them to only "official" or otherwise reputable organizations.
Kushughulikia matatizo kuhusu usambazaji wa programu za "virusi vya korona" za kupotosha au mbaya, Apple huweka vizuizi vya ni aina gani ya mashirika ambayo inaweza kuweka programu zinazohusiana na virusi vya korona katika Duka lake la Programu, ikiwazuia kwa walio "rasmi" tu au mashirika mengine mashuhuri.
Google and Amazon have implemented similar restrictions.
Google and Amazon zimetumia vizuizi hivyo pia.
Privacy campaigners voiced their concern regarding the implications of mass surveillance using coronavirus apps, in particular about whether surveillance infrastructure created to deal with the coronavirus pandemic will be dismantled once the threat has passed.
Wafanya kampeni ya faragha walionyesha wasiwasi wa madhara ya uchunguzi wa idadi kubwa ya watu kwa kutumia progwamu ya virusi vya korona, haswa kuhusu ikiwa miundombinu ya uchunguzi iliyoundwa kushughulikia ugonjwa wa virusi vya korona itasambaratishwa baada ya ugonjwa kudhibitiwa.
Amnesty International and over 100 other organizations issued a statement calling for limits on this kind of surveillance.
Amnesty International na mashirika mengine zaidi ya 100 yametoa taarifa ikisema kuwa vizuizi viwekwe katika uchunguzi wa aina hii
The organisations declared eight conditions on governmental projects:
Mashirika hayo yalitangaza hali nne katika miradi ya serikali:
surveillance would have to be "lawful, necessary and proportionate";
lazima uchunguzi uwe "halali, muhimu, na mwafaka";
extensions of monitoring and surveillance would have to have sunset clauses;
lazima viendelezi vya ufuatiliaji na uchunguzi viwe na sheria za muda;
the use of data would have to be limited to COVID-19 purposes;
matumizi ya data yalazimike kuwa na vizuizi kwa madhumuni ya COVID-19.
data security and anonymity would have to be protected and shown to be protected based on evidence;
lazima usalama wa data na kutojulikana ulindwe na kuonyeshwa kuwa unalindwa kulingana na ushahidi;
digital surveillance would have to avoid exacerbating discrimination and marginalisation;
lazima uchunguzi wa kidijitalii luepuke kuzidisha ubaguzi na kutengwa;
any sharing of data with third parties would have to be defined in law;
lazima kushiriki data yote na wahusika wengine ufafanuliwe kwa sheria;
there would have to be safeguards against abuse and the rights of citizens to respond to abuses;
lazima kuwe na ulinzi dhidi ya unyanyasaji na haki ya raia kushugulikia unyanyasaji;
meaningful participation by all "relevant stakeholders" would be required, including that of public health experts and marginalised groups.The German Chaos Computer Club (CCC) and Reporters Without Borders (Reporter ohne Grenzen) (RSF) also issued checklists.
ushiriki wenye maana wa "wadau wote muhimu" utahitajika, ikiwemo kwa wataalam wa afya ya umma na vikundi vilivyotengwa. Chaos Compute Club ya Ujerumani (CCC) na Waandishi Bila Vizuizi (Mwandishi wa Habari ohne Grenzen) (RSF) pia walitoa orodha ya ukaguzi.
The proposed Google/Apple plan intends to address the problem of persistent surveillance by removing the tracing mechanism from their device operating systems once it is no longer needed.
Mpango uliopendekezwa wa Google/Apple unakusudia kushughukia tatizo la uchunguzi wa kuendelea kwa kuondoa utaratibu wa ufutaji kutoka kwa mfumo wa uendeshaji wa kifaa chao baada kukosa kuhitajika tena.
Some countries used network-based location tracking instead of apps, eliminating both the need to download an app and the ability to avoid tracking.
Nchi zingine zilitumia ufuatiliaji wa eneo unaotegemea mtandao badala ya programu, ikiondoa hitaji ya kupakua programu na uwezo na kuepuka kutafuta.
In Israel, network-based tracking was approved.
Huko Israeli, ufuatiliaji unaotegemea mtandao ulikubaliwa.
Network-based solutions that have access to raw location data have significant potential privacy problems.
Ufumbuzi unaotegemea mtandao ambao una ufikiaji wa data halisi ya eneo una matatizo muhimu yanayowezekana ya faragha.
