atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV can survive in vitro for 48 hours in a dry environment and up to 5 days under 20 °C and 40%-50% humidity.
SARS-CoV fi MERS-CoV’n veetroo keessa sa’aatii 48tiif naannoo gogaa turuu danda’a akkasumas iddoo jiidhinsa 20 °C fi 40%-50% qabu jalatti hanga guyyaa 5 tura.
SARS-CoV-2 may possess similar properties.
SARS-CoV-2 amaloota walfakkaataa agarsiisuu malu.
It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 is sensitive to ultraviolet rays and heat at 56 °C for 30 minutes; ether, 75% ethanol, chlorine-containing disinfectant, peracetic acid, chloroform, and other fatty solvents, but not chlorhexidine, can effectively inactivate the virus.
SARS-CoV-2 xiyya altiraavaayoleetiitiif miirawaa akka ta’e gabaafame akkasumas daqiiqaa 30f hoo’a 56 °C’tti; iiter itaanolii 75%, keemikaala ilbiisa balleessu kan kilooriinii qabu, asiidii peraseetik, kilooroofoormi, fi bulbultootaa coomaa, garuu kiloorooheeksidiinii miti, vaayirasicha laaffisuu danda’a.
The entire human population generally lacks immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and hence is susceptible to the novel virus.
Dhalli namaa waliigalatti hanqina madiinummaa SARS-CoV-2 ittisuu waan qabuuf salphaatti vaayirasii haaraaf saaxilama.
Currently, no detailed study has been reported regarding the immunological response to SARS-CoV-2.
Yeroo kana, qorannoon gadi fagoon waa’ee deebii madiinummaa SARS-CoV-2 irratti gabaafame hin jiru.
Thus, we can only refer to previous studies on other CoVs, especially SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV (Fig. ​(Fig.4).4).
Kanaafuu, CoVs biraa irratti odeeffannoo duraanii qofa ilaalla, keessattuu SARS-CoV fi MERS-CoV (Fakkii. ​(Fakkii.4).4).
In general, after a virus invades the host, it is first recognized by the host innate immune system through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including C-type lectin-like receptors, Toll-like receptor (TLR), NOD-like receptor (NLR), and RIG-I-like receptor (RLR).
Walumaagalatti, erga vayirasiin baattoo faaleen booda, yeroo calqabaaf dandeettii dhukkuba ittisuu uumamaa nama sanaan karaa patern riilogniishin riisepter (PRR) beekamtiin ni kennamaaf, kan akka C-taayip leektin-laayik riisepter, Tool-laayik riisepter (TLR), NOD-laayik riisepter (NLR), fi RIG-I- laayik riisepter (RLR) dabalatee.
Through different pathways, the virus induces the expression of inflammatory factors, maturation of dendritic cells, and synthesis of type I interferons (IFNs) which limit the spreading of the virus and accelerate macrophage phagocytosis of viral antigens.
Karaawwan garaagaraa keessatti, vaayirasichi haal-dureewwan dhiita qaama irratti ba’uu, seelota farra qaamaa (dendritic cells) bilcheessuu, akkasumas oomisha interferons (IFNs) gosa I kan faffaca’insa vaayirasichaa daangessuufi farroota qaamaa vaayirasii macrophage phagocytosis saffisiisu kakaasa.
However, the N protein of SARS-CoV can help the virus escape from the immune responses.
Haa ta’u malee, N pirotiiniin SARS-CoV vaayirasiin akka deebii madiinummaa jalaa miliqu gargaaru danda’a.
Soon, the adaptive immune response joins the fight against the virus.
Dhihootti, deebiin madiinummaa madaqaan lola vaayirasicha ittisuuf godhamutti makame.
T lymphocytes including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells play an important role in the defense.
T lymphocytes CD4+ fi CD8+ dabalatee seelonni T (T cells) ittisa keessatti gahee barbaachisaa taphatu.
CD4+ T cells stimulate B cells to produce virus-specific antibodies, and CD8+ T cells directly kill virus-infected cells.
CD4+ T cells seelota B (B cells) akka isaan farroota qaama alagaa vaayirasii adda ba’e irratti hundaa’e oomishaniif si’eessu, CD8+ T cells immoo seelota vaayirasiin hubaman kallattiimaan ajjeesu.
T helper cells produce proinflammatory cytokines to help the defending cells.
Seeliin T helper saayikootinii ittisa madaa’iinsaa oomishuun ittisa seeliitiif gargaara.
However, CoV can inhibit T cell functions by inducing apoptosis of T cells.
Ta’us, CoV dalagaawwan seelii T (T cell) of-ajjeesuu seelii T kakaasuun ittisuu danda’a.
The humoral immunity including complements such as C3a and C5a and antibodies is also essential in combating the viral infection.
Madiinummaan qaama keessaa maddu mirkaneessituu kanneen akka C3a fi C5a akkasumas antiibodii fa’a of keessatti hammatuu dhukkuba vaayirasii ittisuuf murteessadha.
For example, antibodies isolated from a recovered patient neutralized MERS-CoV.
Fakkeenyaaf, antiiboodiin dhukkubsataa fayye irraa fudhatame MERS-CoV ni himbaabsa.
On the other hand, an overreaction of the immune system generates a large number of free radicals locally that can cause severe damages to the lungs and other organs, and, in the worst scenario, multi-organ failure and even death.
Gama biraatiin, garmalee wal nyaachuun madiinummaa lakkoofsa raadikaalaa olaanaa maddisiisuun sombaa fi qaama biraa garmalee hubuu danda’a, akkasumas, yoo cime, miidhamuu qaamota hedduu fi du’a hordofsiisuu kan danda’uudha.
The SARS-CoV-2 infection, featured by clustering onset, is more likely to affect elderly people with comorbidities and pregnant women.
Dhukkubni SARS-CoV-2, walitti qabamee jalqabuun kan amaleeffatame, caalaatti namoota maanguddoo dhibeewwan dabalataa qabaniifi dubartoota ulfa keessatti dhibbaa geessisuu malu.
It is common that for people who are exposed to a large number of viruses or whose immune functions are compromised, they have higher chance to be infected than others.
Namoonni vaayirasii garaagaraatiif saaxilaman yookaan rakkina madiinummaa qaban dhukkubsattoota kanneen biro caala carraa qabamuu olaanaa kan qaban akka ta’e beekamaadha.
The estimated mean incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 is 1-14 days, mostly 3-7 days based on a study of the first 425 cases in Wuhan.
Yeroon mallattoon SARS-CoV-2 itti muldhatu guyyoota 1-14ti, keessattuu guyyoota 3-7 qorannoo Wuhaanitti namoota 425 irratti gaggeeffame irratti hundaa’uun.
However, a study on 1,099 cases demonstrates that the incubation period was 3 days on average and ranged from 0 to 24 days.
Ta’us, qu’annoon dhimmoota 1,099 yeroon utuu mallattoon hin mul’atin turu giddugaleessaan guyyoota 3 fi guyyoota 0 hanga 24 ta’uu akka danda’u agarsiisa.
