atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
School closures were shown to reduce morbidity from the Asian flu by 90% during the 1957–58 outbreak, and up to 50% in controlling influenza in the US, 2004–2008.Multiple countries successfully slowed the spread of infection through school closures during the 2009 H1N1 Flu pandemic.
G1k du22l5g]r` cua jv nyoth 5 cv d5t ju1th piluu Acia xok kv pek m5 cet kv 90% kv ru]]n 1957-58 me c5 juey ben rvi fsaa, k` cu pek m5 cet kv 50% kv g1x yinpiluvndha k` US kv run 2004-2008. W55 t5 xuan cua thi1x ju1th kv fsw lu`x kv xu]k kv f66 ca du2lg]r` g1k kv ru]]n 2009 kv thi1x H1N1 piluu kv fsw.
School closures in the city of Oita, Japan, were found to have successfully decreased the number of infected students at the peak of infection; however closing schools was not found to have significantly decreased the total number of infected students.
G1k du2l5g]r` rvi wec Oita, Japan, cuv jssc 5 cv pek gan du22lg]r` tin cv moc juey jak` kuiy k` pek 2 cv k`p w5c kvvliw; kuv la f55 g1k du22lg]r` /cv jsc vn f66 derv xu]k ju1th kv rs jak` d5t v lvvl xu k` pek nath diaal tin cv k`p kv juey rvi gan tin gs11r.
Mandatory school closures and other social distancing measures were associated with a 29% to 37% reduction in influenza transmission rates.
G1k dul2l5g]r` kvn diaal kvvl kvn f66 b5 naath nyuur kv kam cua jv guic v jvn thi11x ju1th k` pek k` 29% v we k` 37% kv xu]k yinpiluvndha kv pek 2 cv k`p.
Early school closures in the United States delayed the peak of the 2009 H1N1 Flu pandemic.
G1k du22lg]r` kv p0th k` Yunaytet Y5tht22t cv d5t ju1th kv thi1x piluu H1N1 kv fsw kv ru]]n 2009 gax jsk.
Despite the overall success of closing schools, a study of school closures in Michigan found that "district level reactive school closures were ineffective."During the swine flu outbreak in 2009 in the UK, in an article titled "Closure of schools during an influenza pandemic" published in the Lancet Infectious Diseases, a group of epidemiologists endorsed the closure of schools in order to interrupt the course of the infection, slow further spread and buy time to research and produce a vaccine.
C`x n5 m22 ca du2lg]r` g1k cet kv min g77rv, cu g6r x`c` kvl kv g1k du22lg]r` jv ben jek vn f66 min tussk kv ku5c g1k` du22lg]r` w5c /cv r6x. Kn thi1x ju1th piluu kv fsw kv ru]]n 2009 k` UK, rvi wargak` m5 csal 5 ‘g1k du2l5g]r` kv gu11th thi`x` yinpiluvndha kv fsw’ m5 be raar k` Lanthvt kv ku5c luex` ju1th, bu]n epidvm5lsj5th cu kv thaany 5 ba du2lg]r` g1k kv f66 ba luex ju1th xok, ba thi1xdv kv fsw jak` kuiy kvn f66 bv te kv gu11th m5 lu1x kv g6r x`c` k` ba w`l l1t.
Having studied previous influenza pandemics including the 1918 flu pandemic, the influenza pandemic of 1957 and the 1968 flu pandemic, they reported on the economic and workforce effect school closure would have, particularly with a large percentage of doctors and nurses being women, of whom half had children under the age of 16.
Ks ksr k` m22 ca du]]p 2 thi`x ju1th yinpiluvndha t22 nhiam jv fsw jek, cet kv thi1x yinpiluvndha kv fsw kv 1918, yinpiluvndha 1957 kvn thi1x yinpiluvndha ruun` 1968 kv fsw, cu kvn v lar 5 eksnsmik kvn naath tin l`t kv g1k du22lg]r` derv te kv kvl kv pek m5 d55t k` k5mn5 kvn n``thn5 tin t] m`n, tin te nuthdivn kv gaat t5 te runkivn piny 16.
They also looked at the dynamics of the spread of influenza in France during French school holidays and noted that cases of flu dropped when schools closed and re-emerged when they re-opened.
Cu kvn guic b` kv civx tin g66l kv thi1x ju1th yinpiluvndha kv fsw k` Pvrvvny kv n5n l]x` du22lg]r` k` Pvrvvny k` cua jv lar 5 c5 pek piluu ku00 m22 ca du2lg]r` g1k k` cuv rs nysk kv d5t m22 ca du2lg]r` nysk kv l2p.
They noted that when teachers in Israel went on strike during the flu season of 1999–2000, visits to doctors and the number of respiratory infections dropped by more than a fifth and more than two fifths respectively.
Cu kvn v lar 5 m22 c5 xieec gan k` Yithvruvl xot kv we nhiam kv gu11th 2 c5 piluu ben kv 1999-2000, gu`l nath kv m5n5 kvn xuan ju1thn5 luex` l55k` cu kv ku00 k` dhieec kvn pek m5 rvw w55k` dhieec 5nsns.
For schools and childcare facilities, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends short-term closure to clean or disinfect if an infected person has been in a school building regardless of community spread.
Kv ku5c du22lg]r` kvn gu1th yoop` gan, vn U.S. Thvntvr5 g1x ju1th kvn pendv ben cv jv lar 5 ba kv g1k kv gu11th m5 civk kv f66 ba kv yivc kvn f66 ba kv moc wal m5 cv te kv naath t5 cv moc juey t5 ben rvi tiecn5 du22lg]r` c`x /kenv fsw thi`x.
When there is minimal to moderate community transmission, social distancing strategies can be implemented such as cancelling field trips, assemblies, and other large gatherings such as physical education or choir classes or meals in a cafeteria, increasing the space between desks, staggering arrival and dismissal times, limiting nonessential visitors, and using a separate health office location for children with flu-like symptoms.
M5 cv te kv thi1x ju1th kv wec kv gu11th m5 lvm kiv gu11th m5 tst, cu]x naath kv kam ba jv dhil l1th l`t cet kv gu]k j`l5 kv gu`l, du]]l5, kvn mat nath kv rs gu11th kvl kv lust d]divn cet ciaax yithpust kiv k2t din kiv mieth k00l k` kapt5ria, ba ksamn5 kamkivn jak` n1n, thaak ben` nath rvc kvn thaak jivvn`divn, xu]k nath tin gu` rvi du22lg]r`, kvn l1t gu1th pusl` pu11ny rvi du22lg]r` m5 b5 gaat tin ca guic cet te kv nyuuthn5 piluu we th5n.
When there is substantial transmission in the local community, in addition to social distancing strategies, extended school dismissals may be considered.
M5 cv te kv nyuuth m5 jsc vn f66 dsap kv rvi wec, kvvl kv c`p nyuur` nath kv kam, derv gsaa 5 d22 du2lg]r` k1p cu]x.
On 26 January, China instituted measures to contain the COVID-19 outbreak which included extending the Spring Festival holiday to contain the outbreak.
Kv 26 pay kvl, cu China c11p k1m raar kv f66 bv COVID-19 t]w kv thi1xdv kv fsw t5 te rvidivn kv f66 ba n5n l]x` b``l` jsam tiec jsk kv f66 ba thi1x ju1th kv fsw t]w.
