atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
Use of steroids: As described above, steroids are immunosuppressant commonly used as an adjunctive therapy for infectious diseases to reduce the severity of inflammatory damage.
Ikoreshwa ry’imiti igabanya kubyimba: Nk’uko byavuzwe haruguru, imiti igabanya kubyimba ni imiti igabanya ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri ikoreshwa cyane nk’imiti yunganira mu kuvura indwara zandura mu rwego rwo kugabanya ubukare bw’ingaruka z’ubwirinzi bw’umubiri.
Since a high dosage of corticosteroids was widely used in severe SARS patients, many survivors suffered from avascular osteonecrosis with life-long disability and poor life quality.
Kubera ko igipimo cyo hejuru cya korutikositeroyide umurwayi afata cyakoreshejwe cyane mu barwaye SARS barembye, abarwayi benshi babashije gukira barwaye indwara y’amagufa ijyana n’ubumuga bwa burundu n’ubuzima bubi.
Thus, if needed, steroids should be used at low dosage and for a short time in COVID-19 patients.
Ni yo mpamvu, iyo zikenewe, abarwaye COVID-19 bagomba gufata igipimo cyo hasi cy’imiti igabanya kubyimba kandi mu gihe gito.
Mental stress: As described above, during the COVID-19 outbreak many patients have suffered from extraordinary stress as they often endured long periods of quarantine and extreme uncertainty and witnessed the death of close family members and fellow patients.
Umunaniro wo mu mutwe: Nk’uko byavuzwe haruguru, mu gihe cy’icyorezo cya COVID-19 abarwayi benshi bagize umunaniro udasanzwe kubera kumara igihe kirekire mu kato no kwiheba bikabije ndetse no gupfusha abavandimwe ba hafi n’abo bari barwaranye.
It is imperative to provide psychological counseling and long-term support to help these patients recover from the stress and return to normal life.
Ni ngombwa guha aba barwayi ubujyanama bw’isanamitima n’ubufasha bw’igihe kirekire kugira ngo bibafashe gukira umunaniro ukabije no gusubira mu buzima busanzwe.
According to demographic studies so far, COVID-19 seems to have different epidemiological features from SARS.
Hakurikijwe ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku barwayi kugeza ubu, COVID-19 isa n’aho ifite ibiyiranga bitandukanye n’ibya SARS.
In addition to replicating in the lower respiratory tract, SARS-CoV-2 can efficiently replicate in the upper respiratory tract and causes mild or no symptoms in the early phase of infection, similar to other CoVs that cause common colds.
Usibye kwibasira imyanya y’ubuhumekero yo mu gatuza, SARS-CoV-2 ishobora kujya neza mu myanya y’ubuhumekero yo mu muhogo no mu mazuru no gutera ibimenyetso byoroheje cyangwa ntibitere mu minsi ya mbere y’ubwandu, nk’uko bigenda ku zindi virusi za CoVs zitera ibicurane bisanzwe.
Therefore, infected patients at the early phase or incubation period can produce a large amount of virus during daily activities, causing great difficulty for the control of the epidemic.
Ni yo mpamvu, abarwayi banduye mu minsi ya mbere cyangwa mu gihe bifata kugira ngo ibimenyetso bigaragare bashobora kugira umubare munini wa virusi bakora imirimo isanzwe, bityo bigatuma kurwanya iki cyorezo bikomera cyane.
However, the transmission of SARS-CoV was considered to occur when the patients are severely ill, while most transmission did not happen at the early phase.
Ariko hagaragajwe ko kwanduzanya SARS-CoV bibaho iyo abarwayi barembye, kubera ko abanduye benshi batanduye mu minsi ya mbere.
Thus, the current outbreak of COVID-19 is much more severe and difficult to control than the outbreak of SARS.
Ni yo mpamvu iki cyorezo cya COVID-19 gikaze kurushaho bikanaba bikomeye kukirwanya kurusha icyorezo cya SARS.
Great efforts are currently underway in China including the lockdown of Wuhan and surrounding cities and continuous quarantine of almost the entire population in hopes of interrupting the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
Muri iki gihe harimo gufatwa ingamba nyinshi mu Bushinwa twavuga nka gahunda ya guma mu rugo muri Wuhan no mu mijyi iyikikije no gukomeza gushyira mu kato hafi abaturage bose mu rwego rwo gukumira ikwirakwira rya SARS-CoV-2.
Although these actions have been dramatically damaging the economy and other sectors of the country, the number of new patients is declining, indicating the slowdown of the epidemic.
Nubwo izi ngamba zashegeshe ubukungu bikabije n’izindi nzego z’imirimo mu gihugu, umubare w’abarwayi bashya uragenda ugabanyuka, bikaba byerekana ko icyorezo kiri gusubira inyuma.
The most optimistic estimate is that the outbreak will end by March and the downswing phase will last for 3-4 months.
Ikigereranyo gishimishije cyane ni uko iki cyorezo kizarangira muri Werurwe, noneho igihe abantu bagenda basubira mu buzima busanzwe kikazamara hagati y’amezi 3 na 4.
However, some other experts are not that optimistic.
Ariko hari impuguke zimwe na zimwe zidafite iki cyizere.
Paul Hunter, et al., estimated that COVID-19, which seems substantially more infectious than SARS, will not end in 2020.
Paul Hunter na bagenzi be basanze COVID-19, isa n’iyandura cyane kurusha SARS, itazarangira mu 2020.
Ira Longini, et al., established a model to predict the outcome of the epidemic and suggested that SARS-CoV-2 could infect two-thirds of the global population.
Ira Longini na bagenzi be bashyizeho uburyo bwo guteganya uko iki cyorezo kizarangira maze bavuga ko SARS-CoV-2 ishobora gufata bibiri bya gatatu by’abatuye isi.
A Canadian group reported that SARS-CoV-2 was detected in both mid-turbinate and throat swabs of patients who recovered and left the hospital 2 weeks earlier, which indicates that the newly identified virus could become a cyclical episode similar to influenza.
Itsinda ry’Abanyekanada batangaje ko SARS-CoV-2 yatahuwe mu bizamini byafashwe mu gatuza no mu muhogo by’abarwayi bakize hashize ibyumweru 2 basezerewe mu bitaro, ibi bikaba byerekana ko iyi virusi nshya ishobora kuzajya igaruka nk’ibicurane bisanzwe.
However, promising signs have occurred in China based on the declining number of new cases, indicating the current strategies might have been working.
Ariko hari ibimenyetso bitanga icyizere byagaragaye mu Bushinwa hashingiwe ku mubare w’abarwayi bashya ugenda ugabanyuka, bikaba byerekana ko ingamba zafashwe zishobora kuba zitanga umusaruro.
Ebola was originally predicted to cause up to a million cases with half a million deaths.
