atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
Several other countries have also managed the pandemic with aggressive contact tracing, inbound travel restrictions, testing, and quarantining, but with less aggressive lock-downs, such as Iceland and South Korea.
Biyyoonni baay’ee kan biroon akkasumas weeraricha humnaan namoota faana dhahuu, daangeffama imalaa keessoo, qorannoo, akkasumas qofaatti baasuun to’atan, garuu uggura xiqqoo humna hin qabneen, kan akka Iceland fi Kooriyaa Kibbaa.
A statistical study has found that countries that have tested more, relative to the number of deaths, have much lower case fatality rates, probably because these countries are better able to detect those with only mild or no symptoms.
Qorannoon istaatistikii biyyoonni baay’ee qoratan, lakkoofsa du’aan gaafa walbira qabamu, hammamtaawwan du’aa baay’ee gadi aanaa akka qaban argate, tarii sababa biyyoonni kunniin sanneen mallattoo salphaa yookaan mallattoo hin qabne caalmaatti adda baasuu danda’aniifi.
WHO recommends that countries that do not have testing capacity and national laboratories with limited experience on COVID-19 send their first five positives and the first ten negative COVID-19 samples to one of the 16 WHO reference laboratories for confirmatory testing.
WHO’n biyyoonni humna qorannoo gaggeessuu hin qabneefi laaboraatooriiwwan biyyoolessaa muxannoo COVID-19 murtaa’e qaban eddattoowwan COVID-19 positiivota isaanii jalqabaa shaniifi negatiivii jalqabaa kudhan madda laaboraatoorii WHO 16’n keessaa tokkotti mirkaneessaaf akka ergan eera.
Out of the 16 reference laboratories, 7 are in Asia, 5 in Europe, 2 in Africa, 1 in North America and 1 in Australia.
Laabiraatooriiwwan rageeffaman 16 keessaa 7 Eeshiyaa keessatti, 5 Awurooppaa keessatti, 2 afriikaa keessatti, 1 Ameerikaa Kaabaa keessatti, 1 immoo Awustiraaliyaa keessatti argamu.
In the following chart, the column “Positive as % of tests” is influenced by the country's testing policy.
Chaartii armaan gadii keessatti, tarjaan “Positive as % of tests” jedhu imaammata qorannoo biyya sanaan murtaa'a.
A country that only tests people admitted to hospitals will have a higher positive as % of tests than a country that tests all citizens, whether or not they are showing symptoms, other things being equal.
Biyyi namoota hospitaala ciisan qofaa qorattu biyya lammiiwwan ishee hunda qorattu irra % qorannoowwanii positiivii ol’aanaa qabaatti, mallattoowwan kan agarsiisanis kan hin agarsiifnes yoo ta’e, wantoonni kan biroon walqixa ta’uun.
Hand washing (or handwashing), also known as hand hygiene, is the act of cleaning one's hands for the purpose of removing soil, grease, microorganisms, or other unwanted substances.
Harka dhiqachuun (yookaan dhiqannaan harkaa), kan qulqullina harkaa jedhamuun beekamu, biyyee, dibata, oorgaanizimoota xixiqqoo yookaan wantoota hinbarbaachisne biroo ofirraa baasuuf jecha gocha harka ofii qulqulleessuuti.
Hand washing with soap consistently at certain "critical moments" during the day prevents the spread of many diseases, for example diarrhoea and cholera, which are transmitted through fecal–oral route. 
Harka keenya guyyaatti yeroo murteessaa ta’an hunda dhiqachuun dhukkuboota daddarboo heddu hir’isa. Fakkeenyaaf dhukkuboota xuraawaa qaama keessa bahuun daddarban kanneen akka garaa kaasaa fi koleeraa ittisa.
People can also become infected with respiratory diseases such as influenza or the common cold, for example, if they do not wash their hands before touching their eyes, nose, or mouth (i.e., mucous membranes).
Namoonni dhukkuboota hargansuu miidhan kanneen akka infuluweenzaa fa’aan qabamuu danda’u, fakkeenyaaf, ija, funyaanii fi afaan isaanii tuttuquun dura harka isaanii hin dhiqanne taanaan.
The five critical moments during the day where washing hands with soap is important include: before and after defecation, after cleaning a child's bottom or changing nappies, before feeding a child, before eating and before and after preparing food or handling raw meat, fish, or poultry.
Yeroon murteessoon guyyaatti harka keenya saamunaan yeroo shan itti dhiqachuu qabnu: xuraawaa baafachuu keenyaan duraa fi booda, erga daa’ima qulqulleessineen booda, daa’imaaf nyaata kennuun dura, yaada qopheessuun duraa fi booda akkasumas nyaachuun dura yookan foon dheedhii, qurxummii fi handaaqqoo erga xuxxuqneen booda.
If water and soap are not available, hands can be cleaned with ash.The World Health Organization recommends washing hands:
Bishaaniifi saamuunaan hinjiru yoo ta’e, daaraadhaan harka dhiqachuun ni danda’ama. Dhabbati Fayyaa Addunyaa harka dhiqannaa gorsa:
Before, during, and after preparing food.
Nyaata qopheessuun dura, yeroo nyaata qopheessinuu fi erga nyaata qopheessineen booda.
Before and after caring for a sick person.
Dhukkubsataa kunuunsuu keenyaan duraa fi booda.
After changing the diapers or cleaning up a child who has used the toilet.
Erga daa’ima mana fincaanii fayyadamte dhiqnee yookaan daayiparii jijjiirrefin booda.
After blowing your nose, coughing or sneezing.
Erga funyaankee haguugdee, qufa’uu ykn haxxiffachuu.
After touching animal, animal feed, or animal waste.
Beelada, nyaata beeladaa, yookaan boolii beeladaa tuttuquudhaan booda.
Medical hand hygiene refers to hygiene practices related to medical procedures.
Qulqullinni harkaa fayyaa akka qulqullina shaakala tajaajila fayyaa kennuutti fudhatama.
Hand washing before administering medicine or medical care can prevent or minimize the spread of disease.
Daawaa kedduudhaan yookaan kunuunsa fayyaatiin dura harka dhiqachuun tatamsa’ina dhukkubichaa ittisuu yookaan xiqqeessuu danda’a.
The main medical purpose of washing hands is to cleanse the hands of pathogens (bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms that can cause disease) and chemicals which can cause harm or diseases.
Faayidaan fayyaa harka dhiqannaa inni guddaan harka wantoota dhibee fidanii (baakteeriyaa, vaayirasii, yookaan orgaanizimiiwwan xixiqqoo biroo warra dhibee fiduu danda’an) fi keemikaalota miidhaa yookaan dhukkuba namatti fidan irraa qulqulleessuudha.
This is especially important for people who handle food or work in the medical field, but also an important practice for the general public.
Kun namoota iddoo nyaataa yookaan naannawa fayyaa hojjataniif baay’ee murteessadha, hawaasa maraafis akkasuma barbaachisaadha.
