atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
One infant girl born to a mother with COVID-19 had elevated IgM levels two hours after birth, suggesting that she had been infected in utero and supporting the possibility of vertical transmission in some cases.
Umwana umwe w’umukobwa wavutse ku mubyeyi ufite ubwandu bwa COVID-19 yagaragaje ibipimo birebire bya IgM nyuma y’amasaha abiri avutse, ibi bihita bisobanuro ko bishoka ko yaba yaranduye avuka , bihita bishimangira ko bishoboka ko uburyo bwo kwanduzanya umubyeyi n’umwana hari aho bushoboka.
A small study involving 6 confirmed COVID-19 mothers showed no indication of SARS-COV-19 in their newborns' throats or serum but antibodies were present in neonatal blood sera samples, including IgM in two of the infants.
Inyigo nto yakorewe ku bagore 6 bagaragayeho COVID-19 yerekanye ko nta bimenyetso bya SARS-COV-19 byagaragaye ku bana babyaye byaba mu mihogo yabo cyangwa mu maraso ariko hagaragaye abasirikari bo kuyirwanya mu bizamini byakorewe ku maraso yabo mbere yo kuvuka harimo na IgM yagaragaye ku bana babiri.
This is not usually passed from mother to fetus so further research is required to know whether the virus crossed the placenta or whether placentas of women in the study were damaged or abnormal.
Iyi ubusanzwe ntikunze guhererekanywa hagati y’umubyeyi n’uwo atwite, bivuze ko hakwiye gukorwa ubundi bushakashatsi kugira ngo hamenyekane niba virusi yaranyuze muri nyababyeyi cyangwaniba za nyababyeyi z’abagore zaba zarangiritse cyangwa zisanganywe ibindi bibazo.
Since COVID-19 shows similarities to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, it is likely that their effect on pregnancy are similar.
Niba rero COVID-19 ifite ibyo ihuriyeho na SARS-CoV ndetse na MERS-CoV, bishatse kuvuga ko n’ingaruka zazo ku bagore batwite ari zimwe.
Four of seven had first trimester miscarriage, two of five had fetal growth restriction in the second trimester, and four of five had preterm birth.
Bane muri barindwi inda zavuyemo bakiri mu gihembwe cya mbere cyo gutwita, babiri muri batanu bagize ibibazo byo gukubita igihwereye, hanyuma bane muri batanu babyara igihe cyararenze.
None of the newborns were infected with SARS-CoV.
Nta mwana n’umwe wanduye SARS-CoV.
A report of ten cases of MERS- CoV infection in pregnancy in Saudi Arabia showed that the clinical presentation is variable, from mild to severe infection.
Raporo y’abantu 10 batwite banduye MERS- CoV muri Saudi Arabia yagaragaje ko ibimenyetso bigenda bihindagurika, guhera ku byoroheje kugeza ku bikomeye.
The outcome was favorable in a majority of the cases, but the infant death rate was 27%.A recent review suggested that COVID-19 appeared to be less lethal to mothers and infants than SARS and MERS but that there may be an increased risk of preterm birth after 28 weeks' gestation.
Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwinshi byari byiza, ariko infu z’abana zari ku kigero cya 27%. Ubushakashatsi buheruka bwasanze ko COVID-19 ishobora ubushobozi buke bwo guhitana ababyeyi n’abana ugereranyije na SARS na MERS ariko ko hashobora kubaho ibibazo byinshi byo kuvamo kw’inda nyuma y’ibyumweru 28 umugore atwite.
The World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the United States advises pregnant women to do the same things as the general public to avoid infection, such as covering cough, avoid interacting with sick people, cleaning hands with soap and water or sanitizer.
Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku buzima hamwe n’ibigo bishinzwe kurwanya indwara byo muri Leta Zunze ubumwe z’Amerika bigira inama abagore batwite yo gukora nk’ibyo abandi basabwa mu rwego rwo kwirinda ubwandu, nko kwipfuka ku munwa igihe bakoroye, kwirinda kwegerana n’abantu bafite uburwayi, gukaraba intoki bakoresheje isabune n’amazi cyangwa imiti yabugenewe yifashishwa mu gusukura intoki.
A survey conducted in Shanghai among pregnant women in different trimesters of pregnancy identified a strong demand for online access to health information and services.
Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe i Shanghai ku bagore batwite bari mu bihembwe bitandukanye byo gutwita, bwagaragaje abantu benshi basaba ko amakuru na serivisi z’ubuzima byatangwa hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga.
People expecting their first baby were more willing to have online consultation and guidance than who had previously given birth.The RCOG and RCM recommend that in-person appointments be deferred by 7 days after the start of symptoms of COVID-19 or 14 days if another person in the household has symptoms.
Abantu bari hafi kubyara umwana wabo w’imfura nibo basabaga cyane ko habaho bwo gusuzumwa no kugirwa inama hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga kurrusha bari basanzwe barabyayeho. RCOG na RCM zagiriye abantu inama yo kwigiza inyuma gahunda zo gutegerereza kwa muganga, bikorwa n’umuntu witegura kubyara, nibura mu gihe cy’iminsi 7nyuma yo gutangira kugaragaza ibimenyetso bya COVIID -19 cyangwa iminsi 14 niba hari undi muntu mu rugo wagaragayeho ibimenyetso.
Fever subsequently developed in three asymptomatic patients.
Abarwayi batatu ubundi batajya bagaragaza ibimenyetso by’indwara bagarayeho kugira umuriro mwinshi .
One patient who had tested negative subsequently became symptomatic postpartum and tested positive three days after the initial negative test.
Umurwayi umwe wari wasanzwe nta burwayi afite yaje kugaragaza ibimenyetso hanyuma bamupimye bamusangamo ubwandu nyuma y’iminsi itatu uhereye igihe ibipimo bya mbere byafatiwe.
The doctors conducting the screening recommended that in order to reduce infection and allocate PPE, due to high numbers of patients presenting as asymptomatic, universal screening of pregnant patients should be conducted.
Abaganga bashinzwe gupima abantu bavuga ko, mu rwego rwo kugabanya ubwandu no kumenya uko hasaranganywa ibikoresho by’ubwirinzi(PPE), kandi hashingiwe ku mubare munini w’abantu bakomeje kutagaragaza ibimenyetso kandi bafite ubwandu, abagore bose batwite bagomba gupimwa nta numwe usigaye.
They also suggest that people with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 should have continuous electronic fetal monitoring.
Bavuga kandi ko abantu bose baketsweho cyangwa bagaragayeho ubwandu bwa COVID-19 bakwiye guhora bapimwa hifashishijwe ibyuma byabugenewe.