Universities and schools around the country closed.
Cua yun5b7thvt5 kvn du2lg]r` diaal g1k.
On 23 February, Iran's Ministry of Health announced the closure of universities, higher educational institutions and schools in several cities and provinces.
Kv 23 pay rvw, cu m5n5thvr pusl` pu11ny k` Iran jv lar 5 ba yun5b7thvt5 g1k, mukt`pn5 du22lg]r` tin d5t kvn du2lg]r` diaal rvi w55n5 t5 xuan.
On 3 March, UNESCO released the first global numbers on school closures and affected students.
Kv 3 pay di]k cu l``r in nhiam ben raar k` UNESCO kv pek du2l5g]r` tin ca g1k kvn pek gan tin g]r tin c5 ji``kdv kv cop.
It reported that 13 countries had enacted preventive measures including the temporary closure of schools and universities, impacting 290.5 million students around the world.
Cuv jv lar 5 w55 13 ca dup g1x kuex piny t5 te rvidivn kv f66 ba du2lg]r` g1k kv gu11th m5 tst kvn yun5b7thvt5n5, cuv naath t5 bathdssr5 t5 290.5 t5 gaat tin g]r w55 mu]]n kvvliw ji``kdv kv cop.
In reaction, UNESCO called on countries to support affected students and families and facilitate large-scale inclusive distance learning programmes.
Kv ku5c vms, cu UNESCO w55 t]t] l1t f66 b5 kv gaat t]t] lu`k kvvl kv di22thkivn k` ba du2lg]r` m5 g]r naath v n1n th5n lvp.
On 4 March, the Italian government ordered the full closure of all schools and universities nationwide as Italy reached 100 deaths.
Kv 4 pay di]k cu kuumv Tiliaan ruac lar 5 ba du2lg]r` wecdv diaal g1k kvn yun5b7thvt5 rvi weckvvliw kv f66 c5 Tiliaanl5th kv cop k` 100.
In doing so, Italy became one of 22 countries on three continents which had announced or implemented school closures.
Kv l1tdv 5ns, cu Tiliaan v jvn wec in 22 rvi w55n5 tin ca du2lg]r5kivn g1k v thil kvl.
On 5 March, the majority of learners affected by COVID-19 emergency measures were located in China, with 233 million learners affected, followed by Japan at 16.5 million and Iran at 14.5 million.
Kv 5 pay di]k, pek in d55t kv gaat tin g]r tin ca ji``k COVID-19 vmv jek kvn min tussk kv ku5cdv cuv te k` China, kv naath t5 bathdssr5 t5 16.5 kvn Iran kv naath t5 bathdssr5 t5 14.5.
By 10 March, one in five students worldwide was "staying away from school due to the COVID-19 crisis" while another one in four was barred from higher education institutions.
Kv 10 pay di]k, gat kvl k` gaat dhieec w55 mu]]n kvvliw cuv tey cv we du22lg]r` kv ku5c rik` COVID-19 k` cu kvl d]divn rvi gan xuaan p1k /cv we k` yun5b7thvt5.
On 13 March, governments in 49 countries announced or implemented school closures, including 39 countries which closed schools nationwide and 22 countries with localised school closures.
Kv 13 pay di]k, cu kuumvn5 rvi w55n5 t5 49 jv lat vn f66 ba du2lg]r` g1k kvn diaal v thil kvl, t5 te rvidivn kv w55 t5 39 t5 ca du2lg]r` g1k w55n5kivn diaal kv w55 t5 22 t5 c5 g1k k` rsdivn.
By 16 March, this figure increased from 49 to 73 countries according to UNESCO.
Kv 16 pay di]k, cu pekdivn rs rep v tookv k` 49 v we k` 73 cet kv m5 ca lar v UNESCO.
By 19 March, 50% of students worldwide were affected by school closures, corresponding to nationwide closures in 102 countries and local closures in 11 countries affecting 850 million children and youth.
Kv 19 pay di]k, cu pek m5 b``l 70% k` gaat tin g]r w55 mu]]n ji``kdv jek vn g1k du22lg]r`, kvvl kv g1k du2l5g]r` rvi wec kvvliw w55n5 t5 102 kvn g1k w55n5 k]kivn k`r] d1x 11 k` cuv ji``k ka naath t5 bathdssr5 t5 850, gaat kvn xu0tn5.
By 20 March, over 70% of the world's learners were impacted by closures, with 124 country-wide school closures.
Kv 20 pay di]k, pek m5 b``l 70% k` naath tin gs11 cu ji``kdv kv cop vn g1k vmv, kv w55 t5 124 t5 c5 g1k v thil kvl.
On 23 March, all Nigerian school were found to have been closed down by Nigerian government, markets as well as companies were closed down and children were forbidden by parents to step out of their homes.
Kv 23 pay di]k, cua du2lg]r` Nayj5ria diaal g1kv kuumv Nayj5ria, g`pvn5 kvvl kv ksmpanvn5 cua kvn diaal g1k k` cua gaat p2n kac raar ci22xn5kivn v di22thkivn.
On 26 March, all New Zealand schools and universities have been closed down across the country.
Kv 26 pay di]k, du2lg]r` New Zealand diaal kvn yun5b7thvt5n5 diaal cua kv g1k rvi wec kvvliw.
The government has imposed a two-week holiday, allowing schools to transition to forms of distant teaching as soon as possible.
Cu kuumv ruac lat kv l]1x kv juskn5 rvw kv f66 ba ciaax g]r` g0r k` f66 b5 nath g]1r v n1n kv p0th v thil gal.
Universities have closed for one week, but resumed with online teaching afterwards.
Yun5b7thvt5n5 cua kv g1k kv jusk kvl, duxdv f66 cua kv lusc th5n kv g]1r snlaany kv ksrv.
Other school services remain open, but teaching is restricted to distant learning.
Cu l`t du22lg]r` tin k]x xot kv f66x, duxdv f66 cua x55c g0r k` f66 ba th6p v n1n.
By 27 March, nearly 90 percent of the world's student population was out of class.
Kv 27 pay di]k, cu pek m5 cet kv 90 pvrthvn k` gaat tin g]r w55 mu]]n thil du2lg]r`.
Regions with schools remaining open included Taiwan, Singapore, Australia, Sweden, and some U.S. states.
R5jin5 tin xot kv m5 f66x du2lg]r`divn cua Taiwan, Singapore, Austhralia, Sweden kv th11x w55n5 U.S.
By 29 March, more than 1.5 billion children and other students were affected by nationwide school closures.
Kv 29 pay di]k, cu gaat t5 b``l bathdssr5 t5 1.5 kvn g]11r k]kivn ji``kdv jek w55 mu]]n kvvliw vn g1k du2l5g]r`.
Others were disrupted by localized closures.
Cua k]kivn p2n gs1r v g1k du2l5g]r` w55n5kivn k`r].
Until April 6, holidays were extended in all secondary schools of Turkmenistan.
Am`n5 6 pay xuan, cua n5n x11r5 b11l5 tiec jsk rvi du2l5g]r` thvkvnd22r5 diaal k` Turkmenistan.
An order signed by the Ministry of Education as a preventative measure aims to prevent the spread of respiratory diseases in connection with the WHO coronavirus pandemic.