Hand washing has many health benefits, including minimizing the spread of influenza, coronavirus, and other infectious diseases; preventing infectious causes of diarrhea; decreasing respiratory infections;
Harka dhiqachuun bu’aa fayyaa kanneen akka babal’ina infuluweenzaa, vaayirasii koroonaa fi dhukkuboota daddarboo biroo hir’isuu; akkasumas wantoota garaa kaasaa fidan ittisuu fi wantoota dhibee qaamota hargansuu fidan ittisuuf fayyada.
and reducing infant mortality rate at home birth deliveries.
Akkasumas tajaajila dahumsaa manatti erguudhaan du’a daa’immanii hir’isuu.
A 2013 study showed that improved hand washing practices may lead to small improvements in the length growth in children under five years of age.
Qo’annoon bara 2013 akka agarsiisutti yeroo yerootti harka dhiqachuun ijoollee waggaa shanii gadii dheerini isaanii akka dabalu gargaarsa xiqqoo ni kenna.
In developing countries, childhood mortality rates related to respiratory and diarrheal diseases can be reduced by introducing simple behavioral changes, such as hand washing with soap.
Biyyoota guddataa jiran keessatti saffisi du’a daa’immanii kan dhukkuba hafuraan darbuufi dhukkuboota garaa kaasaa wajjin walqabatan jijjiirraa amalaa salphaa, kan akka harka saamuunaadhaan dhiqachuu fiduudhaan hir’achuu danda’a.
This simple action can reduce the rate of mortality from these diseases by almost 50%.
Gochi salphaan kun dandeettii ajjeesuu dhibeewwan kanaa 50% dhaan gadi buusuu danda’u.
Interventions that promote hand washing can reduce diarrhoea episodes by about a third, and this is comparable to providing clean water in low income areas.
Dhiibbaan harka dhiqachuu jajjabeessu dhibee garaa kaasaa harka sadiin hir’isuu danda’a, kun immoo naannoo lafa dakeetti bishaan qulqulluu dhiheessuun kan walmadaaluudha.
48% of reductions in diarrhoea episodes can be associated with hand washing with soap.Hand washing with soap is the single most effective and inexpensive way to prevent diarrhea and acute respiratory infections (ARI), as automatic behavior performed in homes, schools, and communities worldwide.
Marsaan garaa kaasaa %48n hir’isuun harka saamuunaadhaan dhiqachuu waliin hidhata qabaachuu danda’a. Ittisa garaa kaasaatii fi dhukkuba hafuura baafannaa hamaa ta’eef (ARI) malli tokkochi baay’ee bu’a-qabeessaa fi baasii cimaa hingaafanne, akka amala utuu ofirratti hinbeekin manatti, mana barnootaa keessattii, akkasumas hawaasota addunyaa keessatti raawwatamu harka saamuunaadhaan dhiqachuudha.
Pneumonia, a major ARI, is the number one cause of mortality among children under five years old, taking the lives of an estimated 1.8 million children per year.
Niimooniyaan, ARI olaanaan, waggaatti tilmaamaan daa’imman miliyoona 1.8 fudhachuun du’a daa’imman waggaa shanii gadiitiif sababa tokkoffaadha.
Diarrhea and pneumonia together account for almost 3.5 million child deaths annually.
Garaa kaasaa fi daranyoon sombaa wal ta’anii waggaatti daa’imman naannoo miliyoona 3.5 ta’an galaafatu.
According to UNICEF, turning hand washing with soap before eating and after using the toilet into an ingrained habit can save more lives than any single vaccine or medical intervention, cutting deaths from diarrhea by almost half and deaths from acute respiratory infections by one-quarter.
Akka UNICEF’tti mana fincaanii boodaa fi nyaata dura harka saamunaan dhiqachuun talaallii fi yaala kamuu caalaa barbaachisaadha. Namoota garaa kaasaan du’an walakkaanii fi namoota rakkoo qaamota hargansuutiin walqabatee du’an tokko afraffaan hir’isa.
Hand washing is usually integrated together with other sanitation interventions as part of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programmes.
Qulqullinni harkaa yeroo hunda qulqullina bishaanii, fi sagantaa qulqullina biro wajjiin walqabata.
Hand washing also protects against impetigo which is transmitted through direct physical contact.
Harka dhiqachuun baakteeriyaa dhukkuba gogaa, isa tuttuqaa kallattiitiin darbu illee ni ittisa.
A small detrimental effect of hand washing is that frequent hand washing can lead to skin damage due to drying of the skin.
Miidhaan harka dhiqachuu inni xiqqaan, irra deddeebiidhaan harka dhiqachuun gogaa waan gogsuuf gogaan miidhamuu danda’a.
A 2012 Danish study found that excessive hand washing can lead to an itchy, flaky skin condition known as hand eczema or hand dermatitis, which is especially common among health-care workers.
Qorannoon Danish bara 2012 akka argatetti hanga barbaachisuu ol harka dhiqachuun midhaa gogaa (itchy) kan hand eczema yookaan hand dermatitis jedhamuun beekamu nama qabsiisuu, keessattu hojjattoota fayyaa miidhuu danda’a.
Too frequent hand washing is also seen as one of the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Akka malee ammaa amma harka dhiqachuun akka mallattoo dhibee gar malee waa jaallachuufi wanta san obsuu dadhabuutti (OCD) illee ni lakkaa’ama.
There are five critical times during the day where washing hands with soap is important to reduce fecal-oral transmission of disease: after using the bathroom (urination, defecation), after cleaning a child's bottom (changing nappies), before feeding a child, before eating and before/after preparing food or handling raw meat, fish, or poultry.
Harka saamunaan dhiqachuu yeroo guyyaa daddarbaa dhukkubaa ittisuuf yeroowwan murteessaa shantu jira: erga kutaa qaama dhiqannaa fayyadamneen booda (erga fincaannee fi xuraawaa baafanneen booda), erga daa’ima qulqulleessineen booda, osoo daa’imaaf nyaata hin kenning dura, nyaachuun duraa fi erga nyaata qopheessuu duraa fi booda yookaan erga foon dheedhii, qurxummii yookaan handaaqqoo tutuqneen booda harka keenya saamunaan dhiqachuu qabna.
Other occasions when correct handwashing technique should be practiced in order to prevent the transmission of disease include before and after treating a cut or wound; after sneezing, coughing, or blowing your nose; after touching animal waste or handling animals; and after touching garbage.
Gama biraatiin madaa muruu duraa fi booda; erga haxxifannee, qufaanee fi funyaan keenya tuttuqneen boodas; bobbaa bineensotaa kamuu erga tuqnee booda yookaan bineensota wajjiin wal tuttuqneen booda, iddoo xuraawaan itti gatamu erga tutuqneen booda harka keenya haala gaariin dhiqachuun daddarba dhibee hir’isa.
In many countries, there is a low rate of hand washing with soap.