However, not all systems with central servers need to have access to personal location data; a number of privacy-preserving systems have been created that use central servers only for intercommunication (see section below).
Hata hivyo, sio mifumo yote yenye seva kuu inayohitaji kuwa na ufikiaji wa data ya eneo la kibinafsi; mifumo kadhaa ya utunzaji wa faragha imeundwa ambayo hutumia seva kuu tu kwa ajili ya mawasiliano (angalia sehemu hapa chini).
In South Korea, a non-app-based system was used to perform contact tracing.
Huko Korea Kusini, mfumo usio wa programu ulitumika kufanya utafutaji wa watu waliotangamana.
Instead of using a dedicated app, the system gathered tracking information from a variety of sources including mobile device tracking data and card transaction data, and combined these to generate notices via text messages to potentially-infected individuals.
Badala ya kutumia programu moja, mfumo ulikusanya maelezo ya utafutaji kutoka kwa vyanzo anuwai ikiwemo data ya utafutaji wa kifaa cha mkononi na data ya manunuzi ya kadi, na kujumuisha hizi kutoa arifa kupitia ujumbe wa maandishi kwa watu wanaoweza kuwa wameambukizwa.
In addition to using this information to alert potential contacts, the government has also made the location information publicly available, something permitted because of far-reaching changes to information privacy laws after the MERS outbreak in that country.
Zaidi ya kutumia maelezo haya kuarifu watu wanaowezekana, serikali pia imefanya maelezo ya eneo kupatikana kwa umma, kitu kinachoruhusiwa kwa sababu ya mabadiliko ya sheria ya faragha ya maelezo baada ya mlipuko wa MERS katika nchi hiyo.
This information is available to the public via a number of apps and websites.Countries including Germany considered using both centralized and privacy-preserving systems.
Maelezo haya yanapatikana kwa umma kupitia programu na tovuti kadhaa. Nchi kadhaa ikijumuisha Ujerumani zilizingatia kutumia mifumo kuu na ya kuhifadhi faragha.
As of 6 April 2020, the details had not yet been released.
Kufikia 6 Aprili 2020, maelezo hayajatolewa.
Privacy-preserving contact tracing is a well-established concept, with a substantial body of research literature dating back to at least 2013.As of 7 April 2020, over a dozen expert groups were working on privacy-friendly solutions, such as using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) to log a user's proximity to other cellphones.
Utafutaji wa watu waliotangamana ambao faragha yake imehifadhiwa ni dhana iliyooanzishwa vizuri, na kikundi kibwa kilichoanziwa zamani mwaka wa 2013. Hadi tarehe 7 Aprili 2020, vikundi vingi vya wataalamu kadhaa walikuwa wakishughulikia suluhisho za faragha ambazo ni rahisi kutumia, kama vile Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) ya kuweka eneo la karibu la mtumiaji kwa simu zingine.
However, PEPP-PT is a co-ordination effort which contains both centralised and decentralised approaches, and is not a single protocol.Decentralised protocols include Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (DP-PPT/DP-3T), Temporary Contact Numbers (TCN, fka Contact Event Numbers, CEN), Privacy Sensitive Protocols and Mechanisms for Mobile Contact Tracing (PACT) and others.
Hata hivyo, PEPP-PT ni juhudi ya uratibu ambayo ina njia zote za mamlaka moja na mamlaka anuwai, na sio itifaki moja. Itifaki zenye mamlaka anuwai zinajumuisha Utafutaji wa Eneo la Karibu Ambao Faragha Yake Imehifadhiwa yenye Mamlaka Anuwai (DP-PPT/DP-3T), Nambari za Waasiliani wa Muda (TCN, fka Nambari za Waasiliani wa Tukio, CEN), Itifaki za Faragha Nyeti na Mbinu za Kufuatilia Mawasilino ya Simu (PACT) na zingine.
In these protocols, identifiable personal data never leaves the device, and all matching happens on-device.
Katik itifaki hizi, data ya kibinafsi inayoweza kutambulika huwa haitoki kwenye kifaa, na ulinganisho wote hufanyika kwenye kifaa.
The Privacy Group at MIT Media Lab has been developing SafePaths, a platform for using privacy-preserving techniques when collecting and using location or path intersection data to track the spread of COVID-19.
