atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
Patients with fever and/or respiratory symptoms and acute fever, even without pulmonary imaging abnormalities, should be screened for the virus for early diagnosis.
j5 ju1thn5 tin te kv l2th pu11ny kiv rivk k` li``kdivn kiv l2th lu11ny m5 d55t, kiv am`n5 tin thil rivk l55k`, ba kvn dial dhil thvm kv bayr`th.
A demographic study in late December of 2019 showed that the percentages of the symptoms were 98% for fever, 76% for dry cough, 55% for dyspnea, and 3% for diarrhea; 8% of the patients required ventilation support.
pek m5 ca x`c g7r k` kv kv guut pay w`l rvw kv 2019 cv nyoth 5 pek in jsc l2th pu11ny v 98%, kivl in thil k`k 76%, civk yieek` v 55%, `k c5th v 3%, kv nvy 8% m5 g77 lu`k jsam.
Similar findings were reported in two recent studies of a family cluster and a cluster caused by transmission from an asymptomatic individual.
jekn5 t5 cet kv nv t] ca kv lar k` x`cn5 d1x rvw t5 thi1k gu11thdivn k` j5 ci22xn5 kvn naath t5 dsp juey kv du]]p kvl.
Comparably, a demographic study in 2012 showed that MERS-CoV patients also had fever (98%), dry cough (47%), and dyspnea (55%) as their main symptoms.
cet kv vns, pek nath t5 ca g7r x`c kv 2012 nyoothv jv 5 j5ju`th MERS-CoV b` te kvn kv l2th pu11ny(98%), kivl in thil k`k (47%), civk yieek` (55) v la nyuuthn5kivn.
However, 80% of them required ventilation support, much more than COVID-19 patients and consistent with the higher lethality of MERS than of COVID-19.
kulv la f66 (80%) k` kv cg77rv lu`k jsam, vl]x p1ny j5 COVID-19 te kv rivl m5 d55t k` MERS xu``n5 j5 COVID-19.
Diarrhea (26%) and sore throat (21%) were also observed with MERS patients.
C5th (26%) k` b0c l55k` v (21%) ca jv nvn b` kvvl k` j 5 MERS.
In SARS patients, it has been demonstrated that fever (99%-100%), dry cough (29%-75%), dyspnea (40%-42%), diarrhea (20-25%), and sore throat (13-25%) were the major symptoms and ventilation support was required for approximately 14%-20% of the patients.
rvi j5 ju1thn5 SARS, cv jv nyoth 5 l2th pu11ny (((-100), kivl in thil k`k 29%-75%, civk yieek` (40%-42%), c5th (20%-25%), b0c l55k` (13-25%) kv kvn tin g77r lu`k jsam cua kv jek kv (14-20%).
By February 14, the mortality of COVID-19 was 2% when the confirmed cases reached 66,576 globally.
kv pay rvw 14, li11 COVID-19 cuv a 2% me c5 pek e ca x`th cop k` 66,576 w5c mu]]n kvvliw.
Comparably, the mortality of SARS by November 2002 was 10% of 8,096 confirmed cases.
v p``r kv li1 SRAS kv par wal kvl 2002 cuv la 10% kv pek m5 8,096 tin ca x`th.
For MERS, based on a demographic study in June 2012, the mortality was 37% of 2,494 confirmed cases.
kv MERS, kv pek e ca g7r x`c kv pay b1kvl 2012 cua 37% kv pek m5 2,494 ca x`th.
An earlier study reported that the R0 of SARS-CoV-2 was as high as 6.47 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 5.71-7.23, whereas the R0 of SARS-CoV only ranged from 2 to 4.
g7r x`c` m5 nhiam cv jv lar 5 R0 k` SARS-CoV-2 cuv d5t cet kv 6.47 kv 95% x1th kamn5 (Cl) m5 5.71-7.23, kv R0 SARS CoV k` rsa v k`nv k` q2 v we k` 4.
A comparison of SARS-CoV-2 with MERS-CoV and SARA-CoV regarding their symptoms, mortality, and R0 is presented in Table ​Table1.1.
p``r5 SARS-CoV-2 kvn MERS-CoV kvn SARA-CoV kv ku5c nyuuthn5, li11 kv R0 ca kv l1th piny k` tharb2tTharb2t 1.1.
The above figures suggest that SARS-CoV-2 has a higher ability to spread than MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, but it is less lethal than the latter two.
thurv ms te nhials nyootv jv 5 SARS-CoV-2 la d`kv fsaa kv p0th k` MERS-CoV kvn SARS-CoV, duxdv f66 kuiy rivlv k` kvn d1x rvw.
Thus, it is much more challenging to control the epidemic of SARS-CoV-2 than those of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV.
kv f66 ns, jvn bvc g1x SARS-CoV-2 vl]x k` g1x MERS-CoV kvn SARS CoV.
Clustered onset often happens in the same family or from the same gathering or vehicle such as a cruise ship.
Vn benv d55t vms laa tusskv k` dhsr v kvls kivv bu]nv kvls m5 laath baax rvy wec
Patients often have a history of travel or residence in Wuhan or other affected areas or contact with infected individuals or patients in the recent two weeks before the onset.
J5 ju1thn5 rv juskn5 d1x rvw v /k`n juey n5 p`l la kvn malv jsc 5 c5 kv we j1l kiv ciex k` wuhan kiv gu`th tin k]x tin c5 juey kv luvx kiv r6m raam m5 c5 juey v luvx.
However, it has been reported that people can carry the virus without symptoms longer than two weeks and cured patients discharged from hospitals can carry the virus again, which sends out an alarm to increase the time for quarantine.
Kuvlaa h66 ca jv lar5 de raan te kvv b1yr]th v thivl nyuuthn5 kv pek m5 b``l juskn5 d1x rvw kiv ram5 caa x]th m5 caa lony duelw1l derv te vv b1yr]th v nysk m5 nyooth h66 ba pek nyuur` ran gu11thdv k` rsa rep.
Patients have normal or reduced number of peripheral white blood cells (especially lymphocytes) at the early stage.
Gu1n ju1th kv gu11th in pay juey v k`p la t22 kv k00n rivm in b7r (cetkv ms te l5mpsthaayn5 t])m5 thivl diw kiv bv g``m.
For example, lymphopenia with white blood cell count &lt; 4×109/L including lymphocyte count &lt; 1×109/L, and elevated aspartate aminotransferase levels and viremia were found in 1,099 COVID-19 patients.
C``t, g1m l5mpsthaayn5 rvy rivm in b7r kv pek m5 &lt; 4×109/L; kiv ku0n l5mpsthaay m5 &lt; 1×109/L, kvnv d5t vndhaamn5 cu1ny kvnv b1yr]th rvy rivm caa kv jek k` gu1n ju1th m5 te kvv 1,099 COVID-19.
The levels of liver and muscle enzymes and myoglobin were increased in the blood of some patients, and C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation were increased in the blood of most patients.
Pek vndhaamn5 cu1ny kvnv r`l am`n5 maysg5l7b55n caa r7 rep rv rivm th11x j5 ju1thn5, am`n5 th55-riaktip pirstiin kvnv 5r5thvrsthaay thvd5mvnt2cin caa r7 rep rvy rivm j5 ju1thn5 t5 xuan.
In patients with severe cases, the level of D-dimer, a fibrin degradation product present in the blood, was elevated, and lymphocyte count was progressively reduced.