Biyyoota hedduu keessatti, saamuunaadhaan harka dhiqachuun hammi isaa gad aanaadha.
A study of hand washing in 54 countries in 2015 found that on average, 38.7% of households practiced hand washing with soap.A 2014 study showed that Saudi Arabia had the highest rate of 97 percent; the United States near the middle with 77 percent; and China with the lowest rate of 23 percent.Several behaviour change methodologies now exist to increase uptake of the behaviour of hand washing with soap at the critical times.Group hand washing for school children at set times of the day is one option in developing countries to engrain hand washing in children's behaviors.
Qo’annoon harka dhiqannaa biyyoota 54 keessatti bara 2015 keessa adeemsifame akka inni bira ga’etti, maatiiwwan keessaa dhibbeentaan 38.7 saamuunaadhaan harka dhiqachuu hojiirra oolchaniiru. Qo’annoon bara 2014 akka agarsiisetti Saawudii Arabiyaan dhibbeentaa 97n hunda caaltee yemmuu argamtu, Yuunaayitid Isteetsi garri giddu galeessatti dhiyaatu dhibbeentaa 77, Chaayinaan ammoo dhibeentaa 23n ishee dhumarratti argamtudha. Amaleeffannaa yeroo murteessaatti saamuunaadhaan harka dhiqachuu namootaa guddisuuf yeroo ammaa malawwan jijjiirraa amalaa hedduutu jiru. Biyyoota guddachaa jiran keessatti amaloota daa’immanii keessatti dhiqannaan harkaa akka hundee godhatu gochuuf guyyaa keessaa yeroo murtaa’etti barattoonni gareedhaan harka dhiqachuun mala tokkodha.
The "Essential Health Care Program" implemented by the Department of Education in the Philippines is an example of at scale action to promote children's health and education. 
“Sagantaan Kunuunsa Fayyaa Bu’uraa” Qajeelcha Barnootaatiin biyya Filippinsi keessatti hojiirra oole fakkeenya tarkaanfii sadarkaattii fayyaa fi barnoota daa’immanii guddisuuf yaadamedha.
Deworming twice a year, supplemented with washing hands daily with soap, brushing teeth daily with fluoride, is at the core of this national program.
Waggaatti aal lama qoricha raammoo fudhachuun, harka ofii saamuunaadhaan dhiqachuu fi ilkaan ofii guyyaa guyyaan filooraayidiidhaan dhiqachuutti dabalamee ijoo sagantaa biyyoolessaa kanaati.
It has also been successfully implemented in Indonesia.
Indooneezhiyaattis haala milkaa’aa ta’een hojiirraa oolee jira.
Removal of microorganisms from skin is enhanced by the addition of soaps or detergents to water.
Oorgaanizimoonni baay’ee xixiqqoon saamuunaa yookaan qulqulleessituu bishaanitti dabaluudhaan gogaa irraa baafamu.
The main action of soaps and detergents is to reduce barriers to solution, and increase solubility.
Hojii guddaan saamunaa fi qulqulleessituu rakkoo gara falaatti akka jijjiiruu fi bulbulamummaa akka dabaluuf.
Water alone is an inefficient skin cleanser because fats and proteins, which are components of organic soil, are not readily dissolved in water.
Sababa coomaa fi pirotiiniin bishaanitti hin bulbulamneef bishaan duwwaan harka dhiqachuun gahaa miti.
Cleansing is, however, aided by a reasonable flow of water..
Qulqulleessuun garuu dhangala’uu bishaanii ga’aa ta’een deeggarame.
Solid soap, because of its reusable nature, may hold bacteria acquired from previous uses.
Saamunaan jajjaboon, uumama irra deebi’anii fayyadamuu waan qabuuf, baakteeriyaa fayyadamaa duraa irraa irratti hafe qabachuu danda’a.
A small number of studies which have looked at the bacterial transfer from contaminated solid soap have concluded transfer is unlikely as the bacteria are rinsed off with the foam.
Saamuunaa faalame irraa baakteeriyaan darbuu irratti qorannoowwan adeemsifaman muraasni baakteeriyaan hoomacha waliin waan dhiqamee baduuf darbuun isaa hinfakkaatu jedhanii jiru.
The CDC still states "liquid soap with hands-free controls for dispensing is preferable". 
‘CDC’n amma iyyuu “saamuunaa dhangala’aan harkaan utuu itti hinbu’in to’atamu raabsuudhaaf filatamaadha” jedha.
Antibacterial soaps have been heavily promoted to a health-conscious public.
Saamuunaawwan farra baakteeriyaa ta’an uummata fayyaa irratti hubannoo qabutti baay’ee beeksifamanii jiru.
To date, there is no evidence that using recommended antiseptics or disinfectants selects for antibiotic-resistant organisms in nature.
Ammatti qoricha madaa yookaan qoricha farra ilbiisaa ittisa antii baayotikiif filannoon uumamaa fayyadamuuf ragaan hin jiru.
However, antibacterial soaps contain common antibacterial agents such as triclosan, which has an extensive list of resistant strains of organisms.
Haa ta’u malee, saamunaan farra baakteeriyaa wantoota akka tiriikloosan kan orgaanizimii ittisuu irratti dhiibbaa qaba.
So, even if antibiotic resistant strains aren't selected for by antibacterial soaps, they might not be as effective as they are marketed to be.
Kanaaf, akaakuun farra baakteeriyaa dandamatan saamuunaa farra baakteeriyaatiin filatamuu yoo baatan illee, bu’a qabeessummaan isaanii hamma gabaarratti dubbataman ga’uu dhiisuu mala.
Besides the surfactant and skin-protecting agent, the sophisticated formulations may contain acids (acetic acid, ascorbic acid, lactic acid) as pH regulator, antimicrobially active benzoic acid and further skin conditioners (aloe vera, vitamins, menthol, plant extracts).A comprehensive analysis from the University of Oregon School of Public Health indicated that plain soaps are as effective as consumer-grade anti-bacterial soaps containing triclosan in preventing illness and removing bacteria from the hands.
Wantoota gogaa keenyaan kunuunsiu cinaatti, foormulaawwan cicimoon aasidii (asestic aasid, askoorbik aasid, laaktik aasid) akka himbaabsaa pH’tti qabaachuu malu. Beenzooyik aasif fi qulqulleessitoonni gogaa (oolii veeraa, viitaamin, meentol, kanneen biqiltuu irraa argaman). Qorannoon yuunivarsiitii Oorigoon kutaa fayyaa hawaasaa akka agarsiisutti saamunaan duwwaan akkuma sadarkaa fayyadamaatti ni fayyada. Saamunaan farra baakteeriyaa qabu immoo baakteeriya harka keenya irraa balleessuuf fayyada.
Hot water that is comfortable for washing hands is not hot enough to kill bacteria.
