atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
Whereas the highest sequence homology has been found in the RBDs between SARS-CoV-2 and pangolin, SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs, SARS-CoV-2 and RaTG13 share the highest genome-wide sequence homology.
K` 5ns b`, ca t11 civx` m5 d55t jek RBDs kvnv SARS-CoV-2 kv l2y tin tivn5 tin l2th, kv SARS-CoV-2 min c``t kv beta-CoVs, kv SARS-CoV-2 kvnv RaTG13 te kv kv nyuaak m5 d55t v l]x kv t11 civx` divn.
It is highly speculative that the high degree of similarity between the RBDs of pangolin SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs and SARS-CoV-2 is driven by selectivity-mediated convergent evolution.
Cal lat v l]x vn f66 t11 c``t min d55t min te kam RBDs k` l2y tin tivn tin l2th tin te kv SARS-CoV-2 min c``t kv beta-CoVs kvnv SARS-CoV-2 ca j2k vn f66 dsap kv n5 jv.
A counter-proposal is in favour of a recombination between a pangolin SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoV and RaTG13 in the third wild animal species.
Kv t11 c`r` mee ca ben l1t ca ben l1t ala f66 fsar kv mat in te kam SARS-CoV-2 min c``t beta-Covs min te k` l2y tin leth in tivn5 kvnv RaTG13 % te k` bu]n in di]kdivn k` l2y dsaar.
As a driving force in evolution, recombination is widespread among beta-CoVs.
Kv t11 civx` min d55t in n77x nvmv kv p0th kv mat kv te k` t11 in j`l kv beta-CoVs.
The jury is still out on the immediate zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2.
Vn bu]n xuot v kv m5 tee kvvl n5 gu1th ee tuokv rs th5n k` SARS-CoV-2.
Besides the highly pathogenic HCoVs, the zoonotic origin of HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 have also been studied.
Kv min d]x k` d55t ju1th HCoVs, gu1th in tuok kv rs th5n k` HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63 kv HCoV-HKU1 ca lust divn g7r b`.
Phylogenetic evidence indicated that both HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E might have originated from bat CoVs, while the parental viruses of HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 have been found in rodents.
Kv t11 x`c` thukn5 duel5 l22n5 cv nyuoth vn f66 HCoV-NL63 kvnv HCoV-229E kvn d1x rvw tusk kv k` CoVs l5kl5kn5, k` ju1th tin tusk n5 dieeth HCoV-OC43 kvnv HCoV-HKU1 jek kv kv k` ku]]n.
It has been reported that a bat CoV termed ARCoV.2 (Appalachian Ridge CoV) detected in North American tricolored bat displayed close relationship with HCoV-NL63.
Ca jv lar vn f66 CoV l5kl5kn5 min csal5 ARCoV.2 (Appalachian Ridge CoV) cv jssc k` l5kl5kn5 America tin te bivvl ala f66 te kv maar kvnv HCoV-NL63.
On the other hand, HCoV-229E was genetically related to another bat CoV, termed Hipposideros/GhanaKwam/19/2008, which was detected in Ghana, while camelids have also been suspected as its intermediate host.
Kv t11 in d]x, HCoV-229E n5 tuk` dv tuskv k` juey l5kl5kn5 CoV m5 d]x, m5 csal5 Hipposideros/GhanaKwam/19/2008, m5 ci tusk k` Ghana, K` ins b` cua Jamvl5 diw b` vn f66 te rvy divn.
For clarity, the current knowledge on animal origins of known HCoVs is summarized in Figure ​1 and Table 2.
N5 gsaa b`, k` x`c tuk` l22n5 mv t`mv mv tin x1c kv te kv HCoVs ca kv ku0n g7l`1 kvnv k22r in 2.
Phylogenetic analysis has provided evidence for interspecies transmission events of HCoVs in the history.
K` nvy tin thvm kv thuk dueel5 l22n5 c5 kvn thu]k lat kv ciax in dsap kv HCoVs kv t11 x`c` divn in w2n.
When HCoV-OC43 crossed species to infect humans from domestic livestock around 1890, a pandemic of respiratory infection was recorded.
M5 jivn HCoV-OC43 k` bu]n l2y v bv naath w` dsp kv l2y tin te kv naath kvvl kv 1890, cua juey jek rvy yi22k` k` pu]th.
The interspecies transmission history of HCoV-229E is less clear.
Cu t11 in dsap kv jv vn HCoV-OC43 k` thuk duel5 t2 x`c m5 tst.
Bat alpha-CoVs closely related to HCoV-229E have been found.
alpha-CoVs l5kl5kn5 m5 thi2k v l]x kvnv HCoV-OC43 cua jv jek.
Between them there is an alpaca alpha-CoV.
T2 kam divn kv alpaca alpha-CoV.
Several lines of evidence support the transmission of virus from bats to humans directly.
Te kv dup t5 xuan t5 nyuoth jv vn f66 ju2y vmv j2k naathv k` l5k5kn5 v jsc.
First, humans but not alpacas might have contact with bats in a shared ecological niche.
Kv nhiam, kv naath kvn tin t2 kvvl kv l5kl5kn5 v /c5 mua l2y tin csal5 alpa tin te ku5 cuec America kv t11 in nyuak kv ciaax gu1th.
Instead, humans have close contact with alpacas.
Kv gu1th in d]x, naath b` te kv kvvl kv alpan5.
Second, HCoV-229E-related bat alpha-CoVs are diverse and non-pathogenic in bats, whereas alpaca alpha-CoV caused an outbreak of respiratory disease in infected animals.
Rvwdv, HCoV-229E l5k5kn5 min c``t kv alpha-CoVs t2 kv d``k kiv /cv tusk k` l5kl5kn5, dux dv f66 n77xv ju2y pu]]th k` l2y tin cv moc kv jsk vmv.
Finally, alpaca alpha-CoV has not been found in feral animals.
Kv jsak, alpaca alpha-CoV /k1nv j2k k` l2y dsaar.
Thus, the possibility cannot be excluded that alpacas obtain the HCoV-229E-related alpha-CoV from humans.
Kv jvn du]p vmv, ca alpacas d22 k1m raar vn f66 j2kv HCoV-229E- min c``t kv alpha-CoV k` naath.
In fact, bats are the direct source of human pathogenic viruses including rabies virus, Ebola virus, Nipah virus and Hendra virus.
Kv thu]k, l5kl5kn5 v thok duel m5 n6x naath ju1th, t5t5 ju3 ji77n5, Ebola, Nipah, kv ju2y m5 csal5 Hendra.
It is therefore not too surprising that bats might transmit HCoV-229E to humans directly.
kv vns, /c5 naath b5 g11c vl]x vn f66 l5kl5kn5 dsp naath HCoV-229E k` kv v thivl diw.
Alternatively, whereas bat alpha-CoVs serve as the gene pool of HCoV-229E, alpacas and dromedary camels might serve as intermediate hosts that transmit viruses to humans, exactly as in the case of MERS-CoV.
Kv thu]k, alpha-CoVs l5kl5k l`tv ala lu``k m5 te rvy rivm k` HCoV-229E, Jamvl5 tin ci2x w5c kvnv alpacan5 l`t kv ala f66 t2kv d``r k` f66 kv kvn n6x kv naath ju2ys, kv thu]k cet n5 ju2y in csal5 MERS-CoV.
MERS-CoV serves as an excellent example of interspecies transmission from bats to dromedary camels and from dromedary camels to humans.
