atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
Although some people call the disease "Wuhan pneumonia" (武汉(漢)肺炎/武肺), "Wuhan disease", or "Chinese virus", the use of these terms is considered racist in China and by many people of Chinese origin.
C`x min cssl th11x nath juey vms 5 ‘pnemonia Wuhan’ (武汉(漢)肺炎/武肺), "juey Wuhan", kiv ‘bayr`th j5 China’, lat nath kv kvn ri``t titi cv jssc 5 v ny5r nath tin la j5 China.
It is still common to refer the disease as "Wuhan pneumonia" or "Chinese virus" in places like Hong Kong and Taiwan.
Xotv csal kv jv vn juey 5 pneumonia Wuhan kiv bayr`th j5 China gu1thn5 t5 cet kv Hong Kong kvn Taiwan.
To be safe, use location-neutral terms when referring to the disease, such as "COVID-19", "novel coronavirus", or just "the virus" or "the pandemic".
M5 g775 f66 b5 mal, cslv kv ci6t in csal kv jv v naath diaal cet kv ‘COVID-19’, ‘ksrsnabyr`th in rvl rs’ kiv ‘bayr`th’ kiv ‘jueyin c5 fsw thi`x’.
Particularly in developing countries where law enforcement are poorly trained, enforcement of curfew, lockdown or stay-at-home orders are often brutal, often using forces not proportionate against crowds.
Rvi w55n5 tin /ken cop v gsaa cet kv Apirk` gu11th in la dak l`th xut` l`t th5n, l`th l`t jsath m5 ca lix cet kv vns, g1k wec kiv nyuur ci22xn5 la waa jv nax kv du]]p m5 ji``k, n5 ciax l1tdv kv bu]m k` naath t5 c5 dusl.
Comply with these orders, and avoid crowds in public.
W2r kvvl kv kvn l``r5 xut` titi, k` /cu coth gu1thn5 tin xuan naath th5n.
As a result of the coronavirus pandemic, xenophobia has risen in many countries, primarily but not exclusively targeting people perceived to be Chinese.
Kv jvn ku5c ksrsnabyr`th` mv c5 fsw thi`xv, ny5r kam` d6r5 cv d5t rvi w55n5 t5 xuan, kv tukdv v ny5r chinan5 duxdv f66 /cv lvn xot v la chinan5 k`r].
There has been a worldwide spike in racist incidents targeting people of East Asian origin, including in major cities such as New York, London and San Francisco.
Cv te kv k11th t5xuan w55 mu]]n kvvliw kv ciaax ny5r5 kam` d6r5 m5 lot n5 j5 cu22c Acia, kvvl kv j5 r0kn5 tin d5t cet kv NewYork, London kv San Francisco.
In Hong Kong, Sinophobia, which was already high to begin with, has intensified as a result of the pandemic, with the result that many shops and restaurants are now denying service to mainland Chinese customers and banning Mandarin speakers from their premises (with the exception of Taiwanese).
K` Hong Kong, Sinophobia m22 la wec kvl m5 c5 juey d5t th5n cv rs rep th5n kv ku5c thi`x` ju1th kv fsw, cu pvn pinydv ben a f66 cua thukn5 kvn gu1th mieth kuan pen f66 b5 kv 1t th6p k` j5 d11r wec china tin dee raan ku`n g66r k` cua naath tin ruac kv thok mandarin p2n f66 b5 kv cunh rvc (v thilv n5 j5 Taiwan k` r]).
Levels of xenophobia have also risen in East Asia, with some restaurants and other businesses in Japan and China refusing service to foreign customers.
Pek ny5r` kam` d6r5 cuv d5t b` rvi cu22c Acia kv naath tin k]x, v cu th11x du2l5 kuan kvn g`pvn5 k` Japan kvn china naath tin r66l p2n f66 dee kv m5th.
In China, there have been incidents of foreigners being refused rooms by hotel staff, and foreign residents, particularly black people, being kicked out of their apartments on short notice by their landlords.
K` china cuv te kv f66 cu kv naath tin r66l p2n gu1th t]]cn5 k` hotel5 v l11t, kvn naath tin r55l tin ciex k` china, cet naath tin c11r, cua kv jusc raar du2l5kivn tin ciax kv kv l``r m5 tst m5 be k` j5 tiecn5.
Sources for further information on the coronavirus outbreak include:
Gu11th l``r5 kv ku5c tuk` ksrsnabayr`th kv kvn:
The US government Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Mukt`p kuumv US kv g1x ju1th kvn k`pdv cu]x
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (daily updates)
Mukt`p Yurspiin kv g1x ju1th kvn k`pdv cu]x (kv tin tussk ciax)
United Kingdom government, - Foreign and Commonwealth Office advice for Travellers
Kuumv Yunaytet Kixdsm – mukt`p in l`t kv ku5c w55n5 raar kvn mukt`p ri`x` nath diaal cv ruac kv ku5c j11l5
An online map and dashboard from the John Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering with live updates
Nyin snlaany kvn d1cbussd k` Johnhopkins Yunvb7thvt5 gu11th thaany kvn enyjini``rix kv l``r5 ciax
Partial lists of entry restrictions from IATA and The New York Times
Ku00n t5 kuiy kv ku5c k` tin ca l66k k` IATA kvn New York times
A variety of misinformation and conspiracy theories about the virus are being promoted online and even by some government officials, so be careful which sources you check for information.
Cua th7p l``r` kv du]]p m5 ji``k kvn f66 par naath r] jak` jsc ciax snlaany kv ku5c bayr`th` tin tussk ciax k` naath am`n5 th11x l11tn5 kuumv, kv ku5c vms tit rs kv gu11th in jek5 l``r5 th5n.
Ensure that all information and advice you receive has been backed by reputable doctors and scientists.
X`c n5 jv nv f66 l``r kvvliw kvn luek in c5 jek ca jv nysk kv l`r v k5m m5 gsaa kvn thaant5thn5.
In a crisis, it's natural to want to keep following the latest updates, but it may be better for your mental health to moderate the amount of news that you look at, and stick to reliable news sources.
Kv gu11th rik`, gsayv vn f66 b5 we kv m5 g77r5 l``r in we kv ben raar, duxdv f66 derv gsaa b` kv xivthdu vn f66 der5 th11x l``r5 diel guec tin nvvn5, k` b5 gu]]rn5 kvl in gsaa kv` naath tin lat kv.
If you normally watch the news twice per day then stick to this schedule and do something else, rather than having the 24-hour news on continuously.
M5 la gu5c5 kv laat k` rvvw kv c`x, vns ku gu]]r n5 vn du]]p vms k` l`tn5 du]]r d]divn k` f66 b5 xuskn5 rs k` guec laatn5 kv thaakn5 t5 24.
b'Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an enzyme attached to the outer surface (cell membranes) of cells in the lungs, arteries, heart, kidney, and intestines.
b’Angiotenthin in r55t endhaam 2 (ACE2) v endhaam m5 cv dsap raar (cell membraan5) cell5 pu]]th, arter5n5, lsc rok kvn c5n.
ACE2 counters the activity of the related angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) by reducing the amount of angiotensin-II and increasing Ang(1-7) making it a promising drug target for treating cardiovascular diseases.ACE2 also serves as the entry point into cells for some coronaviruses.
