atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
This has led many gamblers to move online, with many online gambling sites reporting significant increases in their rates of new sign-ups.The entertainment industry has also been affected, with various music groups suspending or cancelling concert tours.
Ibi byatumye abantu benshi bakina imikino y'amahirwe bimukira kuri Interineti, aho imbuga nyinshi z'imikino y'amahirwe zivuga ko umubare w'abaziyandikishijeho wiyongereye cyane. Imyidagaduro na yo yagizweho ingaruka, aho amatsinda menshi ya muzika yahagaritse cyangwa agasubika ingendo z'ibitaramo yari afite.
Many large theatres such as those on Broadway also suspended all performances.
Inzu nini ziberamo ibitaramo nk'iziri ahitwa Broadway zahagaritse imyidagaduro yose.
Some artists have explored ways to continue to produce and share work over the internet as an alternative to traditional live performance, such as live streaming concerts or creating web-based "festivals" for artists to perform, distribute, and publicize their work.
Bamwe mu bahanzi bashakishije uburyo bwo gukomeza kubyaza umusaruro no gusangiza abantu ibyo bakora kuri Interineti nk'uburyo bwasimbura ubusanzweho bwo gutaramira abantu imbona nkubone, bakora ibitaramo banyuza kuri Interineti, cyangwa bagakora "ibirori" bishingiye ku mbuga za Interineti bikitabirwa n'abahanzi, bityo bagakwirakwiza, ndetse bakanamenyekanisha ibikorwa byabo.
Online, numerous coronavirus-themed Internet memes have spread as many turn to humour and distraction amid uncertainty.
Kuri Interineti, hakwirakwiye udushusho dusekeje twibanda cyane kuri koronavirusi kuko abantu benshi bashakaga ibyo kubasetsa no kubarangaza mu gihe bataramenya aho ibintu bigana.
Since the outbreak of COVID-19, heightened prejudice, xenophobia, and racism have been noted toward people of Chinese and East Asian descent, and against people from hotspots in Europe, the United States and other countries.
Kuva icyorezo cya COVID-19 cyatangira, habayeho urwikekwe rukabije, urwango ku banyamahanga, n'ivanguramoko ku bantu bakomoka mu Bushinwa no muri Aziya y'Iburasirazuba, ndetse no ku bantu baturuka ahantu hagaragaye cyane ubwandu mu Burayi, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika ndetse no mu bindi bihugu.
Incidents of fear, suspicion, and hostility have been observed in many countries, particularly in Europe, East Asia, North America, and the Asia-Pacific region.
Kugira ubwoba cyane, urwikekwe, no gushyamirana byagaragaye mu bihugu byinshi, cyane cyane mu Burayi, Aziya y'Iburasirazuba, Amerika y'Amajyaruguru, ndetse no mu karere ka Aziya-Pasifika.
Reports from February (when the majority of the cases had still been confined to China) have documented racist sentiments expressed in various groups worldwide of Chinese people deserving the virus or receiving what has been claimed as justified retribution.
Raporo zo muri Gashyantare (igihe abarwaye benshi bari bakiri mu Bushinwa) zerekanye imyumvire y'ivanguramoko yagaragaye mu matsinda atandukanye ku isi, bavuga ko Abashinwa bakwiriye iyi virusi cyangwa ko bari kubona igihano kibakwiye.
Some countries in Africa have also seen a rise in anti-Chinese sentiment.
Ibihugu bimwe na bimwe muri Afurika na byo byagiye bigaragaramo ukwiyongera kw'urwango ku Bashinwa.
Many residents of Wuhan and Hubei have reported discrimination based on their regional origin.
Abaturage benshi bo muri Wuhan na Hubei bavuze ko bakorewe ivangura hashingiwe ku karere bakomokamo.
There has been support for the Chinese, both on and offline, and towards those in virus-stricken areas.
Habayeho gushyigikira Abashinwa, haba mu buryo busanzwe no kuri Interineti, ndetse n'abari mu turere twibasiwe na virusi.
Following the progression of the outbreak to new hotspot countries, people from Italy, the first country in Europe to experience a serious outbreak of COVID-19, could also be subjected to suspicion and xenophobia.Citizens in countries including Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, and South Korea initially signed petitions lobbying to ban Chinese people from entering their countries in an effort to stop the disease.
Ukurikije uko icyorezo kigenda gikwirakwira mu bihugu bishya, abaturage bo mu Butaliyani, igihugu cya mbere mu Burayi mu kugira umubare munini w'abanduye COVID-19, bashobora kuzagira ikibazo cyo kwishisha no kwanga abanyamahanga. Abaturage bo mu bihugu birimo Maleziya, Nuveli Zelandi, Singapuru na Koreya y'Amajyepfo ku ikubitiro byasinye inyandiko ikangurira ibindi bihugu kutemerera Abashinwa kwinjira mu bihugu byabo mu rwego rwo guhagarika ikwirakwira ry'icyorezo.
In Japan, the hashtag #ChineseDontComeToJapan trended on Twitter.
Mu Buyapani, hashitagi ya #ChineseDontComeToJapan yakwirakwiye cyane kuri Twitter.
Chinese people as well as other Asians in the United Kingdom and the United States have reported increasing levels of racist abuse, as well as assaults.
Abashinwa kimwe n'abandi bantu bakomoka muri Aziya bari mu Bwongereza no muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika bavuze ko ihohoterwa rishingiye ku ivangura ryiyongera, bakaba banagabwaho n'ibitero.
U.S. president Donald Trump has faced criticism for referring to the coronavirus as the "Chinese Virus", a term considered by critics to be racist and anti-Chinese.
Perezida wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, Donald Trump yaranenzwe cyane kubera kuvuga ko koronavirusi ari "Virusi y'Ubushinwa", iryo jambo rikaba rifatwa n'abanenga ko ari ivangura kandi rirwanya Abashinwa.
Protesters in Ukraine attacked buses carrying Ukrainian and foreign evacuees from Wuhan to Novi Sanzhary.
Abigaragambyaga muri Ikereni bateye bisi zitwaye abimuwe muri Ikereni n'abanyamahanga bava muri Wuhan berekeza muri Novi Sanzhary.
Students who come from Northeast India, which shares a border with China, and study in major Indian cities have reportedly experienced harassment related to the coronavirus outbreak.
Abanyeshuri baturuka mu majyaruguru y'iburasirazuba bw'Ubuhinde, busangiye umupaka n'Ubushinwa, kandi biga mu mijyi minini yo mu Buhinde ngo barahohotewe bitewe n'icyorezo cya koronavirusi.
The Bharatiya Janata Party's State unit president in West Bengal Dilip Ghosh stated that the Chinese had destroyed nature and "that's why the God took revenge against them."