MERS-CoV l`tv ala nyuuth m5 gsaa kv thuk duel5 l22n5 tin dsap kv ju2y k` l5kl5kn5 b5 kvnv nax k` jamvl5 tin t2 w5c k` b5 jamvl5 jv n6x naath.
The evolutionary origin of MERS-CoV from bats is known at its initial identification and has also been strengthened by subsequent findings.
Kv t11 k` f66 MERS-CoV 5 tuskv k` l5kl5kn5 ca xic n5 kv tukdv min nhiam, ca ben nysk kv x1th kv dup ti xuan t5 ca ben j2k.
It is obvious that bats provide a rich pool of virus species for interspecies exchange of genetic fragments and interspecies transmission.
Ca x1c v gsaa vn f66 l5kl5kn5 t2 kv ju2y m5 r7x k` d7rivn kv w` dv kv d66r l22n5 tin k]x k` bv t11 l22n5 k]kivn w` dsp.
Longevity, densely packed colonies, close social interaction and strong ability to fly are all favourable conditions for bats to be an ideal 'virus spreader'.
kv j1ny divn, kvnv t11 divn kvvl, kv t11 in nhskv t11 k00l kv l2y tin k]x, kvnv pualv kv wu]r kv nhial, kv kvn tin n6x kv f66 b5 l5kl5kn5 ju2y mal nax kv p0th vl]x.
On the other hand, MERS-CoV has been introduced to dromedary camels for decades.
Kv min d]x, MERS-CoV ca lat pu]ny jamvl5 kv ksr run5 ti xuan.
It is well adapted to these camels that have turned from an intermediate host to a stable and natural reservoir host.
Cua cu guic v gsaa kvn jamvl5 te t2kv ju2y c5 kv juey jaa k]c k` ca m5 t2 rvy t22k` divn.
MERS-CoV causes very mild disease and maintains a relatively low mutation rate in these animals.
MERS-CoV la ju2y m5 tst v n66xv k` la gvvrv rsdv m``th k` kv l2y t5t5.
Its sporadic transmission to humans is an accident and humans remain a dead-end host of MERS-CoV as its transmission cannot be sustained.
Kv gu1th la jv mal a dsap kv kv p0th, b5 naath cu xuot al f66 n`k MERS-CoV kv d6pdv m5 cia te th5n n5 ciax.
In contrast to the role of camels in the transmission of MERS-CoV, the role of pangolins, if there is any, in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is different.
Kv t11 in d]x in dsap kv naath v MERS-CoV k` jamvl5, kv t11 in te kv l2y tin cet kv ku]]n, m5 t2 t11 m5 dsap SARS-CoV-2 k` kv, k` t2kv d``k.
Particularly, pangolin beta-CoVs are highly pathogenic in pangolins.
Cet kv ju2y l22n5 tin c``t kv ku]]n n5 beta-CoVs kv kvn tin la tuk ju1th vms k` l2y t]t].
They might be a dead-end host for SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs, similar to civets in the case of SARS-CoV.
B5 ka kvn tin n66x kv li11 in jsak k` SARS-CoV-2- min c``t kv beta-CoVs, c`tv kv l2y tin c``t kv nyaawn5 kv jek in ca jekn5 SARS-CoV-2.
Several possibilities for interspecies transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from animals to humans have to be ruled in or ruled out in future studies.
Kv dup t5 nyin xuan t5 guvc kv kv d6p in dsap kv SARS-CoV-2 k` d66r l22n5 kv n7x dv naath, ba xu]t divn yian rvcs kiv raar kv g6r x`c` ms b5 bens.
First, bats could be the reservoir host of a SARS-CoV-2-related virus almost identical to SARS-CoV-2.
Kv nhiam kv kvn tin jek kv ju1th dial tin c``t kv SARS-CoV-2 ca kv xic b` cet kv SARS-CoV-2.
Humans might share the ecological niche with bats through butchering or coal mining.
Naath nyuak kv tek divn gu1th kv l5kl5kn5 gu1thn5 tin n11k kv l2y thin kvnv tin gu1th miim.
Second, pangolins could be one of intermediate amplifying host to which a SARS-CoV-2-related virus had been newly introduced.
Rvw dv, l2y tin c``t kv ku]]n b5 te n5 d``r k` f66 kv kvn rep kv ju1th tin pay tusk tin c``t kv SARS-CoV-2.
Humans contract the virus through butchering and consumption of game meat.
La naath ju2y v j2k kv c1m divn kv r5x tin ca n`k kiv tin ca y`k dssr.
It is possible that many mammals including domestic animals are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2.
Divw kv jv thu]k v puc vn f66 l2y dial tin l2th am`n5 tin ci2x kv naath kvvl divw kv kv vn f66 te kv SARS-CoV-2.
A survey of domestic and wild animals for antibodies is warranted.
Vn th22m l22n5 tin te w5c kvnv tin te dssr gsaa v kv tin gu1c kv pu]ny.
Third, as mentioned above, recombination and adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 might have occurred in a third species that has contact with both bats and pangolins.
Di]k divn, cet kv min ca ny`l nhials, mat kvnv d6p ju1th n5 SARS-CoV-2 bv t2 k` d7r l22n5 min di]k divn min ci w` te kvvl kv l5kl5kn5 kvnv l2y tin c``t ku]]n.
The search for the animal origins of SARS-CoV-2 is still on.
Xuotv kv m5 g6r kv l2y in tusk SARS-CoV-2 k` jv.
Apart from different types of the animal hosts, three major factors on the viral side are also important in facilitating CoVs to cross species barriers.
Kv ku5c in d]x, l2y t5 g66l tin te kv bun, dup d1x di]k tin d5t tin n66x kv ju2y de guic b` vn f66 d2 CoVs j2k v thi1k kv w` dv gu1th n5 tin t2 d66r l22n5 t]t] th5n.
First of all, their relatively high mutation rates in RNA replication.
Min nhiam divn, t11 in la RNA rsdv a ger kv jv k` kv.
In comparison to other single-stranded RNA viruses, the estimated mutation rates of CoVs could be regarded as “moderate” to “high” with an average substitution rate being ~10-4 substitution per year per site 2, depending on the phase of CoV adaptation to novel hosts.
M5 p``r5 t11 in la ju2y RNA kvl v te jv, b5 p2k c1r in car kv CoVs ba guic ala f66 “t22 piny” kiv “tee nhial” kv p2k m5 gvvr t11 ~10-4 gvvrv rs kv ru]n kv gu1th rvw, kue t2 kv t11 in te kv CoV in w2n kvnv n77xdv kv min pay tusk.
CoVs have a proof-reading exoribonuclease, deletion of which results in exceedingly high mutability and attenuation or even inviability.
CoVs ca x1c b` vn f66 la cothv tin ji`k tin bee k` jv, vn cu]th k` t]t] la nyuoth g00rv m5 d55t vl]x m5 la n77x nyu1n kiv thivl lu`x`.
Interestingly, the nucleotide analogue Remdesivir is known to suppress CoV replication through inhibition of this exoribonuclease and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
Min gsaa vl]x, v f66 lu2x m5 c`t kv Remdesivir ca x1c vn f66 juocv CoV kv f66 cv rs b5 lusc kv t11 dv in gaxv f66 derv l5w kvnv RNA in g77r lu`k kv RNA in la rs dv a loc.
Remdesivir is one of most promising anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents to be tested in clinical trials.
Remdesivir v jvn kvl m5 kua x1c p1ny vn f66 gaxv anti-SARS-CoV-2 kv them in ca thvm jv duel5 wal.
Nevertheless, mutation rates of CoVs are about a million times higher than those of their hosts.