The use of birthing pools is not recommended for suspected or confirmed cases of COVID-19 due to the risk of infection via faeces.
Ntabwo ari byiza gukoresha uburyo bwo kubyarira mu mazi ku mubyeyi ukekwaho ubwandu bwa COVID-19 kubera ko byongera ibyago byo kwandura binyuze mu myanda.
In the UK, official recommendations state that precautionary separation of a mother and a healthy baby should not be undertaken lightly and that they should be kept together in the postpartum period where neonatal care is not required.Literature from China recommended separation of infected mothers from babies for 14 days.
Mu Bwongereza, hasohotse itangazo riburira abantu ko batagomba gukerensa igikorwa cyo gutandukanya abana bavutse nta bwandu bafite na ba nyina bavuga ko bagomba kuba ahantu hamwe nyuma yo kubyara aho baba batakitabwaho n’abaganga. Ubushakashatsi bwo mu Bushinwa bwagaragaje ko ababyeyi bafite ubwandu baba bagomba gutandukanywa n’abana babo mu gihe cy’iminsi 14.
In the US there is also the recommendation that newborns and mothers should be temporarily separated until transmission-based precautions are discontinued, and that where this is not possible the newborn should be kept 2 metres away from the mother.
Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika hari amabwiriza avuga ko ababyeyi bagomba gutandukanywa n’abana bibarutse mu gihe kitari kirekire kugeza mu gihe kwanduzanya biba bitagishoboka kandi ko aho bishoboka impinja ziba zigomba gushyirwa mu ntera nibura ya metero 2 hagati yabo na ba nyina.
b'COVID-19 surveillance involves monitoring the spread of the coronavirus disease in order to establish the patterns of disease progression.
Kugenzura COVID-19 bikubiyemo gucunga ikwirakwira ry’indwara ya koronavirusi mu rwego rwo gushyiraho uburyo bwo kuyikurikirana.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends active surveillance, with focus of case finding, testing and contact tracing in all transmission scenarios.
Umuryango mpuzamahanga wita ku buzima (WHO) ugira abantu inama yo gukora igenzura nyaryo, hibandwa ku gushakisha ubwandu bushya, gupima no gushakisha abahuye n’abanduye mu buryo bwose byaba byabayeho.
COVID-19 surveillance is expected to monitor epidemiological trends, rapidly detect new cases, and based on this information, provide epidemiological information to conduct risk assessment and guide disease preparedness.
Kugenzura COVID-19 bigamije gucunga uko icyorezo kigenda gihunduka, kwihutisha kubona ubwandu bushya, kandi hashingiywe kuri aya makuru, gutanga amakuru y’ingaruka icyorezo gishobora guteza no kugira abantu inama uko abantu bakwitegura icyorezo.
Syndromic surveillance is done based on the symptoms of an individual that corresponds to COVID-19.
Kugenzura icyorezo bikorwa hashingiwe ku bimenyetso umuntu agaragaza bifitanye isano n’ibya COVID-19.
As of March 2020, the WHO recommends the following case definitions:
Muri Werurwe 2020, WHO yatanze ibisobanuro by’amagambo akurikira ajyanye n’icyorezo:
Probable case : "A suspect case for whom testing for the COVID-19 virus is inconclusive" OR "a suspect case for whom testing could not be performed for any reason".
Umuntu ukekwaho ubwandu: „Umuntu ukekwaho ubwandu ni umuntu utarapimwa ngo hemezwe“ niba afite ubwandu bwa COVID-19“ cyangwa „umuntu ukekwaho uburwayi ariko akaba adashobora gupimwa kubera impamvu runaka“
Confirmed case: "A person with laboratory confirmation of COVID-19 infection, irrespective of clinical signs and symptoms".
Umuntu wagaragayeho ubwandu: „umuntu wapimwe muri laboratwari bikagaragara ko afite ubwandu bwa COVID-19, hatitaweho niba agaragara nk’urwaye cyangwa agaragaza ibimenyetso“.
Direct physical contact with a probable or confirmed case;
umuntu wahuye n’ukekwaho cyangwa byemejwe ko afite ubwandu;
Direct care for a patient with probable or confirmed COVID-19 disease without using proper personal protective equipment;
Umuntu wahuye n’umurwayi ukekwaho cyangwa byemejwe ko afite ubwandu bwa COVID-19 kandi nta bikoresho by’ubwirinzi byabugenewe yari yambaye;
Other situations as indicated by local risk assessments".WHO recommends reporting of probable and confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection within 48 hours of identification.
Ubundi buryo bwose bugaragazwa n’inzego zibishinzwe za buri gihugu“. WHO ikangurira ababishinzwe gutangaza amakuru ajyanye n’abakekwaho ndetse n’abagaragayeho ubwandu mu masaha 48 bakimara kugaragara.
The countries should report on a case-by-case basis as far as possible, but in case of limitation in resources, aggregate weekly reporting is also possible.
Ibihugu bigomba gutangaza amakuru ajyanye na buri bwandu bushya bugaragaye, ariko hari ikibazo cy’amikoro adahagije, hashobora gutangazwa imibare ijyanye n’ubwandu ya buri cyumweru.
Some organizations have created crowdsourced apps for syndromic surveillance, where people can report their symptoms to help researchers map areas with concentration of COVID-19 symptoms.
Ibigo bimwe byashyizeho uburyo bw’ikoranabuhanga bufasha kugenzura icyorezo, aho abantu baba bashobora amakuru yerkeranye n’ibimenyetso bagaragaza mu rwego rwo gufasha abashakashatsi kumenya agace karimo ubwandu bwinshi bwa COVID-19.
Virological surveillance is done by using molecular tests for COVID-19.
Igenzura rya virusi rikorwa hapimwa uturemangingo kugira ngo barebe niba harimo utwa COVID-19.
WHO has published resources for laboratories on how to perform testing for COVID-19.
WHO yatangaje amakuru yerekeranye n’uko laboratwari zishobora gupima COVID-19.
In the European Union, laboratory confirmed cases of COVID-19 are reported within 24 hours of identification.
Mu Bihugu by’Umuryango w‘UBumwe bw’Uburayi, imibare y’abanduye COVID-19 yavuye mu bipimo bya laboratwari itangazwa mu masaha 24.
At least 24 countries have established digital surveillance of their citizens.
Nibura ibihugu 24 byashizeho uburyo bw’ikoranabuhanga ryo kugenzura abaturage babyo.
The digital surveillance technologies include apps, location data and electronic tags.
Igenzura rikoresheje ikoranabuhanga rikubiyemo iryo muri telefoni, irijyanye n’agace umuntu aturukamo, n’ibindi byuma byabugenewe.
