atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
On the other hand, it remains to be verified whether the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 decreases after passages in humans as in the cases of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
Gama biraanimmoo, yoo daddarbiinsi SARS-CoV-2, dhukkubbiin SARS-CoV fi MERS-CoV yoo hir’ate dhugummaan isaa bifa qulqullaa’een tura.
Finally, same as the other HCoVs, SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in fecal samples.
Xumurarratti, akkkuma HCoVs, SARS-CoV-2’nis naamunaawwan irratti argamuu arga’a.
Whether fecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 plays an important role as in the case of SARS-CoV at least under some circumstance remains to be clarified by future studies.
Waa’ee tatamsa’ina SARS-CoV-2 irratti ga’ee kan qabu bobbaa tuqanii yoo gara afaaniitti geessan daddarbuu isaati , waa’een SARS-CoV baayyeen isaa gara fuulduraatti qoratamee qulqullaa’uu qaba.
It is also of particularly great interest to see whether SARS-CoV-2 might exhibit seasonality as in the cases of community-acquired HCoVs.
SARS-CoV-2 akkuma HCoVs hawaasa keessaa argamuutti waqtiilee irratti hundaa’a moo miti kan jedhu ilaaluun addatti hawwataadha.
Nevertheless, the features of SARS-CoV-2 including its transmissibility, pathogenicity and sustainable spreading after passages in humans will be influential on the ultimate fate of the ongoing outbreak of COVID-19.
Kan ta’e ta’ee, haalli SARS-CoV-2 daddarbiinsasaa hammachuun, maddaa fi turfamuun faca’iinsa isaa namoota keessatti carraa xumuraa babal’achuu COVID-19 dhiibbaa uumuu danda’a.
All four community-acquired HCoVs causing mild symptoms have been well adapted to humans.
Dhibeen namarraa namatti daddarbu HCoVs hundi afranu mallattoolee salphaaf sababa ta’an namootaatti sirriitti madaqaniiru.
From another perspective, it might also be true that humans have been well adapted to these four HCoVs.
Gama biroon ammoo, namootni HCoVstti sirriitti madaquun isaanii dhugaa ta’uu danda’a.
In other words, both could be the survivors of ancient HCoV pandemics.
Jechoota biroon, lachan isaanii dandamattoota dhukkubbii HcoV durii ta’uu danda’u.
HCoVs that cause severe diseases in humans and humans who developed severe HCoV diseases have been eliminated.
HCoVs’iin dhukkuba cimaa nama keessatti uumuu danda’uu fi namoonni HCoV’iin sadarkaa olaanaatti dhukkubsatan dhabamsiifamanii jiru.
For this to happen, HCoVs have to replicate in humans to sufficient extent to allow the accumulation of adaptive mutations that counteract host restriction factors.
Kuni ta’uudhaaf, HCoVs namoota keessatti kuufama madaqqii latiinsaa kan dhorkaa baattoowwanii ittisu bakka buusuu qaba.
In this sense, the longer the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak persists and the more people that it infects, the greater chance that it will fully adapt to humans.
Miira kana keessatti, ededuma SARS-CoV-2n baballatuu fi haguma nama miidhu, namatti guutummaa guutuutti madaquu danda’a.
If it adapts well, its transmission in humans would be difficult to stop by quarantine or other infection control measures.
Yoo sirriitti bal’ate, daddarbiinsa isaa nama keessatti dhaabuuf turfata (quarantine) ykn safartuuwwan to’annoodhaan ulfaataa ta’uu mala.
For many years, the four community-acquired CoVs circulate in human populations, triggering common cold in immunocompetent subjects.
Waggoota baay’eedhaaf, dhibeewwan CoVs namarraa namatti darban afur hawaasa keessa naanna’u, sochii wal fakkaataa dandeettii ittisa qaamaa keessatti laafina fiduu malu.
These viruses do not need an animal reservoir.
Vaayirasottni kunneen kuufama bineensotaa hin barbaadan.
In contrast, highly pathogenic SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV have not adapted to humans well and their transmission within humans cannot be sustained.
Faallaa kanaa, SARS-CoV fi MERS-CoV humna dhukkuba daddabarsuu cimaa qaban fayyaa dhala namootatti hin madaqne, akkasumas dhala namaa gidduutti daddarbuun isaa itti fufiinsa hin qabu.
They need to maintain and propagate in their zoonotic reservoirs and seek the chance to spillover to susceptible human targets, possibly via one or more intermediate and amplifying hosts.
Isaan daddarbiinsa dhibee bineensarraa gara turfata isaanii keessatti namaa geggeessuu fi qopheessuu fi carraa dhangala’aa akeekkannaa namootaa, danda’amummaa gama tokkoo ykn daballii giddugaleessa baattoo caaluuti.
SARS-CoV-2 has features that are similar to both SARS-CoV/MERS-CoV and the four community-acquired HCoVs.
SARS-CoV-2 amala wal fakkaataa SARS-CoV/MERS-CoV lachanuu fi dhibeewwan HCoVs namarraa namatti darban arfan.
It is highly transmissible like community-acquired HCoVs, at least for the time being.
Yoo xinnaate yeroo jalqabaatii kaasee Innis akkuma HCoVs baayyee dhukkuba daddarbaadha.
However, it is more pathogenic than community-acquired HCoVs and less pathogenic than SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV.
Haa ta’u malee, HCoVs haasa irraa dhufuu caalaatti dhukkuba kan fidu yoo ta’u SARS-CoV yookaan MERS-CoV wajjiin yoo madaalamu garu xiqqaadha.
It remains to be seen whether it will adapt fully to humans and circulate within humans without a reservoir or intermediate animal host.
Namatti guutumatti kan madaquu fi mandhee bineensan alatti nama gidduutti kan naanna’u ta’uu ammas waan ilaalamaa jiruudha.
Before discussing the animal origins of HCoVs, it will serve us well to discuss the definitions and characteristics of evolutionary, natural, reservoir, intermediate and amplifying hosts of HCoVs.
Utuu gosa bineensaa HCoVs’f sababa ta’e hin mari’atiin dura, waa’ee hiikoofi amala, uumamsa, tursiisa, giddugaleessaa fi dabaliinsa baattoo HCoVs mari’achuun nu fayyada.
An animal serves as the evolutionary host of an HCoV if it harbours a closely related ancestor sharing high homology at the level of nucleotide sequence.
Bineensichi yoo kuufama bishaaniitti siqate firooma sadarkaa nuukilootaayidiitti jabaa qooddachuun akka baattoo adeemsa keessaa HCoVtti tajaajila.
The ancestral virus is usually well adapted and non-pathogenic in this host.
Vaayirasiin sanyii durii yeroo mara madaqoodha.
Likewise, a reservoir host harbours HCoV continuously and for long term.
Dabalataan, kuusaan HCoV itti fufiinsaanii fi yeroo dheeraaf keessummeessa.
In both cases, the hosts are naturally infected and are the natural hosts of HCoV or its parental virus.