C`x v jvn 5ns, pek mut22cin` CoVs kvn kv bathdssr5 t5 xuan k` tin la nyin l00 in t22 pu11ny.
In addition, mutation rate is often high when CoVs are not well adapted to the host.
Nysk, pek mut22cin` jvn d55tv k` CoVs m5 /k1nv x5c v pu]ny l00 in ciexv th5n.
Compared to SARS-CoV with a high mutation rate, the mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2 is apparently lower, suggestive of a higher level of adaptation to humans.
Kv p``rv kvn SARS0CoV in te kv pek mut22con` min d55t, vn pek mut22cin` SARS-CoV-2 kuiyv n5 jvn, k` pek in x5c pu]n ranv jv.
Presumably, it has already been adapted to another host close to humans.
Divwdv cet ca jv x5c n5 wen v ley d]divn m5 thieek kv raan.
In addition to SARS-CoV-2, this also applies to MERS-CoV, which is well adapted to dromedary camels.
Kvvl kv jvn SARS-CoV-2, jvn b` copv MERS-CoV in ca xic v gsaa v jamvl in b7m kvl.
Theoretically, it is unlikely that genetic drift would render vaccines and antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 ineffective quickly.
Kv min lat kv, jscv cet kv m5 bv bu]m vn f66 ba w`lv jek vn kiv antibayrsl k66rv vn SARS-CoV2 v gsaa kv p0th.
Second, the large RNA genome in CoVs exerts extra plasticity in genome modification for mutations and recombination, thereby increasing the probability for interspecies co-evolution, which is advantageous for the emergence of novel CoVs when the conditions become appropriate.
Rvwdv vn f66 vn RNAgensme in d55t k` CoVs n77xv pil1thtithvt5 k` g2r gensme kv ku5c mut22cin5 kvnnnysak m`tdivn, ins reepv thi1k k` f66 b5 kvn tusk kvvl , vns v gssy k` f66 ba CoVs mat kvn m5 cv rs lot.
This is supported by the copious unique open reading frames and protein functions encoded towards the 3′ end of the genome.
Jvn lu1k jv ku2n in rvl rs kv t11 kuen` min f66x kvn ciaax protein tin cv g1k kv guut gensmen5 d1x 3.
Third, CoVs randomly and frequently switch templates during RNA replication through a unique “copy-choice” mechanism.
Di]]kdivn, CoVs la kv ciaaxdivn v gvvr kv p0th kv n5n RNA tin locv rs kv kv kv rvi c`p`p kspvk` m5 rvl rs.
In a host that serves as the mixing vessel, strand switching occurs frequently during CoV RNA transcription.
Rvi l00 in l`t v la gu11th in lissm kvn rs th5n, g2r yithtvr00n` la tusskv kv gu1th kv n5n tu1n5thk5r5pcin` RNA CoV.
Highly homologous full-length and subgenomic RNAs could recombine to generate new CoVs.
Kv gu11th m5 b``r kv c11t k` kvn th11x gensmenikn5 RNAn5 la nysakv rs m``tn5 k` ba CoVs t5 pay tusk cak.
Phylogenetic evidence of natural recombination has been found in both HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43, as well as animal CoVs such as bat SL-CoV and batCoV-HKU9.
Thu]k kv ciaax gvnvtik` kv c1k in ca cak nysak m1tdivn ca jv jek k` kvn d1x rvw; HCoV-HKU1 kvn HCoV-OC43, kvvl kv CoVs leeyn5 cet kv xap SL-CoV kvn CoV xap`.
Virus-host interaction in relation to transmission
Min tusk kam` bayr`th kvn ley in ciexv pu11nydv kv ciaax in dsap kv jv
Besides three viral factors stated above, viral interaction with host receptor is another key factor influential on interspecies transmission.
Min d]x kssr k` di]k tin ca lat nhial w1nv kv ku5c bayr`th`, ciaax in te kv bayr`th kvn r5th0ptsr5 l00 v kvl m5 d55t kv k` ciaax in jek kvnv rs.
Herein, recombination of SARS-CoV is taken as a typical example, which also showed evidence of positive selection during interspecies transmission events.
W1n vmv, ca l``r kv ku5c SARS-CoV k`p v la c``t kvl m5 nyooth jv b` vn f66 tee kv pusthvtib kv kamdivn kv ciaax in dsp kvnv rs.
Based on the comparative analysis between isolates of human and civet SARS-CoVs, SARS-CoV is thought to undergo rapid adaptation in different hosts, particularly with mutations at the RBD of the S protein.
Kv guur g6r` x`c` m5 ca l1t kv p``rivn v ca l0y vn SARS-CoVs raan kvn SARS-CoV xaw ca jv nvn la w22 kv p0th vn xiecdivn kv r] kv ley t5 g66l, v civk kv mut22cin k` RBD protein` S.
Generally, the RBD in the S protein of a CoV interacts with the cellular receptor and is intensely selected by the host antibody response.
Kv liwdv, vn RBD rvi S protein` CoV l`tv kvvl kvn r5th0ptsr5 cellulsr k` jvn la kuany jv vl]x kv ciaax antibod5n5 l00 in cv we pu]]nydv.
In SARS-CoV, the RBD is in the 318th to 510th amino acids on the S1 fragment, which binds to the human ACE2 as well as its coreceptors for viral entry.
K` SARS-CoV, vn RBD in te rvi 318th v we k` 15th amino athid jssk p5ragmak` S1, in mat rs kv ACE2 ran kvvl kv r5th0ptsr5 tin coth kv bayr`th rvc.
The RBD of SARS-CoV is capable of recognizing the ACE2 receptors of various animals, including bat, civet, mouse and raccoon dog, allowing interspecies transmission of the virus.
Vn RBD SARS-CoV t22 kv lu1x kv f66 bv r5th0ptsr5 ACE2 xic t5 nyin leeyn5 t5 g66l cet kv xap, xaw, kun du22l kvn rakuun, bv kv jak` mat kv ciaaxdivn kv bayr`th.
In fact, only 6 amino acid residues were observed to be different from human and civet viral isolates in the RBD and 4 of them locate in the receptor-binding motif for interaction with the ACE2 receptor.
Kv thu]k, kv dussth amino athid 6 k`r] c5 jssc t] vn f66 kv g66l k` bayr`th ran kvn xaaw tin gu1c rvi RBD k` 4 k` kv te kv rvi k` min la mat r5th0ptsr5 mstip kv ciaax l1t k00l kv r5th0ptsr5 ACE2.
Civet SARS-CoV has K479N and S487T mutations in its RBD, which might increase the affinity of the interaction of spike protein with human ACE2 receptor.
SARS-CoV xaw t22 kv mut22cin K479N kvn S487T rvi RBD, m5 dee maar kam` kv l11t k00l k`r5th0prs5 ACE2 kvn protein ithpaak.
In other words, these two amino acid substitutions might be critical to viral adaption to humans.
Kv ri`t in d]x, kvn amino athidn5 d1x rvw titi gu`cdivn derv b0c kv ciaax in dee pu]ny ranv xic bayr`th.
It is noteworthy that SARS-CoV-2 shares the same cellular receptor with SARS-CoV.
gsaayv vn ba x1c vn f66 SARS-CoV-2 nyuaakv r5th0prst55 cellulsr5 kvvl kvn SARS-CoV .
A 30% difference between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in the S1 unit of the S protein implicates that the binding affinity of its S protein with human ACE2 might have altered.