Kikundi cha Faragha katatika MIT Media Lab kimekuwa kikitengeneza SafePaths, jukwa la kutumia mbinu za kuhifadhi faragha wakati wa kukusanya na kutumia eneo au data ili kufuatilia maambukizo ya COVID-19.
It is based on research from the whitepaper "Apps Gone Rogue: Maintaining Personal Privacy in an Epidemic" released in March 2020.Another similar effort is the SafeTrace platform by Enigma MPC, a company developing privacy technologies that was also originally founded at the MIT Media Lab.
Inategemea utafiti kutoka kwa whitepaper "Programu Zimekuwa Lagai: Kudumisha Faragha ya Kibinafsi katika Mlipuko" uliotolewa mwezi wa Machi 2020. Juhudi lingine sawia ni jukwa la SafeTrace la Enigma MPC, kampuni inayokuza teknolojia za faragha ambayo pia ilianzishwa katika MIT Media Lab.
SafeTrace utilizes secure hardware technologies to allow users to share sensitive location and health data with other users and officials, without compromising the privacy of that data.
SafeTrace hutumia teknolojia salama za maunzi za kuruhusu watumiaji kushiriki eneo nyeti na data ya afya kwa watumiaji na maafisa wengine, bila kuathiri faragha ya data hiyo.
On 5 April 2020, the global TCN Coalition was founded by groups that had coalesced around what was essentially the same approach and largely overlapping protocols, with the goal to reduce fragmentation, and enable global interoperability of tracing and alerting apps, a key aspect of achieving widespread adoption.
Tarehe 5 Aprili, Ushirikiano wa kimataifa wa TCN ulianzishwa na vikundi ambavyo vilikuwa vimehusishwa na mbinu sawia na itifaki zilizokuwa zinalingana, kwa lengo la kupunguza mgawanyiko, na kuwezesha ushirikiano wa kimataifa wa programu za kutafuta na kuarifu, sehemu muhimu ya kufanikisha matumizi makubwa.
On 9 April 2020, the Singaporean government announced that it had open-sourced the BlueTrace protocol used by its official government app.
Tarehe 9 Aprili 2020, serikali ya Singapoo ilitangaza kuwa ilifungua itifaki ya BlueTrace inayotumika na programu yake rasmi ya serikali.
On 10 April 2020, Google and Apple, the companies that control the Android and iOS mobile platforms, announced an initiative for contact tracing, which they claimed would preserve privacy, based on a combination of Bluetooth Low Energy technology and privacy-preserving cryptography.
Tarehe 10 Aprili 2020, Google na Appe, kampuni zinazodhibiti majukwaa ya simu ya Android na iOs, zilitangaza mpango wa kutafuta watu waliotangamana, ambayo walidai kuwa walinda faragha, kulingana na mchanganyiko wa teknolojia ya Bluetooth Low Enerygy na ufichamishi wa uhifadhi wa faragha.
They also published specifications of the core technologies used in the system.
Pia zilichapisha uainisho wa teknolojia msingi zinazotumiwa kwenye mfumo.
According to Apple and Google, the system is intended to be rolled out in three stages:
Kulingana na Apple na Google, mfumo huo unakusudiwa kutolewa katika hatua tatu:
rollout of tools to enable governments to create official privacy-preserving coronavirus tracing apps
kutoa zana za kuwezesha serikali kuunda programu rasmi za utafutaji wa watu wenye virusi vya korona ambayo inalinda faragha
integration of this functionality directly into iOS and AndroidGoogle and Apple plan to address the take-up and persistent surveillance problems by first distributing the system through operating system updates, and later removing it in the same way once the threat has passed.
muunganisho wa utendakazi huu moja kwa moja katika iOS na AndroidGoogle na mpango wa Apple wa kushughulikia matatizo ya uchunguzi unaoendelea kwa kusambaza kwanza mfumo kupitia visasisho vya mfumo wa uendeshaji, na baadaye kuiondoa kwa njia sawia baada ya tishio kuisha.
b'COVID-19 drug development is the research process to develop a preventative vaccine or therapeutic prescription drug that would alleviate the severity of 2019-20 coronavirus disease (COVID-19).
