atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 is sensitive to ultraviolet rays and heat at 56 °C for 30 minutes; ether, 75% ethanol, chlorine-containing disinfectant, peracetic acid, chloroform, and other fatty solvents, but not chlorhexidine, can effectively inactivate the virus.
Kiragiddwa nti akawuka ka SARS-CoV-2 tekakwatagana na magulu ga njuba (ultraviolet rays) n’ebbugumu eriweza 56 °C okumala eddakiika 30; walagi ebitundu 75%, eddagala eririmu chlorine, peracetic acid, kalifoomu, n’ebiyiika ebirala eby’ekyovu, naye nga si chlorhexidine, bisobola bulungi okutta akawuka kano.
The entire human population generally lacks immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and hence is susceptible to the novel virus.
Abantu bonna okutwaliza awamu tebalina busibage (immunity) bulwanyisa SARS-CoV-2 nga noolwekyo basobola okukosebwa akawuka kano.
Currently, no detailed study has been reported regarding the immunological response to SARS-CoV-2.
Mu kiseera kino, tewali kunoonyereza kwakoleddwa kulaga busibage eri SARS-CoV-2.
Thus, we can only refer to previous studies on other CoVs, especially SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV (Fig. ​(Fig.4).4).
Noolwekyo, tusobola kwesigama ku kunoonyereza kwokka okwakolebwa edda ku CoVs, naddala SARS-CoV ne MERS-CoV (Ekifaananyi ​(Ekifaananyi 4).4).
In general, after a virus invades the host, it is first recognized by the host innate immune system through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including C-type lectin-like receptors, Toll-like receptor (TLR), NOD-like receptor (NLR), and RIG-I-like receptor (RLR).
Okutwaliza awamu, akawuka bwe kalumba ekisolo ekikatambuza, kasooka kuzuulibwa enkola y’obusibage bw’ekisolo ekyo okuyita mu pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) omuli ezo ez’ebika bya C-type lectin-like receptors), Toll-like receptor (TLR), NOD-like receptor (NLR), ne RIG-I-like receptor (RLR).
Through different pathways, the virus induces the expression of inflammatory factors, maturation of dendritic cells, and synthesis of type I interferons (IFNs) which limit the spreading of the virus and accelerate macrophage phagocytosis of viral antigens.
Nga kayita mu makubo ag’enjawulo, akawuka kaleetawo okuzimba, okukula kwa dendritic cells, n’okuleetawo interferons ez’ekika I interferons (IFNs) eziremesa okusaasaana kw’akawuka ne kyongera obutaffaali bwa macrophage okulwanyisa akawuka.
However, the N protein of SARS-CoV can help the virus escape from the immune responses.
Wabula, puloteni ya N eya SARS-CoV esobola okukayamba okutoloka ku busibage.
Soon, the adaptive immune response joins the fight against the virus.
Mu bwangu, obusibage obufunibwa (adaptive immune response) bwegatta ku lutalo lw’okulwanyisa akawuka.
T lymphocytes including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells play an important role in the defense.
T lymphocytes omuli CD4+ ne CD8+ T cells zikola omulimu munene mu kulwanyisa akawuka.
CD4+ T cells stimulate B cells to produce virus-specific antibodies, and CD8+ T cells directly kill virus-infected cells.
CD4+ T cells zizuukusa B cells okukola abasirikale abalwanyisa akawuka, ate CD8+ T cells zitta butereevu obutaffaali obulumbiddwa akawuka.
T helper cells produce proinflammatory cytokines to help the defending cells.
T helper cells zikola proinflammatory cytokines okuyamba mu kukuuma obutaffaali.
However, CoV can inhibit T cell functions by inducing apoptosis of T cells.
Wabula, akawuka ka CoV kasobola okulemesa emirimu gya T cell nga kaleetera T cells okufa.
The humoral immunity including complements such as C3a and C5a and antibodies is also essential in combating the viral infection.
Obusibage obuyitibwa humoral immunity nga mw’otwalidde ne puloteni nga C3a ne C5a ne antibodies nabwo bwa mugaso mu kulwanyisa akawuka kano.
For example, antibodies isolated from a recovered patient neutralized MERS-CoV.
Okugeza, antibodies ezaggyibwa mu mulwadde eyawona zaasannyalaza MERS-CoV.
On the other hand, an overreaction of the immune system generates a large number of free radicals locally that can cause severe damages to the lungs and other organs, and, in the worst scenario, multi-organ failure and even death.