D``k m5 30% kam` CoV-2 kvn SARS-CoV rvi bun1 S1 k` S protein nyoothv jv mat maar` k` S proteindv kvn ACE2 ran d22 jv gvr.
Indeed, a cryo-EM study indicates a 10- to 20-fold higher affinity of this binding than that between human ACE2 and SARS-CoV S protein.
Vpuc, g6r x`c` m5 tst kv cryo-M cv jv nyoth vn f66 10-20 kv ciaax maar` kv jvn mat vmv v b``l kam ACE2 ran SARS-CoV S protein.
It will also be of interest to determine whether any other coreceptor might be required for SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
Jvn b` gsaayv vn f66 ba jv x1c m5 t22 kv r5t0thtsr5 tin k]x m5 derv jv g6r kv ciaax d6p SARS-CoV-2.
Intriguingly, HCoV-NL63 also binds to ACE2 but with a different part of S.
V p``r kv vns, HCoV-NL63b` la matv rs kvn CAE2 duxdv f66 v gu11th d]divn k` S k` jv.
There exist many other HCoV receptors, such as aminopeptidase N for HCoV-229E, and 9-O-acetylated sialic acid for HCoV-OC43.
T22 kv r5th0ptsr5 HCoV t5 xuan t5 k]x, cet kv aminopeptidase N for HCoV-229E, kvn 9-O-acetylated sialic acid for HCoV-OC43.
They might also account for successful adaptation of these CoVs in humans after interspecies transmission from their animal hosts.
Dee kvn cu]x kv gssy xiec b` kv kvn CoVs titi k` raan kv ksr k` min ca rs dsap k` ley in ciex kvn pu]]nydv.
In addition to cellular receptors, the outcome of interspecies transmission of HCoVs is also governed by other host dependency and restriction factors.
Kv cellulsr r5th0ptsr, min be raar kv mat kam` leeyn5 kv d6pdivn kv rs kvn HCoVs b` jvn b77thv cu]x leyn5 k]kivn jssk` min d]x kvn tin ca p2n.
The divergence of these host proteins between humans and natural reservoir hosts of HCoVs such as bats, dromedary camels and rodents might constitute a barrier to interspecies transmission.
D`k piny protein5 leeyn5 tix kvn pu1nyn5kivn kam ran kvn gu11th c1kdivn rvi leeyn5 tin civx kvn rvidivn kvn HCoVs derv te kv t5 pek civvx we kv d6p kam` leyn5.
HCoVs have to usurp host dependency factors and subvert host restriction factors for a successful interspecies transmission.
kvn HCoVs gax kvn f66 b5 ley in ciex kvn pu]]nydv cu]x jsskdivn k` n77x kvn p00n pen` xsaakn5 tin k]x kv wedivn v gsaa kv d6p kam` leeyn5.
In this regard, molecular determinants in this important area of virus-host interaction remain to be identified and characterized.
Kv ku5c vms, tin nyoothy msl5kulsr5 rvi gu1th v bum-bum vmv k` kam bayr`th kvn ley in ciexv pu]]nydv kv l1tdivn kvvl xotv ba kulv x1c ka ba t11dv kulv lat.
An unbiased genome-wide screening of host dependency and restriction factors for SARS-CoV-2 using the state-of-the-art technology of CRISPR might be fruitful.
Guecdivn kv ciaax ley`divn v thil kac vn bayr`th kvn ley in ciexv pu]]nydv kvn min ca p2n k` SARS-CoV-2 kv ciaax t0knslsj5 dux CRISPR d]x derv gsaa.
Emergence of novel HCoVs: back to ground zero
Tuk novel HCoVs: jsk v we bax
The diversity of bat CoVs provides ample opportunities for the emergence of novel HCoVs.
Xuan CoVs n5 xap nyoothv bax m5 d55t kv tuk novel HCoVs.
In this sense, bat CoVs serve as the gene pool of HCoVs.
Kv jvn du]]p vmv, CoVs xap l`tv v la jvn gu11th HCoVs.
In addition, rapid mutation and genetic recombination also drive HCoV evolution and serve as two important steps in this process.
Nysk, p0th mut22cin` kvn nysak mat` jvnvtik b` jak kvn c1k HCoVs k` l`t kvn v lakvn k11th rvw tin bum rvi du]p vmv.
For example, the acquisition or loss of novel protein-coding genes has the potential to drastically modify viral phenotypes.
C``t, g6p lot` bath` protein` min rvl rs – codix j55n5th t22 kv lu1x m5 d55t kv f66 bv phenotaaypith bayr`th` r5t.
Among SARS-CoV accessory proteins, ORF8 has been thought to be important in adaptation to humans, as SARS-CoV-related bat viruses were isolated but found to encode divergent ORF8 proteins.
Rvi akth`thsr5n5 protein` SARS-CoV, ORS8 cv jv diw vn f66 v jvn bums kv ciaax xiec ran kkv f66 SARS-CoV in tusk k` xap cua kv l0y g7l` k` cuv jssc vn f66 te kvn kv d``k ORF8 protein.
A 29-nucleotide deletion characteristic of SARS-CoVs has been found in strains isolated at the beginning of the human epidemic.
Coth j]]r 29-nucleotide min ciaax SARS-CoV ca jv jek k` pek ithtvrvvn5 t5 ca l0y g7l` kv tuk thi`y` ju1th rvi nath.
This deletion splits ORF8 into ORF8a and ORF8b and is thought to be an adaptive mutation that promotes the switch of hosts.
Vn coth j]]r vmv la d``kv rs k` ORF8 v we k` ORF8a k` ca jv diw vn f66 v jvn d6p mut22cinin kapcivvx` l00 in t22 pu]]nydv nhial.
Besides, SARS-CoV has a possible recombination history with lineages of alpha- and gamma-CoVs, where a large number of smaller recombinant regions were identified in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
Min d]x, vn SARS-CoV t22 kv l0x nysak m1t kv maar alpha- kvn gamma-CoV m5 la jvn gu11th in n0n kv nysak m`t k` tsaatn5 t5 xuan th5n rvi RNA tin cux jssk RNA pslithvm`th.
Recombination locations were also identified in the nsp9, most of nsp10, and parts of nsp14.
Gu11th nysak m1t ca kv nvn b` rvi nsp8, r5wdivn nsp10, kvn th11x nsp14.
Likewise, it has been shown that the epidemic MERS-CoV experienced recombination events between different lineages, which occurred in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia.
Cet kv vns, ca jv nyoth vn f66 juey MERS-CoV la t22 kv nysak m1t m5 tussk kam` mar5 t5 g66l m5 la tusk k`jamvl in b7m kvl k` Saudi Arabia.
Besides SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, recombination events have also been observed in other HCoVs, in which the HCoVs recombine with other animal CoVs in their non-structural genes.
Min d]x kssr, SARS-CoV kvn MERS-CoV nysak m1tca jv nvn b` k` HCoVs t5 k]x, rvidivn vn HCoVs cuv mat nysk kv CoV n5 leeyn5 t5 k]x rvi j55n`divn in thil pu]ny.
It should also be cautioned that artificial selection can contribute to unintended changes in viral genomes, most likely resulting from relieving viruses from selection pressures exerted, such as by the host immune system.
Gsaayv b` vn f66 ba lar vn f66ku2ny in l`t raanv derv te kv tet k` g2r in /k1n c11t k` gensme bayr`th`, m5 cet kv m5 dee bayr`th jak` lsr kv thiak in ca ku2x w55dv v bu]m pu11ny l00 in cv we pu]]nydv.
An example of these effects is the loss of a full-length ORF4 in the HCoV-229E prototype strain, owing to a two-nucleotide deletion.
