atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
According to demographic studies so far, COVID-19 seems to have different epidemiological features from SARS.
Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa ku bikwata ku bantu, COVID-19 alabika okuba n’obubonero obwawukana ne SARS.
In addition to replicating in the lower respiratory tract, SARS-CoV-2 can efficiently replicate in the upper respiratory tract and causes mild or no symptoms in the early phase of infection, similar to other CoVs that cause common colds.
Ng’oggyeeko eky’okuba nti yeekubisiza mu kitundu ky’omussizo ekya wansi, SARS-CoV-2 asobola bulungi okwekubisiza mu kitundu ky’omussizo ekya waggulu n’ataleetawo bubonero obutono oba n’ataleetawobubonero mu biseera ebisooka nga yaakakwata omuntu, nga kino kifaanana ne ku buwuka bwa CoVs obulala obuleeta ssenyiga owa bulijjo.
Therefore, infected patients at the early phase or incubation period can produce a large amount of virus during daily activities, causing great difficulty for the control of the epidemic.
Noolwekyo, abalwadde mu kiseera ekisooka oba mu kiseera ng’akawuka tekanneeyoleka basobola okufulumya omuwendo gw’akawuka mungi mu mirimu gyabwe egya buli lunaku, ne kizibuwaza omulimu gw’okulwanyisa obulwadde.
However, the transmission of SARS-CoV was considered to occur when the patients are severely ill, while most transmission did not happen at the early phase.
Wabula, okusaasaanya SARS-CoV kwalowoozebwa nti kwalingawo ng’abalwadde bayi nnyo, so ng’okusaasaana tekwali kungi mu biseera ebisooka.
Thus, the current outbreak of COVID-19 is much more severe and difficult to control than the outbreak of SARS.
Noolwekyo, ekizibu kya COVID-19 ekiriwo mu kiseera kino kya maanyi nnyo era kizibu okulwanyisa okusinga ku kizibu kya SARS.
Great efforts are currently underway in China including the lockdown of Wuhan and surrounding cities and continuous quarantine of almost the entire population in hopes of interrupting the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
Kaweefube wa maanyi agenda mu maaso mu China omuli okuggalawo Wuhan n’ebibuga ebyetooloddewo n’okussa mu kalantiini kyenkana abantu bonna nga balowooza okutaataaganya ensaasaana ya SARS-CoV-2.
Although these actions have been dramatically damaging the economy and other sectors of the country, the number of new patients is declining, indicating the slowdown of the epidemic.
Newankubadde ebikolwa bino bibadde bikosa nnyo ebyenfuna n’ebitongole by’eggwanga ebirala, omuwendo gw’abalwadde abapya gukendeera, ekiraga nti ekizibu kigenda kikendeera.
The most optimistic estimate is that the outbreak will end by March and the downswing phase will last for 3-4 months.
Okuteebereza okusinga obulungi kuli nti ekizibu kijja kuggwaawo mu Gwokusatu era nti okukendeera kujja kumala emyezi 3-4.
However, some other experts are not that optimistic.
Wabula, abakugu abalala tebalina ssuubi lino.
Paul Hunter, et al., estimated that COVID-19, which seems substantially more infectious than SARS, will not end in 2020.
Paul Hunter, ne banne, baateebereza nti COVID-19, gy’alabika ng’asiigibwa nnyo okusinga SARS, tajja kuggwaawo mu 2020.
Ira Longini, et al., established a model to predict the outcome of the epidemic and suggested that SARS-CoV-2 could infect two-thirds of the global population.
Ira Longini, ne banne, baazuula engeri y’okuteebereza ebinaava mu kizibu ky’obulwadde era ne bateebereza nti SARS-CoV-2 ayinza okukwata ebitundu bibiri-byakusatu eby’abantu b’omu nsi yonna.
A Canadian group reported that SARS-CoV-2 was detected in both mid-turbinate and throat swabs of patients who recovered and left the hospital 2 weeks earlier, which indicates that the newly identified virus could become a cyclical episode similar to influenza.
Ekibinja ky’Abakanada kyalaga nti SARS-CoV-2 yazuulibwa mu balwadde abaawona ne bava mu ddwaliro wiiki 2 emabega, ekiraga nti akawuka kano akaakazuulibwa kayinza okuba nga kabeera kakomawo nga ssenyiga.
However, promising signs have occurred in China based on the declining number of new cases, indicating the current strategies might have been working.
Wabula, obubonero obuzzaamu essuubi bulabiseeko e China okusinziira ku muwendo gw’abalwadde abapya okukendeera, ekiraga nti enkola eziriwo ziyinza okuba nga zikola.
Ebola was originally predicted to cause up to a million cases with half a million deaths.
Mu kusooka Ebola yateeberezebwa nti yali wa kukwata abantu abawera akakadde kamu era atte abantu emitwalo ataano.
However, via strict quarantine and isolation, the disease has eventually been put under control.
Wabula, olw’okugoberera obulungi enkola ya kalantiini n’okweyawula, obulwadde buno busobodde okulwanyisibwa.
It is possible, similar to SARS-CoV, that SARS-CoV-2 might become weaker in infectivity and eventually die down or become a less pathogenic virus co-existent with humans.
Kisoboka, nga bwe kyali ku SARS-CoV, nti akawuka ka SARS-CoV-2 kayinza okunafuwa mu ngeri gye kakwatamu abantu n’oluvannyuma ne kaggwaawo oba ne kanafuwa ne kabeerawo bulungi n’abantu.
A comparison of the epidemic of COVID-19 with that of SARS and MERS is provided below (Fig. ​(Fig.55).
Okugeraageranya obulwadde bwa COVID-19 n’obwa SARS n’obwa MERS kulagiddwa wammanga (Ekifaananyi. ​(Ekifaananyi.55).
SARS-CoV-2 is highly transmittable through coughing or sneezing, and possibly also through direct contact with materials contaminated by the virus.
SARS-CoV-2 asiigibwa nnyo okuyita mu kukolola oba okwasimula, era oboolyawo n’okuyita mu kukwata ku bintu ebiriko akawuka.
The virus was also found in feces, which raises a new possibility of feces-to-mouth transmission.
Akawuka kano era kaazuulibwa ne mu bubi, ekiraga nti kiyinza era okusoboka okusiiga akawuka kano ng’omuntu alidde obubi.
A recent study on 138 cases reported that 41% of the cases were possibly caused by nosocomial infections, including 17 patients with other prior diseases and 40 health-care providers.
Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa gye buvuddeko katono ku balwadde 138 kwalaga nti abalwadde ebitundu 41% akawuka baakaggya mu malwaliro, omuli n’abalwadde 17 abaasangibwa n’endwadde endala n’abasawo 40.
Thus, great precaution should be used to protect humans, especially health-care providers, social workers, family members, colleagues, and even bystanders in contact with patients or infected people.