K` j5 ju1thn5 tin lvm jueydivn, la pek d55daymvr`, kv dusth payb5r55n` min c5 d1k rvy rivm rs a reep k` b5 ku00n l5mpsthaay` we kv m5 xookv n5rs.
Abnormalities in chest radiography are found in most COVID-19 patients and featured by bilateral patchy shadows or ground glass opacity in the lungs.
Caa diw jek k` thurv kath j5 ju1thn5 t5 xuan5 kvn t5 te kvv COVID-19m5 jsc cet kvv t5`pn5 t5 gu]l-gu]l kiv gu`th t5 b77r t5 cet kv neen ku5c pu]thn5 d1x rvw.
Patients often develop an atypical pneumonia, acute lung injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
La j5 ju1thn5 malv te kv juey pu]]th m5 caa x`c vgsaa, bu]t pu]]th m5 rup-rup kvnv juey l5k` m5 rup-rup(ARDS).
When ARDS happens, uncontrolled inflammation, fluid accumulation, and progressive fibrosis severely compromise the gas exchange.
M5 c5 ARDS tussk, b5 pu]t m5 thivl k`p cu]x,kv du]l law-laawn5 kv r7 kvnv p511r5 t5 reep n5 r7 r5tn5 jsam kv rs rvy pu]]th cu p2n.
Dysfunction of type-I and type-II pneumocytes decreases the surfactant level and increases surface tension, thus reducing the ability of the lungs to expand and heightening the risk of lung collapse.
J5``k l1t thvl5 pu]]th tin csal5 taay-I kvnv taay-II bv pek th`rpaktan5 kiv p5 pu]]th cu xok k` reepv th7t pu]]th v r7 rvydivn, vn nsms bv lu1x pu]]th k` h66 d2 r7 lvp cu xok k` bv kv cuu jak` mat kv r7.
Therefore, the worst chest radiographic findings often parallel the most severe extent of the disease.
Kv ku5c vms tin ji`k jekdivn v l7x k` thurv kath laa kvn malv be kvvl kv d5t ju1th.
On February 18, 2020, the first pathological analysis of COVID-19 demonstrated the desquamation of pneumocytes, hyaline membrane formation, and interstitial lymphocyte infiltration, and multinucleated syncytial cells in the lungs of a patient who died of the disease, consistent with the pathology of viral infection and ARDS and similar to that of SARS and MERS patients.
Kv pay rvw 18, 2020, cuu th2m COVID-19 in nhiam jv nyoth5 w`k th0l5 pu]]th r7 piny, kv r1p-r1p m5 c5 tussk rvy pu]]th, cu am`n5 l5mpsthaayn5 te rvy pu]]th kvnv th0l5 t5 caa r7 mat kvvl rvy pu]]th gu1n ju1th m5 c5 l5w v jsk, m5 nyooth h66 juey n77xv luex b1yr]th`, kvn ARDS m5 c``t kv j5 ju1thn5 SARS kvnv MERS.
The detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA via reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used as the major criteria for the diagnosis of COVID-19.
Cuu jek RNAk` SARS-CoV-2 tussk kv maciin in laa th0m kvv j55n (RT-PCR), k` cue cu1 jvn min d55t in g6rkv kv th2mCOVID-19.
However, due to the high false-negative rate, which may accelerate the epidemic, clinical manifestations started to be used for diagnosis (which no longer solely relied on RT-PCR) in China on February 13, 2020.
Kuvvlaa h66 jsc kac th5n 5 thivlv juey k` te juey th5n, m5 dee rep n5 d5t ju1th v c5 fsw thi`xv, cuaa jv tok kvm5 baa nyuthn5 kvnv th``nyn5 ju1th k1n kv th2m (m5 /c5 msa RT-PCR k` rsa) k` cvyna kv pay rvw 13, 2020.
A similar situation also occurred with the diagnosis of SARS.
Cuu ciaax m5 cet kv nvmv tusk b` kv th2m SARS.
Therefore, a combination of disease history, clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, and radiological findings is essential and imperative for making an effective diagnosis.
Kv ku5c vms mat l0xk` ju1th, kv nyuuthn5 kvnv th``nyn5 ju1th, kv th2m labsrat6r5k`, cuu am`n5 thurv kath r7xkvn kv n77xn5 th2m m5 thivl diw.
On February 14, 2020, the Feng Zhang group described a protocol of using the CRISPR-based SHERLOCK technique to detect SARS-CoV-2, which detects synthetic SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragments at 20 × 10-18 mol/L to 200 × 10-18 mol/L (10-100 copies per microliter of input) using a dipstick in less than an hour without requiring elaborate instrumentation.
Kv pay rvw 14, 2020, cuu bu]n Feng Zhang psrstsk77l lat m5 l`t kv t11 CRISPR kvnv c1p SHERLOCK kv h66 d2 SAR-COV-2jek, m5 nyooth thu0y-thu0y RNAn5 t5 t1th kv n5 kv kv pek m520 × 10-18 mol/L to 200 × 10-18 mol/L (v la kspv n5 10-100 rvy theemn5 w5lvn5 t55 bathdssr tin caa l1th rvc m5 l`t kv kvv juac theem` coon5 rvy thaak` v thivl m5 g77r yi22thn5 th2m t5 d5t.
Hopefully, the new technique can dramatically enhance the sensitivity and convenience if verified in clinical samples.
X1thkvjv 5, kv c11p ti pay tusk ti dee kvn ciaax kvnv xi`c ju1th jak` th51k m5 caa kv d5`l gu`c rvy l1t du2l w1l.
Due to the lack of experience with the novel CoV, physicians can mainly provide supportive care to COVID-19 patients, while attempting a variety of therapies that have been used or proposed before for the treatment of other CoVs such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and other viral diseases (Table ​(Table2).2).
Kv ku5c thivl` x`c` m5 gsaa k` novel CoV, la k5mn5 v th7p n5 ciaax yoop` k` j5 ju11thn5 COVID-19, k` we kv kv m5 f]n kvn wal t5 g66l t5 caa ksnv th6pkv k` CoVn5 tin k]x t5 cetkv ms te SARS-CoV kvnv MERS-CoV am`n5 jsaak b1yr]thn5 tin k]x (Tharb2t(Tharb2t2).2).
These therapies include current and potential treatments with antiviral drugs, immunosuppressants, steroids, plasma from recovered patients, Chinese medicine, and psychological support.
Kvn wal titi te wal tum` b1yr]thn5 t`mvk` th5n, kv wal tin xuskv bu]m pu11ny, y5thterssyn5, rivm gu1n ju1th m5 c5 x]]th, wal j5 Cvyna am`n5 yu]p xith`.
Even plasma from recovered patients was proposed to be used for treatment.
M`n5 rivm raam5 c5 x]]th caa jv g7r5 dee raan l1t kvjv b`.
Pharmaceutical companies are racing to develop antibodies and vaccines against the virus.
K66x ksmpvn5 wal t5 xuan kv l`tn5 w1l tum` g1x b1yr]th`.
SARS-CoV-2 mainly attacks the lungs in the beginning and probably also attacks, to a lesser degree, other organs that express ACE2, such as the gastrointestinal system and the kidneys.
Vn SARS-CoV-2 kv tukdv la jvnv m`kn5 pu]th, k` d]x derv cu]]x pu11ny tin k]x tin te kvv ACE2 m1k b] kv pek m5 tst cet kv ms te j51cs kvnv rok.
Nevertheless, respiratory dysfunction and failure are the major threat to the patients and the major cause of death.