Abantu babanje kuvuga ko abantu miriyoni imwe bazarwara Ebola muri ibo ibihumbi magana atanu bagapfa.
However, via strict quarantine and isolation, the disease has eventually been put under control.
Ariko kubera ingamba zikaze zo gushyira abantu mu kato, iyi ndwara yashoboye kuneshwa.
It is possible, similar to SARS-CoV, that SARS-CoV-2 might become weaker in infectivity and eventually die down or become a less pathogenic virus co-existent with humans.
Kimwe na SARS-CoV, birashoboka ko abantu bandura SARS-CoV-2 bagenda baba bake noneho igacika cyangwa se ikaba virusi itica cyane abantu bagendana.
A comparison of the epidemic of COVID-19 with that of SARS and MERS is provided below (Fig. ​(Fig.55).
Igereranya ry’icyorezo cya COVID-19 n’icya SARS na MERS turarisanga ahakurikira (Igishushanyo ​(Igishushanyo cya 55).
SARS-CoV-2 is highly transmittable through coughing or sneezing, and possibly also through direct contact with materials contaminated by the virus.
SARS-CoV-2 yandura cyane binyuze mu gukorora cyangwa kwitsamura, kandi umuntu ashobora no kuyandura akoze ku bintu biriho iyi virusi.
The virus was also found in feces, which raises a new possibility of feces-to-mouth transmission.
Iyi virusi yanabonetse mu musarani, ibi bikaba bivuze ko hashobora kuba hariho uburyo bushya yanduriramo bwo kwikora ku munwa umuntu yakoze ku musarani.
A recent study on 138 cases reported that 41% of the cases were possibly caused by nosocomial infections, including 17 patients with other prior diseases and 40 health-care providers.
Ubushakashatsi buheruka gukora ku barwayi 138 bwagaragaje ko 41% by’abarwayi bashobora kuba baranduye bitewe n’ubwandu bwo mu bitaro, harimo abarwayi 17 bari barigeze kurwara izindi ndwara n’abaganga 40.
Thus, great precaution should be used to protect humans, especially health-care providers, social workers, family members, colleagues, and even bystanders in contact with patients or infected people.
Bityo, hakenewe ubushishozi bwinshi mu rwego rwo kurinda abantu, cyane cyane abaganga, abasosiyari, abavandimwe b’abarwayi, abo bakorana, yewe n’abigendera bashobora guhura n’abarwayi cyangwa abantu banduye.
The first line of defense that could be used to lower the risk of infection is through wearing face masks; both the use of surgical masks and N95 respirator masks (series # 1860s) helps control the spread of viruses.
Uburyo bwa mbere bwo kwirinda bushobora gukoreshwa mu rwego rwo kugabanya ibyago byo kwandura ni kwambara udupfukamunwa; gukoresha udupfukamunwa two kwa muganga n’udupfukamunwa two mu bwoko bwa N95 (icyiciro # 1860s) bifasha kurwanya ikwirakwira rya virusi.
Surgical face masks prevent liquid droplets from a potentially infected individual from traveling through the air or sticking onto surfaces of materials, where they could be passed on to others.
Udupfukamunwa two kwa muganga dufasha kwirinda ibitonyanga bivuye ku muntu ushobora kuba yaranduye bigenda mu mwuka cyangwa byarafashe ku bintu, noneho bikaba byajya ku bandi.
However, only N95 (series # 1860s) masks can protect against the inhalation of virions as small as 10 to 80 nm, with only 5% of the virions being able to penetrate completely; SARS-CoV-2 is similar to SARS-CoV in size and both are approximately 85 nm.
Ariko udupfukamunwa two mu bwoko bwa N95 (icyiciro # 1860s) ni two twonyine dushobora kurinda umuntu kumira twa virusi tugenda mu mwuka tungana na 10 kugera kuri 80 nm, 5% by’utu tuvirusi akaba ari two dushobora kunyuramo; SARS-CoV-2 ingana na SARS-CoV mu bunini kandi zombi zijya kungana na 85 nm.
Since particles can penetrate even five surgical masks stacked together, health-care providers in direct contact with patients must wear N95 (series # 1860s) masks but not surgical masks.
Kubera ko hari uduce dushobora kunyura no mu dupfukamunwa two kwa muganga dutanu tugerekeranye, abaganga babonana kenshi n’abarwayi bagomba kwambara udupfukamunwa two mu bwoko bwa N95 (icyiciro # 1860s) mu mwanya w’udupfukamunwa two kwa muganga.
In addition to masks, health-care providers should wear fitted isolation gowns in order to further reduce contact with viruses.
Uretse kwambara udupfukamunwa, abaganga bagomba kwambara amakanzu yabugenewe kugira ngo barusheho kugabanya ibyago bwo guhura na virusi.
Viruses can also infect an individual through the eyes.
Virusi zinashobora gufata umuntu zinyuze mu maso.
On January 22, 2020, a doctor was infected with SARS-CoV-2 although he wore an N95 mask; the virus might have entered his body through his inflammatory eyes.
Kuri 22 Mutarama 2020, hari umuganga wanduye SARS-CoV-2 nubwo yari yambaye agapfukamunwa ko mu bwoko bwa N95; bivuze ko virusi yaba yarageze mu mubiri we inyuze mu maso.
Thus, health-care providers should also wear transparent face shields or goggles while working with patients.
Bityo, abaganga bagomba no kwambara ibibarinda mu maso cyangwa indorerwamo zabugenewe zibonerana mu gihe bari kwita ku barwayi.
For the general public in affected or potentially affected areas, it is highly suggested that everybody wash their hands with disinfectant soaps more often than usual, try to stay indoors for self-quarantine and limit contact with potentially infected individuals.
Ku bantu muri rusange batuye mu turere twibasiwe cyangwa dushobora kwibasirwa na virusi, ni ngombwa rwose ko buri wese yajya akaraba intoki kenshi akoresheje isabune irimo imiti, akagerageza kwishyira mu kato aguma mu rugo kandi akirinda guhura n’abantu bashobora kuba baranduye.
Three feet is considered an appropriate distance for people to stay away from a patient.
Metero imwe n’igice ni yo ntera abantu bakwiye gusiga hagati yabo n’umurwayi.
These actions are effective methods to lower the risk of infection as well as prevent the spread of the virus.
Ibi bikorwa ni uburyo bufite akamaro mu kugabanya ibyago bwo kwandura no gukumira ikwirakwira rya virusi.
Although SARS-CoV-2 came as a new virus to the human world, its high homology to SARS-CoV as reported on 7 January 2020 should have caused high alert to China based on her deep memory of the SARS outbreak in 2003.
Nubwo SARS-CoV-2 yaje mu bantu nka virusi nshya, kuba ifite ibintu byinshi ihuriyeho na SARS-CoV nk’uko byatangajwe kuri 7 Mutarama 2020 bigomba kuba byaratumye Ubushinwa bwikengera bikomeye bitewe n’uko bwari bucyibuka icyorezo cya SARS mu 2003.