Noolwekyo, walina okubaawo okwegendereza kungi okusobola okutaasa abantu, naddala abasawo, ababudaabuzi, ab’awaka, ab’oku mirimu, n’abantu ababa bayimiridde obuyimirizi okumpi n’abalwadde oba abantu abalina akawuka.
The first line of defense that could be used to lower the risk of infection is through wearing face masks; both the use of surgical masks and N95 respirator masks (series # 1860s) helps control the spread of viruses.
Enkola esooka eyinza okukozesebwa okukendeeza ku buzibu bw’okufuna akawuka kwe kwambala obukookolo ku maaso (face masks); okukozesa obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kulongoosa n’obwa N95 (series # 1860s) bwombi kiyamba okukendeeza ensaasaana y’obuwuka.
Surgical face masks prevent liquid droplets from a potentially infected individual from traveling through the air or sticking onto surfaces of materials, where they could be passed on to others.
Obuukokolo obukozesebwa mu kulongoosa buziyiza ebintu ng’amalusu g’omuntu ayinza okuba n’akawuka okutambulira mu mpewo oba okusigala ku bintu ebirala, we biyinza okutuusizibwa ku bantu abalala.
However, only N95 (series # 1860s) masks can protect against the inhalation of virions as small as 10 to 80 nm, with only 5% of the virions being able to penetrate completely; SARS-CoV-2 is similar to SARS-CoV in size and both are approximately 85 nm.
Wabula, obukookolo bwa N95 (series # 1860s) bwe bwokka obusobola okulemesa omuntu okuyingiza obuwuka obwenkana 10 ku 80 nm, ng’obuwuka ebitundu 5% byokka bye bisobola okuyitiramu ddala; SARS-CoV-2 yenkana ne SARS-CoV mu bunene era bwonna bwenkana 85 nm.
Since particles can penetrate even five surgical masks stacked together, health-care providers in direct contact with patients must wear N95 (series # 1860s) masks but not surgical masks.
Olw’okuba ng’akawuka kasobola okuyita ne mu bukookolo obukozesebwa ku kulongoosa obutaano nga bussiddwa wamu, abasawo abasemberera abalwadde bateekwa okwambala obukookolo bwa N95 (series # 1860s) so si obwo obukozesebwa mu kulongoosa.
In addition to masks, health-care providers should wear fitted isolation gowns in order to further reduce contact with viruses.
Okwongereza ku bukookolo, abasawo balina okwambala amaganduula okwongera okukendeeza ku kusemberera obuwuka.
Viruses can also infect an individual through the eyes.
Obuwuka era busobola okukwata omuntu nga buyita mu maaso.
On January 22, 2020, a doctor was infected with SARS-CoV-2 although he wore an N95 mask; the virus might have entered his body through his inflammatory eyes.
Mu Janwali nga 22, 2020, omusawo yafuna SARS-CoV-2 newankubadde nga yali ayambadde akakookolo ka N95; akawuka kayinza okuba nga kaayingira omubiri gwe nga kayita mu maaso ge agaali gazimbye.
Thus, health-care providers should also wear transparent face shields or goggles while working with patients.
Noolwekyo, abasawo era basaanye okwambala ebibikka amaaso ebitangaala oba ebigaalubindi nga bakola ku balwadde.
For the general public in affected or potentially affected areas, it is highly suggested that everybody wash their hands with disinfectant soaps more often than usual, try to stay indoors for self-quarantine and limit contact with potentially infected individuals.
Ku bantu aba bulijjo mu bitundu ebirimu oba ebiyinza okubaamu obuwuka, kyandibadde kirungi buli muntu okunaaba mu ngalo ne ssabbuuni emirundi mingi okusinga ku bwe bakola bulijjo, okugezaako okubeera munda nga beekuumira mu kalantiini n’okukendeeza ku nsisinkano n’abantu abayinza okuba n’akawuka.
Three feet is considered an appropriate distance for people to stay away from a patient.
Ebbanga erya fuuti essatu litwalibwa okuba nga limala omuntu okwesuula omulwadde.
These actions are effective methods to lower the risk of infection as well as prevent the spread of the virus.
Ebikolwa bino nkola nnungi mu kukendeeza ku mikisa gy’okufuna awamu n’okusaasaanya akawuka.
Although SARS-CoV-2 came as a new virus to the human world, its high homology to SARS-CoV as reported on 7 January 2020 should have caused high alert to China based on her deep memory of the SARS outbreak in 2003.
Newankubadde nga SARS-CoV-2 yajja ng’akawuka akapya mu bantu, engeri gye kafaanana ennyo SARS-CoV nga bwe kyalagibwa nga 7 Janwali 2020 kyandibadde kiwa China essomo lya maanyi okusinziira ku by’ejjukira ku kubalukawo kwa SARS mu 2003.
However, not until 19 January 2020 did the director of the Center of Disease Control of Wuhan comfort the citizens by saying that the novel virus has low contagiousness and limited reproductivity from human to human and that it is not a problem to prevent and contain the disease.
Wabula, okutuukira ddala nga 19 Janwali 2020 omukulu wa Center of Disease Control mu Wuhan yali akyagumya bannansi ng’agamba nti akawuka kano akapya kaali tekasiigibwa nnyo era nga tekatambula nnyo kuva ku muntu kudda ku mulala era nti obulwadde buno tebwali buzibu kwewalwa na kulwanyisa.
This message remarkably relaxed the alarm of the public, especially when the entire country was preparing for the Spring Festival, and the critical time was missed to contain the disease at its minimal scale in Wuhan.
Obubaka buno bwakkakkanya nnyo amaloboozi g’abantu, naddala eggwanga bwe lyali lyetegekera ebikujjuko by’omu Spring, era ekiseera ekituufu eky’okulwanyisizaamu obulwadde ne kifiirwa nga bukyali butono nnyo mu Wuhan.
The disease control agencies in China may take this hard lesson and make critical improvements in the future.
Ebitongole ebirwanyisa obulwadde mu China biyinza okukozesa essomo lino lye byafuna okukola obulungiko gye bujja.
For example, these agencies should be (1) more careful when making public announcements as every word counts to citizens and can change their attitude and decisions; (2) more sensitive and reactive to unusual information from clinics rather than waiting for formal reports from doctors or officials; (3) more restrictive to contain a potential epidemic at its early stage rather than attempting to comfort the public; and (4) more often to issue targeted and effective drills to increase the public's awareness about epidemic diseases and to test and improve the response system of the society periodically.
