atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
Other occasions when correct handwashing technique should be practiced in order to prevent the transmission of disease include before and after treating a cut or wound; after sneezing, coughing, or blowing your nose; after touching animal waste or handling animals; and after touching garbage.
Matukio mengine ambapo mbinu sahihi ya kusha mikono inapaswa kufanywa ili kuzuia usambazaji wa ugonjwa ni pamoja na kabla na baada ya kutibu jeraha; baada ya kupiga chafya, kukohoa au kutoa makamasi; baada ya kugusa uchafu wa wanyama au kuwashugulikia; baada ya kugusa taka.
In many countries, there is a low rate of hand washing with soap.
Katika nchi nyingi, kuna kiwango cha chini cha kuosha mikono kwa sabuni.
A study of hand washing in 54 countries in 2015 found that on average, 38.7% of households practiced hand washing with soap.A 2014 study showed that Saudi Arabia had the highest rate of 97 percent; the United States near the middle with 77 percent; and China with the lowest rate of 23 percent.Several behaviour change methodologies now exist to increase uptake of the behaviour of hand washing with soap at the critical times.Group hand washing for school children at set times of the day is one option in developing countries to engrain hand washing in children's behaviors.
Utafiti wa kuosha mikono katika nchi 54 mnamo 2015 ulitambua kuwa kwa wastani, 38.7% ya nyumba walikuwa wanaosha mikono yao kwa sabuni. Utafiti wa 2014 ulionyesha kuwa Saudi Arabia ilikuwa na kiwango cha juu zaidi cha asilimia 97; Marekani karibu katikati na asilimia 77; na Uchina na kiwango cha chini zaidi cha asilimia 23.Mbinu kadhaa za kubadilisha tabia zipo kwa sasa ili kuongeza tabia ya kuosha mikono kwa sabuni katika nyakati hizi za hatari.Kuosha kwa mikono kwa vikundi kwa watoto wa shule katika masaa ya siku yaliyoratibiwa ni mojawapo ya mbinu katika nchi zinazoendelea ili kuwafunza na kuwakumbusha watoto kuwa na tabia ya kuosha mikono yao.
The "Essential Health Care Program" implemented by the Department of Education in the Philippines is an example of at scale action to promote children's health and education.
"Programu ya Kimsingi ya Huduma ya Afya" iliyotekelezwa na Wizara ya Elimu huko Ufilipino ni mfano wa hatua ya hali ya juu kukuza afya na elimu ya watoto.
Deworming twice a year, supplemented with washing hands daily with soap, brushing teeth daily with fluoride, is at the core of this national program.
Kuua minyoo mara mbili kwa mwaka, ikiongezwa na kuosha mikono kila siku kwa sabuni, kupiga mswaki kila siku kwa florini, ni msingi wa mradi huu wa kitaifa.
It has also been successfully implemented in Indonesia.
Pia imefaulu kutekelezwa nchini Indonesia.
Removal of microorganisms from skin is enhanced by the addition of soaps or detergents to water.
Kuondolewa kwa viini kutoka kwa ngozi kumewezeshwa kwa kuongeza sabuni au dawa kali ya kusafisha majini.
The main action of soaps and detergents is to reduce barriers to solution, and increase solubility.
Kitendo muhimu cha sabuni na dawa kali ni kupunguza vizuizi vya mchanganyiko, na kuongeza umumunyifu.
Water alone is an inefficient skin cleanser because fats and proteins, which are components of organic soil, are not readily dissolved in water.
Maji pekee hayana uwezo wa kusafisha ngozi kwa sababu mafuta na protini, ambazo ni vijenzi vya udongo wa kikaboni, haziyeyushwi kwa urahisi katika maji.
Cleansing is, however, aided by a reasonable flow of water..
Kusafisha, hata hivyo, husaidiwa na kuwepo kwa mtiririko mzuri wa maji..
Solid soap, because of its reusable nature, may hold bacteria acquired from previous uses.
Sabuni mango, kwa sabau ya hali yake ya kutumika tena, inaweza kuweka bakteria zilizopatikana kutoka kwa utumiaji wa hapo awali.
A small number of studies which have looked at the bacterial transfer from contaminated solid soap have concluded transfer is unlikely as the bacteria are rinsed off with the foam.
Idadi chache ya utafiti ambao umeshughulikia usambazaji wa bakteria kutoka kwa sabuni mango iliyochafuliwa umehitimisha kuwa usambazaji si rahisi kutokea kwa sababu bakteria huoshwa na kuondolewa kupitia fomu.
The CDC still states "liquid soap with hands-free controls for dispensing is preferable".
Kituo cha CDC bado kinataja kwamba "sabuni ya maji isiyodhibitiwa kwa mikono katika umwagaji wake hupendekezwa".
Antibacterial soaps have been heavily promoted to a health-conscious public.
Sabuni zinazouwa bakteria zimetangazwa sana kwa umma unaojali afya.
To date, there is no evidence that using recommended antiseptics or disinfectants selects for antibiotic-resistant organisms in nature.
Kufikia leo, hakuna ushahidi kwamba kutumia antiseptiki inayopendekezwa au viuaji vimelea huteua viumbe visivyouawa kwa dawa katika asili.
However, antibacterial soaps contain common antibacterial agents such as triclosan, which has an extensive list of resistant strains of organisms.
Hata hivyo, sabuni zinazouwa bakteria zina bidhaa za kawaida zinazopambana na bakteria kama vile triclosan, ambayo ina orodha ndefu ya aina za viini visivyokufa.
So, even if antibiotic resistant strains aren't selected for by antibacterial soaps, they might not be as effective as they are marketed to be.
Kwa hivyo, hata kama aina zisizo kufa hazijatolewa kwa sabuni dhidi ya bakteria, huenda zisifanye kazi kwa ufanisi kama zinavyotangazwa.
Besides the surfactant and skin-protecting agent, the sophisticated formulations may contain acids (acetic acid, ascorbic acid, lactic acid) as pH regulator, antimicrobially active benzoic acid and further skin conditioners (aloe vera, vitamins, menthol, plant extracts).A comprehensive analysis from the University of Oregon School of Public Health indicated that plain soaps are as effective as consumer-grade anti-bacterial soaps containing triclosan in preventing illness and removing bacteria from the hands.