However, not until 19 January 2020 did the director of the Center of Disease Control of Wuhan comfort the citizens by saying that the novel virus has low contagiousness and limited reproductivity from human to human and that it is not a problem to prevent and contain the disease.
Nyamara, kuri 19 Mutarama 2020 ni bwo umuyobozi w’Ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya indwara muri Wuhan yahumurije abaturage ababwira ko iyo virusi nshya itandura cyane kandi ko abantu batayanduzanya cyane bityo kurwanya no kurandura iyi ndwara bikaba atari ikibazo.
This message remarkably relaxed the alarm of the public, especially when the entire country was preparing for the Spring Festival, and the critical time was missed to contain the disease at its minimal scale in Wuhan.
Ubu butumwa bwagabanyije cyane amakenga y’abaturage, cyane cyane mu gihe igihugu cyose cyarimo cyitegura iserukiramuco rya ‘Spring Festival’, nuko amahirwe yo gukumira iyi ndwara muri Wuhan ayoyoka gutyo.
The disease control agencies in China may take this hard lesson and make critical improvements in the future.
Ibigo bishinzwe kurwanya indwara mu Bushinwa bishobora kwigira kuri iri somo rikomeye maze bikazakora impinduka zikomeye ubutaha.
For example, these agencies should be (1) more careful when making public announcements as every word counts to citizens and can change their attitude and decisions; (2) more sensitive and reactive to unusual information from clinics rather than waiting for formal reports from doctors or officials; (3) more restrictive to contain a potential epidemic at its early stage rather than attempting to comfort the public; and (4) more often to issue targeted and effective drills to increase the public's awareness about epidemic diseases and to test and improve the response system of the society periodically.
Urugero, ibi bigo bigomba (1) gushishoza cyane mu gutanga amatangazo agenewe abaturage kubera ko abaturage bazirikana buri jambo noneho bakaba bahindura imyifatire n’ibyemezo byabo; (2) kurushaho gukurikira amakuru adasanzwe atangwa n’ibitaro no gufata ibyemezo bikwiye aho gutegereza raporo abaganga cyangwa abayobozi batanga mu buryo bwemewe; (3) gufata ingamba nyinshi zigamije gukumira icyorezo kibayeho cyose kigitangira aho kugerageza guhumuriza abaturage; no (4) gutegura kenshi amahugurwa agenewe ibyiciro byihariye mu rwego rwo gufasha abaturage kurushaho kumenya ibijyanye n’indwara z’ibyorezo ndetse no kugerageza no kunoza ingamba zo guhangana na byo mu bihe bitandukanye.
The outbreak of COVID-19 caused by the novel virus SARS-CoV-2 started in the end of December 2019.
Icyorezo cya COVID-19 cyatewe na virusi nshya ya SARS-CoV-2 cyatangiye mu mpera y’Ukuboza 2019.
In less than two months, it has spread all over China and near 50 other countries globally at the time of this writing.
Mu gihe kitageze ku mezi abiri, cyari kimaze gukwirakwira mu Bushinwa hose no mu bindi bihugu bigera kuri 50 ku isi hose igihe twandikaga iyi raporo.
Since the virus is very similar to SARS-CoV and the symptoms are also similar between COVID-19 and SARS, the outbreak of COVID-19 has created a sense of SARS recurring.
Kubera ko iyi virusi isa cyane na SARS-CoV n’ibimenyetso na byo bikaba bisa hagati ya COVID-19 na SARS, icyorezo cya COVID-19 cyatumye abantu bagira ngo ni SARS igarutse.
However, there are some remarkable differences between COVID-19 and SARS, which are essential for containing the epidemic and treating the patients.
Ariko hari ibintu bigaragara bitandukanya COVID-19 na SARS, bifite akamaro mu gukumira iki cyorezo no mu kuvura abarwayi.
COVID-19 affects more elderly individuals than youth and more men than women, and the severity and death rate are also higher in elderly individual than in youth.
COVID-19 ifata cyane abantu bakuze kurusha urubyiruko kandi ikabasira cyane abagabo kurusha abagore, kandi n’ubukare n’igipimo cy’abapfa na byo biri hejuru mu bantu bakuze kurusha urubyiruko.
SARS has higher mortality than COVID-19 (10.91% versus 1.44%).
SARS ihitana abantu benshi kurusha COVID-19 (10,91% kuri 1,44%).
COVID-19 patients transmit the virus even when they are symptomless whereas SARS patients do so usually when they are severely ill, which causes much greater difficulty to contain the spread of COVID-19 than SARS.
Abarwaye COVID-19 bakwirakwiza virusi n’igihe nta bimenyetso bibagaragaraho naho abarwaye SARS usanga akenshi banduza abandi igihe barembye, ibi bikaba bituma gukumira ikwirakwira rya COVID-19 bikomera cyane kurusha SARS.
This partially explains why SARS-CoV-2 spread much faster and broader than SARS-CoV.
Ibi ni bimwe mu bigaragaza impamvu SARS-CoV-2 ikwirakwira vuba cyane n’ahantu hanini kurusha SARS-CoV.
The regular RNA assay for SARS-CoV-2 can be negative in some COVID-19 patients.
Ikizamini cya RNA cyemewe kuri SARS-CoV-2 gishobora kutagaragaza ubwandu mu barwaye COVID-19 bamwe na bamwe.
On the other hand, cured patients can be positive for the virus again.
Ku rundi ruhande, abarwayi bakize bashobora kongera gusangwamo virusi.
These findings dramatically increase the risk of virus spreading.
Ibi byose byongera cyane ibyago byo gukwirakwiza virusi.
Given such rapid progress in research on COVID-19, several critical issues remain to be solved, as follows:
Hatirengagijwe iyi ntambwe ubushakashatsi kuri COVID-19 bumaze gutera, ibibazo byinshi by’ingenzi bikurikira biracyakeye gusubizwa:
Where did SARS-CoV-2 come from?
SARS-CoV-2 yaturutse he?
Although 96% genetic homolog was found between SARS-CoV-2 and two bat SARS-like CoVs, we still cannot conclude that SARS-CoV-2 is from bats.
Nubwo hari imiterere imwe ku kigero cya 96% hagati ya SARS-CoV-2 na virusi ebyiri za CoVs zisa nka SARS zikomoka ku ducurama, ntidushobora kwemeza ko SARS-CoV-2 ikomoka ku ducurama.
What animal was the intermediate species to transmit the virus from the original host, say bats, to humans?
Ni iyihe nyamaswa yanduye bwa mbere virusi iyivanye ku nyamaswa virusi yakomotseho, tuvuge uducurama, maze ikayanduza abantu?