A more recent study, as described above, demonstrates that the incubation period was 4.8 (3.0-7.2) days based on the demography of 8,866 cases.
Qorannoon yeroo dhihootiin, akkuma armaan olitti dhihaatetti, yeroon walhoruu guyyoota 4.8 (3.0-7.2) akka ta’e baay’ina dhukkubsattootaa 8,866 irratti hundaa’uun agarsiifame.
It is very important for health authorities to adjust the effective quarantine time based on the most accurate incubation period, thus preventing infected but symptomless people from transmitting the virus to others.
Yeroo marsaa cal’isa dhibee sirriitti yeroo adda bahiinsaa qindeessuun hoggantoota fayyaatiif baay’ee barbaachisaadha, haaluma kanaan namoota vaayirasichaan qabamanii garuu mallattoo hin agarsiifne irraa gara nama biraatti akka hin dabarre ittisa.
As a common practice, individuals exposed to, or infected by, the virus are usually required to be quarantined for 14 days.
Akka bartee baramaatti, namoonni vaayirasichaaf saaxilaman yookaan vaayirasichaan hubaman yeroo baay’ee guyyoota 14’f qofaatti baafamuu qabu.
Should the quarantine time be extended to 24 days?
Yeroon qofaatti baafamuu guyyoota 24’f dheerachuu qabaa?
Fever is often the major and initial symptom of COVID-19, which can be accompanied by no symptom or other symptoms such as dry cough, shortness of breath, muscle ache, dizziness, headache, sore throat, rhinorrhea, chest pain, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.
Hoo’i qaamaa yeroo hunda COVID-19’f mallattoo hangafaa fi isa jalqabaati, mallattoo kan hin qabne yookaan mallattoolee biroo kanneen akka qufaa gogaa, harganuu dadhabuu, dhukkubbii irree, bowuu mataa, madaa’uu qoonqoo, furrii baay’isuu, dhukkubbii gateettii, baasaa, dhukkubbii garaa fi hoqqisuu qaba.
Some patients experienced dyspnea and/or hypoxemia one week after the onset of the disease.
Dhukkubsattoonni tokko tokko dhibeen irratti mul’atee torbaan tokko boooda rakkina hargansuu fi/yookaan hanqina qilleensa dhiiga keessatti argamuu agarsiisu.
In severe cases, patients quickly progressed to develop acute respiratory syndrome, septic shock, metabolic acidosis, and coagulopathy.
Taatee hamaa keessatti, dhukkubsatichi saffisaan gara mallattoo rakkoo hargansuu hamaa, hollannaa faalamaa, meetaaboliik asiidoosis, fi kooguloopaatii itti ce’a.
Patients with fever and/or respiratory symptoms and acute fever, even without pulmonary imaging abnormalities, should be screened for the virus for early diagnosis.
Dhukkubsataan hoo’a qaamaa fi/yookaan mallattoo rakkina hargansuu qabu fi hoo’a cimaa qabu, daranyoo sombaa agarsiisuu dhabaatus qorannaa jalqabaa irratti vaayirasichaaf adda bahuu qaba.
A demographic study in late December of 2019 showed that the percentages of the symptoms were 98% for fever, 76% for dry cough, 55% for dyspnea, and 3% for diarrhea; 8% of the patients required ventilation support.
Qu’annoon fayyaa uummataa dhuma Mudde 2019 keessaa dhibbeentaan mallattoolee 98% gubaa qaamaaf, 76% qufaa gogaaf, 55% hafuura baafachuu dadhabuuf, fi 3% garaa kaasaaf; 8% dhukkubsattootaa deeggarsa kenniinsa qilleensaa barbaadu turani.
Similar findings were reported in two recent studies of a family cluster and a cluster caused by transmission from an asymptomatic individual.
Argannoowwan wal-fakkaataan, qo’annaan dhihoo lama garee maatii fi garee tamsaasa warreen mallattoo hin agarsiifneen uumame irratti gabaafameera.
Comparably, a demographic study in 2012 showed that MERS-CoV patients also had fever (98%), dry cough (47%), and dyspnea (55%) as their main symptoms.
Walbira yoo qabamu, akka qorannoon bara 2012 ummatarratti godhame agarsiisutti dhukkubsataan MERS-CoV hoo’ina qaamaa (98%), qufaa gogaa (47%), fi hargansuu dadhabuu (55%) akka mallatto isaanii jalqabaatti qabaatu.
However, 80% of them required ventilation support, much more than COVID-19 patients and consistent with the higher lethality of MERS than of COVID-19.
Haa ta’u malee, 80% dhukkubsattoota COVID-19 caala gargaarsa meeshaa hargansuu barbaadu, akkasumas ajjeechaa MERS COVID-19 wajjiin dhaabbataadha
Diarrhea (26%) and sore throat (21%) were also observed with MERS patients.
Baasaa (26%) fi madaa’uu goroorroo (21%) dhukkubsataa MERS wajjiin argamuu danda’u.
In SARS patients, it has been demonstrated that fever (99%-100%), dry cough (29%-75%), dyspnea (40%-42%), diarrhea (20-25%), and sore throat (13-25%) were the major symptoms and ventilation support was required for approximately 14%-20% of the patients.
Dhukkubsattoota SARS keessa, hoo’I qaamaa (99%-100%), qufaa gogaa (29%-75%), rakkina hargansuu (40%-42%), gara kaasaa (20-25%), fi madaa qoonqoo (13-25%) mallattoo hangafaa fi gargaarsi hargansuu dhukkubsattoota hanga 14%-20%’tiif akka barbaachisu dhihaate.
By February 14, the mortality of COVID-19 was 2% when the confirmed cases reached 66,576 globally.
Guraandhala 14 dura, yeroo akka addunyaatti namoonni 66,576 qabamuun isaanii mirkanaa’e du’aatiin COVID-19 2% ture.
Comparably, the mortality of SARS by November 2002 was 10% of 8,096 confirmed cases.
Wal bira qabiinsaan, hammi du’aa SARS kan Sadaasa 2002 dhimmoota shakkaman 8,096 keessaa 10% dha.
For MERS, based on a demographic study in June 2012, the mortality was 37% of 2,494 confirmed cases.
MERS tiif, qu’annoo fayyaa uummataa Waxabajji 2012 keessaa irratti hundaa’uun, dhimmoota mirkanaa’an 2,494 keessaa hammi du’aa 37% ture.
An earlier study reported that the R0 of SARS-CoV-2 was as high as 6.47 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 5.71-7.23, whereas the R0 of SARS-CoV only ranged from 2 to 4.
Qorannoon haaraan akka gabaasetti R0’n SARS-CoV-2 hanga 6.47 olka’aa confidence interval (CI) 95% isa 5.71-7.23, R0’n SARS-CoV immoo 2 hanga 4 gidduutti qofa argama.