Perezida w'ishami ry'Ishyaka rya Bharatiya Janata muri Bengali y'Iburengerazuba Dilip Ghosh yavuze ko Abashinwa bangije ibidukikije "ko ari yo mpamvu Imana yabahannye."
The remarks were later condemned by the Chinese consulate in Kolkata, calling it "erroneous".In China, xenophobia and racism agains non-Chinese residents has been inflamed by the pandemic, with foreigners described as "foreign garbage" and targeted for "disposal".
Ibi byahise byamaganirwa kure n'ibiro bihagarariye Ubushinwa i Kolukata, bitangaza ko ari "ibintu bidakwiye". Mu Bushinwa ibikorwa byo kwanga abanyamahanga n'irondabwoko byatijwe umurindi n'icyorezo, aho abanyamahanga bitwaga "imyanda mvamahanga" kandi ikwiye kujugunywa kure.
Many newspapers with paywalls have removed them for some or all of their coronavirus coverage.
Ibinyamakuru byinshi bifite imbuga za interineti zishyuza abazisura byakuyeho bimwe mu biciro cyangwa byose byishyuzwaga ku nkuru zerekeye koronavirusi.
Many scientific publishers made scientific papers related to the outbreak available with open access.
Abanditsi ba siyansi basohoye inyandiko za siyansi zerekeye icyorezo kandi zishobora kubonwa na buri wese uzishaka.
Some scientists chose to share their results quickly on preprint servers such as bioRxiv.
Bamwe mu bahanga mu bya siyansi bahisemo gusangiza abandi ibyo bagezeho mu bushakashatsi vuba kuri seriveri za porogaramu nka bioRxiv.
Emerging infectious disease – Infectious disease of emerging pathogen, often novel in its outbreak range or transmission mode
Indwara zandura zigenda zigaragara - Indwara zandura ziterwa na virusi, akenshi ziba ari nshya mu buryo zigaragaza cyangwa mu buryo zandura
Globalization and disease – Overview of globalization and disease transmission
Ikusanyabukungu n'indwara - Incamake y'ikusanyabukungu n'uburyo indwara yandura
List of epidemics and pandemics – A list of death tolls due to infectious disease
Urutonde rw'indwara n'ibyorezo – Urutonde rw'impfu ziterwa n'indwara z'ibyorezo
Wildlife smuggling and zoonoses – Health risks associated with the trade in exotic wildlife
Ubushimusi bw'inyamaswa n'indwara inyamaswa zanduza abantu - Ingaruka z'ubuzima zijyanye n'ubucuruzi bw'inyamaswa zo mu ishyamba
Laboratory testing for the respiratory coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the associated SARS-CoV-2 virus includes methods that detect the presence of virus and those that detect antibodies produced in response to infection.
Gupimira muri raboratwari indwara yo mu myanya y'ubuhumekero ya koronavirusi 2019 (COVID-19) na virusi bijyanye ya SARS-CoV-2 bikubiyemo uburyo bwo gushaka virusi n'uburyo bwo gutahura abasirikare b'umubiri umubiri ukora mu kurwanya indwara.
The presence of viruses in samples is confirmed by RT-PCR, which detects the coronavirus' RNA.
Kuba virusi ziri mu bizamini byafashwe byemezwa na RT-PCR, itahura RNA ya koronavirusi.
This test is specific and is designed to only detect the RNA of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Iki kizamini kirihariye kandi cyagenewe gutahura gusa RNA ya virusi ya SARS-CoV-2.
It is used to confirm very recent or active infections.
Gikoreshwa mu kwemeza abanduye vuba cyangwa abakirwaye.
Detection of antibodies (serology) can be used both for diagnosis and population surveillance.
Gutahura abasirikare b'umubiri (ikizamini cy'amaraso) bishobora gukoreshwa haba mu gupima no kugenzura abaturage.
Antibody tests show how many people have had the disease, including those whose symptoms were too minor to report or who were asymptomatic.
Ibizamini by'abasirikare b'umubiri byerekana umubare w'abantu barwaye iyo ndwara, harimo n'abafite ibimenyetso bito cyane ku buryo bitatuma bamenyesha ababishinzwe ko banduye cyangwa abadafite ibimenyetso.
An accurate mortality rate of the disease and the level of herd immunity in the population can be determined from the results of this test.
Umubare nyakuri w'impfu zitewe n'icyorezo n'urwego rw'ubudahangarwa mu baturage ushobora kugenwa uhereye ku byavuye muri iki kizamini.
Due to limited testing, as of March 2020 no countries had reliable data on the prevalence of the virus in their population.
Kubera imibare mike y'abari bamaze gupimwa, muri Werurwe 2020 nta gihugu cyari gifite amakuru yizewe ku bijyanye n'ubwiganze bwa virusi mu baturage bacyo.
By 23 March, no country had tested more than 3% of their population, and there are massive variations in how much testing has been done across countries.
Kugeza ku ya 23 Werurwe, nta gihugu na kimwe cyari cyarapimye abaturage bacyo barenga 3%, kandi hari itandukaniro rinini ku buryo ibizamini byagiye bikorwa mu bihugu byose.
This variability is also likely to be significantly affecting reported case fatality rates, which are likely to be significantly over-estimated in some countries.
Iyi mihindagurikire na yo ishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku mibare y'abapfuye, bikaba bishoboka ko byakabirizwa cyane mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe.
Using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) the test can be done on respiratory samples obtained by various methods, including nasopharyngeal swab or sputum sample.
Hakoreshejwe uburyo bwihuse mu gufata no gusesengura ibipimo by'ubwandu (rRT-PCR), gupima iyi ndwara bishobora gukorerwa ku bizamini byafashwe mu myanya y'ubuhumekero bibonekahakoreshejwe uburyo bunyuranye, burimo ibizamini by'igikororwa cyangwa amatembabuzi yo mu muhogo.
Results are generally available within a few hours to 2 days.
Muri rusange, ibisubizo biboneka hagati y'amasaha make kugeza ku minsi 2.
The RT-PCR test performed with throat swabs is only reliable in the first week of the disease.
Ikizamini cya RT-PCR gikorwahafashwe ibipimo byo mu muhogo ni bwo buryo bwonyine bwizewe gusa mu cyumweru cya mbere cy'indwara.
Later on the virus can disappear in the throat while it continues to multiply in the lungs.
Nyuma virusi ishobora gushira mu muhogo mu gihe ikomeza kwiyongera mu bihaha.
For infected people tested in the second week, alternatively sample material can then be taken from the deep airways by suction catheter or coughing up material (sputum) can be used.
