atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
According to a study, researchers in Guangzhou, China, suggested that pangolins - long-snouted, ant-eating mammals often used in traditional Chinese medicine - are the potential intermediate host of SARS-CoV-2 based on 99% genetic homology in a CoV discovered in pangolins and SARS-CoV-2.
Nk’uko bigaragazwa n’ubushakashatsi, abashakashatsi bo muri Guangzhou, mu Bushinwa, bavuze ko ibisamujyonjyo, inyamabere zigira umunwa muremure zirya intozi zikaba zikoreshwa cyane n’abavuzi ba gihanga mu Bushinwa, bishobora kuba ari byo byanduye bwa mbere SARS-CoV-2 bitewe n’imiterere ya jene iteye kimwe ku kigero cya 99% yatahuwe muri virusi ya CoV yo mu bisamujyonjyo na SARS-CoV-2.
However, 1% difference spread all over two genomes is still a big difference; thus, conclusive results for concrete evidence are awaited (Fig. ​(Fig.33).
Ariko, ikinyuranyo cya 1% kigaragara muri jenome zombi kiracyari kinini; bityo hategerejwe imyanzuro itanga ibimenyetso bifatika (Igishushanyo ​(Igishushanyo 33).
The physicochemical properties of SARS-CoV-2 are largely not yet known.
Ibyinshi mu biranga virusi ya SARS-CoV-2 ntibiramenyekana.
SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV can survive in vitro for 48 hours in a dry environment and up to 5 days under 20 °C and 40%-50% humidity.
Virusi za SARS-CoV na MERS-CoV zishobora kumara hanze amasaha 48 ziri ahantu hashyushye, zikaba zageza ku minsi 5 ziri ahantu hafite ubushyuhe buri munsi ya 20 °C n’ubuhehere buri hagati ya 40% na 50%.
SARS-CoV-2 may possess similar properties.
SARS-CoV-2 ishobora kugira ibiyiranga bimwe.
It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 is sensitive to ultraviolet rays and heat at 56 °C for 30 minutes; ether, 75% ethanol, chlorine-containing disinfectant, peracetic acid, chloroform, and other fatty solvents, but not chlorhexidine, can effectively inactivate the virus.
Hagaragajwe ko SARS-CoV-2 itihanganira imirasire y’izuba n’ubushyuhe bwo kuri dogere 56 °C mu minota 30; eteri, etanoru 75%, imiti bisukuza irimo korore, aside perasetike, kororoforume, n’ibindi bitembabuzi by’amavuta, ariko atari kororegisidine, bishobora kwica iyi virusi neza.
The entire human population generally lacks immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and hence is susceptible to the novel virus.
Muri rusange abantu bose nta budahangarwa bagira kuri SARS-CoV-2 bityo baka bibasirwa n’iyi virusi nshya.
Currently, no detailed study has been reported regarding the immunological response to SARS-CoV-2.
Kugeza ubu, nta bushakashatsi bwimbitse burakorwa ku byerekeranye n’uko umubiri uhangana na SARS-CoV-2.
Thus, we can only refer to previous studies on other CoVs, especially SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV (Fig. ​(Fig.4).4).
Ni yo mpamvu, twifashisha gusa ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere ku zindi virusi za CoV, cyane cyane SARS-CoV na MERS-CoV (Igishushanyo ​(Igishushanyo cya 4).4).
In general, after a virus invades the host, it is first recognized by the host innate immune system through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including C-type lectin-like receptors, Toll-like receptor (TLR), NOD-like receptor (NLR), and RIG-I-like receptor (RLR).
Muri rusange, iyo virusi imaze kwinjira mu wayanduye, ibanza gutahurwa n’ubudahangarwa kamere binyuze mu nyakira zitandukanya imisusire (PRR) zikubiyemo inyakira zimeze nka regitine zo mu bwoko bwa C, inyakira ya TLR, inyakira ya NLR n’inyakira ya RLR.
Through different pathways, the virus induces the expression of inflammatory factors, maturation of dendritic cells, and synthesis of type I interferons (IFNs) which limit the spreading of the virus and accelerate macrophage phagocytosis of viral antigens.
Mu nzira zinyuranye, iyi virusi itera ubushye, kubyimba kw’uturemangingo ngaragira, no kwiyegeranya kwa poroteyine zo mu bwoko bwa I (IFN) ziremwa mu rwego rwo guhangana na virusi bigabanya ikwirakwira rya virusi maze bikongera kuribwa kwa virusi zateye indwara.
However, the N protein of SARS-CoV can help the virus escape from the immune responses.
Ariko, poroteyine ya N ya SARS-CoV ishobora gufasha iyi virusi gucika ibiyirwanya by’ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri.
Soon, the adaptive immune response joins the fight against the virus.
Nyuma y’igihe gito, ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri butangira kurwanya iyi virusi.
T lymphocytes including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells play an important role in the defense.
Ingirabuzima fatizo za T zikubiyemo uturemangingo twa CD4+ na CD8+ T tugira uruhare rukomeye mu kurinda umubiri.
CD4+ T cells stimulate B cells to produce virus-specific antibodies, and CD8+ T cells directly kill virus-infected cells.
Uturemangingo twa CD4+ T twongerera imbaraga uturemangingo twa B kugira ngo dukore abasirikare b’umubiri bashobora guhangana n’iyo virusi, noneho uturemangingo twa CD8+ T tugahita twica uturemangingo twanduye virusi.
T helper cells produce proinflammatory cytokines to help the defending cells.
Uturemangingo dufasha twa T dukora sitokine zifasha gutwika kugira ngo zifashe kurinda uturemangingo.
However, CoV can inhibit T cell functions by inducing apoptosis of T cells.
Ariko CoV ishobora guca intege imikorere y’uturemangingo twa T itera urupfu rw’uturemangingo twa T.
The humoral immunity including complements such as C3a and C5a and antibodies is also essential in combating the viral infection.
Ubudahangarwa bwo mu matembabuzi bukubiyemo inyunganira nka C3a na C5a n’abasirikare b’umubiri na bwo bugira akamaro mu kurwanya ubwandu bwa virusi.
For example, antibodies isolated from a recovered patient neutralized MERS-CoV.
Urugero, abasirikare b’umubiri bavanwe mu murwayi wakize baciye intege MERS-CoV.
On the other hand, an overreaction of the immune system generates a large number of free radicals locally that can cause severe damages to the lungs and other organs, and, in the worst scenario, multi-organ failure and even death.
Ikindi kandi, kwirwanaho bikabije by’ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri bituma habaho umubare munini w’ingengangingo zidafite aho zifashe mu mubiri zishobora gutuma ibihaha n’izindi ngingo byangirika cyane, noneho, byagenda nabi, ingingo zinyuranye zikareka gukora hakaba hanavamo n’urupfu.