Kando na dawa ya kulinda ngozi, mchanganyiko changamano unaweza kuwa na asidi (asidi asetiki, asidi askobiki, asidi ya maziwa yaliyochachuka) kama kidhibiti cha pH, asidi inayopambana na viini ya benzoic na vilainishi vingine vya ngozi (aloe vera, vitamini, mentha, dawa kutoka kwenye miti).Uchanganuzi tondoti wa Chuo Kikuu cha Oregon Shule ya Afya ya Umma ulionyesha kuwa sabuni za kawaida hufaa tu kama zilizvyo zile za hadhi ya watumiaji za kupambana na bakteria zilizo na madini ya triclosan katika kuzuia magonjwa na kuondoa bakteria kwenye mikono.
Hot water that is comfortable for washing hands is not hot enough to kill bacteria.
Maji moto ambayo ni sawa kuosha mikono sio moto kutosha kuuwa bakteria.
Bacteria grow much faster at body temperature (37 °C).
Bakteria hukua haraka zaidi katika halijoto ya mwili ya (37 °C).
However, warm, soapy water is more effective than cold, soapy water at removing natural oils which hold soils and bacteria.
Hata hivyo, maji moto, yenye sabuni hufaa zaidi kuliko maji baridi yenye sabunu katika kuondoa mafuta asilia ambayo hushikilia mchanga na bakteria.
Contrary to popular belief however, scientific studies have shown that using warm water has no effect on reducing the microbial load on hands.
Kinyume na imani maarufu hata hivyo, tafiti za kisayansi zimeonyesha kwamba kutumia maji vuguvugu hakuna athari katika kupunguza uchafu wa viiini kwenye mikono.
A hand sanitizer or hand antiseptic is a non-water-based hand hygiene agent.
Kieuzi au antiseptiki ya mkono ni dawa isiyo ya maji ya kusafisha mikono.
In the late 1990s and early part of the 21st century, alcohol rub non-water-based hand hygiene agents (also known as alcohol-based hand rubs, antiseptic hand rubs, or hand sanitizers) began to gain popularity.
Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1990 na mapema mwongo wa 21, kiowevu cha kuosha mikono chenye alkoholi kisichotumia maji (ambacho pia kinafahamika kuwa vieuzi vyenye alkoholi, vieuzi vya antiseptiki au vieuzi vya mikono.) vilianza kuwa maarufu.
Most are based on isopropyl alcohol or ethanol formulated together with a thickening agent such as Carbomer (polymer of acrylic acid) into a gel, or a humectant such as glycerin into a liquid, or foam for ease of use and to decrease the drying effect of the alcohol.
Nyingi zina alkoholi ya isopropyl au ethanoli ilichanganywa na viungo vya kuzipa uzito kama vile Carbomer (polymer ya asidi ya acrylic) na kuunda mafuta, au kiongezaji unyevu kama vile kuifanya gliserini kuwa oevu, au povu ili itumike haraka na kupunguza athari za ukavu za alkoholi.
Adding diluted hydrogen-peroxide increases further the antimicrobial activity.Hand sanitizers containing a minimum of 60 to 95% alcohol are efficient germ killers.
Kuongeza Haidrojeni peroksaidi iliyoyeyushwa huzidisha shughuli ya kupambana na uchafu.Vieuzi vya mikono vilivyo na angalau 60 hadi 95% ya alkoholi hufaa katika kuuwa viini.
Alcohol rub sanitizers kill bacteria, multi-drug resistant bacteria (MRSA and VRE), tuberculosis, and some viruses (including HIV, herpes, RSV, rhinovirus, vaccinia, influenza, and hepatitis) and fungi.
Vieuzi vilivyo na alkoholi huuwa bakteria, bakteria zisizouawa kwa dawa (MRSA na VRE), kifua kikuu, na baadhi ya virusi (pamoja na HIV, hepesi, RSV, rhinovirus, vaccinia, homa ya mafua na hepatitisi) na kuvu.
Alcohol rub sanitizers containing 70% alcohol kill 99.97% (3.5 log reduction, similar to 35 decibel reduction) of the bacteria on hands 30 seconds after application and 99.99% to 99.999% (4 to 5 log reduction) of the bacteria on hands 1 minute after application.Hand sanitizers are most effective against bacteria and less effective against some viruses.
Vieuzi vilivyo na alkoholi kwa asilimia 70% huuwa 99.97% (mapunguzo ya logi ya 3.5, sawa na mapunguzo ya desibeli 35) ya bakteria sekunde 30 baada ya kuvitumia na 99.99% hadi 99.999% (mapunguzo ya logi 4 hadi 5) ya bakteria kweneye mikono dakika 1 baada ya kuvitumia.Vieuzi vya mikono vinafaa zaidi dhidi ya bakteria na havifai sana dhidi ya virusi fulani.
Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are almost entirely ineffective against norovirus (or Norwalk) type viruses, the most common cause of contagious gastroenteritis.Enough hand antiseptic or alcohol rub must be used to thoroughly wet or cover both hands.
Vieuzi vya mikono vilivyo na alkoholi karibu havifai kabisa dhidi ya virusi aina ya norovirus (au Norwalk), ambavyo ni visababishi vya kawaida zaidi vya ugonjwa wa kuambukizana wa gastroenteritisi.Dawa ya kutosha au kieuzi chenye alkoholi lazima kitumike ipasavyo ili kutia mikono majimaji au kufunika mikono yote.
The front and back of both hands and between and the ends of all fingers are rubbed for approximately 30 seconds until the liquid, foam or gel is dry.
Sehemu ya mbele na nyuma ya mikono yote na katikati na ncha za vidole vyote husuguliwa kwa angalau sekunde 30 hadi kioevu, povu au mauta kukauka.
Finger tips must be washed well too, rubbing them in both palms.The US Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommends hand washing over hand sanitizer rubs, particularly when hands are visibly dirty.
Ncha za vidole lazima zioshwe vizuri pia, kwa kuzisugua kwenye viganja vyote.Kituo cha Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa cha Marekani hupendekeza kuosha mikono kuliko kutumia vieuzi, hususan wakati ni wazi kuwa mikono ni chafu.
The increasing use of these agents is based on their ease of use and rapid killing activity against micro-organisms; however, they should not serve as a replacement for proper hand washing unless soap and water are unavailable.
kuongezeka kwa matumizi ya viowevu hivi yanatokana na urahisi wa kutumika kwake na shughuli ya kuuwa viini haraka, hata hivyo, havpaswi kutumika kama njia mbadaya ya kuosha mikono isipokuwa iwapo sabuni na maji hazipatikani.
Frequent use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers can cause dry skin unless emollients and/or skin moisturizers are added to the formula.
Matumizi ya mara kwa mara ya vieuzi vilivyo na alkoholi yanaweza kusababisha kukauka kwa ngozi isipokuwa viungo vya emolienti na/au viungo vya kulainisha ngozi viwe vimeongezwa kwenye fomula hiyo.