ACE2 la r6mv kv l`t tin rhieek kv angiotenthin in r55t endhaam (ACE) kv xu]kdv kvd5t angiotentin II kvn r2pdv kv ANG (1-7) k` jakv jv k` w`l m5 cet gsaa kv tu]m ju1thn5 lsaac. ACE2 b` l`tv v la gu11th in coth kvcell5 rvc k` th11x ksrsnabayr`th.
The human version of the enzyme is often referred to as hACE2.
Endhaam ran in c``t kv jv csalv hACE2.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a zinc containing metalloenzyme located on the surface of endothelial and other cells.
Angiotenthin in r55t endhaam 2 t22 kv yi22th dh5xkendhaam jssk wec endsthelial kvn cell5 tin k]x.
ACE2 protein contains an N-terminal peptidase M2 domain and a C-terminal collectrin renal amino acid transporter domain.
ACE2 protein t22 kv N-terminal peptidathv M2 dsmvvny kv C-terminal kslvkt5r5n renal amino athid dsmvvny in j``l jv.
ACE2 is a single-pass type I membrane protein, with its enzymatically active domain exposed on the surface of cells in lungs and other tissues.
ACE2 v la cothv k` kvvl I membran protein, m5 te edhaamatikslv kv dsmvvny m5 t2k m5 cup jssk cell5 pu]]th kvn cu]]x tin k]x.
The extracellular domain of ACE2 is cleaved from the transmembrane domain by another enzyme known as sheddase, and the resulting soluble protein is released into the blood stream and ultimately excreted into urine.
Vn dsmvvny celluar in d]x k` ACE2 jvn jivnv k` tu1n5thmembran dsmvvny kv endhaam d]divn m5 csal 5 cvdathv, k` protein in we n66x la reepv rs rvi rivm k` bv d5tdv we nax rvi coown5.
ACE2 is present in most organs: ACE2 is attached to the cell membrane of mainly lung type II alveolar cells, enterocytes of the small intestine, arterial and venous endothelial cells and arterial smooth muscle cells in most organs.
ACE2 t22 th5n k` cu]]x pu11ny diaal: ACE2 jvn cv rs dsap k` cell membran v d5t k` pu]th vl]x k` pek albislsr cell5 II rvi c55n tin tsaatn5, r`l lsaac kvn bvnuthn5 endsthvlial cell kv r`l lsaac tin puath-puaath k` cu]]x pu11ny t5 xuan.
ACE2 mRNA expression is also found in the cerebral cortex, striatum, hypothalamus, and brainstem.
ACE2 mRNA b` jvn jek jv rvi xith` thvr5bvral ksrt0k, ithtriatum hypsthvlam1th kvn cuut xith`.
The primary function of ACE2 is to act as a counter balance to ACE.
L1t ACE2 in nhiam v f66 bv l`t v la kueen cux` ACE.
ACE cleaves angiotensin I hormone into the vasoconstricting angiotensin II.
ACE jivnv k` angiotenthin I hsrmsn we rvi bathksnith5r5tix angiotenthin.
ACE2 in turn cleaves the carboxyl-terminal amino acid phenylalanine from angiotensin II (Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe) and hydrolyses it into the vasodilator angiotensin (1-7), (H-Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-OH).
ACE2 nysk naxv carbskthaal-terminal amino athid phenylalanine k` angiotethin II (Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe) kv hydrolyses rvi bathsdilvtsr angiotenthin (1-7), (H-Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-OH).
ACE2 can also cleave a number of other peptides including [des-Arg9]-bradykinin, apelin, neurotensin, dynorphin A, and ghrelin.
ACE2 derv peptaadn5 k]kivn ti xuan nax cet kv [des-Arg9]-bradykinin, apelin, neurotensin, dynorphin A, kv ghrelin.
ACE2 also regulates the membrane trafficking of the neutral amino acid transporter SLC6A19 and has been implicated in Hartnup's disease.
ACE2 b` jvn r5tv membrane kv g1x amino athid in cux k` rsa kv j1lv kv SLC6A19 k` ca jv liam rvi ju1th Hartnup.
As a transmembrane protein, ACE2 serves as the main entry point into cells for some coronaviruses, including HCoV-NL63; SARS-CoV (the virus that causes SARS); and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19).
Cet kv tu1n5thmembran protein, ACE2 l`tv v la gu11th in nhiam in coth cell5 th11x ksrsnabyr`th rvc t] cet kv HCoV-NL63; SARS-CoV (bayr`th in n77x SARS; KV SARS-CoV-2 (bayr`th in n77x COVID-19).
More specifically, the binding of the spike S1 protein of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 to the enzymatic domain of ACE2 on the surface of cells results in endocytosis and translocation of both the virus and the enzyme into endosomes located within cells.
Kv guecdv v civk, mat ithpak S1 protein dux SARS-CoV kvn SARS-CoV2 v we k` endhaamatik dsmvvny dux w55 ACE2 cell5 la n77xv endsthayth5th kvn nax bayr`th kvn jvn endhaam rvi endothsmvth in te rvi cell5.
This entry process also requires priming of the S protein by the host serine protease TMPRSS2, the inhibition of which is under current investigation as a potential therapeutic.This has led some to hypothesize that decreasing the levels of ACE2, in cells, might help in fighting the infection.
Vn wedivn rvc vmv g77rv rial5k` S proteink` thvrin psrsteath TMPRSS2, gu11th civvx` min te piny thiec` min g6r kv vn walv v la ciaax in dee naath lu`k. Vns cv naath nax k` f66 xu]k pek ACE2, rvi cell5 d]x derv naath lu`k kv k7r ju1th vmv.
However, multiple professional societies and regulatory bodies have recommended continuing standard ACE inhibitor and ARB therapy.
Kuv la f66 bun nath t5 xuan k` k5mn5 kvn gu1th lu`x` ca jv lar 5 wiaa kvvl kv ACE kvn ARB kv ciaax lu`kdivn.
A systematic review and meta-analysis published on July 11, 2012, found that "use of ACE inhibitors was associated with a significant 34% reduction in risk of pneumonia compared with controls."
Nysak g7r` x`c` kv c1p kvn guec kv meta m5 c5 ben raar kv 11 pay b1rsw, 2012, cv jv jek vn f66 l1t kv ACE yin5b5tsr cv thi22k kv gssy m5 34% kv xu]k rik` pneumonia m5 ca jv p``r kv g1xdv.
Moreover, "the risk of pneumonia was also reduced in patients treated with ACE inhibitors who were at higher risk of pneumonia, in particular those with stroke and heart failure.
Nysk m5 waa kv m5 r2p kv jv, rivk pneiumonia cua jv xok b` k` j5 ju1th t5 ca tom kv ACEyin5b5tsr t5 cv cuit vl]x kv pneumonia, v civk kvn t22 te kv ithtsrsk kvn thil l1t lsaac.
Use of ACE inhibitors was also associated with a reduction in pneumonia related mortality, although the results were less robust than for overall risk of pneumonia."
L1t kv ACE yin5b5tsr b` ca jv ksx thieek kv xu]kdv kv kv li` in n77x pneumonia jv, c`x min kn vn in tussk c`x m22 ca jv guic 5 c/cv thieek kv rivk in n77x pneumonia.