Ku bantu basuzumwe bagasanga baranduye mu cyumweru cya kabiri, byaba byiza bongeye gufatwa ibindi bizamini bitandukanye hapimwa nk'igikorora.
One of the early PCR tests was developed at Charité in Berlin in January 2020 using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), and formed the basis of 250,000 kits for distribution by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Kimwe mu bipimo biheruka hifashishijwe PCR cyageragerejwe ahitwa Charité mu mugi wa Berlin muri Mutarama 2020 aho bifashishije uburyo bwihuse mu gufata no gusesengura ibipimo by'ubwandu (rRT-PCR) n'ibikoresho ibihumbi 250 000 byatanzwe n'Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima.
The United Kingdom had also developed a test by 23 January 2020.The South Korean company Kogenebiotech developed a clinical grade, PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection kit (PowerChek Coronavirus) on 28 January 2020.
Ubwongereza nabwo bwari bwarateguye ikizamini bitarenze ku ya 23 Mutarama 2020. Ku ya 28 Mutarama 2020, Isosiyete yo muri Koreya y'Epfo yitwa Kogenebiotech yateguye igerageza ry'igikoresho cyo kwa muganga cyo gutahura SARS-CoV-2 ishingiye kuri PCR (PowerChek Coronavirus).
It looks for the "E" gene shared by all beta coronaviruses, and the RdRp gene specific to SARS-CoV-2.In China, BGI Group was one of the first companies to receive emergency use approval from China's National Medical Products Administration for a PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection kit.In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is distributing its 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel to public health labs through the International Reagent Resource.
Ishakisha akaremangingo ka "E" gakwirakwizwa n'ubwoko bwa koronavirusi iba mu mubiri w'umuntu, ndetse n'akaremangingo ka RdRp kagaragara muri SARS-CoV-2. Mu gihugu cy'Ubushinwa, BGI Group ni imwe muri kompanyi za mbere mu kwemererwa n'Ikigo cy'Igihugu gishinzwe ibikoresho byo mu buvuzi gukoresha ibikoresho bipima SARS –CoV-2 ishingiye kuri PCR. Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe Z'Amerika, ikigo gishinzwe kugenzura no kurwanya ibyorezo (CDC) kirimo gukwirakwiza ibikoresho bya RT-PCR Diagnostic byifashishwa mu gupima Koronavirusi nshya 2019 (2019-nCoV) muri za raboratwari rusange binyujijwe mu kigo cyitwa International Reagent Resource.
One of three genetic tests in older versions of the test kits caused inconclusive results due to faulty reagents, and a bottleneck of testing at the CDC in Atlanta; this resulted in an average of fewer than 100 samples a day being successfully processed throughout the whole of February 2020.
Kimwe mu bizamini bitatu byerekana imiterere y'uturemangingo muri verisiyo ya kera y'ibikoresho byifashishwa mu gupima byatumye hatangwa ibisubizo bidasobanutse bitewe n'imiti itujuje ubuziranenge yakoreshejwe, ndetse n'imbogamizi mu gupima ku Kigo gishinzwe kugenzura indwara (CDC) muri Atlanta; ibi byatumye impuzandengo y'ibizamini 100 ku munsi bisuzumwa neza muri Gashyantare 2020 yose.
Tests using two components were not determined to be reliable until 28 February 2020, and it was not until then that state and local laboratories were permitted to begin testing.
Ibizamini byakoresheje ibice bibiri ntabwo byari biteganyijwe ko byizerwa kugeza ku ya 28 Gashyantare 2020, kandi kugeza icyo gihe ni bwo raboratwari za Leta n'iz'uturere zemerewe gutangira gupima.
The test was approved by the Food and Drug Administration under an Emergency Use Authorization.US commercial labs began testing in early March 2020.
Ikizamini cyemejwe n'ubuyobozi bushinzwe ibiribwa n'imiti byemewe n'uruhushya rwo gukoresha mu buryo bwihutirwa. Raboratwari z'ubucuruzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika zatangiye gupima mu ntangiriro za Werurwe 2020.
As of 5 March 2020 LabCorp announced nationwide availability of COVID-19 testing based on RT-PCR.
Kugeza ku ya 5 Werurwe 2020, LabCorp yatangaje mu gihugu hose ko habonetse uburyo bwo gupima COVID-19 bushingiye kuri RT-PCR.
Quest Diagnostics similarly made nationwide COVID-19 testing available as of 9 March 2020.
Quest Diagnostics nayo yakoze mu gihugu hose ibizamini bya COVID-19 biboneka guhera ku ya 9 Werurwe 2020.
No quantity limitations were announced; specimen collection and processing must be performed according to CDC requirements.
Nta mubare ntarengwa watangajwe; gukusanya no gutunganya ingero zafashwe bigomba gukorwa hakurikijwe ibisabwa n'Ikigo gishinzwe kugenzura indwara (CDC).
In Russia, the COVID-19 test was developed and produced by the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR.
Mu Burusiya, ikizamini cya COVID-19 cyateguwe kandi gikorwa n'ikigo cya Leta cy'ubushakashatsi kuri virusi n'ikoranabuhanga mu binyabuzima VECTOR.
On 11 February 2020 the test was registered by the Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare.On 12 March 2020, Mayo Clinic was reported to have developed a test to detect COVID-19 infection.On 13 March 2020, Roche Diagnostics received FDA approval for a test which could be performed within 3.5 hours in high volume, thus allowing one machine to do approximately 4,128 tests in a 24-hour period.
Kuwa 11 Gashyantare 2020, Ikigo cya Leta Gishinzwe kwita ku buvuzi cyatangiye gupima iyi virusi. Kuwa 12 Werurwe 2020, byatangajwe ko Ivuriro rya Mayo ryakoze igikoresho gishobora gupima icyorezo cya COVID-19. Kuwa 13 Werurwe 2020, Roche Diagnostics yemerewe na FDA gukora imashini yo gupima iyi virusi yagombaga gutanga ibisubizo mu masaha 3,5 ku kigero cyo hejuru, ibi bikaba byaratumaga imashini imwe ishobora gupima abantu 4 128 mu gihe cy'amasaha 24.
On 19 March 2020, the FDA issued emergency use authorization (EUA) to Abbott Laboratories for a test on Abbott's m2000 system; the FDA had previously issued similar authorization to Hologic, LabCorp, and Thermo Fisher Scientific.
Ku ya 19 Werurwe 2020, FDA yatanze uruhushya rwo gukoresha ku buryo bwihutirwa (EUA) kuri Raboratwari ya Abbott kugira ngo ikore ikizamini kuri sisitemu ya m2000 ya Abbott; FDA yari yaratanze uburenganzira busa na Hologic, LabCorp, na Thermo Fisher Scientific.