The Center For Disease Control and Prevention in USA tracks the travel information of individuals using airline passenger data.
Ikigo cyo muri Leta Zunze ubumwe z’Amerika gishinzwe kurwanya no kwirinda indwara gishakisha abahuye n’ubwandu gikoresheje amakuru aturuka ku bantu bakora ingendo mu ndege.
In Hong Kong, authorities are requiring a bracelet and an app for all travellers.
Muri Hong Kong, abagenzi bose basabwa kwambara akuma no gushyira ikoranbuhanga muri telefoni rifasha gutanga amakuru.
A GPS app is used to track the locations of individuals in South Korea to ensure against quarantine breach, sending alerts to the user and to authorities if people leave designated areas.
Ikoranabuhanga ryo muri telefoni rifasha kubona icyerekezo rikoreshwa mu gucunga abantu bari gace kashyizwe mu kato bashaka kurenga amabwiriza, bakohererezwa ubutumwa bubihanangiriza bukanohererezwa ubuyobozi iyo abo bantu bagiye mu duce batemerewe kujyamo.
In Singapore, individuals have to report their locations with photographic proof.
Muri Singapuru, abantu basabwa kwerekana agace baherereyemo bakoresheje amafoto abihamya.
Thailand is using an app and SIM cards for all travelers to enforce their quarantine.
Thailand irimo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo muri telefoni na za simukadi ku bagenzi bose mu rwego rwo kubahiriza gahunda yo gushyira abantu mu kato.
Human rights organizations have criticized some of these measures, asking the governments not to use the pandemic as a cover to introduce invasive digital surveillance.
Imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu inenga zimwe mu ngamba, isaba za leta kutitwaza icyorezo ngo bavogere ubuzima bwite bw’abantu.
b'A COVID-19 vaccine is a hypothetical vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Urukingo rwa b'A COVID-19 ni igitekerezo cyo gushaka urukingo rw’icyorezo cya koronavirusi cya 2019 ( COVID-19).
Although no vaccine has completed clinical trials, there are multiple attempts in progress to develop such a vaccine.
Nubwo nta rukingo ruraboneka, hari ubushakatsi bwinshi burimo gukorwa hagerazwa icyavamo uro rukingo.
In late February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) said it did not expect a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the causative virus, to become available in less than 18 months.
Mu mpera za Gashyantare 2020, Umuryango mpuzamahanga wita ku buzima (WHO) yatangaje ko nta rukingo itegereje rwa SARS-CoV-2, igitera iyo virusi, mbere y’amezi 18.
Five vaccine candidates were in Phase I safety studies in April.
inkingo eshanu zari zikiri mu cyiciro cya I cy’igeragezwa muri Mata.
COVID-19 was identified in December 2019.
COVID-19 yagaragaye mu kwezi k’Ukuboza 2019.
A major outbreak spread around the world in 2020, leading to considerable investment and research activity to develop a vaccine.
Yatangiye gusakara ku isi hose mu w‘2020, bituma hashorwa amafaranga menshi, hanatangira ibikorwa by’ubushakashatsi mu rwego rwo gushakisha urukingo.
Many organizations are using published genomes to develop possible vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.
Ibyinshi mu bigo birimo kwifashisha imiti yari isanzwe ihari mu gukora urukingo rushobora guhangana na SARS-CoV-2.
Stated in April, imperatives of the CEPI initiative for vaccine development are speed, manufacturing capacity, deployment at scale, and global access.
Guhera muri Mata, ibyo CEPI yibandaho cyane mu gushaka urukingo ni umuvuduko, ubushobozi bwo kurukora, gushaka abakozi, no kurugeza hose ku isi.
In April, CEPI scientists reported that 10 different technology platforms were under research and development during early 2020 to create an effective vaccine against COVID-19.
Muri Mata, inzobere za CEPI zatangaje ko hari uburyo 10 butandukanye bw’ikoranabuhanga burimo gukorerwaho ubushakashatsi no gukorwa mu ntangiriro za 2020 mu rwego rwo gukora urukingo rufite ubushobozi bwo guhangana na COVID-19.
Major platform targets advanced into Phase I safety studies include:
Mu buryo burimo gukorwaho bukiri mu cyiciro cya I cy’ubushakashatsi burimo:
nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) (Phase I developer and vaccine candidate: Moderna, mRNA-1273)
Uturemangingo two mu maraso (DNA na RNA) turi mu cyiciro I cy’ubushakashatsi ku rukingo ni: Moderna, mRNA-1273)
viral vector (Phase I developer and vaccine candidate: CanSino Biologics, adenovirus type 5 vector)
Uturemangingo two muri virusi (cyiciro I cy’ubushakashatsi ku rukingo: CanSino Biologics, adenovirus type 5 vector)
As reported by CEPI scientists in April, 115 total vaccine candidates are in early stages of development, with 78 confirmed as active projects (79, according to the Milken Institute), and 37 others announced, but with little public information available (presumed to be in planning or being designed).
Nkuko bitangazwa na n’inzobere za CEPI muri Mata, ubushakashatsi ku rukingo bugera kuri 115 nibwo bugitangira, harimo 78 byemejwe ko imishinga yabwo yatangiye (79, nkuko bitangazwa n’ikigo cya Milken), n’ubundi 37 bwatangajwe, ariko amakuru yabwo akaba ataramenyekana neza (bikekwa ko hari gahunda yabyo cyangwa burimo gutunganywa).
A Phase I-II trial conducts preliminary safety and immunogenicity testing, is typically randomized, placebo-controlled, and at multiple sites, while determining more precise, effective doses.
Igerageza ryo mu kiciro cya I-II ripima ubuziranenge n’ubushobozi, rikorwa muri rusange, rigakurikiranirwa hafi, rigakorerwa ahantu henshi, mu gihe haba hirindwa kwibeshya, no gushaka ingano ishobora gukoreshwa.
Phase III trials typically involve more participants, including a control group, and test effectiveness of the vaccine to prevent the disease, while monitoring for adverse effects at the optimal dose.
Ikiciro cya III k’igerageza gisaba abantu benshi, harimo itsinda rishinzwe igenzura, no gupima ubushobozi bw’urukingo mu kurinda indwara, mu gihe harimo gusuzumwa ko izindi ngaruka zaterwa n’urukingo zagabanywa zikagera ku kigero cyo kwihanganirwa.
Of 79 vaccine candidates in active development (confirmed as of early April 2020), 74 were not yet in human evaluation (still in "preclinical" research).
Mu nkingo 79 zirimo gukorwaho ( byemejwe mu ntangiriro za Mata 2020), 74 ntizari zagatangiye kugeragerezwa ku bantu (ziracyari mu bushakashatsi bw‘“ibanze).