Recombinant human ACE2 (rhACE2) is surmised to be a novel therapy for acute lung injury, and appeared to improve pulmonary hemodynamics and oxygen saturation in piglets with a lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Mat ACE2 k` raan (rhACE2) jvn v lu``k m65 rvl rs kv bu]t m5 c5 tussk rvi pu]]th v rup-rup k` cv jssv vn f66hemod5namik lsaac kvn skth5j5n ttacurvcin rvi piglet` kv ipopolysaccharide xok kvn nyuuthn5 tin tussk k` li``k.
The half-life of rhACE2 in human beings is about 10 hours and the onset of action is 30 minutes in addition to the course of effect (duration) of 24 hours.
Nuth civvx` t22k` rhACE2 k` raan v thaakn5 10 kv tukdv v minitn5 t5 30 kvvl kv pek m5 thaakn5 t5 24.
Several findings suggest that rhACE2 may be a promising drug for those with intolerance to classic renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RAS inhibitors) or in diseases where circulating angiotensin II is elevated.Infused rhACE2 has been evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Kv t5 xuan tin ca jek nyooth kvn f66 rhACE2 derv la w`l m5 d22 gsaa k` naath tin thil luth kv k5l11thik renin-angiotenthin yinibitsr (RAS yinibitsr) kiv rvi ju1thn5 tin j`l rvi angiotenthin II cv rs. Kap nhial rhACE2 ca jv kap nhial rvi dueelwal kv f]]nkv tu]m nyuuth` ju1th l55k` min p0th.
b'Bat SARS-like coronavirus WIV1 (Bat SL-CoV-WIV1), also sometimes called SARS-like coronavirus WIV1, is a strain of Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV) isolated from Chinese rufous horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus sinicus).
b’Bat SARS in cet kv ksrsnabayr`th WIV1 (Bat SL-CoV-WIV1), kv th11x gu1thn5 b` csal kv jv 5 SARS m5 cet kv ksrsnabayr`th WIV1, v kaar ju1th m5 rup-rup kv ciaax ju1th l55k` min cet kv ksrsnabayr`th (SARSr-CoV) in ca lvy k` china rupoth xap war` ji66k yu]ru]k (Rhinoloputh thinikuth).
Like all coronaviruses, virions consist of single-stranded positive-sense RNA enclosed within an envelope.
Cet kv ksrsnabayr`thn5 diaal, bayrion5 tekv kv yitht5r00n kvl m5 pusthvtib k` RNA in ca kum kv kuum.
The discovery confirms that bats are the natural reservoir of SARS-CoV.
Nyooth min ca jekv vn f66 kvn xapn5 kv kvn gu11th in tussk SARS-CoV th5n.
Phylogenetic analysis shows the possibility of direct transmission of SARS from bats to humans without the intermediary Chinese civets, as previously believed.
Phithiojvnvtik kv guecdv nyoothv gssydiu]]p d6p SARS xap v raan v thil china thibet kam`divn cet kv m22 ca ksx dee guic ins.
b'COVID-19 apps are mobile software applications designed to aid contact tracing in response to the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic, i.e. the process of identifying persons ("contacts") who may have been in contact with an infected individual.
b’COVID-19 apsl5k22cin5 kv nyin mobaal` t5 ca l1tk kv f66 thieek nath v jek` kv ku5c 2019-20 ksrsnabayr`th in thi``x fsw, cet kv ciaax in n0n kv jv k` naath itn cv k`p tin d]x c5 te kvvl kv naath tin cv k`p.
Numerous applications were developed or proposed, with official government support in some territories and jurisdictions.
Apslvk22cin5 t5 xuaan ca kv l1t kiv ca kv lar 5 gsaa v kuumv kv lu`k xut` kv naath rvi w55n5 th11xkivn.
Several frameworks for building contact tracing apps have been developed.
Ca dup tin d22 l`t a pslik22cin5 tin la nvvn juey jek kv ciaax in ba kv l1t kv jv.
Privacy concerns have been raised, especially about systems that are based on tracking the geographical location of app users.
Cv c11p g1x kuakn5 nvvn5 k]kivn kap nhial, v civk cet kv t11 in dee l`t kv apsl5k22cin tin jek kiv nyooth gu1th tin te naath th5n tin te kv kvn apsl5k22cin5 titi.
Less intrusive alternatives include the use of Bluetooth signals to log a user's proximity to other cellphones.
C1p d]divn in dee ku00 k` gsaa derv a l1t kv bluetooth kv l11r kv log kv ran in thi1k kv cellpussn.
On 10 April 2020, Google and Apple jointly announced that they would integrate functionality to support such Bluetooth-based apps directly into their Android and iOS operating systems.
Kv 10 pay xuaan 2020, g6gvl kvn apsl kvvl cua jv lar 5 baa l1t mat kvvl kv du]pp in dee l`t kv bluetooth kv apslik22cin5 v coth k` andsrsidn5kivn kvn iOS kvvl.
In China, the Chinese government, in conjunction with Alipay, has deployed an app that allows citizens to check if they have been in contact with people that have COVID-19.
K` china kuumv china kvvl kv alipy, cv apslik22cin k1m raar m5 jak naath k` f66 ba nvn tin c5 thieek kv naath tin cv k`p kv COVID-19.
It is in use across more than 200 Chinese cities.In Singapore, an app called TraceTogether is being used.
Ja l`t vn t``mv rvi w55n5 t5 b``l 200 k` r0k china. K` Singapore, ca apsl5k22cin l1t m5 csal 5 Tracktogether ja th5n l`tv.
The app was developed by local IT community, released as open source and will be handed over to the government.North Macedonia launched "StopKorona!", a Bluetooth-based app to trace exposure with potentially infected persons and provide a fast response to healthcare authorities.
Vn apslik22cin cua jv l1t v IT rvi wecdivn, cua jv k1m raar v f66x k` ba jv k1m kuumv. Nsth Macedonia cv apsl5k22cin m5 csal 5 ‘stopkorona’ l1tm5 l`t kv bluetooth kvvl m5 nyooth naath tin cv moc kv kiv c5 thieek kv naath tin cv moc luex ju1th k` dee kv cu jak` we du22lwal v j5 lu`x` pusl` pu11ny.
The app was developed by the Ministry of Communication and Technology and Ministry of Health.
Vn apslik22cin cua jv l1t v minithvr ksmsnik22cinkvn t0knslsj5 kv minthvr pusl` pu11ny.
As of 14 April 2020, the app was awaiting approval by the Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Kn gu11th m5 cet kv 14 pay xuaan 2020, cuv vn apslik11cin cuv te l5p` kv f66 ba jv thvm v g6gvl play ithtssr kv apsl ithtsst.
On 12 April, the government stated that the contact tracing app was in an advanced stage of development, and would be available for deployment within weeks.A similar app is planned in Ireland, and in France ("StopCovid").
Kn 12 pay xuaan, cu kuumv jv lar 5 apslk22cin in nyoooth naath tin c5 thieek kv j5 ju1th ja dup l1t jv, k` jvn bv te th5n kv rvi juskn5 tin c5 thi1k. Apslk22cin d]divn m5 c``t kv jv ja th5n l1t jv k` Ireland, kvn Pvrvvny (stopCovid).