On 21 March 2020, Cepheid similarly received EUA from the FDA for a test that takes about 45 minutes.
Ku ya 21 Werurwe 2020, Cepheid nayo yahawe uruhushya rwo gukoresha uburyo bwihutirwa ruvuye muri FDA kugira ngo hakorwe ikizamini kimara iminota 45.
The FDA has approved a test that uses isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology instead of PCR.
FDA yemeje ikizamini gikoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo kongera ibipimo by'ubushyuhe kuri aside nikileyiki aho gukoresha PCR.
Since this does not require a series of alternating temperature cycles this method can deliver positive results in as little as five minutes and negative results in 13 minutes.
Kubera ko ibi bidasaba urukurikirane mu guhinduranya ubushyuhe ubu buryo bushobora gutanga ibisubizo by'uwanduye mu minota mike nk'itanu n'ibisubizo by'utanduye mu minota 13.
There are currently about 18,000 of these machines in the U.S. and Abbott expects to ramp up manufacturing to deliver 50,000 tests per day.A test which uses a monoclonal antibody which specifically binds to the nucleocapsid protein (N protein) of the novel coronavirus is being developed in Taiwan, with the hope that it can provide results in 15 to 20 minutes just like a rapid influenza test.
Kugeza ubu muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika hari imashini z'ubu bwoko zigera kuri 18 000 kandi Abbot iteganya kongera ubushobozi ku buryo ibipimo byagera kuri 50 000 ku munsi. Muri Tayiwani harimo gukorwa Igipimisho gikoresha abasirikare b'umubiri bihuza n'intungamubiri zo mu bwoko bwa N za Koronavirusi, kandi hari ikizere ko gishobora gutanga ibisubizo hagati y'iminota 15 na 20 mbese nk'imashini ipima ibicurane ku buryo bwihuse.
A March 2020 literature review concluded that "chest radiographs are of little diagnostic value in early stages, whereas CT [computed tomography] findings may be present even before symptom onset."
Muri Werurwe 2020, inyandiko z'ubushakashatsi zanzuye ko "mu ntangiriro kunyura mu cyuma harebwa mu gatuza bidafite akamaro cyane mu kwisuzumisha, naho ibyerekanwa n'uburyo bw'ikoranabuhanga bwa CT [computing tomografiya] bishobora kuba bihari na mbere y'uko ibimenyetso bitangira."
Typical features on CT include bilateral multilobar ground-glass opacificities with a peripheral, asymmetric and posterior distribution.
Ibiranga uburyo bw'ikoranabuhanga bwa CT mu kunyuza mu cyuma birimo kubasha kureba impande zose z'ibihaha, bugaragaza neza ku ruhande, hagati ndetse n'igice cy'inyuma.
Subpleural dominance, crazy paving and consolidation develop as the disease evolves.
Akugara k'igice cyo munsi y'ibihaha, kwitsindagira cyane kw'ibice bimwe bigize ibihahaha bigenda byiyongera uko icyorezo kirushaho gukomera.
A study comparing PCR to CT in Wuhan at the point of origin of the current pandemic has suggested that CT is significantly more sensitive than PCR, though less specific, with many of its imaging features overlapping with other pneumonias and disease processes.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe hagamijwe kugereranya ibyo bipimo bya PCR na CT muri Wuhan hashakishwa inkomoko y'icyo cyorezo bwerekanye ko ibyo bimenyetso bigaragaza ko icyorezo cyari gikomeye cyane i Wuhan kuko ho kivanze n'izindi ndwara zibasira imyanya y'ubuhumekero kurushaho.
As of March 2020, the American College of Radiology recommends that "CT should not be used to screen for or as a first-line test to diagnose COVID-19".As of March 2020, the CDC recommends PCR for initial screening.
Kugera mu kwezi kwa Werurwe 2020, Ishuri rikuru ry'Ubuvuzi bwo kunyuza mu cyuma muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika ryategetse ko "Uburyo bukoreshwa i Wuhan butakongera gukoreshwa mu gusuzuma KoronavirusiCOVID-19". Kuva muri Werurwe 2020, Ikigo gishinzwe kugenzura indwara (CDC) gisaba ko PCR ari yo yakoreshwa mu kwisuzumisha mbere.
Part of the immune response to infection is the production of antibodies including IgM and IgG.
Bumwe mu buryo bw'ubudahangarwa umubiri ushyiraho urwanya ubwandu ni ugukora abasirikare b'umubiri barimo IgM na IgG.
These can be used to detect infection in individuals starting 7 days or so after the onset of symptoms, to determine immunity, and in population surveillance.Assays can be performed in central laboratories (CLT) or by point-of-care testing (PoCT).
Ibi byafasha mu kuvumbura ubwandu mu bantu guhera ku munsi wa 7 cyangwa nyuma yo kubona ibimenyetso by'ibanze,mu kureba ingano y'ubwirinzi no gukora igenzura mu baturage. Isesengura ry'ibipimo rishobora gukorerwa muri raboratwari zisanzwe (CLT) cyangwa ahandi hantu hagenewe gupimira ( PoCT).
The high-throughput automated systems in many clinical laboratories will be able to perform these assays but their availability will depend on the rate of production for each system.
Uburo bukoreshwa mu gupima abantu benshi muri raboratwari nyinshi zo kwa muganga, buzakoreshwa mu gusesengura, ariko kuboneka kw'ibisubizo bizaterwa n'umuvuduko w'imikorere.
For CLT a single specimen of peripheral blood is commonly used, although serial specimens can be used to follow the immune response.
Muri raboratwari zisanzwe, urugero rumwe rw'amaraso yafashwe ni rwo rusanzwe rukoreshwa, n'ubwo ingero zikurikirana zishobora gukoreshwa hagamijwe gukurikirana ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri.
For PoCT a single specimen of blood is usually obtained by skin puncture.
Ku handi hantu hagenewe gupimirwa, urugero rumwe rw'amaraso rusanzwe ruboneka habayeho gutobora uruhu.
Unlike PCR methods an extraction step is not needed before assay.On March 26, 2020, the FDA named 29 entities that provided notification to the agency as required and are now therefore able to distribute their antibody tests.
Bitandukanye n'uburyo bwa PCR, uburyo bwo kubanza kuvoma ibigomba gupimwa ntabwo bukenewe mbere yo gupima. Ku ya 26 Werurwe 2020, FDA yatangaje ibigo 29 byayimenyesheje nk'uko bisabwa noneho bikaba bishobora gutanga ibizamini by'abasirikare b'umubiri byakoze.
As of April 7, 2020, only a single test has been approved by the FDA under an emergency use authorization.In late March 2020, Euroimmun Medical Laboratory Diagnostics and Epitope Diagnostics received European approvals for their test kits, which can detect IgG and IgA antibodies against the virus in blood samples.