Utengenezaji wa dawa ya COVID-19 ni mchakato wa utafiti wa kutengeneza chanjo ya kinga au dawa ya matibabu ambayo inaweza kuondoa ukali wa ugonjwa wa virusi vya korona 2019-20 (COVID-19).
The International Clinical Trials Registry Platform of the WHO recorded 536 clinical studies to develop post-infection therapies for COVID-19 infections, with numerous established antiviral compounds for treating other infections under clinical research to be repurposed.
Jukwaa la Usajili wa Majaribio ya Kimatibabu la Kimataifa la WHO lilirekodi tafiti 536 za kimatibabu ili kutengeneza matibabu ya baada ya maambukizi kwa maambukizi ya COVID-19, na kemikali nyingi zilizopatikana za kingavirusi za kutibu maambukizi mengine chini ya utafiti wa kimatibabu zikielekezwa kwingine.
In March, the WHO initiated the "SOLIDARITY Trial" in 10 countries, enrolling thousands of people infected with COVID-19 to assess treatment effects of four existing antiviral compounds with the most promise of efficacy.
Mnamo Machi, WHO ilianzisha "Jaribio la MSHIKAMANO" katika nchi 10, lililowasajili maelfu ya watu walioambukizwa COVID-19 ili kutathmini matokeo ya matibabu ya kemikali nne zinazopatikana za kuzuia virusi zinazoonyesha ufanisi zaidi.
A dynamic, systematic review was established in April 2020 to track the progress of registered clinical trials for COVID-19 vaccine and therapeutic drug candidates.Vaccine and drug development is a multistep process, typically requiring more than five years to assure safety and efficacy of the new compound.
Uhakiki changamani, wa kimfumo ulianzishwa mnamo Aprili 2020 kufuatilia maendeleo ya majaribio yaliyosajiliwa ya kimatibabu ya chanjo ya COVID-19 na dawa zilizoteuliwa za matibabu. Utengenezaji wa chanjo na dawa ni mchakato uaohusisha hatua nyingi, unaohitaji kwa kawaida zaidi ya miaka mitano ili kuhakikisha usalama na kemikali mpya.
Drug development is the process of bringing a new infectious disease vaccine or therapeutic drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery.
Utengenezaji wa dawa ni mchakato wa kuleta chanjo au dawa ya matibabu ya ugonjwa unaoambukiza kwenye soko punde kemikali kuu inapotambuliwa kupitia mchakato wa kugundua dawa.
It includes laboratory research on microorganisms and animals, filing for regulatory status, such as via the FDA, for an investigational new drug to initiate clinical trials on humans, and may include the step of obtaining regulatory approval with a new drug application to market the drug.
Unajumuisha utafiti wa maabara kuhusu vijiumbe na wanyama, kuwasilisha hali za kisheria, kama vile kupitia FDA, kwa dawa mpya ya uchunguzi ili kuanzisha majaribio ya kimatibabu kwa wanadamu, na unaweza kujumuisha hatua za kupata idhini ya kisheria kwa maombi mapya ya dawa ili kutangaza dawa hiyo.
Development of a COVID-19 vaccine or therapeutic antiviral drug begins with matching a chemical concept to the potential prophylactic mechanism of the future vaccine or antiviral activity in vivo.
Utengenezaji wa chanjo au dawa ya kingavirusi ya COVID 19 huanza kwa kulinganisha dhana ya kemikali na mbinu inayowezekana ya kinga ya chanjo za baadaye au shughuli za kingavirusi katika vivo.
New chemical entities (NCEs, also known as new molecular entities or NMEs) are compounds that emerge from the process of drug discovery to specify a vaccine or antiviral candidate.
Vitengo vipya vya kemikali (NCE, vinavyojulikana pia kama vitengo vipya vya molekuli au NME) ni kemikali ambazo zinatokana na mchakato wa ugunduaji wa dawa ili kubainisha chanjo au dawa ya kingavirusi.
These have promising activity against a biological target related to COVID-19 disease.
Vitengo hivi vina shughuli ya kuaminika dhidi ya lengo la kibiolojia linalohusiana na ugonjwa wa COVID-19.
At the beginning of vaccine or drug development, little is known about the safety, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of the NCE in humans.