L``r m5 ca thaany v m5n5thvr du22lg]r` kv ciaax g1x m5 lot f66 ba thi1x ju1th l55k` kv fsw gax kv min lat WHO jv kv thi1x ksrsnabayr`th kv fsw.
10 countries have localised schools closures, UNESCO estimates 473,933,356 learners are potentially at risk (pre-primary to upper-secondary education) and 77,938,904 learners are potentially at risk in tertiary education.
W55 d1x 10 cua du2lg]r`divn g`k kv du]]pdivn k`r], cu UNESCO jv guic 5 gs11r t5 473,933,356 c5 kv we k` rivk (k` pre-primaar5 v we k` thvkvd22r5) kvn gs11r t5 77,938,904 c5 kv te kv rivk k` ter5civr5.
Note: Figures correspond to total number of learners enrolled at pre-primary, primary, lower-secondary, and upper-secondary levels of education [ISCED levels 0 to 3], as well as at tertiary education levels [ISCED levels 5 to 8] who could be affected should localised closures become countrywide.
Ruac m5 ba tit: Vn pek vmv naxv rs kv pek gan tin ca gs1r piny k` pre-primar5, primar5, thkvnd22r5 min tst kvn thvkvnd22r5 min d55t [kv pek ISCED k` 0 v we k` 3], kvvl kv pek du22lg]r` ter5civr5 [kv pek ISCED 5 v we k` 8] tin c5 ji``k g`k` du22lg]r` kv cop m5 ca du2lg]r` g1k rvi wec kvvliw.
Enrolment figures based on latest UNESCO Institute of Statistics data.
Pek in ca gs1r piny kv min x`c UNESCO jv k` l``r yittat5thtik.
School closures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic have shed a light on numerous issues affecting access to education, as well as broader socio-economic issues.
G1k du2l5g]r` kv ku5c thi`x` COVID-19 kv fsw cv jssc vn f66 xsak t5 xuan y1r t5 jak du2lg]r` k` thil, kvvl kv civx th2csl eksnsmik`.
As of March 12, more than 370 million children and youth are not attending school because of temporary or indefinite country wide school closures mandated by governments in an attempt to slow the spread of COVID-19.
Kv 12 pay di]k, pek m5 b``l gaat t5 bathdssr5 t5 370 kvn xu0tn5 cuv p1k /ca du2lg]r` guur kv f66 ca kv g1k kv gu11th m5 tst kiv ca kv g1k v k7k rvi wec kvvliw kv min ca lar v kuumvn5 kv f]n k` f66 ba thi1x COVID-19 kv fsw xok.
As of 29 March, nearly 90% of the world's learners were impacted by closures.Even when school closures are temporary, it carries high social and economic costs.
Kv 29 pay di]k, pek m5 thieek kv 90% k` gs11r w55 mu]]n kvvliw c5 ji``k g`k` du22lg]r` kv cop. c`x min g1k du22lg]r` v gu11th m5 civk, jvn n77xv ciaax ji``k k` eksnsmik kvn th2csl.
The disruptions they cause affect people across communities, but their impact is more severe for disadvantaged children and their families including interrupted learning, compromised nutrition, childcare problems and consequent economic cost to families who cannot work.
Xuk civxn5 min cv n66x cv naath n6x ciaax m5 ji``k rvi w55n5 t5 xuan, duxdv f66 ji``k in c5 tussk d5tv k` gaat tin thil gsaa m5 jekv v kvn kv di22thkivn kvvl cet kv gs1r in cv xok, dak ku`n in cv n66x, rik yoop` gan in cv n66x, kv rivk eksnsmik` kv naath c5 thil l`t.
Working parents are more likely to miss work when schools close in order to take care of their children, incurring wage loss in many instances and negatively impacting productivity.
Di22th gan tin l`t thi1kv vn f66 /c5 kv b5 cop gu11th l1t min ca du2lg]r` g1k kv f66 kv kvn yoop gaat t] ciax, cv yi7u jak` thil cv nvgvtib n66x kv dak k` min jekv.
Localised school closures place burdens on schools as parents and officials redirect children to schools that are open.
G1k du2l5g]r` rvi wec k`rsa cv di22th gan n6x f1c m5 thivk k` c5 l11t kuumv gaat jak` we du2l5g]r` tin f66x.
Women often represent a large share of health-care workers and often cannot attend work because of childcare obligations that result from school closures.
M`n kv kvn k``p gu11th m5 d55t t] kv ciaax l11n5 pusl` pu11ny k` /c5 kv lvn mal cop gu11th l1t kv f66 kv kvn tivt kv gaat t] min ca du2lg]r` g1k.
This means that many medical professionals are not at the facilities where they are most needed during a health crisis.
Nmv lotv n5 f66 l11t du22lwal t5 xuan thilv kv rvi l1t gu11th in g6r kv kv th5n vl]x kv jvn gu11th v c5 rivk pusl` pu11ny d5tv.
Lack of access to technology or fast, reliable internet access can prevent students in rural areas and from disadvantaged families.
Thil t0knslsj5k` kkiv intvrnvt m5 p0th k` gsaa jakv gaat tin g]r rvi ci22xn5 kvn tin thil m5 gsaa m5 jek kv kvvl kv di22thkivn.
Lack of access to technology or good internet connectivity is an obstacle to continued learning, especially for students from disadvantaged families.
Thil jek` t0knslsj5k` kiv intvrnvt m5 gsaa v rivk kvl m5 tussk kv guur du22lg]r` v n1n, v civk k` gaat tin thil m5 gsaa kvvl kv di22thkivn.
In response to school closures caused by COVID-19, UNESCO recommends the use of distance learning programmes and open educational applications and platforms that schools and teachers can use to reach learners remotely and limit the disruption of education.To aid in slowing the transmission of COVID-19, hundreds of libraries have temporarily closed.
Kv g6r k` f66 ba du2lg]r` g1k kv ku5c COVID-19 c5 UNESCO jv lat 5 b5 naath gs2t v n1n kvn apsl5k2cin kv gu11th g]r` min dee we kv du2lg]r` kvn xieec der5 jv jek v n1n kv f66 ba xu]k du22lg]r` jak` thil. Kv f66 ba lu`k th6p kv g1x COVID-19 kv d6pdv kv naath, ca du2l buskn5 t5 kur g1k kv gu11th m5 civk.
In the United States, numerous major cities announced public library closures, including Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and New York City, affecting 221 libraries.
K` Yunaytet Y5tht22t, w55 t5 d5t t5 xuan ca jv lar 5 ba du2l buskn5 g1k, t5 te Los angeles th5n, San Francisco, Seatle, kv New York th5t5, cv du2l buskn5 t5 221 cop vns.
For students without internet at home, this increases the difficulty of keeping up with distance learning.
K` gaat tin thil intvrnvt ci22xn5, nvmv cv f66 dee raan gs11r gu]]r v n1n jak` d5t ji``kdv.
School closures puts a strain on parents and guardians to provide childcare and manage distance learning while children are out of school.
G1k gu22l5g]r` nvmv cv rivk l1th wu]thn5 di22thn5 gan kvn yu]]p gan kv th6p kv ciaax yoop` gan kvn f66 tivt kv ciaax du22lg]r`divn n1n v /c5 gaat cup du22lg]r`.