Ku ludda olulala, obusibage okukola ennyo kireetera okufulumya molekyu ennyingi (free radicals) eziviirako okukosa ennyo amawuggwe n’ebitundu ebirala, olumu ne kireetera ebitundu by’omubiri bingi okulemererwa n’oluusi okufa.
The SARS-CoV-2 infection, featured by clustering onset, is more likely to affect elderly people with comorbidities and pregnant women.
Akawuka ka SARS-CoV-2, akaasangibwa mu bantu abaasooka okukeberwa, kalabika nga kasinga kukosa bakadde abalina ebirwadde ebirala n’abakazi ab’embuto.
It is common that for people who are exposed to a large number of viruses or whose immune functions are compromised, they have higher chance to be infected than others.
Kya bulijjo abantu abalina obuwuka obw’enjawulo oba abalina obusibage obutono, baba n’emikisa mingi okulwala okusinga ku balala.
The estimated mean incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 is 1-14 days, mostly 3-7 days based on a study of the first 425 cases in Wuhan.
Ekiseera akawuka ka SARS-CoV-2 kye katwala okulaga obubonero kya nnaku 1-14, ebiseera ebisinga ennaku 3-7 okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa ku balwadde 425 abaasooka mu Wuhan.
However, a study on 1,099 cases demonstrates that the incubation period was 3 days on average and ranged from 0 to 24 days.
Wabula, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu balwadde 1,099 kulaga nti okutwalira awamu akawuka kano kamala ennaku 3 okulaga obubonero era ng’ennaku ziba wakati wa 0 ku 24.
A more recent study, as described above, demonstrates that the incubation period was 4.8 (3.0-7.2) days based on the demography of 8,866 cases.
Okunoonyereza okukyali okupya, okwogeddwako waggulu, kulaga nti kamala ennaku 4.8 (3.0-7.2) okusinziira ku bikwata ku balwadde 8,866.
It is very important for health authorities to adjust the effective quarantine time based on the most accurate incubation period, thus preventing infected but symptomless people from transmitting the virus to others.
Kikulu nnyo ab’ebyobulamu okuteeka ennaku za kalantiini nga beesigama ku kiseera ekituufu akawuka kye kamala okulaga obubonero, basobole okwewala abantu abalina akawuka naye nga tebalina bubonero okusiiga abalala akawuka.
As a common practice, individuals exposed to, or infected by, the virus are usually required to be quarantined for 14 days.
Ekitera okukolebwa, abantu ababeera mu mbeera erimu akawuka oba abalina akawuka baba beetaaga okubeera mu kalantiini okumala ennaku 14.
Should the quarantine time be extended to 24 days?
Ekiseera abantu kye bamala mu kalantiini kyetaaga okwongezebwayo kituuke ku nnaku 24?
Fever is often the major and initial symptom of COVID-19, which can be accompanied by no symptom or other symptoms such as dry cough, shortness of breath, muscle ache, dizziness, headache, sore throat, rhinorrhea, chest pain, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.
Omusujja ke katera okubeera akabonero ka COVID-19 akakulu era akasooka, nga gusobola obutagobererwa kabonero konna oba obubonero obulala ng’akakololo akakalu, okukaluubirirwa mu kussa, okulumwa ebinywa, kammunguluze, okulumwa omutwe, amabwa mu bulago, eminyira mu nnyindo, okulumwa ekifuba, okuddukana, okusiikuuka emmeeme, n’okusesema.
Some patients experienced dyspnea and/or hypoxemia one week after the onset of the disease.
Abalwadde abamu baafuna okukaluubirirwa mu kussa ne/oba okubulwa empewo mu musaayi nga wayise wiiki emu okuva bwe baafuna obulwadde.
In severe cases, patients quickly progressed to develop acute respiratory syndrome, septic shock, metabolic acidosis, and coagulopathy.
Mu mbeera enzibu ennyo, abalwadde baayanguwa okufuna obuzibu bw’amazzi okugenda mu mawuggwe, puleesa eya wansi (septic shock), metabolic acidosis, ne coagulopathy.
Patients with fever and/or respiratory symptoms and acute fever, even without pulmonary imaging abnormalities, should be screened for the virus for early diagnosis.
Abalwadde abalina omusujja ne/oba obubonero obwekuusa ku kussa n’omusujja ogw’amangu, ne bwe baba nga tebalina buzibu ku mawuggwe, basaana okukeberwa nga bukyali okuzuula oba nga balina akawuka.