Bishaan hoo’aan dhiqannaa harkaatiif filatamaa ta’e baakteeriyaa ajjeesuuf gahaa mitis
Bacteria grow much faster at body temperature (37 °C).
Baakteeriyaawwan sadarkaa ho’a qaamaa (37 °C) tti caalaatti saffisanii guddatu.
However, warm, soapy water is more effective than cold, soapy water at removing natural oils which hold soils and bacteria.
Haa ta’u malee, bishaan ho’aafi saamuunaa qabu isa diilalla’aafi saamuunaa qabu caalaa zayitiiwwan uumamaa biyyeefi baakteeriyaa qabatan namattii baasa.
Contrary to popular belief however, scientific studies have shown that using warm water has no effect on reducing the microbial load on hands.
Bishaan ho’aa fayyadamuun baay’ina baakteeriyaa harkarraa ni hir’isa jedhamee bal’inaan haa amanamu iyyuu malee qorannoowwan saayisaawaa ta’an garuu bu’aa akka inni hinqabne agarsiisu.
A hand sanitizer or hand antiseptic is a non-water-based hand hygiene agent.
Saanitaayizarii fi antiiseeptikiin harkaa qulqulleessituu harkaa bishaan of keessaa hin qabneedha.
In the late 1990s and early part of the 21st century, alcohol rub non-water-based hand hygiene agents (also known as alcohol-based hand rubs, antiseptic hand rubs, or hand sanitizers) began to gain popularity.
Haxooftuun alkoolii qulqulleessituu harkaa wanta bishaan hinqabnerraa hojjetamu (haxooftuu harkaa alkooliirratti hundaa’e, haxooftuu harkaa farra baakteeriyaa yookaan saanitaayizarii harkaa jechuun kan beekamu) 1990moota gara dhumaa jalaa fi jaarraa 21ffaa jalqabatti beekamtii argachuu eegale.
Most are based on isopropyl alcohol or ethanol formulated together with a thickening agent such as Carbomer (polymer of acrylic acid) into a gel, or a humectant such as glycerin into a liquid, or foam for ease of use and to decrease the drying effect of the alcohol.
Baay’een isaanii alkoolii isooproopiil yookaan itaanool fi wantoota qal’isuuf fayyadan kan akka kaarboneetii (poolimerii asiitik aasidii) jeeliitti ida’uu, giliisiriin dhangala’ootti dabaluu, yookan akka tajaajilaaf salphatutti ispoonjii itti dabaluu fi akka dhiibbaa goguu alkoolii hir’isuuf fayyadu, irratti hundaa’u.
Adding diluted hydrogen-peroxide increases further the antimicrobial activity.Hand sanitizers containing a minimum of 60 to 95% alcohol are efficient germ killers.
Haadiroojiin-peerooksaayidii bishaaniin makamaa itti dabaluun sochii farra baakteeriyaa daran guddisa. Qulqulleessituun harkaa alkoolii yoo xiqqaate % 60 hanga 95 of keessaa qabu jarmii sirriitti ajjeesa.
Alcohol rub sanitizers kill bacteria, multi-drug resistant bacteria (MRSA and VRE), tuberculosis, and some viruses (including HIV, herpes, RSV, rhinovirus, vaccinia, influenza, and hepatitis) and fungi.
Qulqulleessituuwwan alkoolii harka ittiin haxaawatan baakteeriyaa, baakteeriyaa qoricha hedduu dandamatu (MRSA fi VRE), dhukkuba sombaa, fi vaayiresiiwwan tokko tokkoo (HIV, dhukkuba gogaa namaa horbobbeessu, RSV, raayinoovaayirasii, vaaksiiniyaa, infiluweenzaa, fi dhukkuba tiruu dabalatee) fi fangasiiwwan ajjeesu.
Alcohol rub sanitizers containing 70% alcohol kill 99.97% (3.5 log reduction, similar to 35 decibel reduction) of the bacteria on hands 30 seconds after application and 99.99% to 99.999% (4 to 5 log reduction) of the bacteria on hands 1 minute after application.Hand sanitizers are most effective against bacteria and less effective against some viruses.
Qulqulleessituun haxooftuu alkoolii kan alkoolii %70 qabu erga harkatti dibatanii sekoondii 30 booda baakteeriyaa harka irraa %99.97 ajjeesa (hir’isuu loogii 3.5, hir’isuu dessiibeelii 35 waliin walfakkaataa), akkasumas erga harkatti naqamee daqiiqaa 1 booda %99.99 hanga %99.999 (hir’isuu loogii 4 hanga 5) ajjeesa. Qulqulleessituun harkaa baakteeriyaa ajjeesuutti hunda caalaa bu’a qabeessa, vaayirasiiwwan tokko tokko ajjeesuutti immoo bu’a-qabeessummaan isaa gad aanaadha.
Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are almost entirely ineffective against norovirus (or Norwalk) type viruses, the most common cause of contagious gastroenteritis.Enough hand antiseptic or alcohol rub must be used to thoroughly wet or cover both hands.
Saanitaayizeroonni harkaa alkoolii irraa qopheeffaman guutummaan guutuutti vaayirasoota akaakuu nooroovaayirasii (yookaan Noorwookii), isa dhukkuba garaachaafi mar’umaanii daddarbaa ta’eef sababa beekamaa ta’e balleessuuf bu’a qabeessa miti jechuun ni danda’ama. Harka lamaan sirriitti jiisuu fi waliin ga’uuf farra baakteeriyaa harkaa yookaan haxooftuu alkoolii ga’aa fayyadamuu qabna.
The front and back of both hands and between and the ends of all fingers are rubbed for approximately 30 seconds until the liquid, foam or gel is dry.
Fuulduraa fi duuba harka lamaanii fi gidduu fi dhuma qubbeenii hanga dhangala’oon yookaan hoomachi gogutti tilmaamaan sekondii 30f riguu.
Finger tips must be washed well too, rubbing them in both palms.The US Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommends hand washing over hand sanitizer rubs, particularly when hands are visibly dirty.
Qarqarri qubbeenii sirriitti dhiqamuu qaba, sirriitti riguu qaba. Giddugalli too’annoo fi ittisa fayyaa US saanitaayizarii fayyadamuu caalaa harka saamunaan dhiqachuu ajaja, keessattuu yeroo harki keenya xuraa’e.
The increasing use of these agents is based on their ease of use and rapid killing activity against micro-organisms; however, they should not serve as a replacement for proper hand washing unless soap and water are unavailable.
Fayyadamni tajaajila kanaa dabaluun salphina fayyadama isaa fi gocha maaykiroo orgaanisimii saffisaan ajjeessuu irratti hundaa’a; garuu, bakka qofaa isaatti bakka saamunaa fi bishaanii bu’uu hin danda’u.
Frequent use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers can cause dry skin unless emollients and/or skin moisturizers are added to the formula.
Qulqulleessituu harkaa alkooliirraa hojjetame irra deddeebiin fayyadamuun laaffistuunii fi/yookaan jiistuun gogaa yoo dibatichatti dabalame malee gogaa namaa gogsuu danda’a.