In the absence of alternative options, working parents often leave children alone when schools close and this can lead to risky behaviours, including increased influence of peer pressure and substance abuse.
Kv thil c`p` d]divn m5 d22 l1t, di22th gan tin te kv l`t la b`ny kvn gaat piny k`r] min ca du2lg]r` g1k kv vns la n77xv ciaax rik`, kvvl kv ciaax d6p gan kv ciaax k` r5cn5kivn tin k]x kvn c11p ji`k kv m1th taapn5.
Many children worldwide rely on free or discounted meals at schools.
Gaat t5 xuan w55 mu]]n ciex kv mieth in kuiy k6kdv du22lg]r`.
When schools close, nutrition is compromised.Nutrition plays a critical role in cognitive development and academic performance for children.In Washington State, around 45% of the states 1.1 million students enrolled in traditional public and charter schools qualify for subsidised school meals.
M5 ca du2lg]r` g1k, b5 ku`n dak. Ku`n jvn t22 kv gu11th m5 d55t kv gssy xith` ran kvn x`c g]r` k` gaat. K` Washington Yitht22t, 45% k` gaat t5 bathdssr5 t5 1.1 k` yitht22t tin ca gs1r piny rvi du22lg]r` min wen la cam kvn n5 kuan tin thal kv du22lg]r`.
At least 520,000 students and their families may be affected by food insecurity as a result of school closures.School lunch programmes are the second-biggest anti-hunger initiative in the United States after food stamps.
Pek m5 cet kv 520000 k` gaat du22lg]r` kvvl kv di22thkivn tin jekv ji``k du22lg]r` kv dak ku`n. Du2lg]r` ca psrg5r11mn5 k1m raar kv t5 la nyin n1k rik` ku`n in rvwdv k` Yunaytet Y5tht22t kv ksr thaany` ku`n.
Every year, nearly 30 million children rely on schools to provide free or low-cost meals including breakfast, lunch, snacks, and even dinner.In Alabama, where state-wide school closures as of 18 March have affected over 720,000 students, the state Superintendent announced that staff in schools disproportionately affected by poverty would create meal distribution networks to provide food for students who rely on school lunches.
Run5 diaal, pek m5 thieek kv bathdssr5 t5 30 k` gaat cam kvn n5 ku`n in xu]n kv baax du22lg]r` kiv ku`n in kuiy k6kdv v tookv k` ku`n ru]nwaax, ku`n c1xd11r, ku`n in te kams am`n5 ku`n thiax. K` Alabama, gu11th in ca du2lg]r` g1k th5n rvi wec kvvliw kv 18 pay di]k cv gaat t5 720,000 moc rivk , c5 wec v lar 5 l11t du22lg]r` tin c5 rivk vmv kv cop kv du]]p m5 ji``k d22 kvn du]]p d``k` kuan nysk kv guec kv f66 dee gaat ku`n jek tin laa cam n5 ku`n c1xd11r k`rsa.
School closures negatively impact student learning outcomes.
G1k du22lg]r` cv ciaax in dee gs1r kv gaat y1r v puc.
Schooling provides essential learning and when schools close, children and youth are deprived opportunities for growth and development.
Gs1r la n77xv jek x`c` k` m5 ca du2lg]r` g`k, gaat kvn xu0tn5 la baxkivn cua thil k` kv kv ciaax in dee piith kv kv kvn du]p.
The disadvantages are disproportionate for under-privileged learners who tend to have fewer educational opportunities beyond school.Student drop-out rates tend to increase as an effect of school closures due to the challenge of ensuring all students return to school once school closures ends.
Kvn ji`kv la xuan kv vl]x k` naath tin dak baxkivn tin jsc vn f66 te kv bax du22lg]r` m5 dak-dak k` n1n kv gs1r. Pek p00n gan du22lg]r` cetv kv m5 reepv rs kv f66 ca du2lg]r` g1k kv ku5c thil tiit` k` f66 c5 gaat diaal luny jsk kv ksr guut` g`k` du22lg]r`.
This is especially true of protracted closures.Schools are hubs of social activity and human interaction.
Vn nvmv v thu]k p1ny kv ku5c g`k` du22lg]r` kv gu11th m5 b``r. Du1lg]r` kv kvn tvth` lsaac k` naath kv ciaax l1t k00l.
When schools are closed, many children and youth miss out of on social contact that is essential to learning and development.When schools close parents are often asked to facilitate the learning of children at home and can struggle to perform this task.
Ms ca du2lg]r` g`ks, gaat t5 xuan kvn xu0tn5 la doth kv /ca th2csl ksnt0k jek in la gu11th jek` x`c` min thu]k kvn ciaax cu]p. Ms ca du2lg]r` g1ks di22th gan ciex kvn la tu]]p kv kv f66 ba l1t vmv l1t.
This is especially true for parents with limited education and resources.
Vns lapv a thu]k k` di22th gan tin kuiy gs1rivn kvn kuakivn.
Potential impacts of school closures and reliance on distance learning are not addressed in federal acts of legislation at this time.
Min j``k in la tussk kv g1k du22lg]r` kvn f66 b5 naath gs1r v n1n /k1nv guic v gsaa v kuumv p2dvrsl k` xut tin l`t kv jv kv jvn gu11th vmv.
Formal education — as opposed to informal education or non-formal education — tends to refer to schools, colleges, universities and training institutions.
Gs1r in gsaa – v gu1c kvn kv gs1r in /c5 gsaa kiv gs1r in /k1n l1t kv gu11thdv – cetv kv m5 lotv n5 du2lg]r`, kslij, yun5b7thvt5 kvn yin5tht5ti66tn5 x55c`.
A 1974 report by the World Bank defined formal education as the following:Formal education: the hierarchically structured, chronologically graded ‘education system’, running from primary school through the university and including, in addition to general academic studies, a variety of specialised programmes and institutions for full-time technical and professional training.The majority of data collected on the number of students and learners impacted by COVID-19 has been calculated based on the closure of formal education systems.
Kv l``r m5 ca lar kv ru]]n 1974 v B0xk5 wec mu]]n cv du2lg]r` min gsaa lar 5nv: Du2lg]r` min gsaa: v luey in we kv ciaax, kv ku2n in ca l1th k` c1p du22lg]r`, v tookv k` duelg]r` primary v we k` yun5b7thvt5 kvvl kv g6r x`c` rvi g]r`, kv psrg5r11mn5 t5 xuan k]kivn kvn yin5tht5tucin kv naath t5 lu11k kvn j5 x`c` tin civxn5 jv kv th7p x`c`. L``r5 tin xuan5 kvn tin ca m11t kv gaat du22lg]r` t5 g66l tin cv th`r kv ben COVID-19 ca kv du`c kv min tussk kv ku5c g`k` du22lg]r` min gsaa.
The UNESCO Institute for Statistics provides figures on students impacted by COVID-19 corresponding to the number of learners enrolled at pre-primary, primary, lower-secondary, and upper-secondary levels of education [ISCED levels 0 to 3], as well as at tertiary education levels [ISCED levels 5 to 8].