Both Australia and New Zealand are considering apps based on Singapore's TraceTogether app and BlueTrace protocol.Russia intends to introduce a geofencing app for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 living in Moscow, designed to ensure they do not leave home.
Australia kvvl kvn New Zealand kvn kaa guic f66 d22 apslk22cin l1t m5 cet kv dux Singapoe in csal 5 TraceTogether kvn BlueTrace prsrstok77l. Raciaguicv f66 bv geofencing app l1t kv nen j5 ju1th COVID-19 tin ciex k` Moscow, m5 l1t kv kv f66 ba /ken kv we ci22xn5.
Ross Anderson, professor of security engineering at Cambridge University, listed a number of potential practical problems with app-based systems, including false positives and the potential lack of effectiveness if takeup of the app is limited to only a small fraction of the population.
Ross Anderson, professor k` th5ki7rt5 inyjineerix k` Yunib7thvt5 Cambridge, cv pek rikn5 tin dee naath kv jek k` app cet kv l``r 5 v kac v thu]k kvn f66 thilv l1t v gsaa m5 c5 app lotn5 f66 bv l`t kv th11x nath t5 kuiy n5 tin dee naath lu`k.
Addressing concerns about the spread of misleading or harmful "coronavirus" apps, Apple set limits on which types of organizations could add coronavirus-related apps to its App Store, limiting them to only "official" or otherwise reputable organizations.
L``r kv min dee lsc nath diw jv kv th1`x ju1th kv fsw kvn thil lat` thuk` kv ji``k ksrsnabayr`th appsrganayth22cin ba ksrsnabayr`th mat gu11th t]w` , jakv kv k` pek k` l11t k`r] kiv srganayth22cin5 tin x`th kv.
Google and Amazon have implemented similar restrictions.
Gsgvl kvn Amazsn ca jv l7k kv du]]p m5 cet kv vns.
Privacy campaigners voiced their concern regarding the implications of mass surveillance using coronavirus apps, in particular about whether surveillance infrastructure created to deal with the coronavirus pandemic will be dismantled once the threat has passed.
Naath tin tu]]p kv kuic g1x gssy` kuakn5 j5kivn kvn ciaax in dee tussk kv jut-jut nath kv ku5c ksrsnababyr`th appn5, v civk kv g5ssy kiv ji`k jut-jut` min ca l1t kv ku5c k66r ksrsnabayr`th kv thi1xdv kv fsw ba jv p`l c`x indaan in c5 juey thuuk.
Amnesty International and over 100 other organizations issued a statement calling for limits on this kind of surveillance.
Amnetht5 wec mu]]n kvvl kvn srganayth22cin5 t5 b``l 100 cza ruac lat v kvn vn f66 jut-jut vmv cv d5t d22 th11xdv lvn xok.
The organisations declared eight conditions on governmental projects:
Kvn srganayth22cin5 ca gu1th b1d`k k` kuumv lar:
surveillance would have to be "lawful, necessary and proportionate";
Jut nath bv dhil cooth kv du]]p xut` k` gsaa cet kv gu11thdv;
extensions of monitoring and surveillance would have to have sunset clauses;
Wedv nhiam kvn ciaax in nax jv vn jut-jut derv dhil te kv xut t5n /cv b`l;
the use of data would have to be limited to COVID-19 purposes;
L1t kv l``r5 titi bv dhil peek k` dup g`x COVID-19 k`r];
data security and anonymity would have to be protected and shown to be protected based on evidence;
G1x l``r5 kvn thil k` f66 ba ci66t naath laar baa dhil gax ba kv nyoth kv ciaax g1x kv nin n0n kv;
digital surveillance would have to avoid exacerbating discrimination and marginalisation;
Tiit kv ciaax jut-jut` kv l6k n77x` civvx` tvk-tvk` kvn dh]x nath raar;
any sharing of data with third parties would have to be defined in law;
Nyuaak l``r5 kv rad]divn d22 lustdv lat kv xut;
there would have to be safeguards against abuse and the rights of citizens to respond to abuses;
Derv dhil te kv dup g1x civvx` l1t ji``k` kvn g1x cuuxn5 j5 wec kv lu]cdivn kv l1t ji``k;
"meaningful participation" by all "relevant stakeholders" would be required, including that of public health experts and marginalised groups.The German Chaos Computer Club (CCC) and Reporters Without Borders (Reporter ohne Grenzen) (RSF) also issued checklists.
L1t k00l kv kv du]]p m5 t22 lust k` naath diaal tin nyuaak nmv cet kv wec kvvliw derv jv g7r kvvl kv t11 mal` j5 l1t pusl` pu11ny kvn bu]n in ca dhs1 raar. K`l`b Jvrmvn kv ksmputvr (CCC) kvn naath tin th7p l``r v thil key (Reporter ohne Grenzen) (RSF) b` ca civvk l5th l1t.
The proposed Google/Apple plan intends to address the problem of persistent surveillance by removing the tracing mechanism from their device operating systems once it is no longer needed.
C1p gsgvl/Apsl kv ciaax rik` min guurs kv jut-juut kv wu]c nath kv ciaac in jek kv t`` in l`t kv kuakivn vn t`mv jvn thil m5 lvm jv g7r.
Some countries used network-based location tracking instead of apps, eliminating both the need to download an app and the ability to avoid tracking.
Th11x l`t kvn kv ciaax in nax rs kv nvtw`k kv jek gu1th v /c5 ms a apslk22cin, tin yuth f66 ba kv k1m raar kvn apslk22cin5 piny kvn kvn lu1x kv f66 ba naath jek tit.
In Israel, network-based tracking was approved.
K` Yithvruvl, jek nath kv nvtw`k ca jv rial5k`.
Network-based solutions that have access to raw location data have significant potential privacy problems.
Dup tin we kv nvtw`k tin te kv cu]p k` gu1th tin civx naath kv kvn te kvn kv rivk m5 dee tussk kv ciaax nyin5 nath.
However, not all systems with central servers need to have access to personal location data; a number of privacy-preserving systems have been created that use central servers only for intercommunication (see section below).
Kuv la f66 /c5 kv kvn c11p diaal tin te kv cvntvr5 g77r min la tiit jek min cop nyin j5kv; kv c11p tin we kv thvnt5rsl th`rbvr5 t] k`r] kv ku5c mat` ruac (guic k1ths te pinys kv jvn ku5c k` titi).
In South Korea, a non-app-based system was used to perform contact tracing.
K` Thsth Korea , ca c1p m5 thil app k1n kv ciaax in jek kv naath.
Instead of using a dedicated app, the system gathered tracking information from a variety of sources including mobile device tracking data and card transaction data, and combined these to generate notices via text messages to potentially-infected individuals.
V /c5 ms a f66 ba gu]]r n5 cu]]p m5 we kv app, vn c1p vms in jek l``r5 tin ca dol k ` gu1th t5 g66l cet kv talvpoon5 mobaal` kvn l``r5 kat` tu1n5th0vkcin, kv matdivn kvvl la n77xv kv m1thij kv naath tin cet kv m5 cv k`p kv luex ku1tjh.
In addition to using this information to alert potential contacts, the government has also made the location information publicly available, something permitted because of far-reaching changes to information privacy laws after the MERS outbreak in that country.
