atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
According to UNICEF, turning hand washing with soap before eating and after using the toilet into an ingrained habit can save more lives than any single vaccine or medical intervention, cutting deaths from diarrhea by almost half and deaths from acute respiratory infections by one-quarter.
Cet kv m22 ca lar v UNICF, we nath k` l1k tetn5 kv thaabuuny v xot /ken raan m5th kiv kv ksr ben` ran du22l coown5 gu11th m5 te kv diw derv t1k nath t5 xuan lu`k v b``l w`l g1x ju1th kiv ciaax g1x du22lwal, xookv l5th kv kv nuth kv ju1th luex` l55k` tin ru]p-ru]]p kv kuvtvr kvl.
Hand washing is usually integrated together with other sanitation interventions as part of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programmes.
L1k tetn5 gu1thn5 t5 xuan la mat jv kvvl kvn civx yoop` k]kivn t5 t] nyin p55n5, ciaax yoop` kvn psrg5r``mn5 g1x ju1th (WASH).
Hand washing also protects against impetigo which is transmitted through direct physical contact.
L1k tetn5 b` gaxv luex gup` k` gaat min la dsap kv gu22r nath kv pu1nykivn.
A small detrimental effect of hand washing is that frequent hand washing can lead to skin damage due to drying of the skin.
Kvl m5 tst m5 dee tussk kv d5t l1k tetn5 n5 vn t`mv la n77xv k66t gup` m5 dee ji``kdv n77x.
A 2012 Danish study found that excessive hand washing can lead to an itchy, flaky skin condition known as hand eczema or hand dermatitis, which is especially common among health-care workers.
G6r x`c` m5 ca l1t k` Denmark kv 2012 cv jv jek 5 l1k tetn5 m5 d55t la n77xv kuuk, kuac k` gu]p in csal 5 vcdhvma kiv juey gup`, min la d5t k` l11t du22lwal.
Too frequent hand washing is also seen as one of the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
L1k tetn5 m5 d55t ca jv nvn b` v la kvl k` nyuuthn5 civvx` m5 jut-jut in csal 5 (OCD).
There are five critical times during the day where washing hands with soap is important to reduce fecal-oral transmission of disease: after using the bathroom (urination, defecation), after cleaning a child's bottom (changing nappies), before feeding a child, before eating and before/after preparing food or handling raw meat, fish, or poultry.
T22 kv dup dhieec t5 g77r tiit kv c`x d``r kv min laak naath tetkivn kv thhaabuuny kv ciaax xuk` ju1th: kv ksr ben` ran raar du22l coown5 (we coown5 kvn we dssr), kv ksr r`c` thar gat` (g2r daypvr`), v xot /ken5 gat n5 lu22th kv th5n, v xot /ken5 m5th kiv kv kst th1t ku1n kiv m5 c5 r5x m5 /ken tuak gu22r, r`c kiv r5x manp0l00k.
Other occasions when correct handwashing technique should be practiced in order to prevent the transmission of disease include before and after treating a cut or wound; after sneezing, coughing, or blowing your nose; after touching animal waste or handling animals; and after touching garbage.
Gu1th tin k]x tin gsaa l1k tetn5 th5n kv f66 d22 jv l1t kv ciaax g1x d7p ju1th kvn tin, v f66 b5 raan bu]t kiv t2p jak` thil nivt; kv ksr thiam`, kv ksr kil` kiv kv ksr thuny` wu]m kv ksr gu22r` l==, kvn ksr gu22r` ju`kn5 tin ca y1k.
In many countries, there is a low rate of hand washing with soap.
Rvi w55n5 t5 xuan, l1k tetn5 kuiyv.
A study of hand washing in 54 countries in 2015 found that on average, 38.7% of households practiced hand washing with soap.A 2014 study showed that Saudi Arabia had the highest rate of 97 percent; the United States near the middle with 77 percent; and China with the lowest rate of 23 percent.Several behaviour change methodologies now exist to increase uptake of the behaviour of hand washing with soap at the critical times.Group hand washing for school children at set times of the day is one option in developing countries to engrain hand washing in children's behaviors.
G6r x`c` kv ciaax l1k tetn5 rvi w55n5 t5 54 kv ru]]n 2015 cv jv lar 5 pek m5 cet kv 38.7 k` j5 ci22xn5 guur kvn l1k tetn5 kv thaabuuny. K` g6r x`c` kvl kv ru]]n 2014 nyoothv jv 5 Thsd5 Arabia v jvn te kv pek m5 d55ts m5 97 pvrthvn; Yunaytet Y5tht22t t22 kv pek m5 77 pvrthvn; k` te china kv kv pek m5 kuiy m5 p``r kv 23 pvrthvn. C11p t5 xuan t5 g00r kv ciaax kv t`mv te kv th5n kv rep civvx` l1k tetn5 kv thaabuuny kv gu11th in bcv ciaax. Bu]n kv ciaax l1k tetn5 k` gaat du22lg]r` kv gu11th in ca mat kv rvi c1x kvl v du]]p kvl rvi w55n5 tin /ken cop kv rep civvx` l1k tetn5 kv ciaax gan.
The "Essential Health Care Program" implemented by the Department of Education in the Philippines is an example of at scale action to promote children's health and education.
Psrg5r11m in gsaa kv ciaax yoop` pusl` pu11ny in ca l1th l`t v mukt`p du22lg]r` k` Pilipay v c``t kvl kv ciaax l1t kv kap nhial pusl` pu11ny gan kvn ciaax ju22lg]r`.
Deworming twice a year, supplemented with washing hands daily with soap, brushing teeth daily with fluoride, is at the core of this national program.
Juc wom` k` rvvwkv ru]]n, v gu0l kv kv l1k tetn5 ciax kv thaabuuny, tu]th lvc ciax kv pslsraay, d5tv k` jvn psrg5r11m wec vms.
It has also been successfully implemented in Indonesia.
Jvn b` ca l1th l`t v gsaa kv k` Indon5cia.
Removal of microorganisms from skin is enhanced by the addition of soaps or detergents to water.
Wu]c rvyn5 ju1thn5 jssk gup` la l1t jv kv mat thaabuuny` h5n kiv yintvrjvnn5 k` p5w.
The main action of soaps and detergents is to reduce barriers to solution, and increase solubility.
Vn l1t thaabuuny` min d55t kvn yintvrjvn v f66 bv rik xok kv jek du]p, k` bv jek du]p rep.
Water alone is an inefficient skin cleanser because fats and proteins, which are components of organic soil, are not readily dissolved in water.
P5w k`r] kvn thil kv l1t m5 com kv yoop kv f66 thisl kvn protein5, tin la srganikn5 mu]]n /c5 kvn la be rasr kv p5w.
Cleansing is, however, aided by a reasonable flow of water..
Ciaax yoop`, kuv la f66 jvn la lu1k jv kv xuan p55n5 kv gu11thdv..
Solid soap, because of its reusable nature, may hold bacteria acquired from previous uses.
Thaabuuny in del-del kv ku5c ciaaxdv min thu]k, derv bakt55rian5 tin ca jek kv gu11th 2 nhiam.
A small number of studies which have looked at the bacterial transfer from contaminated solid soap have concluded transfer is unlikely as the bacteria are rinsed off with the foam.
G6r x`c` t5 tst t5 ca f]n t5 ca d6p bakt55ria guic t5 jekv k` thaabuuny m5 c5 ji``k kv nivt ca jv nvn cetv t11 bakt55riak` min wen in ca nhiac piny kv gu]p thaabuuny`.