Mukt`p UNESCO kv ku5c yithtat5thtik cv pek thurvk` xun kv min tussk kv ku5c gan tin jek ji``k COVID-19 v we k` pek nath tin ca gs1r piny k` pre-primary, primary, thvkvnd22r5 min tst, kv du2lg]r` thvkvnd22r5 min d55t [kv pek ISCED v tookv k` 0 v we k` 3], kvvl kv ter5civr5 [kv pek ISCED v tookv k` 5 v we k` 8].
Early childhood educational programmes are usually designed for children below the age of 3 and may refer to preschools, nursery schools, kindergartens, and some day care programmes.
Psrg5r11mn5 tuk` du22lg]r` g]r` v xot raan kv gaat la mal kv l1t kv kv ku5c gan tin xot runkivn /k1n di]k cop k` ldee kvn v nyin pre-ithkuul, kindergarten, kvvl kv ciaax yup` gan kv gu11th c1xd11r.
While many primary and secondary schools have closed around the world due to COVID-19, measures impacting early childhood educational programmes have varied.
Min ca th11x du2l5g]r` primary ku g1k w55 mu]]n kvvliw kv ku5c COVID-19, ca c11p k1m raar t5 gu1c w55n5 kv t11 in dee we kv ciaax tuk` du22lg]r` v xot gaat kv ku00.
In some countries and territories, preschools and day cares are considered necessary services and have not closed in tandem with broader school closure measures.In the United States, the Washington State Department of Children, Youth, and Families encouraged child care and early learning centres to stay open.
K` th11x w55n5 kvn k2thn5, pre-ithkuul kvn yoop gan kv gu11th c1xd11r ca kv guic gsw kv kv f66 th6p kv l1t m5 gsaa k` /k1n kv g1k kvvl kv du2lg]r` tin k]x. K` Yunaytet Y5tht22t, Washington Yitht22t k` mukt`p gan, xu0tn5 kv di22th gan cusm kv yu]]p gan kvn du2lg]r` gan v xot kv ku00 kv f66 b5 kv f66x.
Some school districts may offer alternative child care options, prioritising the children of first responders and healthcare workers.
Th11x du2l5g]r` rvi wec kvn th6p kv gs1r kv c1p in d]divn kv yu]p gan, l1th kv gat nhiam vn f66 b5 kv te kvvl kv l11t pusl` pu11ny.
The governor of Maryland mandated that specific child care services remain open for the children of emergency personnel while Washington State and California have left it to the discretion of care providers.
M5dh55rv Maryland cv jv lat vn f66 th11x gu1thn5 yoop` gan t5 k0l-k00l b5 kv xot kv f66x kv ku5c gan tin l`t dieethkivn gu1thn5 tin g77r p0th civvx` k` Y5thte22t Washington kvn California ca jv p1l f66 b5 guic kvn naath tin yoop gaat.
California Governor Gavin Newsom explained his state's position, saying “We need our child care facilities, our daycare centers, to operate to absorb the impact of these school closures.”
M5dh55rv California n5 Gavin Newsom cv jv lar 5 min guicv kv ku5c wec, laarv jv 5 xotv g77r ksn yoop gan ksn gu1th yoop`, kiv gu1th tiit` c1xd11r, kv f66 b5 ciaax g`k` du22lg]r` kulv cet kv m5 thilv jv.
Colorado has encouraged the development of "tool kits" for parents to use at home to emulate the lessons children would have received in their early learning programmes.In Japan, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe closed all schools throughout the country until April 8, however, children's daycare facilities were excluded.
Colorado cv l1t tuul kitn5 jak` te w1ns kv ku5c di22thn5 gan t5 b5 l`t kv kv ci22xn5 f66 ba x55c in dee gatv jek rvi du22lg]r` rsam th5n kv gu11th in xotv rvi psrg5r11m`. K` Japan, p5raam min5thvr n5 Shinzo Abe cv du2lg]r` diaal rvi wec kvvliw g1k kv 8 pay xuaan, kuv la f66 cv gu1th yoop` gan kv c`xd``r p`l.
In early March, five adults associated with a nursing facility for preschool children in Kobe tested positive for coronavirus.
Kv tuk paay di]k, cua naath d1x di]k t5 d5t t5 la l11t yoop` gan jek cv kv moc kv juey ksrsnabayr`th k` Kobe.
After testing over one hundred children at the facility, a preschool student was found to be carrying the virus.
Kv ksr k` m22 ca gaat t5 b``l ku]r thvm vn gu11th vms, cua gat kvl k` pre-ithkuul jek t22 kv bayr`th.
Primary or elementary education typically consists of the first four to seven years of formal education.
Primary kiv du2lg]r` elvmvnt22r5 te rvidv kv xuaan v we k` tin nhiam kv du2lg]r` min gsaa.
The International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO) canceled the examinations for its Diploma Programme and Career-related Programme candidates scheduled between 30 April and 22 May 2020, reportedly affecting more than 200,000 students worldwide.
Srganayth22cin Baccalaureate wec mu]]n (IBO) cuv f]]n5 kv p`l kv ku5c diploma psrg5r11m cua kv kap kam 30 pay xuaan kvn 22 pay dhieec 2020, cuua jv lar 5 cv gaat t5 200,000 jak` ji`k t11divn w55 mu]]n.
The IBO stated that it would award candidates their diplomas or certificates based on "their coursework" and "the established assessment expertise, rigor, and quality control already built into the programme."
Vn IBO cv lar 5 cv bv naath t]t] k1m diploman5kivn kiv thvrt5bvkvtn5kivn kv t11 in c5 l`t kv raan k` k5l0th k` cv naath kuany t5 ba min ca l1t v gaat guic, kvn ciaax bu]m l1tdivn, kv gssydv m5 cv ku thux l1th l`t.
Tertiary education, also known as higher education, refers to the non-compulsory educational levels that follow completion of secondary school or high school.
Du2lg]r` ter5civr5, min csal kv b` 5 du2lg]r` min d55t, lotv n5 pek du22lg]r` min /ca lar 5 w22 kv bu]m min guur thu]k ran kv thvnkvnd22r5 kiv du2lg]r` min d55t.
Tertiary education is normally taken to include undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as vocational education and training.
Du2lg]r` ter5civr5 la k1n jv v m``th kv f66 ba anderguraju2t nax, p66thguraju2t, kvvl kv x55c kv ciaax in d22 lu`x l`t tin k]x.
Individuals who complete tertiary education generally receive certificates, diplomas, or academic degrees.
Naath tin ca ter5civr5 thuk la kvn diaal v musc kv thvrt5bvkvtn5, diploma kiv d5gr55.
Undergraduate education is education conducted after secondary education and prior to post-graduate education, for which the learner is typically awarded a bachelor's degree.
Du2lg]r` andvrguraju2t v gs1r m5 la nax kv kv ksr du22lg]r` thvkvnd22r5 k` b22 kv nhiam k` du2lg]r` p66thguraju2t, min la musc kv ram c5 jv thuk kv d5gr55 th5n.
Students enrolled in higher education programmes at colleges, universities, and community colleges are often refereed to in countries such as United States as "college students."The closure of colleges and universities has widespread implications for students, faculty, administrators, and the institutions themselves.