A demographic study in late December of 2019 showed that the percentages of the symptoms were 98% for fever, 76% for dry cough, 55% for dyspnea, and 3% for diarrhea; 8% of the patients required ventilation support.
Okunoonyereza kw’ebikwata ku balwadde okwakolebwa mu Deesemba wa 2019 kwalaga nti ebitundu by’obubonero ku buli kikumi byali 98% ku musujja, 76% ku kakololo akakalu, 55% ku kukaluubirirwa mu kussa, ne 3% ku kuddukana; abalwadde ebitundu 8% baali beetaaga ebyuma ebiyamba mu kussa.
Similar findings were reported in two recent studies of a family cluster and a cluster caused by transmission from an asymptomatic individual.
Ebyazuulwa ebifaananako n’ebyo byalagibwa mu kunoonyereza okw’emirundi ebiri okwakakolebwa ku balwadde ab’enju emu n’abalwadde abaasiigibwa omuntu ataalaga bubonero.
Comparably, a demographic study in 2012 showed that MERS-CoV patients also had fever (98%), dry cough (47%), and dyspnea (55%) as their main symptoms.
Mu kugeraageranya, okunoonyereza kw’ebikwata ku bantu okwakolebwa mu 2012 kwalaga nti abalwadde ba MERS-CoV nabo baalina omusujja (98%), akakololo akakalu (47%), n’okukaluubirirwa mu kussa (55%) ng’obubonero bwabwe obukulu.
However, 80% of them required ventilation support, much more than COVID-19 patients and consistent with the higher lethality of MERS than of COVID-19.
Wabula, ebitundu 80% ku bo baali beetaaga ebyuma ebiyambako mu kussa, okusingira ddala abalwadde ba COVID-19 era nga kino kigendera wamu n’eky’okuba nti MERS yali wa bulabe okusinga ku COVID-19.
Diarrhea (26%) and sore throat (21%) were also observed with MERS patients.
Okuddukana (26%) n’amabwa mu bulago (21%) nabyo byalabwa mu balwadde ba MERS.
In SARS patients, it has been demonstrated that fever (99%-100%), dry cough (29%-75%), dyspnea (40%-42%), diarrhea (20-25%), and sore throat (13-25%) were the major symptoms and ventilation support was required for approximately 14%-20% of the patients.
Mu balwadde ba SARS, kiragiddwa nti omusujja (99%-100%), akakololo akakalu (29%-75%), okukaluubirirwa mu kussa (40%-42%), okuddukana (20-25%), n’amabwa mu bulago (13-25%) bwe bwali obubonero obukulu era ng’ebyuma ebiyamba ku kussa byali byetaagisa mu balwadde nga 14%-20%.
By February 14, the mortality of COVID-19 was 2% when the confirmed cases reached 66,576 globally.
Mu Gwokubiri nga 14, abantu abaali baakafa COVID-19 baali ebitundu 2% ng’abalwadde abakakasiddwa bali 66,576 mu nsi yonna.
Comparably, the mortality of SARS by November 2002 was 10% of 8,096 confirmed cases.
Mu kugeraageranya, abantu abaali bafudde SARS mu Noovemba 2002 baali ebitundu 10% ku balwadde abakakasiddwa 8,096.
For MERS, based on a demographic study in June 2012, the mortality was 37% of 2,494 confirmed cases.
Ate ku MERS, okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw’ebikwata ku bantu okwakolebwa mu Gwomukaaga 2012, abantu abaali bafudde baali ebitundu 37% ku balwadde abakakasiddwa 2,494.
An earlier study reported that the R0 of SARS-CoV-2 was as high as 6.47 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 5.71-7.23, whereas the R0 of SARS-CoV only ranged from 2 to 4.
Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa emabegako kwalaga nti R0 ya SARS-CoV-2 yali waggulu nga ya 6.47 ng’omuwendo ogwateeberezebwa (confidence interval, CI) gwali ebitundu 95% nga gwali 5.71-7.23, so nga R0 ya SARS-CoV yali wakati wa 2 ku 4 yokka.
A comparison of SARS-CoV-2 with MERS-CoV and SARA-CoV regarding their symptoms, mortality, and R0 is presented in Table ​Table1.1.
Okugeraageranya SARS-CoV-2 awamu ne MERS-CoV ne SARA-CoV ku bikwata ku bubonero bwabwo, enzita yaabwo, ne R0 kulagiddwa mu Mweso ​Omweso1.1.