Dhibeewwan lachanuu keessatti, battonni uumamaan faalamoo fi uumamaan baattoo HCoV ykn vayirasii fakkaattooti.
In contrast, if the HCoV is newly introduced to an intermediate host right before or around its introduction to humans, it is not well adapted to the new host and is often pathogenic.
Garaagarummaa keessatti, HCoV’n haaraa gara baattoo giddu galeessaatti omishame dura ykn naannawaa seensa gara namaatti, madaqqiin baattoo haaraa hin geggeeffamne, daddarbiinsis mudachuu danda’a.
This intermediate host can serve as the zoonotic source of human infection and play the role of an amplifying host by allowing the virus to replicate transiently and then transmitting it to humans to amplify the scale of human infection.
Fudhattuu saffisaa kun akka madda dhukkubsachuu dhala namaatti tajaajila, akkasumas vaayirasiin akka walhoru hayyamuudhaan gahee fudhattuu cimaan taphata, gara namootattis tamsaasuun dhala namaa saaxila.
An HCoV can undergo a dead-end infection if it cannot sustain its transmission within the intermediate host.
HCoVn daddarbiinsa baattoo giddugaleessaa isaa yoo turfachuu baate gara dhibee du’ee dhumee jelatti galuu danda’a.
On the contrary, HCoVs can also adapt to the intermediate host and even establish long-term endemicity.
Faallaa kanaan, HCoVs mandhee giddugaleessaattis ni madaqa akkasumas weerarummaa yeroo dheeraas fiduu danda’a.
In this case, the intermediate host becomes a natural reservoir host.
Kana keessatti, keessummeessaan giddugaleessaa gara kuusaaa keessummeessaa umamaatti dhufa.
Epidemiological data revealed retrospectively that the index case of SARS had a contact history with game animals.
Qorannoo dhibee daddarbaa akka ifa godhetti dhukkubsattoonni SARS bineensota adamoo irratti ajjeefaman wajjiin wal xuxxuqqii qabu.
Subsequent seroprevalence investigations indicated that animal traders had a higher prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV IgG compared with that of the general population.
Tartiibi qorannoo akka agarsiisetti daldaltoonni bineensotaa anti-SARS-CoV IgG ummata waliigalaa waliin wal bira qabamee faffaca’iinsa olaanaa qaba.
Masked palm civets (Paguma larvata) and a racoon dog in live animal markets were first identified to carry SARS-CoV-like viruses that are almost identical to SARS-CoV.
Siiveetiin (paagumaa larvaataa) fi sareen raakoon vaayirasii SARS-CoV kan SARS-CoV’dhaan walfakkaataa ta’e akka daddabarsan jalqaba kan adda bahe gabaa bibeensotaatti.
This was indirectly supported by the fact that no further SARS was reported after killing all civets in the markets.
Kun alkallattiidhaan haqa dabalataa SARS erga xirinyiiwwan hunda gabaa keessatti ajjeesee booda hin gabaafamne jedhuun deggerame.
However, it has been reported that masked palm civets from the wild or farms without exposure to the live animal markets were largely negative for SARS-CoV, suggesting that masked palm civets might only serve as the intermediate amplifying host but not the natural reservoir of SARS-CoV.
Haa ta’u malee, bineensi siiveetiin osoo gabaatti bahuu dhabaate SARS-CoV’f nagatiivii ture, siiveetiin SARS-CoV’f gargaaraa yerooti malee haguuga uumamaa akka hin taane himama.
Notably, since 80% of the different animals in the markets in Guangzhou have anti-SARS-CoV antibodies, the possibilities that multiple species of small mammals might also serve as intermediate amplifying hosts of SARS-CoV cannot be excluded.
Waanti beekamaan, bineenldota garaagaraa gabaa Guwanzyowuu keessaa 80%n dandeettii dandamattummaa yoo qabaatan, carraan ta’umsaa sanyiin hoosistoota xixiqqoos akka dabaltoo baattoo giddu-galeessaa SARS-CoVtti tajaajiluu maluun isaanii hammatamuu dhiisuu hin danda’u.
All of these appear to be dead-end hosts of SARS-CoV.
Kun hundumtuu kan agarsiisutti baattuu dhumaa SARS-CoV ta’uudha.
Subsequent search for the natural animal host of SARS-CoV unveiled a closely related bat CoV, termed SARS-related Rhinolophus bat CoV HKU3 (SARSr-Rh-BatCoV HKU3), which exists in Chinese horseshoe bats.
Barbaachi itti aansee bineensa uumamaa golga SARS-CoV’tiif CoV simbira halkanii ta’uu ifa bahe, raayinoolopasii simbira halkanii CoV HKU3 (SARSr-Rh-BatCoV HKU3) SARS’tti dhihaatu, kan argamu kephee fardaa Chaayinaa keessatti.
These bats are positive for anti-SARS-CoV antibodies and genome sequence of SARSr-Rh-BatCoV HKU3.
Simbiroonni halkanii kunneen farra dhibee farra-SARS-CoV’tii fi tartiiba jiinii SARSr-Rh-BatCoV HKU3’tiif pozitiiviidha.
This and other bat CoVs share 88-92% nucleotide sequence homology with SARS-CoV.
Kunii fi simbira halkanii biroon CoVs, nuukilootaayidii firoomaa 88-92% SARS-CoV waliin qooddatu.
These studies have laid the foundation for the new concept that bats host emerging human pathogens.
simbiroonni halkanii wantoota dhala namaatti dhukkuba fiduu danda’an akka qabdu qorannoowwan kunneen bu’uura kaa’anii jiru.
Several SARS-like CoVs (SL-CoVs) have also been identified from bats, but none except for one designated WIV1 can be isolated as live virus.
SARS’wwan baayyeen kanneen akka CoVs (SL-CoVs)’s simbira halkanii irraa adda ba’aniiru, garuu qindeeffama WIV1 tokko irraan kan hafe akka vaayirasii jiruutti adda ba’u.
Human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is known to be the receptor of SARS-CoV.
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)’n namaa jedhamee kan beekamu SARS-CoV fudhata.
WIV1 derived from fecal sample of bats was demonstrated to use bat, civet and human ACE2 as receptor for cell entry.
WIV1 fuula simbiroota halkanii irraa fudhatamu simbira halkanii, siiveetii fi ACE2 dhala namaa akka qabuu seeliitti fayyadama.
Intriguingly, sera of convalescent SARS patients were capable of neutralizing WIV1.
Bifa gamachiisaan, dandamannaan dhukkubsattoota dhibee SARS, WIV1 himbaabsessuu danda’a.
Thus far, WIV1 represents the most closely related ancestor of SARS-CoV in bats, sharing 95% nucleotide sequence homology.
Haala ilaalame kanaan, WIV1 hangafa SARS-CoV simbira halkanii keessatti walitti siqeenyaan bakka bu’a, tarreeffama firoomaa nuukilootaayidii 95% qooddachuun.
Albeit the high homology between these two viruses, it is generally believed that WIV1 is not the immediate parental virus of SARS-CoV and bats are not the immediate reservoir host of SARS-CoV.