Kuvlaa h66, tin n66xkv l511 vl7x k` j5 ju1thn5, v thivl l1t kvnv p1k l1t l55k`.
Thus, respiratory support is critical to relieve the symptoms and save lives and includes general oxygen therapy, high-flow oxygen, noninvasive ventilation, and invasive mechanical ventilation depending on the severity of the disease.
Kv ku5c vms, yu]p l55k` vm5 d55t vl7x k` h66 b5 nyuuthn5 kulv k]1c kvnv k1n teek` ran, k` vnvmv te mat w1l skth5j55n` th5n, skth5j55n m5 l7ny vl7x, jism in ku2x kv wuum kvnv jism in wa cust n5 rvy pu]]th kv maciin, k` baa kv th6p kv pek bvc` ju1th.
Patients with severe respiratory symptoms have to be supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), a modified cardiopulmonary bypass technique used for the treatment of life-threatening cardiac or respiratory failure.
J5 ju1thn5 tin te kv nyuuthn5 t5 bvcv l7x baa kv dhil yop kvv skth5j55n m5 caa ku2x r1p-r1p raar pu11ny (ECMO), m5 caa nysk kv rial5k` kv c1p m5 dh]x lsc kvnv pu]th kv ku5c tum` thivl l`t` lsaac kvnv pu]th in dee t2k mivt.
In addition, the maintenance of electrolyte balance, the prevention and treatment of secondary infection and septic shock, and the protection of the functions of the vital organs are also essential for SARS-CoV-2 patients.
V nysk b`, rsm 5l0ktsrlaayn5 th5n v p``r rvy pu11ny, g1x kvnv tu]m luex` m5 dee ben g7l` kvnv dak rivm in n77x luexv, am`n5 g1x l1t cu]]xn5 pu11ny tin d5t g77rv kv k` j5 ju1thn5 SARS-CoV-2.
It has been known that a cytokine storm results from an overreaction of the immune system in SARS and MERS patients.
Caa jv x1c vn h66 xuan thayt6kaanyn5 la jaa n77x k0c bum` pu11ny k` j5 ju1th n5 tin tee SARS kvnv MERS.
Cytokine storm is a form of systemic inflammatory response featured by the release of a series of cytokines including TNFα, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ, and MCP-1.
Vn xuan thayt6kaanyn5 v nusw pu]t` pu11ny m5 la rs a nyooth kv lu]ny thayt6kaanyn5 m5 lsth n5rs cetkv ms te TNFα, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ, am`n5 MCP-1.
These cytokines induce immune cells to release a vast number of free radicals which are the major cause of ARDS and multiple organ failure.
Kvn thayt6kaanyn5 la kvn th0l5 bum` pu11ny v jak` f66 b5kvatuomn5 t5 j`l g66l5 lony tin d5tn5 kvn k` n77x ARDS kvnv p1k l1t cu]]xn5 pu11ny t5 xuan.
Immunosuppression is essential in the treatment of cytokine storms, especially in severe patients.
Xu]k bum` pu11ny g77rv jv kv tu]m xuan` thayt6kaanyn5, k` j5 ju1thn5 t5 bvc vl7x.
Corticosteroids and tocilizumab, an anti-IL6 monoclonal antibody, have been used to treat cytokine storm.
Kst5k6y5thterssy kvnv tsk5l6dhumap in la psrstiin g1x IL6k`,tusm kv xuan thayt6kaanyn5 kvkv vn t`mv.
Other immunosuppression treatments for cytokine storm include the modulation of T cell-directed immune response; the blockade of IFN-γ, IL-1, and TNF; JAK inhibition; blinatumomab; suppressor of cytokine signaling 4; and HDAC inhibitors.
Wal xuk` bum` pu11ny tink]x tin tusm kv xuan thayt6kaanyn5 rvy rivm te wal tin lot n5 T-cell, tin g``k IFN-γ, IL-1, kvnv TNF; cu m`n5 JAK; b5l5natum6map; ming``k du]]p j1l thayt6kaany vn4 d5vn; am`n5 wal tin g1k kv HDAC.
Steroids, as immunosuppressants, were widely used in the treatment of SARS to reduce the severity of inflammatory damage.
y5thterssyn5 vkvn l`t kv naath vl6xs v tu]m SARS kv h66 b5 v b0c pu]t` but` kulv du`r.
However, steroids at high dosages were not beneficial to severe lung injury in SARS and COVID-19 patients.
Kuvlaa h66, y5thterssyn5 kv pek m5 d55t thivlv kv p11y k` bu]t pu]]th intekv j5 ju1thn5 SARS kvnv COVID-19.
Instead, they may cause severe side effects, especially avascular osteonecrosis, dramatically affecting the prognosis.
V dee kvn lv we n66x n5 k]kivn5 t5 cet kv ms te thivl rivm rvy c]]k` m5 de we y1r n5 guut ju1th.
Nevertheless, short courses of corticosteroids at low-to-moderate doses have been recommended to be used prudently for critically ill COVID-19 patients.
Kuvlaa h66, th6pn5 kst5k6y5thterssyn5 kv gu11th m5 civk kv pek m5 tst kiv lvmk` kuiy caa jv jek 5 gsaav kv j5 ju1thn5 tin cv d`k vl7x kv juey COVID-19.
At the time of writing, no effective antiviral therapy has been confirmed.
Kv gu11th vn g]1r vv wargak vmv thivlv w`l b1yr]th` m5 gsaa m5 caa n5 jek.
However, intravenous administration with remdesivir, a nucleotide analog, has been found to be efficacious in an American patient with COVID-19.
Kuvlaa h66, tomn5 rvmdvth5b55r, in cet kv nuk5li6taay, caa jv jek 5 gsaav kv j5 ju1thn5 tin te kvv COVID-19 k` Amvr5ka.
Remdesivir is a novel antiviral drug developed by Gilead initially for the treatment of diseases caused by Ebola and Marlburg viruses.
Vn rvmdvth5b55r v w`l ju1th b1yr]th` m5 l1t kv v Gilead n5 tuk`dv kv tu]m jsaakn5 tin n77x b1yr]th in csal5 Ebola kvnv Marlburg.
Later, remdesivir also demonstrated possible inhibition of other single stranded RNA viruses including MERS and SARS viruses.
Kvksrv,curvmdvth5b55r v nyoth5 derv b1yr]thn5 RNA tin k]x g`k cet kv ms te MERS kvnv SARS b1yr]ths.
Based on these, Gilead has provided the compound to China to conduct a pair of trials on SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, and the results are highly anticipated.
Kv dup t5 cet kvv kvn titi, cu Gilead j5 Cvyna gu2ny kv h66 b5 kv j5 ju1thn5 tin caa luvx v SARS-CoV-2f]n kv w`l, k` cu jekdv cu cetn5 kv t11 in ca car 5 b5 tussk.
In addition, baricitinb, interferon-α, lopinavir/ritonavir, and ribavirin have been suggested as potential therapies for patients with acute respiratory symptoms.
V nysk b`, b1rth5tiinb, yintvrpersn-α, l6p5nab55r/r5tsnab55r am`n5 r5bab5r5n caa kv guic5 de kv gsw kv tu]m j5 ju1thn5 t5 te kv nyuuthn5 l55k`.
Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, liver damage, and other adverse reactions can occur following combined therapy with lopinavir/ritonavir.
Waaw, jaal, x6k, bu]t cu1ny cu m`n5 tin k]x tin de tusk la kvnv be kv ksr k` min caa wal k]kivn5 mat kvv l6p5nab55r/r5tsnab55r.