A comparison of SARS-CoV-2 with MERS-CoV and SARA-CoV regarding their symptoms, mortality, and R0 is presented in Table ​Table1.1.
Wal bira qabiinsi SARS-CoV-2 MERS-CoV fi SARA-CoV waliinii mallattoolee, hamma du’aa, fi R0 isaanii ilaalchisee Gabatee Gabatee1.1 keessatti dhiyaateera.
The above figures suggest that SARS-CoV-2 has a higher ability to spread than MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, but it is less lethal than the latter two.
Fakkiin armaan olii akka himutti SARS-CoV-2’n dandeettii MERS-CoV fi SARS-CoV caala tatamsa’uu qaba, garuu isaan lamaanii gaditti hamaadha.
Thus, it is much more challenging to control the epidemic of SARS-CoV-2 than those of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV.
Kanaafuu, weerara SARS-CoV-2 too’achuun isa MERS-CoV fi SARS-CoV caalaa cimaadha.
Clustered onset often happens in the same family or from the same gathering or vehicle such as a cruise ship.
Tuutaan qabamuun yeroo hunda kan muudatu maatii walfakkaataa keessatti yookaan walitti qabama walfakkaataa keessatti yookaan imala doonii keessatti.
Patients often have a history of travel or residence in Wuhan or other affected areas or contact with infected individuals or patients in the recent two weeks before the onset.
Dhukkubsattoonni yeroo baay'ee seenaa imalaa yookaan jiraattoota Wuhaan yookaan naannoolee faalaman biroo irraa yookaan namoota dhukkubsatan wajjiin waltuttuqan yookaan dhukkubsattoota qabamuun dura torban lamaan dhiheenyaa keessa jiran qabu.
However, it has been reported that people can carry the virus without symptoms longer than two weeks and cured patients discharged from hospitals can carry the virus again, which sends out an alarm to increase the time for quarantine.
Garuu, namoonni dhukkubaan qabaman mallattoo osoo hin muldhisin torban lamaa ol turuu akka danda’anii fi kanneen fayyanii hospitaalaa bahan lammata qabamuu akka danda’an gabaafame, kunis yeroon adda foo’insaa dheeressuuf ergaa akeekkachiisaa dabarsa.
Patients have normal or reduced number of peripheral white blood cells (especially lymphocytes) at the early stage.
Dhukkubsattoonni lakkoofsa seeliiwwan dhiiga adiii fiixee irratti argaman baramaa yookaan hir’ate (keessattuu lymphocytes) sadarkaa jalqabaatti qabu.
For example, lymphopenia with white blood cell count &lt; 4×109/L including lymphocyte count &lt; 1×109/L, and elevated aspartate aminotransferase levels and viremia were found in 1,099 COVID-19 patients.
Fakkeenyaaf, lakkoofsa liimfoopeeniyaa seelii dhiiga adii wajjiin &lt; 4×109/L lakkoofsa liimfoosaayit &lt; 1×109/L dabalatee, akkasumas sadarkaa asparteet amiinootiraanisferees olguddate fi viireemiyaa dhukkubsattoota COVID-19 1,099 keessati argame dabalatee.
The levels of liver and muscle enzymes and myoglobin were increased in the blood of some patients, and C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation were increased in the blood of most patients.
Sadarkaan inzaayimii tiruu fi irree fi maayigiloobiinii dhiiga dhukkubsattoota muraasaa keessatti ni dabala, akkasumas dhukkubsataan pirotiinii C-rii’aktiivii fi kuufamni eriitiroosaayit dhiiga dhukkubsattoota tokko tokkoo keessatti ni argamu.
In patients with severe cases, the level of D-dimer, a fibrin degradation product present in the blood, was elevated, and lymphocyte count was progressively reduced.
Dhukkubsattoota hammeenyaan dhukkubsatan, sadarkaa D-diimerii, keemikaala kan hir’isuu fi dhiiga keessatti argamu, ni dabale, akksumas lakkofsi leemfoosaayitii suuta suuta gadi bu’e.
Abnormalities in chest radiography are found in most COVID-19 patients and featured by bilateral patchy shadows or ground glass opacity in the lungs.
Raajii laphee keessatti waantotni hin baratamne dhukkubsattoota COVID-19 irra caalaa keessatti argamaniiru akkasumas haguuggii somba lachuu irratti bittinnaa’e yookaan sombawwan keessatti dukkana bifa burcuqqoo dhaabbatee fakkaatuun amaleeffamu.
Patients often develop an atypical pneumonia, acute lung injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Dhukkubsattoonni yeroo baay’ee michii sombaa sababni isaa hin beekamne, miidhamuu sombaa akka tasaa, akkasumas mallattoolee ukkaamamuu qaama hargansuu akka tasaa agarsiisu.
When ARDS happens, uncontrolled inflammation, fluid accumulation, and progressive fibrosis severely compromise the gas exchange.
Gaafa ARDS uumamu, dhiita to’annoo ala ta’e, kuufama dhangala’aa, akkasumas faaybiroosisii itti fufaan haala hammaataan geeddarinsa qilleensaa xiqqeessu.
Dysfunction of type-I and type-II pneumocytes decreases the surfactant level and increases surface tension, thus reducing the ability of the lungs to expand and heightening the risk of lung collapse.
Faayidalamee niimoosaayitii gosa-I fi gosa-II sadarkaa wantoota maddiirra qubatanii hir’isa akkasumas soda maddii dabala, haaluma kanaan dandeettii afuufamuu sombaa hir’isuunii fi balaa miidhamuu sombaa olkaasa.
Therefore, the worst chest radiographic findings often parallel the most severe extent of the disease.
Kanaafuu, argannoon raadiyoogiraafii ceekuu hamaan yeroo hunda hammeenya dhibichaatiin wal cinaa deema.
On February 18, 2020, the first pathological analysis of COVID-19 demonstrated the desquamation of pneumocytes, hyaline membrane formation, and interstitial lymphocyte infiltration, and multinucleated syncytial cells in the lungs of a patient who died of the disease, consistent with the pathology of viral infection and ARDS and similar to that of SARS and MERS patients.
Guraandhala 18, 2020 irratti, xiinxalliin calqabaa paatooloojikaalii COVID-19 irrattii kan agarsiise numoosaayiitiin luqqa’uu, membireeniin hayaaliin uumamuu, fi multinukletid siinkaayital seels somba dhukkubsattoota dhibee kanaan du’anii keessatti, qorannoo dhibee faalama vaayirasii waliin walitti fufaa fi ARDS fi dhukkubsatoota SARS and MERS waliin tokkuma.
The detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA via reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used as the major criteria for the diagnosis of COVID-19.
Argannoon RNA SARS-CoV-2 karaa reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)’n COVID-19 qorachuuf akka ulaagaa hangafaatti fayyada.
However, due to the high false-negative rate, which may accelerate the epidemic, clinical manifestations started to be used for diagnosis (which no longer solely relied on RT-PCR) in China on February 13, 2020.