Okugeza, ebitongole bino byandibadde (1) byongera okwegendereza nga biriko bye bitegeeza abantu kubanga buli kigambo kirina kye kitegeeza eri bannansi era kisobola okukyusa endaba n’ensalawo yaabwe; (2) byongera okufaayo n’okwanukula obubaka obutali bwa bulijjo okuva mu malwaliro okusinga okulinda alipoota entongole okuva eri basawo oba abakungu; (3) byongeramu amaanyi okusobola okulwanyisa endwadde eyinza okufuuka ey’omutawaana nga yaakabalukawo mu ky’okugezaako okukkakkanya abantu; era (4) buli kiseera okukola okwegezaamu nga bongera okumanyisa abantu ku bulwadde obw’omutawaana n’okugezesa awamu n’okulongoosa engeri abantu b’omu bitundu gye bakwatamu ensonga zonna mu buli biseera ebigere.
The outbreak of COVID-19 caused by the novel virus SARS-CoV-2 started in the end of December 2019.
Obulwadde bwa COVID-19 obuleetebwa akawuka akapya aka SARS-CoV-2 bwatandika ku nkomerero ya Deesemba 2019.
In less than two months, it has spread all over China and near 50 other countries globally at the time of this writing.
Mu kiseera ekitaweza myezi ebiri, busaasaanidde China yonna n’ensi endala kyenkana 50 mu nsi yonna mu kiseera ky’okuwandiika bino.
Since the virus is very similar to SARS-CoV and the symptoms are also similar between COVID-19 and SARS, the outbreak of COVID-19 has created a sense of SARS recurring.
Olw’okuba ng’akawuka kafaanana nnyo ne SARS-CoV nga n’obubonero bufaanana wakati wa COVID-19 ne SARS, obulwadde bwa COVID-19 bulowoozesezza abantu nti SARS y’akomyewo.
However, there are some remarkable differences between COVID-19 and SARS, which are essential for containing the epidemic and treating the patients.
Wabula, zino ze njawulo ennene wakati wa COVID-19 ne SARS, nga zino za mugaso mu kusobola okulwanyisa obulwadde buno n’okujjanjaba abalwadde.
COVID-19 affects more elderly individuals than youth and more men than women, and the severity and death rate are also higher in elderly individual than in youth.
COVID-19 bukwata nnyo abantu abakuze mu myaka okusinga abavubuka n’abasajja okusinga abakazi, era n’obunyiinyiitivu n’okufa bingiko mu bakadde okusinga mu bavubuka.
SARS has higher mortality than COVID-19 (10.91% versus 1.44%).
SARS atta nnyo okusinga COVID-19 (10.91% bw’ogeraageranya ne 1.44%).
COVID-19 patients transmit the virus even when they are symptomless whereas SARS patients do so usually when they are severely ill, which causes much greater difficulty to contain the spread of COVID-19 than SARS.
Abalwadde ba COVID-19 basiiga akawuka ne bwe baba nga tebalaze bubonero so ng’abalwadde ba SARS basiiga bwe baba nga balwadde nnyo, nga kino kikifuula kizibu nnyo okulwanyisa okusaasaana kwa COVID-19 okusinga SARS.
This partially explains why SARS-CoV-2 spread much faster and broader than SARS-CoV.
Kino kye kimu ku binnyonnyola lwaki SARS-CoV-2 atambula mangu nnyo era n’atuuka wala nnyo okusinga SARS-CoV.
The regular RNA assay for SARS-CoV-2 can be negative in some COVID-19 patients.
Okukebera SARS-CoV-2 ne RNA kusobola okulaga nti omuntu tamulina mu balwadde ba COVID-19 abamu.
On the other hand, cured patients can be positive for the virus again.
Ekirala, abalwadde abawonye basobola okuddamu okuba n’akawuka.
These findings dramatically increase the risk of virus spreading.
Ebizuuliddwa bino byongera nnyo emikisa gy’akawuka okusaasaana.
Given such rapid progress in research on COVID-19, several critical issues remain to be solved, as follows:
Newankubadde ng’okunoonyereza kuno kukoleddwa mu bwangu ku COVID-19, ensonga enkulu nnyingi tezinnaba kumulungulwa, nga zino:
Where did SARS-CoV-2 come from?
SARS-CoV-2 yava wa?
Although 96% genetic homolog was found between SARS-CoV-2 and two bat SARS-like CoVs, we still cannot conclude that SARS-CoV-2 is from bats.
Newankubadde waliwo okufaanana kwa bitundu 96% mu ndagabutonde wakati wa SARS-CoV-2 n’obuwuka bwa Cov obw’omu buwundo bubiri obufaanana SARS, era tetunnasobola kusalawo nti SARS-CoV-2 ava mu buwundo.
What animal was the intermediate species to transmit the virus from the original host, say bats, to humans?
Nsolo ki eyali wakati awo eyaggya akawuka mu nsolo gye kaasookeramu, ka tugambe obuwundo, okukaleeta mu bantu?
Without knowing answers to #1 and 2, we cannot efficiently cut the transmission, and the outbreak can relapse at any time.
Awatali kumanya kya kuddamu ku #1 ne 2, tetusobola kuziyiza bulungi kusaasaana, era obulwadde busobola okuddamu okubalukawo obudde bwonna.
Although molecular modeling and biochemical assays have demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2, how exactly does the virus enter the airway cells and cause subsequent pathological changes?
Newankubadde enkola za molecular modeling ne biochemical assays ziraze nti SARS-CoV-2 yeekwata ku ACE2, akawuka kayingira katya mu butaffaali bw’omu mussizo (airway cells) ne kaleeta obulwadde?
Does the virus also bind ACE2-expressing cells in other organs?
Akawuka era keekwata ku butaffaali obulina ACE2 mu bitundu by’omubiri ebirala?
Without clear answers to these questions, we cannot achieve fast and accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.
Awatali byakuddamu bitangaavu ku bibuuzo bino, tetusobola kukebera mangu era mu butuufu n’okufuna eddagala ettuufu.
How long will the epidemic last?
Obulwadde bunaamala kiseera ki?
How is the virus genetically evolving during transmission among humans?
Endagabutonde y’akawuka ekyuka etya nga kasaasaanyizibwa mu bantu?
Will it become a pandemic worldwide, die down like SARS or relapse periodically like the flu?
Kanaafuuka kizibu kya nsi yonna, kanaggwaawo nga SARS oba kanaakomangawo buli luvannyuma lwa kiseera nga ssenyiga?
It is essential but may take some time to search for answers to the above and many other questions.
Kikulu naye nga kiyinza okutwala obudde okunoonya ebyokuddamu ku bibuuzo ebyo waggulu n’ebirala bingi.
However, with whatever expense it may demand, we have no other choice but to stop the epidemic as soon as possible and bring our life back to normal.
Wabula, ne bwe kineetaaga kukola ki, tetulina kya kukola kirala wabula okukomya obulwadde amangu ddala nga bwe kisoboka tuddemu okubeera mu bulamu obwa bulijjo.
Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses
Obuwuka bwa corona okusibuka mu nsolo
Mutation and adaptation have driven the co-evolution of coronaviruses (CoVs) and their hosts, including human beings, for thousands of years.