Guhera ku ya 7 Mata 2020, ikizamini kimwe gusa ni cyo cyemejwe na FDA ko kigomba gukorwa babiherewe uburenganzira igihe byihutirwa.Mu mpera za Werurwe 2020, Euroimmun Medical Laboratory Diagnostics na Epitope Diagnostic byahawe ibyemezo by'Iburayi ku bikoresho byabo byo gupima, bishobora kumenya abasirikare b'umubiri ba IgG na IgA mu kurwanya virusi mu bizamini by'amaraso.
The testing capacity is several hundred samples within hours and therefore much faster than the conventional PCR assay of viral RNA.
Ubushobozi bwo gupima ubwandu bushobora kugera ku bizamini amagana bisuzumwa mu masaha noneho bikihuta cyane ugereranyije n'ikizamini cya PCR cyari gisanzwe gikoreshwa cyo gupima RNA iterwa na virusi.
The antibodies are usually detectable 14 days after the onset of the infection.In early April, the UK found none of the antibody test kits it purchased were sufficiently good to use.
Ubusanzwe abasirikare b'umubiri bagaragara mu minsi 14 nyuma y'uko ubwandu butangiye. Mu ntangiriro za Mata, Ubwongereza bwasanze nta bikoresho bipima ingano y'abasirikare b'umubiri bwaguze nta na kimwe gishobora gukoreshwa ku buryo buhagije.
Hong Kong has set up a scheme where suspected patients can stay home, "emergency department will give a specimen tube to the patient", they spit into it, send it back and get a test result a while after.The British NHS has announced that it is piloting a scheme to test suspected cases at home, which removes the risk of a patient infecting others if they come to a hospital or having to disinfect an ambulance if one is used.In drive-through testing for COVID-19 for suspected cases, a healthcare professional takes sample using appropriate precautions.
Hongukongo yashyizeho uburyo umuntu wese uketsweho ubwandu ashobora kuguma mu rugo, ishami rishinzwe ubutabazi rikamuha "agakoresho kabugenewe", agaciramo hanyuma akakabasubiza bakazamuha igisubizo nyuma. Serivisi zishinzwe ubuzima mu Bwongereza (NHS) zatangaje ko ziteganya gushyiraho uburyo bwo gupimira mu rugo abantu bakekwaho ubwandu, ibi bikazakuraho ibyago byo kuba umurwayi ashobora kwanduza abandi igihe baje mu bitaro, cyangwa se hakaba hasabwa gutera imiti yica udukoko twanduza indwara mu modoka yazanye umurwayi. Mu gikorwa cyo gufata ibizamini by'uwaketsweho COVID-19, umuganga abikora mu buryo bwa kinyamwuga yubahiriza amabwiriza yose.
Drive-through centers have helped South Korea do some of the fastest, most-extensive testing of any country.In Germany, the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians said on 2 March, that it had a capacity for about 12,000 tests per day in the ambulatory setting and 10.700 had been tested in the prior week.
Ahantu ho gupimira abantu bari mu binyabiziga byabo hafashije Koreya y'Epfo gukora bimwe mu bizamini byihuta cyane, kandi byinshi cyane kurusha ibindi bihugu. Mu Budage, ku ya 2 Werurwe, Ishyirahamwe ry'ubwishingizi bw'ubuzima bw'abaganga ryatangaje, ko rifite ubushobozi bwo gupima hafi 12,000 ku munsi hakoreshejwe imbangukiragutabara kandi abagera ku 10 700 barapimwe mu cyumweru kibanziriza iki.
Costs are borne by the health insurance when the test is ordered by a physician.
Ibiciro byishyurwa n'ubwishingizi bw'ubuzima mu gihe ikizamini gitegekwa na muganga.
According to the president of the Robert Koch Institute, Germany has an overall capacity for 160,000 tests per week.
Nk'uko byatangajwe na perezida w'ikigo cya Robert Koch, Ubudage bufite ubushobozi rusange bwo gupima abantu 160 000 buri cyumweru.
As of 19 March drive in tests were offered in several large cities.
Kuva ku ya 19 Werurwe uburyo bwo gupima bwakorewe mu mijyi minini myinshi.
As of 26 March 2020 the total number of tests performed in Germany was unknown, because only positive results are reported.
Kugeza ku ya 26 Werurwe 2020 umubare rusange w'ibizamini byakorewe mu Budage ntiwari uzwi, kubera ko havuzwe gusa abanduye.
A first lab survey revealed that as of calendar week 12/2020 a total of at least 483,295 samples were tested up to and including week 12/2020 and 33,491 samples (6.9%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.In Israel, researchers at Technion and Rambam Hospital developed and tested a method for testing samples from 64 patients simultaneously, by pooling the samples and only testing further if the combined sample is found to be positive.In Wuhan a makeshift 2000-sq-meter emergency detection laboratory named "Huo-Yan" (Chinese: 火眼, or "Fire Eye" in English) was opened on 5 February 2020 by BGI, which can process over 10,000 samples a day.
Ubushakashatsi bwa mbere bwakozwe na raboratwari bwatangaje ko mu cyumweru cya 12/2020 hari hamaze gupimwa abantu bagera nibura kuri 483 295 ubariyemo n'icyumeru cya 12/2020, muri bo abagera kuri 33 491 (6,9%) basanganywe SARS-CoV-2. Muri Isiraheli, abashakashatsi bo mu bitaro bya Technion na Rambam bavumbuye kandi bagerageza uburyo bwo gupima abarwayi 64 icyarimwe, aho bafata ibizamini bakaza kongera kubipima nyuma iyo hari uwo basanganye uburwayi. Muri Wuhan, raboratwari y'ubutabazi ifite ubuso bwa m2 2000 yitwa "Huo-Yan" 火眼 mu Gishinwa, cyangwa "Ijisho ry'umuriro" mu Kinyarwanda, yafunguwe ku mugaragaro kuwa 5 Gashyantare 2020 n'ikigo cyitwa BGI, ishobora gupima abantu barenga 10 000 ku munsi.
With the construction overseen by BGI-founder Wang Jian and taking 5-days, modelling has show cases in Hubei would have been 47% higher and the corresponding cost of the tackling the quarantine would have doubled if this testing capacity hadn't come on line.
Imirimo yo kubaka yagenzuwe n'uwashinze BGI, Wang Jian kandi yamaze igihe cy'iminsi 5, ingero zafashwe zerekanye ko ubwandu muri Hubei bwari kwiyongeraho 47% kandi ikiguzi cyo guhangana n'abari gushyirwa mu kato cyari kwikuba kabiri iyo ubu bushobozi bwo gupima butaboneka.