The drying effect of alcohol can be reduced or eliminated by adding glycerin and/or other emollients to the formula.
Athari ya alkoholi ya kukausha ngozi inaweza kupunguzwa au kuondolewa kwa kuongeza gliserini na/au viungo vingine vya emolineti kwenye fomula hiyo.
In clinical trials, alcohol-based hand sanitizers containing emollients caused substantially less skin irritation and dryness than soaps or antimicrobial detergents.
Katika majaribio ya kikliniki, vieuzi vilivyo na alkoholi vilivyo na viungo vya emolienti vilisababisha kiwango cha chini cha mwasho na kukauka kwa ngozi ikilinganishwa na sabuni nyingine za kuuwa viini.
Allergic contact dermatitis, contact urticaria syndrome or hypersensitivity to alcohol or additives present in alcohol hand rubs rarely occur.
Matatizo ya mzio unaotakana na mguso wa ngozi, ugonjwa wa kuchubuka kwa ngozi au matatizo yanayotokana na alkoholi au viungo vilivyo kwenye vieuzi vilivyo na alkoholi hayakutokea sana.
The lower tendency to induce irritant contact dermatitis became an attraction as compared to soap and water hand washing.
Uwezo wa chini wa kusababisha kuchomeka kwa ngozi uligeuka kuwa kivutio ikilinganishwa na kuosha mikono kwa sabuni na maji.
Despite their effectiveness, non-water agents do not cleanse the hands of organic material, but simply disinfect them.
Licha ya kufaa kwake, bidhaa zisizo za maji hazisafishi mikono kutokana na vifaa vya kioganiki, lakini huuwa viini kwavyo.
It is for this reason that hand sanitizers are not as effective as soap and water at preventing the spread of many pathogens, since the pathogens still remain on the hands.
Ni kutokana na sababu hii ndipo vieuzi vya mikono havifai zaidi kama sabuni na maji katika kuzuia kuenea kwa viini kwa sababu viini vile bado husalia kwenye mikono.
Alcohol-free hand sanitizer efficacy is heavily dependent on the ingredients and formulation, and historically has significantly under-performed alcohol and alcohol rubs.
Ufanisi wa kieuzi kisicho na alkoholi hutegemea sana viungo na chembe chembe zake, na kihistoria havijafanya vyema ikilinganishwa na vile vilivyo na alkoholi.
More recently, formulations that use benzalkonium chloride have been shown to have persistent and cumulative antimicrobial activity after application, unlike alcohol, which has been shown to decrease in efficacy after repeated use, probably due to progressive adverse skin reactions.
Hivi majuzi zaidi, michanganyiko inayotumia kloraidi ya benzalkonium imeonyeshwa kuwa na shughuli thabiti na ya kijumla dhidi ya viini baada ya kutumika, ikilinganishwa na alkoholi, ambayo imeonyeshwa kupungua katika ufanisi wake baada ya kutumika kwa muda, pengine kutokana na kuendelea kusababisha matatizo mabaya ya ngozi.
Many people in low-income communities cannot afford soap and use ash or soil instead.
Watu wengi kutoka katika jamii za mapato ya chini hawawezi kumudu bei za sabuni na hutumia jivu au mchanga badala yake.
Ash or soil may be more effective than water alone, but may be less effective than soap.
Jivu au mchanga unaweza kufaa zaidi kuliko maji pekee lakini hauwezi kuwa na ufanisi kuliko sabuni.
One concern is that if the soil or ash is contaminated with microorganisms it may increase the spread of disease rather than decrease it.
Wasiwasi moja ni kwamba ikiwa mchanga au jivu lina viini, inaweza kuzidi kueneza ugongwa badala ya kupunguza kuenea kwake.
Like soap, ash is also a disinfecting agent because in contact with water, it forms an alkaline solution.
Kama vile sabuni, jivu pia ni bidhaa ya kuuwa viini kwa sababu ikichanganywa na maji, hutengeneza mchanganyiko wa alkalini.
WHO recommended ash or sand as alternative to soap when soap is not available.
WHO hupendekeza jivu au mchanga kama bidhaa mbadala za sabuni wakati sabuni haipatikani.
Correct handwashing technique recommended by the US Centers for Disease Control for prevention of transmission of disease includes the following steps:
Mbinu ya kuosha mikono kwa njia sahihi inayopendekezwa na Vituo vya Kuzuia na Kudhibiti Ugonjwa vya Marekani kwa ajili ya kuzua kusambaa kwa ugonjwa ni pamoja na hatua zifuatazo:
Wet hands with warm or cold running water.
Tumia maji vuguvugu kuosha mikono au maji baridi yanayotiririka.
Running water is recommended because standing basins may be contaminated, while the temperature of the water does not seem to make a difference.
Maji yanayotiririka hupendekezwa kwa sababu besheni tuli zinaweza kuwa na uchafu, ingawa halijoto ya maji haionekani kuwa na tofauti.
Lather hands by rubbing them with a generous amount of soap, including the backs of hands, between fingers, and under nails.
Sugua mikono kwa kutumia kiwango tosha cha sabuni, ikiwa ni pamoja na sehemu za nyuma za mikono, katikati ya vidole na hata chini ya makucha.
Soap lifts germs from the skin, and studies show that people tend to wash their hands more thoroughly when soap is used rather than water alone.
Sabuni huondoa vijidudu kwenye ngozi, na tafiti zinaonyesha kwamba watu wana tabia ya kuosha mikono yao vyema zaidi wakitumia sabuni kuliko maji pekee.
Scrub for at least 20 seconds.
Sugua kwa angalau sekunde 20.
Scrubbing creates friction, which helps remove germs from skin, and scrubbing for longer periods removes more germs.
Kusugua husababisha msuguano, ambao husaidia kuondoa vijidudu kwenye ngozi na kusugua kwa muda mrefu zaidi huondoa hata vijidudu vingi zaidi.
Rinse well under running water.
Suuza vyema ukitumia maji yanayotiririka.
Rinsing in a basin can recontaminate hands.
Kusuuza kwenye besheni kunaweza kuchafua mikono tena.
Dry with a clean towel or allow to air dry.
Kausha maji kwa kutumia taulo safi au uruhusu ikauke kwenye hewa.
Wet and moist hands are more easily recontaminated.The most commonly missed areas are the thumb, the wrist, the areas between the fingers, and under fingernails.
Mikono ambayo ina majimaji na unyevu inaweza kuchafuka tena kwa urahisi.Sehemu ambazo mara nyingi husahaulika ni kidole gumba, kifundo cha mkono, maeneo katikati ya vidole na chini ya makucha.
Artificial nails and chipped nail polish may harbor microorganisms.