Haa ta’u malee, sababa hamma nagatiivii sobaa, kan weeraricha hammeessuu danda’uutiin, agarsiifni kilinikaa yaalaaf oolu (kan RT-PCR irratti hin rarraane) gurraandhala 13, 2020 Chaayinaatti eegalame.
A similar situation also occurred with the diagnosis of SARS.
Qorannoo dhukkuba SARS keessattis haala walfakkaataatu uumame
Therefore, a combination of disease history, clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, and radiological findings is essential and imperative for making an effective diagnosis.
Kanaafuu, walitti qabamni seenaa dhukkubaa, agarsiisa kilinikaa, qorannoo laabiraatoorii, fi argannoowwan raadiyoolojii barbaachisoodha akkasumas qorannaa bu’a qabeessa gochuufis murteessoodha.
On February 14, 2020, the Feng Zhang group described a protocol of using the CRISPR-based SHERLOCK technique to detect SARS-CoV-2, which detects synthetic SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragments at 20 × 10-18 mol/L to 200 × 10-18 mol/L (10-100 copies per microliter of input) using a dipstick in less than an hour without requiring elaborate instrumentation.
Amajjii 14, 2020, gareen Feng Zhang akkaataa SHERLOCK CRISPR irratti hundaa’eef adeemsa haala itti fayyadama isaa SARS-CoV-2 tooftaa ittisu, kan qoqqoodaama 20 × 10-18 mol/L hanga 200 × 10-18 mol/L (baay’ina 10-100 maaykirooliitirii tokkoof) SARS-CoV-2 RNA meeshaa biraa osoo hin fayyadamin shallagduu gadi fageenyaa qofa barbaada.
Hopefully, the new technique can dramatically enhance the sensitivity and convenience if verified in clinical samples.
Abdii guutuun, malli haaraan yoo eddattoowwan kilinikaawaa keessatti mirkanaa’e haala ajaa’ibaan miirummaafi simannaa fooyyessa.
Due to the lack of experience with the novel CoV, physicians can mainly provide supportive care to COVID-19 patients, while attempting a variety of therapies that have been used or proposed before for the treatment of other CoVs such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and other viral diseases (Table ​(Table2).2).
Sababa hanqina muuxannoo novel CoV waliiniif, ogeessoti fayyaa caalaatti dhukkubsattoota COVID-19’f kunuunsa gargaarsaa dhiyeessu, yeroo wal’aansota gosa adda addaa kan faayidaarra oolanii turan yookaan isa dura kan wal’aansota CoVwwan kan biroo kanneen akka SARS-CoV fi MERS-CoV fi dhukkuboota vaayirasiin dhufan kan biroof karoorfame yaalanitti (Gabatee (Gabatee2).2).
These therapies include current and potential treatments with antiviral drugs, immunosuppressants, steroids, plasma from recovered patients, Chinese medicine, and psychological support.
Wal’aansonni kunniin wal’aansota yeroo ammaafi humna qaban qorichoota farra dhukkuboota vaayirasiin dhufan waliin, waantota madiinummaa qaamaa hir’isan, gosa qorichoota hormonii irraa hojjetaman (steroids), plaazmaa dhukkubsattoota bayyaannatan irraa, qorichoota Chaayinaa, akkasumas deeggarsa xiinsammuu hammatu.
Even plasma from recovered patients was proposed to be used for treatment.
Pilaazmaan dhukkubsataa dandamate irraa argamu tajaajila fayyaaf akka oolu eeramee ture.
Pharmaceutical companies are racing to develop antibodies and vaccines against the virus.
Dhaabbileen qoricha oomishan antiiboodiiwwanii fi qoricha talaallii oomishuuf fiigaa jiru.
SARS-CoV-2 mainly attacks the lungs in the beginning and probably also attacks, to a lesser degree, other organs that express ACE2, such as the gastrointestinal system and the kidneys.
SARS-CoV-2 jalqaba irratti hedduminaan sombawwan miidha akkasumas tarii, hammamtaa xiqqaan, qaamota biroo ACE2 agarsiisan, kanneen akka sirna garaachaafi mar’ummaanii fi kaleewwan miidhuu danda’a.
Nevertheless, respiratory dysfunction and failure are the major threat to the patients and the major cause of death.
Ta’us garuu, sirni hargansuu laafuu fi kufuun miidhaa cimaa kan fiduu fi du’aaf sababa kan ta’uudha.
Thus, respiratory support is critical to relieve the symptoms and save lives and includes general oxygen therapy, high-flow oxygen, noninvasive ventilation, and invasive mechanical ventilation depending on the severity of the disease.
Kanaafuu, gargaarsi hargansuu mallattoo laaffisuuf murteessaa fi lubbuu baraara akkasumas yaala oksijiinii waliigalaa, yaa’a oksijiinii olaanaa, hargansiiftuu addaan hin cinne, fi hargansiiftuu adda citaa hammeenya dhukkubaa irratti hundaa’uudhaan.
Patients with severe respiratory symptoms have to be supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), a modified cardiopulmonary bypass technique used for the treatment of life-threatening cardiac or respiratory failure.
Dhukkubsattoonni mallattoo miidhaa qaama hargansuu qaban extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)’dhaan gargaaramuu qabau, tooftaa hambisa onnee fi sombaa kan waldhaansa dhibee onnee fi daranyoo sombaaf akka oolu fooyya’eedha.
In addition, the maintenance of electrolyte balance, the prevention and treatment of secondary infection and septic shock, and the protection of the functions of the vital organs are also essential for SARS-CoV-2 patients.
Dabalataan, suphaan madaala elektiroolaayit, ittisuu fi waldhaanuu dhukkuba sadarkaa lammaffaa fi seeptik shook, fi kunuunsi tajaajila qaama murteessaatis dhukkubsattoota SARS-CoV-2’tiif barbaachisoodha.
It has been known that a cytokine storm results from an overreaction of the immune system in SARS and MERS patients.
Saaytookiin istoormiin wal nyaatinsa cimaa sirna madiinuma dhukkubsattoota SARS fi MERS irraa akka dhufu ni beekama.
Cytokine storm is a form of systemic inflammatory response featured by the release of a series of cytokines including TNFα, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ, and MCP-1.
Saayitookiin istoormiin adeemsa deebii madaa walitti aansa saayikotiiniitiin dabaalame TNFα, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ, fi MCP-1 fa’a hammatuudha.
These cytokines induce immune cells to release a vast number of free radicals which are the major cause of ARDS and multiple organ failure.
Cytokine nonni kunniin seelota dandeettii dhukkuba ittisuu qaban akka isaan raadikaala bilisaa lakkoofsaan guddaa ta’an kanneen sababa guddaa ARDS fi hojii dhaabuu qaamota baay’ee ta’an akka gadhiisaniif kakaasu.
Immunosuppression is essential in the treatment of cytokine storms, especially in severe patients.