The above figures suggest that SARS-CoV-2 has a higher ability to spread than MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, but it is less lethal than the latter two.
Emiwendo egyo giraga nti SARS-CoV-2 alina obusobozi bw’okusaasaana bungi okusinga ku MERS-CoV ne SARS-CoV, naye nga si ka bulabe kwenkana obulala obubiri.
Thus, it is much more challenging to control the epidemic of SARS-CoV-2 than those of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV.
Noolwekyo, kizibu nnyo okukkakkanya ekizibu kya SARS-CoV-2 okusinga ekya MERS-CoV ne SARS-CoV.
Clustered onset often happens in the same family or from the same gathering or vehicle such as a cruise ship.
Abantu abalwalira okumu batera okubeera mu maka gamu oba mu lukuŋŋaana lumu oba mu kidduka kimu nga ku lyato.
Patients often have a history of travel or residence in Wuhan or other affected areas or contact with infected individuals or patients in the recent two weeks before the onset.
Abalwadde ab’engeri eno baba baatambula okuva oba nga baabeerako mu Wuhan oba ebifo ebirala ebyalimu obulwadde oba nga baaliko n’abantu abaalina akawuka oba abalwadde wiiki bbiri nga tebannafuna bulwadde.
However, it has been reported that people can carry the virus without symptoms longer than two weeks and cured patients discharged from hospitals can carry the virus again, which sends out an alarm to increase the time for quarantine.
Wabula, kitegeezeddwa nti abantu basobola okubeera n’akawuka naye ne batalaga bubonero okumala ekiseera ekisukka wiiki ebbiri era n’abalwadde abawonye ne basiibulwa mu malwaliro nabo basobola okuddamu okubeera n’akawuka, nga kino kiraga obwetaavu bw’okwongera ku kiseera kya kalantiini.
Patients have normal or reduced number of peripheral white blood cells (especially lymphocytes) at the early stage.
Abalwadde baba n’omuwendo ogwa bulijjo oba ogukendedde ogw’obutaffaali bw’omu mu musaayi obweru mu musaayi ogutambula (peripheral white blood cells) (naddala lymphocytes) mu kiseera ekisooka.
For example, lymphopenia with white blood cell count &lt; 4×109/L including lymphocyte count &lt; 1×109/L, and elevated aspartate aminotransferase levels and viremia were found in 1,099 COVID-19 patients.
Okugeza, lymphopenia awamu ne white blood cell count &lt; 4×109/L nga mw’otwalidde ne lymphocyte count &lt; 1×109/L, ne aspartate aminotransferase ayongezeddwa ne viremia byasangibwa mu balwadde ba COVID-19 abawera 1,099 COVID-19.
The levels of liver and muscle enzymes and myoglobin were increased in the blood of some patients, and C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation were increased in the blood of most patients.
Omuwendo gwa enzyme z’ekibumba ne myoglobin gwalinnyisibwa mu musaayi gw’abalwadde abamu, era ne C-reactive protein ne erythrocyte sedimentation nabyo byalinnya mu musaayi gw’abalwadde abasinga.
In patients with severe cases, the level of D-dimer, a fibrin degradation product present in the blood, was elevated, and lymphocyte count was progressively reduced.
Mu balwadde abaali obubi ennyo, omuwendo gwa D-dimer, ng’eno fibrin degradation product ebeera mu musaayi, yeeyongera, n’omuwendo gwa lymphocyte ne gukendeera.
Abnormalities in chest radiography are found in most COVID-19 patients and featured by bilateral patchy shadows or ground glass opacity in the lungs.
Waliwo obuzibu obulabwa mu kifuba mu balwadde ba COVID-19 abasinga obungi era nga kino kigendera wamu n’obuzibu mu mawuggwe gaabwe (bilateral patchy shadows oba ground glass opacity).
Patients often develop an atypical pneumonia, acute lung injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Abalwadde batera okufuna lubyamira atali wa bulijjo, okukosebwa okw’amangu mu mawuggwe, n’obuzibu mu kkubo ly’omukka ogussibwa (acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS).
When ARDS happens, uncontrolled inflammation, fluid accumulation, and progressive fibrosis severely compromise the gas exchange.
ARDS bw’ebaawo, wabaawo okuzimba n’okufuna amazzi amangi, n’ennyama n’ebikka ebiwundu ekireetawo obuzibu mu kuwaanyisiganya kw’omukka.