Makucha bandia na rangi za kupaka makucha zinaweka kubeba viini.
Moisturizing lotion is often recommended to keep the hands from drying out; dry skin can lead to skin damage which can increase the risk for the transmission of infection.
Mafuta ya kulainisha ngozi hupendekezwa mara kwa mara ili kusaidia mikono kutokauka; ngozi iliyokauka inaweza kusababisha uharibifu wa ngozi unaoweza kusababisha ongezeko la hatari ya kusambaa kwa maambukizi.
Various low-cost options can be made to facilitate hand washing where tap-water and/or soap is not available e.g. pouring water from a hanging jerrycan or gourd with suitable holes and/or using ash if needed in developing countries.In situations with limited water supply (such as schools or rural areas in developing countries), there are water-conserving solutions, such as "tippy-taps" and other low-cost options.
Chaguo za bei ya chini zinaweza kutengenezwa ili kuwezesha kuosha mikono mahali maji ya mfereji na/au sabuni haipatikani kwa mfano kumwaga maji kutoka kwenye kibuyu chenye mashimo yanayofaa na/au kutumia jivu ikihitajika katika mataifa yanaendelea.Katika hali ambapo hakuna maji ya kutosha (kama vile shule na maeneo ya mashinani katika mataifa yanayoendelea), kuna suluhu za kuhifadhi maji, kama vile "mifereji ya utunzi" na chaguo zingine za gharama ya chini.
A tippy-tap is a simple technology using a jug suspended by a rope, and a foot-operated lever to pour a small amount of water over the hands and a bar of soap.
Mfereji wa kuning'inia ni teknolojia rahisi inayotumia jagi iliyofungwa kwa kamba na kidude kinachoendeshwa kwa miguu ili kumwaga maji kidogo mkononi na kwenye sabuni ya kipande.
Effective drying of the hands is an essential part of the hand hygiene process, but there is some debate over the most effective form of drying in public washrooms.
Kupanguza mikono kwa njia inayofaa ni sehemu muhimu ya mchakato wa kusafisha mikono, lakini mjadala unaendelea kuhusu njia zinazofaa zaidi za kupanguza mikono katika maeneo ya kuoshea ya umma.
A growing volume of research suggests paper towels are much more hygienic than the electric hand dryers found in many washrooms.
Utafiti mkubwa unaokua unapendekeza kuwa taulo za karatasi ni njia safi zaidi kuliko vikausha mikono vya stima vilivyo ndani ya bafu nyingi.
In 2008, a study was conducted by the University of Westminster, London, and sponsored by the paper-towel industry the European Tissue Symposium, to compare the levels of hygiene offered by paper towels, warm-air hand dryers and the more modern jet-air hand dryers.
Mwaka wa 2008, utafiti ulifanywa na Chuo Kikuu cha Westminster, London, na kufadhiliwa na sekta ya watengenezaji taulo za karatasi Maonyesho ya Karatasi Shashi ya Ulaya, ili kulinganisha viwango vya usafi vinavyotolewa na taulo za karatasi, vikausha mikono vya hewa vuguvugu na vikausha mikono vya kisasa zaidi vya hewa aina ya jet-air.
After washing and drying hands with the warm-air dryer, the total number of bacteria was found to increase on average on the finger pads by 194% and on the palms by 254%.
Baada ya kuosha na kukausha mikono kwa kutumia kikausha mikono kwa hewa vuguvugu, idadi ya jumla ya bakteria ilipatikana kuongezeka kwa wastani kwenye vidole kwa 194% kiganjani kwa 254%.
Drying with the jet-air dryer resulted in an increase on average of the total number of bacteria on the finger pads by 42% and on the palms by 15%.
Kukausha mikono kwa kikaushi cha jet-air kulisababisha kuongezeka kwa wastani kwa idadi ya jumla ya bakteria kwenye vidole kwa 42% na kwenye viganja kwa 15%.
After washing and drying hands with a paper towel, the total number of bacteria was reduced on average on the finger pads by up to 76% and on the palms by up to 77%.The scientists also carried out tests to establish whether there was the potential for cross contamination of other washroom users and the washroom environment as a result of each type of drying method.
Baada ya kuosha na kukausha mikono kwa tishu, idadi ya jumla ya bakteria ilipungua kwa wastani kwenye vidole kwa hadi 76%na kiganjani kwa hadi 77%.Wanasayansi hao pia walifanya majaribio ili kubaini iwapo kulikuwa na uwezekano wa uchafuzi wa watumiaji wa bafu zingine na mazingira ya bafu kutokana na kila aina ya mbinu ya kukausha mikono.
The jet-air dryer, which blows air out of the unit at claimed speeds of 180 m/s (650 km/h; 400 mph), was capable of blowing micro-organisms from the hands and the unit and potentially contaminating other washroom users and the washroom environment up to 2 metres away.
Mashine ya kukausha, inayotoa hewa ya kitengo kwa kasi inayodaiwa kuwa 180 m/s (650 km/h; 400 mph), ilikuwa na uwezo wa kupuliza viini kutoka mikononi na kitengo na uwezekano wa kuchafua watumiaji wengine wa bafu na mazingira ya bafu hadi mita 2.
Use of a warm-air hand dryer spread micro-organisms up to 0.25 metres from the dryer.
Matumizi ya kikausha mikono cha hewa vuguvugu hueneza viini hadi umbali wa mita 0.25 kutoka kwenye mashine hiyo.
Paper towels showed no significant spread of micro-organisms.In 2005, in a study conducted by TÜV Produkt und Umwelt, different hand drying methods were evaluated.
Tishu hazikuonyesha maenezi ya mno ya viini.Mwaka wa 2005, utafiti uliofanywa na TÜV Produkt und Umwelt, mbinu tofauti za kukausha mikono zilitathminiwa.
The following changes in the bacterial count after drying the hands were observed:
Mabadiliko yafuatayo katika idadi ya bakteria baada ya kukausha mikono yalishuhudiwa:
Many different hand dryer manufacturers exist, and hand driers have been compared against drying with paper towels.
Kunao watengenezaji wengi wa bidhaa za kupangusa mikono maji, na bidhaa hizi za kukausha mikono zimelinganishwa dhidi ya kutumia tishu.
Hand washing using hand sanitizing wipes is an alternative during traveling in the absence of soap and water.
Kuosha mikono kwa kutumia tishu ya mikono yenye kioevu cha kuua vijidudu ni njia mbadala wakati unasafiri na hakuna sabuni na maji.
Alcohol-based hand sanitizer should contain at least 60% alcohol.
Kioevu cha kuua vijidudu cha mikono kinafaa kuwa na angalau 60% ya pombe.