The SARS-CoV-2 infection, featured by clustering onset, is more likely to affect elderly people with comorbidities and pregnant women.
Ubwandu bwa SARS-CoV-2, bwagaragaye mu banduye igitangira, ikunda kwibasira abantu bashaje barwaye izindi ndwara zinyuranye n’abagore batwite.
It is common that for people who are exposed to a large number of viruses or whose immune functions are compromised, they have higher chance to be infected than others.
Akenshi usanga abantu bibasiwe na virusi nyinshi cyangwa bafite ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri budakora neza ari bo baba bafite ibyago byinshi byo kwandura kurusha abandi.
The estimated mean incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 is 1-14 days, mostly 3-7 days based on a study of the first 425 cases in Wuhan.
Ikigereranyo cy’iminsi SARS-CoV-2 imara mu mubiri mbere yo kugaragaza ibimenyetso ni hagati y’iminsi 1 na 14, akenshi akaba ari hagati y’iminsi 3 na 7 hashingiwe ku bushakashatsi bwakozwe ku barwayi 425 ba mbere muri Wuhan.
However, a study on 1,099 cases demonstrates that the incubation period was 3 days on average and ranged from 0 to 24 days.
Ariko, ubushakashatsi ku barwayi 1 099 bwerekanye ko igihe bifata kugira ngo ibimenyetso bigaragare ari iminsi 3 muri rusange kandi ko kiba hagati y’iminsi 0 na 24.
A more recent study, as described above, demonstrates that the incubation period was 4.8 (3.0-7.2) days based on the demography of 8,866 cases.
Ubushakashatsi bwa vuba cyane, nk’uko byavuzwe haruguru, bwerekanye ko igihe bifata kugira ngo ibimenyetso bigaragare ari iminsi 4,8 (3,0-7,2) hashingiwe ku mubare w’abarwayi 8 866.
It is very important for health authorities to adjust the effective quarantine time based on the most accurate incubation period, thus preventing infected but symptomless people from transmitting the virus to others.
Ni ngombwa cyane ko inzego z’ubuzima zagena igihe cy’akato kiboneye hashingiwe ku gihe nyacyo bifata kugira ngo ibimenyetso bigaragare kurusha ibindi, bityo bikaba byabuza abantu banduye ariko badafite ibimenyetso kwanduza abandi.
As a common practice, individuals exposed to, or infected by, the virus are usually required to be quarantined for 14 days.
Nk’uko bisanzwe, abantu bahuye n’ubwandu cyangwa banduye virusi basabwa kujya mu kato k’iminsi 14.
Should the quarantine time be extended to 24 days?
Igihe cy’akato kiramutse cyongewe kikagera ku minsi 24?
Fever is often the major and initial symptom of COVID-19, which can be accompanied by no symptom or other symptoms such as dry cough, shortness of breath, muscle ache, dizziness, headache, sore throat, rhinorrhea, chest pain, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.
Akenshi umuriro ni cyo kimenyetso gikomeye cya mbere cya COVID-19, ukaba ushobora kutajyana n’ikindi kimenyetso cyangwa ukajyana n’ibindi bimenyetso nk’inkorora y’akayi, guhumeka bigoranye, kuribwa mu ngingo, isereri, umutwe, kuribwa mu muhogo, ibicurane byinshi, kuribwa mu gatuza, impiswi, iseseme no kuruka.
Some patients experienced dyspnea and/or hypoxemia one week after the onset of the disease.
Hari abarwayi bahumetse bigoranye cyangwa bagira ogisijeni nke mu maraso nyuma y’icyumweru bamaze gufatwa n’indwara.
In severe cases, patients quickly progressed to develop acute respiratory syndrome, septic shock, metabolic acidosis, and coagulopathy.
Abarwayi barembye bahise bagira ibibazo bikomeye bwo guhumeka, umuvuduko w’amaraso wo hasi, ibibazo by’aside yo mu mubiri n’ibyo kuvura kw’amaraso.
Patients with fever and/or respiratory symptoms and acute fever, even without pulmonary imaging abnormalities, should be screened for the virus for early diagnosis.
Abarwari bafite umuriro cyangwa ibimenyetso byo mu myanya y’ubuhumekero n’umuriro ukaze, nubwo baba nta bibazo by’ibihaha baba bagaragaza, bagomba gukorerwa ikizamini cya virusi hakiri kare.
A demographic study in late December of 2019 showed that the percentages of the symptoms were 98% for fever, 76% for dry cough, 55% for dyspnea, and 3% for diarrhea; 8% of the patients required ventilation support.
Ubushakashatsi ku byiciro by’abarwayi bwakozwe mu mpera z’Ukuboza mu 2019 bwagaragaje ko ijanisha ry’ibimenyetso ryari 98% ku muriro, 76% ku nkorora y’akayi, 55% ku bibazo bya ogisijeni na 3% ku mpiswi; 8% ku barwayi basabye imashini zibafasha guhumeka.
Similar findings were reported in two recent studies of a family cluster and a cluster caused by transmission from an asymptomatic individual.
Imyanzuro nk’iyi yatanzwe mu bushakashatsi bubiri buheruka gukorwa ku banduriye mu miryango no ku bandujwe n’abantu badafite ibimenyetso.
Comparably, a demographic study in 2012 showed that MERS-CoV patients also had fever (98%), dry cough (47%), and dyspnea (55%) as their main symptoms.
Kimwe n’ubu bushakashatsi, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2012 ku banduye bwerekanye ko abarwaye MERS-CoV na bo bagize umuriro (98%), inkorora y’akayi (47%) n’ibibazo bya ogisijeni (55%) nk’ibimenyetso by’ibanze.
However, 80% of them required ventilation support, much more than COVID-19 patients and consistent with the higher lethality of MERS than of COVID-19.
Ariko 80% muri bo basabye imashini zibafasha guhumeka kurusha mu barwaye COVID-19 n’umubare w’abapfuye uba munini kuri MERS kurusha uwa COVID-19.
Diarrhea (26%) and sore throat (21%) were also observed with MERS patients.
Impiswi (26%) no kubabara mu muhogo (21%) na byo byagaragaye mu barwaye MERS.
In SARS patients, it has been demonstrated that fever (99%-100%), dry cough (29%-75%), dyspnea (40%-42%), diarrhea (20-25%), and sore throat (13-25%) were the major symptoms and ventilation support was required for approximately 14%-20% of the patients.
Mu barwaye SARS, hagaragaye ko umuriro (99%-100%), inkorora y’akayi (29%-75%), ibibazo bya ogisijeni (40%-42%), impiswi (20-25%) no kubabara mu muhogo (13-25%) ari byo bimenyetso bikomeye n’abarwayi basabye imashini zibafasha guhumeka bageze nko kuri 14%-20%.
By February 14, the mortality of COVID-19 was 2% when the confirmed cases reached 66,576 globally.