Firoommiin viiyirasiiwwan lamman gidduu olaanaa yoo ta’ellee, walumaagalatti WIV1n maatii vaayirasii battalaa baattoo SARS-CoV akka ta’eefi simbirri halkanii baattoo tirsiistuu battalaa SARS-CoV akka hin taanetu amanama.
Phylogenetic analysis clusters MERS-CoV to the same group as bat CoV-HKU4 and bat CoV-HKU5.
Walitti qabamni jiinii MERS-CoV kan simbira halkanii CoV-HKU4 fi simbira halkanii CoV-HKU5 waliin garee wal-fakkaataadha.
Bat CoV-HKU4 and MERS-CoV utilize the same host receptor, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), for virus entry.
Qabduun CoV-HKU4 fi MERS-CoV fudhattuu keessummeessaa walfakkaataa fayyadama, peeptiidesii daayipeptiidesii 4 (DPP4), galumsa vaayirasiif
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase sequences of MERS-CoV are phylogenetically closer to counterparts in bat beta-CoVs identified from Europe and Africa.
RNA- hirkataa RNA pooliimerasii dabaree MERS-CoV qaamota simbira halkaniitti siqeenyaan beta-CoVs awurooppaa fi Afrikaa keessaa adda ba’e.
Up to now, no live MERS-CoV can be found in wild bats.
Haga ammaatti, MERS-CoVn jiru simbira halkanii keessatti hin argamu.
MERS-CoV and its closest relative bat CoV-HKU25 share only 87% nucleotide sequence homology.
MERS-CoV fi CoV-HKU25 kan simbira halkanii irraa dhufu baayyee walitti siqu, niwukilootaayidii 87% waliin qooddatu.
Thus, bats might not be the immediate reservoir host of MERS-CoV.
Haala kanaan, simbiroonni halkanii baattuu battalaa MERS-CoV hin ta’u.
On the other hand, studies in Middle East have shown that dromedary camels are seropositive for MERS-CoV-specific neutralizing antibodies, same as camels of Middle East origin in multiple African countries.
Gama harka biroon, qorannoo baha giddu-galeessaa akka agarsiisetti gaalonni sunneen akkuma gaalota baha giddugaleesssa hundeeffama biyyoota afrikaa baay’ee keessaa MERS-CoV-dhaaf dandamannaarratti hubamoo miti.
Live MERS-CoV identical to the virus found in humans was isolated from the nasal swabs of dromedary camels, further indicating that camels serve as the bona fide reservoir host of MERS-CoV.
MERS-CoV vayirasiin jedhamu, kan nama keessatti argamu naamunaa funyaan gaalaa keessaa argameen adda ba’e, kunis kan inni agarsiise gaalonni kun akka baattuu MERS-CoV ta’uun gargaaru.
It is also noteworthy that generally mild symptoms but massive virus shedding were observed in camels experimentally infected with MERS-CoV.
Walumaa galatti mallattoolee sasalphoon garuu vaayirasii jaboo ta’an dhangala’uun gaalota keessatti dhibeen MERS-CoV qorannoon argameera.
Notably, infected camels shed viruses not only through respiratory route but also through fecal-oral route, which is also the main route for virus shedding from bats.
Waanti baramaan, gaalonni dhibichaan faalaman vaayirasii dhangala’oo karaa sirna harkansuu keessa qofa miti, garuu karaa afaaniitis, kunis karaa guddaa inni simbira halkanii irraa babal’achaa jiruudha.
However, questions still remain since many confirmed cases of MERS have no contact history with camels prior to symptom onset, plausibly ascribed to human-to-human transmission or unknown transmission routes involving unrecognized animal species that harbour MERS-CoV.
Kana ta’u iyyuu, amma har’aatti gaaffii kan ta’u namoonni vaayirasii kanaan qabamuun isaanii mirkanaa’e baayyee isaanii gaalota waliin tuttuqqaa kan hin qabneedha. Baayyeen akka amanitti namaa gara namaatti darbe jedhaniiti, kaan immoo lubbu qabeeyyii biroo MERS-CoV keessa jiraatu.
SARS-CoV-2 shares 96.2% nucleotide homology with a bat CoV RaTG13 isolated from Rhinolophus affinis bats.
SARS-CoV-2’n hoomooloojii niwukilotaayidii 96.2% CoV RaTG13 waliin qooddatee, wiirtuu simbira halkanii riinooloofasii irraa adda ba’a.
As in the cases of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, the sequence divergence between SARS-CoV-2 and RaTG13 is too great to assign parental relationship.
Akka dhibeewwan SARS-CoV fi MERS-CoV keessatti, garaagarummaan tarreeffame SARS-CoV-2 fi RaTG13 gidduu jiru hariiroo maatii jelatti ramaduuf baay’ee gaariidha.
That is to say, bats might not be the immediate reservoir host(s) of SARS-CoV-2 unless almost identical bat CoVs are found in future.
Kana jechuun, simbirri halkanii baattuu hatattamaa SARS-CoV-2 ta’uu akka hin dandeenye agarsiisa, gara fuulduraatti CoVs simbira halkanii wal fakkaataan argamuu danda’a.
Presumably, the intermediate animal hosts of SARS-CoV-2 should be among the wildlife species sold and killed at the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, with which many of the initial cases of COVID-19 were associated, indicative of a probable animal-to-human transmission event.
Tarii akka tilmaamamutti, bineensonni baattoon giddugaleessaa SARS-CoV-2 sanyiiwwan lubbuqabeeyyii bosonaa warra gurguramanii fi bakka gabaa gurgurtaa nyaataa Huwaanaanitti ajjeefaman keessaati, sababoota COVID-19 hedduu jalqabaa wajjin qindatee, tarii mudannoo bineeldaa-gara-namaa ta’uunsaa hubatamuu danda’a.
Several recent studies based on metagenomic sequencing have suggested that a group of endangered small mammals known as pangolins (Manis javanica) could also harbour ancestral beta-CoVs related to SARS-CoV-2.
Qorannoowwan dhiheenya kanaa kan meetaajenoomik irratti hundaa’an garee bineensa hoosiftootaa hamaan paangoliis (Manis javanica) jedhamu beta-CoVs SARS-CoV-2 dhihaatu.
These novel pangolin CoV genomes share 85-92% nucleotide sequence homology with SARS-CoV-2.
Paangoliinii haaraan kunneen jiinii dabaree firooma nuukilootaayidii CoV 85-92%, SARS-CoV-2 wallin qooddatu.
However, they are equally closely related to RaTG13 with about 90% identity at the level of nucleotide sequence.
Haa ta’u malee, isaan gara RaTG13ntti walqixa naannoo 90% addummaa sadarkaa nuukilootaayidiitti siqu.
They cluster into two sub-lineages of SARS-CoV-2-like viruses in the phylogenetic tree, one of which share a more similar receptor binding domain (RBD) with SARS-CoV-2, with 97.4% amino acid sequence identity.