Mwanzo wa utengenezaji wa chanjo au dawa, mengi hayajulikani kuhusu usalama, sumu, hali ya dawa, na metaboli ya NCE katika wanadamu.
It is the function and obligation of drug development to assess all of these parameters prior to human clinical trials to prove safety and efficacy.
Ni kazi na jukumu la utengenezaji wa dawa kutathmini vigezo hivi vyote kabla ya majaribio ya kimatibabu kwa binadamu ili kudhibitisha usalama na ufanisi.
A further major objective of drug development is to recommend the dose and schedule for the first use in a human clinical trial ("first-in-human" [FIH] or First Human Dose [FHD], previously also known as "first-in-man" [FIM]).
Lengo lingine kuu la utengenezaji wa dawa ni kupendekeza dozi na ratiba ya matumizi ya kwanza katika jaribio la matibabu kwa binadamu ("kwanza katika binadamu: [FIH] au Dozi ya Kwanza ya Binadamu [FHD], iliyojulikana awali kama 'kwanza katika binadamu" [FIM]).
In addition, drug development must establish the physicochemical properties of the NCE: its chemical makeup, stability, and solubility.
Kwa kuongezea, utengenezaji wa dawa lazima uweke sifa za kitabia za NCE: asili ya kemikali, uthabiti, na umumuniyifu.
Manufacturers must optimize the process they use to make the chemical so they can scale up from a medicinal chemist producing milligrams, to manufacturing on the kilogram and ton scale.
Lazima watengenezaji waboreshe mchakato wanaotumia wa kutengeneza kemikali ili waweze kuongezea kemia ya dawa inayotoa miligramu, hadi kutengeneza kwa kilogramu na kiwango cha tani.
They further examine the product for suitability to package as capsules, tablets, aerosol, intramuscular injectable, subcutaneous injectable, or intravenous formulations.
Wanachunguza bidhaa zaidi ili kuona kama zinafaa kufungwa kama vidonge, tembe, aerosoli, dawa ya kudungwa kwenye misuli, dawa ya kudungwa kwenye ngozi, au mchanganyiko wa kudungwa.
Together, these processes are known in preclinical and clinical development as chemistry, manufacturing, and control (CMC).Many aspects of drug development focus on satisfying the regulatory requirements of drug licensing authorities.
Kwa pamoja, michakato hii inajulikana katika utengenezaji wa kabla wa kimatibabu kama kemia, utengenezaji, na udhibiti (CMC). Hali nyingi za utengenezaji wa dawa zinalenga kuridhisha mahitaji ya kisheria ya mamlaka ya inayotoa leseni ya dawa.
These generally constitute tests designed to determine the major toxicities of a novel compound prior to first use in humans.
Kwa jumla hii inahusisha vipimo vilivyobuniwa kubainisha sumu kuu katika mchanganyiko mpya kabla ya matumizi ya kwanza katika binadamu.
The Canadian government announced CA$275 million in funding for 96 research projects on medical countermeasures against COVID-19, including numerous vaccine candidates at Canadian universities, with plans to establish a "vaccine bank" of new vaccines for implementation if another coronavirus outbreak occurs.
Serikali ya Canada imetangaza milioni dola 275 za Canada katika ufadhili kwa miradi 96 ya utafiti kuhusu hatua za kimatibabu za kukabiliana na COVID-19, ikiwa ni pamoja na chanjo kadhaa zilizochaguliwa na vyuo vikuu vya Canada, na mipango ya kuanzisha "benki ya chanjo" ya chanjo mpya za kutumika ikiwa mlipuko mwingine wa virusi vya korona utatokea.
Clinical trial programs involve three, multiple-year stages toward product approval, and a fourth, post-approval stage for ongoing safety monitoring of the vaccine or drug therapy:
Mipango ya majaribio ya kimatibabu inajumuisha awamu tatu za miaka kadhaa kuwadia kuidhinisha bidhaa, na nne, awamu ya baada ya idhini kwa ufuatiliaji unaoendelea wa usalama wa chanjo au matibabu ya dawa:
Phase I trials, usually in healthy volunteers, determine safety and dosing.
Vipimo vya awamu ya I, kwa kawaida katika watu wanaojitolea wenye afya, huamua usalama na kipimo cha dawa.
Phase II trials are used to establish an initial reading of efficacy and further explore safety in small numbers of people having the disease targeted by the NCE.