Gs11r tin ca gs1r piny rvi psrg5r11m` du22lg]r` min d55t k` kslij, yun5b7thvt5 kvn kslijn5 ksmun5t5 la kv csal kv kv th11x gu1thn5 5 rvi wec cet kv Yunaytet Y4tht22t 5 gs11r kslij. G1k kslijn5 kvn yunvb7thvt5n5 cv rivk m5 d55t n66x k` gaat tin g]r, pakult5n5, mukt`pn5 ru5c` kvn kvn yinitht5tucin5 pu1nykivn.
Colleges and universities across the United States have been called upon to issue refunds to students for the cost of tuition and room and board.
Kslijn5 kvn yun5b7thvt5n5 rvi Yuanaytet Y5tht22t kvvliw ca kv ji6k vn f66 ba gaat nysk kv luc yi7u k` yi7u t22 ca yusr piny kv ku5c x55c`, kv gu11th t]]c` kvn ku`n.
In the United States of America, Colleges and universities operate as "mini-cities" which generate significant revenue for cities, states, and regions.
Rvi wecYunaytet Y5tht22t Amvrkvn, kslijn5 kvn yun5b7thvt5n5 l`t kv v la r0k t5 tsatn5 t5 n77x yi7u kv ku5c r00k, wec kvn r5jin.
For example, Princeton University contributed $1.58 billion USD to the New Jersey economy and students spent about $60 million in off-campus spending.
C``t, Printon yunvb7thvt5 cv yi7u t5 bathdssr5 t5 $1.58 USD du1c t5 we k` gaat tin g]r k` New Jersey k` eksnsmik k` c5 gaat tin g]r pek m5 bathdssr5 t5 $60 nax kv jivvndivn k` ksmp1th.
College and university closures have a domino effect on economies with far-reaching implications.According to Linda Bilmes of the Harvard Kennedy School, "local hotels, restaurants, cafes, shops, car rental agencies and other local businesses obtain a significant share of annual revenue from graduation week and college reunions...
G1k kslij kvn yun5b7thvt5 cv ji``k m5 jic rvw m5 cv n66x k` eksnsmik kv bu]m-bu]]m t5 c5 tussk. Cet kv m22 ca lar Linda Bilmes k` du2lg]r` Harard Kenedy, hotel5 rvi wec, rvthtvrvn5, thukn5, gu1th ju]r thurbivvl5 kvn g`pvn5 k]kivn la jek kvn pek m5 gsaa kv n5n thuk` nath du22lg]r` kv ru]]n kvn nysak mat` kslij...
these communities will suffer a lot of economic damage if the colleges remain closed at that time."Small towns which rely on college students to support the local economy and provide labour to local businesses are especially impacted by school closures and the exodus of students from campus.
Kvn gu1th titi b5 kv cuuc vl]x kv ciaax ji``k` eksnsmik` m5 we kslijn5 xot kv g1k kv jvn gu11th vms. R0k tin tsatn5 tin jek du]]r k` gaat tin g]r kv we nhiam eksnsmik`divn k` th7p l1t k` naath tin j5 wec kv g`pvn5 bv ji``k kv kv vn g1k du22lg]r` nvmv kvn jivvn nath tin g]r k` ksmp1th.
In Ithaca, New York, Cornell University students spent at least $4 million a week in Tompkins county.
K` Ithaka, New York, gaat tin g]r k` Yuvb7thvt5 Cornell la thuuk kvn yi7u t5 bathdssr5 t5 $4 kv jusk rvi wec Tomkins.
In the wake of Cornell's decision to keep students home following spring break and transition to virtual instruction, the Mayor of Ithaca called for "immediate and forceful federal action — we will see a horrific economic impact as a result of Cornell University closing."
Kv n2n Cornell kv c1r k` f66 b5 gaat tin g]r nyuur ci22xn5 kv ksr thi`y` ju1th rvi fsaa kv jism kvn we nath k` x55c v n1n, cu ku``r Ithaka thiec kv l1t m5 gsaa k` kuumv p2dvrsl – kvn b1 ks te kv rivk eksnsmik` m5 ji``k kv f66 ca Cornell yunvb7thvt5 g`k.
UNESCO is sharing 10 recommendations during this period:
UNESCO jvn nyuaakv l``r5 d1x 10 kv naath kv jvn gu11th vmv:
Examine the readiness and choose the most relevant tools: Decide on the use high-technology and low-technology solutions based on the reliability of local power supplies, internet connectivity, and digital skills of teachers and students.
Thvmv rial5k` nath kv r] k` bv du]]p in dee gsaa kuany: C`rv jssk` ciaax in d22 l`t kv naath kv t0knslj5 in d55t kv du]]p in d22 x`th v gu11th in xun bu]m rvi wec, intvrnvt kvn c11p dij5tsl k` xieec kvn gaat tin g]r.
This could range through integrated digital learning platforms, video lessons, MOOCs, to broadcasting through radios and TVs.
Jvn derv tussk k` mat dij5tsl kvn kv du]]p x55c`, lvthvn5 kv b5di6, MOOKn5, kv th7p l``r5 kv radivw kvn TV.
Ensure inclusion of the distance learning programmes: Implement measures to ensure that students including those with disabilities or from low-income backgrounds have access to distance learning programmes, if only a limited number of them have access to digital devices.
X`c k` f66 we psrg5r11mn5 g]r` v n1n kv gu11thdivn: L`th l`t c11pn5 kv f66 bv jssc 5 gaat tin g]r kvvl kv tin j5 bumn5 kin tin kuiy kuakivn n5 ci22xn5 ca du2lg]r` jek v n1n kv psrg5r11mn5 kv, m5 kv th11xkivn k`r] te kv lu1x t] kv f66 ba kuak dij5tsl jek.
Consider temporarily decentralising such devices from computer labs to families and support them with internet connectivity.
Huec k` f66 kvn kuak titi /ca kv b5 p2n r`th k` naath tin k]x k` ksmputvr labn5 kv wedivn k` naath ci22xn5kivn kvn lu`kdivn kv t11 intvrnvt` th5n.
Protect data privacy and data security: Assess data security when uploading data or educational resources to web spaces, as well as when sharing them with other organisations or individuals.
Ba l``r5 raams gax kvn lsarivn k` gu1ndivn. Jek l``r5 naath k]kivn min ca kv apl66d kiv kuak du22lg]r` tin c5 we web, kvvl kvn f66nyuakv kv kv srganayth22cin5 k]kivn kiv naath tin k]x.
Ensure that the use of applications and platforms does not violate students’ data privacy.
Ba jv x`c vn f66 du]]p in l`t kv apsl5k22cin5 kvn pilapusm /cv luth l``r5 gan tin g]r b5 y1r.
Prioritize solutions to address psychosocial challenges before teaching: Mobilize available tools to connect schools, parents, teachers, and students with each other.
Ba ciaax l1th nhiam m5 jak c`r xith` k` naath k` gsaa v xot x55c /k1v n5 th6p: Ba kuak tin te th5n rial5k` kv f66 b5 du2lg]r` l`t kvvl, di22th gan, xieec kvn gaat tin g]r kv naath tin k]x.
Create communities to ensure regular human interactions, enable social caring measures, and address possible psychosocial challenges that students may face when they are isolated.
Ba bun l1t ti ba x1c vn f66 du]]p in l`t kv naath kvvl we kvn v gsaa, t5 ba ciaax yoop` nath tit, k` ba ciaax c`r` xith` kv tin cuuc naath guic tin tussk k` gaat tin g]r min ca kv koc.