The Wuhan Laboratory has been promptly followed by Huo-Yan labs in Shenzhen, Tianjin, Beijing, and Shanghai, in a total of 12 cities across China.
Raboratwari ya Wuhan yahise ikurikirwa na raboratwari za Huo-Yanmu Shenzhen, Tianjin, Beijing, na Shanghai, mu mijyi 12 yose mu Bushinwa.
By 4 March 2020 the daily throughput totals were 50,000 tests per day.Open source, multiplexed designs released by Origami Assays have been released that can test as many as 1122 patient samples for COVID19 using only 93 assays . These balanced designs can be run in small laboratories without the need for robotic liquid handlers.
Kugeza ku ya 4 Werurwe 2020, muri rusange hakorwa ibipimo 50 000 ku munsi. Uburyo bwihuse kandi bushobora gukoreshwa na buri wese bwashyizwe ahagaragara na Origami Assays bushobora gupima ibizamini by'abarwayi 1 122 ba COVID19 hakoreshejwe ibipimo 93 gusa. Ubu buryo bugererenyije bushobora gukorerwa muri raboratwari ntoya bitabaye ngombwa kwitabaza robo zitunganya ibisukika.
By March, shortages and insufficient amounts of reagent has become a bottleneck for mass testing in the EU and UK and the US.
Kugeza muri Werurwe, kugabanuka ndetse no kubura imiti y'ingezi yo muri raboratwari byabaye imbogamizi ikomeye mu gupima abantu benshi mu Muryango w'Ubumwe bw'Uburayi, Ubwongereza na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika.
This has led some authors to explore sample preparation protocols that involve heating samples at 98 °C (208 °F) for 5 minutes to release RNA genomes for further testing.On 31 March it was announced United Arab Emirates was now testing more of its population for Coronavirus per head than any other country, and was on track to scale up the level of testing to reach the bulk of the population.
Ibi byatumye abanditsi bamwe bandika ku myiteguro y'ifatwa ry'ibizamini aho bisaba kubishyushya kugera kuri 98 °C (208 °F) mu gihe cy'iminota 5 kugira ngo hagaragare uturemangingo dutuma bongera gupima. Ku wa 31 Werurwe hatangajwe ko Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abarabu zari ku mwanya wa mbere mu kugira ubushobozi bwo gupima umubare munini w'abaturage bazo ugereranyije n'ibindi bihugu, iki gihugu kikaba cyari gifite gahunda yo gupima abaturage hafi ya bose bagituye.
This was through a combination of drive-through capability, and purchasing a population-scale mass-throughput laboratory from Group 42 and BGI (based on their "Huo-Yan" emergency detection laboratories in China).
Ibi byatewe no guhuriza hamwe ubushobozi bwo gupima abantu bari mu modoka zabo, no kugura raboratwari zishobora gupima abantu benshi icyarimwe muri Group 42 na BGI (hashingiwe kuri raboratwari za Huo-Yan zipima ku buryo bwihuse).
Constructed in 14 days, the lab is capable of conducting tens of thousands RT-PCR tests per day and is the first in the world of this scale to be operational outside of China.
Yubatswe mu minsi 14, raboratwari ishobora gukora ibizamini ibihumbi birenga icumi bya RT-PCR ku munsi kandi ni yo ya mbere ku isi yo kuri uri rwego ikorera hanze y'Ubushinwa.
Different testing recipes targeting different parts of the coronavirus genetic profile were developed in China, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, and the United States.
Uburyo butandukanye bwo gupima bureba ibice bitandukanye bigize imiterere y'ibiranga koronavirusi bwashyizweho mu Bushinwa, Ubufaransa, Ubudage, Hongukongo, Ubuyapani, na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika.
The World Health Organization adopted the German recipe for manufacturing kits sent to low-income countries without the resources to develop their own.
Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima ryemeje uburyo bwatanzwe n'Ubudage bwo gukora ibikoresho byoherejwe mu bihugu bikennye bidafite amikoro yo kwikorera ibyabyo.
The German recipe was published on 17 January 2020; the protocol developed by the United States Centers for Disease Control was not available until 28 January, delaying available tests in the U.S.China and the United States had problems with the reliability of test kits early in the outbreak, and these countries and Australia were unable to supply enough kits to satisfy demand and recommendations for testing by health experts.
Kuwa 17 Mutarama 2020, Abadage batangaje uburyo bwabo, uburyo bwari bwakozwe n'Ikigo cya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika gishinzwe kugenzura indwara ntibwari bukiboneka kugera kuwa 28 Mutarama, ibi bikaba byaratumaga ibipimo bitinda muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika. Ubushinwa na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika bari bafite ibibazo bijyanye no kutizera ubuziranenge bw'ibikoresho byo gupima byari bihari, kandi ibi bihugu kimwe na Ositaraliya nta bushobozi bwo guhaza isoko ry'ibyo bikoresho byari bifite ndetse no kubahiriza inama zatangwaga n'inzobere mu buvuzi.
In contrast, experts say South Korea's broad availability of testing helped reduce the spread of the novel coronavirus.
Ariko, impuguke zivuga ko kuba Koreya y'Epfo yarashyizeho uburyo bwagutse bwo gupima byafashije mu kugabanya ikwirakwira rya virusi nshya ya koronavirusi.
Testing capacity, largely in private sector labs, was built up over several years by the South Korean government.
Ubushobozi bwo gupima, cyane cyane muri za raboratwari z'abigenga, bwubatswe mu gihe cy'imyaka myinshi na Leta ya Koreya y'Epfo.
On 16 March, the World Health Organization called for ramping up the testing programmes as the best way to slow the advance of COVID-19 pandemic.High demand for testing due to wide spread of the virus caused backlogs of hundreds of thousands of tests at private U.S. labs, and supplies of swabs and chemical reagents became strained.
Kuwa 16 Werurwe, Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima ryahamagariye amahanga kongera umubare w'ibipimo na gahunda zijyanye n'icyo gikorwa kuko ari bwo buryo bwiza bwo kugabanya ikwirakwira ry'icyorezo cya COVID-19. Kuba ibikoresho bipima icyorezo byararushijeho gukenerwa n'abantu benshi kubera ikwirakwira rya virusi, byatumye byinshi muri byo byiharirwa na za raboratwari zo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, hahita havuka ikibazo gikomeye cyo kugeza ku bantu ibikoresho n'imiti bikenewe mu buvuzi bw'iki cyorezo.
In March 2020 China reported problems with accuracy in their test kits.
Muri Werurwe 2020 Ubushinwa bwatangaje ko hari ibibazo bijyanye n'ubuziranenge bw'ibikoresho byabwo byo gupima.