The CDC still states "liquid soap with hands-free controls for dispensing is preferable".
Vn CDC xotv larv jv 5 thaabuuny in law-law gsan5 jvn kv l1k tetn5.
Antibacterial soaps have been heavily promoted to a health-conscious public.
Thaabuuny antibakt5rial cv jv kap nhial vl]x kv ciaax pual` pu11ny k` naath.
To date, there is no evidence that using recommended antiseptics or disinfectants selects for antibiotic-resistant organisms in nature.
V be n5 k` walv, thilv m5 nyooth f66 l1t ran kv ant5thvptikn5 kiv nyin wuc` luex` tin ca lar 5 d22 antibaystikn5 liny kv ciaax dvvn5 ju1th tin /ca guic.
However, antibacterial soaps contain common antibacterial agents such as triclosan, which has an extensive list of resistant strains of organisms.
Kuv la f66 thaabuunyb5 antibakt5rial te rvidv kv ant5bakt5rial5 t5 cet kv t5r5kslthan, min te rvidv kv j=dvy ju1thn5 t5 xuan tin la ant5bakt5ria v ruut.
So, even if antibiotic resistant strains aren't selected for by antibacterial soaps, they might not be as effective as they are marketed to be.
%ns, c`x /k1n ant5baystikn5 kv ru]]t thaabuuny` min te rvidv kv antibaystik kv kuany, derv tussk vn f66 /c5 kv dee l`t kv gu11thdivn cet kv min ca lar.
Besides the surfactant and skin-protecting agent, the sophisticated formulations may contain acids (acetic acid, ascorbic acid, lactic acid) as pH regulator, antimicrobially active benzoic acid and further skin conditioners (aloe vera, vitamins, menthol, plant extracts).A comprehensive analysis from the University of Oregon School of Public Health indicated that plain soaps are as effective as consumer-grade anti-bacterial soaps containing triclosan in preventing illness and removing bacteria from the hands.
Nysk vn thvrpaktan kvn dux g1x gup`, vn thsp5tht5k2tvt pormul22cin dee rvidv te kv athidn5 (athvtik athid, athksrbik athid, laktik athid) cet kv g``x PH, ant5mayksrsbial5 athid bvnvdhsa in t2k kv ksnd5cinvr gup` (alsy bvra, baytamin, menthsl, kv 0kt0rvkn5 jivn.) Guec kvvl m5 gsaa m5 ca l1t k` Yunib7thvt5 Oregon du22lg]r` pusl` pu11nycvjv nyoth vn f66thaabuuny baax gsayv v cetv kv thaabuuny ksnthi77mvr g5r22d ant5bakt5ria min te rvidv kv t5r5kslsthan kv g1x ju1th kvn wu]c bakt5rian5 tet` ran.
Hot water that is comfortable for washing hands is not hot enough to kill bacteria.
P5 t5 l2th-l22th tin gsaa kv l1k tetn5 ran c5 kvn v leth vl]x v d22 bakt5ria n`k.
Bacteria grow much faster at body temperature (37 °C).
Bakt5ria jvn la pithv kv p0th vl]x rvi jsam pu11ny (37 °C).
However, warm, soapy water is more effective than cold, soapy water at removing natural oils which hold soils and bacteria.
Kuv la f66 p5 t5 musr-mussr, p5 thaabuuny` gswn5 kvn v m``th k` p5 t5 ks1c-ks11c, p5 thaabuuny tin la lak kv mun baax in la k``p mun kvnv bakt5ria.
Contrary to popular belief however, scientific studies have shown that using warm water has no effect on reducing the microbial load on hands.
V gu1c kv jvn du]]p v ca x`thv n5 wen, taanyt5thn5 c5 kvn v lar l1k nath kv p5 t5 mor thilv m5 lu`kv naath kv xu]kdvkv.
A hand sanitizer or hand antiseptic is a non-water-based hand hygiene agent.
Vn than5taydhvr l1k tetn5 kiv antithvpik jvn v dux cu]th teten5 m5/c5 p5w g6r.
In the late 1990s and early part of the 21st century, alcohol rub non-water-based hand hygiene agents (also known as alcohol-based hand rubs, antiseptic hand rubs, or hand sanitizers) began to gain popularity.
Kv guut ruun` 1990 kvn tuk ruun` 21th thvncuvr5, alksl in la custh kv tet v thil p5w kvvl kvn w`l pusl` pu11ny ajvn (min la csal kv b` 5 alksl cu]th tetn5 min /c5 p5w g7r, ant5thvpik kiv than5taydhvr) cu kv te kv gssy m5 d55t.
Most are based on isopropyl alcohol or ethanol formulated together with a thickening agent such as Carbomer (polymer of acrylic acid) into a gel, or a humectant such as glycerin into a liquid, or foam for ease of use and to decrease the drying effect of the alcohol.
R5wdivn kv t5 l`t kvithspropaal alksl ithansl t5 l1t kv kvvl kv ajvn in la jak` kv k` thivk cet kv carbomvr (psl5mvr athaykilik athid) ba kv l1th rvi jeel`, kiv hum5kan cet kv g5laythvr55n rvi k` t5 law-laaw, kiv gu]p thaabuuny` kv f66 b5 th1t kv kv thi1k k` bv k66t alksl` gax.
Adding diluted hydrogen-peroxide increases further the antimicrobial activity.Hand sanitizers containing a minimum of 60 to 95% alcohol are efficient germ killers.
Mat h`ydsrsj5n per-skthaad in ca lism reepv l1t ant5mayksrsbial vl]x. Than5taydhvr tetn5 te rvidv kv alksl m5 tst m5 we k` 60 v we k` 95% k` r6x kv kv n`k dvyn5 ju1th tin n11k.
Alcohol rub sanitizers kill bacteria, multi-drug resistant bacteria (MRSA and VRE), tuberculosis, and some viruses (including HIV, herpes, RSV, rhinovirus, vaccinia, influenza, and hepatitis) and fungi.
Alksl in la custh kv tetn5 n`k kvn bakt5riaa, bakt5rian5 tin la ruut wal t5 xuan (MARSA kvn VRE), t5b5, kvvl kv th11x bayr`thn5 (kvvl kv HIV herpith, RSV, rayn66bayr`th, bakth5nia, yinpiluvndha kv hepvtait5th) kv p1xgay.
Alcohol rub sanitizers containing 70% alcohol kill 99.97% (3.5 log reduction, similar to 35 decibel reduction) of the bacteria on hands 30 seconds after application and 99.99% to 99.999% (4 to 5 log reduction) of the bacteria on hands 1 minute after application.Hand sanitizers are most effective against bacteria and less effective against some viruses.
Than5taydhvr5 alksl` tin la custh kv tet tet rvidivn kv 70% alksl m5 n`k 99.97% (3.5 kv xu]k, m5 c``t xu]kdv kv 35 dvth5bvl) kv bakt5ria jssk tetn5 kv thvkvn5 kv ksr l`th`dv kvn 99.99% v we k` 99.999% (4 v we k` lsgn5 5 kv xu]k dvyn5 ju1th) bakt5ria k` tet kv minit 1 kv xu]kdivn. Than5taydhvr l1k tetn5 kvn gsw kv kv n`k th11x bayr`thn5.
Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are almost entirely ineffective against norovirus (or Norwalk) type viruses, the most common cause of contagious gastroenteritis.Enough hand antiseptic or alcohol rub must be used to thoroughly wet or cover both hands.