Medical hand-washing became mandatory long after Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis discovered its effectiveness (in 1846) in preventing disease in a hospital environment.
Kuosha mikono kimatibabu kukawa jambo la lazima muda mrefu baada ya mtaalamu kutoka Hungary, Ignaz Semmelweis kugundua ufanisi wake (mwaka wa 1846) katika kuzuia magonjwa katika mazingira ya hospitalini.
There are electronic devices that provide feedback to remind hospital staff to wash their hands when they forget.
Kuna vifaa vya kielektroniki vinavyotumika kutoa majibu ya kuwakumbusha wafanyakazi wa hospitalini kuosha mikono yao wanaposahau.
One study has found decreased infection rates with their use.
Utafiti mmoja umepata kupungua kwa viwango vya maambukizi kutokana na matumizi yake.
Medical hand-washing is for a minimum of 15 seconds, using generous amounts of soap and water or gel to lather and rub each part of the hands.
Kuosha mikono kunapendekezwa kuwa kwa sekunde 15 kimatibabu, kwa kutumia kiwango tosha cha sabuni na maji au mafuta ya kusugua kila sehemu ya mikono.
Hands should be rubbed together with digits interlocking.
Mikono inapaswa kusuguliwa kwa pamoja kwa kufungamanisha vidole.
If there is debris under fingernails, a bristle brush may be used to remove it.
Iwapo kuna uchafu chini ya makucha, brashi laini inaweza kutumika kuuondoa.
Since germs may remain in the water on the hands, it is important to rinse well and wipe dry with a clean towel.
Kwa sababu vijidudu vinaweza kusalia kwenye maji yaliyo mkononi, ni muhimu kusuuza vyema na kukausha mikono kwa taulo safi.
After drying, the paper towel should be used to turn off the water (and open any exit door if necessary).
Baada ya kupangusa, tishu hizi zinafaa kutumiwa kufunga maji (na kufungua mlango wowote wa kutoka nje kama inatakikana).
This avoids re-contaminating the hands from those surfaces.
Hii huzuia kuambukiza tena mikono kutokana na sehemu hizo.
The purpose of hand-washing in the health-care setting is to remove pathogenic microorganisms ("germs") and avoid transmitting them.
Madhumuni ya kuosha mikono katika sehemu ya huduma za afya ni ili kuondoa viini vya magonjwa ("vijidudu") na kuzuia kuvisambaza.
The New England Journal of Medicine reports that a lack of hand-washing remains at unacceptable levels in most medical environments, with large numbers of doctors and nurses routinely forgetting to wash their hands before touching patients, thus transmitting microorganisms.
Jarida la The New England linaripoti kuwa ukosefu wa kuosha mikono unasalia katika viwango visivyokubalika katika mazingira mengi ya kimatibabu, huku idadi kubwa ya madaktari na wauguzi wakisahau kila mara kuosha mikono yao kabla ya kuwagusa wagonjwa na hivyo kusambaza viini.
One study showed that proper hand-washing and other simple procedures can decrease the rate of catheter-related bloodstream infections by 66 percent.The World Health Organization has published a sheet demonstrating standard hand-washing and hand-rubbing in health-care sectors.
Utafiti mmoja ulionyesha kwamba kuosha mikono ipasavyo na taratibu zingine rahisi zinaweza kupunguza kiwango cha maambukizi ya mtitiriko wa damu yanayohusiana na katheta kwa 66.Shirika la Afya Duniani limchapisha jedwali linaloonyesha njia za kawaida za kuosha na kusugua mikono katika sekta za matibabu.
The draft guidance of hand hygiene by the organization can also be found at its website for public comment.
Mwongozo rasimu wa usafi wa mikono wa shirika pia unaweza unaweza kupatikana katika tovuti ya shirika kwa maoni ya umma.
A relevant review was conducted by Whitby et al.
Uchunguzi unaohusiana ulifanywa na Whitby na waandishi wengine.
Commercial devices can measure and validate hand hygiene, if demonstration of regulatory compliance is required.
Vifaa vya kibiashara vinaweza kupima na kuthibitisha usafi wa mikono, ikiwa maonyesho ya kufuata sheria inahitajika.
The World Health Organization has "Five Moments" for washing hands:
Shirika la Afya Duniani lina "Nyakati Tano" za kuosha mikono:
after exposure to blood/body fluids
baada ya kuwa katika uwezekano wa kugusa damu/viowevu vya mwili
before an aseptic task, and
kabla ya jukumu linaloweza kuambukiza bakteria, na
after patient care.The addition of antiseptic chemicals to soap ("medicated" or "antimicrobial" soaps) confers killing action to a hand-washing agent.
baada ya kumhudumia mgonjwa. Kuongezwa kwa kemikali za kuua bakteria kwa sabuni (sabuni "yenye dawa" au "yenye viua-viini") huwezesha bidhaa inayotumika kuosha mikono kuweza kuua bakteria.
Such killing action may be desired prior to performing surgery or in settings in which antibiotic-resistant organisms are highly prevalent.To 'scrub' one's hands for a surgical operation, it is necessary to have a tap that can be turned on and off without touching it with the hands, some chlorhexidine or iodine wash, sterile towels for drying the hands after washing, and a sterile brush for scrubbing and another sterile instrument for cleaning under the fingernails.
Kitendo kama hicho cha kuua bakteriaviini kinaweza kuhitajika kabla ya kufanya upasuaji au katika mandhari ambayo viini ambavyo ni sugu kwa dawa za kuzuia na kuua bakteria vipo kwa wingi.Ili 'kusugua' mikono yako kwa upasuaji, ni muhimu kuwa na mfereji unaoweza kufunguliwa na kufungwa bila kuushika kwa mikono, kiasi cha kloroeksidini au myeyusho wa iodini, taulo zilizofishwa vimelea za kupangusa mikono baada ya kuosha, na brashi iliyofishwa vimelea ya kusugua na kifaa kingine kilichofishwa vimelea cha kusafisha chini ya makucha.
All jewelry should be removed.
Vito vyote vinafaa kutolewa.
This procedure requires washing the hands and forearms up to the elbow, usually 2–6 minutes.
Utaratibu huu huhitaji kuosha mikono na kigasha cha mikono hadi kwenye kiwiko, kwa kawaida kwa dakika 2-6.
Long scrub-times (10 minutes) are not necessary.
Muda mrefu wa kusugua wa (dakika 10) hauhitajiki.
When rinsing, water on the forearms must be prevented from running back to the hands.
Wakati unasuuza, lazima yaliyo kwenye kigasha cha mkono yazuiliwe kutiririka nyuma na kurudi tena kwa mkono.