The drying effect of alcohol can be reduced or eliminated by adding glycerin and/or other emollients to the formula.
Miidhaan goguu alkoolii kan hir’achuu yookaan guutumatti dhabamuu danda’u glycerin yookaan dibata biraa foormulichatti dabaluudhaan.
In clinical trials, alcohol-based hand sanitizers containing emollients caused substantially less skin irritation and dryness than soaps or antimicrobial detergents.
Yaaliiwwan dhukkubsattootarratti godhaman keessatti, qaama rifachiisuuniifi gogiinsa fiduun qulqulleessitoota harkaa alkooliirraa qopheeffamaniifi laaffistuu gogaa of keessaa qabanii kan saamuunaafi qulqulleessitooti farra baakteeriyaa geessisanii gadidha.
Allergic contact dermatitis, contact urticaria syndrome or hypersensitivity to alcohol or additives present in alcohol hand rubs rarely occur.
Alkoolii yookaan galtee alkoolii harka ittiin qulqulleeffatan keessaa irraa kan ka’e alerjii tuttuqaatiin gogaan gubuun, mallattoo horbobbaa’uu agarsiisuun, yookaan akka malee ho’ifachuun darbee darbee ni mul’ata.
The lower tendency to induce irritant contact dermatitis became an attraction as compared to soap and water hand washing.
Haala salphaa loluu gogaa geessisu saamunaa si bishaaniin harka dhiqachuu caalaa hawwataa ta’ee jira.
Despite their effectiveness, non-water agents do not cleanse the hands of organic material, but simply disinfect them.
Wantoonni bishaan hinta’in bu’a-qabeessa haa ta’an iyyuu malee harka faalama irraa bilisa taasisuun alatti wantoota oorgaanikii ta’an irraa dhiqanii hin qulqulleessan.
It is for this reason that hand sanitizers are not as effective as soap and water at preventing the spread of many pathogens, since the pathogens still remain on the hands.
Sababa kanaaf saanitaayizariin hanga saamunaa fi bishaanii babaldhachuu baakteeriyaa yookaan vaayirasii ittisuu hin danda’u, baakteeriyaa yookaan vaayirasiin ammas harkarratti hafa waan ta’eef.
Alcohol-free hand sanitizer efficacy is heavily dependent on the ingredients and formulation, and historically has significantly under-performed alcohol and alcohol rubs.
Bu’a-qabeessummaan qulqulleessituu harkaa alkooliirraa bilisa ta’ee wantoota irraa qophaa’uu fi akkaataa itti qophaa’urratti akka malee kan hundaa’edha, seenaamaan immoo alkooliifi haxooftuu alkoolii baay’uma humna isaan gaditti itti fayyadamame qaba.
More recently, formulations that use benzalkonium chloride have been shown to have persistent and cumulative antimicrobial activity after application, unlike alcohol, which has been shown to decrease in efficacy after repeated use, probably due to progressive adverse skin reactions.
Dhiheenyatti, tooftaan beenzaalkoniyem kiloraayid fayyadamu tajaajilaaf dhihaate akka agarsiisetti ittisummaa fi antimaaykiroobiyal olaanaa qaba, akka alkoolii erga irra deddeebiin fayyadamnee booda tajaajilli isa kan gadi bu’uu miti, caalaatti sababa adeemsa keessa walnyaachuu gogaatiin.
Many people in low-income communities cannot afford soap and use ash or soil instead.
Namoonni hedduun hawaasota galii gadi aanaa qaban keessaa saamuunaa bitachuu waan hindandeenyeef bakka saamuunaa daaraa yookaan biyyee fayyadamu.
Ash or soil may be more effective than water alone, but may be less effective than soap.
Bishaan qofa fayyadamuu irra, tarii hanga saamuunaa yoo ga’uu baatan illee, daaraa yookaan biyyee fayyadamuutu bu’a-qabeessa.
One concern is that if the soil or ash is contaminated with microorganisms it may increase the spread of disease rather than decrease it.
Gama tokkoon biyyeen yookaan daaraan maaykiroo orgaanizimiin yoo faalame dhukkubicha hir’isuu caaka ni babal’isa.
Like soap, ash is also a disinfecting agent because in contact with water, it forms an alkaline solution.
Sababa inni bishaan waliin yeroo walitti dhufu walmaka alkalaayinii uumuuf daaraanis akkuma saamuunaa wanta baakteeriyaa balleessudha.
WHO recommended ash or sand as alternative to soap when soap is not available.
WHO aarri ykn awwaarri gaafa saamunaan dhibu akka saamunaatti tajaajiluu akka danda’an ibse.
Correct handwashing technique recommended by the US Centers for Disease Control for prevention of transmission of disease includes the following steps:
Tooftaaleen harka dhiqannaa giddugalli too’annoo fi qorannoo fayyaa US ittsa daddarba dhibeetiif ajaju tartiibota armaan gadiiti:
Wet hands with warm or cold running water.
Bishaan hoo’aan yookaan qorraan harka keenya jiisuu.
Running water is recommended because standing basins may be contaminated, while the temperature of the water does not seem to make a difference.
Bishaan yaa’u kan filatameef bishaanni kuufame faalamuu waan danda’uufidha, ho’i bishaanii immoo garaa garummaa kan fidu hin fakkaatu.
Lather hands by rubbing them with a generous amount of soap, including the backs of hands, between fingers, and under nails.
Hamma saamunaa sirrii ta’een harka sukkuumanii dhiqachuu, duuba karaka dabalatee, quba gidduu fi qeensa jelas.
Soap lifts germs from the skin, and studies show that people tend to wash their hands more thoroughly when soap is used rather than water alone.
Saamunaan jarmii harkarraa kaasa. Akka qo’annoon mul’isutti namoonni harka isaanii sirriitti laaffisanii kan dhiqatan bishaan qofaan osoo hin taane yeroo samunaa fayyadamaniidha.
Scrub for at least 20 seconds.
Yoo xiqqaate sekoondii 20 f sukkuumi.
Scrubbing creates friction, which helps remove germs from skin, and scrubbing for longer periods removes more germs.
Sukkuummaan wal riguu, isa jarmiiwwan gogaa irraa baasu uuma; sukkuummaan yeroo dheeraa ammo jarmiiwwan dabalataa baasa.
Rinse well under running water.
Bishaan bu’u jalatti sirriitti dhiqadhaa.
Rinsing in a basin can recontaminate hands.
Gabatee keessatti dhiqachuun harka keenya irra deebi’ee faaluu danda’a.
Dry with a clean towel or allow to air dry.
Fooxaa qulqulluudhaan qoorsaa yookaan qilleensi akka qoorsu taasisaa.
Wet and moist hands are more easily recontaminated.The most commonly missed areas are the thumb, the wrist, the areas between the fingers, and under fingernails.