Tan5taydhver alksl` l1k tetn5 kvn thilv kv lust m5 com k` k7rivn kv nsrsbayr`th (kiv Norwalk) ci2x man bayr`th, in d5t in la n77x ju1th jivc tin la dsp naath. Anitthvptik tetn5 m5 r7x kiv alksl ba jv dhil custh tetn5kivn v ba tet jak` h]c kvn d1x rvw kvvl.
The front and back of both hands and between and the ends of all fingers are rubbed for approximately 30 seconds until the liquid, foam or gel is dry.
Rvi tetn5 kv jskdivn kvvl kv kam yivtn5 g77r kvn cu]th kv thvkvn5 t5 30 am`n5 m5 thi11x kv jel kiv gu]p v cv lv k66t.
Finger tips must be washed well too, rubbing them in both palms.The US Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommends hand washing over hand sanitizer rubs, particularly when hands are visibly dirty.
W5c yivn5 ba kv dhil lak v gsaa b`, ba kv custh rvi tetn5. Vn mukt`p g1x ju1th kvn k`pdv cu]]x k` US cv jv lar 5 l1k tetn5 kvvl kv cu]thdivn kv tan5taydhvr, kv gu11th in c5 raanv nvn 5 c5 tet kv lsth.
The increasing use of these agents is based on their ease of use and rapid killing activity against micro-organisms; however, they should not serve as a replacement for proper hand washing unless soap and water are unavailable.
Vn ciaax v c5 d5t kv k`n ajvn5 titit kv jv ms n77xv thi`k k`n5divn kvn n`kdivn kv dvy ju1th kv p0th, kv la f66 kvn /ca kv b5 guic 5 kv t5 ca gvr ciaax l1k tetn5 min gsaa vn5 m5 c5 thaabuuny thil kvn p5w.
Frequent use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers can cause dry skin unless emollients and/or skin moisturizers are added to the formula.
Vn f66 dee raan tet kv cua coth kv than5taydhvr alksl n5 vn t`mv jvn la n77xv dee gu]]p ran k66t vn5 m5 te raan kv emslivnn5 kiv ca kv mat kv nyin g1x k77t gup`.
The drying effect of alcohol can be reduced or eliminated by adding glycerin and/or other emollients to the formula.
Vn k66t gup` min tussk kv k`n than5taydhvr` m5 d55t d22 jv xok kiv d22 jv wu]th piny m5 ca g5layth5r55n mat th5n kiv emsl55n d]divn.
In clinical trials, alcohol-based hand sanitizers containing emollients caused substantially less skin irritation and dryness than soaps or antimicrobial detergents.
K` ciaax f]1n wal rvi du22lwal, thanvtaydhvr5 alksl tin lak kv tet tin te rvidivn kv emsl55n m5 kuiy rivkdivn kvn kuukdivn k` thaabuuny kiv ant5mayksrsbial detergent.
Allergic contact dermatitis, contact urticaria syndrome or hypersensitivity to alcohol or additives present in alcohol hand rubs rarely occur.
Kuuk kv gu22r gup`, guur nyuuthn5 yurt5karia kiv haypvrthvnth5b5l5t5 kv alksl kiv tin k]x tin ca mat th5n rvi alksl` l1k tetn5 la tusskv v dak.
The lower tendency to induce irritant contact dermatitis became an attraction as compared to soap and water hand washing.
Ciaax yuth` pivny kuuk` gup` cv ben du]]p kvl k` p``r thaabuuny` kv l1k tetn5 kv p5w.
Despite their effectiveness, non-water agents do not cleanse the hands of organic material, but simply disinfect them.
P`lv gssydivn, ajvn5 tin thil p5w t5 g77r kvn kv kvn /ca yoop tetn5 jak` we kv gu11thdv k` kauk srganik, duxdv f66 kvn wusc kv luex.
It is for this reason that hand sanitizers are not as effective as soap and water at preventing the spread of many pathogens, since the pathogens still remain on the hands.
V jvn ku5c vms vns jak kvn than5taydhvr5 tetn5 k` f66 b5 kv thil lust m5 d55ts kv g1x dvvn5 ju1th pathsj5n, kv f66 kvn pathsj55n5 la xot kv jssk tetn5.
Alcohol-free hand sanitizer efficacy is heavily dependent on the ingredients and formulation, and historically has significantly under-performed alcohol and alcohol rubs.
Gssy than5taydhvr5 tetn5 tin thil alksl naxv rs kv tin diaal tin ca liam th5n n5 kv t1thdivn, k` kv min la l0x kv jvn t22 kv alksl m5 kuiy kvn alksl in la custh kv tet.
More recently, formulations that use benzalkonium chloride have been shown to have persistent and cumulative antimicrobial activity after application, unlike alcohol, which has been shown to decrease in efficacy after repeated use, probably due to progressive adverse skin reactions.
Kv jvn gu11th v thi1kv, l1t wal tin l`t kv bendhalksnivm kslsraad cv jv nyu]th vn f66 t22 kv j1ny antimayksrsbial m5 la j`ny kv ksr k` m5 ca jv kuex, v /cv cet lv alksl, in c5 jssc vn f66 la xookv gssydv kv ksr k` min ca nyi66k kv l`th d]x kv f66 derv ciaax k77t` gup` n66x.
Many people in low-income communities cannot afford soap and use ash or soil instead.
Naath t5 xuan rvi w55n5 tin dak kuakivn kvn /ca k6k thaabuuny` lu`x k` kvn la kvn k`n5 x0th kvn mun.
Ash or soil may be more effective than water alone, but may be less effective than soap.
X0th kiv mun jvn derv gsaa b` k` p5w k`r] m5 thil thaabuuny, duxdv f66 jvn l`ny thaabuunyv vl]x.
One concern is that if the soil or ash is contaminated with microorganisms it may increase the spread of disease rather than decrease it.
Kvl m5 diir naath mun kiv x0th jvn b` te rvidv kv luex kv dvy ju1thn5 jvn derv luex rep k` f66 derv xok n5 jv.
Like soap, ash is also a disinfecting agent because in contact with water, it forms an alkaline solution.
Cet kv thaabuuny, x0th b` jvn derv dvy ju1th n`k kv f66 min cv rs gu22r kvn p5w, la n77xv alk5laany thulucin.
WHO recommended ash or sand as alternative to soap when soap is not available.
WHO cvjv lar 5 x0th kiv livt cet kv du]]p in d]x in dee naath lu`k m5 thilv thaabuuny.
Correct handwashing technique recommended by the US Centers for Disease Control for prevention of transmission of disease includes the following steps:
L1k tetn5 kv du]]p m5 gsaa ca jv lar v mukt`p g1x ju1th kvn v k`p cu]xdv k` US jvn dup kv kvn tin:
Wet hands with warm or cold running water.
Jak tetku k` f]c kv p5w t5 mor kiv p4w t5 rix.
Running water is recommended because standing basins may be contaminated, while the temperature of the water does not seem to make a difference.
P5w t5 rix ca kv lar vn f66 gsw kv kv f66 p5w tin c5 cu]x d]x derv tussk 5 c5 kv lu00x, duxdv f66 leth kiv k]1cdivn derv tussk 5 thilv jv d``k.
Lather hands by rubbing them with a generous amount of soap, including the backs of hands, between fingers, and under nails.
Cu]th tetn5 kv kv gu]p kv thaabuuny m5 r7x , kvvl kv am`n5 jskdivn, kam yivtn5 kvn rvi ri7pn5.
Soap lifts germs from the skin, and studies show that people tend to wash their hands more thoroughly when soap is used rather than water alone.