Madiimummaa qaamaa humni isaa hir’ate wal’aansa baay’atee faca’uu cytokine keessatti barbaachisaadha, keessattuu dhukkubsattoota dhibeen itti hammaate keessatti.
Corticosteroids and tocilizumab, an anti-IL6 monoclonal antibody, have been used to treat cytokine storm.
Kortiikosterooyid fi tosilizumaab, antiiboodii moonookilonaal farra-IL6, saaytookiin istoormi fayyisuuf oolu.
Other immunosuppression treatments for cytokine storm include the modulation of T cell-directed immune response; the blockade of IFN-γ, IL-1, and TNF; JAK inhibition; blinatumomab; suppressor of cytokine signaling 4; and HDAC inhibitors.
Waldhaansonni madiinumma hir’isan saayitoosiiniitiif oolan kaneen biroo deebii madiinummaa T seeliin hogganamu; ittisa IFN-γ, IL-1, fi TNF; ittisa JAK; bilinaatumoomab; ittisa mallattoo saayitookiin siignaaliing 4; fi ittistoota HDAC.
Steroids, as immunosuppressants, were widely used in the treatment of SARS to reduce the severity of inflammatory damage.
Istirooyidii, akka hir’isa madiinummaatti, waldhaansa SARS keessatti hammeenya madaa’uun fiduu danda’uuf baldhinaan hojiirra oola.
However, steroids at high dosages were not beneficial to severe lung injury in SARS and COVID-19 patients.
Haa ta’u malee, istirooyidiin garmalee fudhatame dhukkubsattoota SARS fi COVID-19 miidhamaniif faayidaa hin qabu.
Instead, they may cause severe side effects, especially avascular osteonecrosis, dramatically affecting the prognosis.
Bakka sana, miidhaa cimaa geessuu malu, keessattuu avaaskular ostoneekroosis, bifa ajaa’ibsiisaa ta’een qorannoo dhibee irratti dhiibbaa fida.
Nevertheless, short courses of corticosteroids at low-to-moderate doses have been recommended to be used prudently for critically ill COVID-19 patients.
Ta’us, kallattii gabaabaan kostikosterooyid hammi fudhannaa-xiqqaa-hanga-giddugaleessaatti jiru namoota COVID-19 ‘iin ciminaan dhukkubsatan fayyaduuf ajajama.
At the time of writing, no effective antiviral therapy has been confirmed.
Yeroo barreeffamutti, wal’aansi farra dhukkuba vaayirasiin dhufuu bu’a qabeessi hin mirkanoofne.
However, intravenous administration with remdesivir, a nucleotide analog, has been found to be efficacious in an American patient with COVID-19.
Haa ta’u malee, hoggansa seelii dhiiga keessaa reemdesiviir wajjiin, tartiiba niwuuklootaayid, dhukkubsataa COVID-19 lammii Ameerikaa keessatti murteessaa ta’uun isaa mirkanaa’e.
Remdesivir is a novel antiviral drug developed by Gilead initially for the treatment of diseases caused by Ebola and Marlburg viruses.
Reemdesiivir qoricha farra vaayirasii haaraa jalqaba waldhaansa Iiboolaa fi vaayirasii Maarlibargiitiif Gilead’dhaan hojjatameedha.
Later, remdesivir also demonstrated possible inhibition of other single stranded RNA viruses including MERS and SARS viruses.
Booda, remdesivir dabalataan ittisa ta’uu danda’u kan vaayirasoota RNA kajiisa baaqqee ta’an kan biroo MERS fi SARS dabalatee agarsiiseera.
Based on these, Gilead has provided the compound to China to conduct a pair of trials on SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, and the results are highly anticipated.
Kunniin irratti hundaa’uun, Gilead yaaliiwwan cimdii namoota SARS-CoV-2’n hubaman irratti gaggeessuuf kompaawundicha Chaayinaatti dhiyeesseera, akkasumas firiiwwan haala ol’aanaan eegamu.
In addition, baricitinb, interferon-α, lopinavir/ritonavir, and ribavirin have been suggested as potential therapies for patients with acute respiratory symptoms.
Dabalataan, baarisitiimbi, interfiiroon-α, loopinaavir/ritonaavir, fi riibaaviriindhukkubsattoota sirna hargansuutiin qabamaniif akka waldhaansa cimaa ajajame.
Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, liver damage, and other adverse reactions can occur following combined therapy with lopinavir/ritonavir.
Wal’aansa lopinavir/ritonavir hordofuu waliin garaa kaasaan, locaan, balaqqamsiisaan, miidhamuun tiruu, akkasumas walnyaatinsoonni faallaa uumamuu danda’u.
The interaction of these treatments with other drugs used in the patients should be monitored carefully.
Walqunnamtiin waldhaansa kanneenii fi qorichoota biroo dhukkubsataan fayyadamu wajjiin godhamu ofeeggannoodhaan ta’uu qaba.
Plasma from recovered patients and antibody generation
Pilaasmaa dhukkubsataa dandamatee fi maddiinsa antiibodii irraa.
The collection of the blood from patients who recovered from a contagious disease to treat other patients suffering from the same disease or to protect healthy individuals from catching the disease has a long history.
Namoota dhukkubsatanii fayyan irraa dhiignii fuudhamee namoota dhukkuba walfakkaataan qabamaniif oolu yookaan namoonni fayyaan akka hin qabamne kunuunsuuf oolu seenaa dheeraa qaba.
Indeed, recovered patients often have a relatively high level of antibodies against the pathogen in their blood.
Dhugaatti, namoonni dhukkuba irraa dandamatan yeroo hunda wantoota dhibee fidan dhiiga isaanii keessa jiruuf farra qaama alaagaa olaanaa qabu.
Antibodies are an immunoglobulin (Ig) produced by B lymphocytes to fight pathogens and other foreign objects and they recognize unique molecules in the pathogens and neutralize them directly.
Farroonni qaama alagaa immunoglobulin (Ig) kan B lymphocytes dhaan waanta dhukkuba fiduufi waantota alaa kan biroo loluuf oomishamanidha akkasumas isaan waantota dhukkuba fidan keessatti molakiyuloota addaa adda baafatu akkasumas kallattiimaan miidhaa maleessa isaan taasisu.
Based on this, plasma was collected from the blood of a group of patients who recovered from COVID-19 and was injected into 10 seriously ill patients.
Kanarratti hundaa’uun, pilaazmaan dhiiga garee dhikkubsattoota COVID-19 irraa dandamatan irraa kan walitti qabamee namoota 10 garmalee dhukkubsataniif kenname.
Their symptoms improved within 24 hours, accompanied by reduced inflammation and viral loads and improved oxygen saturation in the blood.
Mallattoon isaanii sa’aatii 24 keessatti fooyya’a, hir’achuu dhukkubaa fi hamma vaayirasiifi fi oksijiiniin dhiiga keessatti itituu wajjiin wal qabata.
However, verification and clarification are necessary to propose the method for large-scale use before specific therapies are not yet developed.