Ku itariki ya 14 Gashyantare, ijanisha ry’abishwe na COVID-19 ryari 2% igihe abarwayi bemejwe ku isi bari 66 576.
Comparably, the mortality of SARS by November 2002 was 10% of 8,096 confirmed cases.
Kimwe no kuri iyi virusi, ijanisha ry’abishwe na SARS ryari 10% by’abarwayi bemejwe 8 096 mu Ugushyingo 2002.
For MERS, based on a demographic study in June 2012, the mortality was 37% of 2,494 confirmed cases.
Kuri MERS, hashingiwe ku bushakashatsi bw’abanduye bwo muri Kamena 2012, ijanisha ry’abapfuye ryari 37% by’abarwayi bemejwe 2 494.
An earlier study reported that the R0 of SARS-CoV-2 was as high as 6.47 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 5.71-7.23, whereas the R0 of SARS-CoV only ranged from 2 to 4.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere y’aho bwagaragaje ko umubare w’ibanze w’abandura (R0) SARS-CoV-2 wari uhanitse ungana na 6,47, ikigereranyo cy’abandura kuri 95% (CI) ari 5,71-7,23, mu gihe R0 ya SARS-CoV yari hagati ya 2 na 4 gusa.
A comparison of SARS-CoV-2 with MERS-CoV and SARA-CoV regarding their symptoms, mortality, and R0 is presented in Table ​Table1.1.
Igereranya rya SARS-CoV-2 na MERS-CoV na SARA-CoV ku byerekeranye n’ibimenyetso, umubare w’abapfa na R0 turarisanga mu mbonerahamwe ​Imbonerahamwe 1.1.
The above figures suggest that SARS-CoV-2 has a higher ability to spread than MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, but it is less lethal than the latter two.
Imibare imaze kuvugwa yerekana ko SARS-CoV-2 ifite ubushobozi buhanitse bwo gukwirakwira kurusha MERS-CoV na SARS-CoV, ariko ikaba yica abantu bake kurusha izo zindi.
Thus, it is much more challenging to control the epidemic of SARS-CoV-2 than those of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV.
Ni yo mpamvu bikomeye cyane kurwanya icyorezo cya SARS-CoV-2 kurusha icya MERS-CoV na SARS-CoV.
Clustered onset often happens in the same family or from the same gathering or vehicle such as a cruise ship.
Akenshi abandura bagaragara mu muryango umwe cyangwa mu iteraniro cyangwa imodoka imwe nk’ubwato batemberamo.
Patients often have a history of travel or residence in Wuhan or other affected areas or contact with infected individuals or patients in the recent two weeks before the onset.
Akenshi abarwayi baba barigeze gutemberera cyangwa gutura mu ntara ya Wuhan cyangwa mu tundi turere twibasiwe cyangwa se barahuye n’abantu banduye cyangwa barwaye mu byumweru bibiri byabanjirije igihe bafatiwe.
However, it has been reported that people can carry the virus without symptoms longer than two weeks and cured patients discharged from hospitals can carry the virus again, which sends out an alarm to increase the time for quarantine.
Ariko, byagaragaye ko abantu bashobora kugendana n’iyi virusi nta bimenyetso bafite mu gihe kirenga ibyumweru bibiri kandi ko abarwayi bakize bagasezererwa mu bitaro bashobora kuba bagifite iyi virusi, bikaba byerekana ko ari ngombwa kongera igihe cy’akato.
Patients have normal or reduced number of peripheral white blood cells (especially lymphocytes) at the early stage.
Abarwayi bagira umubare usanzwe cyangwa muke w’uturemangingo tw'umweru two mu maraso (cyane cyane ingirabuzima fatizo) mu minsi ya mbere.
For example, lymphopenia with white blood cell count &lt; 4×109/L including lymphocyte count &lt; 1×109/L, and elevated aspartate aminotransferase levels and viremia were found in 1,099 COVID-19 patients.
Urugero, umubare muto w’ingirabuzima fatizo mu turemangingo tw'umweru two mu maraso ni &lt; 4×109/L harimo ingirabuzima fatizo &lt; 1×109/L, naho ibipimo byo hejuru by’asiparitate aminotaransiferaze (AST) na virusi ziboneka mu maraso byabonetse mu barwaye COVID-19 bangana na 1 099.
The levels of liver and muscle enzymes and myoglobin were increased in the blood of some patients, and C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation were increased in the blood of most patients.
Ibipimo by’imvubura z’umwijima n’imikaya na miyogorobine byiyongeye mu maraso y’abarwayi bamwe na bamwe, no kwirundanya kwa poroteyine zikorwa n’umwijima na eritirosite kwariyongeye mu maraso y’abarwayi benshi.
In patients with severe cases, the level of D-dimer, a fibrin degradation product present in the blood, was elevated, and lymphocyte count was progressively reduced.
Abarwayi barembye, igipimo cya D-dima, imvubura iterwa no kwangirika kwa fibirine iboneka mu maraso, cyari kiri hejuru, n’umubare w’ingirabuzima fatizo wagiye ugabanuka.
Abnormalities in chest radiography are found in most COVID-19 patients and featured by bilateral patchy shadows or ground glass opacity in the lungs.
Ibibazo bigaragara mu kunyuza agatuza mu cyuma biboneka mu barweye COVID-19 benshi kandi bigaragazwa n’ibicucu biremekanye mu mpande zombi cyangwa ubwijime bwereruka (GGO) bw’ibihaha.
Patients often develop an atypical pneumonia, acute lung injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Akenshi abarwayi bagira umusonga udasanzwe, ibisebe kibaze mu bihaha n’ibibazo bikomeye byo guhumeka (ARDS).
When ARDS happens, uncontrolled inflammation, fluid accumulation, and progressive fibrosis severely compromise the gas exchange.
Iyo habayeho ibibazo bikomeye byo guhumeka (ARDS), ubushye bukabije, kwirundanya kw’amatembabuzi n’ibihaha bigenda bibabuka bibangamira cyane ihererekanwa ry’umwuka.
Dysfunction of type-I and type-II pneumocytes decreases the surfactant level and increases surface tension, thus reducing the ability of the lungs to expand and heightening the risk of lung collapse.
Kudakora kwa pinemosite zo mu bwoko bwa I na II bigabanya igipimo cy’utunyangingo tugabanya umwanya hagati y’amatembabuzi no bigatuma ingingo zirushaho kubyigana, bityo bikagabanya ubushobozi bw’ibihaha bwo kwikwedura noneho bikongera ibyago byo gutuma ibihaha bireka gukora.
Therefore, the worst chest radiographic findings often parallel the most severe extent of the disease.
Ni yo mpamvu, ibisubizo bibi bya radiyo y’agatuza akenshi usanga bijyana n’ubukare bukabije bw’iyi ndwara.