Without knowing answers to #1 and 2, we cannot efficiently cut the transmission, and the outbreak can relapse at any time.
Mu gihe tutazi ibisubizo by’ikibazo cya 1 n’icya 2, ntidushobora guhagarika neza ikwirakwira rya virusi, n’icyorezo gishobora kugaruka igihe cyose.
Although molecular modeling and biochemical assays have demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2, how exactly does the virus enter the airway cells and cause subsequent pathological changes?
Nubwo ibizamini ku miterere ya morekire no ku ngingo z’umubiri byerekanye ko SARS-CoV-2 ifata kuri ACE2, ni gute iyi virusi yinjira uturemangingo two mu mwuka maze igatera impinduka z’indwara zikurikiraho?
Does the virus also bind ACE2-expressing cells in other organs?
Iyi virusi yaba inafata ku turemangingo dukora ACE2 mu zindi ngingo z’umubiri?
Without clear answers to these questions, we cannot achieve fast and accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.
Tutarabona ibisubizo bisobanutse by’ibi bibazo, ntidushobora gusuzuma iyi virusi vuba kandi neza no kuyivura bikwiye.
How long will the epidemic last?
Iki cyorezo kizamara igihe kingana iki?
How is the virus genetically evolving during transmission among humans?
Ni gute imiterere y’iyi virusi igenda ihindagurika igihe ikwirakwira mu bantu?
Will it become a pandemic worldwide, die down like SARS or relapse periodically like the flu?
Ese izaba icyorezo cyo ku isi hose, azacika nka SARS cyangwa izajya igenda igaruka nk’ibicurane?
It is essential but may take some time to search for answers to the above and many other questions.
Gushaka ibisubizo by’ibi bibazo n’ibindi bibazo byinshi ni ngombwa ariko bishobora kumara igihe.
However, with whatever expense it may demand, we have no other choice but to stop the epidemic as soon as possible and bring our life back to normal.
Ariko, icyo byasaba cyose, nta yandi mahitamo dufite uretse guhagarika iki cyorezo vuba bishoboka maze abantu bagasubira mu buzima busanzwe.
Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses
Inyamaswa zanduje abantu koronavirusi
Mutation and adaptation have driven the co-evolution of coronaviruses (CoVs) and their hosts, including human beings, for thousands of years.
Guhindagurika no kumenyera byatumye koronavirusi (CoVs) n’abantu cyangwa inyamaswa irimo bigenda bihinduka, mu myaka ibihumbi n’ibihumbi.
Before 2003, two human CoVs (HCoVs) were known to cause mild illness, such as common cold.
Mbere ya 2003, CoVs (HCoVs) ebyiri zifata abantu zari zizwiho gutera indwara yoroheje, nk’ibicurane bisanzwe.
The outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) have flipped the coin to reveal how devastating and life-threatening an HCoV infection could be.
Ibyorezo by’ibicurane bikaze cyane (SARS) n’ibicurane byo mu Burasirazuba bwo hagati (MERS) byaje guhindura ibintu byerekana uko indwara ya HCoV ishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye no gushyira ubuzima mu kaga.
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in central China at the end of 2019 has thrusted CoVs into the spotlight again and surprised us with its high transmissibility but reduced pathogenicity compared to its sister SARS-CoV.
Icyorezo cya SARS-CoV-2 mu Bushinwa bwo hagati mu mpera za 2019 byatumye CoVs zongera kuvugwaho cyane mu itangazamakuru iranadutangaza kubera uburyo yandura cyane ariko ubushobozi bwo gutera indwara ari buke ugereranyije na mugenzi wayo SARS-CoV.
HCoV infection is a zoonosis and understanding the zoonotic origins of HCoVs would serve us well.
Indwara ya HCoV ni indwara ikomoka ku nyamaswa bityo kumenya inyamaswa HCoVs yakomotseho byadufasha natwe.
Most HCoVs originated from bats where they are non-pathogenic.
HCoVs nyinshi zakomotse ku ducurama zikaba nta ndwara zidutera.
The intermediate reservoir hosts of some HCoVs are also known.
Inyamaswa zandujwe mbere zimwe muri za HCoVs na zo ntizizwi.
Identifying the animal hosts has direct implications in the prevention of human diseases.
Kumenya inyamaswa zibana na zo bifite ingaruka zitaziguye mu kwirinda indwara zifata abantu.
Investigating CoV-host interactions in animals might also derive important insight on CoV pathogenesis in humans.
Gukora ubushakashatsi ku mikoranire y’inyamaswa zibana na CoV na byo bishobora kugira akamaro mu kumenya uburyo CoV zitera abantu indwara.
In this review, we present an overview of the existing knowledge about the seven HCoVs, with a focus on the history of their discovery as well as their zoonotic origins and interspecies transmission.
Muri iri suzuma, turatanga incamake y’ubumenyi buhari ku bijyanye na HCoVs zirindwi, twibanda ku mateka y’uko zavumbuwe n’inyamaswa zakomotseho n’uburyo zikwirakwira hagati y’ubwoko bunyuranye.
Importantly, we compare and contrast the different HCoVs from a perspective of virus evolution and genome recombination.
Icy’ingenzi ni uko tugereranya HCoVs zitandukanye twibanda ku buryo virusi ihindagurika n’uko jenome yiyuburura.
The current CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic is discussed in this context.
Icyorezo cya CoV 2019 (COVID-19) kiriho muri iki gihe kirasuzumwa muri uru rwego.
In addition, the requirements for successful host switches and the implications of virus evolution on disease severity are also highlighted.
Ikindi kandi, ibyangombwa bisabwa kugira ngo virusi ibashe guhererekanwa n’ingaruka n’imihindagurikire ya virusi igira ku bukare bw’indwara na byo biragaragazwa.
Coronaviruses (CoVs) belong to the family Coronaviridae, which comprises a group of enveloped, positive-sensed, single-stranded RNA viruses.
Koronavirusi (CoVs) ziri mu muryango wa ‘Coronaviridae’, ugizwe n’itsinda rya virusi za RNA zifite utwugara kandi zakirwa neza.
These viruses harbouring the largest genome of 26 to 32 kilobases amongst RNA viruses were termed “CoVs” because of their crown-like morphology under electron microscope.
Izi virusi zibamo jenome nini zifite kilobaze 26 kugera kuri 32 muri virusi za RNA ziswe “CoVs” kubera ko muri mikorosikope ya elegitoronike ziba zimeze nk’ikamba.
Structurally, CoVs have non-segmented genomes that share a similar organization.
Ku bijyanye n’imiterere, CoVs zifite jenome zidaciyemo ibice zihuje imiterere.
Approximately two thirds of the genome contain two large overlapping open reading frames (ORF1a and ORF1b), which are translated into the pp1a and pp1ab replicase polyproteins.