In the United States, the test kits developed by the CDC had "flaws;" the government then removed the bureaucratic barriers that had prevented private testing.Spain purchased test kits from Chinese firm Shenzhen Bioeasy Biotechnology Co Ltd, but found that results were inaccurate.
Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, ibikoresho byakozwe n'Ikigo k'Igihugu gishinzwe kugenzura indwara byari bifite inenge, noneho Leta ikuraho imbogamizi zabuzaga gukora isuzuma ryigenga. Esipanye yaguze ibikoresho muri Shenzhen Bioeasy Biotechnology Co Ltd, ikigo cyo mu Bushinwa ariko yasanze bitujuje ubuziranenge.
The firm explained that the incorrect results may be a result of a failure to collect samples or use the kits correctly.
Icyo kigo cyasobanuye ko ibisubizo bitari ukuri bishobora guterwa no kudakusanya neza ibizamini cyangwa kudakoresha neza ibikoresho.
The Spanish ministry said it will withdraw the kits that returned incorrect results, and would replace them with a different testing kit provided by Shenzhen Bioeasy.80% of test kits the Czech Republic purchased from China gave wrong results.Slovakia purchased 1.2 million test kits from China which were found to be inaccurate.
Minisiteri yo muri Esipanye yavuze ko bazakura ku isoko ibikoresho bitanga ibisubizo bitari byo kandi bikazasimbuzwa ibyakozwe n'ikigo cya Shenzhen Bioeasy. 80% by'ibikoresho igihugu cya Ceke cyaguze mu Bushinwa byatanze ibisubizo bitari byo.Silovakiya yaguze mu Bushinwa ibikoresho miriyoni 1,2 basanga bitujuje ubuziranenge.
Prime Minister Matovič suggested these be dumped into the Danube.Ateş Kara of the Turkish Health Ministry said the test kits Turkey purchased from China had a "high error rate" and did not "put them into use."The UK purchased 3.5 million test kits from China but in early April 2020 announced these were not usable.
Minisitiri w'Intebe Matovič yifuje ko byajugunywa mu mugezi witwa Danube. Ateş Kara, Minisitiri w'Ubuzima muri Turikiya yavuze ko ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gusuzuma byaguzwe mu Bushinwa bitujuje ubuziranenge bityo ko bitagomba gukoreshwa. Ubwongereza bwaguze mu Bushinwa, ibikoresho miriyoni 3,5 byo gupima ariko vuba aha mu kwezi kwa Mata 2020 batangaje ko bitabasha gukoreshwa.
Testing, followed with quarantine of those who tested positive and tracing of those with whom the SARS-CoV-2 positive people had had contact, resulted in positive outcomes.
Gupima, bikurikiwe no gushyira mu kato abanduye ndetse no gushakisha abahuye n'abanduye SARS-CoV-2, byatanze umusaruro.
Researchers working in the Italian town of Vò, the site of the first COVID-19 death in Italy, conducted two rounds of testing on the entire population of about 3,400 people, about ten days apart.
Abashakashatsi bakora mu mujyi wa Vò wo mu Butaliyani, ahapfiriye bwa mbere umurwayi wa COVID-19 mu Butaliyani, bapimye inshuro ebyiri abaturage bose bagera ku 3 400, mu ntera y'igihe cy'iminsi icumi.
About half the people testing positive had no symptoms, and all discovered cases were quarantined.
Hafi y'icya kabiri cy'abasanze banduye nta bimenyetso bagaragazaga, kandi abagaragaraye bose bashyizwe mu kato.
With travel to the commune restricted, this eliminated new infections completely.
Guhagarika ingendo zigana mu tundi turere, byahagaritse burundu ubwandu bushya bw'icyorezo.
With aggressive contact tracing, inbound travel restrictions, testing, and quarantining, the 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Singapore has proceeded much more slowly than in other developed countries, but without extreme restrictions like forced closure of restaurants and retail establishments.
Kubera igenzura rikarishye ryo gukurikirana abahuye n'ubwandu, gukumira urujya n'uruza rw'abantu, gufata ibipimo no gushyira mu kato, ubwandu bw'icyorezo cya Koronavirusi 2020 muri Singapuru bwabaye buke cyane ugereranyije n'ibindi bihugu byateye imbere kandi bikaba byarakozwe hadafunzwe burundu za resitora n'inzu z'ubucuruzi.
Many events have been cancelled, and Singapore did start advising residents to stay at home on 28 March, but schools reopened on time after holiday break on 23 March.
Ibikorwa byinshi byarahagaritswe, kandi Singapuru yatangiye igira inama abaturage kuguma mu rugo ku ya 28 Werurwe, ariko amashuri yongeye gufungura ku gihe nyuma y'ibiruhuko ku ya 23 Werurwe.
Several other countries have also managed the pandemic with aggressive contact tracing, inbound travel restrictions, testing, and quarantining, but with less aggressive lock-downs, such as Iceland and South Korea.
Ibihugu byinshi kandi byahanganye n'iki cyorezo bishyiraho uburyo bwo gushakisha abahuye n'abanduye, gukumira ingendo zo mu gihugu imbere, gupima, gushyira mu kato, no kuguma mu rugo ariko bidakabije cyane, nko muri Ayisilandi na Koreya y'Epfo.
A statistical study has found that countries that have tested more, relative to the number of deaths, have much lower case fatality rates, probably because these countries are better able to detect those with only mild or no symptoms.
Ubushakashatsi bw'ibarurishamibare bwagaragaje ko ibihugu byapimye abantu benshi, ugereranije n'umubare w'impfu, bifite umubare muto w'abapfa, wenda kubera ko ibyo bihugu bifite ubushobozi bwo kumenya abafite ibimenyetso byoroheje cyangwa abadafite ibimenyetso.
WHO recommends that countries that do not have testing capacity and national laboratories with limited experience on COVID-19 send their first five positives and the first ten negative COVID-19 samples to one of the 16 WHO reference laboratories for confirmatory testing.
Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima risaba ko ibihugu bidafite ubushobozi bwo gupima ndetse bidafite na raboratwari zihagije kandi zifite ubushobozi bwo gupima COVID-19 ko byakohereza ibizamini byabyo by'abantu batanu ba mbere bagaragaye ko banduye n'abantu icumi ba mbere byagaragaye ko batanduye COVID-19 muri raboratwari 16 z'icyitegererezo z'Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima kugira ngo ibyo bipimo byemezwe.
Out of the 16 reference laboratories, 7 are in Asia, 5 in Europe, 2 in Africa, 1 in North America and 1 in Australia.