The interaction of these treatments with other drugs used in the patients should be monitored carefully.
Baa r6m wal titi kv wal tin k]x k` j5 ju1thn5 dhil gu]]r kvv tiit.
Plasma from recovered patients and antibody generation
Rivm m5 caa k1n k` j5 ju11thn5 tin c5 x]]th kvnv ji2c psrvtiin5 g1x ju1th rvy rivm
The collection of the blood from patients who recovered from a contagious disease to treat other patients suffering from the same disease or to protect healthy individuals from catching the disease has a long history.
K`n5 rivm k` j5 ju11thn5 t5 c5 x]]th k` jsk m5 dsp naath kv h66 ba we tuom j5 ju1thn5 t5 cuc kv jsk m5 c``t kvjv kiv kv g1x raam5 pusl pu]nydv kv jvn jsk vms tee kv l0x m5 b``r.
Indeed, recovered patients often have a relatively high level of antibodies against the pathogen in their blood.
V puc, j5 ju1thn5 tin c5 x]]th k` luex la rvy rivmdivn v te kvv psrstiin5 g1x ju1th t5 xuan.
Antibodies are an immunoglobulin (Ig) produced by B lymphocytes to fight pathogens and other foreign objects and they recognize unique molecules in the pathogens and neutralize them directly.
Kvn psrvtiin5 g1x ju1th kv y5mun6g5l6b55n5 t5 l1tkv v B- l5mp6thaan5 kv h66 b5 kv nyi22ny kv luex kiv ju]]r k]kivn5 pu]]ny k` la kvn mol5k5y56l5 t5 r0l kvr7 k` luex vxic b5 kvn kv cuu du`r.
Based on this, plasma was collected from the blood of a group of patients who recovered from COVID-19 and was injected into 10 seriously ill patients.
Kv du]]p m5 cet kvv nv, caa rivm k1n k` bu]n j5 ju1thn5 t5 c5 x]]th k` COVID-19, k` ca we tuom j5 ju1thn5 d1x 10 t5 cv d`k vl7x.
Their symptoms improved within 24 hours, accompanied by reduced inflammation and viral loads and improved oxygen saturation in the blood.
K` cu nyuuthn5 kivn xu``n rvy thaan5 t5 24, k` cu pu]t pu11ny kvnv pek b1yr]th` rvy rivm rs yu]th piny, k` cu pek skth5j55n` rvy rivm xu``n.
However, verification and clarification are necessary to propose the method for large-scale use before specific therapies are not yet developed.
Kuvlaa h66, v l`t k` m5 cet kvv nv k` nvy t5 nyin xuan kamv lvvrs /k1n w`l kvl m5 lust n5 caks, g77rv gu`c kvnv liny lssc m5 gsaa.
In addition, given the therapeutic effects, some disadvantages associated with the plasma should be considered carefully.
V nysk b`, th7p rivm c`x n5 ms toomv jueys, tee kv t5 ji`kv t5 g77r c1r m5 gsaa.
For example, antibodies can overstimulate the immune response and cause cytokine release syndrome, which is potentially a life-threatening toxicity.
C``t, psrvtiin5 g1x ju1th de kvn bu]m pu11ny jiac nhial vl7x v derv nyuuthn5 kvn th``nyn5 t5 be kv lu]ny thayt6kaanyn5 n77x, vn nsms tee kv lu1x kv luex m5 dee t2k mivvt.
The concentration of antibodies in the blood is usually low, and the demand for the plasma is large to treat critically ill patients.
Kv h66 pirstiin5 g1x ju1th rvy rivm j5 ju1thn5 tin cv d`k kv juey vl7x la kvn malv kuiy, pek rivm in d2 th7p d55tv.
It is difficult to develop and produce specific antibodies rapidly enough to fight against a global epidemic.
Bumv vn t1th kvnv l`tn5 psrvtiin5 kv p0th t5 dee r7x kv k7r ju1th v c5 fsw th5`xv.
Thus, it is more critical and practical to isolate B cells from recovered patients and identify the genetic codes encoding effective antibodies or screen for effective antibodies against essential proteins of the virus.
Kv ku5c vms, v l1t m5 thivk duxn5h66 d2 l1th l`t vn h66 baa B-th0l5 k1m raar pu]]ny j5 ju1thn5 t5 c5 x]]th k` baa j55n in te rvydivn in dee psrvtiin5 g1x ju1th t5 r7x n66x xic kiv baa psrvtiin5 g1x ju1th tin r7x k7r psrvtiin5 b1yr]th` lvy.
This way, we can readily scale up the production of the antibodies.
Kv jvn du]]p vmv dee ksn l`tn5 psrvtiin5 g1x ju1th cu rep.
TCM has been used to treat a variety of diseases in China for thousands of years.
TMC caa jv tuom jssk t5 g66l k` Cvyna kv run t55 bathdssr5.
However, its effects largely rely on a combination of multiple components in a formula that varies depending on the diagnosis of a disease based on the theories of TCM.
Kuvlaa h66, lu1xdv min d55t te k` mat xsan5 t5 g66l t5 /c5 c``t rvy pusmulak` m5 we kv t11 in caa jek jsk kv c1r in caa k1m raar v TMC.
Most of the effective components remain unknown or are vague as it is difficult to extract and verify such components or their optimal combinations.
m11tn5 kv t5 gsw t5 xuan xot kv /k1n kv n5 x1c kiv cop lssc b0cv 5 baa lustdivn jek kiv matdivn kv rs.
Currently, due to the lack of effective and specific therapy for COVID-19, TCM has become one of the major alternative treatments for patients with light to moderate symptoms or for those who have recovered from severe stages.
vn t`mv kv thil du]p tum` m5 gsaa k` COVID-19, TCM cv la du]]p in nhiam in d55t n5 jvn kv tu]m k` ju1thn5 tin pusl nyuuthn5kivn kiv tin c5 x]]th k` t5 xuan.
For example, Shu Feng Jie Du capsules and Lian Hua Qing Wen capsules were found to be effective for COVID-19 treatment.
C``t, wal Shu Feng Jie Du kvn wal Lian Hua Qing Wen ca kv jek gsw kv kv tu]m COVID-19.
Top cure rates in the treatment of COVID-19 patients were observed in several provinces in China that used TCM in 87% of their patients, including Gansu (63.7%), Ningxia (50%), and Hunan (50%), whereas Hubei province, which used TCM in only approximately 30% of its COVID-19 patients, had the lowest cure rate (13%).
Pek x]th` tum` COVID-19 in nhiam k` j5 ju1th ca jv nvn w55n5 t5 xuan k` China t5 l`t kv TCM rvi 87% kv j5 ju1th, t5 te Gansu kv 63.7%, Ningxia (50%), k` wec Hubei e c5 l`t kv TCM b` rvi 30% k` COVID-19 tee kv pek in kuiy m5 c5 x]]th m5 13% k` j5 ju1th.
However, this is quite a rough comparison as many other impact factors such as the number and severity of the patients should be included in the evaluation.
kuv la f66 v p``r m5 thil kv f66 rik tin nk]x cet kv pek d5t` ju1th pu]ny nath d22 jv mat th5n b` k` guec.
On February 18, 2020, Boli Zhang and coworkers published a study to compare western medicine (WM) treatment alone with combined treatment of WM and TCM.
kv pay rvw 18, 2020 Boli Zhang kvn j5 l1tdv ca wargak k1m raarkv p``r wal caam wec (WM) kv tu]mdivn k`r] kvn mat tum`divn kvn wal caam wen (WM) kvn TCM.