Haa ta’u malee, mirkaneessuu fi ifa taasisuun hanga waldhaansi addaa hanga ammaatti hin guddatinitti tooftichi baldhinaan hojii irra oolchuun barbaachisaadha.
In addition, given the therapeutic effects, some disadvantages associated with the plasma should be considered carefully.
Dabalataan, miidhaa qorichi yaalaa fidurratti hundaa’uun, miidhaawwan pilaazmaa wajjiin walqabatan muraasni of eeggannoon ilaalamuu qabu.
For example, antibodies can overstimulate the immune response and cause cytokine release syndrome, which is potentially a life-threatening toxicity.
Fakkeenyaaf, aniiboodiin deebii madiinummaa hammaa olii fi mallattoo qoqqoodama seelii ,kan humnaan asiidummaa lubbuuf balaa qaban caalaatti kakaasuu ni danda’a.
The concentration of antibodies in the blood is usually low, and the demand for the plasma is large to treat critically ill patients.
Hammamtaan farroota qaama alagaa dhiiga keessaa yeroo baay’ee gadi aanaadha, akkasumas dhukkubsattoota baay’ee isaan dhukkubu wal’aanuuf barbaachisummaan plaazmaa guddaadha.
It is difficult to develop and produce specific antibodies rapidly enough to fight against a global epidemic.
Weerara addunyaa balleessuuf antibaayotikii gahaa saffisaan hojjachuu fi oomishuun baay’ee cimaadha.
Thus, it is more critical and practical to isolate B cells from recovered patients and identify the genetic codes encoding effective antibodies or screen for effective antibodies against essential proteins of the virus.
Kanaafuu, inni dhukkubsataa dandamate irraa seelii B adda baasuuf murteessaa fi hojiirra kan ooluu danda’uudha akkasumas jeeneetik koodii antiibaayotikii bu’a qabeessa jijjiiruuf yookaan antiibodii pirotiinii murteessaa vaayirasii faallaa jiru calala.
This way, we can readily scale up the production of the antibodies.
Karaa kanaan, oomisha farra qaama alaagaa dabaluu dandeenya.
TCM has been used to treat a variety of diseases in China for thousands of years.
TCM biyya Chaayinaatti dhukkuboota garagaraa waldhaanuuf waggota kumaatamaaf itti fayyadamamaa ture.
However, its effects largely rely on a combination of multiple components in a formula that varies depending on the diagnosis of a disease based on the theories of TCM.
Haa ta’u malee, miidhaan isaa caalmaatti walitti qabama qaama foormullaa keessaa kan qorannoo dhibee yaadrimee TCM irratti hundaa’u irratti hirkata.
Most of the effective components remain unknown or are vague as it is difficult to extract and verify such components or their optimal combinations.
Qaamonni murteessaan hedduun osoo hin beekamin hafan yookaan adda baasuuf waan cimuuf ni ulfaatu akkasumas qaama yookaan walitti qabama sana mirkaneessu.
Currently, due to the lack of effective and specific therapy for COVID-19, TCM has become one of the major alternative treatments for patients with light to moderate symptoms or for those who have recovered from severe stages.
Yeroo ammaa kana, hanqinni yaala addaa COVID-19 jiraachuun, dhukkkubsattoota mallattoo salphaa hanga jiddugaleessaa qabanii fi ciminaan dhukkusatanii dandamataniif TCM waldhaansa murteessaa ta’aa dhufe.
For example, Shu Feng Jie Du capsules and Lian Hua Qing Wen capsules were found to be effective for COVID-19 treatment.
Fakkeenyaaf, qorichi Shu Feng Jie Du fi qorichi Lian Hua Qing Wen waldhaansa COVID-19’tiif kan fayyadan ta’anii argaman.
Top cure rates in the treatment of COVID-19 patients were observed in several provinces in China that used TCM in 87% of their patients, including Gansu (63.7%), Ningxia (50%), and Hunan (50%), whereas Hubei province, which used TCM in only approximately 30% of its COVID-19 patients, had the lowest cure rate (13%).
Hammi yaala dhukkubsattoota COVID-19 kutaalee Chaayinaa hedduu keessatti maatii isaanii 87% keessatti TCM fayyadaman, (63.7%) Gaansuu, (50%) Ninjiyaa, fi (50%) Huunaan dabalatee, akkasumas kutaa Hubii, kanneen dhukkubsattoota COVID-19 isaatiif TCM 30%’tti dhihaatu qofa fayyadaman hamma yaalaa gadi aanaa (13%) qaba.
However, this is quite a rough comparison as many other impact factors such as the number and severity of the patients should be included in the evaluation.
Haa ta’u malee, kun dhiibbaawwan biroo kanneen akka lakkoofsaa fi hammeenya dhukkubsataa qoratamuu wajjiin yoo wal bira qabamu irra keessoo dha.
On February 18, 2020, Boli Zhang and coworkers published a study to compare western medicine (WM) treatment alone with combined treatment of WM and TCM.
Gurraandhala 18, 2020, Boli Zhang fi namoonni inni wajjiin hojjatu western medicine (WM) fi TCM qorannoon walmadaalchisu maxxanfamee ture.
They found that the times needed for body temperature recovery, symptom disappearance, and hospitalization were remarkably shorter in the WM+TCM group than in the WM only group.
Isaan yeroowwan fooyya’uu ho’ina qaamaaf, dhabamuu mallattoof, akkasumas wal’aansaaf gara hospitaalaatti erguuf barbaachisan haala ajaa’ibaan garee WM qofaa irra garee WM+TCM keessatti xiqqoo ta’uu argatan.
Most impressively, the rate for symptomatic worsening (from light to severe) was remarkably lower for the WM+TCM group than for the WM only group (7.4% versus 46.2%) and the mortality was lower in the WM+TCM group than WM only group (8.8% versus 39%).
Haala baay’ee dinqisiisaa ta’een, saffisni hammaachuu mallattoo qabaachuu (salphaa irraa gara hamaatti) haala ajaa’ibsiisaa ta’een garee WM qofaa irra garee WM+TCM tiif gadi aanaa dha (7.4% birqaba 46.2%) akkasumas hammi du’aa garee WM qofaa irra garee WM+TCM keessatti gadi aanaa dha (8.8% birqaba 39%).
Nevertheless, the efficacy and safety of TCM still await more well-controlled trials at larger scales and in more centers.
Ta’us garuu, nageenyummaa fi fayyadamummaan TCM ammas shaakala bal’aa giddugala bal’aatti ta’u eeggata.
It would also be intriguing to characterize the mechanism of actions and clarify the effective components of TCM treatments or their combinations if possible.
Tooftaawwan gochaalee amaleessuun akkasumas qaamota bu’a qabeessa wal’aansota TCM yookaan walitti makama isaanii yoo danda’ame ifa gochuun silaa dabalataan gammachiisaa ta’uu danda’a.
Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 mostly experience great fear of the highly contagious and even fatal disease, and quarantined people also experience boredom, loneliness, and anger.