Vipimo vya awamu ya II hutumika kuanzisha usomaji wa kwanza wa ufanisi na kuchunguza zaidi usalama katika idadi ndogo ya watu wenye ugonjwa wanaolengwa na NCE.
Phase III trials are large, pivotal trials to determine safety and efficacy in sufficiently large numbers of people with the COVID-19 infection.
Vipimo vya awamu ya III ni vikubwa, vipimo muhimu vya kujua usalama na ufanisi katika idadi kubwa ya watu wenye maambukizo ya COVID-19.
If safety and efficacy are adequately proved, clinical testing may stop at this step and the NCE advances to the new drug application (NDA) stage to begin marketing.
Ikiwa usalama na ufanisi umethibitishwa vizuri, vipimo vya kliniki vinaweza kukoma katika hatua hii na NCE kuendendelea na hatua ya matumizi ya dawa mpya ili kuanza uuzaji.
Phase IV trials are post-approval trials that may be a condition attached by the FDA, also called post-market surveillance studies.
Vipimo vya awamu ya IV ni vipimo vya baada ya idhini ambayo inaweza kuwa hali iliyowekwa na FDA, pia inajulikana kama utafiti wa ufuatiliaji baada ya uuzaji.
In addition to the tests required to move a novel vaccine or antiviral drug into the clinic for the first time, manufacturers must ensure that any long-term or chronic toxicities are well-defined, including effects on systems not previously monitored (fertility, reproduction, immune system, among others).
Kwa kuongezea vipimo vinavyohitajika kutoa chanjo kipya au dawa ya kukinga virusi kwa kliniki kwa mara ya kwanza, lazima watengenezaji wahakikishe kuwa sumu zozote za muda mrefu au za kudumu zimetambuliwa vizuri, ikiwemo athari kwenye mifumo ambayo haijachunguzwa hapo awali (uwezo wa kupata mimba, uzazi, mfumo wa kinga, kati ya zingine).
In the United States, this process is called a "new drug application" or NDA.
Huko Marekani, mchakato huu unajulikana kama "matumizi ya dawa mpya" au NDA.
A clinical trial design in progress may be modified as an "adaptive design" if accumulating data in the trial provide early insights about positive or negative efficacy of the treatment.
Muundo unaoendelea wa vipimo vya kliniki unaweza kurekebishwa kama "muundo unaoweza kubadilika" ikiwa kukusanya data katika vipimo kunatoa ufahamu wa mapema wa ufanisi mzuri au mbaya wa matibabu.
The global Solidarity and European Discovery trials of hospitalized people with severe COVID-19 infection apply adaptive design to rapidly alter trial parameters as results from the four experimental therapeutic strategies emerge.
Vipimo vya Umoja wa kimataifa na Ugunduzi wa Ulaya wa watu waliolazwa kwa sababu ya maambukizo kali ya COVID-19 hutumia muundo unaoweza kubadilika ili kugeuza haraka vigezo vya vipimo huku matokeo kutoka kwa mikakati nne ya majaribio ya matibabu kuibuka.
Adaptive designs within ongoing Phase II-III clinical trials on candidate therapeutics may shorten trial durations and use fewer subjects, possibly expediting decisions for early termination or success, and coordinating design changes for a specific trial across its international locations.
Miundo inayoweza kubadilika ndani ya vipimo vinavyoendelea vya Awamu ya II-II katika matibabu yaliyoteuliwa inaweza kufupisha muda wa majaribio na kutumia wahusika wachache, ikiwezekana kuharakisha maamuzi ya kukamilisha mapema au kufaulu, na kuratibu mabadiliko ya muundo kwa majaribio fulani katika maeneo yake ya kimataifa.
Most novel drug candidates (NCEs) fail during drug development, either because they have unacceptable toxicity or because they simply do not prove efficacy on the targeted disease, as shown in Phase II-III clinical trials.
Dawa nyingi mpya zilizoteuliwa (NCE) huwa hazifaulu wakati wa maendeleo ya dawa, kwa sababu ina sumu isiyokubalika au kwa sababu hazithibitishi ufanisi katika ugonjwa unaolengwa, kama ilivyoonyeshwa katika vipimo vya kliniki vya Awamu ya II-III.