On February 18, 2020, the first pathological analysis of COVID-19 demonstrated the desquamation of pneumocytes, hyaline membrane formation, and interstitial lymphocyte infiltration, and multinucleated syncytial cells in the lungs of a patient who died of the disease, consistent with the pathology of viral infection and ARDS and similar to that of SARS and MERS patients.
Kuri 18 Gashyantare 2020, isesengura rya mbere ry’igitera COVID-19 ryagaragaje ishishuka rya pinemosite, kubyimba kw’ingenangingo z’ibihaha, icengera ry’ingirabuzima fatizo mu myanya y’umwuka, n’uturemangingo dukomatanye dufite intima nyinshi mu bihaha by’umurwayi wishwe n’iyi ndwara, bihuye n’inkomoko ry’ubwandu bwa virusi n’ibibazo bikomeye byo guhumeka (ARDS), bikanamera kimwe no mu barwayi ba SARS na MERS.
The detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA via reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used as the major criteria for the diagnosis of COVID-19.
Itahurwa rya RNA ya SARS-CoV-2 RNA hifashishijwe uburyo bwo muri raboratwari bwa RT-PCR ryakoreshejwe nk’ikigenderwaho cy’ibanze mu isuzumwa rya COVID-19.
However, due to the high false-negative rate, which may accelerate the epidemic, clinical manifestations started to be used for diagnosis (which no longer solely relied on RT-PCR) in China on February 13, 2020.
Ariko, kubera igipimo gihanitse cy’ibisubizo bivuga ko umuntu atanduye atari ukuri, bishobora gutuma icyorezo kirushaho gukwirakwira, ibimenyetso byatangiye gukoreshwa mu gusuzuma (bitacyibanda gusa ku buryo bwa RT-PCR) mu Bushinwa kuri 13 Gashyantare 2020.
A similar situation also occurred with the diagnosis of SARS.
Ibi ni ko byanagenze ku isuzumwa rya SARS.
Therefore, a combination of disease history, clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, and radiological findings is essential and imperative for making an effective diagnosis.
Ni yo mpamvu gukomatanya amateka y’indwara, ibimenyetso, ibizamini byo muri raboratwari n’ibisubizo byo kunyura mu cyuma bifite akamaro kandi bikaba na ngombwa kugira ngo hakorwe isuzuma riboneye.
On February 14, 2020, the Feng Zhang group described a protocol of using the CRISPR-based SHERLOCK technique to detect SARS-CoV-2, which detects synthetic SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragments at 20 × 10-18 mol/L to 200 × 10-18 mol/L (10-100 copies per microliter of input) using a dipstick in less than an hour without requiring elaborate instrumentation.
Kuri 14 Gashyantare 2020, itsinda riyobowe na Feng Zhang ryasobanuye porotokore yo gukoresha uburyo bwa SHERLOCK bushingira kuri CRISPR mu gutahura SARS-CoV-2, itahura ibice by’ibyiganano bya RNA ya SARS-CoV-2 ku rugero rwa 20 × 10-18 mol/L kugera kuri 200 × 10-18 mol/L (kopi 10-100 kuri mikorolitiro cy’ibyinjijwe) hakoreshejwe igipimo cy’amavutta mu gihe kitageze ku isaha bidasabye ibikoresho bihambaye.
Hopefully, the new technique can dramatically enhance the sensitivity and convenience if verified in clinical samples.
Hari icyizere ko ubu buryo bushya bushobora kuzamura cyane ireme buramutse bugenzuwe mu bizamini byo kwa muganga.
Due to the lack of experience with the novel CoV, physicians can mainly provide supportive care to COVID-19 patients, while attempting a variety of therapies that have been used or proposed before for the treatment of other CoVs such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and other viral diseases (Table ​(Table2).2).
Kubera kutamenyera CoV nshya, abaganga bashobora mbere na mbere kuba hafi y’abarwaye COVID-19, mu gihe barimo kugerageza imiti inyuranye yatanzwe cyangwa yifujwe mbere yo kuvura izindi CoVs nka SARS-CoV na MERS-CoV n’izindi ndwara ziterwa na virusi (Imbonerahamwe ​(Imbonerahamwe ya 2).2).
These therapies include current and potential treatments with antiviral drugs, immunosuppressants, steroids, plasma from recovered patients, Chinese medicine, and psychological support.
Iyi miti ibamo imiti ikoreshwa n’ishobora gukoreshwa hamwe n’imiti irwanya virusi, imiti igabanya ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri, imiti igabanya kubyimba, purazima yavanwe mu barwayi bakize, imiti y’Abashinwa, n’ubufasha nsanamutima.
Even plasma from recovered patients was proposed to be used for treatment.
Hanifujwe ko purazima yavanwe mu barwayi bakize yakoreshwa mu kuvura virusi.
Pharmaceutical companies are racing to develop antibodies and vaccines against the virus.
Amasosiyete akora imiti ari gukora atikoresheje kugira ngo akore abasirikare b’umubiri n’inkingo zihangana n’iyi virusi.
SARS-CoV-2 mainly attacks the lungs in the beginning and probably also attacks, to a lesser degree, other organs that express ACE2, such as the gastrointestinal system and the kidneys.
SARS-CoV-2 yibasira cyane cyane ibihaha igitangira noneho ikaba ishobora no kwibasira, ku rugero rwo hasi, izindi ngingo zikora ACE2 nk’urwungano ngongozi n’impyiko.
Nevertheless, respiratory dysfunction and failure are the major threat to the patients and the major cause of death.
Nyamara, gukora nabi no kudakora by’imyanya y’ubuhumekero ni byo bibazo bibangamira ubuzima bw’abarwayi n’impamvu nyamukuru y’urupfu.
Thus, respiratory support is critical to relieve the symptoms and save lives and includes general oxygen therapy, high-flow oxygen, noninvasive ventilation, and invasive mechanical ventilation depending on the severity of the disease.
Ni yo mpamvu ubufasha bwo guhumeka ari ingenzi mu rwego rwo kugabanya ibimenyetso no kurokora abantu kandi hakaba harimo no kongerera umwuka muri rusange, kongerera umwuka ku gipimo cyo hejuru, gushyira ku mashini ifasha guhumeka bidakabije no guhumekera ku mashini ifasha guhumeka bitewe n’ubukare bw’indwara.
Patients with severe respiratory symptoms have to be supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), a modified cardiopulmonary bypass technique used for the treatment of life-threatening cardiac or respiratory failure.
Abarwayi bafite ibimenyetso by’ibabazo byo guhumeka bikomeye bagomba kunganirwa n’uburyo bwo kongerera umwuka bwa ECMO, uburyo busimbura inzira y’ubuhumekero yo mu mutima n’ibihaha bukoreshwa mu kuvura abafite ibibazo bikomeye by’umutima cyangwa byo guhumeka.