Muri raboratwari 16 z'icyitegererezo, 7 ziri muri Aziya, 5 mu Burayi, 2 muri Afurika, 1 muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru indi 1 muri Ositaraliya.
In the following chart, the column “Positive as % of tests” is influenced by the country's testing policy.
Mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira, ahanditse "Abanduye nk'ijanisha % ry'abapimwe" hashobora guhinduka bitewe na politiki y'igihugu yo gupima indwara.
A country that only tests people admitted to hospitals will have a higher positive as % of tests than a country that tests all citizens, whether or not they are showing symptoms, other things being equal.
Igihugu gipima abantu bashyizwe mu bitaro gusa kizagira ijanisha riri hejuru ry'abanduye mu bapimwe, ugereranyije n'igihugu gipima abaturage bose, baba bagaragaza ibimenyetso cyangwa batabigaragaza, niba nta kindi gihindutse.
Hand washing (or handwashing), also known as hand hygiene, is the act of cleaning one's hands for the purpose of removing soil, grease, microorganisms, or other unwanted substances.
Gukaraba intoki, ari na byo bizwi nko gusukura intoki, ni igikorwa cyo gusukura ibiganza hagamijwe gukuraho ibitaka, amavuta, mikorobe, cyangwa ibindi bintu bitifuzwa.
Hand washing with soap consistently at certain "critical moments" during the day prevents the spread of many diseases, for example diarrhoea and cholera, which are transmitted through fecal–oral route.
Gukaraba intoki ku buryo buhoraho mu "bihe by'ingenzi" ku manywa birinda ikwirakwira ry'indwara nyinshi nk'impiswi, kolera, zandura binyuze mu nzira y'umusarani-mu kanwa.
People can also become infected with respiratory diseases such as influenza or the common cold, for example, if they do not wash their hands before touching their eyes, nose, or mouth (i.e., mucous membranes).
Abantu bashobora kwandura indwara zo mu myanya y'ubuhumekero nk'ibicurane cyangwa giripe isanzwe, urugero, niba batakarabye intoki mbere yo kwikora mu maso, ku mazuru cyangwa ku munwa (ni ukuvuga, ingingo zigira ururenda).
The five critical moments during the day where washing hands with soap is important include: before and after defecation, after cleaning a child's bottom or changing nappies, before feeding a child, before eating and before and after preparing food or handling raw meat, fish, or poultry.
Mu bihe bitanu by'ingenzi ku manywa aho gukaraba intoki n'isabune ari ngombwa harimo: mbere na nyuma yo kwituma, nyuma yo guheha umwana cyangwa kumuhindurira ibyahi, mbere yo kugaburira umwana, mbere yo kurya na mbere na nyuma yo gutegura ibiryo cyangwa gufata inyama mbisi, amafi, cyangwa inkoko.
If water and soap are not available, hands can be cleaned with ash.The World Health Organization recommends washing hands:
Niba amazi n'isabune bitabonetse, intoki zishobora gusukurwa hakoreshejwe ivu. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima risaba abantu gukaraba intoki:
Before, during, and after preparing food.
Mbere yo gutegura amafunguro, mu gihe uyategura na nyuma y'aho.
Before and after caring for a sick person.
Mbere na nyuma yo kwita ku muntu urwaye.
After changing the diapers or cleaning up a child who has used the toilet.
Nyuma yo guhindurira umwana ibyahi cyangwa nyuma yo gusukura umwana umaze gukoresha umusarani.
After blowing your nose, coughing or sneezing.
Nyuma yo kwipfuna, gukorora cyangwa kwitsamura.
After touching animal, animal feed, or animal waste.
Nyuma yo gukora ku itungo, kurigaburira, cyangwa nyuma yo gusukura umwanda waryo.
Medical hand hygiene refers to hygiene practices related to medical procedures.
Isuku y'intoki mu buvuzi bivuga ibikorwa by'isuku bijyanye n'ubuvuzi.
Hand washing before administering medicine or medical care can prevent or minimize the spread of disease.
Gukaraba intoki mbere yo gutanga umuti cyangwa mbere yo kwita ku murwayi bishobora kurinda cyangwa bikagabanya cyane gukwirakwira kw'indwara.
The main medical purpose of washing hands is to cleanse the hands of pathogens (bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms that can cause disease) and chemicals which can cause harm or diseases.
Intego nyamukuru yo gukaraba intoki mu buvuzi ni ugusukura intoki zaba zagiyeho indwara (bagiteri, virusi, cyangwa izindi mikorobe zishobora gutera indwara) n'imiti ishobora gutera ingaruka cyangwa indwara.
This is especially important for people who handle food or work in the medical field, but also an important practice for the general public.
Ibi ni ingenzi cyane ku bantu bategura ibiribwa cyangwa abakora mu rwego rw'ubuvuzi, ariko ni n'umuco mwiza ukwiye kuranga abantu bose.
Hand washing has many health benefits, including minimizing the spread of influenza, coronavirus, and other infectious diseases; preventing infectious causes of diarrhea; decreasing respiratory infections;
Gukaraba intoki bifite inyungu nyinshi mu rwego rw'ubuzima, zirimo kugabanya ikwirakwira ry'ibicurane, koronavirusi, n'izindi ndwara z'ibyorezo; kurinda izindi mpamvu zatera indwara y'impiswi; kugabanya indwara zo myanya y'ubuhumekero;
and reducing infant mortality rate at home birth deliveries.
kandi bigabanya ijanisha ry'imfu z'abana bavukira mu rugo.
A 2013 study showed that improved hand washing practices may lead to small improvements in the length growth in children under five years of age.
Ubushakashatsi bwo mu 2013 bwagaragaje ko gukaraba intoki neza bishobora kugira uruhare mu mikurire myiza y'abana bari munsi y'imyaka itanu.
In developing countries, childhood mortality rates related to respiratory and diarrheal diseases can be reduced by introducing simple behavioral changes, such as hand washing with soap.
Mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, impfu z'abana ziterwa n'indwara z'ubuhumekero n'impiswi zishobora kugabanuka hifashishijwe uburyo bworoshye bwo guhindura imyitwarire, nko gukaraba intoki ukoresheje isabune.
This simple action can reduce the rate of mortality from these diseases by almost 50%.
Ubu buryo bworoshye bushobora kugabanya igipimo cy'impfu ziterwa n'izi ndwara hafi kuri 50%.
Interventions that promote hand washing can reduce diarrhoea episodes by about a third, and this is comparable to providing clean water in low income areas.
Ibikorwa bishishikariza abantu gukaraba intoki bishobora kugabanya nka kimwe cya gatatu cy'indwara z'impiswi kandi ibi ni kimwe no gutanga amazi meza mu duce dutuwemo n'abafite imibereho iciriritse.