They found that the times needed for body temperature recovery, symptom disappearance, and hospitalization were remarkably shorter in the WM+TCM group than in the WM only group.
Ca jv jek 5 thaakn5 tin g6r kv kv x]th l2th` pu11ny, bath nyuuthn5, kvn tu]]m kvvliw cvik kvn rvi WM+TCM k` rvi WM k`rsa.
Most impressively, the rate for symptomatic worsening (from light to severe) was remarkably lower for the WM+TCM group than for the WM only group (7.4% versus 46.2%) and the mortality was lower in the WM+TCM group than WM only group (8.8% versus 39%).
Min r]th vl]x kv gssy, pek in r`th kv ji``k nyuuthn5 nhiam (jivndivn k` min tst v we k` min d55t) civkv k` WM = TCM k` WM k`rsa (7.4% m5 gu1c kvn 46.2%) k` li11 kuiyv rvi WM+TCM k` WM k`rsa (8.8) m5 gu1c kvn 39%.
Nevertheless, the efficacy and safety of TCM still await more well-controlled trials at larger scales and in more centers.
c`x v jvn 5ns, gssy TCM xotv /kenv gu11thdv cop in baa gax jv kv pek in thu]k rvi gu1thn5 t5 xuan.
It would also be intriguing to characterize the mechanism of actions and clarify the effective components of TCM treatments or their combinations if possible.
jvn b` bv la gssy m5 ca dup kv kulv x1c tin l`t kv jv kvn cu]p lsaac kv m11tn5 kv vn tu]m TCM kiv matdivn m5 lotv rs.
Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 mostly experience great fear of the highly contagious and even fatal disease, and quarantined people also experience boredom, loneliness, and anger.
J5 ju1th tin ca diw kiv ca x`th 5 te kv COVID-19 la dual naath kv f66 d22 kv d6p juey kiv li11 jsaak, k` tin ca nyu]]r g7l` b` la xs11x kv, ciaax k`rss kvn jiath lsaac.
Furthermore, symptoms of the infection such as fever, hypoxia, and cough as well as adverse effects of the treatments such as insomnia caused by corticosteroids can lead to more anxiety and mental distress.
Nysk, nyuuthn5 luex` cet kv l2th pu11ny, ku0 jsam skth5j5n` rvi rivm, kvn kivl kvvl gssy tum` cet kv thil nien in n77x ksrniksthterstv der5 divvr lsaac kvn ji``k xith` n66x.
In the early phase of the SARS outbreak, a range of psychiatric morbidities including persistent depression, anxiety, panic attacks, psychomotor excitement, psychotic symptoms, delirium, and even suicidality were reported.
Rvi gu1th in nhiam k` SARS, ciaax ji``k` xith` kvvl kv tu]]p, divvr lsaac, mak k` dial, xu0th c`r`, nyuuthn5 c`r`, bath c`r` kvn n`k ran kv rs ca kv lar.
Mandatory contact tracing and quarantine, as a part of the public health responses to the COVID-19 outbreak, can make people more anxious and guilty about the effects of the contagion, quarantine, and stigma on their families and friends.
Dup jek` tin ca yil kvn nyuur k`rsa, v la c`p yoop` pusl` pu11ny kv ku5c COVID -19 jakv naath k` divvr kv jek nath kv juey, nyuur k`rsaa kvn lvrv k` j5 ci2x kvn m`thn5 ran.
Thus, mental health care should be provided to COVID-19 patients, suspected individuals, and people in contact with them as well as the general public who are in need.
Ins, yoop ju1th xith` ba jv dhil th6p k` j5 ju1th COVID-19, tin ca diw, naath tin c5 thi22k kv kv am`n5 wec in d]x.
The psychological support should include the establishment of multidisciplinary mental health teams, clear communications with regular and accurate updates about the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and treatment plans and the use of professional electronic devices and applications to avoid close contact with each other.
Vn lu`k c`r` kvvl kv l1t kv dup t5 g66l v k5mn5 xith`, ruac m5 f66x kv thaakn5 t5 thi1k k` jsc kv ku5c SARS-CoV-2 kvn c11p tum` tin l`t k5mn5 kv kv kuak maciin5 kvn dupkivn kv f66 /cv naath b5 dsp tin k]x.
Effective vaccines are essential for interrupting the chain of transmission from animal reservoirs and infected humans to susceptible hosts and are often complementary to antiviral treatment in the control of epidemics caused by emerging viruses.
kuak tin gsw kv g1x d6p ju1th k` ley kvn naath tin cv k`p kv wedv k` naath tin k]x kv k]kivn kv ciaax tum` antibayral kv g1x th`x`dv kv fsw vn bayr`th in pay ben.
Efforts have been made to develop S protein-based vaccines to generate long-term and potent neutralizing antibodies and/or protective immunity against SARS-CoV.
Caa lu1x f]n kv l1t S protein tum` kv g6r du]]p m5 b5 j``ny kvn antibody m5 jooc jueykiv g1x SARS-CoV.
Live-attenuated vaccines have been evaluated in animal models for SARS.
Kuak tum` teek` ca kv l1t k` ley kv ku5c SARS.
However, the in vivo efficacy of these vaccine candidates in elderly individuals and lethal-challenge models and their protection against zoonotic virus infection have yet to be determined before a clinical study is initiated.
Kuv la f66 vn gssydivn kvn kuak titi k` dsx kvn g2r li`th kvn g1xdivn kv luex bayr`th xot kv ba kv kulv guic v /k1n min de l1t dueelwal k1m raar.
This is probably because SARS died down 17 years ago and no new case has been reported since.
Nvmv d]x derv a f66 kvn SARS c5 kv l5w kv run 17 t22 c5 thuuk k` thilv l``r m5 ca met lix kv ku5cdivn vn run5 titi.
In contrast, sporadic cases and clusters of MERS continue to occur in the Middle East and spread to other regions owing to the persistence of zoonotic sources in endemic areas.
V gu1c kv vns, pek kvn lueeyn5 MERS cu kv xot kv tusk kv m5dil ith v we k` w55 tin k]x kv f66 ci2x tin pith kvn vn w1ns.
Vaccination strategies have been developed for MERS by using inactivated virus, DNA plasmids, viral vectors, nanoparticles, virus-like particles and recombinant protein subunits and some have been evaluated in animal models.
C11p tum` wal g1x ca kv l1t kv MERS kv l1t nath kv bayr`th m5 du`r, DNAplasmids, kvn bvktst, p1rt5ksl5 nano, p1rt5ksl5 bayr`th kvn mat bun5 protein k` ca th11xkivn nysk kv guec k` ley.
The development of a safe and effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 for non-immune individuals is an urgent and critical task for controlling the ongoing epidemic.
Vn cu]p k` tu]m g1x ju1th in ca l1t kv ku5c SARS-CoV-2 k` naath tin thil bu]m pu11ny kv p0th kvn l1t in thu]k in gax kv we nhiam ju1th fsaa.
However, it is challenging to overcome the difficulty because of the long period of time (averaged 18 months) needed for vaccine development and the dynamic variations of CoVs.
kuv la f66 jvn b0cv vn f66 ba tiam vn b0cdv kv f66 n1n gu11th (p`th 18) g77rv kv kv l1t w1l tum` g1x ju1th kvngu1c civxn5kivn kvn CoVs.