Harki fuuree fi jiidhe salphaatti faalama. Iddoowwan yeroo hunda dagataman quba abbuudduu, harka ganaa olii, iddoo qubbeen gidduu fi qubbeen jala.
Artificial nails and chipped nail polish may harbor microorganisms.
Qeensi namtolchee kan hin muramin maaykiroorgaanizimii of jalatti qabachuu danda’a.
Moisturizing lotion is often recommended to keep the hands from drying out; dry skin can lead to skin damage which can increase the risk for the transmission of infection.
Dibata gogaa laaffisu fayyadamuun harka gogiinsarraa eeguuf yeroo hedduu gorfama; gogaan jiidha hinqabne gara miidhamuu gogaatti geessuu danda’a, kun immoo carraa dhukkubichaan qabamuu guddisuu danda’a.
Various low-cost options can be made to facilitate hand washing where tap-water and/or soap is not available e.g. pouring water from a hanging jerrycan or gourd with suitable holes and/or using ash if needed in developing countries.In situations with limited water supply (such as schools or rural areas in developing countries), there are water-conserving solutions, such as "tippy-taps" and other low-cost options. 
Karaan iddoo saamunaa fi bishaan hin jirretti gatii salphaan harka dhiqachuun akka danda’amu filannoowwan jiru. Fakkeenyaaf meeshaa pilaastikaa bishaan itti qabannu keessaa yeroo waraabnu qaawwa xiqqootti fayyadamuu/ biyyoota guddataa jiranitti daaraa fayyadamuu. Iddoo hanqinni dhiheessa bishanii jirutti (iddoo akka manneen barnootaa fi baadiyyaa biyyoota guddachaa jiraniitti), karaa bishaan ittiin jijjiirru kan akka karaa salphaan cufuu ("tippy-taps") fi gatii salphaa fayyadamuu fa’a.
A tippy-tap is a simple technology using a jug suspended by a rope, and a foot-operated lever to pour a small amount of water over the hands and a bar of soap.
Boombaa rarraatuun teeknooloojii salphaa jeerikaanii funyoodhaan fannifame, akkasumas buustuu bishaanii miillaan to’atamtu, kan bishaan xixiqqeessee harkatti buusuu fi saamuunaa fayyadamudha.
Effective drying of the hands is an essential part of the hand hygiene process, but there is some debate over the most effective form of drying in public washrooms.
Harka sirriitti qoorfachuun qaama adeemsa bu’uraa qulqullina harkaa eeggachuuti, garuu manneen fincaanii uummataa keessatti akkaataan harka qoorfannaa hunda caalaa bu’a-qabeessa ta’e isa kam akka ta’e irratti falmii hanga ta’etu jira.
A growing volume of research suggests paper towels are much more hygienic than the electric hand dryers found in many washrooms.
Qorannoowwan hedduun kutaa dhiqannaa hedduu keessatti kan argamu gogsituu harkaa kan elektirikaa caalaa qulqulleessitu lallaafoo harka goggogfachuuf oolan ajaja.
In 2008, a study was conducted by the University of Westminster, London, and sponsored by the paper-towel industry the European Tissue Symposium, to compare the levels of hygiene offered by paper towels, warm-air hand dryers and the more modern jet-air hand dryers.
Bara 2008tti qorannoon yuunivarsiitii Westiministeeri, Landanitti godhame fi industirii uffata goggogsittuu harkaatii European Tissue Symposium’n ispoonsara godhame, sadarkaa qulqullinaa uffata goggogsituu harkaa fi gogsituu hoo’a qilleensaa ammayyaawaa waliin madaaluuf.
After washing and drying hands with the warm-air dryer, the total number of bacteria was found to increase on average on the finger pads by 194% and on the palms by 254%.
Harka dhiqatanii harka qoorsituu qilleensa ho’aan qoorsuun erga qoorfatanii booda, lakkoofsi baakteeriyaa waliigalaa quba irraa giddugaleessaan %194 dabalee argame, barruu irratti immoo %254n dabalee argame.
Drying with the jet-air dryer resulted in an increase on average of the total number of bacteria on the finger pads by 42% and on the palms by 15%.
Jeet – air’dhaan harka gogfachuun waliigala baakteeriyaa qubbeen irratti argamanii 42%’n yoo dabalu kan ganaa harkaa keessatti argaman 15%’n dabala.
After washing and drying hands with a paper towel, the total number of bacteria was reduced on average on the finger pads by up to 76% and on the palms by up to 77%.The scientists also carried out tests to establish whether there was the potential for cross contamination of other washroom users and the washroom environment as a result of each type of drying method.
Erga harka keenya dhiqannee uffata lallaafaan gogfanneen booda baacteeriyaan quba keenya irraa 76% fi keessoo harka keenyaa irraa 77% hir’ate jechuudha. Akkaataa mana dhiqannaa faalame irraa gara nama fayyadamaatti darbuu ni darbaa kan jedhu irratti saayintistoonni qorannoo gaggeessanii jiru.
The jet-air dryer, which blows air out of the unit at claimed speeds of 180 m/s (650 km/h; 400 mph), was capable of blowing micro-organisms from the hands and the unit and potentially contaminating other washroom users and the washroom environment up to 2 metres away.
Gogsituu qilleensaa kan qilleensa saffisa murteessaa 180 m/s (650 km/h; 400mph) meeshaa irraa dhabamsiisu, maaykiroo-orgaanizimii harkaa fi meeshaa irraas balleessuu danda’a, akkasumas kudhaa dhiqannaa fi fayyadamtoota kutaa dhiqannaa hanga fageenya meetira 2 irratti faaluu danda’a.
Use of a warm-air hand dryer spread micro-organisms up to 0.25 metres from the dryer.
Meeshaa qilleensa hoo’aan harka goggogsutti fayyadamuun maaykiroo orgaanizimichi meetira 0.25 akka meeshicha irraa akka deemu taasisa.
Paper towels showed no significant spread of micro-organisms.In 2005, in a study conducted by TÜV Produkt und Umwelt, different hand drying methods were evaluated.
Haxooftuuwwan waraqaa tatamsa’uu maayikiroo orgaanizimootaa cimaa ta’e hin mul’isine. Bara 2005 keessa, qo’annoo ‘TÜV Produkt und Umwelt’n adeemsifame keessatti akkaataa harka dhiqannaa garaa garaatu gamaaggamame.
The following changes in the bacterial count after drying the hands were observed:
Harka qoorfachuun booda jijjiiramoota lakkoofsa baakteeriyaa armaan gadiitu hubatame:
Many different hand dryer manufacturers exist, and hand driers have been compared against drying with paper towels.
Oomishtoonni gogsituu harkaa hedduun cufaman. Gogsituu uffataatu caalaatti fudhatama argate.
Hand washing using hand sanitizing wipes is an alternative during traveling in the absence of soap and water.