After hand-washing is completed, the hands are dried with a sterile cloth and a surgical gown is donned.
Baada ya muda wa kuosha mikono ikukamilika, mikono hupanguswa kwa nguo iliyofishwa vimelea na gauni ya upasuaji kuvaliwa.
To reduce the spread of germs, it is better to wash the hands or use a hand antiseptic before and after tending to a sick person.
Ili kupunguza usambazaji wa vijidudu, ni vyema kuosha mikono au kutumia kemikali ya kuua baktria kabla na baada ya kuhudumia mgonjwa.
For control of staphylococcal infections in hospitals, it has been found that the greatest benefit from hand-cleansing came from the first 20% of washing, and that very little additional benefit was gained when hand cleansing frequency was increased beyond 35%.
Kwa udhibiti wa maambukizi yanayosababishwa na bakteria katika hospitali, imegunduliwa kuwa faida kubwa zaidi kutoka kuosha mikono ilitokea katika 20% ya kwanza ya kuosha, na kuwa faida duni ilipatikana wakati kiwango cha kuosha mikono kiliongezwa zaidi ya 35%.
Washing with plain soap results in more than triple the rate of bacterial infectious disease transmitted to food as compared to washing with antibacterial soap.Comparing hand-rubbing with alcohol-based solution with hand washing with antibacterial soap for a median time of 30 seconds each showed that the alcohol hand-rubbing reduced bacterial contamination 26% more than the antibacterial soap.
Kuosha kwa sabuni pekee husababisha usambazaji zaidi ya mara tatu wa kiwango cha ugonjwa unaoambukizwa na bakteria unaoenezwa kwa chakula ikilinganishwa na kuosha na sabuni yenye kemikali ya kuua bakteria.Ikilinganishwa na kusugua mikono kwa kutumia mchanganyiko ulio na pombe na kuosha mikono kwa sabuni iliyo na kemikali za kuua bakteria kwa muda wa wastani wa sekunde 30 yote yalionyesha kuwa kusugua mikono kwa mchanganyiko ulio na pombe kulipunguza maambukizi ya bakteria kwa 26% zaidi kuliko sabuni yenye kemikali ya kuua bakteria.
But soap and water is more effective than alcohol-based hand rubs for reducing H1N1 influenza A virus and Clostridium difficile spores from hands.Interventions to improve hand hygiene in healthcare settings can involve education for staff on hand washing, increasing the availability of alcohol-based hand rub, and written and verbal reminders to staff.
Lakini sabuni na maji hufaa zaidi kuliko mchanganyiko wa kusugua mikono wenye pombe kwa kupunguza virusi vya homa ya mafua vya H1N1 A na chembe za Clostrridium difficile kutoka kwa mikono.Mikakati ya kuboresha usafi wa mikono katika mandhari ya huduma ya afya inaweza kuhusisha elimu ya wafanyakazi kuhusu kuosha mikono, kuongeza kupatikana kwa mchanganyiko wa kusugua mikino ulio na pombe, na makumbusho yaliyoandikwa na ya kusemwa kwa wafanyakazi.
There is a need for more research into which of these interventions are most effective in different healthcare settings.
Kuna hitaji la utafiti zaidi katika ipi kati ya mikakati haya yana ufanisi katika mandhari tofauti ya huduma ya afya.
In developing countries, hand washing with soap is recognized as a cost-effective, essential tool for achieving good health, and even good nutrition.
Katika nchi zinazoendelea, kuosha mikono kwa sabuni kunatambulika kama kifaa chenye gharama ya chini, kilicho muhimu katika kuwa na afya njema, na hata lishe bora.
However, a lack of reliable water supply, soap or hand washing facilities in people's homes, at schools and at the workplace make it a challenge to achieve universal hand washing behaviors.
Hata hivyo, ukosefu wa maji yanayotegemeka, vifaa vya kuosha mikono au sabuni katika nyumba za watu, shuleni na maeneo ya kazi ni changamoto katika kutimiza tabia ya ulimwengu ya kuosha mikono.
For example, in most of rural Africa hand washing taps close to every private or public toilet are scarce, even though cheap options exist to build hand washing stations.
Kwa mfano, vijijini vingi vyetu barani Afrika maeneo ya kuosha mikono karibu na kila choo ya kibinafsi au ya umma ni machache, hata ingawa njia za bei nafuu zipo za kujenga vituo vya kuosha mikono.
However, low hand washing rates rather can also be the result of engrained habits rather than due to a lack of soap or water.
Hata hivyo, viwango vya chini vya kuosha mikono pia vinaweza kuwa matokeo ya tabia ya kuzoea bali si kwa sababu ya kukosekana kwa sabuni au maji.
The promotion and advocacy of hand washing with soap can influence policy decisions, raise awareness about the benefits of hand washing and lead to long-term behavior change of the population.
Ukuzaji na utetezi wa kuosha mikono kwa sabuni unaweza kuathiri maamuzi ya sera, kuongeza ufahamu kuhusu manufaa ya kunawa mikono na kusababisha mabadiliko ya tabia ya muda mrefu ya watu.
For this to work effectively, monitoring and evaluation are necessary.
Ili hii ifanye kazi kwa ufanisi, ufuatiliaji na tathmini ni muhimu.
A systematic review of 70 studies found that community-based approaches are effective at increasing hand washing in LMICs, while social marketing campaigns are less effective.One example for hand washing promotion in schools is the "Three Star Approach" by UNICEF that encourages schools to take simple, inexpensive steps to ensure that students wash their hands with soap, among other hygienic requirements.
Uchunguzi wa utaratibu wa tafiti 70 ulipata kuwa mbinu zinazohusisha jamii hufaa katika kuongeza kuosha kwa mikono katika LMIC, huku kampeni za kuhimiza jamii kubadilisha tabia zikifaa kwa kiwango cha chini.Mfano moja wa ukuzaji wa kuosha mikono katika shule ni "Mbinu ya Nyota Tatu" ya UNICEF inayohimiza shule kuchukua hatua rahisi, zenye gharama ya chini ili kuhakikisha kuwa wanafunzi wanaosha mikono yao kwa sabuni, kati ya mahitaji mengine ya usafi.
When minimum standards are achieved, schools can move from one to ultimately three stars.
Wakati viwango vya chini vimetimizwa, shule zinaweza kusonga kutoka nyota moja hadi mwishowe nyota tatu.
Building hand washing stations can be a part of hand washing promotion campaigns that are carried out in order to reduce diseases and child mortality.