Kvvl kv f66 l``r in nyuth naath min c``t kv m5 c5 rivk kv gu22r, vn kuumv cv ciaax in ba jek l``r kv f66x kv jv, du]]r kvl m5 ca jak` we l`t kv f66 gu11th in copv kv gu11th 2 tussk kv g2r civvx` kv MERS 2 thi`y kv jv rvi fsaa vn rvi wec vms.
This information is available to the public via a number of apps and websites.Countries including Germany considered using both centralized and privacy-preserving systems.
Vn l``r vms jaa thin k` naath jek jv k` apslk22cin5 t5 xuaan kvn webthaatn5. W55 cet kv Jvrmvn ca jv guic vn f66 l1t kv dup rvw tin kv g1x kuakn5 j5kivn kv c1p.
As of 6 April 2020, the details had not yet been released.
Kv gu11th m5 cet kv 6 pay xuaan 2020, xot thiu]kdv /k1nv n5 lar m`n5 t`mv.
Privacy-preserving contact tracing is a well-established concept, with a substantial body of research literature dating back to at least 2013.As of 7 April 2020, over a dozen expert groups were working on privacy-friendly solutions, such as using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) to log a user's proximity to other cellphones.
G1k cuux` ran kv ciaax in jek kv gu11th ran ca jv l1t v gsaa, kuv la f66 v ku5c wargakn5 tin gsw t22 be raar kv 2013. Kv gu11th m5 cet kv 7 pay xuaan 2020, pek m5 d55t k` naath tin x1c kv du]]r cua l1t tok kv ciaax g1x kuakn5 nath tin we kv ciaax m``th`, cet kv bluetooth (BLE) kv j1ny thieek` nath kv cellpussn5.
However, PEPP-PT is a co-ordination effort which contains both centralised and decentralised approaches, and is not a single protocol.Decentralised protocols include Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (DP-PPT/DP-3T), Temporary Contact Numbers (TCN, fka Contact Event Numbers, CEN), Privacy Sensitive Protocols and Mechanisms for Mobile Contact Tracing (PACT) and others.
Kuv la f66, PEPP-PT v guur lu`x` m5 te rvidv kv thvntvrslayth22cin kv dethvntvntvrslayth22cin c`p`, k` jvn /c5 psrstsk7l kvl. Psrstsk77l in ca dethvntstsrlslaadh naxv lsar kv g1x nyin` kv jek nath (DP-PPT/DP-3T), kv nsmbsr5 tin b5 th5n kv gu11th m5 civk (TCN, fka nsmbsr5 nyin` tin tusk, CEN) D5t nyin` ran tin rvlv k`rsa kv ku5c Jek` Mobaal` (PACT) kvn k]kivn.
In these protocols, identifiable personal data never leaves the device, and all matching happens on-device.
Rvi psrstsk77l` vmv, naath tin d22 dhil lu`x kv jek kvn /ca l``r5 j5kivn titi dee met p`l, k` kvn diaal tin we kvvl tussk kv n k` pussn.
The Privacy Group at MIT Media Lab has been developing SafePaths, a platform for using privacy-preserving techniques when collecting and using location or path intersection data to track the spread of COVID-19.
Vn bu]n in l`t kv ku5c xsakn5 tin rcl raan kv k` MIT gu11th l``r5 k` Lab cv du]]p m5 mal pay l1t, p5l11tpussm kv ciaax in we kv guir nyin` j5kivn titi kv jek gu1th in te raan th5n kiv du]]p in we kv l``r5 kv jek du]p in thi`y kv COVID-19 piny.
It is based on research from the whitepaper "Apps Gone Rogue: Maintaining Personal Privacy in an Epidemic" released in March 2020.Another similar effort is the SafeTrace platform by Enigma MPC, a company developing privacy technologies that was also originally founded at the MIT Media Lab.
We kv ksr g7r` kv wargak in b6r ‘Appn5 Gone Rogue: G1x kuakn5 tin r00l k` gu11ndivn kv kv n5n thi`y` ju1th rvi fsaa m22 be raar kv 2020. Du]]r kvl d]divn m5 c``t kv jv v SafeTrace p5l11tpussm v Enigma MPC, ksmpan5 m5 t``th nyin t0knslsj5 m5 tussk kv gu11th 2 nhiam k` MIT M5dia Lab.
SafeTrace utilizes secure hardware technologies to allow users to share sensitive location and health data with other users and officials, without compromising the privacy of that data.
SafeTrace jakv hardware t0knslsj5 m5 jak` naath k` nyuaak gu11th tin bu]m-bu]m kvn ciaax pu1l` pu11ny kv l``r5 kv naath tin l11t5 v thil f66 ba nyin enath rvl raan kv tiit.
On 5 April 2020, the global TCN Coalition was founded by groups that had coalesced around what was essentially the same approach and largely overlapping protocols, with the goal to reduce fragmentation, and enable global interoperability of tracing and alerting apps, a key aspect of achieving widespread adoption.
Kv 5 pay 2020, cu TCN wecmu]]n kv l1t k00l ben raar k` bu]n m5 te kv mat kv ksr k` m5 p``r kv gu11th 2 nhiam kv c``t kv psrstsk77l kv min g77r ciaa xuk` d`k` piny jv, k` cua jak` dux wecmu]]n kv ciaax mat` k00l kv lu1x jke` kvl l`r-l``r k` app, cua la du]]p kvvl m5 gsaa kv ciaax in cusp kv d6pdv w55 mu]]n kvvliw.
On 9 April 2020, the Singaporean government announced that it had open-sourced the BlueTrace protocol used by its official government app.
Kv 9 pay xuaan 2020, vn kuumv Singapore cuv jv lar 5 cv psrstsk77l BlueTrace lvp m5 l`t kv l11t kv tin j5 kuumv.
On 10 April 2020, Google and Apple, the companies that control the Android and iOS mobile platforms, announced an initiative for contact tracing, which they claimed would preserve privacy, based on a combination of Bluetooth Low Energy technology and privacy-preserving cryptography.
Kv 10 pay xuan 2020, gsgvl kvnApsl, kvn ksmpanvn5 tin gax andrssd kvn iOs mobaal pil11tpussm, cua jv lar vn f66 ca c1p m5 dee naath lu`k kv jek, in ca lar v kvn 5 dee r2l nath kv l``r5kivn yop, kv ciaax mat` bluetooth kv enerj5 m5 tst k` t0knslsj5 kvn gax l``r5 tin rvl raan kv.
They also published specifications of the core technologies used in the system.
Cu kvn wargak k1m raar b` kv thu]k in la d``r t0knslsj5k` min l`t kv naath rvi c`p`.
According to Apple and Google, the system is intended to be rolled out in three stages:
Cet kv min ca lar v apsl kvn gsgvl, vn c1p vmv lust jv kv f66 bv l`t kv c11p di]k:
rollout of tools to enable governments to create official privacy-preserving coronavirus tracing apps
Lvr kuakn5 kv jak kuumv k` l`t ciaax in thu]k in gax kv tin /ca nyuak tin nyin nen` ksrsnabayr`th
integration of this functionality directly into iOS and AndroidGoogle and Apple plan to address the take-up and persistent surveillance problems by first distributing the system through operating system updates, and later removing it in the same way once the threat has passed.