Around 24 January 2020 in Australia, the University of Queensland announced that it is investigating the potential of a molecular clamp vaccine that would genetically modify viral proteins in order to stimulate an immune reaction.
Ahagana tariki ya 24 Mutarama 2020 muri Australia, Kaminuza ya Quensland yatangaje ko ari ubushakashatsi ku kurukingo rushobora guhindura imiterere y’uturemangingo twa virusi mu rwego rwo gufasha umubiri gukora ubwirinzi.
Around 24 January 2020 in Canada, the International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac) at the University of Saskatchewan announced the commencement of work on a vaccine, aiming to start human testing in 2021.
Ahagana tariki ya 24 Mutarama 2020 muri Canada, Ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe inkingo (VIDO-InterVac) muri Kaminuza ya Saskatchewan yatangaje ko imirimo yo gukora urukingo yatangiye, ko ruzatangira kugeragerezwa ku bantu mu mwaka wa 2021.
Vaccine development projects were announced at the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention on 26 January 2020, and the University of Hong Kong on 28 January.
Kuwa 26 Mutarama 2020 mu Kigo cyo mu Bushinwa gishinzwe gukurikirana no kwirinda indwara hatangajwe imishinga ku ikorwa ry’urukingo, naho muri Kaminuza ya Hong Kong itangazwa kuwa 28 Mutarama.
Around 29 January 2020, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, led by Hanneke Schuitemaker, announced that it had begun work on developing a vaccine.
Ahagana tariki ya 29 Mutarama 2020, Kompanyi zishinzwe imiti ziyobowe na Hanneke Schuitemaker, zatangaje ko zatangiye ibikorwa byo gukora urukingo.
Janssen is co-developing an oral vaccine with its biotechnology partner, Vaxart.
Janssen kandi, ifatanyije n’umufatanyabikorwa wayo Vaxart, irimo gukora urukingo rwajya rutangwa runyujijwe mu kanwa.
On 18 March 2020, Emergent BioSolutions announced a manufacturing partnership with Vaxart to develop the vaccine.
Kuwa 18 Gashyantare 2020, Emergent BioSolutions yatangaje ubufatanyabikorwa mu by’inganda na Vaxart mu gukora urukingo.
On 8 February 2020, the laboratory OncoGen in Romania published a paper on the design of a vaccine with similar technology to the one used for cancer neoantigen vaccination therapy.
Kuwa 8 Gashyantare 2020, laboratwari OncoGen muri Romania yasohoye ubushakashatsi ku miterere y’urukingo rufite ikoranabuhanga risa n’iry’uruvura kanseri.
On 25 March the head of the research institute announced that they had finalized the synthesis of the vaccine and were beginning the tests.
Kuwa 25 Werurwe uhagarariye ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi yatangaje ko yarangije iby’ingenzi ku rukingo, ikaba yari igiye gutangira kurugerageza.
On 27 February 2020, a Generex subsidiary company, NuGenerex Immuno-Oncology, announced they were beginning a vaccine project to create an Ii-Key peptide vaccine against COVID-19.
Kuwa 27 Gashyantare 2020, ikigo gishamikiye kuri kompanyi ya Generex, NuGenerex Immuno-Oncology, cyatangaje ko cyari kigiye gutangira umushinga wo gukora urukingo mu rwego rwo kubona urukingo rushingiye ku turemangingo dushobora guhanga na COVID-19.
They wanted to produce a vaccine candidate that could be tested in humans "within 90 days."
Bari bagamije gukora urukingo rushobora kugeragerezwa ku bantu „mu gihe cy’iminsi 90“
On 5 March 2020, Washington University in St. Louis announced its projects to develop a vaccine.
Kuwa 25 Werurwe 2020, Kaminuza ya Washington muri St. Louis yatangaje imishinga yabo mu gukora urukingo.
On 5 March 2020, the United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command at Fort Detrick and the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Silver Spring, both in western Maryland, announced they were working on a vaccine.
Kuwa 5 Werurwe 2020,Ikigo cya gisirikari cyo muri Leta Zunze ubumwe z’Amerika gishinzwe ubushakashatsi ku buzima n’ibikoresho bya gisirikari i Fort Detrick n’Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare cya Walter Reed gishinzwe ubushakashatsi ku byuma, byombi biherereye mu burengerazuba bwa Maryland, byatangaje ko birimo gukora ku rukingo.
Around 10 March 2020, Emergent Biosolutions announced that it had teamed with Novavax Inc.
Ahagana tariki ya 10 Werurwe 2020, Emergent Biosolutions yatangaje ko yatangiye imikoranire na Novavax Inc.
in the development and manufacture of a vaccine.
mu bikorwa byo gukora urukingo.
The partners further announced plans for preclinical testing and a Phase I clinical trial by July 2020.
Abafatanyabikorwa batangaje kandi ko bafite gahunda zo gupima urukingo no gutangira igerageza ryawo ku rwego rwo mu kiciro cya I bitarenze Nyakanga 2020.
On 12 March 2020, India's Health Ministry announced they are working with 11 isolates, and that even on a fast track it would take at least around one-and-a-half to two years to develop a vaccine.
Kuwa 5 Werurwe 2020, Minisiteri y’ubuzima mu Buhinde yatangaje ko irimo gukora miti 11 kandi ko ku ikubitiro bizatwara nibura hagati y’umwaka umwe n’umwaka n’igice n’imyaka ibiri kugira ngo urukingo rukorwe.
On 12 March 2020, Medicago, a biotechnology company in Quebec City, Quebec, reported development of a coronavirus-like particle under partial funding from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research.
Kuwa 5 Werurwe 2020,Medicago, kompanyi y’ubuzima yo mu mugi wa Quebec muri Quebec, yatangaje ikorwa ry’umuti ushobora guhangana na koronavirusi ibitewemo inkunga n’Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi mu by’ubuzima cyo muri Canada.
The vaccine candidate is in laboratory research, with human testing planned for July or August 2020.
Urukingo ruracyakorwaho ushakashatsi muri laboratwari, rukaba ruteganya kurugeregereza ku bantu muri Nyakanga cyangwa Kanama 2020.
Earlier that week, The Guardian reported that the US President Donald Trump had offered CureVac "'large sums of money' for exclusive access to a Covid-19 vaccine", against which the German government protested.
Mbere gato muri icyo cyumweru, The Guardian yatangaje ko Perezida wa Leta Zunze ubumwe z’Amerika Donald Trump yatanze “amafaranga menshi agenewe gusa ibikorwa byo kubona urukingo rwa Covid-19 ikintu cyamaganiwe kure guverinoma y’Ubudage.