Dysfunction of type-I and type-II pneumocytes decreases the surfactant level and increases surface tension, thus reducing the ability of the lungs to expand and heightening the risk of lung collapse.
Pneumocytes ez’ekika I ne II (type-I and type-II pneumocytes) zikendeeza omuwendo gwa surfactant ne zongeza okunyigirizibwa kungulu, ekyo ne kikendeeza obusobozi bw’amawuggwe okugaziwa ne kyongera emikisa gy’amawuggwe okulemererwa.
Therefore, the worst chest radiographic findings often parallel the most severe extent of the disease.
Noolwekyo, ebyazuulibwa ebikyasinze okubeera ebibi mu kukebera ekifuba bitera okuba nga byenkanankana n’embeera y’obulwadde ekyasinze okubeera embi.
On February 18, 2020, the first pathological analysis of COVID-19 demonstrated the desquamation of pneumocytes, hyaline membrane formation, and interstitial lymphocyte infiltration, and multinucleated syncytial cells in the lungs of a patient who died of the disease, consistent with the pathology of viral infection and ARDS and similar to that of SARS and MERS patients.
Mu Gwokubiri nga 18, 2020, okwekenneenya obulwadde bwa COVID-19 okwasooka mu ggezeserezo kwalaga okuyubuka kwa pneumocytes, okukolebwa kw’olububi lwa hyaline, n’okwatika kw’olususu, ne multinucleated syncytial cells mu mawuggwe g’omulwadde eyafa obulwadde buno, nga kino kifaanana n’okwekenneenya abalwadde abalina obuwuka ne ARDS era nga kifaanana n’eky’abalwadde ba SARS ne MERS.
The detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA via reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used as the major criteria for the diagnosis of COVID-19.
Okuzuula RNA ya SARS-CoV-2 okuyita mu reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) kyakozesebwa ng’enkola eyasinga mu kukebera COVID-19.
However, due to the high false-negative rate, which may accelerate the epidemic, clinical manifestations started to be used for diagnosis (which no longer solely relied on RT-PCR) in China on February 13, 2020.
Wabula, olw’okuba nga waliwo bangi abazuulwa nti tebalina kawuka so nga bakalina, ekiyinza okusajjula ekizibu ky’obulwadde, obubonero bw’embeera y’obulamu bwatandika okukozesebwa mu kukebera (nga tebakyesigama ku RT-PCR yekka) mu China mu Gwokubiri nga 13, 2020.
A similar situation also occurred with the diagnosis of SARS.
Embeera y’emu era yaliwo ne ku kukebera SARS.
Therefore, a combination of disease history, clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, and radiological findings is essential and imperative for making an effective diagnosis.
Noolwekyo, okugatta ebyafaayo by’obuwadde, obubonero, okukebera kw’omu ggezeserezo, n’okukuba ekifaananyi kikulu era kisaanye okukolebwa okusobola okuzuula obulungi obulwadde.
On February 14, 2020, the Feng Zhang group described a protocol of using the CRISPR-based SHERLOCK technique to detect SARS-CoV-2, which detects synthetic SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragments at 20 × 10-18 mol/L to 200 × 10-18 mol/L (10-100 copies per microliter of input) using a dipstick in less than an hour without requiring elaborate instrumentation.
Mu Gwokubiri nga 14, 2020, Feng Zhang group yannyonnyola enkola y’okukozesa akakodyo CRISPR-based SHERLOCK technique okuzuula SARS-CoV-2, nga kano kazuula obutundutundu bwa SARS-CoV-2 RNA ku 20 × 10-18 mol/L okutuuka ku 200 × 10-18 mol/L (kkopi 10-100 buli microliter y’ekikeberwa) nga bakozesa akati (dipstick) mu kiseera ekitaweza ddakiika asatu awatali kwetaaga kupima bintu bingi.
Hopefully, the new technique can dramatically enhance the sensitivity and convenience if verified in clinical samples.
Kisuubirwa nti akakodyo kano akapya kasobola okuyamba ennyo mu kukebera singa kaba kakasiddwa mu sampolo ezikeberwa mu mageserezo.
Due to the lack of experience with the novel CoV, physicians can mainly provide supportive care to COVID-19 patients, while attempting a variety of therapies that have been used or proposed before for the treatment of other CoVs such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and other viral diseases (Table ​(Table2).2).