Kujenga vituo vya kuosha mikono kunaweza kuwa sehemu ya kampeni za kukuza kuosha mikono zinazoendelezwa ili kupunguza magonjwa na vifo vya watoto.
Global Hand washing Day is another example of an awareness-raising campaign that is trying to achieve behavior change.As a result of the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic, UNICEF promoted the adoption of a handwashing emoji.
Siku ya Kuosha Mikono ya Dunia ni mfano mwingine wa kampeni ya kuongeza ufahamu inayojaribu kuleta mabadiliko ya tabia.Kutokana na janga kuu la virusi vya korona la 2019-20, UNICEF iliboresha kutumika kwa emoji ya kunawa mikono.
Few studies have considered the overall cost effectiveness of hand washing in developing countries in relationship to DALYs averted.
Idadi ndogo ya uchunguzi imezingatia gharama nafuu kwa jumla ya kuosha mikono katika nchi zinazoendelea kwa uhusiano na kipimo cha DALY.
However, one review suggests that promoting hand washing with soap is significantly more cost-effective than other water and sanitation interventions.
Hata hivyo, uchunguzi moja hupendekeza kuwa kuhimiza kuosha kwa mikono kwa kutumia sabuni huwa na gharama nafuu sana kuliko mikakati mingine ya maji na usafi.
The importance of hand washing for human health – particularly for people in vulnerable circumstances like mothers who had just given birth or wounded soldiers in hospitals – was first recognized in the mid 19th century by two pioneers of hand hygiene: the Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis who worked in Vienna, Austria and Florence Nightingale, the English "founder of modern nursing".
Umuhimu wa kuosha mikono kwa afya ya binadamu - hasa kwa watu katika hali ya hatari kama vile kina mama ambao wamejifungua au askari waliopata majeraha katika hospitali - uligunduliwa kwanza katikati mwa karne ya 19 na watangulizi wawili wa usafi wa mikono: daktari kutoka Hungary kwa jina Ignaz Semmelweis amabye alifanya kazi Vienna, Australia na Florence Nightingale, Mwiingereza "mwanzilishi wa uuguzi wa kisasa".
At that time most people still believed that infections were caused by foul odors called miasmas.
Wakati huo watu wengi bado waliamini kuwa maambukizi yalisababishwa na harufu mbaya iliyojulikana kama miasmas.
In the 1980s, foodborne outbreaks and healthcare-associated infections led the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to more actively promote hand hygiene as an important way to prevent the spread of infection.
Mnamo muda wa 1980, mikurupuko iliyosababishwa kupitia vyakula na maambukizi yaliyohusiana na huduma za afya ilifanya Kituo cha Uthibiti na Uzuiaji wa Magonjwa ya Marekani kuendeleza kikamilifu usafi wa mikono kama njia muhimu ya kuzuia kuenea kwa maambukizi.
The outbreak of swine flu in 2009 and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 led to increased awareness in many countries of the importance of washing hands with soap to protect oneself from such infectious diseases.
Mkurupuko wa homa ya mafua mnamo 2009 na janga la COVID-19 mnamo 2020 ulisabababisha kuongezeka kwa ufahamu katika nchi nyingi wa umuhimu wa kuosha mikono kwa kutumia sabuni ili kujilinda kutokana na magonjwa ya kuambukizwa kama hayo.
For example, posters with "correct hand washing techniques" were hung up next to hand washing sinks in public toilets and in the toilets of office buildings and airports in Germany.
Kwa mfano, mabango yaliyoandikwa "mbinu sahihi za kuosha mikono" yalibandikwa karibu na sinki za kuosha mikono katika vyoo vya umma na katika vyoo vya majengo ya ofisi na viwanja vya ndege nchini Ujerumani.
The phrase "washing one's hands of" something, means declaring one's unwillingness to take responsibility for the thing or share complicity in it.
Kifungu "kuosha mikono yako kutoka kwa" jambo, humaanisha kutangaza kwa mtu kutotaka kuchukua jukumu la jambo au kujiunga na wengine katika jambo isiyo halali au ya kimaadili.
It originates from the bible passage in Matthew where Pontius Pilate washed his hands of the decision to crucify Jesus Christ, but has become a phrase with a much wider usage in some English communities.
Kinatoka katika kifungu cha bibilia katika Mathayo ambapo Pilato aliosha mikono yake kutoka kwa uamuzi wa kusulubisha Yesu Kristo, lakini kimekuwa kifungu kinachotumika pakubwa katika baadhi ya jamii za Uingereza.
In Shakespeare's Macbeth, Lady Macbeth begins to compulsively wash her hands in an attempt to cleanse an imagined stain, representing her guilty conscience regarding crimes she had committed and induced her husband to commit.
Katika Macbeth ya Shakespeare, Binti Macbeth anaanza kuosha mikono yake kwa shurutisho ili kujaribu kusafisha doa inayodhaniwa, akiashiria dhamiri ya hatia kuhusu uhalifu aliotenda na kumshawishi mumewe kutenda.
It has also been found that people, after having recalled or contemplated unethical acts, tend to wash hands more often than others, and tend to value hand washing equipment more.
Imegunduliwa pia kuwa watu, baada ya kukumbuka au kutafakari matendo yasiyo na maadili, huonekana kuosha mikono zaidi kuliko wengine, na huonekana kuthamini vifaa vya kuosha mikono zaidi.
Furthermore, those who are allowed to wash their hands after such a contemplation are less likely to engage in other "cleansing" compensatory actions, such as volunteering.
Zaidi ya hayo, wale wanaokubaliwa kuosha mikono yao baada ya kutafakari mambo kama hayo huwa na uwezekano wa chini wa kujihusisha katika vitendo vingine vya kulipia upungufu kwa "utakaso", kama vile kujitolea.
Religions prescribe hand washing for both hygienic and symbolic purposes.Symbolic hand washing, using water but no soap to wash hands, is a part of ritual hand washing featured in many religions, including Bahá'í Faith, Hinduism, tevilah and netilat yadayim in Judaism, Lavabo in Christianity, and Wudhu in Islam.Religions also prescribe hygienic hand washing, especially after certain actions.
Dini huagiza kuosha mikono kwa sababu ya usafi na kama ishara. Kuosha mikono kama ishara, kuosha mikono kwa kutumia maji bila sabuni, ni sehemu ya ibada ya kuosha mikono katika dini nyingi, ikiwemo Imani ya Bahá'í , Uhindu, tevilah na netilat yadayim katika Uyahudi, Lavabo katika Ukristo, na Wudhu katika Uislamu.Dini pia huagiza kuosha mikono kwa usafi, hasa baada ya vitendo fulani.
Hinduism, Judaism and Islam mandate washing of hands after using the toilet.