Plan the study schedule of the distance learning programmes: Organise discussions with stakeholders to examine the possible duration of school closures and decide whether the distance learning programme should focus on teaching new knowledge or enhance students’ knowledge of prior lessons.
Ba c1p g]r` v n1n l1k kv psr g5r11m thaakn5: Ba gu11th g6r kv f66 b5 naath ruac kvvl kv ciaax in dee j``ny kv du2lg]r` kv g1kdv k` ba c`r k1m raar m5 we gs1r v nn1n kvn psrg5r11mn5 kv v gsaa kv du]]p in dee naathv jek x`c kiv jek gaat lvthvn in ba xi``c kv gu11th in b5 kulv ben.
Plan the schedule depending on the situation of the affected zones, level of studies, needs of students needs, and availability of parents.
Ba gu11th k1m raar kv t11 in we kv ciaax rvi gu1thn5 tin cv moc ciaax ji``k kv ku5c ju1th, pek ba g]r, min g77r gaatv kvn thi1k di22thn5kivn.
Choose the appropriate learning methodologies based on the status of school closures and home-based quarantines.
Ba du]]p in dee we kv ciaax g]r` min dee gatv x`c du]]r l1t ku5c g`k` du22lg]r` kvn nyuur ran ciex gu11thdv k`rsa.
Avoid learning methodologies that require face-to-face communication.
Ba du]]p x55c` min g77r f66 b5 naath nyuuur gu11th kvn woc.
Provide support to teachers and parents on the use of digital tools: Organise brief training or orientation sessions for teachers and parents as well, if monitoring and facilitation are needed.
Ba lu`k th6p k` xieec kvn di22th gan kv ciaax in l`t kv d5j5 tsl5: Ba x55c m5 civk rial5k` kiv ba naath nyu]th ciaax in dee x55c kv kv kvn xieec am`n5 di22th gan, m5 g77r guur kvn lu`k.
Help teachers to prepare the basic settings such as solutions to the use of internet data if they are required to provide live streaming of lessons.
Ba xieec lu`k kv l1tdivn kv gu11th in ba x55c th6p th5n kvn tin g77rv cet kv ciaax in dee l`t kv kv kv l``r5 intvrnvt m5 g77r kvnv kv f66 ba lvthvn5 t5 d5t th6p.
Blend appropriate approaches and limit the number of applications and platforms: Blend tools or media that are available for most students, both for synchronous communication and lessons, and for asynchronous learning.
Ba dup t5 g66l m11t k` ba pek apsl5k22cin5 jak` kuiy kvn pilatpussmn5: Ba kuak m11t kiv m5dian5 tin te th5n kv ku5c gan t5 xuan kv ciaax l1t k00l kvn nyuaak lvthvn5, kvn tusskdv kvvl k` kvn diaal kv jek x`c`.
Avoid overloading students and parents by asking them to download and test too many applications or platforms.
Ba jv f]n vn f66 /ca gaat b5 moc kv l` t5 xuaan kvvl kvn di22thkivn kv thiecdivn kv k`mdivn raar kvn f66 ba apsl5k22cin5 t5 xuan f]11n.
Develop distance learning rules and monitor students’ learning process: Define the rules with parents and students on distance learning.
Ba xut tin g]r kv naath v n1n k1m raar k` ba gaat b7th kv ciaax in dee kvnv jek du]]p x`c`: Ba xut lustdivn lat kvvl kv gaat kvn di22thkivn kv ciaax g]r` v n1n.
Design formative questions, tests, or exercises to monitor closely students’ learning process.
Ba ciaax thiecn5 k1m raar, f]]n kiv 0kvthaayn5 kv f66 ba gaat b7th kv g6rivn kv x`c.
Try to use tools to support submission of students’ feedback and avoid overloading parents by requesting them to scan and send students’ feedback
Ba jv f]n vn du]]p in b5 kuak titi l`t kv jv kv th7p gan kv min ca l1t kvn f66 ba jv f]n vn f66 /ca kv b5 moc l1t m5 d55t kvn di22th gan kv f66 ba kv thiec 5 ba min c5 gaatv l1t ithkan
Define the duration of distance learning units based on students’ self-regulation skills: Keep a coherent timing according to the level of the students’ self-regulation and metacognitive abilities especially for livestreaming classes.
Ba pek in b5 j``ny du2lg]r` v n1n lar k` uyunitn5 kv t11 in we kv lu1x x`c` gan: Ba ciaax gu]]r v we kvvl cet kv pek x`c` gan tin g]r kv tiitdivn kv ciaax kvn lu1x divn v civk, kv du]]p in th6p kv b5di66n5 kv jv.
Preferably, the unit for primary school students should not be more than 20 minutes, and no longer than 40 minutes for secondary school students.
Min xu``n vn yunitn5 gan du22lg]r` primary c5 kvn minitn5 t5 20 b5 dhil b`l, k` thilv m5 b``l minitn5 t5 40 k` gaat thvkvnd22r5.
Create communities and enhance connection: Create communities of teachers, parents, and school managers to address sense of loneliness or helplessness, facilitate sharing of experience and discussion on coping strategies when facing learning difficulties.
Ba bun l1t t5 b5 min tussk kv ciaax l1t k00l tit: Ba bun l1t k` xieec, di22th gan, kv ku1r du22lg]r` t5 b5 ciaax guic kv t11 ran k`rsa kiv thil lu`k`, ba nyuaak k00l guic kv pek x`c` k` ba ruac jssk` kvl kv k1n nath kv c11p tin ca xun kvn b0c g]]r`.
290 million students out of school due to COVID-19: UNESCO releases first global numbers and mobilizes response, UNESCO.
Gatt du22lg]r` t5 bathdssr5 t5 290 ka raar kv ku5c COVID-19: UNESCO cv pek in nhiam lar k` cv min ba l1t lar, UESCO.
Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19
G1x rik` gu11th l1t kv ku5c COVID-19
Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19 are the application of occupational safety and health methodologies for hazard controls to the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
G1x rik` gu11th l1t kv ku5c COVID-19 kv civx dupn5 tin tussk kv ku5c gssy` l1t kvn ciaax pusl` pu11ny kv dup tin nax jv kv g1x ju1th ksrsnabayr`th 2019 (COVID-19).
The proper hazard controls in the workplace depend on the worksite and job task, based on a risk assessment of sources of exposure, disease severity in the community, and risk factors of individual workers who may be vulnerable to contracting COVID-19.
Kvn dup g1x rik` tin thu]]k gu11th l1t nax kvn rs kv gu11th in l`t raan th5n kvn min l`t raanv, kv ciaax kuakn5 tin tussk rivk kv pu]nydivn, d5t ku1th rvi wec, kvn ku5c civvx` rik` nath g66l5 rvi l1t v laa naath tin thi1k kv f66 dee juey COVID-19 jek.
According to the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), lower exposure risk jobs have minimal occupational contact with the public and other coworkers, for which basic infection prevention measures are recommended, including hand washing, encouraging workers to stay home if they are sick, respiratory etiquette, and maintaining routine cleaning and disinfecting of the work environment.