Olw’obutabaawo bumanyirivu ku kawuka ka CoV akabadde tekamanyiddwa, abasawo okusinga basobola kulabirira bulabirizi balwadde ba COVID-19, nga bwe bagezaako eddagala ery’enjawulo eryali likozeseddwako oba nga lyalagirwako emabega mu kujjanjaba obuwuka bwa CoV obulala nga SARS-CoV ne MERS-CoV n’obulwadde bw’obuwuka obulala (Omweso ​(Omweso2).2).
These therapies include current and potential treatments with antiviral drugs, immunosuppressants, steroids, plasma from recovered patients, Chinese medicine, and psychological support.
Eddagala lino mulimu erikozesebwa mu kiseera kino n’eryo eriyinza okujjanjaba obuwuka, erikendeeza ku busibage, steroids, omusaayi (plasma) okuva ku bantu abawonye, eddagala ly’Ekichina, n’okubudaabudibwa.
Even plasma from recovered patients was proposed to be used for treatment.
Ne plasma okuva ku bantu abawonye naye yateesebwa okukozesebwa ng’eddagala.
Pharmaceutical companies are racing to develop antibodies and vaccines against the virus.
Kampuni ezikola eddagala zikola butaweera okukola antibodies n’eddagala erigema akawuka kano.
SARS-CoV-2 mainly attacks the lungs in the beginning and probably also attacks, to a lesser degree, other organs that express ACE2, such as the gastrointestinal system and the kidneys.
SARS-CoV-2 kasinga kulumba mawuggwe mu kusooka era nga kirabika oluvannyuma ne kalyoka kalumba ebitundu ebirala ebirina ACE2, omwo nga mwe muli omuyungo gw’ebyenda (gastrointestinal system) n’ensigo.
Nevertheless, respiratory dysfunction and failure are the major threat to the patients and the major cause of death.
Wadde nga guli bwegutyo, obuzibu bw’okulemererwa okussa kye kizibu ekisinga mu balwadde era kye kisinga okuviirako okufa.
Thus, respiratory support is critical to relieve the symptoms and save lives and includes general oxygen therapy, high-flow oxygen, noninvasive ventilation, and invasive mechanical ventilation depending on the severity of the disease.
Noolwekyo, ebyuma ebiyamba mu kussa bikulu nnyo mu kukola ku buzibu bw’okussa n’okutaasa obulamu era nga kino kizingiramu ebintu nga general oxygen therapy, high-flow oxygen, noninvasive ventilation, ne invasive mechanical ventilation okusinziira ku bungi bw’obulwadde.
Patients with severe respiratory symptoms have to be supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), a modified cardiopulmonary bypass technique used for the treatment of life-threatening cardiac or respiratory failure.
Abalwadde abalina obuzibu obw’amaanyi mu kussa balina okuyambibwako ne extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), nga y’enkola ekozesebwa mu kujjanjaba ababa balemereddwa ddala okussa ekiyinza okubaviirako okufa.
In addition, the maintenance of electrolyte balance, the prevention and treatment of secondary infection and septic shock, and the protection of the functions of the vital organs are also essential for SARS-CoV-2 patients.
Ekirala, okukuuma ekigero kya electrolyte, okwewala n’okujjanjaba akawuka akalala akayinza okulumba omulwadde n’akawuka okusaasaanira omubiri, n’okukuuma ebitundu by’omubiri ebikulu ne bisigala nga bikola nabyo bikulu nnyo mu balwadde ba SARS-CoV-2.
It has been known that a cytokine storm results from an overreaction of the immune system in SARS and MERS patients.
Kibadde kimanyiddwa nti cytokine storm ava ku busibage okukola ekisusse (overreaction of the immune system) mu balwadde ba SARS ne MERS.
Cytokine storm is a form of systemic inflammatory response featured by the release of a series of cytokines including TNFα, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ, and MCP-1.
Cytokine storm kwe kwanukula kw’omubiri okulimu okuzimba olw’okufulumya cytokines ez’enjawulo omuli TNFα, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ, ne MCP-1.
These cytokines induce immune cells to release a vast number of free radicals which are the major cause of ARDS and multiple organ failure.
Cytokines zino zireetera obutaffaali obulwanyisa endwadde okufulumya molekyu ennyingi nga zino ze zisinga okuviirako ARDS n’ebitundu by’omubiri eby’enjawulo okulemererwa.
Immunosuppression is essential in the treatment of cytokine storms, especially in severe patients.