Uhindu, Uyahudi na Uislamu huagiza kuosha mikono baada ya kutumia choo.
And, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Judaism and Islam mandate washing of hands before and after every meal.
Na, Uhindu, Dini ya Buddha, Dini ya Sikh, Uyahudi na Uislamu huagiza kuosha mikono kabla ya na kila baada ya kula chakula.
Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on education
Athari ya janga la virusi vya korona ya 2019-20 katika elimu
The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic has affected educational systems worldwide, leading to the widespread closures of schools and universities.
Janga la virusi vya korona ya 2019-20 imeathiri mifumo ya elimu ulimwenguni, na kusababisha kufungwa kwa shule nyingi na vyuo vikuu.
As of 8 April 2020, approximately 1.716 billion learners have been affected due to school closures in response to COVID-19.
Kufikia 8 Aprili 2020, takriban wanafunzi bilioni 1.716 wameathiriwa kutokana na kufungwa kwa shule kufuatia COVID-19.
According to UNESCO monitoring, 188 countries have implemented nationwide closures and 5 have implemented local closures, impacting about 99.4% of the world's student population.
Kwa mujibu wa ufuatilizi wa UNESCO, nchi 188 zimetekeleza kufungwa kwa sehemu kadhaa katika taifa na 5 zimetekeleza kufungwa kwa sehemu fulani, na kuathiri takriban 99.4% ya idadi ya wanafunzi duniani.
On 23 March 2020, Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) released a statement announcing the cancellation of Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge O Level, Cambridge International AS &amp; A Level, Cambridge AICE Diploma, and Cambridge Pre-U examinations for the May/June 2020 series across all countries.
Tarehe 23 Machi 2020, Mitihani ya Kimataifa ya Cambridge (CIE) ilitoa taarifa ikitangaza kukatizwa kwa Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge Kiwango cha O, Cambridge Kiwango cha AS & A, Cambridge AICE Diploma, na mitihani ya Cambridge kabla ya Chuo Kikuu kwa mfulilizo wa Mei/Juni 2020 katika nchi zote.
International Baccalaureate exams have also been cancelled.School closures impact not only students, teachers, and families, but have far-reaching economic and societal consequences.
Mitihani ya International Baccalaureate pia zimekatizwa.Kufungwa kwa shule haiathiri wanafunzi, walimu, na familia pekee, lakini zina athari inayowaathiri wengi za kiuchumi na kijamii.
School closures in response to COVID-19 have shed light on various social and economic issues, including student debt, digital learning, food insecurity, and homelessness, as well as access to childcare, health care, housing, internet, and disability services.
Kufungwa kwa shule kufuatia COVID-19 imemulika mambo tofauti ya kijamii na kiuchumi, ikiwemo deni ya wanafunzi, mafunzo kwa kutumia njia za kidijitali, kukosekana kwa chakula, na ukosefu wa makazi, pamoja na ufikivu kwa huduma ya kutunza watoto, huduma za afya, nyumba, mtandao, na huduma ya walemavu.
The impact was more severe for disadvantaged children and their families, causing interrupted learning, compromised nutrition, childcare problems, and consequent economic cost to families who could not work.In response to school closures, UNESCO recommended the use of distance learning programmes and open educational applications and platforms that schools and teachers can use to reach learners remotely and limit the disruption of education.
Athari hiyo ilikuwa mbaya zaidi kwa watoto wasiojiweza na familia zao, na kusababisha kukatizwa kwa masomo, lishe duni, matatizo ya ulezi wa watoto, na gharama iliyosababishwa kwa familia ambazo hazingeweza kufanya kazi.Kwa mujibu wa kufungwa kwa shule, UNESCO ilipendekeza matumizi ya mafunzo kupitia njia za kimtandao na programu fikivu za kielimu na jukwaa ambazo shule na walimu wanaweza kutumia kufikia wanafunzi mtandaoni na kupunguza kukatizwa kwa elimu.
Efforts to stem the spread of COVID-19 through non-pharmaceutical interventions and preventive measures such as social-distancing and self-isolation have prompted the widespread closure of primary, secondary, and tertiary schooling in over 100 countries.Previous outbreaks of infectious diseases have prompted widespread school closings around the world, with varying levels of effectiveness.
Juhudu za kupunguza kuenea kwa COVID-19 kupitia mikakati ambazo hazihusishi madawa na hatua za kuzuia kama vile kutotangamana kwa watu na kujitenga imesababisha kufungwa kwa wingi ya shule za msingi, ya upili, na ya ngazi za juu katika zaidi ya nchi 100.Mikurupuko ya hapo awali ya magonjwa ya kuambukizwa imesababisha kufungwa kwa shule kote duniani, zikiwa na viwango tofauti ya ufanisi.
Mathematical modelling has shown that transmission of an outbreak may be delayed by closing schools.
Mitindo ya kihesabu yameonyesha kuwa usambazaji wa mkurupuko huweza kucheleweshawa kwa kufunga shule.
However, effectiveness depends on the contacts children maintain outside of school.
Hata hivyo, ufanisi inategemea na watu watoto wanotengamana nao nje ya shule.
School closures may be effective when enacted promptly.
Kufungwa kwa shule huweza kuwa na ufanisi wakati inafanywa mapema.
If school closures occur late relative to an outbreak, they are less effective and may not have any impact at all.
Ikiwa kufungwa kwa shule inafanywa kama imechelewa kulingana na mkurupuko, zina ufanisi duni na huenda zisiwe na athari yoyote.
Additionally, in some cases, the reopening of schools after a period of closure has resulted in increased infection rates.
Kwa kuongezea, katika visa vingine, kufunguliwa kwa shule baada ya muda wa kufungwa imesababisha kuongezeka kwa viwango vya maambukizi.
As closures tend to occur concurrently with other interventions such as public gathering bans, it can be difficult to measure the specific impact of school closures.During the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in the United States, school closures and public gathering bans were associated with lower total mortality rates.
Kwa vile kufungwa huwa hufanyika kwa wakati moja na mikakati mengine kama vile kupigwa marufuku kwa mikusanyiko ya umma, inaweza kuwa vigumu kupima athari maalum ya kufungwa kwa shule.Katika kipindi cha janga la homa ya mafua ya 1918-1919 huko Marekani, kufungwa kwa shule na kupigwa marufuku mikusanyiko wa watu hadharani yalihusishwa na nambari chache ya vifo.
Cities that implemented such interventions earlier had greater delays in reaching peak mortality rates.
Miji ambazo zimetekeleza mikakati kama haya mapema zilikuwa na kuchelewa sana kufikia viwango vya kilele cha mlipuko wa vifo.