Yeroo imalaa bakka saamuunaa fi bishaan hinjirreetti akka filannootti huccuu harkaa keemikaala cuuphame fayyadamuun harka qulqulleeffachuun ni danda’ama.
Alcohol-based hand sanitizer should contain at least 60% alcohol.
Qulqulleessituun harkaa kan alkoolii irratti hundaa’e yoo xiqqaate alkoolii 60% of keessaa qabaachuu qaba.
Medical hand-washing became mandatory long after Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis discovered its effectiveness (in 1846) in preventing disease in a hospital environment.
Erga doktoriin biyya Hangarii Ignaatsi Semelvaayis bu’aa inni naannoo hospitaalaa keessatti dhukkuba ittisuudhaan qabu hubatee (bara 1846 keessa) booda harka dhiqannaan mana yaalaa keessatti dirqama ta’e.
There are electronic devices that provide feedback to remind hospital staff to wash their hands when they forget.
Hojjettoonni fayyaa harka isaanii dhiqachuu yeroo irraanfatan akka yaadatanii dhiqataniif meeshaaleen elektiroonikii duubdeebii dhiyeessuudhaan isaan yaadachiisan jiru.
One study has found decreased infection rates with their use.
Fayyadama isaaniitiin hammi dhibee saaxilamu gadi bu’uu qo’annoon tokko argate.
Medical hand-washing is for a minimum of 15 seconds, using generous amounts of soap and water or gel to lather and rub each part of the hands.
Harka dhiqachuun ogeeyyota fayyaa yoo xiqqaate sekondii 15f bishaanii fi saamunaa yookaan haguuggii harkaatiif jeelii fayyadamuun kutaa harka keenyaa hunda sukkuumnee dhiqachuudha.
Hands should be rubbed together with digits interlocking.
Harki keenya sirrii walkeessa naqamee rigamuu qaba.
If there is debris under fingernails, a bristle brush may be used to remove it.
Qeensa qubaa jala xuriin yoo jiraate, burushiin rifeensaa xuricha ittii baasuuf ni fayyada.
Since germs may remain in the water on the hands, it is important to rinse well and wipe dry with a clean towel.
Jarmiin bishaan harka keenya irratti argamu keessatti hafuu danda’a waa ta’eef sirriitti bishaaniin dhiqachuu fi uffata qulqulluun gogsuun barbaachisaadha.
After drying, the paper towel should be used to turn off the water (and open any exit door if necessary).
Harka qoorfachuu booda, boombaa cufuudhaaf (fi yoo barbaachisaa ta’es balbala ittiin baanu banuudhaaf) fooxaa waraqaa fayyadamuu qabna.
This avoids re-contaminating the hands from those surfaces.
Kun harki wantoota irraa irra deebi’ee akka hin faalamneef fayyada.
The purpose of hand-washing in the health-care setting is to remove pathogenic microorganisms ("germs") and avoid transmitting them. 
Haala kunuunsa fayyaa keessatti kaayyoon harka dhiqannaa maayikiroo oorgaanizimoota dhukkuba fidan (“jarmiiwwan”) ofirraa baasuu fi daddarbuu isaanii hambisuudha.
The New England Journal of Medicine reports that a lack of hand-washing remains at unacceptable levels in most medical environments, with large numbers of doctors and nurses routinely forgetting to wash their hands before touching patients, thus transmitting microorganisms.
Maxxansi haarofni fayyaa kan Ingilaand gabaasa baaseen hanqinni harka dhiqachuu naannawa fayyaatti sadarkaa fudhatama hin qabne irratti hafe. Haaluma kanaan doktoroonnii fi narsoonni lakkoofsaan hedduu dhukkubsata tuttuquun duratti harka dhiqachuu akka qaban guutumatti dagataa jiru, kanaafis maaykiroorgaanizimii daddabarsaa jiru.
One study showed that proper hand-washing and other simple procedures can decrease the rate of catheter-related bloodstream infections by 66 percent.The World Health Organization has published a sheet demonstrating standard hand-washing and hand-rubbing in health-care sectors.
Qorannoon tokko akka agarsiisetti harka dhiqannaa fi btartiibni sasalphaa biroon hamma dhibee kaateeterii yaa’iinsa dhiigaa waliin wal qabate dhibbantaa 66n hir’isuu danda’a. dhaabbati fayyaa addunyaa karaa sektera fayyaan akkaataa dhiqachuu fi sukkuumuu harkaa ibsituuwwan agarsiisan baayiseera.
The draft guidance of hand hygiene by the organization can also be found at its website for public comment.
Unki kallatteessaa qulqullina harkaa dhaabbatichaan qophaa’e yaada ummataatiif weebsaayitii isaanii irratti argama.
A relevant review was conducted by Whitby et al.
Qorannoon murteessaan Whitby fi kan biroodhaan godhamee ture.
Commercial devices can measure and validate hand hygiene, if demonstration of regulatory compliance is required.
Meeshaaleen gurgurtaa agarsiisi seeratti buluu ni barbaachisa yoo ta’e, qulqullina harkaa safaruufi mirkaneessuu ni danda’u.
The World Health Organization has "Five Moments" for washing hands: 
Dhaabbati Fayyaa Addunyaa dhiqannaa harkaatiif “Yeroowwan Shan” qaba:
after exposure to blood/body fluids
Erga dhiigaaf/dhangala’aa qaama keessaa bahuuf saaxilamnee
before an aseptic task, and
hojii baakteeriyaa dhibamsiisuutiin dura, fi
after patient care.The addition of antiseptic chemicals to soap ("medicated" or "antimicrobial" soaps) confers killing action to a hand-washing agent. 
Yaala dhukkubsataan booda. Keemikaala qulqullina saamunaatti dabaluun (saamunaa "waldhaaname" yookaan "jarmii ajjeesu") nama harka dhiquufitti waa’ee gocha ajjeessuu haasa’a.
Such killing action may be desired prior to performing surgery or in settings in which antibiotic-resistant organisms are highly prevalent.To 'scrub' one's hands for a surgical operation, it is necessary to have a tap that can be turned on and off without touching it with the hands, some chlorhexidine or iodine wash, sterile towels for drying the hands after washing, and a sterile brush for scrubbing and another sterile instrument for cleaning under the fingernails.
Wantoonni ajjeesoon akkasiin baqaqsanii yaaluudhaan yookaan orgaanizimii ittisa antiibaayootikiitiin beekamoodha. Tajaajila baqaqsanii yaaluutiif harka nama tokkoo dhiquuf meeshaa osoo harkaan hin tuqin ofiin banuu fi cufami barbaachisa, qeensa jala sirriitti dhiqachuuf kiloorheksidiin yookaan ayodiin, uffata erga harka dhiqanneen booda ittiin gogsinu fi qulqulleessituu biroos fayyadamuu qabna.
All jewelry should be removed.
Faayaa hunda ofirraa yaasuu qabdu.
This procedure requires washing the hands and forearms up to the elbow, usually 2–6 minutes.