As a novel disease, COVID-19 has just started to manifest its full clinical course throughout thousands of patients.
et kv juey m5 rvl rs, COVID-19 cv pay tok 5 bv rs nyoth k` j5 ju1th dial t5 k5thn5.
In most cases, patients can recover gradually without sequelae.
Gu1thn5 t5 xuan, naath ku kv x]]th a thil m5 b` kssr.
However, similar to SARS and MERS, COVID-19 is also associated with high morbidity and mortality in patients with severe cases.
kuv la f66 cet kv SARS kvn MERS, COVID -19 cv rs thieek kv r`rv kv raan kvn li11 k` j5 ju1th tin cv k`p v bcv.
Therefore, building a prognosis model for the disease is essential for health-care agencies to prioritize their services, especially in resource-constrained areas.
Kv f66 ns, l1t kv pvn piny ju1th gsaayv kv mukt`p pusl pu11ny kv l`th nhiam l1tdivn k` gu1th tin dak kuak th5n.
Based on clinical studies reported thus far, the following factors may affect or be associated with the prognosis of COVID-19 patients (Table ​(Table33):
Kv g7r x`c` m5 ca kksx l1t kvn tit e piny ti de kv thieek kv pen piny ju1th COVID-19 (Tharb2t(Tharb2t33):
Age: Age was the most important factor for the prognosis of SARS, which is also true for COVID-19.
Run: Run cua kvn la rivk kvvl in d55ts kv pvn piny ju1th SARS, m5 la thu]k b` k` COVID-19.
COVID-19 mainly happened at the age of 30-65 with 47.7% of those patients being over 50 in a study of 8,866 cases as described above.
COVID-19 la malv k11pv naath tin runkivn 30-65 kv 47.7% k` kvn naath t]t]t we runkivn k` 50k` x`c e ca thvm 8,866 m5 ca lar nhial.
Patients who required intensive care were more likely to have underlying comorbidities and complications and were significantly older than those who did not (at the median age of 66 versus 51), suggesting age as a prognostic factor for the outcome of COVID-19 patients.
J5 ju1th tin g77r yoop m5 d55t cuv thi1k kv kv vl]x vn r`r kvn r2p k` xuan runkivn k` naath tin /ken (kv run tin pek 66 v gu1c kv 51) m5 nyooth run v la pvn piny ju1th kv guut COVID-19.
Sex: SARS-CoV-2 has infected more men than women (0.31/100,000 versus 0.27/100,000), as described above.
Wut kiv ciek: SARS-CoV-2 t22 kv luex m5 d55t kv wutn5 k` m`n (0.31/100000 v gu1c kv 0.27/100,000), cet kv min ca lat nhial.
Comorbidities and complications: Patients with COVID-19 who require intensive care are more likely to suffer from acute cardiac injury and arrhythmia.
ju1th tin k]x kvn r2pdv kv rs: J5 ju1thn5 tin te kv COVID-19 tin g77r yoop m5 d55t thi1kv kv kv 5 b5 kv cuuc kv rivk lsaac m5 rup-rup kv ku2t lsaac m5 gu0l.
Cardiac events were also the main reason for death in SARS patients.
Nyin lsaac tin tusk kv kvn la tuk li`th ts k` j5 ju1th SARS.
It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 can also bind to ACE2-positive cholangiocytes, which might lead to liver dysfunctions in COVID-19 patients.
Ca jv lar 5 SARS-CoV-2 de kv te kv ACE2 b` kv csalxgiothaat, m5 n77x p00n l1t cu1ny kv j5 ju1th COVID-19.
It is worth noting that age and underlying disease are strongly correlated and might interfere with each other.
Gsayv 5 ba jv x1c 5 run kvn ju1th tin k]x we kv kvvl k` dee kvn jssc kvvl kv k]kivn.
Abnormal laboratory findings: The C-reactive protein (CRP) level in blood reflects the severity of inflammation or tissue injury and has been proposed to be a potential prognostic factor for disease, response to therapy, and ultimate recovery.
Tin jekv k` labsrat6r5 kv diw: Vn C- kvc` protein (CRP) rvi rivm nyoothv d5t pu]t` kiv bu]t t5cuun5 k` v kvn la tuk k` n77x pvn piny m5 ji``k kv juey t], kv du]]p loc` gssy kvn x]1th.
The correlation of CRP level to the severity and prognosis of COVID-19 has also been proposed.
We k00l kam CRP kv d5t ju1th kvn pvn pinydv vn COVID-19 ca jv guic b`.
In addition, elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and creatine kinase (CK) may also help predict the outcome.
Kv mvn d]x, r2p yindhaamn5 cu1ny kv rs cet kv lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and creatine kinase (CK) dee kvn guut ju1th nyoth b`.
These enzymes are expressed extensively in multiple organs, especially in the heart and liver, and are released during tissue damage.
kvn yindhaamnt titi la jsc kvn v l]x k` cu]]x pu11ny tin k]x, cet kv lsc kvn cu`ny k` laa b` kv raar min caa t5cuun5 tiam.
Thus, they are traditional markers for heart or liver dysfunctions.
%ns, kvn kv kvn tin nyooth p00n l1t lsaac kvn ch`ny t22 ca x1c n5 wal.
Major clinical symptoms: Chest radiography and temporal progression of clinical symptoms should be considered together with the other issues for the prediction of outcomes and complications of COVID-19.
Nyuuthn5 tin d5t: Th22m kath kvn nyuuthn5 tin d5t k` jv ba kv dhil guic kvvl kv tin k]x kv mi`r guut` ju1th kvn r2pdv kv rs vn COVID-19.
Use of steroids: As described above, steroids are immunosuppressant commonly used as an adjunctive therapy for infectious diseases to reduce the severity of inflammatory damage.
L1t yithtersyn5: Cet kv min ca lat nhial, yithtersyn5 kv wal tin xook bu]m pu1ny tin la k1n kv v la t5 lu1k k` luex ju1th m5 ji``k kv f66 baa pu]t xot.
Since a high dosage of corticosteroids was widely used in severe SARS patients, many survivors suffered from avascular osteonecrosis with life-long disability and poor life quality.
Kv f66 d5t kstksthtersyn5 ca jv l1t kv p0l rvi SARS m5 d55 t k` j5 ju1th, naath t5 xuan tin c5 x]]th la cuc kv kv abathkular sthtisnvksrsthith kv bum t5 b5 j``ny rvi teek` kvn thil gssy` teek`.
Thus, if needed, steroids should be used at low dosage and for a short time in COVID-19 patients.
%ns, m5 g6r jv, yithtersyn5 ba kv k1n v kuiy kv gu11th m5 tst b` v j5 ju1th COVID-19.
Mental stress: As described above, during the COVID-19 outbreak many patients have suffered from extraordinary stress as they often endured long periods of quarantine and extreme uncertainty and witnessed the death of close family members and fellow patients.
Dual xith`: Cet kv ms ca lat nhials, kv n5n COVID-19 j5 ju1thn5 t5 xuan c5 kv cuuc kv dual xith` m5 d55t kv f66 nax kvn gu11th m5 b`` nyuur` k`r] kvn thil x`th` m5 d55t k` nvn li11 watn5kivn tin thi1k kvk kv kvn j5 ju1thn5 tin k]x.
It is imperative to provide psychological counseling and long-term support to help these patients recover from the stress and return to normal life.
Jvn gsaayv 5 baa com c`r` xith` th6p kvn lu`k kv gu11th m5 b``r kv f66 baa j5 ju1thn5 lu`k kv locdivn teek`.