Hafi bibiri bya gatatu bya jenome biba birimo utwugara tubiri tunini tugerekeranye turebeka nta kibazo (ORF1a na ORF1b), tuvamo poroteyine za pp1a na pp1ab zigira imimaro inyuranye.
The polyproteins are further processed to generate 16 non-structural proteins, designated nsp1~16.
Poroteyine zigira imimaro inyuranye na zo ziranonosorwa zikavamo poroteyine 16 zidateye kimwe hose, zitwa nsp1~16.
The remaining portion of the genome contains ORFs for the structural proteins, including spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M) and nucleoprotein (N).
Igice gisigaye cya jenome kibamo ORFs za poroteyine ziteye kimwe hose, harimo umutwe (S), akugara (E), ingenangingo (M) na nikerewoporoteyine (N).
A number of lineage-specific accessory proteins are also encoded by different lineages of CoVs.
Poroteyine ngaragira nyinshi zijyana n’imiryango na zo zikorwa n’imiryango itandukanye ya CoVs.
Based on the difference in protein sequences, CoVs are classified into four genera (alpha-CoV, beta-CoV, gamma-CoV and delta-CoV), among which the beta-CoV genera contains most HCoVs and is subdivided into four lineages (A, B, C and D).
Hashingiwe ku itandukaniro ry’imiterere ya poroteyine, CoVs zigabanyijemo ubwoko bune (alufa-CoV, beta-CoV, gama-CoV na delita-CoV), ubwoko bwa beta-CoV akaba ari bwo bubamo HCoVs nyinshi ndetse bukaba bugabanyijemo imiryango ine (A, B, C na D).
Phylogenetic evidence has shown that bats and rodents serve as the gene source of most alpha-CoVs and beta-CoVs, while birds are the main reservoir of gamma-CoVs and delta-CoVs.
Ibimenyetso ndangankomoko byerekanye ko uducurama n’ingugunnyi ari zo zikomokaho alufa-CoVs na beta-CoVs nyinshi, naho inyoni akaba ari zo zibana cyane na gama-CoVs na delita-CoVs.
For thousands of years, CoVs have constantly crossed species barriers and some have emerged as important human pathogens.
Mu myaka ibihumbi n’ibihumbi, CoVs zakunze kwibasira ubwoko bunyuranye ndetse zimwe muri zo zagaragaye ari virusi zikomeye zishobora gutera abantu indwara.
To date, seven human CoVs (HCoVs) are known.
Kugeza ubu, CoVs (HCoVs) zifata abantu zirindwi ni zo zizwi.
Among them HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63 are alpha-CoVs.
Muri zo dusangamo HCoV-229E na HCoV-NL63 zibarirwa muri alufa-CoVs.
The other five beta-CoVs include HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2.
Izindi beta-CoVs eshanu zirimo HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, koronavirusi itera ibicurane bikaze cyane (SARS-CoV), koronavirusi itera ibicurane byo mu Burasirazuba bwo hagati (MERS-CoV) na SARS-CoV-2.
HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-NL63 usually cause mild symptoms, like common cold and/or diarrhea.
HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 na HCoV-NL63 akenshi zitera ibimenyetso byoroheje, nk’ibicurane bisanzwe cyangwa impiswi.
In contrast, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and the newly-identified SARS-CoV-2 are highly pathogenic, causing severe lower respiratory tract infection in relatively more patients with a higher chance to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and extrapulmonary manifestations.
Ku rundi ruhande, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV na SARS-CoV-2 imenyekanye vuba ni virusi zitera indwara cyane, zigatera indwara ikaze yo mu myanya y’ubuhumekero yo mu gatuza mu barwayi benshi bagira ibyago byinshi byo kugira ibibazo bikomeye byo guhumeka (ARDS) n’ibibazo byo hanze y’ibihaha.
The first HCoV-229E strain, B814, was isolated from the nasal discharge of patients with common cold in mid-1960s.
Ubwoko bwa mbere bwakomotse kuri HCoV-229E, B814, bwabonetse mu matembabuzi yo mu mazuru y’abarwayi barwaye ibicurane bisanzwe hagati mu 1960.
Since then, more knowledge was accumulated through extensive studies on HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, both of which cause self-limiting symptoms.
Kuva icyo gihe, habonetse ubumenye bwinshi buvuye mu bushakashatsi bwimbitse bwakozwe kuri HCoV-229E na HCoV-OC43, zombi zikaba zitera ibimenyetso byikiza.
Indeed, the concept had been widely accepted that infection with HCoVs is generally harmless until the outbreak of SARS.
Ni byo koko, abantu benshi bari baremeye ko indwara iterwa na HCoVs ubusanzwe ntacyo itwara kugeza habayeho icyorezo cya SARS.
The SARS outbreak occurred in 2003 is one of the most devastating in current history, infecting over 8,000 people with a crude case fatality of approximately 10%.
Icyorezo cya SARS cyateye mu 2003 ni kimwe mu byorezo bikaze cyane byabayeho mu mateka ya vuba, gifata abantu 8 000 abapfuye bagera nko ku 10%.
Ten years later, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak resulted in a persistent epidemic in the Arabian Peninsula with sporadic spreading to the rest of the world.
Nyuma y’imyaka icumi, icyorezo cy’ibicurane byo mu Burasirazuba bwo hagati (MERS) cyavuyemo icyorezo gikunda kwibasira Umwigimbakirwa w’Abarabu rimwe na rimwe kikagera no mu bindi bice by’isi.
The 2019 novel HCoV (2019-nCoV), which has subsequently been renamed SARS-CoV-2, is the causative agent of the ongoing epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has claimed more than 3,120 lives and infected more than 91,000 people as of March 3, 2020.
HCoV 2019 nshya (2019-nCoV), yaje guhindurirwa izina ikitwa SARS-CoV-2, ni yo yateye icyorezo cya koronavirusi 2019 (COVID-19) kiriho muri iki gihe, kugeza ku itariki ya 2 Werurwe 2020 kikaba cyari kimaze guhitana abantu 3 120 no gufata abarenga 91 000.
The alarm has been ringing and the world has to prepare for the coming pandemic of SARS-CoV-2.
Hashize igihe abantu baburirwa n’isi igomba kwitegura icyorezo gitaha cya SARS-CoV-2.
All seven HCoVs have a zoonotic origin from bats, mice or domestic animals.
HCoVs zirindwi zose zikomoka ku ducurama, imbeba cyangwa amatungo yo mu rugo.
Multiple lines of evidence support an evolutionary origin of all HCoVs from bats, where viruses are well adapted and non-pathogenic but show great genetic diversity.
Ibimenyetso binyuranye bihamya ko HCoVs zikomoka ku ducurama, izi virusi zikaba zikunda kubana na two nta ndwara zitera ariko bikerekana ko zifite jene zinyuranye.