Enkyukakyuka mu ndagabutonde zireetedde obuwuka bwa corona (CoVs) n’ensolo mwe bubeera byombi okukyuka, nga mwemuli n’abantu, okumala enkumi n’enkumi z’emyaka.
Before 2003, two human CoVs (HCoVs) were known to cause mild illness, such as common cold.
Nga 2003 tannatuuka, obuwuka bwa CoVs obw’omu bantu (HCoVs) bwa mirundi ebiri bwali bumanyiddwa okuleeta obulwadde obutali bwa maanyi, okugeza ssenyiga owa bulijjo.
The outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) have flipped the coin to reveal how devastating and life-threatening an HCoV infection could be.
Okubalukawo kwa severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) ne Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) bukyusizza ebintu ne bwoleka engeri akawuka ka HCoV gye kayinza okuba ak’omutawaana era n’okutta.
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in central China at the end of 2019 has thrusted CoVs into the spotlight again and surprised us with its high transmissibility but reduced pathogenicity compared to its sister SARS-CoV.
Okubalukawo kwa SARS-CoV-2 mu masekkati ga China ku nkomerero ya 2019 kakomezzaawo obuwuka bwa CoVs mu ddiiro era ne katwewuunyisa n’engeri gye kasiigibwa ku misinde emingi so nga tekalwaza nnyo bw’okageraageranya ne kannaako ka SARS-CoV.
HCoV infection is a zoonosis and understanding the zoonotic origins of HCoVs would serve us well.
Akawuka ka HCoV kaba kasibuka mu nsolo era okutegeera ensibuko y’obuwuka bwa HCoVs ey’omu nsolo kiba kituyamba nnnyo.
Most HCoVs originated from bats where they are non-pathogenic.
Obuwuka bwa HCoVs obusinga busibuka mu buwundo era nga bwo tebubulwaza.
The intermediate reservoir hosts of some HCoVs are also known.
Ensolo obumu ku buwuka bwa HCoVs mwe busooka okwewogoma nga tebunnajja mu bantu nazo zimanyiddwa.
Identifying the animal hosts has direct implications in the prevention of human diseases.
Okumanya ensolo ezisiiga abantu obuwuka kiyamba nnyo mu kulwanyisa endwadde z’abantu.
Investigating CoV-host interactions in animals might also derive important insight on CoV pathogenesis in humans.
Okwekenneenya enkolagana y’ensolo ezibeeramu CoV nakyo kiyinza okuyamba mu kumanya obulabe bwa CoV mu bantu.
In this review, we present an overview of the existing knowledge about the seven HCoVs, with a focus on the history of their discovery as well as their zoonotic origins and interspecies transmission.
Mu kwekenneenya kuno, tulaga mu bufunze ebyakazuulibwa ku HCoVs omusanvu, ng’essira tuliteeka ku byafaayo by’okuzuulwa kwabwo awamu n’ensibuko yaabwo mu nsolo n’ensaasaana yaabwo wakati w’ensolo ez’enjawulo.
Importantly, we compare and contrast the different HCoVs from a perspective of virus evolution and genome recombination.
Ekikulu mu kino, tulaga ebifaanana n’ebyawuka wakati w’obuwuka bwa HCoVs obw’enjawulo nga tutunuulira enkyukakyuka y’akawuka (virus evolution) n’okuwaanyisiganya endagabutonde (genome recombination).
The current CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic is discussed in this context.
Obulwadde obuliwo olwaleero obwa CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) bwe bwogerwako mu mbeera eno.
In addition, the requirements for successful host switches and the implications of virus evolution on disease severity are also highlighted.
Ekirala, ebisobozesa ensolo ezirimu akawuka okukyuka n’okukyukakyuka kw’akawuka kye kutegeeza ku bukambwe bw’obulwadde nabyo byogerwako.
Coronaviruses (CoVs) belong to the family Coronaviridae, which comprises a group of enveloped, positive-sensed, single-stranded RNA viruses.
Obuwuka bwa corona (CoVs) bugwa mu kika kya Coronaviridae, nga kino kirimu ekibinja ky’obuwuka obwetooloddwa olububi, buli ‘positive-sensed’, era nga bulina RNA ya luguwa lumu.
These viruses harbouring the largest genome of 26 to 32 kilobases amongst RNA viruses were termed “CoVs” because of their crown-like morphology under electron microscope.
Obuwuka buno nga bulina genome esinga obunene eya 26 ku 32 kilobases mu buwuka bwa RNA bwatuumibwa “CoVs” olw’ekikula kyabwo ekifaanana engule bwe bulabirwa mu kyuma ekizimbulukusa.
Structurally, CoVs have non-segmented genomes that share a similar organization.
Mu buzimbe, obuwuka bwa CoVs bulina genome ezitakutuddwakutuddwa era nga ziri wamu.
Approximately two thirds of the genome contain two large overlapping open reading frames (ORF1a and ORF1b), which are translated into the pp1a and pp1ab replicase polyproteins.
Ebitundu nga bibiri byakusatu ebya genome zirimu fuleemu bbiri ennene ezikwatagana (ORF1a ne ORF1b), nga zino zivaamu pp1a ne pp1ab replicase polyproteins.
The polyproteins are further processed to generate 16 non-structural proteins, designated nsp1~16.
Polyproteins nazo oluvannyuma zikolwako ne zivaamu puloteni 16 ezitalina buzimbe (non-structural proteins), eziyitibwa nsp1~16.
The remaining portion of the genome contains ORFs for the structural proteins, including spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M) and nucleoprotein (N).
Ekitundu kya genome ekisigadde kibaamu ORFs ku puloteni ez’obuzimbe (structural proteins), omuli spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M) ne nucleoprotein (N).
A number of lineage-specific accessory proteins are also encoded by different lineages of CoVs.
Puloteni ez’ennyiriri (lineage-specific accessory proteins) nnyingi nazo zissibwa mu nnyiriri ez’enjawulo eza CoVs.
Based on the difference in protein sequences, CoVs are classified into four genera (alpha-CoV, beta-CoV, gamma-CoV and delta-CoV), among which the beta-CoV genera contains most HCoVs and is subdivided into four lineages (A, B, C and D).
Okusinziira ku njawulo mu busengeke bwa puloteni, obuwuka bwa CoVs bussibwa mu bika ebinene bina (alpha-CoV, beta-CoV, gamma-CoV ne delta-CoV), nga mu byo ekika kya beta-CoV kye kirimu obuwuka bwa HCoVs obusinga obungi era nga kigabanyizibwamu ennyiriri (lineages) nnya (A, B, C ne D).
Phylogenetic evidence has shown that bats and rodents serve as the gene source of most alpha-CoVs and beta-CoVs, while birds are the main reservoir of gamma-CoVs and delta-CoVs.