Thaabuuny la jivcv dvy ju1th nhial pu]]ny gup`, k` nyooth g6r x`c` jv 5 naath la lak kv tetkivn kv p0th thaabuuny v /c5 ms a p5w k`r].
Scrub for at least 20 seconds.
Coth kv kv thvkvn5 t5 20.
Scrubbing creates friction, which helps remove germs from skin, and scrubbing for longer periods removes more germs.
Cu]th tetn5 la n77xv p5r5cin, m5 la lu`k k`m raar dvvn5 ju1th k` gu]p, k` l1k kv gu11th m5 b``r la woocv dvy ju1th t5 xuan.
Rinse well under running water.
Coth tetk5 v gsaa kv p5w t5 rix.
Rinsing in a basin can recontaminate hands.
Cu]th tetn5 kv p5 t5 c5 cu]x derv repn5 ji``k luex`.
Dry with a clean towel or allow to air dry.
Poc tetku kv b5y kiv k7t kv kv jism.
Wet and moist hands are more easily recontaminated.The most commonly missed areas are the thumb, the wrist, the areas between the fingers, and under fingernails.
Tet t5 f]]c kivthi1kv vl]x vn f66 dee kv mal lu00x nysk. Gu1th tin la malv tey /ca cop v w5c yivtn5, kusc tet`, kam yivtn5, kvn rvi ri7pn5.
Artificial nails and chipped nail polish may harbor microorganisms.
Ri7p tin t1th kv v raan kvn ri7p tin ca coth kv wal dee kvn te kv dvy ju1thn5 ti tek.
Moisturizing lotion is often recommended to keep the hands from drying out; dry skin can lead to skin damage which can increase the risk for the transmission of infection.
L6cin in la yieer kv naath ca jv lar 5 gsaay kv g1xdv kv f66 dee gu]p k66t; gu]p m5 k66t derv ji``k gup` n66x kvl m5 dee rep luex ju1th kv rs rep.
Various low-cost options can be made to facilitate hand washing where tap-water and/or soap is not available e.g. pouring water from a hanging jerrycan or gourd with suitable holes and/or using ash if needed in developing countries.In situations with limited water supply (such as schools or rural areas in developing countries), there are water-conserving solutions, such as "tippy-taps" and other low-cost options.
Dup t5 xuan kv ciaax ku00k` k7k` d22 kv l1th l`t kv f66 d22 ciaax l1k tetn5 gu]]r m5 thilv p5w kvn thaabuuny, c``t tieth p55n5 k` jerk1n m5 ca xapkiv f6k m5 ca cu]th kiv l1k kv x0th m5 g77rv jv rvi w55n5 tin /ken cop v gsaa. Kv gu1th tin dak p5w th5n (cet kv du2lg]r` kiv rvi ci2x rvi w55n5 tin /ken cop v gsaa), t22 kv gu1th t5 ca p5w t]w th5n, cet kv maathuur5 p55n5 kvn civx k]kivn tin kuiy k6k kuakn5.
A tippy-tap is a simple technology using a jug suspended by a rope, and a foot-operated lever to pour a small amount of water over the hands and a bar of soap.
Vn mathuur p55n5 v t0kn6l6j5 m5 th51k-th51k m5 laa j`k v xapkv kv dep m5 ca yian k` du]]r m5 dsanykv kv c577k kv h66 bv p5w kvnv thaabuuny wusc tetn5.
Effective drying of the hands is an essential part of the hand hygiene process, but there is some debate over the most effective form of drying in public washrooms.
K6t tetn5 m5 r7x v du]]p yup` tetn5 m5 gsaa, duxdv h66 te xaknsm th5n k` du]]p in de naath tetkivn k7t kvjv dueel coown5.
A growing volume of research suggests paper towels are much more hygienic than the electric hand dryers found in many washrooms.
G6r x`c` m5 d55t m5 reeprs nyoothv jv 5 wargakn5 puc` te kv kvv yoop m5 d5t n5 jvn k` k77t tetn5 k1r1pvn5 tin te du2l5 l1k.
In 2008, a study was conducted by the University of Westminster, London, and sponsored by the paper-towel industry the European Tissue Symposium, to compare the levels of hygiene offered by paper towels, warm-air hand dryers and the more modern jet-air hand dryers.
Kvv 2008, ca g6r x`c` l1t k` Yun5b7rth5t5 Wvthm5n5th22r k` Lsndsn m5 tusrkv y57wkv piny v yindutht5r5 wargakn5 puc` k` th5mp6dh56m j5 Yursp, kvh66 baa p``r5 l1t k` yoop in n77x wargakn5 puc` jv, k77t tetn5 m5 leth jismdv, am`n5 k77t tetn5 jsam maciin` min pay jek.
After washing and drying hands with the warm-air dryer, the total number of bacteria was found to increase on average on the finger pads by 194% and on the palms by 254%.
Kv ksr k` min c5 tetdu lak k` cii k7t kv k77t tetn5 jsam m5 leth, cuaa nsmbsr bakt5riaan5 kvv liw jii yivtn5 tetn5 jek v cv rs rep kv pek m5 194% kvnv pek m5 254% jic tetk`.
Drying with the jet-air dryer resulted in an increase on average of the total number of bacteria on the finger pads by 42% and on the palms by 15%.
Kv k7t tetn5 kv k77t tetn5 jsam maciin`, ca jv jek5 nsmbsr bakt5riaan5 kvv liw jii yivtn5 tetn5 cv rs rep kv pek m5 42% kvnv pek m5 15% jic tetk`.
After washing and drying hands with a paper towel, the total number of bacteria was reduced on average on the finger pads by up to 76% and on the palms by up to 77%.The scientists also carried out tests to establish whether there was the potential for cross contamination of other washroom users and the washroom environment as a result of each type of drying method.
Kv ksr k` min c5 tetdu lak k` cii k7t kvv wargak puc`, cuaa nsmbsr bakt5riaan5 kvv liw jii yivtn5 tetn5 jek v cv rs rep kv pek m5 76% kvnv pek m5 77% jic tetk`. C5 tanyt55thn5 th2m l1t kv yivthdvpiny m5 t22 kv luex m5 n66xkv v nvy tin be dueel l1k tetn5 m5 d]x kvnv gu11th du2l l1k tetn5, m5 be kv tin k6t kv tet nath.
The jet-air dryer, which blows air out of the unit at claimed speeds of 180 m/s (650 km/h; 400 mph), was capable of blowing micro-organisms from the hands and the unit and potentially contaminating other washroom users and the washroom environment up to 2 metres away.
K77t tetn5 jsam maciin`, min la jism v koth raar kv pek wuur` m5 180 m/s (650 km/h; 400 mph), t22 kv lu1x kv koth dvy ju1thn5 raar tet` kvnv bu]n am`n5 tin te kv lu1x kv luex nvvn5 tin be dueel l1k tetn5 m5 d]x kvnv gu11th du2l l1k tetn5 m5 n1n kvv m5 m5t5r5 rvw.
Use of a warm-air hand dryer spread micro-organisms up to 0.25 metres from the dryer.
K7t tetn5 kv k77t tetn5 jsam m5 leth, laa dvy ju1thn5 v d`kv k` piny kv pek m5 n1n kv k77t kvv m5t5r5 0.25.
Paper towels showed no significant spread of micro-organisms.In 2005, in a study conducted by TÜV Produkt und Umwelt, different hand drying methods were evaluated.