Gara qindatiinsa sanyii SARS-CoV-2 kan akka vaayirasoota muka fiiloojeenitikii, fudhattuu walfakkaataa kan (RBD) wajjin SARS-CoV-2 walqabsiisuun, tarree addummaa amino asiidii 97.4%.
In stark contrast, the RBDs of SARS-CoV-2 and RaTG13 are more divergent, albeit a higher degree of sequence homology genome-wide.
Faallaa kanaan, RBDs of SARS-CoV-2 fi RaTG13 caalaatti ni babal’atu, guutuu jiinii keessatti digiriin walfakkeenya tartiibaa olaanaa ta’us.
An earlier study on diseased pangolins also reported the detection of viral contigs from lung samples, which turn out to be similarly related to SARS-CoV-2.
Qorannoon duraa paangooliinii dhukkubsatan irratti geggeeffame naamunaa sombaa irraa fuudhamee mirkanaa’e, kunis SARS-CoV-2 waliin wa fakkaata.
This study adopted different assembly methods and manual curation to generate a partial genome sequence comprising about 86.3% of the full-length viral genome.
Qo’annoon kun tooftaalee fi qajeelfama tartiiba gosa jiinii maddisiisuuf kan fayyaduu fi Jiinii vaayirasii guutuu 86.3% of keessaa qaba.
We cannot exclude the possibility that pangolin is one of the intermediate animal hosts of SARS-CoV-2.
Paangoliin baattoo SARS-CoV-2 ta’uu danda’uusaa hammachiisuu dandeenya.
However, currently there is no evidence in support of a direct pangolin origin of SARS-CoV-2 due to the sequence divergence between SARS-CoV-2 and pangolin SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs.
Haa ta’uyyuu malee, ammaaf ragaan kallattii bakka argama SARS-CoV-2 ibsu hin jiru. Kunis sababa hojiin adda baasuu SARS-CoV-2 fi paangoliinii SARS-CoV-2 CoVs’tti siqatuufidha.
In addition, the distance between SARS-CoV-2 and RaTG13 is even shorter than that between SARS-CoV-2 and pangolin SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs.
Dabalataan, fageenyi SARS-CoV-2 fi RaTG13 gidduu jiru kan SARS-CoV-2 fi pangolin SARS-CoV-2-kan wal-qabatan beta-CoVs irra gabaabaadha.
The evolutionary pathway of SARS-CoV-2 in bats, pangolins and other mammals remains to be established.
Karaan daddarbiinsa SARS-CoV-2 simbira halkanii keessatti, paangoliinii fi hoosistoonni gara biroon dhaabbatanii turu.
Whereas the highest sequence homology has been found in the RBDs between SARS-CoV-2 and pangolin, SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs, SARS-CoV-2 and RaTG13 share the highest genome-wide sequence homology.
gama biraatin gostokkeen RBDs SARS-CoV-2 fi pangolin jidduu jiru keessattu argama, beta-CoVs SARS-CoV-2-‘tti dhihaatu, SARS-CoV-2 fi RaTG13 waliigala jiinii keessatti gostokke walitti fufaa qooddattu.
It is highly speculative that the high degree of similarity between the RBDs of pangolin SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs and SARS-CoV-2 is driven by selectivity-mediated convergent evolution.
Digirii olka’aan RBD paangoliinii filannoo adeemsa jijjiiramaa SARS-CoV-2 beta-CoVs fi SARS-CoV-2n waliin walitti siqu tilmaammiidha.
A counter-proposal is in favour of a recombination between a pangolin SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoV and RaTG13 in the third wild animal species.
Baattuun qophii qindatiinsa haaraa paangooliinii pangolin SARS-CoV-2-garabeta-CoV fi RaTG13 sanyii bineensotaa sadii keessa.
As a driving force in evolution, recombination is widespread among beta-CoVs.
Akka humna geggeessituu jijjiirama suutaatti, qindatiinsi haaraan MERS-CoV- keeessatti baballataadha.
The jury is still out on the immediate zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2.
Salganeen ammayyuu argama battalaa SARS-CoV-2 zonotikoon ala.
Besides the highly pathogenic HCoVs, the zoonotic origin of HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 have also been studied.
Kana biratti maxxantoota bayyee dhukkuba fiduu danda’an kan akka HCoVs, kan bineeldota irraa gara namaatti daddarban HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63 fi HCoV-HKU1 warreen kunis qoratamuu qabu.
Phylogenetic evidence indicated that both HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E might have originated from bat CoVs, while the parental viruses of HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 have been found in rodents.
Akka ragaan fiiloojeeneetik ibsutti HCoV-NL63 fi HCoV-229E’iis CoVs simbira halkanii irraa madduu danda’u, yeroo maatiin vaayirasii HCoV-OC43 fi HCoV-HKU1 tuqaa keessatti argaman.
It has been reported that a bat CoV termed ARCoV.2 (Appalachian Ridge CoV) detected in North American tricolored bat displayed close relationship with HCoV-NL63.
Akka gabaafametti CoV ‘tu ARCoV.2’tti moggaafame. Gaara Appalaakiyaan CoV Amerikaa kaabaa keessatti argama. Hariiroo jabaas HCoV-NL63 waliin qaba.
On the other hand, HCoV-229E was genetically related to another bat CoV, termed Hipposideros/GhanaKwam/19/2008, which was detected in Ghana, while camelids have also been suspected as its intermediate host.
Gama biroon, HCoV-229E uumamasaan CoV biroo waliin walitti siqata, moggaasnisaas Hipposideros /GhanaKwam/19/2008, Gaanaa keessatti kan argameefi utuu kaamelidsi keessummeessaa giddu galeessaa afeeruu jedhamee eegama.
For clarity, the current knowledge on animal origins of known HCoVs is summarized in Figure ​1 and Table 2.
Qulqullinaaf, amma beekumsi bineeldota irraa dhufe jedhamee kan beekame HCoVs fakkii 1 fi gabatee 2 irratti gudunfameejira.
Phylogenetic analysis has provided evidence for interspecies transmission events of HCoVs in the history.
Xiinxalli filoogeeneetikii sanyiiwwan dhibeewwan daddarboo keessoo mudanno HCoVs seenaa keessaaf ragaa argamsiiseera.
When HCoV-OC43 crossed species to infect humans from domestic livestock around 1890, a pandemic of respiratory infection was recorded.
Bara 1890 yeroo HCoV-OC43 dhala namaa qabuuf bineensota naannoo irraa gara sanyiiwwan gidduutti daddarbetti kan dhukkubni daddarbaan sirna hargansuu miidhu galmaa’e.
The interspecies transmission history of HCoV-229E is less clear.
Seenaan daddarbiinsa sanyiiwwan keessoo HCoV-229E ifaa miti.
Bat alpha-CoVs closely related to HCoV-229E have been found.
Viyirasiin simbira halkanii keessatti argamu alpha-CoVs jedhamu HCoV-229E waliin walittiakka siqu beekameera.
Between them there is an alpaca alpha-CoV.
Isaan gidduu alpaakaa alpha-CoV’tu jira.
Several lines of evidence support the transmission of virus from bats to humans directly.