Dhukkubsattoonni COVID-19’n qabamuun shakkaman yookiin beekaman irra caalaatti sodaa dhukkubba daddarbaa fi ajjeesaa qabu, akkasumas namoonni adda baafamanis miira nuffuu, kophummaa, fi aarii horatu.
Furthermore, symptoms of the infection such as fever, hypoxia, and cough as well as adverse effects of the treatments such as insomnia caused by corticosteroids can lead to more anxiety and mental distress.
Dabalataan, mallattooleen dhukkubichaa kan akka gubaa qaamaa, hanqina oksiijiniifi qufaa akkasumas bu’aaleen fallaa wal’aansotaa kan akka hirriba dhabuu corticosteroids dhaan dhufu yaaddoo danuufi cinqii sammuutti geessuu danda’u.
In the early phase of the SARS outbreak, a range of psychiatric morbidities including persistent depression, anxiety, panic attacks, psychomotor excitement, psychotic symptoms, delirium, and even suicidality were reported.
Sadarkaa jalqabaa jalqabbii SARS tti, hammamtaa dhukkuboota sammuu, walitti fufiinsaan cinqamuu, yaaddoo, sodaan miidhamuu, gammachuu sochiiwwan gochaa sammuu irraa maddan, mallattoolee dhibee sammuu, jeequmsa sammuu, akkasumas of-ajjeesunillee gabaafamaniiru.
Mandatory contact tracing and quarantine, as a part of the public health responses to the COVID-19 outbreak, can make people more anxious and guilty about the effects of the contagion, quarantine, and stigma on their families and friends.
Dirqamni tuttuqqaa barbaaduu fi addatti baasuu, akka qaama deebii fayyaa hawaasaa tatamsa’ina COVID-19’tiif godhamuutti, waa’ee miidhaa tatamsa’ina dhibee, adda foo’amuu, fi akkasumas maatii fi hiriyyoota biratti balaaleffatamuun ummata soda fi miira adabbii keessa galchuu danda’a.
Thus, mental health care should be provided to COVID-19 patients, suspected individuals, and people in contact with them as well as the general public who are in need.
Kanaafuu, tajaajilli fayyaa sammuu dhukkubsattoota COVID-19’tiif kennamuu qaba, namoota shakkaman, fi namoota isaan wajjiin walqunnaman akkasumas ummata barbaachisaa ta’eef kennamuu qaba.
The psychological support should include the establishment of multidisciplinary mental health teams, clear communications with regular and accurate updates about the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and treatment plans and the use of professional electronic devices and applications to avoid close contact with each other.
Deeggarsi xinsammuu hundeeffama gareewwan fayyummaa sammuu ogummaa garaagaraa, quunnamtiiwwan ifoo haareffama waa’ee jalqabbii SARS-CoV-2 yeroo maraafi sirrii ta’e akkasumas karoorota wal’aansaa fi ogummaan fayyadamiinsa meeshaawwan elektiroonikii fi fayyadamoota quunnamtii dhiyoo walii wajjinii dhorkan hammachuu qaba.
Effective vaccines are essential for interrupting the chain of transmission from animal reservoirs and infected humans to susceptible hosts and are often complementary to antiviral treatment in the control of epidemics caused by emerging viruses.
Talaalliin bu’a qabeessi funca tatamsa’iinsaa madda bineensaa irraa fi nama dhukkubichaan qabame irraa gara baattoo saaxilamoottii fi yeroo hunda too’annoo weerara vaayirasiiwwan lafaa dhufoo dhufaniitiif yaala farra vaayirasiitiif barbaachisaadha.
Efforts have been made to develop S protein-based vaccines to generate long-term and potent neutralizing antibodies and/or protective immunity against SARS-CoV.
Talaalliiwwan pirootinii S irratti hundaa’an dagaagsuuf farroota qaama alagaa cimoo giddu galeessa gochuu danda’an yeroo dheeraa fi/yookaan SARS-CoV irratti madiinummaa eeguu danda’an maddisiisuuf carraaqqiiwwan taasifamaniiru.
Live-attenuated vaccines have been evaluated in animal models for SARS.
Talaalliiwwan vaayirasii lubbuun keessa jiru irraa hojjetaman SARS’f moodelota bineensaa irratti gamaaggamamaniiru.
However, the in vivo efficacy of these vaccine candidates in elderly individuals and lethal-challenge models and their protection against zoonotic virus infection have yet to be determined before a clinical study is initiated.
Haa ta’u malee, yaaliin talaallii nama jaarsa irratti waan gaarii agarsiisee fi moodelii dhiibbaa-ajjeesaa fi ittisni isaan vaayirasii zoonootikiif godhan qorannoo kilinikaa dura murtaa’uu qaba.
This is probably because SARS died down 17 years ago and no new case has been reported since.
Kun sababa SARS waggoota 17 dura kan bade fi sana booda dhikkubsataan biraa hin argaminiifiidha.
In contrast, sporadic cases and clusters of MERS continue to occur in the Middle East and spread to other regions owing to the persistence of zoonotic sources in endemic areas.
Walbira qabuun, taateewwan baratamoo hin taanee fi gurmuun MERS Giddugala Bahaatti mul’achuu itti fufe fi naannoo biraatti tatamsa’e zoonoozikii naannawa sana irraa maddu irraa ka’uun.
Vaccination strategies have been developed for MERS by using inactivated virus, DNA plasmids, viral vectors, nanoparticles, virus-like particles and recombinant protein subunits and some have been evaluated in animal models.
Tooftaan talaallii MERS’f kan qophaa’e vaayirasii hin si’aayin, pilaasmidii DNA, baattota vaayirasii, naanoopaartikilii, wantoota vaayirasii fakkaatan fi galma kutaa pirotiinii fi muraasni moodela bineensotaa keessatti kan qorataman fayyadamuudhaan.
The development of a safe and effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 for non-immune individuals is an urgent and critical task for controlling the ongoing epidemic.
Namoota SARS-CoV-2 dhukkubsatanii madiinummaa gadi aanaa qabaniif talaalliin hojjatamu ariifachiisaa ta’uu qaba, fi hojiiwwan weerara deema jiru dhaabanis akkasuma.
However, it is challenging to overcome the difficulty because of the long period of time (averaged 18 months) needed for vaccine development and the dynamic variations of CoVs.
Haa ta’u malee, sababa dawaa talaallii uumuuf yeroo dheeraa (giddugaleessaan ji’a 18) fudhatuu fi jijijjiiramuu CoVs’tiin rakkina kana dhabamsiisuun cimaadha.
As a novel disease, COVID-19 has just started to manifest its full clinical course throughout thousands of patients.
Akka dhibee haaraatti, COVID-19 qorannoowwan isaa kan kilinikaa guutuu karaa dhukkubsattoota kumaatamaatiin qulqullaa’uu eegale.
In most cases, patients can recover gradually without sequelae.