C5 wargak k7t` tetn5 jv nyoth5 /cv dvy ju1thn5 d`kpiny kv pek m5 r]th. Kvv 2005, ca g6r x`c` l1t v TÜV Produkt kvnv Umwelt, k` cuu kv dup k7t` tetn5 t5 g66l guic.
The following changes in the bacterial count after drying the hands were observed:
Caa g0rvn5 titi nvn k` ku2n bakt5r5ian5 kv ksr k7t` tetn5:
Many different hand dryer manufacturers exist, and hand driers have been compared against drying with paper towels.
Te cvrkan5 t5 xuan th5n t5 l1t kv k77tn5 tetn5, k` caa k77tn5 tetn5 t]t] p11r kvv wargakn5 k7t` tetn5.
Hand washing using hand sanitizing wipes is an alternative during traveling in the absence of soap and water.
L1k tetn5 kvnv pu]c tetn5 kv puuc yup` v du]]p d]divn kv gu11th m5 te raan j`l m5 thivlv thaabuuny kvnv p5w.
Alcohol-based hand sanitizer should contain at least 60% alcohol.
Yuupn5 tetn5 tin te rvydivn kvv alk]]l b5 rvydivn dhil te kvv alk]]l m5 60% m5 cv ku00.
Medical hand-washing became mandatory long after Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis discovered its effectiveness (in 1846) in preventing disease in a hospital environment.
L1k tetn5 du2l w1l cu2 cu1 m5 de dhil l1t kv ksr k` m22 c5 k5m j5 H1xg1r5 lu1x l1tdv jek kvv (1846) kv g1x jsaak rvy gu1th du22l w1l.
There are electronic devices that provide feedback to remind hospital staff to wash their hands when they forget.
T22 kvv kuak vl0kt5r7nikn5 t5 la l11t du2l w1l v l`r-l`r m5 c5 kvn l1k tetn5 p1l ru22c.
One study has found decreased infection rates with their use.
C5 g6r x`c` kvl v jek5 l1t kv kvn kuak titi cv luex yu]thpiny.
Medical hand-washing is for a minimum of 15 seconds, using generous amounts of soap and water or gel to lather and rub each part of the hands.
L1k tetn5 du2l w1l l0ljv kvv thvksn5 15 v we nhiam, kv thaabuuny m5 d55t kvnv p5w kiv jivvl vwe k` gu]p thaabuuny` am`n5 cu]th tetn5 d1x rvw.
Hands should be rubbed together with digits interlocking.
Tet baa kv dhil coth kvvl v coth yivt kamn5kivn.
If there is debris under fingernails, a bristle brush may be used to remove it.
M5 te piny r57pn5 kvv nivt, d22 woc kv b5ruc m5``m.
Since germs may remain in the water on the hands, it is important to rinse well and wipe dry with a clean towel.
Kv h66 dee dvy ju1thn5 xot rvy p55n5 tin te tetn5, v m5 gsaa vn h66 ba kv poc vgsaa k` baa kv poc v b5 kv k66t v wic kv puuc.
After drying, the paper towel should be used to turn off the water (and open any exit door if necessary).
Kv ksr k7t` tetn5, baa wargak puc` dhil k1n kv g1k p55n5 (k` baa lvp bap kac` raar m5 t22 m5 g77rv).
This avoids re-contaminating the hands from those surfaces.
Vnvmv gaxv tet kv h66 /c5kv b5 lu00x v nysk k` gu`th t]t].
The purpose of hand-washing in the health-care setting is to remove pathogenic microorganisms ("germs") and avoid transmitting them.
Lust k` min lakv tet rvy du2l w1l v wu]c dvy ju1thn5 tin dee juey n66x (“dvy ju1thn5 ) kvnv pendivn we k` nvy k]kivn.
The New England Journal of Medicine reports that a lack of hand-washing remains at unacceptable levels in most medical environments, with large numbers of doctors and nurses routinely forgetting to wash their hands before touching patients, thus transmitting microorganisms.
Juornal5 du2l w1l k` Ix5lvn laar kvnv 5 thivl l1k tetn5 t22 k` pek m5 /ca g7r gu`thn5 du2l5 wal t5 xuan, k` nsmbsr dsktsr5 kvnv n``thn5 m5 d55t laa l1k tetn5 v /ken kvn j5 ju1thn5 n5 gu22r v p`l ru22c, b5 dvy ju1thn5 cuu we k` nvy tin k]x.
One study showed that proper hand-washing and other simple procedures can decrease the rate of catheter-related bloodstream infections by 66 percent.The World Health Organization has published a sheet demonstrating standard hand-washing and hand-rubbing in health-care sectors.
C5 g6r x`c` kvl v nyoth5 l1k tetn5 kv gu11dv kvnv dup t5 musny-mussny tin k]x yuthv luex rivm in n66xkv v kaltucn5 piny kv pek m5 66 p`rc`n. C5 mukt`p du2l w1l in d55t w5mu]]n wargak k1m raar m5 nyooth l1k tetn5 kvnv cu]th tetn5 min lotrs gu`thn5 du2l5 wal.
The draft guidance of hand hygiene by the organization can also be found at its website for public comment.
Caa wargak in ca g]r kvv nhiam v mukt`p l1th k` wvpthaayb` kv h66 b5 j5 wec c`rkivn th6p.
A relevant review was conducted by Whitby et al.
Caa gu`cdv vnysk in lotrs l1tv Whitby et al.
Commercial devices can measure and validate hand hygiene, if demonstration of regulatory compliance is required.
Theemn5 k7k` thvmkvn yu]p tetn5 k` nyooth kvn gssydv, m5 caa nyu]th guur5 xu]tn5 g7r.
The World Health Organization has "Five Moments" for washing hands:
Te mukt`p du2l w1l in d55t w5mu]]n kv “gu`th dhieec” t5 lakv tet:
after exposure to blood/body fluids
Kv ksr gueer5 rivm/ p5w pu11ny
before an aseptic task, and
Kv ksr l1t m5 dee luex n66x, kvnv
after patient care.The addition of antiseptic chemicals to soap ("medicated" or "antimicrobial" soaps) confers killing action to a hand-washing agent.
Kv ksr yup` gu1n ju1th. Mat k0m5k]l5 t5 gax luex rvy thaabuuny` (thaabuunyn5 t5 te rvydivn kv“ w`l” kiv “m5 gax dvy ju1thn5”) th7pv n`k dvvn5 ju1thn5 k` kuak l1k tetn5.
Such killing action may be desired prior to performing surgery or in settings in which antibiotic-resistant organisms are highly prevalent.To 'scrub' one's hands for a surgical operation, it is necessary to have a tap that can be turned on and off without touching it with the hands, some chlorhexidine or iodine wash, sterile towels for drying the hands after washing, and a sterile brush for scrubbing and another sterile instrument for cleaning under the fingernails.
Ciaax n1k vms d22 jv g7r kv nhiam kv ciaax k` f66 baa l2t gu]]r kiv kv gu11th in c5 antibaystikn5 jssc vn f66 ruut dvy ju1th kv k` c5 kv xuan kvn dvy ju1thn5. Kv ciaax in d22 raan tet kv coth kv gu11th in ba ciaax ret` tok, gsaayv vn f66 dee raan tek lak kv f66 bv maathuurv lvp k` bv g`k v /cv jv thiap kv tetdv, th11x kslshekth5daan kiv aysdin l1k, kvn bieyn5 tin wusc kv luex kv k66t tetn5 kv ksr l1k, kvn cuuth tetn5 kv f66 b5 kv k66t kv kuak tin k]x tin nyin g1x luex` min te piny ri7pn5.
All jewelry should be removed.