The COVID-19 epidemic has presented enormous medical, scientific, social and moral challenges to China and the world.
Icyorezo cya COVID-19 cyateye ibibazo bikomeye mu rwego rw’ubuvuzi, ubumenyi, imibereho n’imyifatire mu Bushinwa no ku isi.
Tracing the zoonotic origins of HCoVs provides a framework to understand the natural history, driving force and restriction factors of species jumping.
Gushaka kumenya inyamaswa HCoVs zikomokaho bitanga uburyo bwo gusobanukirwa amateka kamere, impamvu n’inzitizi byo gusimbuka ubwoko.
This might also guide or facilitate the search for the reservoir, intermediate and amplifying animal host(s) of SARS-CoV-2, with important implications in the prevention of future spillovers.
Ibi bishobora no gufasha cyangwa koroshya ibikorwa byo gushaka inyamaswa ibana na SARS-CoV-2, iyayanduye bwa mbere n’iyatumye ikwirakwira cyane, bikaba byagira ingaruka zikomeye mu gukumira ikwirakwira ryayo mu gihe kizaza.
In this review we present an overview of the zoonotic origins, interspecies transmission and pathogenesis of HCoVs.
Muri iri suzuma, turatanga incamake ku nyamaswa HCoVs zakomotseho, uburyo zikwirakwira hagati y’ubwoko bunyuranye n’uburyo zitera indwara.
Particularly, we highlight and discuss the common theme that parental viruses of HCoVs are typically non-pathogenic in their natural reservoir hosts but become pathogenic after interspecies transmission to a new host.
By’umwihariko, turerekana tunasuzume imvugo imenyerewe ko virusi zibyara HCoVs ubusanzwe zidatera indwara inyamaswa zibana na zo ariko zigatera indwara umuntu cyangwa inyamaswa nshya zifashe nyuma yo gukwirakwira mu bwoko bunyuranye.
We also review the trend of HCoV evolution in which the increase in transmissibility often comes with the decrease in pathogenicity.
Turanasuzuma uko HCoV zigenda zihindagurika aho usanga gukwirakwira cyane akenshi bijyana no kugabanyuka kw’ubushobozi bwo gutera indwara.
The outcome of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 outbreak is also discussed in this context.
Muri uru rwego turanasuzuma amaherezo y’icyorezo cya SARS-CoV-2 kiriho muri iki gihe.
Animal CoVs have been known since late 1930s.
CoVs zifata inyamaswa zizwi kuva mu mpeza za 1930.
Before the first isolation of HCoV-229E strain B814 from the nasal discharge of patients who had contracted common cold, different CoVs had been isolated in various infected animals, including turkey, mouse, cow, pig, cat and dog.
Mbere yo kubona bwa mbere ubwoko bwakomotse kuri HCoV-229E, B814, mu matembabuzi yo mu mazuru y’abarwayi bari bararwaye ibicurane bisanzwe, hagaragaye CoVs zinyuranye zivanwe mu nyamaswa zanduye zinyuranye, twavuga nka dendo, imbeba, inka, ingurube, injangwe n’imbwa.
In the past decades, seven HCoVs have been identified.
Mu myaka icumi ishize, habonetse HCoVs zirindwi.
A brief summary of the history of HCoV discovery in chronological order (Table ​1) would be informative and instructive.
Incamake y’amateka y’uko HCoVs zagiye zivumburwa (Imbonerahamwe ​1) yatanga amakuru n’uburyo abantu babyifatamo.
The first HCoV-229E strain was isolated from the respiratory tract of patients with upper respiratory tract infection in the year of 1966, and was subsequently adapted to grow in WI-38 lung cell lines.
Ubwoko bwa mbere bwakomotse kuri HCoV-229E bwabonetse mu myanya y’ubuhumekero y’abarwayi barwaye mu myanya y’ubuhumekero yo mu muhogo no mu mazuru mu 1966, noneho nyuma y’aho buza kumenyera gukurira mu turemangingo tw’ibihaha twa WI-38.
Patients infected with HCoV-229E presented with common cold symptoms, including headache, sneezing, malaise and sore-throat, with fever and cough seen in 10~20% cases.
Abarwayi banduye HCoV-229E bagaragaje ibimenyetso by’ibicurane bisanzwe, twavuga nk’umutwe, kwitsamura, kumererwa nabi no kubabara mu muhogo, hamwe n’umuriro n’inkorora byabonetse mu 10~20% by’abarwayi.
Later in 1967, HCoV-OC43 was isolated from organ culture and subsequent serial passage in brains of suckling mice.
Nyuma y’aho muri 1967, HCoV-OC43 yabonetse mu rugingo rw’umubiri iza no kugaragara mu bwonko bw’imbeba zonsa.
The clinical features of HCoV-OC43 infection appear to be similar to those caused by HCoV-229E, which are symptomatically indistinguishable from infection with other respiratory tract pathogens such as influenza A viruses and rhinoviruses.
Ibimenyetso byo kwa muganga by’indwara ya HCoV-OC43 usanga bisa n’ibiterwa na HCoV-229E, bikaba bidashobora gutandukanywa n’indwara iterwa n’izindi virusi zibasira imyanya y’ubuhumekero nka virusi zitera ibicurane by’ibiguruka na virusi zitera ibicurane bisanzwe.
Both HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 are distributed globally, and they tend to be predominantly transmitted during the season of winter in temperate climate.
HCoV-229E na HCoV-OC43 zombi ziboneka ku isi hose, kandi zikunda gukwirakwira cyane mu rugaryi hari ibihe bihehereye.
Generally, the incubation time of these two viruses is less than one week, followed by an approximately 2-week illness.
Muri rusange, igihe bifata kugira ngo izi virusi zombi zigaragaze ibimenyetso ni munsi y’icyumweru, gikurikirwa n’uburwayi bumara nk’ibyumweru 2.
According to a human volunteer study, healthy individuals infected with HCoV-229E developed mild common cold.
Nk’uko byagaragajwe mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe ku bantu babishaka, abantu batarwaye banduye HCoV-229E barwaye ibicurane bisanzwe bidakaze.
Only a few immunocompromised patients exhibited severe lower respiratory tract infection.
Abarwayi bake bari bafite ibibazo by’ubudahangarwa by’umubiri ni bo barwaye indwara ikaze yo mu myanya y’ubuhumekero yo mu gatuza.
SARS, also known as “atypical pneumonia”, was the first well documented HCoV-caused pandemic in human history and the etiological agent is SARS-CoV, the third HCoV discovered.
SARS, inazwi nk’“umusonga udasanzwe”, ni yo yabaye icyorezo cya mbere gitewe na HCoV cyakozweho ubushakashatsi bwimbitse mu mateka ya muntu ikaba yaratewe na SARS-CoV, HCoV yavumbuwe bwa gatatu.