In addition, the maintenance of electrolyte balance, the prevention and treatment of secondary infection and septic shock, and the protection of the functions of the vital organs are also essential for SARS-CoV-2 patients.
Ikindi, kwita ku mikorere y’impyiko, kurwanya no kuvura izindi ndwara n’umuvuduko w’amaraso wo hasi, kubungabunga imikorere y’ingingo z’ingenzi na byo bigirira akamaro abarwayi ba SARS-CoV-2.
It has been known that a cytokine storm results from an overreaction of the immune system in SARS and MERS patients.
Birazwi ko ubwiyongere bwa sitokine buterwa no kwirwanaho bikabije by’ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri mu barwayi ba SARS na MERS.
Cytokine storm is a form of systemic inflammatory response featured by the release of a series of cytokines including TNFα, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ, and MCP-1.
Ubwiyongere bwa sitokine ni uburyo bw’igisubizo cyo kwikingira cy’urwungano kigaragazwa no kuvubura sitokine zinyuranye nka TNFα, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ na MCP-1.
These cytokines induce immune cells to release a vast number of free radicals which are the major cause of ARDS and multiple organ failure.
Izi sitokine zituma uturemangingo tw’ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri turekura umubare munini w’ingengangingo zidafite aho zifashe akaba ari zo zitera cyane cyane ARDS no kureka gukora kw’ingingo zinyuranye.
Immunosuppression is essential in the treatment of cytokine storms, especially in severe patients.
Kugabanya ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri bigira akamaro mu kuvura ubwiyongere bwa sitokine, cyane cyane mu barwayi barembye.
Corticosteroids and tocilizumab, an anti-IL6 monoclonal antibody, have been used to treat cytokine storm.
Korutikositeroyide na tosilizumabe, umusirikare w’umubiri ufite korone imwe urwanya IL6, zakoreshejwe mu kuvura ubwiyongere bwa sitokine.
Other immunosuppression treatments for cytokine storm include the modulation of T cell-directed immune response; the blockade of IFN-γ, IL-1, and TNF; JAK inhibition; blinatumomab; suppressor of cytokine signaling 4; and HDAC inhibitors.
Iyindi miti igabanya ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri mu kuvura ubwiyongere bwa sitokine irimo kugabanya ingufu z’ubwirinzi bw’umubiri bwibasira uturemangingo twa T; gukumira IFN-γ, IL-1, na TNF; guca intege JAK; birinatumomabe; igabanya ry’ibimenyetso bya sitokine 4; n’imiti ica intege HDAC.
Steroids, as immunosuppressants, were widely used in the treatment of SARS to reduce the severity of inflammatory damage.
Imiti igabanya kubyimba, nk’imiti igabanya ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri, yakoreshejwe cyane mu kuvura SARS mu rwego rwo kugabanya ubukare bw’ingaruka z’ubwirinzi bw’umubiri.
However, steroids at high dosages were not beneficial to severe lung injury in SARS and COVID-19 patients.
Ariko, gufata imiti igabanya kubyimba myinshi nta kamaro byagize ku bihaha byacitse ibisebe bikaze mu barwayi ba SARS na COVID-19.
Instead, they may cause severe side effects, especially avascular osteonecrosis, dramatically affecting the prognosis.
Ahubwo ishobora gutera ibibazo bikomeye, cyane cyane indwara y’amagufa (AVN), bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku mivurirwe y’indwara.
Nevertheless, short courses of corticosteroids at low-to-moderate doses have been recommended to be used prudently for critically ill COVID-19 patients.
Nyamara, hifujwe ko doze nke n’izo mu rugero za korutikositeroyide zahabwa abarwayi ba COVID-19 barembye cyane mu gihe gito kandi bigakoranwa ubushishozi.
At the time of writing, no effective antiviral therapy has been confirmed.
Igihe iyi raporo yandikwaga, mu muntu uboneye urwanya virusi wari wakabonetse.
However, intravenous administration with remdesivir, a nucleotide analog, has been found to be efficacious in an American patient with COVID-19.
Ariko gutera urushinge rwa remdesivir, iteye kimwe na nikerewotide, byagaragaye ko bifite akamaro mu Munyamerika urwaye COVID-19.
Remdesivir is a novel antiviral drug developed by Gilead initially for the treatment of diseases caused by Ebola and Marlburg viruses.
Remdesivir ni umuti urwanya virusi mushya wakozwe na Gilead ugenewe kuvura indwara ziterwa na virusi za Ebola na Marlburg.
Later, remdesivir also demonstrated possible inhibition of other single stranded RNA viruses including MERS and SARS viruses.
Nyuma y’aho, remdesivir na yo yaje kugaragaza ko ishobora guca intege izindi virusi zigizwe na RNA zirimo virusi za MERS na SARS.
Based on these, Gilead has provided the compound to China to conduct a pair of trials on SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, and the results are highly anticipated.
Hashingiwe ku bimaze kuvugwa, Gilead yahaye Ubushinwa uyu muti kugira ngo bukore ubushakashatsi bubiri ku bantu banduye SARS-CoV-2, abantu bakaba bategereje cyane icyo bizatanga.
In addition, baricitinb, interferon-α, lopinavir/ritonavir, and ribavirin have been suggested as potential therapies for patients with acute respiratory symptoms.
Ikindi kandi, umuti wa baricitinb, interferon-α, lopinavir/ritonavir na ribavirin yagaragajwe ko ishobora kuvura abarwayi bafite ibimenyetso by’ibibazo byo guhumeka bikomeye.
Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, liver damage, and other adverse reactions can occur following combined therapy with lopinavir/ritonavir.
Impiswi, iseseme, kuruka, kwangiriza kw’umwijima n’ibindi bibazo bikomeye bishobora kubaho bitewe no gukomatanya imiti na lopinavir/ritonavir.
The interaction of these treatments with other drugs used in the patients should be monitored carefully.
Imikoranire y’iyi miti n’iyindi miti ikoreshwa mu barwayi igomba gukurikiranwa neza.
Plasma from recovered patients and antibody generation
Purazima yavanwe mu barwayi bakize n’ikorwa ry’abasirikare b’umubiri
The collection of the blood from patients who recovered from a contagious disease to treat other patients suffering from the same disease or to protect healthy individuals from catching the disease has a long history.
Gufata amaraso y’abantu bakize indwara yanduza mu rwego rwo kuyavuza abandi barwaye indwara imwe cyangwa kurinda abantu batarwaye kwandura iyo ndwara bimaze igihe kirekire bikorwa.
Indeed, recovered patients often have a relatively high level of antibodies against the pathogen in their blood.
Ni byo koko, abarwayi bakize akenshi baba bafite umubare ugihe kuba munini w’abasirikare b’umubiri barwanya virusi iri mu maraso yabo.
Antibodies are an immunoglobulin (Ig) produced by B lymphocytes to fight pathogens and other foreign objects and they recognize unique molecules in the pathogens and neutralize them directly.