On 17 March 2020, American pharmaceutical company Pfizer announced a partnership with German company BioNTech to jointly develop a mRNA-based vaccine.
Kuwa 5 Werurwe 2020, Kompanyi y’imiti yitwa Pfizer yatangaje ubufatanye na kompanyi y’Abadage yitwa BioNTech mu rwego rwo gukora urukingo rushingiye ku turemangingo twa mRNA .
mRNA-based vaccine candidate BNT162, currently in pre-clinical testing with clinical trials expected to begin in April 2020.
Urukingo rushingiye ku turemangingo twa mRNA rufite izina rya BNT162, kugeza ubu rukiri gupimwa kandi igeragezwa ryarwo rirateganya gutangira muri Mata 2020.
In Italy on 17 March 2020, Takis Biotech, an Italian biotech company announced they will have pre-clinical testing results in April 2020 and their final vaccine candidate could begin human testing by fall.
Kuwa 17 Werurwe 2020, mu Butariyani, Kompanyi y’ubuzima yitwa Takis Biotech, yatangaje ko izabona ibisubizo by’ibipimo byafashwe muri Mata 2020 hanyuma urukingo rukazahita rutangira kugeragerezwa ku bantu.
In France on 19 March 2020, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) announced a US$4.9 million investment in a COVID-19 vaccine research consortium involving the Institut Pasteur, Themis Bioscience (Vienna, Austria), and the University of Pittsburgh, bringing CEPI's total investment in COVID-19 vaccine development to US$29 million.
Kuwa 19 Werurwe 2020 mu Bufaransa, Ihuriro rya gahunda yo kurwanya ibiza (CEPI) ryatangaje ko hashowe miliyoni US$4.9 mu bushakashatsi ku rukingo rw COVID-19 burimo gukorwa na Institut Pasteur, Themis Bioscience (Vienna, Austria), na Kaminuza ya Pittsburgh, bituma umubare w’amafaranga CEPI imaze gushora mu gushaka urukingo rwa COVID-19 ugera kuri miliyoni US$29.
CEPI's other investment partners for COVID-19 vaccine development are Moderna, Curevac, Inovio, Novavax, the University of Hong Kong, the University of Oxford, and the University of Queensland.
Abandi bafatanyabikorwa ba CEPI bashoye imari mu gukora urukingo rwa COVID-19 ni Moderna, Curevac, Inovio, Novavax, Kaminuza ya Hong Kong, Kaminuza ya Oxford, na Kaminuza ya Queensland.
On 20 March 2020, Russian health officials announced that scientists have begun animal testing of six different vaccine candidates.
Kuwa Werurwe 2020, abayobozi b’inzego z’ubuzima mu Burusiya batangaje ko inzobere zatangiye gupima inyamaswa zakoreweho igeragezwa ry’inkingo esheshstu.
Imperial College London researchers announced on 20 March 2020 that they are developing a self-amplifying RNA vaccine for COVID-19.
Abashakashatsi muri Imperial College London batangaje kuwa 20 Werurwe 2020 ko barimo gukora urukingo rwa COVID-19 rushingiye ku turemangingo two mu maraso .
The vaccine candidate was developed within 14 days of receiving the sequence from China.
Urukingo rwakozwe mu minsi 14 nyuma yo gushyikirizwa n’igihugu cy‘Ubushinwa ibikenerwa.
In late March, the Canadian government announced C$275 million in funding for 96 research projects on medical countermeasures against COVID-19, including numerous vaccine candidates at Canadian companies and universities, such as the Medicago and University of Saskatchewan initiatives.
Mu mpera za Werurwe, guverinoma ya Canada yatangaje miliyoni C$275 yo gutera inkunga imishinga 96 ku ngamba zo guhangana na COVID-19, harimo ikora ku nkingo zitandukanye mu bigo na za kaminuza zo muri Canada, nk’izirimo gukorwa na Medicago na Kaminuza ya Saskatchewan.
Around the same time, the Canadian government announced C$192 million specifically for developing a COVID-19 vaccine, with plans to establish a national "vaccine bank" of several new vaccines that could be used if another coronavirus outbreak occurs.
Ahagana muri cyo gihe, guverinoma ya Canada yatangaje ko hari miliyoni C$192 zagenewe gusa gukora urukingo rwa COVID-19 , hagamijwe gushyiraho “ububiko bw’urukingo” bubitse inkingo nyinshi zishobora kwifashishwa igihe haba hadutse ikindi cyorezo cya koronavirusi .
On 2 April 2020, researchers at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine reported on testing of PittCoVacc, a possible COVID-19 vaccine in mice, stating that "MNA delivered SARS-CoV-2 S1 subunit vaccines elicited potent antigen-specific antibody responses [in the mice] that were evident beginning 2 weeks after immunization."
Kuwa 2 Mata 2020, abashakashatsi bo ku Ishuri ry’ubuvuzi ryo muri Kaminuza ya Pittsburgh batangaje ko barimo kugeragereza mu mbeba urukingo rwa PittCoVacc, rushobora kuvamo urukingo rwa COVID-19, batangaza ko “uduce tw’urukingo rwa SARS-CoV-2 S1 duturuka mu turemangingo dutangwa na MNA twagaragaje ubushobozi bwo gukora abasirikari barinda umubiri [mu mbeba], bikaba byaratangiye kugaragara guhera mu ntangiriro z’ibyumweru 2 nyuma yo kurukoresha."
In Canada on 16 April 2020, the University of Waterloo School of Pharmacy announced design of a DNA-based vaccine candidate as a possible nasal spray.
Kuwa 16 Mata 2020, mu ishuri ryigisha iby’imiti ryo muri Kaminuza ya Waterloo batangaje ko barimo gukora urukingo rushingiye kuri DNA rushobora kuzajya runyuzwa mu mazuru.
Using bacteriophages, the DNA will be designed to replicate inside human bacteria to produce harmless virus-like particles, which may stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Hakoreshejwe virusi yica udukoko, DNA izakorwa ku buryo yinjizwa mu gakoko kugira ngo ibyare uduce dusa na virusi idatera ibibazo, utu tukazatuma ubwirinzi bw’umubiri bukanguka bugatuma hakorwa abasirikari b’umubiri bo kurwanya virusi ya SARS-CoV-2 .
In March 2020, the US government, industry, and three universities pooled resources to access supercomputers from IBM, combined with cloud computing resources from Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Amazon, Microsoft, and Google.