Ebyazuulibwa mu kubinjawaza biraga nti obuwundo n’ebimese ye nsibuko y’obuwuka bwa alpha-CoVs ne beta-CoVs esinga, so ng’ebinyonyi ye nsibuko ya gamma-CoVs ne delta-CoVs esiinga.
For thousands of years, CoVs have constantly crossed species barriers and some have emerged as important human pathogens.
Okumala enkumi n’enkumi z’emyaka, CoVs bubaddenga bukutula ne buva mu bisolo mwe busibuka era obumu bufuuse ensibuko y’obulwadde bw’abantu.
To date, seven human CoVs (HCoVs) are known.
Okutuuka olwaleero, human CoVs (HCoVs) musanvu bwe bumanyiddwa.
Among them HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63 are alpha-CoVs.
Mu buno HCoV-229E ne HCoV-NL63 bwa kika kya alpha-CoVs.
The other five beta-CoVs include HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2.
Obulala bu beta-CoVs obutaano mulimu HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) ne SARS-CoV-2.
HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-NL63 usually cause mild symptoms, like common cold and/or diarrhea.
HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 ne HCoV-NL63 butera okuleeta obulwadde butonotono, nga ssennyiga owa bulijjo ne/oba ekiddukano.
In contrast, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and the newly-identified SARS-CoV-2 are highly pathogenic, causing severe lower respiratory tract infection in relatively more patients with a higher chance to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and extrapulmonary manifestations.
Okwawukanako n’ekyo, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV ne SARS-CoV-2 akaakazuulibwa bulwaza nnyo, nga bukosa nnyo ekitundu ky’omussizo ekya wansi mu balwadde abasingako obungi era waliwo emikisa mingi egy’okufuna obuzibu mu kkubo ly’omukka ogussibwa (acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS) n’okukosebwa ebweru w’amawuggwe (extrapulmonary manifestations).
The first HCoV-229E strain, B814, was isolated from the nasal discharge of patients with common cold in mid-1960s.
Ekika kya HCoV-229E ekyasooka, B814, kyazuulibwa mu minyira gy’abalwadde abalina ssenyiga owa bulijjo mu masekkati g’egya 1960.
Since then, more knowledge was accumulated through extensive studies on HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, both of which cause self-limiting symptoms.
Okuva olwo, waliwo ebizuuliddwa ebirala okuyita mu kunoonyereza okw’amaanyi ku HCoV-229E ne HCoV-OC43, nga bwonna buleeta obulwadde obuwona amangu (self-limiting symptoms).
Indeed, the concept had been widely accepted that infection with HCoVs is generally harmless until the outbreak of SARS.
Mu butuufu, kyali kikkiriziddwa nnyo nti okufuna obuwuka bwa HCoVs okutwaliza awamu si kya bulabe okutuusa SARS bwe yabalukawo.
The SARS outbreak occurred in 2003 is one of the most devastating in current history, infecting over 8,000 people with a crude case fatality of approximately 10%.
SARS yabalukawo mu 2003 era ke kamu ku bukyasinze okuba obw’omutawaana mu byafaayo ebyakayita, nga kaakwata abantu abasoba mu 8,000 ng’ebitundu 10% baasuubirwanga okufa.
Ten years later, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak resulted in a persistent epidemic in the Arabian Peninsula with sporadic spreading to the rest of the world.
Nga wayise emyaka kkumi, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) yaleeta obulwadde obwalwawo mu Kyondo kya Buwalabu nga bwe kasaasaanirako n’ebitundu by’ensi ebirala.
The 2019 novel HCoV (2019-nCoV), which has subsequently been renamed SARS-CoV-2, is the causative agent of the ongoing epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has claimed more than 3,120 lives and infected more than 91,000 people as of March 3, 2020.
2019 novel HCoV (2019-nCoV), oluvannyuma akaatuumibwa SARS-CoV-2, ke kaleeta obulwadde obuliwo kati obwa coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), obwakatta abantu abasukka mu 3,120 n’okukwata abantu abasukka mu 91,000 olwa 3 Ogwokusatu 2020 we lwatuukira.
The alarm has been ringing and the world has to prepare for the coming pandemic of SARS-CoV-2.
Akagombe kabadde kavuga era ensi erina okwetegekera ekizibu ky’obulwadde bw’ensi yonna obwa SARS-CoV-2.
All seven HCoVs have a zoonotic origin from bats, mice or domestic animals.
Obuwuka bwa HCoVs bwonna omusanvu busibuka mu buwundo, emmese oba ensolo ezirundwa awaka.
Multiple lines of evidence support an evolutionary origin of all HCoVs from bats, where viruses are well adapted and non-pathogenic but show great genetic diversity.
Obujulizi bungi obukakasa nti HCoVs bwonna busibuka mu buwundo, nga muno obuwuka bubeeramu bulungi era nga tebubulwaza naye nga bulina endagabutonde za njawulo nnyo.
The COVID-19 epidemic has presented enormous medical, scientific, social and moral challenges to China and the world.
Obulwadde bwa COVID-19 buleeseewo okusoomoozebwa kwa maanyi mu byobujjanjabi, ebyekinnasaayansi, embeera z’abantu n’eneeyisa eri China n’ensi yonna.
Tracing the zoonotic origins of HCoVs provides a framework to understand the natural history, driving force and restriction factors of species jumping.
Okulondoola ensibuko ya HCoVs mu nsolo kitusobozesa okutegeera ebyafaayo, ebisindiikiriza n’ebiremesa obuwuka okuva mu bisolo ebimu okudda mu birala.
This might also guide or facilitate the search for the reservoir, intermediate and amplifying animal host(s) of SARS-CoV-2, with important implications in the prevention of future spillovers.
Kino era kiyinza okuluŋŋamya n’okwanguya omulimu gw’okunoonya ensolo etambuza SARS-CoV-2 okuva mu nsolo mwe yasooka okubeera okumutuusa mu bantu, nga kino kirina kye kitegeeza kya maanyi mu kwewala embeera okusajjuka gye bujja.
In this review we present an overview of the zoonotic origins, interspecies transmission and pathogenesis of HCoVs.
Mu kwekenneenya kuno tulaga ebikwata ku nsibuko za HCoVs mu bisolo, okusaasaana kwabwo mu bisolo eby’enjawulo n’obulwadde bwe buleeta.
Particularly, we highlight and discuss the common theme that parental viruses of HCoVs are typically non-pathogenic in their natural reservoir hosts but become pathogenic after interspecies transmission to a new host.
Okusingira ddala, tulaga era ne tukubaganya ebirowoozo ku nsonga ey’awamu nti obuwuka obwa HCoVs mwe buva tebulina mutawaana mu nsolo gye buva naye bufuuka bwa bulabe bwe busala okudda mu kisolo ekirala.