Kuak tivkn5 civvx` diaal ba kv dhil k1m raar.
This procedure requires washing the hands and forearms up to the elbow, usually 2–6 minutes.
Jvn du]]p vmv g77rv l1k tetn5 kvn ju1th tetn5 v be k` ciel, ciax kv minitn5 2-6.
Long scrub-times (10 minutes) are not necessary.
Cu]th kv gu11th m5 b``r (minitn5 10) thilv m5 g77rv.
When rinsing, water on the forearms must be prevented from running back to the hands.
Min coth5 tetku, p5w tin te ju1thn5 tetn5 ba kv dhil gax kv locdivn rvi tetn5.
After hand-washing is completed, the hands are dried with a sterile cloth and a surgical gown is donned.
Kv ksr l1k tetn5 m5 cv thu]k, ba tet coth kv kuaak m5 thil luex k` b` b5y ret` mindaan dhil l1th.
To reduce the spread of germs, it is better to wash the hands or use a hand antiseptic before and after tending to a sick person.
Kv g1x kiv xu]k thi`y` dvvn5 ju1th piny, gsaayv vn f66 d22 tet lak kiv d22 tet antithvptik tetn5 kv nhiam kiv kv ksr thuk` l1t raam m5 te kv juey.
For control of staphylococcal infections in hospitals, it has been found that the greatest benefit from hand-cleansing came from the first 20% of washing, and that very little additional benefit was gained when hand cleansing frequency was increased beyond 35%.
Kv g1x luex` ithtapaylskskal rvi du22lwal, cv jv jek vn f66 min d55t in gsaa kv ciaax l1k tetn5 b22 kv nhiam v la 20% k` l1k, kvn f66 min tst d[divn in d22 mat th5n b22 kv l1k tetn5 ciax kv cua jv rep v b``l 35%.
Washing with plain soap results in more than triple the rate of bacterial infectious disease transmitted to food as compared to washing with antibacterial soap.Comparing hand-rubbing with alcohol-based solution with hand washing with antibacterial soap for a median time of 30 seconds each showed that the alcohol hand-rubbing reduced bacterial contamination 26% more than the antibacterial soap.
L1k kv thaabuuny baax la n77xv luex bakt5ria kv gu1th t5 cop di]k kv ciaax in reepv rs kv jv kv kuan m5 p11r kv jv kv l1k kv thaabuuny ant5bakt5rial. M5 p``r5 cu]th tetn5 kv alksl thulucin kvn l1k tetn5 kv thaabuuny bakt5rial kv thaak m5 tst m5 cet kv thvkvn5 t5 30 kvl nyoothv jv 5 alksl thaabuuny nyooth kvnv k0l-k00l55 xook kvn luex baskt5ria kv pek m5 26 m5 b``l thaabuunyantibakt5ria.
But soap and water is more effective than alcohol-based hand rubs for reducing H1N1 influenza A virus and Clostridium difficile spores from hands.Interventions to improve hand hygiene in healthcare settings can involve education for staff on hand washing, increasing the availability of alcohol-based hand rub, and written and verbal reminders to staff.
Duxdv h66 thaabuuny kvn p5w gsaan5 jvn k`alksl tetn5 kv xu]kdv kv H1N1 yinpiluvndha min la bayr`th k` kslstht5r5nivm d5p5thaal th0l5 tin jekv kv t]]c k` tet. Ciaax g1x kv rep pusl` pu11ny rvi du22lwal d22 kv rs nax kvvl kv ciaax du22lg]r` k` l11t kv l1k tetn5, jak alksl` k` t22 th5n kv cu]th tetn5, kvn wargakn5 tin ca g]1r kvn min lat kv kv thok k` l11t.
There is a need for more research into which of these interventions are most effective in different healthcare settings.
G77rv f66 ba g6r x`c` jak` d5t kv ciaax in d22 du]]p in d22 naath lu`k kvn kv t5 gsw, v kvl m5 gsaa rvi du2l5wal.
In developing countries, hand washing with soap is recognized as a cost-effective, essential tool for achieving good health, and even good nutrition.
Rvi w55n5 tin /ken cop v gsaa, l1k tetn5 kv thaabuuny cv jv guic v la m5 thil m5 d55t m5 naxv, k` gsaa kv cu]p nath kv ciaax pusl` pu11ny m5 gsaa, kv mieth kuan t5 gsw.
However, a lack of reliable water supply, soap or hand washing facilities in people's homes, at schools and at the workplace make it a challenge to achieve universal hand washing behaviors.
Kuv la f66, thil p55n5 t5 gsw, thaabuuny kiv l1k tetn5 k` naath rvi ci22xn5, rvi du22lg]r` kvn rvi gu5th in l`t naath th5n jakv jv k` bvc kv ciaax in d22 cop t11 l1k tetn5 min gsaa.
For example, in most of rural Africa hand washing taps close to every private or public toilet are scarce, even though cheap options exist to build hand washing stations.
C``t, rvi gu1thn5 t5 xuan rvi ci2x k` Apirka l1k vtetn5 kv p5 maathuur5 rvi gu1th coown5 ci2x kiv nath diaal dakv, c`x min te dup t5 thi1k th5n tin d22 nax ciaax l1k tetn5.
However, low hand washing rates rather can also be the result of engrained habits rather than due to a lack of soap or water.
Kuv la f66 pek l1k tetn5 k` low land b` derv f66 jvn dakv n5 wen v /c5 ms a f66 thilv p5w kiv thaabuunyn5.
The promotion and advocacy of hand washing with soap can influence policy decisions, raise awareness about the benefits of hand washing and lead to long-term behavior change of the population.
Kap nhial l1k tetn5 kv thaabuuny derv tussk kv ciaax l1t th7p` c`r5, th7p l``r` kv gssy l1k tetn5 k` derv naath nax k` f66 d22 ciaaxdivn gvr v b5 l1k tet5 cu te th5n am`n5 gu11th m5 b``r.
For this to work effectively, monitoring and evaluation are necessary.
Kv f66 dee nvmv cu we v gsaa, guur5dv kvn f66 ba naath tivt th5n dee kvn v t5 gsw.
A systematic review of 70 studies found that community-based approaches are effective at increasing hand washing in LMICs, while social marketing campaigns are less effective.One example for hand washing promotion in schools is the "Three Star Approach" by UNICEF that encourages schools to take simple, inexpensive steps to ensure that students wash their hands with soap, among other hygienic requirements.
Nysak guec kv c1p m5 gsaa kv g6r x`c` kv gu1th t5 70 t5 c5 we cv jv nvn vn f66 ciaax kv l1t k00l kv j5 wec gsaayv kv r2p civvx` l1k tetn5rvi LMICs, k` ciaax nath kv wedivn k` g`pv kuiyv. C``t kvl kv kap nhial l1k tetn5 rvi du22lg]r` v c1p kuvl5 di]k in l1t kv v UNICEF min cop du2lg]r` kv f66 ba k11th t5 thi1k-thi11k gu]]r, t5 thil m5 d55t m5 nax kv kv f66 bv jssc vn f666 c5 gaat tetkivn lak kv thaabuuny, rvi civxn5 pusl` pu11ny t5 xuan.
When minimum standards are achieved, schools can move from one to ultimately three stars.
M5 ca ithtvndvdn5 tin tst lu`x kv guur, vn gu2lg]r` derv cu we kv we nhiam k` c`p kuvl5 di]k.
Building hand washing stations can be a part of hand washing promotion campaigns that are carried out in order to reduce diseases and child mortality.