Muri Werurwe 2020, guverinoma ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika, uruganda, na kaminuza eshatu bakusanyije amakuru agamije kubona za mudasobwa kabuhariwe za IBM, hamwe n’ibindi bintu by’ikoranabuhanga rya mudasobwa rya Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Amazon, Microsoft, na Google.
Some vaccines have heterologous effects, also called non-specific effects.
Inkingo zimwe zifite ingaruka z’ubwoko butandukanye, zikunze kwitwa ingaruka zitazwi.
That means they can have benefits beyond the disease they prevent.
Ibi bivuze ko zishobora kugira ingaruka nziza ziyongera ku ndwara zirinda.
A further randomized trial in Australia is seeking to enrol 4,170 healthcare workers.
Irindi gerageza ryo muri Australia rimo gushaka abaganga 4,170 bo kwifashisha.
It is possible vaccines in development will not be safe or effective.
Birashoboka ko inkingo zirimo gukorwa zizaba zidafite ubuziranenge cyangwa zikaba nta bushobozi zifite.
Early research to assess vaccine efficacy using COVID-19-specific animal models, such as ACE2-transgenic mice, other laboratory animals, and non-human primates, indicate a need for biosafety-level 3 containment measures for handling live viruses, and international coordination to ensure standardized safety procedures.
Ubushakashatsi bwa vuba bwo gusuzuma ubushobozi bw’urukingo hakoreshejwe inyamashwa zatoranyijwe za COVID-19, nk’imbeba zo mu bwoko bwa ACE2 n’inguge, zigaragaza ko hakenewe ingamba zijyanye no kubungabunga ubuziranenge bwo mu rwego rwa 3, mu rwego rwo guhangana na virusi ihari, n’ubufatanye bwo ku rwego mpuzamahanga hagamijwe kubahiriza amabwiriza ajyanye n’ubuziranenge.
Vaccines against SARS and MERS have been tested in non-human animal models.
Inkingo zo kurwanya SARS na MERS zageragerejwe ku nyamaswa.
As of 2020, there is no cure or protective vaccine for SARS that has been shown to be both safe and effective in humans.
kugeza ubu muri 2020,nta muti cyangwa urukingo bya SARS na MERS byari byagaragara ko bifite ubuziranenge n’ubushobozi mu mubiri w’umuntu .
According to research papers published in 2005 and 2006, the identification and development of novel vaccines and medicines to treat SARS was a priority for governments and public health agencies around the world.There is also no proven vaccine against MERS.
Nkuko byatangajwe n’ubushakashatsi bwo mu myaka ya 2005 na 2006, kuvumbura no gukora inkingo n’imiti bya SARS byari ibintu byihutirwa muri gahunda ya leta n’ibigo by’ubuzima ku isi hose. Nta n’urukingo rwa MERS rwari rwemezwa.
When MERS became prevalent, it was believed that existing SARS research may provide a useful template for developing vaccines and therapeutics against a MERS-CoV infection.
Igihe MERS yari yasakaye, hari hitezwe ko ubushakashatsi bwarimo gukorwa bwashoboraga ugutanga buryo bufatika bwo gukora inkingo n’imiti byo kwirinda ubwandu bwa MERS-CoV.
As of March 2020, there was one (DNA based) MERS vaccine which completed phase I clinical trials in humans, and three others in progress, all of which are viral-vectored vaccines, two adenoviral-vectored (ChAdOx1-MERS, BVRS-GamVac), and one MVA-vectored (MVA-MERS-S).
Kugera muri Werurwe 2020, hari urukingo rwa MERS (rushingiye kuri DNA) rwari rumaze kurangiza ikiciro cya I k’igeragezwa rikorewe ku bantu, n’izindi eshatu zari zigikorwaho, izo zose akaba ari izitangwa mu buryo bwa virusi, ebyiri zo mu bwoko bwa virusi yitwa “Adenoviridae” (ChAdOx1-MERS, BVRS-GamVac), na rumwe rwo mu bwoko bwa MVA (MVA-MERS-S).
Social media posts have promoted a conspiracy theory claiming the virus behind COVID-19 was known and that a vaccine was already available.
Imbuga nkoranyambaga zakwirakwije ibihuha bivuga ko COVID-19 yari isanzwe izwi kandi ko n’urukingo rwayo rwari rusanzwe ruhari.
The patents cited by various social media posts reference existing patents for genetic sequences and vaccines for other strains of coronavirus such as the SARS coronavirus.
Ibyibanzweho n’imbuga nkoranyambaga ni ibijyanye no kuba hasanzwe hariho uturemangingo n’inkingo by’ibindi bibazo bya koronavirusi nka koronavirusi yo mu bwoko bwa SARS.
b'Coronaviruses are a group of related viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds.
Virusi yo mu bwoko bwa korona b’ ni itsinda rya za virusi ziterwa n’indwara zituruka ku nyamabere n’inyoni.
In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal.
Mu bantu , koronavirusi itera uburwayi bwo mu bice by’ubuhumekero bishobora kuba byoroshye cyangwa bifite ubukana bwinshi.
Mild illnesses include some cases of the common cold (which has other possible causes, predominantly rhinoviruses), while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19.
Indwara zoroheje zirimo zimwe z’ibicurane (bishobora guterwa n’izindi mpamvu, cyane kurushaho virusi ziterwa n’inkura / rinovirusi) mu gihe izifite ubukana bwinshi zishobora gutera SARS, MERS, na COVID-19.
Symptoms in other species vary: in chickens, they cause an upper respiratory tract disease, while in cows and pigs they cause diarrhea.
Ibimenyetso mu bindi binyabuzima birahinduka: ku nkoko, zitera ibibazo bikomeye byo guhumeka, mu gihe ku nka n’ingurube zitera impiswi.
There are yet to be vaccines or antiviral drugs to prevent or treat human coronavirus infections.
Haracyakenewe rero inkingo cyangwa imiti byo kwirinda cyangwa kuvura ubwandu bwa koronavirusi ku bantu.
Coronaviruses constitute the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, in the family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales, and realm Riboviria.
Koronavirusi iri mu muryango wa Orthocoronavirinae, mu muryango wa Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales, na realm Riboviria.
They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry.
Ni virusi zifunze mu turemangingo twa RNA hamwe n’ibyo bita nucleocapsid.
The genome size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32 kilobases, one of the largest among RNA viruses.
Ingano y’akaremangingo ka za koronavirusi ibarirwa hagati ya kilobaze 26 na 32, ikaba ari zimwe muri virusi za RNA.
They have characteristic club-shaped spikes that project from their surface, which in electron micrographs create an image reminiscent of the solar corona from which their name derives.
Zirangwa n’uduhembe tw’ibinure turi hejuru yazo , aho utuce twazo tukora ishusho ya korona yo ku zuba akaba ari naho izina ryazo rituruka.