The first case of SARS can be traced back to late 2002 in Guangdong Province of China.
Uwarwaye SARS bwa mbere yagaragaye mu mpera za 2002 mu Ntara ya Guangdong yo mu Bushinwa.
The SARS epidemic resulted in 8,096 reported cases with 774 deaths, spreading across many countries and continents.
Icyorezo cya SARS cyafashe abantu 8 096 bemejwe ko barwaye hapfuyemo 774, gikwira mu bihugu byinshi no ku migabane myinshi.
Apart from the super-spreaders, it was estimated that each case could give rise to approximately two secondary cases, with an incubation period of 4 to 7 days and the peak of viral load appearing on the 10th day of illness.
Uretse abanduje abandi cyane bikabije, hagaragajwe ko buri murwayi yashoboraga kwanduza nk’abandi bantu babiri, igihe bifata kugira ngo ibimenyetso bigaragare kikaba hagati y’iminsi 4 na 7 noneho virusi igakara cyane ku munsi wa 10 w’uburwayi.
Patients infected with SARS-CoV initially present with myalgia, headache, fever, malaise and chills, followed by dyspnea, cough and respiratory distress as late symptoms.
Abarwayi banduye SARS-CoV babanje kugira ububabare mu ngingo, umutwe, umuriro, kumererwa nabi no gutitira, byakurikiwe no guhumeka bigoranye, inkorora n’ibibazo bikomeye byo guhumeka nk’ibimenyetso byagaragaye nyuma.
Lymphopenia, deranged liver function tests, and elevated creatine kinase are common laboratory abnormalities of SARS.
Igabanuka ry’ingirabuzima fatizo, ibizamini by’umwijima udakora neza n’ubwiyongere bwa kereyatine kinaze ni byo bibazo SARS igaragaza muri raboratwari.
Diffuse alveolar damage, epithelial cell proliferation and an increase of macrophages are also observed in SARS patients.
Kwangirika bikomeye kw’umuyoboro w’umwuka (DAD), ikwirakwira ry’uturemangingo twa epiteriyumu n’ubwiyongere bw’uturemangingo two kwirinda na byo bigaragara mu barwaye SARS.
Approximately 20-30% of patients subsequently require intensive care and mechanical ventilation.
Nka 20-30% by’abarwayi bakenera kuvurirwa mu byumba by’indembe no gushyirwa ku mashini zibafasha guhumeka.
In addition to lower respiratory tract, multiple organs including gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidney can also be infected in these severe cases, usually accompanied with a cytokine storm, which might be lethal particularly in immunocompromised patients.
Uretse imyanya y’ubuhumekero yo mu gatuza, ingingo z’umubiri zinyuranye nk’urwungano ngongozi, umwijima n’impyiko na zo zishobora gufatwa muri aba barwayi barembye, akenshi bikajyana n’ubwiyongere bwa sitokine, bishobora kuba byavamo urupfu cyane cyane mu barwayi bafite ibibazo by’ubudahangarwa by’umubiri.
The virus was first isolated from the open lung biopsy of a relative of the index patient who travelled to Hong Kong from Guangzhou.
Iyi virusi yabonetse bwa mbere mu gace kakaswe ku bihaha by’umurwayi wagaragaweho virusi bwa mbere wari wagiye muri Hongukongo avuye Guangzhou.
Since then, tremendous efforts have been dedicated to HCoV research.
Kuva icyo gihe, hakozwe ibintu byinshi mu rwego rw’ubushakashatsi kuri HCoV.
HCoV-NL63 was isolated from a 7-month-old child from the Netherlands during late 2004.
HCoV-NL63 yabonetse mu mwana w’amezi 7 wo mu Buholandi mu mpera za 2004.
It was initially found to be prevalent in young children, the elderly and immunocompromised patients with respiratory illnesses.
Yabanje kugaragara cyane mu bana bato, abantu bakuze no mu barwayi bafite ibibazo by’ubudahangarwa by’umubiri barwaye indwara zo mu myanya y’ubuhumekero.
Presentation of coryza, conjunctivitis, fever, and bronchiolitis is common in the disease caused by HCoV-NL63.
Ubushye bwo mu mazuru, gutukura amaso, umuriro nkubabuka mu jisho na boronshiyorite ni byo bikunze guterwa na HCoV-NL63.
Another independent study described the isolation of the same virus from a nasal specimen from an 8-month-old boy suffering from pneumonia in the Netherlands.
Ubundi bushakashatsi bwigenga bwagaragaje iyi virusi mu kizamini cyo mu izuru cyafashwe ku mwana w’umuhungu w’amezi 8 urwaye umusonga mu Buholandi.
Although it was identified in Netherlands, it is actually distributed globally.
Nubwo yagaragaye mu Buholandi, mu by’ukuri iboneka ku isi hose.
It has been estimated that HCoV-NL63 accounts for approximately 4.7% of common respiratory diseases, and its peak incidence occurs during early summer, spring and winter.
Bivugwa ko HCoV-NL63 itera nka 4,7% by’indwara zo mu myanya y’ubuhumekero zikunze kuboneka, kandi igaragara cyane mu ntangiriro z’icyi, mu itumba no mu rugaryi.
HCoV-NL63 is associated with obstructive laryngitis, also known as croup.
HCoV-NL63 ijyana na rarenjite ituma umuntu afungana mu muhogo no mu mazuru.
In the same year, HCoV-HKU1 was isolated from a 71-year-old man who had been hospitalized with pneumonia and bronchiolitis in Hong Kong.
Muri uwo mwaka, HCoV-HKU1 yabonetse mu mugabo w’imyaka 71 wari uri mu bitaro arwaye umusonga na boronshiyorite muri Hongukongo.
Besides community-acquired pneumonia and bronchiolitis, HCoV-HKU1 was reported to be associated with acute asthmatic exacerbation.
Uretse umusonga na boronshiyorite umuntu arwara bitewe n’aho aba, hatangajwe ko HCoV-HKU1 ituma abarwayi barembejwe n’asima barushaho kuremba.
Similar to HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 was found worldwide, causing mild respiratory diseases.
Kimwe na HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E na HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 zagaragaye ku isi hose, zigatera indwara z’ubuhumekero zoroheje.
All these four community-acquired HCoVs have been well adapted to humans and are generally less likely to mutate to cause highly pathogenic diseases, though accidents did occur for unknown reasons as in the rare case of a more virulent subtype of HCoV-NL63, which has recently been reported to cause severe lower respiratory tract infection in China.
Izi HCoVs zose uko ari enye zifata ubwoko bitewe n’aho buba zabashije kumenyera kuba mu bantu kandi muri rusange usanga zidashobora guhinduka kugira ngo zibe zatera indwara zifite virusi zandura cyane, nubwo habayeho impanuka zitewe n’impamvu zitazwi nk’urugero rudasanzwe rwa virusi ikaze cyane yo mu bwoko bwa HCoV-NL63, iherutse kuvugwaho ko itera indwara ikaze yo mu myanya y’ubuhumekero yo mu gatuza mu Bushinwa.