Okukendeeza ku busibage kikulu mu kujjanjaba cytokine storms, naddala mu balwadde abali obubi.
Corticosteroids and tocilizumab, an anti-IL6 monoclonal antibody, have been used to treat cytokine storm.
Corticosteroids ne tocilizumab, ng’eno anti-IL6 monoclonal antibody, zikozeseddwa okujjanjaba cytokine storm.
Other immunosuppression treatments for cytokine storm include the modulation of T cell-directed immune response; the blockade of IFN-γ, IL-1, and TNF; JAK inhibition; blinatumomab; suppressor of cytokine signaling 4; and HDAC inhibitors.
Enzijanjaba ya cytokine storm endala ey’okukendeeza ku busibage mwemuli okutuukanya T cell-directed immune response; okuggalira IFN-γ, IL-1, ne TNF; JAK inhibition; blinatumomab; suppressor of cytokine signaling 4; ne HDAC inhibitors.
Steroids, as immunosuppressants, were widely used in the treatment of SARS to reduce the severity of inflammatory damage.
Steroids, nga zikozesebbwa okukendeeza ku busibage, zaakozesebwa nnyo mu kujjanjaba SARS okukendeeza ku kukosebwa kw’okuzimba.
However, steroids at high dosages were not beneficial to severe lung injury in SARS and COVID-19 patients.
Wabula, steroids bwe zikozesebwa mu bungi tezaayamba ku bulabe obutuusibwa ku mawuggwe mu balwadde ba SARS ne COVID-19.
Instead, they may cause severe side effects, especially avascular osteonecrosis, dramatically affecting the prognosis.
Mpozzi ate, ziyinza okuviirako obukosefu (side effects) obw’amaanyi, naddala avascular osteonecrosis, ekiyinza okukosa ebyo ebisuubirwa okuvaamu.
Nevertheless, short courses of corticosteroids at low-to-moderate doses have been recommended to be used prudently for critically ill COVID-19 patients.
Newankubadde guli gutyo, kiteeseddwa nti corticosteroids akozesebwe mu balwadde ba COVID-19 abayi ennyo mu doozi entonotono.
At the time of writing, no effective antiviral therapy has been confirmed.
Mu kiseera ky’okuwandiikiramu olupapula luno, tewali ddagala lyakakasiddwa kuwonya kawuka kano.
However, intravenous administration with remdesivir, a nucleotide analog, has been found to be efficacious in an American patient with COVID-19.
Wabula, okuweebwa remdesivir ng’ayisibwa mu misuwa, ng’eno nucleotide analog, kyazuulibwa nga kyakola ku mulwadde wa COVID-19 Omumerika.
Remdesivir is a novel antiviral drug developed by Gilead initially for the treatment of diseases caused by Ebola and Marlburg viruses.
Remdesivir ddagala lya buwuka ppya nga lyakolebwa Gilead nga mu kusooka lyakozesebwa mu kujjanjaba endwadde ezireetebwa obuwuka bwa Ebola ne Marlburg.
Later, remdesivir also demonstrated possible inhibition of other single stranded RNA viruses including MERS and SARS viruses.
Oluvannyuma, remdesivir era kyazuulibwa ng’asobola okujjanjaba obuwuka obulala obulina single stranded RNA omuli MERS ne SARS.
Based on these, Gilead has provided the compound to China to conduct a pair of trials on SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, and the results are highly anticipated.
Nga beesigama ku bino, aba Gilead baawa China eddagala lino okuligezesa ku bantu abalina SARS-CoV-2, era ebinaavaamu birindiriddwa n’amaddu mangi.
In addition, baricitinb, interferon-α, lopinavir/ritonavir, and ribavirin have been suggested as potential therapies for patients with acute respiratory symptoms.
Ekirala, baricitinb, interferon-α, lopinavir/ritonavir, ne ribavirin nalyo liteeseddwa ng’eddagala eriyinza okujjanjaba abalwadde abalina obuzibu obw’amaanyi mu kussa.
Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, liver damage, and other adverse reactions can occur following combined therapy with lopinavir/ritonavir.
Ekiddukano, okusiikuuka emmeeme, okusesema, okukosebwa ekibumba, n’obuzibu obulala obw’amaanyi busobola okujjawo nga lopinavir/ritonavir agattiddwa n’eddagala eddala.
The interaction of these treatments with other drugs used in the patients should be monitored carefully.