Coronaviruses were first discovered in the 1930s when an acute respiratory infection of domesticated chickens was shown to be caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV).
Virusi za korona zavumbuwe bwa mbere mu myaka yo mu 1930, ubwo hari hamaze kugaragazwa ko ubwandu bukomeye bwo mu buhumekero ku nkoko buterwa na virusi itera udusebe mu myanya y’ubuhumekero (IBV).
In the 1940s, two more animal coronaviruses, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), were isolated.Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s.
Mu myaka ya za 1940, hagaragaye izindi ndwra ebyiri za koronavirusi yo mu nyanaswa, iyo mu bwoko bwataka impyiko z’imbeba (MHV) na virusi yandurira muri gazi yo mu gifu (TGEV). Koronavirusi yo mu bantu yagaragaye muri za 1960.
The earliest ones studied were from human patients with the common cold, which were later named human coronavirus 229E and human coronavirus OC43.
iziheruka gukorwaho ubushakashatsi zari izisanzwe mu barwayi bafite ikibazo k’ibicurane, zahise zitwa koronavirusi zifata abantu zo mu bwoko bwa 229E na koronavirusi zo mu bantu zitwa OC43.
They were first imaged by Scottish virologist June Almeida at St. Thomas Hospital in London.
Zagaragajwe bwa mbere n’umuganga wize ibijyanye na virusi wo muri Sikotilandi muri Kamena ahitwa Almeida mu bitaro byitiriwe Mutagatifu Thomas l byo muri London.
Other human coronaviruses have since been identified, including SARS-CoV in 2003, HCoV NL63 in 2004, HKU1 in 2005, MERS-CoV in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019.
Guhera icyo gihe havumbuwe izindi koronavirusi, zirimo SARS-CoV muri 2003, HCoV NL63 muri 2004, HKU1 muri 2005, MERS-CoV muri 2012, na SARS-CoV-2 muri 2019.
Most of these have involved serious respiratory tract infections.
Inyinshi muri izi zitera indwara zikomeye z’ubuhumero.
The name was first used in 1968 by an informal group of virologists in the journal Nature to designate the new family of viruses.
Izina ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu mwaka wa 1968, rikoreshejwe n’itsinda ritazwi ry’abaganga b’indwara ziterwa na virusi mu kinyamakuru kitwa Nature bashaka kuvuga ubwoko bushya bwa virusi.
The name refers to the characteristic appearance of virions (the infective form of the virus) by electron microscopy, which have a fringe of large, bulbous surface projections creating an image reminiscent of a crown or of a solar corona.
Izina risobanura ibiranga virusi bigaragarira amaso (agace gafite ubushobozi bwo kwanduza virusi) biboneka hakoreshejwe mikorosikopi, ifite impande zagutse, ifite isura y’uruziga bituma igaragara nk’ifoto y’izuba .
This morphology is created by the viral spike peplomers, which are proteins on the surface of the virus.
Iyi sura igaragazwa n’amahembe, akaba ari intungabuzima ziba ziri inyuma kuri virusi.
Coronaviruses are large pleomorphic spherical particles with bulbous surface projections.
Za koranavirusi ni utubumbe tunini dufite amahembe.
The envelope of the virus in electron micrographs appears as a distinct pair of electron dense shells.The viral envelope consists of a lipid bilayer where the membrane (M), envelope (E) and spike (S) structural proteins are anchored.
ishusho ya Virusi nshya muri mikorosikopi igaragara nk’uduce duto twishyize hamwe. Virusi igizwe n’ikinure cy’imirasire ibiri aho intungabuzima z’igice k’inyuma (M), igice gikurikira igice k’inyuma(E)n’igisamahembe (S) ahaba hari intungamubiri.
The lipid bilayer envelope, membrane proteins, and nucleocapsid protect the virus when it is outside the host cell.
Ikinure cy’imirasire ibiri, intungabuzima z’igice k’inyuma hamwe n’ik’imbere birinda virusi iyo isohotse mu kinyabuzima cyayanduye .
Coronaviruses contain a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome.
Koronavirusi ifite uturemangingo twa RNA dufite ubuzima kandi tugiye umujyo umwe.
The genome size for coronaviruses ranges from 26.4 to 31.7 kilobases.
Ingano y’uturemangingo twa koronavirusi iri hagati ya kilobaze 26.4 na 31.7.
The genome size is one of the largest among RNA viruses.
Iyi niyo virusi ifite uturemangingo tunini ugereranyije n’izindi zo mu bwoko bwa RNA.
The open reading frames 1a and 1b, which occupy the first two-thirds of the genome, encode the replicase/transcriptase polyprotein.
Ibice bya mbere 1a na 1b , bikaba bifata umwanya ungana na bibiri bya gatatu bya virusi yose, bituma habaho iyororoka/ ikura ry’intungabuzima zitandukanye za virusi.
The replicase/transcriptase polyprotein self cleaves to form nonstructural proteins.The later reading frames encode the four major structural proteins: spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid.
Iyororoka/ ikura ry’intungabuzima zitandukanye ryikora kugira ngo habeho imiterere y’intungabuzima. Ibishashi bya nyuma bigizwe n’ibice bine by’ingenzi by’intungabuzima: Ihembe, igice k’inyuma,uruhu n’igice k’imbere.
Interspersed between these reading frames are the reading frames for the accessory proteins.
Ihuzwa ry’ibi bice rikorwa mu buryo butuma byose bishobora kubona uko zihura.
The number of accessory proteins and their function is unique depending on the specific coronavirus.
Umubare w’uduce duhuza ibyo bice n’akamaro katwo urihariye bitewe na koronavirusi runaka.
Infection begins when the viral spike (S) glycoprotein attaches to its complementary host cell receptor.
Ubwandu butangira kubaho iyo ihembe rya virusi (S) rihuye n’akaremangingo k’umubiri w’uwakira virusi .
After attachment, a protease of the host cell cleaves and activates the receptor-attached spike protein.
Nyuma yo guhura, akaremangingo k’uwakiriye virusi kicamo ibice hanyuma kagatuma habaho ikindi gice gishya gifite amahembe mu mubiri .
Depending on the host cell protease available, cleavage and activation allows the virus to enter the host cell by endocytosis or direct fusion of the viral envelop with the host membrane.On entry into the host cell, the virus particle is uncoated, and its genome enters the cell cytoplasm.