Generally, when these HCoVs acquire the abilities to transmit efficiently and to maintain themselves continuously within humans, they also become less virulent or pathogenic.
Muri rusange, iyo izi HCoVs zibonye ubushobozi bwo gukwirakwira cyane no kuguma mu bantu, zinagira ubukare buke cyangwa ubushobozi buke bwo gutera indwara.
MERS-CoV was first isolated in 2012 from the lung of a 60-year-old patient who developed acute pneumonia and renal failure in Saudi Arabia.
MERS-CoV yabonetse bwa mbere mu 2012 mu bihaha by’umurwayi w’imyaka 60 warwaye umusonga ukaze n’impyiko muri Arabiya Sawudite.
Whereas most of the laboratory-confirmed cases originate from the Middle East, imported cases with occasional secondary spreads to close contacts have been reported in various European countries and Tunisia.
Mu gihe abarwayi benshi bagaragajwe n’ibizamini byo muri raboratwari baturuka mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati, abaturutse ahandi rimwe na rimwe bakayanduza abandi babana bagaragajwe mu bihugu binyuranye by’i Burayi no muri Tuniziya.
Another secondary outbreak occurred in South Korea in 2015 with 186 confirmed cases.
Ikindi cyorezo cyoroheje cyabayeho muri Koreya y'Epfo mu 2015 haboneka abarwayi bemejwe ko bacyanduye 186.
Clinical manifestations of MERS resemble those of SARS, characterized by progressive acute pneumonia.
Ibimenyetso byo kwa muganga bya MERS bisa n’ibya SARS, bigaragazwa n’umusonga ugenda ukara.
Unlike SARS, many patients with MERS also developed acute renal failure, which is thus far unique for MERS among HCoV-caused diseases.
Uretse SARS, abarwaye MERS banagize ibibazo by’impyiko bikomeye, bityo kugeza ubu bikaba ari umwihariko wa MERS mu ndwara ziterwa na HCoV.
More than 30% of patients present with gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea and vomiting.
Hejuru ya 30% by’abarwayi bagira ibimenyetso by’indwara z’urwungano ngongozi, nk’impiswi no kuruka.
As of February 14, 2020, over 2500 laboratory confirmed cases were reported with a high case fatality of 34.4%, making MERS-CoV one of the most devastating viruses known to humans.
Kuva kuri 14 Gashyantare 2020, abarwayi bagaragajwe n’ibizamini byo muri raboratwari barenga 2500 hapfamo benshi bangana na 34,4%, bituma MERS-CoV iba imwe muri virusi zihitana abantu benshi zizwi kugeza ubu.
During middle to late December 2019, clusters of pneumonia patients retrospectively known to be associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection were detected in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
Kuva hagati mu 2019 kugera mu mpera z’Ukuboza, abantu barwaye umusonga wari usanzwe umenyerewe ko ujyana no kwandura SARS-CoV-2 batahuwe muri Wuhan, mu Ntara ya Hubei, mu Bushinwa.
World Health Organization declared the ongoing outbreak of lower respiratory tract infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern and also named the disease COVID-19.
Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku buzima ryatangaje ko icyorezo kiriho cy’indwara ikaze yo mu myanya y’ubuhumekero yo mu gatuza iterwa na SARS-CoV-2 ari amakuba abangamiye ubuzima rusange ahangayikishije isi rinita iyi ndwara COVID-19.
As of March 3, 2020, 90,053 cases have been confirmed worldwide, with a crude case fatality of 3.4%.
Kuri 3 Werurwe 2020, abantu 90 053 bari bemejwe ko banduye ku isi, ikigereranyo cy’abapfa kingana na 3,4%.
Notably, the case fatality in Hubei, China is 4.2%, whereas the one outside of it is 1.2%.
Muri uru rwego, igipimo cy’abapfuye muri Hubei, mu Bushinwa ni 4,2%, naho hanze y’iyi ntara ni 1,2%.
SARS-CoV-2 causes severe respiratory infection like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, presented as fever, cough and dyspnea.
SARS-CoV-2 itera ibicurane bikaze nka SARS-CoV na MERS-CoV, bijyana no kugira umuriro, inkorora no guhumeka bigoranye.
Diarrhea is also seen in some patients.
Abarwayi bamwe na bamwe barwaye n’impiswi.
Pneumonia is one of the most severe symptoms and can progress rapidly to acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Umusonga ni kimwe mu bimenyetso bikaze cyane kandi uwufite ashobora kuremba vuba bikavamo kugira ibibazo bikomeye byo guhumeka.
Although SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are very similar due to high nucleotide sequence homology of 82%, they cluster into different branches in the phylogenetic tree.
Nubwo SARS-CoV na SARS-CoV-2 zimeze kimwe cyane bitewe n’ibintu byinshi zihuriyeho bigize imiterere ya nikerewotide ku kigero cya 82%, zigira amashami atandukanye ku giti ndangankomoko.
SARS-CoV-2 is apparently less pathogenic but more transmissible compared to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
SARS-CoV-2 isa n’aho itera indwara gake ariko ikaba ikwirakwira cyane ugereranyije na SARS-CoV na MERS-CoV.
Asymptomatic subjects infected with SARS-CoV-2 have been reported and might contribute to its rapid spreading around the world.
Hagaragaye abantu banduye SARS-CoV-2 batagaragaza ibimenyetso bityo bakaba bashobora kuba bafite uruhare mu kuba ikwirakwira vuba ku isi.
Comparing and contrasting SARS-CoV-2 with the other six HCoVs reveal similarities and differences of great interest.
Kugereranya SARS-CoV-2 n’izindi HCoVs esheshatu byerekana ibintu zihuriyeho n’ibyo zitandukaniyeho bikwiye kwitabwaho.
First, the incubation period and the duration of the course of HCoV disease are very similar.
Icya mbere, igihe bifata kugira ngo ibimenyetso bigaragare n’igihe indwara ya HCoV imara birahuye cyane.
In this regard, SARS-CoV-2 follows the general trend of the other six HCoVs.
Muri uru rwego, SARS-CoV-2 ikurikira umujyo rusange w’izindi HCoVs esheshatu.
Second, the severity of symptoms of COVID-19 lies between SARS-CoV and the four community-acquired HCoVs (i.e. HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-NL63).
Icya kabiri, ubukare bw’ibimenyetso bya COVID-19 buri hagati y’ubwa SARS-CoV n’ubwa HCoVs enye zifata ubwoko bitewe n’aho buba (ni ukuvuga HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 na HCoV-NL63).