Mat l`tn5 titit kvvl rvi iOS kvn andrssd gsgvl kv apsl kv c1p in caar kvnv kv ciaax gur` jut-jut` kv rivk kv f66 kv nhiam kv d``k c`p` kv rvi c`p` min l`t kv jv kv tin tussk kvn k` ba jv we woc kv ksrv cet kv jvn du]]p in l1t jv kv jv kv c`x indaan in c5 rivk vmv we thuuk.
b'COVID-19 drug development is the research process to develop a preventative vaccine or therapeutic prescription drug that would alleviate the severity of 2019-20 coronavirus disease (COVID-19).
b’COVID-19 kv t1th w1lv v g6r x`c` m5 tussk kv ku5c w1l in dee naath gax kiv w`l m5 dee naath lu`k v bv d55t ji``k` ju1th ruun` 2019-20 (COVID-19).
The International Clinical Trials Registry Platform of the WHO recorded 536 clinical studies to develop post-infection therapies for COVID-19 infections, with numerous established antiviral compounds for treating other infections under clinical research to be repurposed.
G]r piny w1l m5 d22 f]n ciaax in d22 pil11tpussm nax kv jv k` WHO cv g7r x`c` t5 536 kv l1t k` m5 dee naath vu lu`k v xot /ken luex COVID-19 naath n5 k`p, fs11n jv kv wal antibayrsl t5 xuan t5 ca m11t tin tusm kv ju1th k]kivn t22 ca x1c n5 wal tin thieek kv jv.
In March, the WHO initiated the "SOLIDARITY Trial" in 10 countries, enrolling thousands of people infected with COVID-19 to assess treatment effects of four existing antiviral compounds with the most promise of efficacy.
Kv pay di]k vn WHO cuv l1t k00l jak` tussk kv f]n wal rvi w55n5 10, cuv naath t5 k5thn5n cv moc luex COVID-19 tusmdivn guic kv wal d2x xuaan t5 te th5n n5 wen kv tu]m antibayrsl tin ca m11t n5 wen t5 nyooth th11xkivn jv vn f66 derv jssc vn f66 d22 naath lu`k.
A dynamic, systematic review was established in April 2020 to track the progress of registered clinical trials for COVID-19 vaccine and therapeutic drug candidates.Vaccine and drug development is a multistep process, typically requiring more than five years to assure safety and efficacy of the new compound.
Kvl m5 xuan jidv, kv ciaax nysak guec cua jv l1t kv pay xuaan 2020 kv f66 ba pek in ca nvn rvi dueelwal kv tu]m COVID-19 kvn l1t wal t5 lu`k naath. Wal g1x kvn wal tin dee naath lu`k xuan k11th kv, kv f66 g77rv runt5 b``l dhieec kv f66 bv kulv jssc vn f66 v wal m5 gsaa kvn derv la ksmpssny m5 thil duer kv gat ran.
Drug development is the process of bringing a new infectious disease vaccine or therapeutic drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery.
L1t wal v du]]p m5 lot n5 f66 dee wal tin ba gax vn juey v pay tussk jek kv jv kv g`p` wec mu]]n kv ksr k` m5 ca jv jek v ksmpanvn5 tin d5t kv ciaax in la wal v t1th kv kv jv n5 wen w55 mu]]n.
It includes laboratory research on microorganisms and animals, filing for regulatory status, such as via the FDA, for an investigational new drug to initiate clinical trials on humans, and may include the step of obtaining regulatory approval with a new drug application to market the drug.
Jvn g77r g6r x`c` min la tussk k` lab kv guec dvvn5 ju1thn5 tin /ca guic kvn ley dsaar, thi11x d5t` p22k xut` cet kv we kv FDA, kv guec wal tin pay tussk kv f]ndivn kv pu1ny nath, k` jvn g77rv k11th tin la x1th kv f66 c5 gsaa kv wal tin pay t`th t5 kvn wedivn k` g`pv kv ku5c k` f66 ba kv jek v naath diaal.
Development of a COVID-19 vaccine or therapeutic antiviral drug begins with matching a chemical concept to the potential prophylactic mechanism of the future vaccine or antiviral activity in vivo.
L1t w`l COVID-19 kiv ciaax in d22 lu`k naath kv antibayrsl tookv rs kv liex k` min lot k0mvkslv k` prophylatik kv c1p k` min b5 tussk kv gu11th in b5 ben kiv antibayrsl kvn min l`tv rvi vivo.
New chemical entities (NCEs, also known as new molecular entities or NMEs) are compounds that emerge from the process of drug discovery to specify a vaccine or antiviral candidate.
M11tn5 k0mvksl tin pay tussk (NCEs, tin csal kv b` 5 nyin molvkular kiv NMEs) kvn kv m11tn5 t5 tussk kv ciaax t1th wal kv f66 ba w`ls d11k kv n w`l in d]x kv antibayrsl5kivn.
These have promising activity against a biological target related to COVID-19 disease.
Kvn titi t`mv jscv cet te kvn kv du]]r m5 coth v ji`k kv ciaax teek` min nax rs kv COVID-19.
At the beginning of vaccine or drug development, little is known about the safety, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of the NCE in humans.
Kv tukdv vn t1th wal, x1c kv du]]r m5 tst kv ciaax gssy`dv, ciaax n1kdv kv naath, pharmacokineticni, kvn metabolism k` NCE rvi ran.
It is the function and obligation of drug development to assess all of these parameters prior to human clinical trials to prove safety and efficacy.
Jvn v l1t kvn lu1k nath tin t``th wal vn f66 ba kvn diaal titi dhil guic v xot /k1n w`l in pay l1t n5 f]n kv raan kv f66 ba gssydv x1c kvn ji``kdv.
A further major objective of drug development is to recommend the dose and schedule for the first use in a human clinical trial ("first-in-human" [FIH] or First Human Dose [FHD], previously also known as "first-in-man" [FIM]).
Kvl d]divn m5 g77r tii kv t1th wal v f66 ba pen in d2ee raanv k1n kv gu11th kvl kar kvn thaakn5 tin d22 guur f]ndv kv gu11th in nhiam k` raan (kv nhiam-k`-raan [FIH] kiv Pek in nhiam-k`-raan [FHD], m22 ca ksx csl m22dan 5 ‘kv nhiam-k`-raan [FIM]).
In addition, drug development must establish the physicochemical properties of the NCE: its chemical makeup, stability, and solubility.
Nysk, l1t walbv dhil guic kv nyin physicochemical tin nyin NCE: tin n77x k0mvksl5, gssydivn kvn f66 kv t5 lu11ny rvi p55n5.
Manufacturers must optimize the process they use to make the chemical so they can scale up from a medicinal chemist producing milligrams, to manufacturing on the kilogram and ton scale.
T11th wal b5 kvn dup tin nax kvn t1thdivn dhil car kv p`l piny min t``th kvm k0mvksl kv f66 b5 kvn kv moc pek k` k0mist kv t1thdivn cet kv m5l5g5r11m, kv t1th kv t11 kilog5r11m.
They further examine the product for suitability to package as capsules, tablets, aerosol, intramuscular injectable, subcutaneous injectable, or intravenous formulations.