Vaayirasiin kallattiidhaan simbiroota halkanii irraa gara dhala namootatti akka daddarbu ragaawwan hedduun jiru.
First, humans but not alpacas might have contact with bats in a shared ecological niche.
Jalqaba, ‘alpacas’ osoo hin taane dhala namaatu simbiroota halkanii wajjiin wal qunname.
Instead, humans have close contact with alpacas.
Bakka sana, namoonni bineensa alpaakas jedhamu wajjiin walitti dhiheenya qabu.
Second, HCoV-229E-related bat alpha-CoVs are diverse and non-pathogenic in bats, whereas alpaca alpha-CoV caused an outbreak of respiratory disease in infected animals.
Lammaffaa, HCoV-229E- simbira halkanii fi alpha-CoVs garaagaraa fi simbira halkanii keessatti daddabarsoo dhibee miti, alpaca alpha-CoVn garuu dhibee sirna hargansuu binensotaaf sababa ta’e.
Finally, alpaca alpha-CoV has not been found in feral animals.
Xumurarratti, alpaca alpha-CoV’n bineeldota manaa keessatti hin argamne.
Thus, the possibility cannot be excluded that alpacas obtain the HCoV-229E-related alpha-CoV from humans.
Haala kanaan, carraan ta’umsaa alpaakaan HCoV-229E- alpha-CoVtti siqatu nama keessatti hammatamuu dhiisuu hin danda’u.
In fact, bats are the direct source of human pathogenic viruses including rabies virus, Ebola virus, Nipah virus and Hendra virus.
Dhugaatti, simbirroonni halkanii vaayirasii dhala namaa qabu kannen akka vaayirasii bineensaa, vaayirasii Iboolaa, vaayirasii Niipaa fi vaayirasii Heendiraatiif madda kallattiiti.
It is therefore not too surprising that bats might transmit HCoV-229E to humans directly.
Kanaafuu simbiroonni halkanii HCoV-229E namatti dabarsuu akka dandeessu nama hin ajaa’ibu.
Alternatively, whereas bat alpha-CoVs serve as the gene pool of HCoV-229E, alpacas and dromedary camels might serve as intermediate hosts that transmit viruses to humans, exactly as in the case of MERS-CoV.
Filannoon ittaanu, simbirri halkanii alpha-CoVs akka baattoo jiinii HCoV-229Etti yemmuu tajaajilu, alpaakaa fi gaalli akka baattoo giddugaleessaa vaayirasii gara namaatti dabarsaniitti tajaajiluu malu, sirriimatti dhibee MERS-CoV keessatti.
MERS-CoV serves as an excellent example of interspecies transmission from bats to dromedary camels and from dromedary camels to humans.
MERS-CoV sanyiiwwaan garaagaraa simbiroota halkanii irraa gara gaalaattii fi gala irraa gara dhala namootatti daddarbuu isaatiif akka fakkeenya gaariitti tajaajila
The evolutionary origin of MERS-CoV from bats is known at its initial identification and has also been strengthened by subsequent findings.
Maddi argama MERS-CoV simbiroota halkanii irraa dhufu eenyumma isa ka’uumsaatiin beekama, akkasumas argannoowwan walitti fufiinsa qabaniin cime.
It is obvious that bats provide a rich pool of virus species for interspecies exchange of genetic fragments and interspecies transmission.
Simbirri halkanii sanyii vaayirasii sanyii keessoof waljijjiirraa faffaca’iinsaa fi daddarbiinsaaf sababa akka ta’an mullataadha.
Longevity, densely packed colonies, close social interaction and strong ability to fly are all favourable conditions for bats to be an ideal 'virus spreader'.
Umrii dheeraa qabaachuun, kolonii tuutaan qindaa’e qabaachuun, walitti dhiheenya hawaasummaa qabaachuun fi dandeettii balali’uu cimaa qabaachuun simbiroota halkanii haalota filatamoo vaayirasii akka daddabarsitu ishee gargaaruudha.
On the other hand, MERS-CoV has been introduced to dromedary camels for decades.
Gama biraan immoo, MERS-CoV waggoota kurnan darbaniif gaalota keessatti galfamee ture.
It is well adapted to these camels that have turned from an intermediate host to a stable and natural reservoir host.
Madaqiinsi isaa gaalota keessatti baattoo giddugaleessaa ta’ee tuu hn miidhiin baattoo uumamaa ta’ee keessa jiraata.
MERS-CoV causes very mild disease and maintains a relatively low mutation rate in these animals.
MERS-CoV dhibee hamaafi bineeldota sanneen keessattis wal hormaata gadi bu’aa fidaa.
Its sporadic transmission to humans is an accident and humans remain a dead-end host of MERS-CoV as its transmission cannot be sustained.
Kun daddarbiinsa gara namootaatti darbe darbee mullatuudha, MERS-CoV’s akka daddarbiinsa qabuutti itti fufuu hin danda’u.
In contrast to the role of camels in the transmission of MERS-CoV, the role of pangolins, if there is any, in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is different.
Tamsaasa MERS-CoV keessatti gahee Gaalaatiin yoo walbira qabamu, gaheen Paangloonii, yoo jiraate, tamsaasa SARS-CoV-2 keessatti garaagarummaa qaba.
Particularly, pangolin beta-CoVs are highly pathogenic in pangolins.
Keessattuu, paangoliinii beta-CoVs’n madda dhibee olaanaa paangoliiniiti.
They might be a dead-end host for SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs, similar to civets in the case of SARS-CoV.
beta-CoVs kana waliin kan wal-qabate isaan SARS-CoV-2 maxxantuu warra dhumaa ta’uu danda’u, waa’ee SARS-CoV xirinyii wajjin kan wal-faakkaatudha.
Several possibilities for interspecies transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from animals to humans have to be ruled in or ruled out in future studies.
Akkaataa SARS-CoV-2 keessoo sanyii isaanii lubbu-qabeeyyii irraa gara namaatti daddabarsan gara fuulduraatti qoratamuu qaba.
First, bats could be the reservoir host of a SARS-CoV-2-related virus almost identical to SARS-CoV-2.
Tokkoffaa, smibirri halkanii mandhee hammattuu SARS-CoV-2- isa baay’ee SARS-CoV-2- dhihaatuu ta’uu qaba.
Humans might share the ecological niche with bats through butchering or coal mining.
Dhalli namaa karaa foon qaluu fi cilee baasuutiin simbiroota halkanii wajjiin bakka qubannaa walii qooduu danda’a.
Second, pangolins could be one of intermediate amplifying host to which a SARS-CoV-2-related virus had been newly introduced.
Lammaffaa, paangoliins iddoo jalqaba vaayirasiin SARS-CoV-2 walitti dhihaatu itti qophaa’ee fi ifa ta’eedha.
Humans contract the virus through butchering and consumption of game meat.
Namoonnis foon gurguruu fi nyaachuudhaan baattuu vaayirasii kanaa ta’u.
It is possible that many mammals including domestic animals are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2.