C``t kv kvn titi v bath b`r5 ORF4 in thi`x rvi psrstotaap HCoV-229E, in n77x coth j]]r nucleotiden5 d1x rvw.
While intact ORF4 could be observed in bat and camel viruses related to HCoV-229E, the alpaca alpha-CoV displays a single nucleotide insertion, resulting in a frameshift.
Min xotv th5n, ORF4 d22 jv nvn k` bayr`th xap kvn bayr`th jam00l c``tv kv HCoV-229E,vn alpha alpha-CoV la nyoothv cot nucleotide kvl rvc, bv g2r t11k` n66x.
Last but not least, the evolution of novel HCoVs is also driven by the selection pressure in their reservoir hosts.
Min jsak duxdv f66 /c5 ku00dv, vn tuk pieth HCoVs in rvl rs b` n66x jv v thiak rvi l00in civxv.
Asymptomatic or only mild symptoms were detected when bats were infected with CoVs, indicating the mutual adaptation between CoVs and bats.
T11 nyuuthn5 ju1th th5n kiv thil nyuuthn5ca jv nvn k` xapn5 m22 ca xapn5 t5 cv moc juey CoVs thvm, cuv jv nyoth vn f66 te mut22cin th5n kam CoVs kvn xapn5.
It appeared that bats are well adapted to CoVs anatomically and physiologically.
Cuv jssc vn f66 xapn5 ca CoVs xic v gsaa kv ciaax pu11nydivn kvvliw.
For example, defects in the activation of pro-inflammatory response in bats efficiently reduce the pathology triggered by CoVs.
C``t, p00n k` we l`t v xot min d22 tussk k` pu]t k` xapn5 yuthv pathsj5n5 piny tin n77x CoVs kv.
Besides, the natural killer cell activity in bats is suppressed due to upregulation of inhibitory natural killer cell receptor NKG2/CD94 and low expression level of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules.
Min d]x v f66 vn cell in la n``k k` xapn5 cua jv gax kv f66 we ciaax l1t pu11ny nhial kvn g1x r5th0ptsr5 tin cell` min n``k n5 NKG2/CD94 kvnku00 k` pek in d55t k` kil0th I histocompatibility in xuan kidv.
Moreover, the high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from high metabolic activity of bats could both suppress CoV replication and affects proofreading by exoribonuclease, thus providing the selection pressure for the generation of virus strains highly pathogenic when introduced into a new host.
Nysk, pek in d55t k` kuay jsam skth5j55n in lvn k0c (ROS) in tusk k` ciaax l1t pu11ny kv g2rv kv rs k` xap jvn derv lu]c CoVs gax kvn copv kuen in tusk k` exoribonuclease, k` xunv ku2ny thivk` kv ku5c l1t ithtvrvvn` bayr`th` min la pathsj5nik vl]x min payv ben pu]]ny l00 in civxv.
More pathogenic CoV strains might also evolve by recombination, leading to the acquisition of novel proteins or protein features for host adaptation.
Ithtvrvvn5 t5 xuan k` CoV dee kvn pith b` kv nysak mat` kam`divn, k` n77x kv d6p protein` min rvl rs kiv civx protein kv ciaax d6p xiec l00 kv jv.
Thus, it is not by chance that three novel HCoVs have emerged in the past two decades.
Ins, jvn /cv tusk kv bax vn f66 novel HCoVs n5 d1x di]k tusk kvn kv run t5 jivn di]k t22 c5 thuuk.
CoVs are non-pathogenic or cause mild symptoms in their reservoir hosts such as bats and camels.
CoVs kvn kv t5 thil pathsj55n kiv t5 took nyuuthn5 t5 kuiy k` ley tin ciex kvn pu1nyn5kivn cet kv xap kvn jamvl.
They replicate robustly without eliciting a strong host immune response.
Jvn di2th kv rs kv p0thv thil m5 laar bu]m pu11ny l00 in c5 we pu]]nydv jv.
Herein lie the secrets of why asymptomatic carriers are seen and what causes the severe cases in human infection.
W1n vmv te t00 th5n kv du]]p in tusk kv f66 ley tin kap kv v thil nyuuthn5 n0n kv kv kvn min n77x d5t luex` k` raan.
The severe symptoms are mainly due to the hyperactivation of immune response and the cytokine storm wherein the stronger the immune response, the more severe the lung damage.
D55t nyyuthn5 b22 kv f66 bu]m pu11ny v kac nhial vl]x 5 gaxv juey k` m5 c5 xuanthaytskin d5t k` bu]m kuakn5 g1x pu11ny d5t, v vjn d5t ji``k` luex` rvi lsaac b`.
In contrast, in asymptomatic carriers, the immune response has been de-coupled from CoV replication.
Vgu1c kv nvmv, k` kvn tin kap juey v thil nyuuthn5, bu]m pu11nydivn la gusk jv v dap CoV kv rs.
The same strategy of delinking the immune response might have beneficial effects in anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapy.
Rvi c`p` ms kvls kv wu]c kvc` bum` pu11ny derv te kv gssy k` anti-SARS-CoV-2 kv wucdv.
The interferon response is particularly strong in bats.
K0c intvrpvrsn la d5tv vl]x k` xapn5.
Thus, administration of type I interferon at least in the early phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans should be beneficial.
Ins, g1x intvpvrsn kv gu11th in nhiam k` luex SARS-CoV-2 k` naath derv gsaa vl]x.
In addition, NLRP3 inflammasome activation in bats is defective.
Nsk, NLRP3 inpilvmathsm kv wedv l`t k` xapn5 jvn /cv we kv gu11thdv.
By this reasoning, inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome with MCC950 might be useful in the treatment of COVID-19.
Kv jvn ku5c vmv, ciaax NLRP3 kv MCC950 derv gssy n77x kv tu]m COVID-19.
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 follows the general theme by which SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV arose.
Ben ju1th SARS-CoV-2 guurvn5 du]]p m5 cet kv m22 be kv SARS-CoV kvn MERS-CoV.
Whereas a bat beta-CoV sharing 95% nucleotide homology with SARS-CoV has been found, there also exists a bat-CoV sharing 96% nucleotide homology with SARS-CoV-2.
K` xap beta-CoV in nyuuak 95% nucleotide homology kvn SARS-CoVca jv jek, t22 kv xap-CoV m5 te th5n b` m5 nyuaak 96% nucleotide homology kvn SARS-CoV-2.
Whereas civets and other animals in the markets have been found to harbour viruses identical to SARS-CoV, immediate intermediate hosts for SARS-CoV-2 have not been identified.
Jvn ba cua xawn5 kvn ley k]kivn k` g`pv jek t5 te kv bayr`thn5 t5 c``t kv SARS-CoV, thilv ley m5 thi1k kv ley in ciex SARS-CoV-2 m5 ca jek.
Pangolin beta-CoVs strikingly homologous to SARS-CoV-2 have been found, indicating that pangolins might serve as one of intermediate hosts or pangolin beta-CoVs could contribute gene fragments to the final version of SARS-CoV-2.
Beta-CoV gumputh` min c``t vl]x kvn SARS-CoV-2 ca jv jek, nyoothv jv vn f66 gumputh derv a jvn civxv pu]nydv ms kiv gu11th civvx` beta-CoVs k` jvn cv te kv tet k` d``k j55n5 kv k1th in jsak k` SARS-CoV-2.
Although questions remain, there is no evidence that SARS-CoV-2 is man-made either deliberately or accidentally.