B5 kv we nhiam kv th2m k` f66 vn jvn derv lu11ny v bv dhi`y rvi k` mi law v xot /ken kvn kvn5 g1x k` kapthulo, tblvt, aerosol, kiv intravenouth kv t1thdv.
Together, these processes are known in preclinical and clinical development as chemistry, manufacturing, and control (CMC).Many aspects of drug development focus on satisfying the regulatory requirements of drug licensing authorities.
Kvvl, kvn dup titi x1c kv kv kv nhiam kv ciaax wal kvn t1th wal v k0m5thvr5, t11th wal kvn g11x (CMC). Dup t5 xuan k` t1th wal la guic kvn f66 m5 ca thi`x kvn xut tin g77r f66 ba w`l cu moc kv c1tv v kuumv min gu1n lu`x`.
These generally constitute tests designed to determine the major toxicities of a novel compound prior to first use in humans.
Kvn iti, kvvliwdivn te rvydivn kv th2m m5 nyooth civx luex` ti xuan kv ksmpssn5 tin r0l k r] kv nhiam v xot f66 ba kv kulv f]n kv raan.
The Canadian government announced CA$275 million in funding for 96 research projects on medical countermeasures against COVID-19, including numerous vaccine candidates at Canadian universities, with plans to establish a "vaccine bank" of new vaccines for implementation if another coronavirus outbreak occurs.
Kuumv Kvnvda cv jv lar5 batgdssr5 CA$275 rvi th7p` yi7un5 kv ku5c g7r` x`c` proj0kn5 t5 95 kv ciaax th2m kv k6r COVID-19, kvvl kv wal t5 xuan t5 l1t kv k` Yunib7thvt5n5 Kvnvda, kv c11p tin ca ku2x piny k` b0xk5 wal g1x ju1th tin pay ben kv l`thdivn l`t m5 c5 ksrsnabayr`th d]divn lvn we tussk.
Clinical trial programs involve three, multiple-year stages toward product approval, and a fourth, post-approval stage for ongoing safety monitoring of the vaccine or drug therapy:
Psrg5r11mn5 f]n wal tin pay t`th we kv kv dup di]k kv f66 ba jv kulv nvn vn f66 cv gsaa, kv xuaandivn, v xot x1th w1l kv wedv nhiam kv mal kv guec gssy` w1l m5 derv naath lu`k:
Phase I trials, usually in healthy volunteers, determine safety and dosing.
K1th f]1 in I gu1thn5 t5 xuan k` naath t5 pusl pu1nykivn t5 ca rs kuany v kvn, la nyoothv gssy w1l kvn pek in ba th6p.
Phase II trials are used to establish an initial reading of efficacy and further explore safety in small numbers of people having the disease targeted by the NCE.
K1th in II kv f1n w1l la g77r kvn kuen gssy`dv kv nhiam kvn f66 ba min te nhiam g7r k` pek m5 tst in ca k1n k` naath tin te kv juey in ku naath lvn l`t kv ku5cdv v NCE.
Phase III trials are large, pivotal trials to determine safety and efficacy in sufficiently large numbers of people with the COVID-19 infection.
K1th in III lvmv, ku2ny k`th` min te nhiam kv f66 ba x1c 5 gsaayv kv r6xv kv gu11th k` naath t5 xuan t5 te kv juey luex` COVID-19.
If safety and efficacy are adequately proved, clinical testing may stop at this step and the NCE advances to the new drug application (NDA) stage to begin marketing.
M5 ca gssydv kvn r6c]xdv nvn gswkv, ba th2m k1p cu]x kv jvn pek vmv k` b5 NCE cu we nhiam kv t1th kvn tin k]x tin dee w`l kv lvn we n66x (NDA) kv f66 bv k1th in cup kv jv k` g`pv cop.
Phase IV trials are post-approval trials that may be a condition attached by the FDA, also called post-market surveillance studies.
K1th in IV kv f]n w1l v xot x1thdv derv la thiec in mat rs kv kv l`r FDA, min csal kv b` 5 tiit v xot /ken w`l cop k` g`pv.
In addition to the tests required to move a novel vaccine or antiviral drug into the clinic for the first time, manufacturers must ensure that any long-term or chronic toxicities are well-defined, including effects on systems not previously monitored (fertility, reproduction, immune system, among others).
Nysk kv ksr th2m in g77r f66 ba vn w`l in rvl rs kap dv vn antibarsl k` k5l5nikn5 kv gu11th in nhiam, bv dhil cop lsscdivn vn f66 c5 kvn min dee w`l v we n66x pu]]ny ran ca kvn diaal ku2x piny, kvvl kv ji`k tin dee tussk rvi l1t t5 /ken tussk n5 wal (ciaax dap` ran, gssy civvx` dap`, bu]m pu11ny, kv` tin k]x).
In the United States, this process is called a "new drug application" or NDA.
K` Ynaytet Y5tht2t, kvn k11th titi la csal kv jv ‘nyin w1l pay ben’ kiv NDA.
A clinical trial design in progress may be modified as an "adaptive design" if accumulating data in the trial provide early insights about positive or negative efficacy of the treatment.
F]n w1l kv gu11th in nhiam d]x d22 jv gvr v la l1t kv ad1pcin m5 cv jssc k` k11th tin gu]]r kv vn f66 d22 m5 ji``k kiv m5 gsaa tussk kv rvi tum`.
The global Solidarity and European Discovery trials of hospitalized people with severe COVID-19 infection apply adaptive design to rapidly alter trial parameters as results from the four experimental therapeutic strategies emerge.
Vn l1t k00l w55 mu]]n kvn ciaax Yurspin kv f]]n5 t1th w1l k` naath tin ca tom kv luex COVID-19 la kuex` c1p ad1ptib nhiam kv f66 ba p0th kv ri`t c11pn5 f]1n l1t cet kv min tussk k` k11th xuaan tin nax kv ciaax lu1k kv t1th w1l medan.
Adaptive designs within ongoing Phase II-III clinical trials on candidate therapeutics may shorten trial durations and use fewer subjects, possibly expediting decisions for early termination or success, and coordinating design changes for a specific trial across its international locations.
L`t ad1ptib rvi k` min l1``t rs k` k11th II-III kv f]n wal k` naath tin g77r lu`k dee f]]n jak` civkk` dee kv l1tn5 k11th t5 civk , v gsaa kv g6r c`r5 kv f66 ba min d22 p`l mal nvn kiv d22 wedsv v gsaa kvn t11 in d11 gvr lvn guic kv kvls ca nvns rvi k` tin tussk w55 mu]]n.
Most novel drug candidates (NCEs) fail during drug development, either because they have unacceptable toxicity or because they simply do not prove efficacy on the targeted disease, as shown in Phase II-III clinical trials.
Wal t5 xuan tin r0l kv rs (NCEs) c5 kv p00n kv gu11th in f]1n kv t1th wal, d]x kv f66 t2 kvn kv luex kiv kv f66 /cv jssc vn f66 dee kvn gssy n77x kv ciaax ju1th in l`t naath ku5cdv, cet kv min ca nyoth k` k11th II-III kv f]n wal.
The high failure rates associated with pharmaceutical development are referred to as an "attrition rate", requiring decisions during the early stages of drug development to "kill" projects early to avoid costly failures.