We also review the trend of HCoV evolution in which the increase in transmissibility often comes with the decrease in pathogenicity.
Era twekenneenya engeri akawuka ka HCoV gye kakyukakyukamu nga buli lwe keeyongera okusiigibwa ate katera okukendeera mu bulabe bw’okulwaza.
The outcome of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 outbreak is also discussed in this context.
Ebiva mu kubalukawo kwa SARS-CoV-2 aliwo kati nabyo byogerwako mu mbeera eno.
Animal CoVs have been known since late 1930s.
Obuwuka bwa CoVs obw’omu nsolo bubadde bumanyiddwa okuva mu gya 1930 nga giggwaako.
Before the first isolation of HCoV-229E strain B814 from the nasal discharge of patients who had contracted common cold, different CoVs had been isolated in various infected animals, including turkey, mouse, cow, pig, cat and dog.
Ng’akawuka ka HCoV-229E ak’ekika B814 tekannayawulwa mu minyira gy’abalwadde abaali bafunye ssenyiga owa bulijjo, obuwuka bwa CoVs bungi bwali bwawuddwa mu nsolo nnyingi endwadde, omuli ssekkoko, emmese, ente, embizzi, kkapa n’embwa.
In the past decades, seven HCoVs have been identified.
Mu byasa ebiyise, obuwuka bwa HCoVs musanvu bwe buzuuliddwa.
A brief summary of the history of HCoV discovery in chronological order (Table ​1) would be informative and instructive.
Ebyafaayo mu bufunze eby’okuzuulibwa kwa HCoV mu nziriŋŋana yaabyo (Omweso ​1) bijja kuba ne kye bituyigiriza.
The first HCoV-229E strain was isolated from the respiratory tract of patients with upper respiratory tract infection in the year of 1966, and was subsequently adapted to grow in WI-38 lung cell lines.
Ekika kya HCoV-229E ekyasooka kyasangibwa mu mussizo gw’abalwadde abaalina obuvune mu kitundu ky’omussizo ekya waggulu mu mwaka 1966, era ne kazuulibwa nga kakulira mu nnyiriri z’obutaffaali bw’amawuggwe obwa WI-38.
Patients infected with HCoV-229E presented with common cold symptoms, including headache, sneezing, malaise and sore-throat, with fever and cough seen in 10~20% cases.
Abalwadde abaalina HCoV-229E baalina obubonero bwa ssenyiga owa bulijjo, omuli okulumwa omutwe, okwasimula, ekimenyoomenyo n’amabwa mu bulago, n’omusujja n’okukolola mu balwadde ebitundu 10~20%.
Later in 1967, HCoV-OC43 was isolated from organ culture and subsequent serial passage in brains of suckling mice.
Oluvannyuma mu 1967, HCoV-OC43 kaazuulibwa mu nkola ya organ culture n’oluvannyuma mu nkola ya serial passage mu bwongo bw’emmese eziyonka.
The clinical features of HCoV-OC43 infection appear to be similar to those caused by HCoV-229E, which are symptomatically indistinguishable from infection with other respiratory tract pathogens such as influenza A viruses and rhinoviruses.
Obubonero bw’ekisawo obuleetebwa akawuka ka HCoV-OC43 bulabika okufaanana n’obwo obwa HCoV-229E, ng’obubonero bwabwo tebwawukana na buwuka bw’omu mussizo bulala nga ng’obuwuka bwa influenza A ne rhinoviruses.
Both HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 are distributed globally, and they tend to be predominantly transmitted during the season of winter in temperate climate.
HCoV-229E ne HCoV-OC43 bwombi butambula mu nsi wonna, era butera kutambula nnyo mu biseera by’obutiti mu mbeera y’obudde etali nkaalaamufu.
Generally, the incubation time of these two viruses is less than one week, followed by an approximately 2-week illness.
Okutwaliza awamu, obuwuka buno bwombi bumala ekiseera ekitaweza wiiki okulaga obubonero, era nga kino kigobererwa ekiseera ky’obulwadde kya wiiki nga 2.
According to a human volunteer study, healthy individuals infected with HCoV-229E developed mild common cold.
Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza ku bantu abeewaayo, abantu abalamu abassibwamu HCoV-229E baafuna ssenyiga wa bulijjo omutonotono.
Only a few immunocompromised patients exhibited severe lower respiratory tract infection.
Abalwadde batono abaalina obusibage obutono be baafuna obuvune obw’amaanyi mu kitundu ky’omussizo ekya wansi.
SARS, also known as “atypical pneumonia”, was the first well documented HCoV-caused pandemic in human history and the etiological agent is SARS-CoV, the third HCoV discovered.
SARS, ng’era amanyiddwa nga “atypical pneumonia”, ye yasooka okuwandiikibwako obulungi mu bulwadde obusaasaanira ensi yonna nga buleetebwa HCoV mu byafaayo by’abantu era nga buleetebwa SARS-CoV, akawuka ak’ekika kya HCoV akookusatu okuzuulibwa.
The first case of SARS can be traced back to late 2002 in Guangdong Province of China.
Omulwadde wa SARS eyasooka yali ku nkomerero ya 2002 mu Guangdong Province mu China.
The SARS epidemic resulted in 8,096 reported cases with 774 deaths, spreading across many countries and continents.
Obulwadde bwa SARS bwakwata abantu 8,096 abaamanyika era ne butta abantu 774, nga bwasaanira amawanga ne ssemazinga nnyingi.
Apart from the super-spreaders, it was estimated that each case could give rise to approximately two secondary cases, with an incubation period of 4 to 7 days and the peak of viral load appearing on the 10th day of illness.
Ng’oggyeeko ebibusaasaanya ebisinga okumanyibwa, kyateeberezebwa nti buli mulwadde yali asobola okusiiga abantu abalala babiri, ng’obubonero bulabikira mu nnaku 4 ku 7 ng’entikko y’omuwendo gw’obuwuka mu muntu (peak of viral load) ebeerawo ku lunaku olwa 10 olw’obulwadde.
Patients infected with SARS-CoV initially present with myalgia, headache, fever, malaise and chills, followed by dyspnea, cough and respiratory distress as late symptoms.
Abalwadde abalina SARS-CoV mu kusooka balumwa ennyingo, omutwe, omusujja, ekimenyoomenyo n’ekitengo, ne bigobererwa okukaluubirirwa mu kussa, okukolola n’oluvannyuma okufuna amazzi mu mawuggwe.
Lymphopenia, deranged liver function tests, and elevated creatine kinase are common laboratory abnormalities of SARS.
Lymphopenia, deranged liver function tests, ne elevated creatine kinase bwe bumu ku buzibu bwa SARS obulabirwa mu kukebera kw’omu ggezeserezo.
Diffuse alveolar damage, epithelial cell proliferation and an increase of macrophages are also observed in SARS patients.