Cet kv min ca lar v U.S. Gssy civvx` gu11th l1t kvn ciaax mukt`p` pusl` pu11ny (OSHA), l`t tin kuiy n677xdivn kv rivk ju1th kv l1t tin dak r6m ran kv naath th5n cet naath tin k]x kiv j5 l1t k00l kv raan, kv kvn tin ca ciaax g1x ju1th lat kv ku5cdivn, cet kv l1k tetn5, cu]m l11tn5 kv f66 b5 kv nyuur ci22xn5kivn m5 duaalv raan, m5 t22 kv yiiw l55k`, k` bv gu11th civvx`dv lv yivc k` bv jv moc kv wal tin la n`k luex vn gu11th in l`tv th5n.
Medium exposure risk jobs include those that require frequent or close contact with people who are not known or suspected with COVID-19, but may be infected due to ongoing community transmission or international travel.
L`t tin te rivkdivn vn kams kv kv tin la r6m j5kivn kv naath t5 /ca x`c kiv divw kv 5 dee raan te kv juey COVID-19, duxdv f66 d]x jekv jv kv jvn k1p ju1th kv wec kvvliw vmv kiv kv j1l kam r6l5 kv th11x gu1thn5.
This includes workers who have contact with the general public such as in schools, high-population-density work environments, and some high-volume retail settings.
Kvn kvn l11t tin r7m kv naath diaal tin k]x cet kv rvi du22lg]r`, gu11th l`1t m5 xuaan naath th5n kvvl kv gu1th k7k` m5 xuan naath kvn kuak tin ksakv th5n.
Hazard controls for this group, in addition to basic infection prevention measures, include ventilation using high-efficiency air filters, sneeze guards, and having personal protective equipment available in case a person with COVID-19 is encountered.
G1x rik` k` jvn bu]n vmv, kvvl kv ciaax g1x luex` min wen, cet kv l2p wernyin5 kv th55y jsam m5 gsaa m5 te th5n, nyin thiam`, kvn f66 b5 raam rs moc kv kuaak m5 gaxv rs m5 c5 ram te kc COVID-19 ben rvc.
OSHA considers healthcare and mortuary workers exposed to known or suspected person with COVID-19 to be at high exposure risk, which increases to very high exposure risk if workers perform aerosol-generating procedures on, or collect or handle specimens from, known or suspected person with COVID-19.
OSHA tiitv naath tin la l11t kv ku5c pusl` pu11ny kvn naath tin l`t gu11th kuny` nath tin c5 thi22k kv ram x1c kv kiv ram ca diw 5 cv moc COVID-19 derv a jvn rivk in d55t in dee rs rep v bv l11t tin k]x dsp m5 c5 naath dup tin we kv jism jak` /ca tit kiv d22 yithpicvmvn5 k1n tetn5kivn k` naath tin ca diw kiv ca x1c 5 moc COVID-19.
Hazard controls appropriate for these workers include engineering controls such as negative pressure ventilation rooms, and personal protective equipment appropriate to the job task.
G1x rik` ju1th in gsaa kv kvn l11t titi kv kvn f66 d22 g1x cet kv thil gu22r` nath kv rs tit kv l2p wernyin5, kv l`th kuakn5 tin gax raan kv rs tin gsaa gu11th l1t.
COVID-19 outbreaks can have several effects within the workplace.
Thi`y COVID-19 rvi fsaa derv te kv ji`k t5 xuan rvi gu1th in l`t naath th5n.
Workers may be absent from work due to becoming sick, needing to care for others, or from fear of possible exposure.
L11t dee kv p1k gu11th l1t m5 cv raan moc juey, m5 g77rv f66 bv rad]divn tit, kiv m5 dualv kv f66 bv juey we jek.
Patterns of commerce may change, both in terms of what goods are demanded, and the means of acquiring these goods (such as shopping at off-peak hours or through delivery or drive-through services).
Ciaax g1th derv rs gvr kv dup rvw, kv tin gsw tin g77r lsc nath kv kvn du]]p in d22 kv jek kv jv kvn gsy t]t] (cet kv we ksk kv thaakn5 tin thilv l1t kv kv kv n77xdivn v j5 thu]]k kiv kv th`rb5th).
Lastly, shipments of items from geographic areas severely affected by COVID-19 may be interrupted.An infectious disease preparedness and response plan can be used to guide protective actions.
Min jsak v n77x kuakn5 gu11th d]divn m5 d]x cv j5 d`k kv juey COVID-19 dervtussk 5 bv xussk. Rial5k` kv ku5c luex` ju1th kvn min ba l1t kv g1xdv d22 kv tit kv f66 ba ciaax g1x l1th nhiam.
Plans address the levels of risk associated with various worksites and job tasks, including sources of exposure, risk factors arising from home and community settings, and risk factors of individual workers such as old age or chronic medical conditions.
C11p tin ruac kv pek rik` tin nax rs kv gu11th l`tn5 kvn min l`t raanv, kv kvn gu1th tin la tussk jek ju1th th5n, rik tin tussk ciex kvn rik rvi wec, kv rik l11tn5 tin kvl cet kv naath tin dsx tin runkivn we kiv naath tin te kv ju1th t5 j``ny pu1nyn5kivn n5 wen.
They also outline controls necessary to address those risks, and contingency plans for situations that may arise as a result of outbreaks.
Kvn ba la nyusth dup g1x tin gsw kv ciaax tiit` rikn5, knv c11p tin d22 gax min tussk kv gu11th in be kv ku5c rik` min dee lv tussk kv gu11th m5 a nhiam m5 c5 juey we tussk.
Infectious disease preparedness and response plans may be subject to national or subnational recommendations.
Rial5k` kv ku5c ju1thn5 tin d5t luexdivn kvn c11p tin b5 naath kv gax rs d22 kv l1t kv c1r m5 be k` wec kiv gek wec ku5c kvl.
Objectives for response to an outbreak include reducing transmission among staff, protecting people who are at higher risk for adverse health complications, maintaining business operations, and minimizing adverse effects on other entities in their supply chains.
Min lust kv lusc nath kv min tussk kv thi`y ju1th eci fsaa kv kv f66 ba d6p ju1th kv naath jak` kuiy kam j5 l1t, ba naath tin thi1k kv rivk gax ciaax rik` pusl` pu11nydivn, ba ciaax g1th l1t kv c1p m5 gsaa, k` ba ji``kdv xok b` k` naath tin t``th kuak kv f66 v vjn gu11th in tussk min cam kv th5n.
The disease severity in the community where the business is located affects the responses taken.
Vn d5t ju1th rvi wec gu11th in te g`pv th5n la y1rv min ca k1m raar kv ku5c g1x ju1th.
The hierarchy of hazard controls is a framework widely used in occupational safety and health to group hazard controls by effectiveness.
Luey c11pn5 tin gax kv juey v du]]p m5 ca ku2x piny v naath diaal rvi gu1th l1t kv gssydv kvn ciaax pusl` pu11ny l11tn5 kv luey c11pn5 t]t] v gsaa.
Where COVID-19 hazards cannot be eliminated, the most effective controls are engineering controls, followed by administrative controls, and lastly personal protective equipment.
M5 cv jssc vn f66 /ca rivk COVID-19 b5 lu1x kv k`p cu]x, dup g1x tin nhiam v f66 ba jv gax, v gu]]r kv v du]]p g1x in be k` kuumv, kv jsakdv v f66 b5 raan kuak g1x l1th.