C`x min t22 kv thien5 t5 xot, thilv m5 nyooth f66 SARS-CoV-2 v juey m5 t11th raan v x`cv kiv v ku5cv.
CoVs have returned to the limelight due to the recent outbreak of SARS-CoV-2.
CoVs cv loc k` guec nath kv jv ciax kv ku5c k` f66 c5 fsw ben thi11x kv SARS-CoV-2 waalv.
The study of CoVs in bats and other animals has drastically changed our perception of the importance of zoonotic origins and animal reservoirs of HCoVs in human transmission.
G6r x`c` kv ku5c CoVs k` xapn5 kvn ley k]kivn cv rs gvvr kv p0th t`mv k` c1ran kv gssy leeyn6 dsaar tin tusskv th5n kvn ley tin civx HCoVs pu1nykivn kv d6p ran kv jv.
Pervasive evidence has shown that SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 have a bat origin and are transmitted to humans via intermediate hosts.
Thi1xdv kv fsw nyoothv jv 5 SARS-CoV, MERS-COV kv SARS-CoV-2 tussk kvn dial k` xap.
Given that SARS-CoV infection originates from the contact between humans and civets in the markets, closing wet markets and killing civets therein could have effectively ended the SARS epidemic.
Kv f55 vn liuex SARS-CoV tusskv k` gu22r ran kv rs kvn xawn5 tin ca n66x k` g`pv, rvi g`pvn5 tin f]]c kvn n`k xawn5, vns derv jssc 5 bv thuuk vn thi1x SARS kv fsw vmv.
By the same reasoning, pangolins should be removed from wet markets to prevent zoonotic transmission, in view of the discovery of multiple lineages of pangolin beta-CoVs closely related to SARS-CoV-2.
Kv jvn lusts kvls, gumputhn5 ba kv dhil woc k` g`pvn5 tin f]]c kv f66 bv cu jssc vn f66 thilvjuey m4 ba lvn dsp, kv ku5c x`c`dv vn gumputh thieek beta-CoV dn kv SARS-CoV-2.
However, whether and how SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted to humans through pangolins and other mammals remain to be clarified in future investigations.
Kuv la f66 m5 vn SARS-CoV-2 dsap jv v raan k` gumputh kvn du]]p in dsap jv xotv ba kulv g7r kv gu11th te nhiam.
On the other hand, MERS-CoV has existed in dromedary camels for a long time.
Kv min d]x, MERS-CoV jvn t22 th5n k` jamvl in b7m kvl n5 wal kv gu11th m5 c5 we.
These camels serve as an important tool for transportation as well as a main source of meat, milk, leather and wool products for the local people.
Kvn jam00l titi kvn kv nyin j1l t5 gsw kvn f66 kvn jekv cak kvn r5x kv gu]p kv miem tin t1th kv bieyn5 k` j5kivn.
They are widely distributed across the Middle East and Africa.
Kvn xuan kv vl]x k` Midil Yith kvn Apirk`.
It is therefore impossible to sacrifice all camels for the control of MERS, as what was done in wild animal markets in China to prevent the spreading of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2.
Jvn /cv rs dee met lot vn f66 ba kvn dial n`k kvn jam00l kv ku5c g7x MERS, cet kv min ca l1t k` ley dsaar k` China kv g1x ju1th SARS-CoV kvn SARS-CoV-2.
To stop the recurrent outbreaks of MERS, a comprehensive approach should be taken to develop effective vaccines against MERS-CoV for camels, in combination with other infection control measures.
Kv g1x thi`y` ju1th MERS vmv rvi fsaa, g77rv jv 5 ba du]]r kvl guic v gsaa kv f66 ba w`l k66r MERS-CoV kv ku5c jam00l, kvvl kv dup g1x ju1th k]kivn.
As we are not able to eliminate these viruses, new genotypes might emerge to cause outbreaks.
Kv f66 thilv ksn lu1xx t`mv kv juc ju1th vmv, d]x derv te kv j5nstaap k]kivn t5 dee lvm tusk v ba juey nysk kv n77x.
A variety of zoonotic CoVs are circulating in the wild.
CoVs t5 xuan t5 g66l k` kvn ley ka th5n t`mv wivl kv rs.
Particularly, bat CoVs with zoonotic potential are so diverse.
V civk, CoVs xap tin tusk k` ley xuan kv.
There are plenty of opportunities that these zoonotic CoVs evolve and recombine, resulting in the emergence of new CoVs that are more transmissible and/or deadly in humans in future.
T22 kv bax t5 xuan t5 te th5n kv f66 kvn CoVs leeyn5 titi pith k` k` nysakv rs m11tn5, b5 guutdivn v f66 b5 kvn CoVs t5 pay tusk n77x k` kvn d5t f66 ba kv dsp vl]x v raan kv gu11th in te nhiam.
The culture of eating wild animals in some places of China should be abandoned to reduce unnecessary contact between humans and animals.
Ciaax k` f66 ba ley dsaar cam rvi w55n5 th11xkivn k` China ba dhil p`l kv f66 ba gueer nath kv rs kv ley jak` dak.
With the ordeals of SARS, MERS and COVID-19, a better preparedness and response plan should be in place.
Kv nyuuth kvl k` SARS, MERS kvn COVID-19, g77rv jv 5 b5 naath rs rial5k` k` ba c1p ku2x piny kv g1xdivn.
In fact, many viruses have existed in the planet for a very long time.
Kv thu]k, bayr`thn5 t5 xuan te kv th5n w55 mu]]m vmv n5 wal.
They stay in their own natural reservoirs until there is a chance for spillover.
La p`l kvn rs rvi gu1thn5 tin civx kvn kv am`n5 m5 cv te kv gu11th m5 kac kv kv raar.
Although bats have many features that favours the spreading of viruses, the chance for humans to be in contact with bats and other wildlife species can be minimized if people are educated to stay away from them.
C`x min xap kv civx t5 xuan t5 dee bayr`th jak` kac raar, ciaax ran vn f66 bv rs gu22r kvn xap kvvl kv ley k]kivn ba jak` dak m5 cv cop lssc nath vn f66 ba rs ns11n kv kv.
Continuous surveillance in mammals is necessary for better understanding of the ecology of CoVs and their natural hosts, which will prove useful in preventing animal-to-human transmission and future outbreaks.
Rsn th5n k` f66 /c5 naath thieek kv ley caak gsaayv kv f66 ba gu11th in civx CoVs jv kulv x`c kvn gu11th in lvm kv ben liep th5n, vns derv gsaa kv f66 d6p ju1th kam` leeyn6 kvn naath gax kv gu11th in te nhiam .
To conclude, the most effective way to prevent viral zoonosis is for humans to stay away from the ecological niches of the natural reservoirs of the zoonotic viruses.
Kv gukdv, du]]p in gsaa n5 jvn kv g1x bayrsl leeyn5 dsaar k` raan v f66 bv n1n kv gu11th incivx levy kvvl kv gu11th in lvn bayr`th ben l]]x th5n.
Several pieces in the puzzle of the zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2 are still missing.
K11th t5 xuan kv ku5c gu1th in tusk kvn ju1th SARS-CoV-2 th5n xotv /k1n kv jek.
First, if bats transmit an ancestral virus of SARS-CoV-2 to pangolins, it will be of interest to see under what circumstances bats and pangolins could share the same ecological niche.
Kv nhiam, m5 kv kvn xapn5 d6p kv naath juey gu1ndssxn5kivn t] n5 SARS-CoV-2 kv gumputh, gsaayv vn f66 ba jv x1c 5 v du]]p in mith nyuaak xap kvn gumputh wec kvl th5ns.