Adeemsi kun kan gaafatu harkaa keenya ganaadhaa hamma ciqileetti daqiiqaa 2-6 dhiqachuudha.
Long scrub-times (10 minutes) are not necessary.
Yeroo dheeraan hanga (daqiiqaa 10) barbaachisaa miti.
When rinsing, water on the forearms must be prevented from running back to the hands.
Yeroo bishaaniin dhiqannu, bishaa ciqilee irraa gara harkaatti akka gadi hin deebine ittifamuu qaba.
After hand-washing is completed, the hands are dried with a sterile cloth and a surgical gown is donned.
Erga harka dhiqannaan xumuramee booda, harki huccuu faalama irraa bilisa ta’een qulqulleeffamee gaawoniin kutaa baqaqasanii hodhuu uffatama.
To reduce the spread of germs, it is better to wash the hands or use a hand antiseptic before and after tending to a sick person.
Tatamsa’ina jarmiiwwanii hir’isuuf, dhukkubsataa wal’aanuun duraa fi booda harka dhiqachuu yookaan farra baakteeriyaa harkaa fayyadamuu wayya.
For control of staphylococcal infections in hospitals, it has been found that the greatest benefit from hand-cleansing came from the first 20% of washing, and that very little additional benefit was gained when hand cleansing frequency was increased beyond 35%.
Hospitaala keessatti faalama istaafilookokaal too’achuu keessatti harka qulqulleeffachuun dhiqannaa 20% hammata, akkasumas caalaatti kan bu’aa qabeessa ta’u harka qulqulleeffachuun kun gara 35%tti yoo olguddateedha.
Washing with plain soap results in more than triple the rate of bacterial infectious disease transmitted to food as compared to washing with antibacterial soap.Comparing hand-rubbing with alcohol-based solution with hand washing with antibacterial soap for a median time of 30 seconds each showed that the alcohol hand-rubbing reduced bacterial contamination 26% more than the antibacterial soap.
Saamuna salphaan dhiqachuun saamunaa farra baakteeriyaatiin dhiqachuu caalaa dhukkuboonni baakteeriyaan daddarban gara nyaataatti akka darban taasisa. Saamuna farra baakteeriyaa qabuu immoo yoo saanitaayizarii alkooliitiin wal bira qabne saamunichaa sekondii 30 dhiqachuu irra alkoolicha fayyadamuutu 26% fayyada.
But soap and water is more effective than alcohol-based hand rubs for reducing H1N1 influenza A virus and Clostridium difficile spores from hands.Interventions to improve hand hygiene in healthcare settings can involve education for staff on hand washing, increasing the availability of alcohol-based hand rub, and written and verbal reminders to staff.
Vaayirasii Infiluuweenzaa A H1N1 fi Clostridium difficile harkarraa hir’isuu irratti garuu saamunaa fi bishaan alkoolii qulqulleessituu harkaa caalaa bu’a buusa. Eegumsa fayyaa keessatti dhiibbaa qulqullina harkaa eeggachuuf godhamuuf hojjattootaaf barnoonni harka dhiqachuu, alkoolii qulqulleessituu harkaa fayyadamuu fi yaadachiiftuuwwan barreeffamaa fi sagalee barbaachisoodha.
There is a need for more research into which of these interventions are most effective in different healthcare settings.
Dhiibbaaleen kunneen sirna kunuunsa fayyaa keessatti hanga faayida qabeessa akka ta’an qorannoon dabalataa barbaachisaadha.
In developing countries, hand washing with soap is recognized as a cost-effective, essential tool for achieving good health, and even good nutrition.
Biyyoota guddachaa jiran keessatti, saamunaan harka dhiqachuun akka gatii guddaa baasisutti tilmaame, meeshaa gaarii fayyummaa eegu, akkasuma nyaata madaalamaa illee.
However, a lack of reliable water supply, soap or hand washing facilities in people's homes, at schools and at the workplace make it a challenge to achieve universal hand washing behaviors.
Garuu, hanqinni dhiheessa bishaanii, samunaa yookaan wantoota harka dhiqachuuf manatti, mana barnootaatti fi iddoo hojii amala harka dhiqannaa addunyawaa horachuu irratti dhiibbaa uuma.
For example, in most of rural Africa hand washing taps close to every private or public toilet are scarce, even though cheap options exist to build hand washing stations.
Fakkeenyaaf, baadiyyaa Afriikaa harka caalaa isaa keessatti ujummoon bishaan harka dhiqannaa mana fincaanii dhuunfaatti yookaan uummataatti dhiyoo ta’e muraasa, buufataalee harka dhiqannaa ijaaruuf filannoowwan rakasa ta’an yooma jiraatan illee.
However, low hand washing rates rather can also be the result of engrained habits rather than due to a lack of soap or water.
Haa ta’u malee, reetiin harka dhiqannaa kan gadi bu’u hanqina saamunaa fi bishaaniitiin osoo hin taane amala dhiqannaa laafaa qabaachuuni.
The promotion and advocacy of hand washing with soap can influence policy decisions, raise awareness about the benefits of hand washing and lead to long-term behavior change of the population.
Beeksisiifi deeggarsi saamuunaadhaan harka dhiqannaa murtoowwan imaammataa irraan dhiibbaa ga’uu, bu’aa harka dhiqachuurratti hubannoo uumuu, akkasumas uummati gara jijjiirama amalaa yeroo dheeraa fiduutti geessuu danda’a.
For this to work effectively, monitoring and evaluation are necessary.
Hojii kana milkeessuuf, too’achuu fi calaluun barbaachisaadha.
A systematic review of 70 studies found that community-based approaches are effective at increasing hand washing in LMICs, while social marketing campaigns are less effective.One example for hand washing promotion in schools is the "Three Star Approach" by UNICEF that encourages schools to take simple, inexpensive steps to ensure that students wash their hands with soap, among other hygienic requirements. 
Malaan qeequun qo’annoowwan 70 akka bira ga’etti, harka dhiqannaa Biyyoota Galii Gad aanaafi Giddugaleessaa qaban keessaa guddisuurratti bu’a-qabeessummaan duula gurgurtaa hawaasummaa gad aanaa yoo ta’u, malawwan hawaasa bu’ureeffatan garuu bu’a qabeessa. Beeksisa harka dhiqannaa mana barumsaa keessaatiif fakkeenyi tokko “Mala Urjii Sadii” Yuuniiseef (UNICEF) isa manneen barnootaa tarkaanfiiwwan salphaafi gatiin isaanii qaalii hintaaneen barattoonni ulaagaalee qulqullinaa biroo keessaa saamuunaadhaan akka harka dhiqataniif jajjabeessudha.
When minimum standards are achieved, schools can move from one to ultimately three stars.
Ulaagaa inni gadaanaan yemmuu guutamu, manneen barnootaa urjii tokkoo irraa dhuma irratti gara sadiitti ce’uu danda’u.