Obuzibu ku mawuggwe (diffuse alveolar damage), okuzaala obutaffaali (epithelial cell proliferation) n’okweyongera mu butaffaali obuyibwa macrophages nabyo birabwa mu balwadde ba SARS.
Approximately 20-30% of patients subsequently require intensive care and mechanical ventilation.
Ebitundu nga 20-30% eby’abalwadde baba beetaaga obujjanjabi obw’amaanyi n’ebyuma by’amasannyalaze ebiyamba mu kussa.
In addition to lower respiratory tract, multiple organs including gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidney can also be infected in these severe cases, usually accompanied with a cytokine storm, which might be lethal particularly in immunocompromised patients.
Ng’oggyeeko ekitundu ky’omussizo ekya wansi, ebitundu bingi omuli omumenyoomenyero gw’emmere (gastrointestinal tract), ekibumba n’ensigo nabyo bisobola okufuna obuvune mu mbeera zino ez’amaanyi, nga butera okugendera awamu ne cytokine storm, nga buyinza okuviirako okufa naddala mu balwadde abalina obusibage obutono.
The virus was first isolated from the open lung biopsy of a relative of the index patient who travelled to Hong Kong from Guangzhou.
Akawuka kano kaasooka kuzuulibwa mu kanyama akaggyibwa mu mawuggwe g’owooluganda lw’omulwadde eyasooka okuzuulibwa eyagenda mu Hong Kong ng’ava mu Guangzhou.
Since then, tremendous efforts have been dedicated to HCoV research.
Okuva olwo, kaweefube mungi ateekeddwa mu kunoonyereza ku HCoV.
HCoV-NL63 was isolated from a 7-month-old child from the Netherlands during late 2004.
HCoV-NL63 kaazuulibwa mu mwana ow’emyezi 7 egy’obukulu okuva mu Netherlands ku nkomerero ya 2004.
It was initially found to be prevalent in young children, the elderly and immunocompromised patients with respiratory illnesses.
Mu kusooka kaasangibwa nga kali nnyo mu baana abato, abakadde n’abalwadde abalina obusibage obutono era nga balina obulwadde obwekuusa ku mussizo.
Presentation of coryza, conjunctivitis, fever, and bronchiolitis is common in the disease caused by HCoV-NL63.
Okubeera ne coryza, ejjanga, omusujja, n’okuzimba kw’amawuggwe (bronchiolitis) kisangibwa nnyo mu bulwadde obuleetebwa HCoV-NL63.
Another independent study described the isolation of the same virus from a nasal specimen from an 8-month-old boy suffering from pneumonia in the Netherlands.
Okunoonyereza okulala kwalaga okusangibwa kw’akawuka ke kamu kano mu bikeberwa okuva mu nnyindo y’omwana omulenzi ow’emyezi 8 eyalina lubyamira mu Netherlands.
Although it was identified in Netherlands, it is actually distributed globally.
Newankubadde nga kaalabibwa mu Netherlands, mu butuufu kaasaasaanira ensi yonna.
It has been estimated that HCoV-NL63 accounts for approximately 4.7% of common respiratory diseases, and its peak incidence occurs during early summer, spring and winter.
Kiteeberezebwa nti HCoV-NL63 kaleeta ebitundu nga 4.7% eby’obulwadde obwekuusa ku kussa obwa bulijjo, era nga kasinga kwegiriisa ku ntandikwa y’ekiseera ky’ekyeya (summer), ttoggo (spring) n’obutiti (winter).
HCoV-NL63 is associated with obstructive laryngitis, also known as croup.
HCoV-NL63 kalina akakwate n’okuzimba kw’akavuumiro (obstructive laryngitis, oba croup).
In the same year, HCoV-HKU1 was isolated from a 71-year-old man who had been hospitalized with pneumonia and bronchiolitis in Hong Kong.
Mu mwaka gwe gumu, HCoV-HKU1 kaazuulibwa mu musajja ow’emyaka 71 eyali aweereddwa ekitanda olwa lubyamira n’okuzimba amawuggwe mu Hong Kong.
Besides community-acquired pneumonia and bronchiolitis, HCoV-HKU1 was reported to be associated with acute asthmatic exacerbation.
Ng’oggyeeko lubyamira n’okuzimba amawuggwe, HCoV-HKU1 era yazuulibwa ng’alina akakwate ne acute asthmatic exacerbation.
Similar to HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 was found worldwide, causing mild respiratory diseases.
Okufaananako ne HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E ne HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 yasangibwa okwetooloola ensi, ng’aleeta obulwadde obwekuusa ku kussa obutali bwa maanyi.
All these four community-acquired HCoVs have been well adapted to humans and are generally less likely to mutate to cause highly pathogenic diseases, though accidents did occur for unknown reasons as in the rare case of a more virulent subtype of HCoV-NL63, which has recently been reported to cause severe lower respiratory tract infection in China.
Obuwuka bwa HCoVs buno bwonna obuna abantu babumanyidde bulungi era okutwaliza awamu tebusuubirwa kukyukakyuka okuleeta endwadde ez’omutawaana, newankubadde nga waliwo obubenje obwali bubaddewo olw’ensonga ezitamanyiddwa nga mu mbeera etasangikasangika ekika kya HCoV-NL63 eky’omutawaana, ekyalagibwa gye buvuddeko nga kyaviirako obuvune obw’amaanyi mu kitundu ky’omussizo ekya wansi mu China.
Generally, when these HCoVs acquire the abilities to transmit efficiently and to maintain themselves continuously within humans, they also become less virulent or pathogenic.
Okutwaliza awamu, obuwuka bwa HCoVs buno bufuna obusobozi obw’okutambula obulungi n’okubeerera ddala mu bantu, era butandika okubeera nga tebukyali bwa bulabe nnyo.
MERS-CoV was first isolated in 2012 from the lung of a 60-year-old patient who developed acute pneumonia and renal failure in Saudi Arabia.
MERS-CoV kaasooka kuzuulibwa mu 2012 mu mawuggwe g’omulwadde ow’emyaka 60 eyali afunye lubyamira ow’amaanyi n’okulemererwa kw’ensigo mu Saudi Arabia.
Whereas most of the laboratory-confirmed cases originate from the Middle East, imported cases with occasional secondary spreads to close contacts have been reported in various European countries and Tunisia.
Newankubadde ng’abalwadde bonna abakakasiddwa basibuka mu Middle East, abalwadde abavudde ebweru n’abamu nga babuggye ku balwadde be basemberedde bazuuliddwa mu mawanga ga Bulaaya mangi ne Tunisia.
Another secondary outbreak occurred in South Korea in 2015 with 186 confirmed cases.
Omulundi omulala obulwadde buno bwe bwabalukawo gwali mu South Korea mu 2015 era abalwadde 186 be baakakasibwa.
Clinical manifestations of MERS resemble those of SARS, characterized by progressive acute pneumonia.