Abasirikare b’umubiri ni gorobirine irinda umubiri indwara (Ig) ikorwa n’ingirabuzima fatizo za B kugira ngo irwanye virusi n’ibindi bintu bidasanzwe bakaba bamenya morekire rukumbi zo muri virusi noneho bagahita bazica.
Based on this, plasma was collected from the blood of a group of patients who recovered from COVID-19 and was injected into 10 seriously ill patients.
Hashingiwe ku bimaze kuvugwa, purazima yavanwa mu maraso y’itsinda ry’abarwayi bakize COVID-19 noneho aterwa mu barwayi barembye cyane 10.
Their symptoms improved within 24 hours, accompanied by reduced inflammation and viral loads and improved oxygen saturation in the blood.
Ibimenyetso bari bafite byatangiye koroha mu masaha 24, bijyana n’igabanyuka ry’ububyimbe n’umubare wa virusi ndetse na ogusijene iriyongera mu maraso.
However, verification and clarification are necessary to propose the method for large-scale use before specific therapies are not yet developed.
Ariko igenzura n’isobanura ni ngombwa kugira ngo hatangwe uburyo bwo kuyakoresha mu barwayi benshi mu gihe hatarakorwa imiti yihariye.
In addition, given the therapeutic effects, some disadvantages associated with the plasma should be considered carefully.
Ikindi kandi, kubera ingaruka z’imiti, zimwe mu ngaruka mbi zijyana na purazima zigomba gusuzumwana ubushishozi.
For example, antibodies can overstimulate the immune response and cause cytokine release syndrome, which is potentially a life-threatening toxicity.
Urugero, abasirikare b’umubiri bashobora kongera bikabije ubwirinzi bw’umubiri noneho bigatuma hakorwa sitokine, zishobora kuba uburozi bwashyira ubuzima mu kaga.
The concentration of antibodies in the blood is usually low, and the demand for the plasma is large to treat critically ill patients.
Ubusanzwe abasirikare b’umubiri aba ari bake mu maraso kandi hasabwa purazima nyinshi mu kuvura abarwayi barembye cyane.
It is difficult to develop and produce specific antibodies rapidly enough to fight against a global epidemic.
Ntibyoroshye gukora abasirikare b’umubiri bihariye vuba bihagije mu rwego rwo kurwanya icyorezo mpuzamahanga.
Thus, it is more critical and practical to isolate B cells from recovered patients and identify the genetic codes encoding effective antibodies or screen for effective antibodies against essential proteins of the virus.
Ni yo mpamvu ari ngombwa kandi bikabi bikwiye kuvana uturemangingo twa B mu barwayi bakize noneho hagashakwamo kode za jene zigize abasirikare b’umubiri bakaze cyangwa gusuzuma abasirikare b’umubiri bakaze bagereranywa na poroteyine za ngombwa zigize iyo virusi.
This way, we can readily scale up the production of the antibodies.
Bigenze gutyo, twabasha rwose kongera ikorwa ry’abasirikare b’umubiri.
TCM has been used to treat a variety of diseases in China for thousands of years.
Hashize imyaka ibihumbi n’ibihumbi ubuvuzi gakondo bw’Abashinwa (TCM) bukoreshwa mu kuvura indwara zinyuranye mu Bushinwa.
However, its effects largely rely on a combination of multiple components in a formula that varies depending on the diagnosis of a disease based on the theories of TCM.
Ariko imikorere yayo ishingira cyane ku gukomatanya imiti inyuranye mu buryo buhindagurika bitewe n’isuzuma ry’indwara hashingiwe ku buryo bukoreshwa muri TCM.
Most of the effective components remain unknown or are vague as it is difficult to extract and verify such components or their optimal combinations.
Imyinshi mu miti igira akamaro ntiramenyekana cyangwa ntizwi neza kubera ko bikomeye kuyiyungurura no kugenzura iyo miti cyangwa ibipimo by’imivangirwe yayo.
Currently, due to the lack of effective and specific therapy for COVID-19, TCM has become one of the major alternative treatments for patients with light to moderate symptoms or for those who have recovered from severe stages.
Muri iki gihe, kubera ibura ry’umuti wihariye uvura COVID-19, TCM yabaye imwe mu miti ikomeye yunganira abarwayi bafite ibimenyetso byoroheje n’ibyo mu rugero cyangwa abarwayi bamaze koroherwa.
For example, Shu Feng Jie Du capsules and Lian Hua Qing Wen capsules were found to be effective for COVID-19 treatment.
Urugero, ibitonyanga bya Shu Feng Jie Du na Lian Hua Qing Wen byagaragaye ko bishobora kugira akamaro mu kuvura COVID-19.
Top cure rates in the treatment of COVID-19 patients were observed in several provinces in China that used TCM in 87% of their patients, including Gansu (63.7%), Ningxia (50%), and Hunan (50%), whereas Hubei province, which used TCM in only approximately 30% of its COVID-19 patients, had the lowest cure rate (13%).
Ibipimo byo hejuru byo gukira mu kuvura abarwaye COVID-19 byagaragaye mu ntara nyinshi zo mu Bushinwa zakoresheje TCM muri 87% by’abarwayi baho, nko muri Gansu (63,7%), Ningxia (50%) no muri Hunan (50%), naho mu ntara ya Hubei, yakoresheje TCM nko muri 30% gusa by’abarwaye COVID-19, habonetseyo igipimo cyo gukira cyo hasi cyane (13%).
However, this is quite a rough comparison as many other impact factors such as the number and severity of the patients should be included in the evaluation.
Ariko iri ni igereranya ridacukumbuye kubera ko ibindi bintu byinshi bigira ingaruka nk’umubare no kuremba by’abarwayi bigomba kwitabwaho mu isuzuma.
On February 18, 2020, Boli Zhang and coworkers published a study to compare western medicine (WM) treatment alone with combined treatment of WM and TCM.
Kuri 18 Gashyantare 2020, Boli Zhang n’abo bakorana batangaje ubushakashatsi bugereranya kuvura bakoresha imiti y’i Burayi no muri Amerika yonyine no kuvura bakomatanya WM na TCM.
They found that the times needed for body temperature recovery, symptom disappearance, and hospitalization were remarkably shorter in the WM+TCM group than in the WM only group.
Basanze ibihe bisabwa kugira ngo umubiri usubirane ubushyuhe busanzwe, ibimenyetso bikire no kugira ngo umuntu ashyirwe mu bitaro ari bigufi cyane mu itsinda ry’abahawe WM+TCM kurusha mu itsinda ry’abahawe WM gusa.
Most impressively, the rate for symptomatic worsening (from light to severe) was remarkably lower for the WM+TCM group than for the WM only group (7.4% versus 46.2%) and the mortality was lower in the WM+TCM group than WM only group (8.8% versus 39%).