Second, if bats play a more direct role in human transmission, how humans get into contact with bats should be determined.
Rvwdv, m5 v jvn xap pu]ntdv te kv r6m kvn raans kv d6p ju1th, du]]p in r7m kv raan kvn xap ba g7r.
Third, if a third mammal acts as the true intermediate host, how it interacts with the different species including humans, bats and pangolins has to be clarified.
Di]]kdivn, m5 kv kvn ley caak lvn te kams t] kv d6p ju1th, du]]p in r6m kv naath kv kv, kv xap kvn gumputh ba dhil nysk kv guec.
Finally, since many mammals including domestic animals might be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, both surveillance and experimental infection should be conducted.
Kv guutdv, kv f66 ley caak t5 xuan kvn kv ley ci2x k` d]x d22 juey SARS-CoV-2 dsp, ba ciaax g1x luex` kvn th2m dhil g7r.
Should it be a bat, a pangolin or another mammal, it is expected that SARS-CoV-2 or its parental viruses that are almost identical will be identified in its natural hosts in future.
M5 v jvn xap, gumputh kiv ley caak tin k]x, guvc` jv SARS-CoV-2 kiv bayr`thn5 gu1n tin c``tba kv dhil x`c gu11th in la civx kvnv kv gu11th in te nhiam.
Continued investigations in this area will elucidate the evolutionary pathway of SARS-CoV-2 in animals, with important implications in the prevention and control of COVID-19 in humans.
G6r du]p in tusk kv jv ba rsam th5n bv nyoth vn du]]p in be kv SARS-CoV-2 k` ley, b5 d5tdv te k` ciaax g1x kvn pen f66 dee COVID-19 tussk k` raan nysk.
Preliminary Estimates of the Prevalence of Selected Underlying Health Conditions Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 — United States, February 12–March 28, 2020
Caciaax guec m5 tst f]n kv t11 ju1th th5n kv ciaax pusl` pu11ny nath t5 cv k`p kv juey ksrsnabayr`th 2019 k` Yunaytet Y5tht22t kv 12 –pay di]k 28, 2020
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic.
kv 11 pay di]k, 2020, cu mukt`p pusl` pu11ny wec mu]]n jv lar 5 ksrsnabayr`th 2019 (COVID-19) cv fsw thi`x.
As of March 28, 2020, a total of 571,678 confirmed COVID-19 cases and 26,494 deaths have been reported worldwide.
Kv gu11th m5 cet pay di]k 28, 2020, cua pek m5 571,678 x`th 5 cv jv mock v COVID-19 k` c5 pek m5 26,494 l5w w55 mu]]n kvvliw.
Reports from China and Italy suggest that risk factors for severe disease include older age and the presence of at least one of several underlying health conditions.
L``r5 t5 be k` China kvn Tiliaan nyooth kvn f66 rivk kv d5t ju1th d5tv k` naath tin dsx tin d]x te raan kv juey kvl d]divn m5 te pu]]nydv n5 wen.
U.S. older adults, including those aged ≥65 years and particularly those aged ≥85 years, also appear to be at higher risk for severe COVID-19–associated outcomes; however, data describing underlying health conditions among U.S. COVID-19 patients have not yet been reported.
D5t U.S. kvvl kv tin we runkivn k` ≥65 kv tin we runkivn k` ≥85 vl]x b` cv jssc vn f66 kv kvn j5 rik` COVID-19 tin tusskv k` kv; kuv la f6 l``r nyoothv jv 5 ju1th tin wen pu1nyn5 nath v jvn d55t U.S. J5 ju1th COVID-19 xot kv /k1n kv n5 lar.
As of March 28, 2020, U.S. states and territories have reported 122,653 U.S. COVID-19 cases to CDC, including 7,162 (5.8%) for whom data on underlying health conditions and other known risk factors for severe outcomes from respiratory infections were reported.
Kv gu11th m5 cet paydi]k 28,2020, w55n U.S. kvn k2thn5 kv cu kvn pek m5122,653 lar k` U.S. Pek COVID-19 k` CDC, kvvl kv7,162 (5.8%) t22 ca l``r kv ciaax ju1thn5 tin k]x jek k` kv kvvl kv rik k]kivn kv min tusk kv juey l55k` cua kv lar.
Among these 7,162 cases, 2,692 (37.6%) patients had one or more underlying health condition or risk factor, and 4,470 (62.4%) had none of these conditions reported.
Rvidivn pek m5 7,162 , pek 2,692 (37.6%) k` j5 ju1th te raan kv juey kvl kiv rvw n5 wen m5 reep rivk, k` pek m5 4,470 (62.4%) thilv kv kvn rik titi.
The percentage of COVID-19 patients with at least one underlying health condition or risk factor was higher among those requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission (358 of 457, 78%) and those requiring hospitalization without ICU admission (732 of 1,037, 71%) than that among those who were not hospitalized (1,388 of 5,143, 27%).
Vn pvrthvntvj j5 ju1th COVID-19 tin te raak kv jueydv kvl n5 wen cuv d5t k` tin g77r raan yoop m5 d55t (ICU) kv(358 of 457, 78%) k` tin g77r t]]c dueelwal v thil ICU kv(732 of 1,037, 71%) t v b``l pek m5(1,388 of 5,143, 27%) tin /k1n ts11c dueelwal.
The most commonly reported conditions were diabetes mellitus, chronic lung disease, and cardiovascular disease.
Ju1th tin cu xuan k` kv tin lat kv v juey thok22r mullituth, ju1y lsaac m5 c5 j``ny kv juey pu]]th m5 c5 j``ny.
These preliminary findings suggest that in the United States, persons with underlying health conditions or other recognized risk factors for severe outcomes from respiratory infections appear to be at a higher risk for severe disease from COVID-19 than are persons without these conditions.
Kvn l``r5 ti kvl titi nyooth kvnv rvi Yunaytet Y5tht22t vn f66 naath tin te kv ju1th k]kivn n5 wen kiv rik k]kivn t5 ca x1c k` luex l55k` la te kv rvi rik` ju1th COVID-19 v b``l min tusk k` naath tin thil ju1th k]kivn n5 wen.
Data from laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases reported to CDC from 50 states, four U.S. territories and affiliated islands, the District of Columbia, and New York City with February 12–March 28, 2020 onset dates were analyzed.
L``r m5 be k` lab cv jv x`th vn f66 pek COVID-19 in ca l1r CDC rvi w55n5 t5 50, w55n xuan k` U.S. kvn dhu]]l5, kv wec Columbia, kv New York th5t5 kv pay rvw 12-paydi]k 28, 2020 kv c`xn5 cua kv guic.
Cases among persons repatriated to the United States from Wuhan, China, and the Diamond Princess cruise ship were excluded.
Cua naath t22 waa lu]]c jsk k` Wuhan, China kvn t22 be k` baabuur Diamond Princess p`l /k1n kv math th5n.
For cases with missing onset dates, date of onset was estimated by subtracting 4 days (median interval from symptom onset to specimen collection date among cases with known dates in these data) from the earliest specimen collection.
Kv pek k` /k1n lark v tuk n5n5, c`x in tusk kv kv cua kv mar kv xu]k n5n5 d1x xuaan (kam tuk`nyuuthn5 kv c`x in ca x1c v we k` k1n k11k tin waa thvm rvi k` pek in ca x1th) kv c`x in l1t th2m kv jv.