Hoosiftoonni baay’een bineeldota biyya bakkee hin jirre dabalatee SARS-CoV-2tti shakkamuu danda’u.
A survey of domestic and wild animals for antibodies is warranted.
Dandamannaan bineeldota manaa fi bosonaa qorannoon mirkanaa’e.
Third, as mentioned above, recombination and adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 might have occurred in a third species that has contact with both bats and pangolins.
Sadaffaarratti, akkuma gararraatti tarreeffame, walfudhachuu fi madaqinsi SARS-CoV-2 sanyii sadaffaa keessatti kanneen tuqaatii simbirfa halkanii fi paangooliinii waliin qaban keessatti ta’uu danda’a.
The search for the animal origins of SARS-CoV-2 is still on.
Barbaachiargama bineensota SARS-CoV-2f ammayyuu godhamaa jira.
Apart from different types of the animal hosts, three major factors on the viral side are also important in facilitating CoVs to cross species barriers.
Bineensa kanuu irraa adda baanaan CoVs daandaa sanyiiwwan bineensota garagaraa gidduu jiru mijeessuuf gama vaayirasiitiin dhiibbaawwan saditu jira.
First of all, their relatively high mutation rates in RNA replication.
Waan hundaa dura, hammamtaan latiinsa isaanii RNA walitti dhufeenya bakka walbuusuuti.
In comparison to other single-stranded RNA viruses, the estimated mutation rates of CoVs could be regarded as “moderate” to “high” with an average substitution rate being ~10-4 substitution per year per site 2, depending on the phase of CoV adaptation to novel hosts.
Wal bira qabiinsa vaayirasii fuuncaa qeenxee RNA keessatti, hammi latiinsa CoVs tilmaamame kanaan ‘’giddugaleessaa’’ gara ‘’guddaa’’tti hamma dimshaashessa bakka bu’iinsaa ~10-4 ta’e marsaa waggaa 2’n, karaa madaqiinsa baattoo haaraa CoV irra dhaabatee.
CoVs have a proof-reading exoribonuclease, deletion of which results in exceedingly high mutability and attenuation or even inviability.
CoVs egzooribooniwuukles qaba, kan dhabamsiisa firiin isaa dandeetti jijjiiramu fi hir’achuu ta’eedha.
Interestingly, the nucleotide analogue Remdesivir is known to suppress CoV replication through inhibition of this exoribonuclease and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
Haala ajaa’ibsiisaadhaan, Reemdesiiviriin niwuukilootaayidii karaa ittisa egzooriboniwuukilasii kanaatiin fi RNA poolimireesii RNA hirkataatiin walhoruu CoV ittisa.
Remdesivir is one of most promising anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents to be tested in clinical trials.
Reemdesiiviir bakka buutota farra SARS-CoV-2 ta’an keessa isa abdatamaa shaakalliwwan kilinikaa keessa jiru.
Nevertheless, mutation rates of CoVs are about a million times higher than those of their hosts.
Gonkumaa, hammii jijjiiramaa CoVs haguugduu isaarra si’a miiliyoona caala.
In addition, mutation rate is often high when CoVs are not well adapted to the host.
Dabalataan, hammi latiinsaa gaafa CoVs baattoo sanitti sirriitti hin madaqne olka’a.
Compared to SARS-CoV with a high mutation rate, the mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2 is apparently lower, suggestive of a higher level of adaptation to humans.
Hamma jijjiiramaa olaanaa SARS-CoV wajjiin yoo walbira qabamu, hammi jijjiirama SARS-CoV-2 gadi bu’aadha, agarsiistuu dhala namootatti madaqsuu sadarkaa olaanaa.
Presumably, it has already been adapted to another host close to humans.
Tilmaamaan, mandhee biroo isa kan namootatti dhihaatutti madaqee jira.
In addition to SARS-CoV-2, this also applies to MERS-CoV, which is well adapted to dromedary camels.
Gaalota Eshi’aa dhihaa fi africaa kaabaa irratti kan hojjetame SARS-CoV-2, akkasumas MERS-CoV irrattis ni hojjeta.
Theoretically, it is unlikely that genetic drift would render vaccines and antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 ineffective quickly.
Akka yaadaatti, hiikkaan jiinii kenniinsi talaallii fi dandamachiistonni farra SARS-CoV-2 kan hin fakkaannee fi faayidaa ariitii hin qabneedha.
Second, the large RNA genome in CoVs exerts extra plasticity in genome modification for mutations and recombination, thereby increasing the probability for interspecies co-evolution, which is advantageous for the emergence of novel CoVs when the conditions become appropriate.
Lammaffaa, jiinii guddaan RNA, CoVs keessatti addaba’iinsa latiinsaa fi qindatiinsa jiinii pilaastikummaa guddaa keessatti hojiirra oolchu, sababa kanaaf carraan uumamsaa sanyiiwwan keessoo ni dabala, kunimmoo CoVs haaraan gaafa haallan mijatan akka uumamuuf fayyada.
This is supported by the copious unique open reading frames and protein functions encoded towards the 3′ end of the genome.
Kunis waan addaa hedduun deggerama, faaya dubbisa banaa fi dalagaa pirootiinii xumura jiinii 3’ qindate.
Third, CoVs randomly and frequently switch templates during RNA replication through a unique “copy-choice” mechanism.
Sadaffaa, CoVs darbee darbees ta’ee walitti fufiinsaan yeroo RNA’n walbaay’isu of jijjiira.
In a host that serves as the mixing vessel, strand switching occurs frequently during CoV RNA transcription.
Baattuu akka maktuu hiddoota dhiigaatti tajaajiltu keessatti, fuuncaan bantuu irra deddeebiidhaan gaafa CoV RNA ni uumama.
Highly homologous full-length and subgenomic RNAs could recombine to generate new CoVs.
Firooma dheeraa olaanaa fi RNAn CoV haaraa qindeessuun argamsiisuu danda’a.
Phylogenetic evidence of natural recombination has been found in both HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43, as well as animal CoVs such as bat SL-CoV and batCoV-HKU9.
Ragaan walitti makama uumamaa fiiloojeenikii HCoV-HKU1 fi HCoV-OC43 keessatti akkasumas CoVs bineensaa kanneen akka SL-CoV simbira halkanii fi batCoV-HKU9 argaman.
Virus-host interaction in relation to transmission
Wal fudhachuun Baattuu fi vaayirasii tatamsa’ina isaa waliin walitti dhufeenya qaba.
Besides three viral factors stated above, viral interaction with host receptor is another key factor influential on interspecies transmission.
Miidhaawwan vaayirasiin geessisu sadeen armaan olitti ilaalleen cinaatti, qaamni fudhatu vaayirasicha wajjiin walqunnamtii qabaachuun vaayirasichi sanyiiwwan garaagaraa gidduutti akka tamsa’u sababa ta’a.
Herein, recombination of SARS-CoV is taken as a typical example, which also showed evidence of positive selection during interspecies transmission events.