Icyashimishije cyane ni uko igipimo cyo gukomera kw’ibimenyetso (kuva ku bimenyetso byoroheje kugera ku bikaze) cyagabanyutse bigaragara mu itsinda ry’abahawe WM+TCM kurusha mu itsinda ry’abahawe WM gusa (7,4% kuri 46,2%) n’umubare w’abapfa wabaye muto mu itsinda ry’abahawe WM+TCM kurusha mu itsinda ry’abahawe WM gusa (8,8% kuri 39%).
Nevertheless, the efficacy and safety of TCM still await more well-controlled trials at larger scales and in more centers.
Nyamara, akamaro n’ubuziranenge bya TCM biracyategereje gukorwaho ubushakashatsi bunonosoye kurushaho ku bantu benshi no mu bigo byinshi.
It would also be intriguing to characterize the mechanism of actions and clarify the effective components of TCM treatments or their combinations if possible.
Byanaba byiza kugaragaza uko iyi miti ikora no gusobanura neza ibigize imiti ya TCM bigira akamaro ikoreshejwe yonyine cyangwa ikomatanyijwe n’iyindi biramutse bishoboka.
Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 mostly experience great fear of the highly contagious and even fatal disease, and quarantined people also experience boredom, loneliness, and anger.
Abarwayi bakekwa cyangwa bemejwe ko banduye COVID-19 akenshi usanga bagira ubwoba bwinshi bwo kuba iyi ndwara yandura cyane ikaba yanabaviramo gupfa, n’abashyirwa mu kato na bo usanga batabyakira neza, bumva bari bonyine bikanabatera kurakara.
Furthermore, symptoms of the infection such as fever, hypoxia, and cough as well as adverse effects of the treatments such as insomnia caused by corticosteroids can lead to more anxiety and mental distress.
Na none, ibimenyetso by’ubwandu nk’umuriro, ibibazo by’umwuka muke, inkorora n’ingaruka mbi z’imiti nko kubura ibitotsi biterwa na korutikositeroyide bishobora gutuma umuntu agira umuhangayiko mwinshi n’ibibazo byo mu mutwe.
In the early phase of the SARS outbreak, a range of psychiatric morbidities including persistent depression, anxiety, panic attacks, psychomotor excitement, psychotic symptoms, delirium, and even suicidality were reported.
Mu ntangiriro z’icyorezo cya SARS, habonetse ibibazo binyuranye byo mu mutwe birimo ihungabana rihoraho, umuhangayiko, kugira ubwoba, gucanganyikirwa, guta ubwenge, guta umutwe, no gushaka kwiyahura.
Mandatory contact tracing and quarantine, as a part of the public health responses to the COVID-19 outbreak, can make people more anxious and guilty about the effects of the contagion, quarantine, and stigma on their families and friends.
Gushakashaka abantu umuntu yahuye na bo no gushyirwa mu kato ku itegeko bikorwa mu rwego rw’ingamba zo kurwanya icyorezo cya COVID-19 zifatwa n’inzego z’ubuzima za Leta, bishobora gutuma abantu barushaho guhangayika no kwicira urubanza ku bijyanye n’ingaruka zo kwandura, akato n’ivangura ku miryango n’inshuti zabo.
Thus, mental health care should be provided to COVID-19 patients, suspected individuals, and people in contact with them as well as the general public who are in need.
Ni yo mpamvu serivisi z’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe zigomba guhabwa abarwaye COVID-19, abakekwaho kwandura n’ababonanye na bo ndetse n’abandi bantu bakeneye ubufasha muri rusange.
The psychological support should include the establishment of multidisciplinary mental health teams, clear communications with regular and accurate updates about the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and treatment plans and the use of professional electronic devices and applications to avoid close contact with each other.
Ubufasha nsanamutima bugomba kujyana n’ishyirwaho ry’amatsinda yita ku buzima bwo mu mutwe ahuriweho n’inzego zinyuranye, uburyo busobanutse bwo guhana buri gihe amakuru mashya nyayo ku cyorezo cya SARS-CoV-2 n’uburyo bwo kwita ku bayirwaye no gukoresha ibikoresho na porogaramu by’ikoranabuhanga kugira ngo abantu birinde kwegerana.
Effective vaccines are essential for interrupting the chain of transmission from animal reservoirs and infected humans to susceptible hosts and are often complementary to antiviral treatment in the control of epidemics caused by emerging viruses.
Inkingo zikora neza ni ngombwa kugira ngo hakumirwe ubwandu hagati y’inyamaswa zibana na virusi n’abantu banduye n’izindi nyamaswa cyangwa abantu bashobora kuba bafite virusi kandi usanga akenshi zunganira imiti irwanya virusi mu kwarwanya ibyorezo biterwa na virusi nshya.
Efforts have been made to develop S protein-based vaccines to generate long-term and potent neutralizing antibodies and/or protective immunity against SARS-CoV.
Hari ibimaze gukorwa mu rwego rwo gukora inkingo zishingiye kuri poroteyine ya S kugira ngo hakorwe abasirikare b’umubiri barwanya virusi mu gihe kirekire cyangwa kongera ubushobozi bw’umubiri bwo guhangana na SARS-CoV.
Live-attenuated vaccines have been evaluated in animal models for SARS.
Inkingo zikoresha virusi zaciwe intege zasuzumiwe ku nyamaswa kuri SARS.
However, the in vivo efficacy of these vaccine candidates in elderly individuals and lethal-challenge models and their protection against zoonotic virus infection have yet to be determined before a clinical study is initiated.
Ariko akamaro k’izi nkingo ku nyamaswa cyangwa abantu bazima bashaje n’abarembye cyane no mu kubarinda kwandura virusi zikomoka ku nyamaswa ntibishobora kumenyekana hatarakorwa ubushakashatsi bw’ubuvuzi.
This is probably because SARS died down 17 years ago and no new case has been reported since.
Ibi bishobora kuba biterwa n’uko hashize imyaka 17 SARS icitse noneho hakaba nta wundi muntu wongeye kuyirwara.
In contrast, sporadic cases and clusters of MERS continue to occur in the Middle East and spread to other regions owing to the persistence of zoonotic sources in endemic areas.
Ku rundi ruhande, abantu bake banduye MERS baracyakomeza kugaragara mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati ndetse iyi virusi ikanakwirakwira mu tundi turere bitewe n’inyamaswa zikomeza kwanduza abantu mu turere turangwamo iyi virusi.
Vaccination strategies have been developed for MERS by using inactivated virus, DNA plasmids, viral vectors, nanoparticles, virus-like particles and recombinant protein subunits and some have been evaluated in animal models.
Hateguwe ingamba zo gukingira MERS hakoreshejwe virusi yambuwe ubushobozi, purasimide za ADN, vegiteri za virusi, uduce duto bikabije, uduce tumeze nka virusi n’uduce twa poroteyine twiyuburura kandi zimwe muri izi ngamba zusuzumiwe ku nyamaswa.