Public health departments reported cases to CDC using a standardized case report form that captures information (yes, no, or unknown) on the following conditions and potential risk factors: chronic lung disease (inclusive of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], and emphysema); diabetes mellitus; cardiovascular disease; chronic renal disease; chronic liver disease; immunocompromised condition; neurologic disorder, neurodevelopmental, or intellectual disability; pregnancy; current smoking status; former smoking status; or other chronic disease.
Mukt`p pusl` pu11ny nath dial cuv pek ` tin tusk k1m CDC kv du]]p l``r5 min ca l1t kv gu11thdv kv wargak in k1p kv l``r5 (h]]n, h22y kiv x1c kv) kv titi tin tusk kv rik kv: juey pu]]th m5 c5 j``ny, juey lsaac m5 c5 j``ny [CORD], kvn emphysema); juey thok22r mellituth, ju1th lsaac, juey rokn5 m5 c5 j``ny, juey cu1ny m5 c5 j``ny, ciaax bum` pu11ny m5 ca gvr; rivk r``l xith`; ciaax pieth r``l xith`, kiv ciaax dak` p0l` c`r` wec, ru2t, pek m1th ran kv tap kv jvn gu11th vmv, pek m1th tap`; kiv ju1th k]kivn tin c5 j``ny pu]]ny ran.
Data reported to CDC are preliminary and can be updated by health departments over time; critical data elements might be missing at the time of initial report; thus, this analysis is descriptive, and no statistical comparisons could be made.
L``r5 t5 ca K1m CDC kuiy kv k` de kv nysk kv l`t mukt`p pusl` pu11ny kv gu11th m5 b`l; l``r5 tin d5t d]x dee kv thil kv gu11th th7p` l``r5 min nhiam; ins vn guec lat`divn in nhiam k` thilv p``rivn m5 d22 l1t.
The percentages of patients of all ages with underlying health conditions who were not hospitalized, hospitalized without ICU admission, and hospitalized with ICU admission were calculated.
Pek j5 ju1th k` run diaal tin te kv ju1th k]kivn n5 wen tin /k1n ts11c dueelwal, tin ca ts11c dueelwal v thil ICU, kv tin ca ts11c kv ICU cua kvn diaal du`c.
Percentages of hospitalizations with and without ICU admission were estimated for persons aged ≥19 years with and without underlying health conditions.
Pek in ca ts11c v thil ICU cua jv guic kv naath tin runkivn ≥19 v thil ju1th k]kivn n5 wen kvvvl vk tin t22 ju1th k]kivn n5 wen.
This part of the analysis was limited to persons aged ≥19 years because of the small sample size of cases in children with reported underlying health conditions (N = 32).
Vn k1th vmv k` guecdivn cuv peek k` naath tin runkivn ≥19 kv f66 kuiy pek in ca n66x k` gaat tin tsaatn5 tin ca lar 5 te kv ju1th k]kivn n5 wen (N = 32).
To account for missing data among these preliminary reports, ranges were estimated with a lower bound including cases with both known and unknown status for hospitalization with and without ICU admission as the denominator and an upper bound using only cases with known outcome status as the denominator.
Kv guec l``r5 tin te j]]r rvi l``r` mv tst vmv, cua kam t]t] du`c kv r6m m5 kuiy kv rvw; min c1c kv kvn min tin ku`c kv kv ciaax t11c`divn dueelwal v ICU kiv thil ICU v la dinsm5nvtsr kvn r6m in te nhial kv pek in x1c kv k`rsa kv ben r5sulk` raar v la d5nsm5nvtsr.
Because of small sample size and missing data on underlying health conditions among COVID-19 patients who died, case-fatality rates for persons with and without underlying conditions were not estimated.
Kv f66 kuiy pek in ca k1n kvn f66 thilv th11x l``r5 kv ciaax nath tin te kv ju1th n5 wen rvi j5 ju1th COVID-19 tin c5 l5w, pek lieth k` naath tin te k ju1th n5 wen kvn tin thil ju1th n5 wen /k1nv lu`x kv m1r.
As of March 28, 2020, a total of 122,653 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases (Figure) and 2,112 deaths were reported to CDC.
Kv gu11th m5 cet kv pay di]k 28,2020, cu pek m5 122,653 jssc k` lab m5 ca x`th 5 cv moc COVID-19 kv pek (thurv) k` cua l5th t5 2,112 lar.
Case report forms were submitted to CDC for 74,439 (60.7%) cases.
Cua wargakn5 th7p` l``r5 k1m CDC kv pek m5 74,439 (60.7%).
Data on presence or absence of underlying health conditions and other recognized risk factors for severe outcomes from respiratory infections (i.e., smoking and pregnancy) were available for 7,162 (5.8%) patients (Table 1).
L``r kv thil ju1thn5 tin wen kvn t11divn th5n kvvl kv xsak tin k]x tin nyin rikn5 kv min n77x d5t ju1th luex` l55k` (cet kv m1th tap` kvn ru2t) cua kv jek kv pek m5 7,162 (5.8%) k` j5 ju1th (Tharbet 1).
Approximately one third of these patients (2,692, 37.6%), had at least one underlying condition or risk factor.
Cetv kv m5 pek m5 kvl w55k` di]k (2,692, 37.6%), k` j5 ju1th t22 kv juey kvn kiv rvw n5 wen kv ciaax rik`dv.
Diabetes mellitus (784, 10.9%), chronic lung disease (656, 9.2%), and cardiovascular disease (647, 9.0%) were the most frequently reported conditions among all cases.
Juey thok22r mellituth(784, 10.9%), juey pu]]th m5 c5 j``ny (656, 9.2%), kv juey lsaac m5 c5 j``ny(647, 9.0%) cu kv xuan rvi l``r` k` naath t5 xuan.
Among 457 ICU admissions and 1,037 non-ICU hospitalizations, 358 (78%) and 732 (71%), respectively occurred among persons with one or more reported underlying health condition.
Rvi nath t5 457 t5 ca ts11c kv ICU kvn t5 1,037 t5 ca ts11c v thil ICU pek m5 358 (78%) kvn pek m5 732 (71%), 5ns cuv tussk rvi nath tin te kv juey kvl kiv rvw n5 wev rvi civvx`dv.
In contrast, 1,388 of 5,143 (27%) COVID-19 patients who were not hospitalized were reported to have at least one underlying health condition.
Vgu1c kv nvmv, pek m5 1,388 k` pek m5 5,143 (27%) k` naath tin cv moc COVID-19 cuv tey /k1n kv ts11c k` /k1n kv lar 5 te kvn kv ju1th k]kivn n5 wen.
Among patients aged ≥19 years, the percentage of non-ICU hospitalizations was higher among those with underlying health conditions (27.3%–29.8%) than among those without underlying health conditions (7.2%–7.8%); the percentage of cases that resulted in an ICU admission was also higher for those with underlying health conditions (13.3%–14.5%) than those without these conditions (2.2%–2.4%) (Table 2).
Rvi j5 ju1th tin runkivn ≥19 pek in ca ts11c v thil ICU cu d5tn5 jvn k` naath tin te kv ju1th k]kivn n5 wen kv pek m5 (27.3%–29.8%) v b``l min tussk k` naath tin thi lju1th k]kivn n5 wen kv pek m5 (7.2%–7.8%); vn pvfrthvntvj k` pek nath tin c5 we k` ICU cuv d5t b` k` naath tin te kv ju1th k]kivn n5 wen kv pek m5 (13.3%–14.5%) v b``l min tussk k` naath tin thil ju1th k]kivn n5 wen kv pek m5 cet kv(2.2%–2.4%) (Thatbet).