According to demographic studies so far, COVID-19 seems to have different epidemiological features from SARS.
Cet kv m5 ca lar v g6r x`c` k` pek m5 c5 we kv ku5c COVID-19 cetv kv m5 t22 kv d``k k` thi1x ju1th kv fsw k` SARS.
In addition to replicating in the lower respiratory tract, SARS-CoV-2 can efficiently replicate in the upper respiratory tract and causes mild or no symptoms in the early phase of infection, similar to other CoVs that cause common colds.
Kv c1kdv kv r spiny l55k` ran, SARS-CoV-2 la reepv rs nhial l55k` k` la n77xv nyuuthn5 t5 tst kiv thilv nyuuth b` m5 d22 nvn kv gu11th in took luex rs, cet kv CoV n5 tin k]x tin la n77x thony-thony.
Therefore, infected patients at the early phase or incubation period can produce a large amount of virus during daily activities, causing great difficulty for the control of the epidemic.
Kv f66 ns, j5 ju1th tin cv luvx kv gu11th in tusk kv juey la kvn bayr`th m5 d55t v dol pu]]ny kv gu11th l1t civxn5, m5 la n77x b0c kv g1x ju1th fsaa.
However, the transmission of SARS-CoV was considered to occur when the patients are severely ill, while most transmission did not happen at the early phase.
Kuv la f66 vn d6p SARS-CoV ca ksn guic 5 la tuskv min c5 gu1n ju1th jueydv kulv d5t k` /ken dup d6p t5 xuan gul ksx tusk kv gu11th in nhiam.
Thus, the current outbreak of COVID-19 is much more severe and difficult to control than the outbreak of SARS.
%ns, vn tuk COVID-19 vmv cv d5t vl]x k` bvc g1xdv v xu``n n5 tukdv.
Great efforts are currently underway in China including the lockdown of Wuhan and surrounding cities and continuous quarantine of almost the entire population in hopes of interrupting the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
L1t m5 d55t kv ja th5n t`mv k` China kvn kv g1kwec k` Wuahn kvn w55 g22kn5 kv k` nyuur gu11th kvl k` wec kvvliw kv x1th k` f66 ba d6p ju1th SARS-CoV- 2 kv naath xok.
Although these actions have been dramatically damaging the economy and other sectors of the country, the number of new patients is declining, indicating the slowdown of the epidemic.
C`x n5 ms kvn l`t titi ca yiksnsmic y`r kvn mukt``p k]kivn rvi wec, c5 pek nath tin payv k`p ku00 t`mv, m5 nyooth f66 c5 juey we piny.
The most optimistic estimate is that the outbreak will end by March and the downswing phase will last for 3-4 months.
Vn guvc kv vl]x k` juey v f66 bv thuuk kv pay di]k k` guutdv ku luay kv p`th 3-4.
However, some other experts are not that optimistic.
kuv la f66 th11x j5 x`c` /c5 kvn v guic ins.
Paul Hunter, et al., estimated that COVID-19, which seems substantially more infectious than SARS, will not end in 2020.
Paul Hunter, et al., cv lar 5 COVID-19, m5 l`ny n5 SARS kv lu2x ji``k /cv b5 thuuk kv 2020.
Ira Longini, et al., established a model to predict the outcome of the epidemic and suggested that SARS-CoV-2 could infect two-thirds of the global population.
Ira Longini, et la., cv du]]p k1m raar kv ku5c guut` ju1th fsaa k` cv lar 5 SARS-CoV-2 bv naath t5 2/3 w5c mu]]n luvx.
A Canadian group reported that SARS-CoV-2 was detected in both mid-turbinate and throat swabs of patients who recovered and left the hospital 2 weeks earlier, which indicates that the newly identified virus could become a cyclical episode similar to influenza.
Bu]n Kanada cv jv lar 5 SARS-CoV-2 ca jv jek rvi r``l lsaac kvn li``k raam m5 c5 x]]th k` ca lony dueelwal kv juskn 5 rvw t5 c5 thuuk, m5 nyooth f66 vn bayr`th in pay tusk bv rs jak` bv rs nyi66k cet kv yinpluvndha.
However, promising signs have occurred in China based on the declining number of new cases, indicating the current strategies might have been working.
Kuv la f66 du]]r m5 thu]]k cv tusk k` China m5 nyooth f66 kvn dup titi b5 kv l`t.
Ebola was originally predicted to cause up to a million cases with half a million deaths.
Ebola ca ksx guic 5 bv pek m5 bathdssr5 n`k w55 mu]]n.
However, via strict quarantine and isolation, the disease has eventually been put under control.
Kuv la f66 kv nyuur ran gu11thdv krsa kvn p`lv v nth]xs, ca vn juey vms lu`x kv g1x.
It is possible, similar to SARS-CoV, that SARS-CoV-2 might become weaker in infectivity and eventually die down or become a less pathogenic virus co-existent with humans.
Derv rs lot, cet kv SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 d]x bv lv thil lu1x kv lu2xdv am`n5 m5 cv l5w kiv cv dak 5 bv xot kvvl kv raan.
A comparison of the epidemic of COVID-19 with that of SARS and MERS is provided below (Fig. ​(Fig.55).
P``r ju1th fsaa COVID-19 kvn SARS kv MERSca xun piny w`nv (thurv. ​(Thurv.55).
SARS-CoV-2 is highly transmittable through coughing or sneezing, and possibly also through direct contact with materials contaminated by the virus.
SARSCoV-2 jvn d5t d6pdv kv kivl kiv thiam kvn gueey pu11ny kv kuak t5 c5 lu00x kv bayr`th.
The virus was also found in feces, which raises a new possibility of feces-to-mouth transmission.
Vn bayr`th b` ca lvn5 jek rvi c1th, kvl m5 ci lvn nyoth b` 5 d]x deed sp kv we c1th thok ran.
A recent study on 138 cases reported that 41% of the cases were possibly caused by nosocomial infections, including 17 patients with other prior diseases and 40 health-care providers.
G7r x`c` m5 pay l1t k` pek m5 138 cv jv lar5 41% k` pek vms derv tok luex m5 jek raanv rvi du22lwal kvvl kv ju1th k]kivn k` j5 l1t du22lwal t5 40.
Thus, great precaution should be used to protect humans, especially health-care providers, social workers, family members, colleagues, and even bystanders in contact with patients or infected people.
%ns, ba luek m5 d55t dhil ku2x piny kv g1x ran, v civk kv j5 l1t du22lwal, nat tin l`t kv ku5c ran, j5 ci2x, j5 l1t kvvlam`n5 naath tin te cux` tin r7m kv naath tin cv moc juey.
The first line of defense that could be used to lower the risk of infection is through wearing face masks; both the use of surgical masks and N95 respirator masks (series # 1860s) helps control the spread of viruses.
Vn min nhiam in ba l1t kv yuth rik` luex` piny v l`th kuum` wu]m kvn thok, vn l`th kuum` ret` kvn N95 kuum l55k` (in la 1860s) lu`kv naath kv g1x bayr`th`.
Surgical face masks prevent liquid droplets from a potentially infected individual from traveling through the air or sticking onto surfaces of materials, where they could be passed on to others.
Kuum wu]m kvn thok min dux ret` gaxv pusw-pussw law-lawn5 tin b` k` ram tee luex kv rvi jsam kv f66 b5 kv kiv tin c5 nyuur pu]]ny kuakn5 kv f66 b5 kv cop naath tin k]x.