The development of a safe and effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 for non-immune individuals is an urgent and critical task for controlling the ongoing epidemic.
Gukora urukingo rwa SARS-CoV-2 rukora neza kandi rufite umutekano ku bantu badafite ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri bubarinda indwara ni ikintu gikenewe kandi cyihutirwa mu rwego rwo kurwanya iki cyorezo.
However, it is challenging to overcome the difficulty because of the long period of time (averaged 18 months) needed for vaccine development and the dynamic variations of CoVs.
Ariko birakomeye gukemura iki kibazo kubera igihe kirekire (nk’amezi 18) gisabwa kugira ngo urukingo rukorwe n’imihindagurikire ya CoVs.
As a novel disease, COVID-19 has just started to manifest its full clinical course throughout thousands of patients.
Nk’indwara nshya, COVID-19 yatangiye kugaragaza uburyo yavurwa mu bihumbi n’ibihumbi by’abayirwaye.
In most cases, patients can recover gradually without sequelae.
Akenshi abarwayi bashobora kugenda bakira nta ngaruka bibagizeho.
However, similar to SARS and MERS, COVID-19 is also associated with high morbidity and mortality in patients with severe cases.
Ariko, kimwe no kuri SARS na MERS, COVID-19 na yo ifata abantu benshi kandi igahitana abantu benshi mu barwayi barembye.
Therefore, building a prognosis model for the disease is essential for health-care agencies to prioritize their services, especially in resource-constrained areas.
Ni yo mpamvu gushyiraho uburyo bwo kuvura iyi ndwara ari ngombwa kugira ngo ibitaro n’amavuriro bishobora gukoresha neza serivisi zabyo cyangwa mu duce dufite ibikoresho bidahagije.
Based on clinical studies reported thus far, the following factors may affect or be associated with the prognosis of COVID-19 patients (Table ​(Table33):
Hashingiwe ku bushakashatsi bw’ubuvuzi bwakozwe kugeza ubu, ibintu bikurikira bishobora kugira ingaruka cyangwa kujyana n’imivurirwe y’abarwaye COVID-19 (Imbonerahamwe ​(Imbonerahamwe ya 33):
Age: Age was the most important factor for the prognosis of SARS, which is also true for COVID-19.
Imyaka: Imyaka ni ikintu gikomeye cyane cyibanzweho mu gusuzuma imivurirwe ya SARS, akaba ari na ko bimeze kuri COVID-19.
COVID-19 mainly happened at the age of 30-65 with 47.7% of those patients being over 50 in a study of 8,866 cases as described above.
COVID-19 yafashe cyane cyane abafite hagati y’imyaka 30 na 65 muri bo 47,7% bakaba bari barengeje imyaka 50 mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe ku barwayi 8 866 nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru.
Patients who required intensive care were more likely to have underlying comorbidities and complications and were significantly older than those who did not (at the median age of 66 versus 51), suggesting age as a prognostic factor for the outcome of COVID-19 patients.
Abarwayi basabye gushyirwa mu byumba by’indembe akenshi bari bafite izindi ndwara n’ibindi bibazo kandi bari bakuze cyane kurusha abatarabisabye (mu kigero cy’imyaka 66 kuri 51), bivuze ko imyaka ari ikintu kigira uruhare mu mikirire y’abarwaye COVID-19.
Sex: SARS-CoV-2 has infected more men than women (0.31/100,000 versus 0.27/100,000), as described above.
Igitsina: Nk’uko byasobanuwe harugura abagabo ni bo banduye SARS-CoV-2 cyane (0,31/100 000) kurusha abagore (0,27/100 000).
Comorbidities and complications: Patients with COVID-19 who require intensive care are more likely to suffer from acute cardiac injury and arrhythmia.
Indwara zinyuranye n’ibibazo: Abarwayi ba COVID-19 basaba kujyanwa mu byumba by’indembe akenshi baba bafite ibibazo by’umutima wacitse ibisebe bikomeye kandi utera imbusane.
Cardiac events were also the main reason for death in SARS patients.
Imikorere y’umutima na yo yabaye impamvu nyamukuru y’urupfu rw’abarwaye SARS.
It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 can also bind to ACE2-positive cholangiocytes, which might lead to liver dysfunctions in COVID-19 patients.
Byagaragajwe ko SARS-CoV-2 na yo ishobora gufata ku tunyangingo two ku gasabo k'indurwe dufite ACE2, bikaba byatera ibibazo by’umwijima mu barwaye COVID-19.
It is worth noting that age and underlying disease are strongly correlated and might interfere with each other.
Birakwiye kuvuga ko imyaka n’indwara umuntu arwaye bifitanye isana ikomeye kandi ko bishobora kugiranaho ingaruka.
Abnormal laboratory findings: The C-reactive protein (CRP) level in blood reflects the severity of inflammation or tissue injury and has been proposed to be a potential prognostic factor for disease, response to therapy, and ultimate recovery.
Imyanzuro ya raboratwari idasanzwe: Igipimo cya poroteyine zikorwa n’umwijima (CRP) mu maraso cyerekana ubukare bw’ububyimba cyangwa bw’ibisebe by’ingingo kandi cyagaragajwe ko gishobora kuba kimwe mu bishobora kugira uruhare mu mivurirwe y’indwara, mu buryo umuti wakirwa no mu gukira kw’umurwayi.
The correlation of CRP level to the severity and prognosis of COVID-19 has also been proposed.
Isano iri hagati y’igipimo cya CRP n’ubukare n’imivurirwe ya COVID-19 na yo yaragaragajwe.
In addition, elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and creatine kinase (CK) may also help predict the outcome.
Ikindi kandi, igipimo cyo hejuru cy’imvubura zo mu bwoko bwa LDH, AST, ALT, na CK nazo zishobora gutuma umuntu amenya icyo kuvura indwara bizatanga.
These enzymes are expressed extensively in multiple organs, especially in the heart and liver, and are released during tissue damage.
Izi mvubura zigaragara cyane mu ngingo zinyuranye, cyane cyane mu mutima no mu mwijima, kandi zirekurwa iyo ibice by’umubiri byangiritse.
Thus, they are traditional markers for heart or liver dysfunctions.
Ni yo mpamvu ari zo zisanzwe zerekana ibibazo by’umutima cyangwa umwijima.
Major clinical symptoms: Chest radiography and temporal progression of clinical symptoms should be considered together with the other issues for the prediction of outcomes and complications of COVID-19.
Ibimenyetso by’ingenzi: Gucisha mu cyuma agatuza n’ibimenyetso bigaragara igihe gito bigomba kwitabwaho kimwe n’ibindi bibazo mu guteganya imivurirwe n’ibibazo bya COVID-19.