P00n wal in d55t in we kvvl kv ciaax t1th wal k` cvrkan5 la csal kv kv 5 ‘at5r5cin rvt’, tin g66r k`m civvx` raar kv gu11th in pay t1th wal tok kv f66 d22 jv p`l v xot /ken psrj0k we nhiam kv m5 naxv kuak baax.
One 2010 study assessed both capitalized and out-of-pocket costs for bringing a single new drug to market as about US$1.8 billion and $870 million, respectively.
G6r x`c` kvl kv 2020 cv rvw guic; xun yi77un5 kvn min we raar k` jivp in nax l1tv kv g6r jek` w1l kvl m5 pay tussk kv wedv k` g`pv kv pek m5 cet kv tannydssr5 t5 US$1.8 kvn bathdssr5 t5 $870 v guur].
A median cost estimate of 2015-16 trials for development of 10 anti-cancer drugs was $648 million.
Pek m5 te d``r m5 ca nvn cet kv rvi ruun` 2015-16 kv f]]n l1t wal d1x 10 t5 anti-k1nth00r cuv yi7u t5 $648 bathdssr.
In a 2016 review of 106 drug candidates assessed through clinical trials, the total capital expenditure for a manufacturer having a drug approved through successful Phase III trials was $2.6 billion (in 2013 dollars), an amount increasing at an annual rate of 8.5%.
Kv 2016 k` nysak guec kv wargak kv wal t5 106 t5 cv guic kv f]]ndivn, cu pek yi7un5 diaal tin c5 jivvn kv t1th wal m22 ca w`l x`th cv gsaa r`th k` k1th in III v yaanydsr5 t5 $2.6 (kv 2013 dsllsr5), pek m5 cu rs pek kv ru]]n kv 8.5%.
Seven trials were evaluating repurposed drugs already approved to treat malaria, including four studies on hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine phosphate.
H]]n5 b1rsw cua kv guic 5 d22 wal t5 ca x`th n5 wal nysk kv guec kv tu]m ma6ria, kvvl kv g6r x`c` d1x xuan kv ku5c hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine phosphate.
Repurposed antiviral drugs make up most of the Chinese research, with 9 Phase III trials on remdesivir across several countries due to report by the end of April.
Wal antibayrsl t22 ca nysk kv kuex k` f66 d22 guic kv kvn k``p m5 d55t] k` g6r x`c` china, k` cu 9 k1th in III kv f]n remdithbir rvi w55n5 t5 xuan k` ba l``rivn xun kv pay xuaan.
Led by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation with partners investing US$125 million and coordinating with the World Health Organization, the COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator began in March, facilitating drug development researchers to rapidly identify, assess, develop, and scale up potential treatments.
Kv min b77th Bill kvn Melinda Gate pusndvcinv kvvl kv naath t5 ca bathdssr5 t5 US$125 xun k` kua r6m v mukt`p wec mu]]n in d55t kv ku5c pusl` pu11ny kv ku5c COVID-19 kv wedv nhiam cv tussk kv pay di]k, kv l1t w1l v naath tin g66r x`c` kv p0th cv nvn, cv guic, k` cv jv tiec nhial vn m5 b5 es dhil lot kv tu]m.
The COVID-19 Clinical Research Coalition formed to coordinate and expedite results from international clinical trials on the most promising post-infection treatments.
Vn g6r x`c` kv ku5c COVID-19 kv mat k00l 2 ca l1t kv f66 bv l`t kv kv jekdv k` f]]n wal w55 mu]]n kv tin diaal tin jsc cet gssy tum` kv gu11th in nhiam.
In early 2020, numerous established antiviral compounds for treating other infections were being repurposed or developed in new clinical research efforts to alleviate the illness of COVID-19.
Kv tuk ruun` 2020, wal antibayrsl t5 xuan t5 ca t`th kv ku5c tum` luexn5 k]kivn cua kv nysk kv m5 g0r kv l`tkivn kiv cua kv nysk kv nax rvi g77r` x`c` kv f]n juc` ju1th COVID-19.
For an already-approved drug (such as hydroxychloroquine for malaria), Phase III-IV trials determine in hundreds to thousands of COVID-19-infected people the possible extended use of an already-approved drug for treating COVID-19 infection.
Kv ku5c wal tin ca x`th n5 wen (cet kv hydroxychloroquine kv ku5c mal6ria), k1th in III-IV cuv jv nyoth k` k5thn5 t5 kur k` naath tin cv moc COVID-19 vn f66 gsaayv vn w`l m5 ca x`th n5 wen kv tu]m luex` ju1th COVID-19.
As of early April 2020, 103 candidate therapeutics were in preclinical or a stage of Phase I-IV development, with trial results for 29 drug candidates expected during April.
Kv gu11th m5 cet kv tuk paay xuaan 2020, cu wal lu1k t5 103 we rvi th2m v xot /ken kv n4 cop l`t kiv k` k1th in I-IV, kv f]]n5 t5 cu jssc k` wal t5 29 t5 guvc kv 5 dee ben raar kv pay xuaan.
In March, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the coordinated "Solidarity trial" in 10 countries to rapidly assess in thousands of COVID-19 infected people the potential efficacy of existing antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents not yet evaluated specifically for COVID-19 illness.
Kv pay di]k, cu mukt`p pusl` pu11ny wec mu]]n in d55t (WHO) f]]n l1t kvvl r66k rvi w55n5 d1x 10 kv f66 naath tin k5thn5 tin cv moc COVID-19 f]n kv wal tin wen tin jsc cet dee gsaa k` lot rs tin nyin antibayrsl kvn nyin pu]t` min l6ny kv p5w tin xot /k1n5 guic kv ku5c luex` ju1th COVID-19.
Do any of the drugs reduce mortality?
T22 kv w`l kvl rvidivn m5 cu li11 xok?
Do any of the drugs reduce the time a patient is hospitalized?
T11 kv w`l kvl rvidivn m5 cu j1ny j5 ju1th dueelwal xok?
Do the treatments affect the need for people with COVID-19-induced pneumonia to be ventilated or maintained in intensive care?
T22 kv w`l kvl k` kv m5 cu min g77r naath tin tee COVID-19 v in c5 pneumonia n66x in g77r jism kiv m5 cu cop rvi yoop` min d55t?
Could such drugs be used to minimize the illness of COVID-19 infection in healthcare staff and people at high risk of developing severe illness?Enrolling people with COVID-19 infection is simplified by using data entries, including informed consent, on a WHO website.
Dee kvn wal titi gsaa kv tu]m kvn yuth piny ju1th COVID-19 k` naath tin cv luvx rvi tinte gu1thn5 pusl` pu11ny kvn naath tin c5 thi22k kv rivk luex` ju1th? Nax nath tin cv moc COVID-19 gu11th wal cv thi1k kv l1t nath kv l``r inca l1th k` webthaat kvvl kvn min ca lat v WHO.
After the trial staff determines the drugs available at the hospital, the WHO website randomizes the hospitalized subject to one of the trial drugs or to the hospital standard of care for treating COVID-19.
Kv ksr k` m22 c5 l11t tin f]n wal wal tin te th5n rvi du22lwal guic, cu webthaat WHO naath t]t] kuany kv bax vn f66 ba kv fs11n kv wal t]t] kv pek lu`x` du2lw1ls kv f66 ba tu]m COVID-19 tok.