However, only N95 (series # 1860s) masks can protect against the inhalation of virions as small as 10 to 80 nm, with only 5% of the virions being able to penetrate completely; SARS-CoV-2 is similar to SARS-CoV in size and both are approximately 85 nm.
Kuv la f66 v kuum N95 k`rsa (in la 1860s)gax b1t bayrsn5 ms tin kuiy cet kv 10 v we k` 80 nm v kv 5% bayrsn5 k`rs dee cop t]; SARS-CoV 2 c``tv kv SARS-CoV iv d55t k` kvn d1x rvw kv 85 nm.
Since particles can penetrate even five surgical masks stacked together, health-care providers in direct contact with patients must wear N95 (series # 1860s) masks but not surgical masks.
Kv f66 p1rt5ksl5 dee kv kuumn5 ret` dhieec wuth t5 caa mat kvvl, j5 l1t pusl` pu11ny tin r7m kv j5 ju1thn5 ba kuum N95 (in la 1860) dhil l1th v /c5 ms a ret`.
In addition to masks, health-care providers should wear fitted isolation gowns in order to further reduce contact with viruses.
V nysk kv ksr kuum`, l11t du22lwal kvn baa b5y dueelwal m5 ril dhil l1th kv f66 ba jek bayr`th` gax.
Viruses can also infect an individual through the eyes.
Bayr`thn5 la kvn luvvx kvn naath w`xn5kivn b`.
On January 22, 2020, a doctor was infected with SARS-CoV-2 although he wore an N95 mask; the virus might have entered his body through his inflammatory eyes.
kv pay kvl 22, 2020, ca k5m luvx v SARS CoV-2 c`x me cv kuum N95 l1th, vn bayr`th d]x w22 kv w`xkv.
Thus, health-care providers should also wear transparent face shields or goggles while working with patients.
Ins, k5mn5 baa kuum neen` nhiam dhil l1th kiv p5l11thik min l`t kvn j5 ju1thn5.
For the general public in affected or potentially affected areas, it is highly suggested that everybody wash their hands with disinfectant soaps more often than usual, try to stay indoors for self-quarantine and limit contact with potentially infected individuals.
Kv ku5c nath dial tin te gu1thn5 t5 ca luvx kiv tin d22 luvx, ca jv thiec vn f66 yvn dial bia tetkun lak kv wal in n`k luex gu1thn5 diaal, fs1nv f66 bia nyuur du2l5 k` v jek kuiy kv naath tin d]x cv k`p kv juey.
Three feet is considered an appropriate distance for people to stay away from a patient.
K11th di]k gsw kv kv n1nkam`du yvn ram in d]x in te kv juey.
These actions are effective methods to lower the risk of infection as well as prevent the spread of the virus.
L``t titi kv kvn dup tin gsw kv yuth pinyrik` luex` kvn g1x kvv r2p ju1th kv rs.
Although SARS-CoV-2 came as a new virus to the human world, its high homology to SARS-CoV as reported on 7 January 2020 should have caused high alert to China based on her deep memory of the SARS outbreak in 2003.
C`xn5 ms SARS-CoV-2 b22 v la bayr`th m5 pay tusks w5c mu]n, jvn c``tv kv SARS-CoV cet kv me ca lark v pay kvl 7, 2020 derv liex ruac n66x k` China kv tiitdivn kv SARS 2 c5 tusk kv 2003.
However, not until 19 January 2020 did the director of the Center of Disease Control of Wuhan comfort the citizens by saying that the novel virus has low contagiousness and limited reproductivity from human to human and that it is not a problem to prevent and contain the disease.
Kuv la f66 /kenv a jvn am`n5 pay kvl 19,2020 c5 ku`` g1x gu1th g1x ju1th Wuhan naath kulv ben ji6k 5 vn bayr`h in rvl rs mv kuiy d6pdv kv naath k` dak repdv kv rs k` /cci rivk m5 lvvl xu m5 dee g1xdv naath dhal.
This message remarkably relaxed the alarm of the public, especially when the entire country was preparing for the Spring Festival, and the critical time was missed to contain the disease at its minimal scale in Wuhan.
Ruac vmv cuv dual nath cu jak` kuiy kv gu11th 2 we wec kvvliw kv m5 rialv rs5k` kv b``l jsam, k` cua gu11th in de gax juey v xotv kv ku00 cu p`l k` Wuhan.
The disease control agencies in China may take this hard lesson and make critical improvements in the future.
Vn mukt`k g1x ju1th k` China divw jv 5 bv jv tit vn kvls k` bv min derv l1t kv gu11th in xot car.
For example, these agencies should be (1) more careful when making public announcements as every word counts to citizens and can change their attitude and decisions; (2) more sensitive and reactive to unusual information from clinics rather than waiting for formal reports from doctors or officials; (3) more restrictive to contain a potential epidemic at its early stage rather than attempting to comfort the public; and (4) more often to issue targeted and effective drills to increase the public's awareness about epidemic diseases and to test and improve the response system of the society periodically.
C``t, kvn bun titi b5 kv dhil (1) te kvv tiit kv l`rivn kv j5 wecdiaal l``r kvh66 kvn ri``tdiaal te kvn kvv luot k` gaat wec k` dee kvn civxkivn kvnv c`rkivn gvr; (2) te kv l5`x kvnv lusc m5 p0th kv l``r m5 ku`ckv n5 wen m5 b2 k` kilinikn5, v /c5 ms a f66 b5 kv lip n5 l``r wargak` m5 be k` k5mn5 kiv l11t kuumv; (3) v nvy t5 caa r7 k`p v bum kv k`p luex` m5 dee fsw th5`x cu]x v /kenv n5 d5t, v /c5 msa h66 b5 kv jakn5 j5 wec k` p1l kv r7 piny; k` (4)gu`thn5 t5xuan b5 kv x55cn5 tin g77rv k` r7x j`k` rar kv h66 ba x`c j5 wec rep kv ku5c ju1th m5 th5``x fsw, k` baa min c5 j5 wec v lu]]c dhil thvm k` rial jv 5k` kv gu11th kv gu11th.
The outbreak of COVID-19 caused by the novel virus SARS-CoV-2 started in the end of December 2019.
Kac raar COVID-19 in n66xkv v nobvl b1yr]th in csal5 SAR-CoV-2 tookvrs kv guut pay w`l rvw 2019.
In less than two months, it has spread all over China and near 50 other countries globally at the time of this writing.
Rvy p`thn5 d1x rvw, cu2 rvy wec Cvyna thi`x k` cu2 w55 t5 50k]kivn rvy fsaa th5`x kv jvn gu11th in g]1r kvv wargak vmv.
Since the virus is very similar to SARS-CoV and the symptoms are also similar between COVID-19 and SARS, the outbreak of COVID-19 has created a sense of SARS recurring.
Kv h66 b1yr]th c``tv kvv SARS k` nyuuthn5 we kv kvvl v c``t kam COVID-19 kvnv SARS, cuu kac COVID-19 raar naath jaa ba x1c n5 h66 c5 luny n5 SARS jsk.
However, there are some remarkable differences between COVID-19 and SARS, which are essential for containing the epidemic and treating the patients.
Kuvlaa h66, t2 kv d``kn5 t5 jsc kam COVID-19 kvnv SARS, t5 dee naath lu`k kv k`p ju1th in th5``x fsw cu]x kvnv tu]m j5 ju1thn5.