Bitewe n’uturemangingo turi mu mubiri w’ikinyabuzima cyakira, ishwanyagurika n’itangira ryo gukorwa kwa virusi bituma virusi yinjira mu mubiri ishongera cyangwa ihita yinjira mu mubiri w’uyanduye. Ikimara kwinjira mu mubiri, virusi iba idatwikirye kandi uturemangingo twayo twinjira mu kinyabuzima.
The host ribosome translates the initial overlapping open reading frame of the virus genome and forms a long polyprotein.
Akaremangingo kakiriye virusi gahindura imiterere yayo kakayihinduramo ikinure kirekire.
The polyprotein has its own proteases which cleave the polyprotein into multiple nonstructural proteins.
Icyo kinure gifite uturemangingo twacyo bwite dushwanyaguza icyo kinure kikavamo uturemangingo dutandukanye.
A number of the nonstructural proteins coalesce to form a multi-protein replicase-transcriptase complex (RTC).
Umubare w’uturemangingo dutandukanye turiyegeranya tugakora ikintu kimwe gishobora kororoka no gukura (RTC).
The main replicase-transcriptase protein is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp).
Ikinyabuzima gishobora kororoka no gukura gishingiye kuri RNA igizwe n’uturemangingo twayo dutandukanye (RdRp).
It is directly involved in the replication and transcription of RNA from an RNA strand.
Ihita ako kanya yinjira mu iyororoka n’ikura rya RNA yavuye mu ishwanyuka rya RNA.
The other nonstructural proteins in the complex assist in the replication and transcription process.
Utundi turemangingo dutandukanye tugira uruhare mu iyororoka n’ikura .
The exoribonuclease nonstructural protein, for instance, provides extra fidelity to replication by providing a proofreading function which the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase lacks.One of the main functions of the complex is to replicate the viral genome.
Uturemangingo tw’inyuma, urugero, two dukurikirana igikorwa cy’iyororoka tukareba icyo uturemangingo twa RNA twaba tubura. Akamaro katwo k’ibanze ni korora uturemangingo twa virusi.
RdRp directly mediates the synthesis of negative-sense genomic RNA from the positive-sense genomic RNA.
RdRp ihuza ako kanya uturemangingo duteye nabi n’uduteye neza.
This is followed by the replication of positive-sense genomic RNA from the negative-sense genomic RNA.
Ibi bikurikirwa n’iyororka ry’uturemangingo twa RNA duteye neza twari duyeye nabi mbere.
The other important function of the complex is to transcribe the viral genome.
Akandi kamaro k’ingenzi k’iryo tsinda ni uguhindagura akaremangingo ka virusi.
RdRp directly mediates the synthesis of negative-sense subgenomic RNA molecules from the positive-sense genomic RNA.
RdRp ihuza ako kanya uduce tw’uturemangingo duteye nabi twavuye uduteye neza.
This is followed by the transcription of these negative-sense subgenomic RNA molecules to their corresponding positive-sense mRNAs.
Ibi bikurikirwa n’ihindagurika ry’utu duce tw’uturemangingo twa RNA duteye nabi tugahuzwa n’uduteye neza twa mRNAs.
The replicated positive-sense genomic RNA becomes the genome of the progeny viruses.
Uturemangingo twaturutse mu iyororoka duhinduka tumwe mu tugize virusi.
The mRNAs are gene transcripts of the last third of the virus genome after the initial overlapping reading frame.
uturemangingo twa mRNAs ni udutce tw’utunyangingo tugize icya gatatu k’ikinure cya virusi cya mbere.
These mRNAs are translated by the host's ribosomes into the structural proteins and a number of accessory proteins.
Utu turemangingo twa mRNA duhindurirwa imiterere n’ikinyabuzima cyatwakiriye tugahita natwo dukora ikinyabuzima cyatwo kigizwe n’uturemangingo dutandukanye.
RNA translation occurs inside the endoplasmic reticulum.
Ihinduka rya RNA ribera mu gice k’imbere k’ikinyabuzima.
The viral structural proteins S, E, and M move along the secretory pathway into the Golgi intermediate compartment.
uduce tugize virusi aritwo S, E na M tugendana n’ururenda rwatwo rugakora inzira mucyo bita Golgi.
There, the M proteins direct most protein-protein interactions required for assembly of viruses following its binding to the nucleocapsid.
Aha, uduce tugize M tuyobora uduce ku tundi duce dukenewe na virusi bitewe n’imiterere y’igice k’imbere.
Progeny viruses are then released from the host cell by exocytosis through secretory vesicles.
Uduce tugize virusi duhita noneho turekurwa tugasohoka mu kinyabuzima cyatwakiriye twifashishije ururenda.
The interaction of the coronavirus spike protein with its complement host cell receptor is central in determining the tissue tropism, infectivity, and species range of the virus.
Ikorana ry’udutwe twa virusi hamwe n’akaremangingo k’ikinyabuzima cyayakiriye ni ikintu gishingirwaho mu kumenya imiterere , ubwandure, n’ibigize virusi.
The SARS coronavirus, for example, infects human cells by attaching to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor.
Koronavirusi ya SARS, urugero, igera mu turengingo tugize umubiri w’umuntu tuyihuza n’icyo bita “angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)” mu cyongereza.
The scientific name for coronavirus is Orthocoronavirinae or Coronavirinae.
Izina rya gihanga rya Koronavirusi ni “Orthocoronavirinae” cyangwa “Coronavirinae”.
Coronaviruses belong to the family of Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales, and realm Riboviria.
Koronavirusi ziri mu muryango wa “Coronaviridae”, “order Nidovirales”, na “realm Riboviria”.
Genus Betacoronavirus; type species: Murine coronavirus
Genus Betacoronavirus; ubwoko : koronavirusi ya mu mbeba
Species: Betacoronavirus 1 (Bovine Coronavirus, Human coronavirus OC43), Human coronavirus HKU1, Murine coronavirus, Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5, Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2), Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Hedgehog coronavirus 1 (EriCoV)
Ubwoko: Betacoronavirus 1 (Coronavirus yo mu nka, coronavirus OC43 yo mu Bantu),coronavirus HKU1 yo mu bantu, coronavirus yo mu mbeba, coronavirus HKU5 yo mu ducurama two mu bwoko bwa Pipistrellus, coronavirus HKU9 yo mu ducurama two mu bwoko bwa Rousettus, Indwara ikomeye y’igikatu ya coronavirus ifata inzira y’ubuhumekero (SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2), coronavirus HKU4 yo mu ducurama two mu bwoko bwa Tylonycteris, Indwara iboneka mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati ifitanye isano na coronavirus, coronavirus 1 (EriCoV) yo mu mbuni
Species: Beluga whale coronavirus SW1, Infectious bronchitis virus
Ubwoko: Beluga whale coronavirus SW1, virusi itera buronshite