Enneeyoleka z’ekisawo eza MERS zifaanana eza SARS, nga zirimu lubyamira ow’amaanyi (progressive acute pneumonia).
Unlike SARS, many patients with MERS also developed acute renal failure, which is thus far unique for MERS among HCoV-caused diseases.
Obutafaananako na SARS, abalwadde ba MERS bangi era baafuna okulemererwa kw’ensigo, nga mu kiseera kino kiri ku MERS yekka mu ndwadde ezireetebwa HCoV.
More than 30% of patients present with gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea and vomiting.
Abalwadde abasukka mu bitundu 30% babeera n’obuzibu mu byenda, ng’ekiddukano n’okusesema.
As of February 14, 2020, over 2500 laboratory confirmed cases were reported with a high case fatality of 34.4%, making MERS-CoV one of the most devastating viruses known to humans.
Mu Gwokubiri nga 14, 2020, abalwadde abasukka mu 2500 abaakakasibwa mu magezeserezo baalimu omuwendo gw’abaafa munene nga gwa bitundu 34.4%, ekifuula MERS-CoV akamu ku buwuka obukyasinze okuba obw’omutawaana mu bantu.
During middle to late December 2019, clusters of pneumonia patients retrospectively known to be associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection were detected in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
Mu masekkati ne ku nkomerero ya Deesemba 2019, abalwadde ba lubyamira nga bamanyiddwa okuba nga baalinako SARS-CoV-2 emabega baasangibwa mu Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
World Health Organization declared the ongoing outbreak of lower respiratory tract infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern and also named the disease COVID-19.
World Health Organization yalangirira obuzibu obuliwo mu kiseera kino obw’obulwadde bw’ekitundu ky’omussizo ekya wansi obuleetebwa SARS-CoV-2 ng’Ekizibu ky’Ebyobulamu mu Nsi Yonna (Public Health Emergency of International Concern) era obulwadde buno n’ebutuuma COVID-19.
As of March 3, 2020, 90,053 cases have been confirmed worldwide, with a crude case fatality of 3.4%.
Mu Gwokusatu nga 3, 2020, abalwadde 90,053 be baali bakakasiddwa mu nsi yonna, ng’ebitundu 3.4% be bafa.
Notably, the case fatality in Hubei, China is 4.2%, whereas the one outside of it is 1.2%.
Ekikulu okumanya, abalwadde abafa mu Hubei, China bali ebitundu 4.2%, so ng’ebweru waakyo bali ebitundu 1.2%.
SARS-CoV-2 causes severe respiratory infection like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, presented as fever, cough and dyspnea.
SARS-CoV-2 aleeta obuvune obw’amaanyi mu mussizo nga bwekiri ku SARS-CoV ne MERS-CoV, nga bweyola ng’omusujja, okukolola n’okukaluubirirwa mu kussa.
Diarrhea is also seen in some patients.
Ekiddukano nakyo kisangibwa mu balwadde abamu.
Pneumonia is one of the most severe symptoms and can progress rapidly to acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Lubyamira ke kamu ku bubonero obusinga okuba obw’amaanyi era ng’ayinza okweyongera mangu n’aleeta obuzibu mu kkubo ly’omukka ogussibwa.
Although SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are very similar due to high nucleotide sequence homology of 82%, they cluster into different branches in the phylogenetic tree.
Newankubadde nga SARS-CoV ne SARS-CoV-2 bufaanana nnyo olw’obufaanane bw’endagabutonde obungi (high nucleotide sequence homology) obw’ebitundu 82%, bugwa ku matabi ga njawulo ku muti gw’ensibuko (phylogenetic tree).
SARS-CoV-2 is apparently less pathogenic but more transmissible compared to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
SARS-CoV-2 ka bulabe butonoko naye nga kasaasaanyizibwa nnyo bw’ogeraageranya ne SARS-CoV ne MERS-CoV.
Asymptomatic subjects infected with SARS-CoV-2 have been reported and might contribute to its rapid spreading around the world.
Abalwadde ba SARS-CoV-2 abatalaga bubonero balabiddwako era bayinza okuyamba ku kwanguya ku kusaasaanyizibwa kwako okwetooloola ensi.
Comparing and contrasting SARS-CoV-2 with the other six HCoVs reveal similarities and differences of great interest.
Okugeraageranya n’okukontanya SARS-CoV-2 n’obuwuka bwa HCoVs obulala omukaaga kwoleka obufaanane n’enjawulo ebisaanye okumanyibwa.
First, the incubation period and the duration of the course of HCoV disease are very similar.
Ekisooka, ekiseera obubonero mwe bweyolekera n’ekiseera obulwadde bwa HCoV kye bumala bifaanana nnyo.
In this regard, SARS-CoV-2 follows the general trend of the other six HCoVs.
Mu ngeri eno, SARS-CoV-2 agoberera enneeyisa ey’awamu ey’obuwuka bwa HCoVs obulala omukaaga.
Second, the severity of symptoms of COVID-19 lies between SARS-CoV and the four community-acquired HCoVs (i.e. HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-NL63).
Ekyokubiri, obunyiinyiitivu bw’obubonero bwa COVID-19 buli wakati wa SARS-CoV n’obuwuka bwa HCoVs obuna (kwe kugamba HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 ne HCoV-NL63).
On one hand, SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibits features that are more commonly seen during infection with community-acquired HCoVs, including the presentation of non-specific, mild or even no symptoms.
Ku ludda olumu, omuntu alina SARS-CoV-2 aba n’obubonero obutera okulabibwa mu muntu alina HCoVs, omuli obubonero obutamanyiddwa bulungi, obutali bwa maanyi oba obutaba na kabonero konna.
On the other hand, a small subset of severe cases of COVID-19 can also be seen as in the case of SARS-CoV infection, although the ratio is a bit lower.
Ku ludda olulala, abalwadde ba COVID-19 abatonotono nga bayi nabo basobola okulabwa nga bwe kiri ku bantu abalina SARS-CoV, newankubadde ng’ettundutundu lyabwe si ddene.
Third, the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 also shows interesting patterns characteristic of both community-acquired HCoVs and SARS-CoV.
Ekyokusatu, ensaasaana ya SARS-CoV-2 nayo eraga embeera ezisangibwa mu nsaasaana ya HCoVs ne SARS-CoV.
On one hand, the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 is at least as high as that of community-acquired HCoVs.
Ku ludda olumu, ensaasaana ya SARS-CoV-2 ya maanyi nga bwe kiri ku HCoVs.
On the other hand, it remains to be verified whether the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 decreases after passages in humans as in the cases of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
Ku ludda olulala, tekinnaba kukakasika oba ng’okusiigibwa kwa SARS-CoV-2 kukendeera oluvannyuma lw’okuyita mu bantu nga bwe kiri ku SARS-CoV ne MERS-CoV.