L`t gu1th civvx` l1k tetn5 derv la kvl k` kap nhial l1k tetn5 tin la nax kv raar kv f66 ba luex ju1th xok kvvl kvn ciaax lieth gan.
Global Hand washing Day is another example of an awareness-raising campaign that is trying to achieve behavior change.As a result of the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic, UNICEF promoted the adoption of a handwashing emoji.
Ciaax c1x l1k tetn5 w55 mu]]n v c``t kvl kv kap nhial l1k tetn5 m5 f]n f66 ba ciaax gvr. Kv ku5c ksrsnsbayr`th` 2019-20 kv thi1xdv kv fsw, UNICEF cv k1p nath kv ciaax l1k tetn5 kv kuak macin l1th l`t.
Few studies have considered the overall cost effectiveness of hand washing in developing countries in relationship to DALYs averted.
Th11x dupn5 g7r` x`c` ca jv gic vn f66 d22 min naxv kvvliw tit vn ciaax l1k tetn5 rvi w55n5 tin /ken cop v gsaa kv f66 d22 DALYn5 gax.
However, one review suggests that promoting hand washing with soap is significantly more cost-effective than other water and sanitation interventions.
Kuv la f66 nysak guec kvl cv jv lar 5 kap nhial l1k tetn5 kv thaabuuny jvn t22 kv du]]r m5 d55t m5 derv nax v b``l ciaax l1k kv p5w kv ku5c yoop`.
The importance of hand washing for human health – particularly for people in vulnerable circumstances like mothers who had just given birth or wounded soldiers in hospitals – was first recognized in the mid 19th century by two pioneers of hand hygiene: the Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis who worked in Vienna, Austria and Florence Nightingale, the English "founder of modern nursing".
Gssy l1k tetn5 kv ku5c pusl` pu11ny gat` ran – v civ kv ku5c nath tin thi1k rivk kv pu]nydivn cet kv man5 gan tin pay dap kiv d2cn5 tin ca moc bu]]t rvi du22lwal – n0n kv gssydv n5 kv run 19th thvncuvr5 v naath d1x rvw t5 j5 pusl` pu11ny: k5n Hunary n5 Ignaz Semmelweis m5 l`t k` Viana, Austria kvn Florence Nightingale, raan B7r7ntic v took m5 csal5 nursing.
At that time most people still believed that infections were caused by foul odors called miasmas.
Kv jvn gu11th vms naath t5 xuan xot kv x1th kv jv 5 luex la n77xv xu`ny in ji`1`k in csal kv 5 miathmath.
In the 1980s, foodborne outbreaks and healthcare-associated infections led the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to more actively promote hand hygiene as an important way to prevent the spread of infection.
Kv rvi run5 1980, n2n luex` k` ku`n kvn rvi du22lwal cuv mukt`p Yunaytet Y5tht22t kv ciaax g1x ju1th kvn pendv ben jak` kapv ciaax pusl` pu11ny nhial v kvl m5 gsaa kv g1x thi`x` luex` kv fsw.
The outbreak of swine flu in 2009 and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 led to increased awareness in many countries of the importance of washing hands with soap to protect oneself from such infectious diseases.
Tuk kvn thi1x yithwaan piluu kv fsw kv 2009 kvn COVID-19 in c5 fsw lv thi`x kv 2020 cv naath jak` ba x`c kap nhial kv rvi w55n5 t5 xuan kv gssy l1k tetn5 kv thaabuuny kv f66 b5 raan rs gax kv kvn ju1th titi.
For example, posters with "correct hand washing techniques" were hung up next to hand washing sinks in public toilets and in the toilets of office buildings and airports in Germany.
C``t, p6thtvr5 t5 nyusth kv dup l1k tetn5 min gsaa cua kv la xap kv nhial kut kuakn5 l1k tin ca l`t gu11th in thieek kv du2l coown5 k` mukt`pn5 kvn gu1th nyuur` ri1thn5 k` Jvrmvn.
The phrase "washing one's hands of" something, means declaring one's unwillingness to take responsibility for the thing or share complicity in it.
Ri`t m5 csal kv ‘5 l1k ran kv tet kv’ kv du]r, lotv n5 f66 thil nh6k ran kv f66 bv lu1x k1n kv jvn du]]r vms kiv bv duer in te rvi k` nsms nyuak kvvl kv nath.
It originates from the bible passage in Matthew where Pontius Pilate washed his hands of the decision to crucify Jesus Christ, but has become a phrase with a much wider usage in some English communities.
Tusskv k` ri`t m5 g]r k` baybol M0thyu m2 c5 Pusntih Paylvt tet kv lak k` c1r k` f66 ba Yecu pu1t jiaath, duxdv f66 jvn v ruac m5 te kv lu]]tn5 t5 xuan k` naath tin ruac kv thok Lixvl5th.
In Shakespeare's Macbeth, Lady Macbeth begins to compulsively wash her hands in an attempt to cleanse an imagined stain, representing her guilty conscience regarding crimes she had committed and induced her husband to commit.
Rvi ruaacn5 Macbeth Shakespeare, ciek in csal kv 5 Mackbeth cuv jv tok kv m5 la lakv tetkv kv f]ndv kv f66 bv ithtvn in caarv kv xivthdv woc, m5 nyoothn5 f66 woocv n5 rs k` duer in cv l1t kiv tin la comv cswdv kv f66 bv kv l1t.
It has also been found that people, after having recalled or contemplated unethical acts, tend to wash hands more often than others, and tend to value hand washing equipment more.
Jvn ca jv jek b` vn f66 naath kv ksr k` m5 ca jv ben guic vn f66 ca ciaax ji``k l1t, cetv kv m5 la lak kvn tetkivn kv p0th v b``l min tussk k` naath tin k]x, k` cetv kv m5 la tiit kvn kuak l1k vl]x.
Furthermore, those who are allowed to wash their hands after such a contemplation are less likely to engage in other "cleansing" compensatory actions, such as volunteering.
Min d]x, naath tin ca jak` f66 ba tetkivn lak kv ksr civxn5 ti ji`k titi, la dakv vn f66 b5 kv loc k` civx ji`k k]kivn tin we kv ben, cet kv lu`k nath baax.
Religions prescribe hand washing for both hygienic and symbolic purposes.Symbolic hand washing, using water but no soap to wash hands, is a part of ritual hand washing featured in many religions, including Bahá'í Faith, Hinduism, tevilah and netilat yadayim in Judaism, Lavabo in Christianity, and Wudhu in Islam.Religions also prescribe hygienic hand washing, especially after certain actions.
W55 r5jin5 lat kvn gssy l1k tetn5 kv ku5c pusl` pu11ny kvn ku5c nyuuthn5 civxn5 k]kivn. kv p5w duxdv f66 thilv thaabuuny m5 lak kv tet, v ciaax pal` kusth kv l1k tetn5 m5 tussk gu1th pal5 t5 xuan cet kv Bahá'í Faith, Hinduism, tevilah kvn netilat yadayim k` Judaism, Lavabo k` kur5cin5 kvn Wudhu k` Yithlam. W55 r5jin5 b` lat gssy l1k ten5 kv ciaax pusl` pu11ny kv ksr k` m5 t22 kv du]]t m5 c5 raanv l1t.
Hinduism, Judaism and Islam mandate washing of hands after using the toilet.
Hinduism, Judaism kvn Islam ca jv lat 5 l1k tetn5 bv dhil tusk m5 c5 raan we coown5.
And, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Judaism and Islam mandate washing of hands before and after every meal.
K` Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Judaism kv Yithlam laar kvnv 5 b5 raan tetkv dhil lak v xot /kenv n5 m5th, kvn ksr k` min cv m5th.
Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on education
Rivk in ca n66x v thi1x ksrsnabayr`th kv fsw kv 2019-20 rvi du22lg]r`
The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic has affected educational systems worldwide, leading to the widespread closures of schools and universities.
Thi1x ksrsnabayr`th kv fsw kv 2019-20 cvciaax du22lg]r` y1r w55 mu]]n kvvliw, cv du2lg]r` kvn yun5b77thvt5n5 jak` g1kv gu1thn5 diaal.
As of 8 April 2020, approximately 1.716 billion learners have been affected due to school closures in response to COVID-19.
Kv gu11th m5 cet kv 8 pay xuaan 2020, pek m5 cet kv bathdssr5 t5 1.716 k` gs11r cuv gs1rivn y1r kv ku5c g`k` du2l5g]r` kvn yun5b7thvt5n5 kv ku5c COVID-19.
According to UNESCO monitoring, 188 countries have implemented nationwide closures and 5 have implemented local closures, impacting about 99.4% of the world's student population.
Cet kv m5 ca lar v UNESCO, w55 t5 v188 cua jv lat vn f66 ba du2g]r` diaal rvi wec g1k k` w55 5 nyinkivn g1k k`r], cuv naath t5 99.4% k` gaat tin g]r du2lg]r`divn ji``k.
On 23 March 2020, Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) released a statement announcing the cancellation of Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge O Level, Cambridge International AS &amp; A Level, Cambridge AICE Diploma, and Cambridge Pre-U examinations for the May/June 2020 series across all countries.
Kv 23 pay di]k 2020, cu mukt`p f]]n5 wecmu]]n K0mb5r5j (CIE) jv lar cv IGCSE K0mb5r5j p`l, pek K0mb5r5j O, kv K0mb5r5j AS kvn amp wec mu]]n; kv pek A, kv K0mb5r5j AICE Diploma kv f]]n K0mb5r5j pre- U kv pay dhieec/pay b1kvl 2020 v guur r] rvi w55n5 diaal.
International Baccalaureate exams have also been cancelled.School closures impact not only students, teachers, and families, but have far-reaching economic and societal consequences.
F]]n5 Baccalaureate w55 mu]]n cua kv p`l b`. G1k du2l5g]r`/cv ji`k k` gaat tin g]r k`r], xieec, kvn di22th gan, jvn b` copv gu1th diaal k` eksnsmik kvn wec kvvl.
School closures in response to COVID-19 have shed light on various social and economic issues, including student debt, digital learning, food insecurity, and homelessness, as well as access to childcare, health care, housing, internet, and disability services.
G1k du2l5g]r` kv ku5c COVID-19 cv cop k` civx eksnsmik` t5 xuan, cet kv d2n k` gaat tin g]r, g]1r kv d5j5tsl, dak ku1n, kvn thil tiecn5 tin civx kv kvvl kv thil yoop` gan, ciaax yop` pusl` pu11ny, jek tiecn5, intvrnvt, kvn l`t kv ku5c nath tin j5 bumn5.
The impact was more severe for disadvantaged children and their families, causing interrupted learning, compromised nutrition, childcare problems, and consequent economic cost to families who could not work.In response to school closures, UNESCO recommended the use of distance learning programmes and open educational applications and platforms that schools and teachers can use to reach learners remotely and limit the disruption of education.
Vn ciaax ji``k vmv cv ben d5t vl]x k` gaat tin thil m5 gsaa m5 jekv kvvl kv die22thkivn, cv g]1r jak` xussk, c5 ku`n thil, cv rivk yoop` gan rep k` cv ji``k eksnsmik` n66x kv di22th gan tin thil m5 l0l l1t v kvn. Kv ku5c g`k` du2l5g]r`, cu UNESCO jv lar 5 r5t g]r` k` gs1r v n1n kvn gs1r v f66x in dee du2lg]r` kvn xieec jv l1t kv f66 b5 nath gs1r v n1n kv f66 ba xu]kdivn kv du2lg]r`divn jak` kuiy.
Efforts to stem the spread of COVID-19 through non-pharmaceutical interventions and preventive measures such as social-distancing and self-isolation have prompted the widespread closure of primary, secondary, and tertiary schooling in over 100 countries.Previous outbreaks of infectious diseases have prompted widespread school closings around the world, with varying levels of effectiveness.
F]n lu`x` kv f66 ba thi1x COVID-19 kv fsw xok kv du]]p m5 /c5 ms du]]p wal kvn ciaax g1x nath kv rs cet cu]x kv kam kvn f66 dee raan nyuur gu11thdv k`rsa v jvn n77x g1k du2l5g]r` ms w55 mu]]n v tookv k` du2lg]r` p5raym22r5, thvkvnd22r5, kvn ter5civvr5 rvi w55n5 t5 b``l 100. Thi1x ju1th kv fsw kv gu1th t22 c5 we k` ju1th t22 nhiam cuv g1k du2l5g]r` n66x w55 mu]]n kvvliw, civx t5 g66l rvi w55n5.
Mathematical modelling has shown that transmission of an outbreak may be delayed by closing schools.
Kv du`c in du1c jv kv m0thm5tik nyoothv jv d6p ju1th derv ku00 m5 ca du2lg]r` g1k.
However, effectiveness depends on the contacts children maintain outside of school.
Kuv la f66 ciaax derv kith naath w22 kvvl kv t11 in tit gaatv gueerivn kv rs min c5 kv ben raar du22lg]r`.
School closures may be effective when enacted promptly.
G1k du122lg]r` derv gsaa m5 ca jv nax kv gu11th in g77rv.
If school closures occur late relative to an outbreak, they are less effective and may not have any impact at all.
G1k du22lg]r` la tuskv kv jsak kv ksr k` min c5 juey fsw kulv kith, jvn thilv jv lust m5 d55t k` thilv m5 d55t m5 derv lu`k naath.
Additionally, in some cases, the reopening of schools after a period of closure has resulted in increased infection rates.
Nysk, kv th11x gu1thn5, l2p du22lg]r` nysk kv ksr g1k`dv la n77xv f66 b5 luex loc th5n kv pek m5 d55t.
As closures tend to occur concurrently with other interventions such as public gathering bans, it can be difficult to measure the specific impact of school closures.During the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in the United States, school closures and public gathering bans were associated with lower total mortality rates.
Kv f66 la g1k du22lg]r` a tussk kvvl kv civx k]kivn cet kv f66 ba jv lar 5 /c5 naath nyuur kv bun, bumv vn f66 ba gssy g`k` du22lg]r` x1c. Kv run 1918-1919 m22 c5 yinpiluvndha kv fsw thi`x k` Yunaytet Y5tht22t, g1k du2l5g]r` kvn l7k nyuur` nath kv bun cua jv guic v jvn 2 jak li11 k` kuiy.
Cities that implemented such interventions earlier had greater delays in reaching peak mortality rates.
R0k tin d5t tin ca kvn t5 cet kv vn titi k1m raar kv p0th la te kv kv bax t5 d55t kv f66 /c5 li1divn b5 cop k` pek m5 d55t.
Schools closed for a median duration of 4 weeks according to a study of 43 US cities' response to the Spanish Flu.
Du2lg]r` t22 ca g1k kv gu11th m5 tst m5 cet kv juskn5 4 k`r] cet kv m5 ca lar v g6r x`c` k` w55 US t5 43 kv lu]cdivn kv Piluu Yithp00ny.