Dhimmoota baay’ee keessatti, dhukkubsattoonni mudannoo dhibee biroo malee dhawaataan bayyaannachuu danda’u.
However, similar to SARS and MERS, COVID-19 is also associated with high morbidity and mortality in patients with severe cases.
Garuu, akkuma SARS fi MERS, akkasumas COVID-19 dhukkubsattoota haala hamaa keessa jiran keessatti dhukkubbii fi duuti isaa ni guddata.
Therefore, building a prognosis model for the disease is essential for health-care agencies to prioritize their services, especially in resource-constrained areas.
Kanaafuu, moodeelii maalummaa dhukkubaa raaju dhukkubichaaf ijaaruun ejensoota kunuunsa fayyaatiif tajaajiloota isaaniif akka dursa kennaniif, keessattuu iddoowwan hanqina qabeenyaatti barbaachisaadha.
Based on clinical studies reported thus far, the following factors may affect or be associated with the prognosis of COVID-19 patients (Table ​(Table33):
Gabaasa qorannoo kilinikaa darbe irratti hundaa’uun, dhiibbaaleen armaan gadii qorannaa mallattoo dhukkubsattoota COVID-19’tiif godhamuun hubamuu malu yookaan wajjiin walitti makamuu malu (Gabatee ​(Gabatee33):
Age: Age was the most important factor for the prognosis of SARS, which is also true for COVID-19.
Umrii: Umriin qorannaa SARS keessatti dhiibbaa guddaa kan qabuufi, COVID-19’fis akkasuma.
COVID-19 mainly happened at the age of 30-65 with 47.7% of those patients being over 50 in a study of 8,866 cases as described above.
COVID-19 hedduminaan umurii 30-65 tti uumame isaan keessaa qu’annoo dhimmoota 8,866 akka armaan oliitti addeeffamee keessatti 47.7% dhukkubsattoota umurii 50 oliiti.
Patients who required intensive care were more likely to have underlying comorbidities and complications and were significantly older than those who did not (at the median age of 66 versus 51), suggesting age as a prognostic factor for the outcome of COVID-19 patients.
Dhukkubsattoonni yaala fayyaa addaa barbaadan wantoota walxaxaa qabaachuu danda’u akkasumas umriidhaan kanneen biro umriin caalu (jiddugalaan umrii 66 fi 51), umriiwwan jedhaman dhukkubsattoota COVID-19 irratti miidhaa fidu tilmaama keessa galchuuni.
Sex: SARS-CoV-2 has infected more men than women (0.31/100,000 versus 0.27/100,000), as described above.
Saala: SARS-CoV-2 dubartoota caalaa dhiirota hube (0.31/100,000 birqaba 0.27/100,000), akka armaan olitti ibsametti.
Comorbidities and complications: Patients with COVID-19 who require intensive care are more likely to suffer from acute cardiac injury and arrhythmia.
Dhukkubootaafi dhibeewwan dabalataa dhukkubaan booda dhufan: Dhukkubsattoonni COVID-19 waliinii kan kunuunsa cimaa barbaadan miidhamuu onnee akka tasaatiifi toora rukuttaa onnee gadhiisuutiin caalaatti dararamuu danda’u.
Cardiac events were also the main reason for death in SARS patients.
Taateewwan dhukkuba onnee waliin walqabatanis dhukkubsattoota SARS keessatti sababa du’aa ijoo turani.
It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 can also bind to ACE2-positive cholangiocytes, which might lead to liver dysfunctions in COVID-19 patients.
SARS-CoV-2 koolanjoosaayitii pozatiivii ACE2 duuba akka jiru gabaafame, kunis dhukkubsattoota COVID-19 irratti miidhamuu tiruu fiduu danda’a.
It is worth noting that age and underlying disease are strongly correlated and might interfere with each other.
Umrii fi dhibeewwan jalaan jiran biroo ciminaan akka walqabatanii fi walitti bu’uu akka danda’an hubannoo gaafata.
Abnormal laboratory findings: The C-reactive protein (CRP) level in blood reflects the severity of inflammation or tissue injury and has been proposed to be a potential prognostic factor for disease, response to therapy, and ultimate recovery.
Qorannaa laabiraatoorii hin mirkanoofne: Sadarkaa C-reactive protein (CRP) dhiiga keessaa kan agarsiisu hammaachuun dhibee yookaan miidhamuun tishuu wantoota dhibee fiduu danda’an, kan waldhaansa deebisu, fi dandamachuu akka ta’an dhihaatee.
The correlation of CRP level to the severity and prognosis of COVID-19 has also been proposed.
Walitti dhufeenyi CRP’n hammeenyaa fi qorannaa COVID-19 wajjiin qabus dhihaate.
In addition, elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and creatine kinase (CK) may also help predict the outcome.
Dabalataan, elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), fi creatine kinase (CK) dabalataan bu’aa raaguuf gargaaruu malu.
These enzymes are expressed extensively in multiple organs, especially in the heart and liver, and are released during tissue damage.
Inzaayimoonni kunniin humnaan qaamota hedduu keessatti ibsamu, keessattuu onneefi tiruu, akkasumas yeroo miidhaa tishuutti gadhiifamu.
Thus, they are traditional markers for heart or liver dysfunctions.
Kanaafuu, miidhamuu onnee fi tiruutiif isaan agarsiiftuu aadaati.
Major clinical symptoms: Chest radiography and temporal progression of clinical symptoms should be considered together with the other issues for the prediction of outcomes and complications of COVID-19.
Mallattoolee kilinikaawaa gurguddoo: Raajiin laphee fi mallattooleen kilinikaawaa qabatamaan itti fufaa deeman dhimmoota kan biroo tilmaammii bu’aatiif akkasumas dhibeewwan dabalataa COVID-19’n uumaman wajjin tilmaama keessa galuu qabu.
Use of steroids: As described above, steroids are immunosuppressant commonly used as an adjunctive therapy for infectious diseases to reduce the severity of inflammatory damage.
Faayidaa istirooyidii: akka olitti ibsametti, istirooyidiin madiinummaa too’achuuf kan gargaaru yeroo hunda yaala dhibee daddarbaatiif fayyadu miidhaan madaan fidu hir’isa.
Since a high dosage of corticosteroids was widely used in severe SARS patients, many survivors suffered from avascular osteonecrosis with life-long disability and poor life quality.
Erga hammi fudhannaa olaanaa corticosteroids bal’inaan dhukkubsattoota SARS itti hammaate keessatti fayyadaa irra oolee, namoonni bayyaannatan baay’een dhukkuba goggoguu ujummoolee dhiigaa hanqina qaamaa umurii guutuufi haala jireenyaa gadi bu’aa waliin dararamani.
Thus, if needed, steroids should be used at low dosage and for a short time in COVID-19 patients.
Kanaafuu, yoo barbaachise, astirooyidiin bifa xiqqaa ta’eenii fi dhukkubsattoota COVID-19’tiinis yeroo gabaabaaf fudhatamuu qaba.