Kana irratti, walfudhatiinsi SARS-CoV akka fakkeenya gosaatti fudhatame, kunis ragaa gaafa sanyii keessoo daddarbiinsaa filannoo poosetiivii agarsiiseera.
Based on the comparative analysis between isolates of human and civet SARS-CoVs, SARS-CoV is thought to undergo rapid adaptation in different hosts, particularly with mutations at the RBD of the S protein.
Xiinxala walbira qabaa adda foo’insa namaa fi siiveet SARS-CoVs irratti hundaa’uun, SARS-CoV mandheewwan garagaraa keessatti saffisaan akka madaqu, addatti jijjiirama RBD pirotiinii S wajjiin.
Generally, the RBD in the S protein of a CoV interacts with the cellular receptor and is intensely selected by the host antibody response.
Walumaagalatti, RBD’n pirootiinii s kan CoV keessatti fudhattuu seelii fi duubdeebii dandamannaa baattoo irraa adda ba’a.
In SARS-CoV, the RBD is in the 318th to 510th amino acids on the S1 fragment, which binds to the human ACE2 as well as its coreceptors for viral entry.
SARS-CoV keessatti, RBDn faffaca’iinsa S1 aminoo asiidii keessatti 318ffaa haga 510ffaa gidduu jira, kunis gara ACE2 namaatti kan hidhu akkasumas, galumsa wiirtuu kan vaayirasiiti.
The RBD of SARS-CoV is capable of recognizing the ACE2 receptors of various animals, including bat, civet, mouse and raccoon dog, allowing interspecies transmission of the virus.
RBD’n SARS-CoV dandeettiin adda baafachuu fudhattuu ACE2 bineensota garaagaraa kanneen akka simbira halkanii, siiveet fi saree vaayirasiin sanyiiwwan garaagaraa gidduutti akka daddarbu taasisa.
In fact, only 6 amino acid residues were observed to be different from human and civet viral isolates in the RBD and 4 of them locate in the receptor-binding motif for interaction with the ACE2 receptor.
Dhugaamatti, aminoo asiidii 6 qofatu qoratamee kan namaafi siiveetii adda ba’uun RBD keessaa 4 fuuncaa fudhattuu ACE2 waliin hundeessuudha.
Civet SARS-CoV has K479N and S487T mutations in its RBD, which might increase the affinity of the interaction of spike protein with human ACE2 receptor.
siiveetiin SARS-CoV jijjiirama RBD keessaa K479N fi S487T qabu ispaayik pirotiinii fi ACE2 dhala namaa walitti harkisa.
In other words, these two amino acid substitutions might be critical to viral adaption to humans.
Jecha biroon, bakka bu’eewwan lamman aminoo asiidii kunneen vaayirasiin gara namootaatti madaquu danda’u.
It is noteworthy that SARS-CoV-2 shares the same cellular receptor with SARS-CoV.
SARS-CoV-2 simattuu seelii walfakkaataa SARS-CoV waliin qooddachuun isaa waan raajeffatamu miti.
A 30% difference between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in the S1 unit of the S protein implicates that the binding affinity of its S protein with human ACE2 might have altered.
30% garaagarummaa SARS-CoV-2 fi SARS-CoV gidduu yuuniitii S1 pirootiinii S keessatti akka ibsutti wal qabatiinsi garaagartummaa pirootiinii S ACE2 namootaa wajjin jijjiiramuu danda’a.
Indeed, a cryo-EM study indicates a 10- to 20-fold higher affinity of this binding than that between human ACE2 and SARS-CoV S protein.
Qorannoon cryo-EM jedhu akka agarsiisutti ACE2 namaa fi pirootinii SARS-CoVs gidduu hidhaa guddaa 10 hamma 20 ga’utu jira jedha.
It will also be of interest to determine whether any other coreceptor might be required for SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
Tatamsa’ina SARS-CoV-2’tiif koorseptariin biroo barbaachisuu akka danda’u hubachuun barbaachisaadha.
Intriguingly, HCoV-NL63 also binds to ACE2 but with a different part of S.
Haala ajaa’ibsiisaa ta’ee HCoV-NL63’iis gara ACE2 maxxana garuu kutaa S addaati.
There exist many other HCoV receptors, such as aminopeptidase N for HCoV-229E, and 9-O-acetylated sialic acid for HCoV-OC43.
Fudhattoonni HCoV kanneen akka amiinoopeeptidees N HCoV-229E, fi 9-O-aseetileetid siyaalik asiidii HCoV-OC43 hedduutu jira.
They might also account for successful adaptation of these CoVs in humans after interspecies transmission from their animal hosts.
Erga bineeldota irraa keessoo sanii isaaniin gara namaatti daddarbanii boodas CoVs nama waliin haala gaariin madaquu danda’u.
In addition to cellular receptors, the outcome of interspecies transmission of HCoVs is also governed by other host dependency and restriction factors.
Simattuu seelii irratti argamu irratti dabalamee, akkaataan daddarba sanyiiwwan keessoo HCoVs haala battuu vaayirasii kanaatiin hoogganama.
The divergence of these host proteins between humans and natural reservoir hosts of HCoVs such as bats, dromedary camels and rodents might constitute a barrier to interspecies transmission.
Garaagarummaan mandhee pirotiinii dhala namaa fi mandheewwan uumamaa HCoVs kanneen akka simbiroota halkanii, gaalaa fi bineensota alala guuran tatamsa’ina sanyiiwwan garaagaraa gudduutti ta’urratti daangaa uumuu danda’a.
HCoVs have to usurp host dependency factors and subvert host restriction factors for a successful interspecies transmission.
HCoV vaayirasiin jedhamu daangaa baattuu sanaa cabsuun maxxantuu ta’ee humnaan itti gala, sana booda wal-horuu fi daddarbuu jalqaba.
In this regard, molecular determinants in this important area of virus-host interaction remain to be identified and characterized.
Kana waliin wal qabatee, murteessitooonni moliikulii naannoowwan baattoo fayyadoo vaayirasii adda ba’ee fi qindeeffamee tura.
An unbiased genome-wide screening of host dependency and restriction factors for SARS-CoV-2 using the state-of-the-art technology of CRISPR might be fruitful.
Jiinii bal’aan qulqulleeessituu baattoo sababa madaala isaa eeggate aartii teekinoloojii CRISPR fayyadsmuun milkaa’uu danda’a.
Emergence of novel HCoVs: back to ground zero
Mudannoon tasaa HCoVs haaraa;gara lafa duwwaatti deebi’a
The diversity of bat CoVs provides ample opportunities for the emergence of novel HCoVs.
Garaagarummaan simbira halkanii fi CoVs vayirasii haaraa HCoVs akka baramuuf carraa kenne.
In this sense, bat CoVs serve as the gene pool of HCoVs.
Miira kana keessatti, CoVs simbira halkanii akka hidda sanyii HCoVs’tti gargaara.
In addition, rapid mutation and genetic recombination also drive HCoV evolution and serve as two important steps in this process.
Dabalataan, latiinsa battalaa fi qindatiinsi jenetiksiis HCoV jijjiirraa uumamaa geggeessuu fi adeemsa kana keessattis akka tartiiba barbaachisoo lamaatti tajaajila.
For example, the acquisition or loss of novel protein-coding genes has the potential to drastically modify viral phenotypes.
Fakkeenyaaf, barbaaduu ykn dhabuu pirootiinii jiinii moggaasuun isaanii bifa jabaan feenootaayippii vaayirasii fooyyessuuf dandeettii qaba.
Among SARS-CoV accessory proteins, ORF8 has been thought to be important in adaptation to humans, as SARS-CoV-related bat viruses were isolated but found to encode divergent ORF8 proteins.
Pirootiiniiwwan gargaartuu SARS-CoV keessaa, ORF8 madaqqii vaayirasii simbira halkanii se’amaa ture, akka SARS-CoV simbira halkaniirraa madde garuu pirootiniin ORF8 argamu garaagara.
A 29-nucleotide deletion characteristic of SARS-CoVs has been found in strains isolated at the beginning of the human epidemic.
Amalli balleessuu 29 nuukilootaayidii SARS-CoVs, yaalii adda baasuu jalqaba weerarsa dhibee namaa keessatti argame.
This deletion splits ORF8 into ORF8a and ORF8b and is thought to be an adaptive mutation that promotes the switch of hosts.
Haquun kun ORF8 gara ORF8a fi ORF8b’tti adda baasa, akkasumas adeemsa jijjiirraa sanyii madaqsuu mandhee jijjiiru beeksisa jedhamee yaadama.
Besides, SARS-CoV has a possible recombination history with lineages of alpha- and gamma-CoVs, where a large number of smaller recombinant regions were identified in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
Cinaatti, SARS-CoV aalfaa- fi gaammaa-CoVs wajjiin seenaa walitti dhiheenya sanyummaa kan diqaalomsuun guddaan RNA-hirkataa fi RNA pooliimerees gidduu jiru itti adda bahe qaba.
Recombination locations were also identified in the nsp9, most of nsp10, and parts of nsp14.
Bakki qindeeffama haaraas nsp9 keessatti adda baafameera, nsp10 baayinaan akkasumas qaamota nsp14.
Likewise, it has been shown that the epidemic MERS-CoV experienced recombination events between different lineages, which occurred in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia.
Gaalota Saa’ud Arabiyaa irratti qorannoo taasifameen vaayirasiin MERS-CoV sanyii isaa kessatti irra deebi’ee of ijaaruu akka danda’u barameera.
Besides SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, recombination events have also been observed in other HCoVs, in which the HCoVs recombine with other animal CoVs in their non-structural genes.
SARS-CoV biratti MERS-CoV amala of ijaaruu HCoVs keessatti argameera. HCoVs bineensota kan biro waliin jiinii caasaa hin qabneen wal-fudhata.
It should also be cautioned that artificial selection can contribute to unintended changes in viral genomes, most likely resulting from relieving viruses from selection pressures exerted, such as by the host immune system.
Filannoon fakkeessaa jijjiirama hin eegamne vaayirasii jeenoomii keessatti fiduu waan danda’uuf eeggannoon godhamuu qaba, hedduun isaanii dhiibbaa dhukkubbii vaayirasii hir’isu, kanneen akka baattoo dandeettii ittisa qaamaa.
An example of these effects is the loss of a full-length ORF4 in the HCoV-229E prototype strain, owing to a two-nucleotide deletion.
Fakkeenyi bu’aawwan dheerina guutuu kanneenii ORF4, HCoV-229E keessatti fuuncaa pirootootaayippii, gara haqiinsa nuukilootaayidii lamaatti kan qooduudha.
While intact ORF4 could be observed in bat and camel viruses related to HCoV-229E, the alpaca alpha-CoV displays a single nucleotide insertion, resulting in a frameshift.
Yeroo ORF4 hin miidhamne vaayirasii simbira halkanii fi gaala keessai ilaalamu HCoV-229E ewaliin walitti siqata, alpaca alpha-CoV kan agarsiisu nuukilootaayidii qeenxee galchuun waan keessa galu jijjiira.
Last but not least, the evolution of novel HCoVs is also driven by the selection pressure in their reservoir hosts.
Xumurrratti garuu gadaanaa kan hin taane, adeemsi suutaa HCoVs haaraas dhiibbaa filannoo baattoon oofama.
Asymptomatic or only mild symptoms were detected when bats were infected with CoVs, indicating the mutual adaptation between CoVs and bats.
Mallattoon ykn mallattoowwan salphaa qofti gaafa simbiroonni halkanii CoVs dhaan hubaman argame, kunis madaqiinsa CoVs fi simbira halkanii gidduu jiru madda godhachuuni.
It appeared that bats are well adapted to CoVs anatomically and physiologically.
Akka argamutti simbirroonni halkanii qaama isaanitiinis ta’e, keessa isaaniitiin CoVs walitti madaqaniiru.
For example, defects in the activation of pro-inflammatory response in bats efficiently reduce the pathology triggered by CoVs.
Fakkeenyaaf, hanqinni si’eessuu deebii farra summii simbiroota halkanii qorannoo dhibee CoVs’n gaggeeffame hir’isa.
Besides, the natural killer cell activity in bats is suppressed due to upregulation of inhibitory natural killer cell receptor NKG2/CD94 and low expression level of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules.
Cinaatti, gochoonni uumamaa ajjeestota seelii simbiroota halkanii sababa mandhee ajjeeftuu seelii jijjiiramoo NKG2/CD94 fi waldanda’uu meembireenii molekiyuulii kutaa I’tiin addaan cite.
Moreover, the high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from high metabolic activity of bats could both suppress CoV replication and affects proofreading by exoribonuclease, thus providing the selection pressure for the generation of virus strains highly pathogenic when introduced into a new host.
Dabalataanis, sadarkaa olaanaan ROS gocha meetaaboolikii olaanaa simbira halkanii irraa CoV fiduun dhiibbaa hamaa dhaqqabsiisuu danda’a, haala kanaan filannoon dhiibbaa vaayirasii daddarbiinsaa olaanaa baattoo haaraa keessatti argame geggeessa.
More pathogenic CoV strains might also evolve by recombination, leading to the acquisition of novel proteins or protein features for host adaptation.
Maxxantoonni dhukkuba namatti fidan kan vaayirasii CoCs of ijaaraa nanna’u, haala kanaan pirootinii haaraa uummachaa baattuu waliin wal-baru(madaqu)
Thus, it is not by chance that three novel HCoVs have emerged in the past two decades.
Haala kanaan, HCoVs haaraan sadii kan jaarraa lamman darbanitti mudatan akka carraa miti.
CoVs are non-pathogenic or cause mild symptoms in their reservoir hosts such as bats and camels.
CoVs’n bineensota irraagara namaattib hin daddarban akkasumas mallattoon kuusaa baattoo kanneen akkasimbira halkaniifi gaalaati.
They replicate robustly without eliciting a strong host immune response.
Osoo ittisa madiinummaa mandhee cimaa keessaa hin bahin wal baay’isuu danda’u.