Entabagana y’eddagala lino n’eddagala eddala nga likozeseddwa ku balwadde esaanye okulondoolwa n’obwegendereza.
Plasma from recovered patients and antibody generation
Plasma okuva mu balwadde abawonye n’okukola zi antibody
The collection of the blood from patients who recovered from a contagious disease to treat other patients suffering from the same disease or to protect healthy individuals from catching the disease has a long history.
Okuggya omusaayi ku bantu abawonye obulwadde obusiigibwa okusobola okujjanjaba abalwadde abalala abalina obulwadde bwebumu obwo oba okutaasa abantu abalamu obutafuna bulwadde obwo kibaddewo okumala ekiseera.
Indeed, recovered patients often have a relatively high level of antibodies against the pathogen in their blood.
Mu butuufu, abantu abawonye obulwadde batera okuba ne antibody nnyingi ezisobola okulwanyisa obulwadde obwo mu musaayi gwabwe.
Antibodies are an immunoglobulin (Ig) produced by B lymphocytes to fight pathogens and other foreign objects and they recognize unique molecules in the pathogens and neutralize them directly.
Antibodies buba butaffaali obukolebwa B lymphocytes okulwanyisa obuwuka n’ebintu ebirala ebitalina kubeera mu mubiri era bukenga molekyu ez’enjawulo eziba mu buwuka ne bubunafuya butereevu.
Based on this, plasma was collected from the blood of a group of patients who recovered from COVID-19 and was injected into 10 seriously ill patients.
Nga basinziira ku kino, plasma yaggyibwa mu musaayi gw’ekibinja ky’abalwadde abaawona COVID-19 n’akubwa mu balwadde 10 abaali obubi ennyo.
Their symptoms improved within 24 hours, accompanied by reduced inflammation and viral loads and improved oxygen saturation in the blood.
Embeera yaabwe yalongooka mu ssaawa 24, era n’okuzimba ne kukendeera n’omuwendo gw’akawuka ne gukendeera era n’entambula y’empewo mu musaayi n’etereera.
However, verification and clarification are necessary to propose the method for large-scale use before specific therapies are not yet developed.
Wabula, walina okubaawo okwekakasa n’okutangaaza okusobola okuyisa enkola yonna okukozesebwa ku bantu abangi ng’enkola eyo tennaba kukulaakulanyizibwa.
In addition, given the therapeutic effects, some disadvantages associated with the plasma should be considered carefully.
Ekirala, olw’ebyo ebiva mu kukozesa eddagala, ebibi ebyekuusa ku plasma birina okusooka okutunuulirwa.
For example, antibodies can overstimulate the immune response and cause cytokine release syndrome, which is potentially a life-threatening toxicity.
Okugeza, antibodies zisobola okuviirako obusibage okweyongera ennyo ne kireetawo cytokine release syndrome, nga kino kivaamu obutwa obw’obulabe ennyo.
The concentration of antibodies in the blood is usually low, and the demand for the plasma is large to treat critically ill patients.
Antibodies ezibeera mu musaayi zitera kubeera ntono, ate ng’obwetaavu bwa plasma bubeera bungi okusobola okujjanjaba abantu abalwadde ennyo.
It is difficult to develop and produce specific antibodies rapidly enough to fight against a global epidemic.
Kizibu okukulaakulanya n’okufulumya antibody mu bwangu ezimala okulwanyisa ekizibu ky’obulwadde obuli mu nsi yonna.
Thus, it is more critical and practical to isolate B cells from recovered patients and identify the genetic codes encoding effective antibodies or screen for effective antibodies against essential proteins of the virus.
Noolwekyo, ekiba kisoboka kwe kwawula B cells okuva mu bantu abawonye ne tumanya koodi z’endagabutonde za antibody ezirwanyisa obulwadde oba okukebera ne tulaba antibody ezirwanyisa obulwadde puloteni z’akawuka enkulu.
This way, we can readily scale up the production of the antibodies.
Mu ngeri eno, tusobola okwongera ku bungi bwa antibody ezikolebwa.
TCM has been used to treat a variety of diseases in China for thousands of years.
TCM akozeseddwa okujjanjaba endwadde eziwerako mu China okumala enkumi n’enkumi z’emyaka.
However, its effects largely rely on a combination of multiple components in a formula that varies depending on the diagnosis of a disease based on the theories of TCM.
Wabula, obukozi bwe bwesigama nnyo ku kugatta ebirungo eby’enjawulo mu ddagala ebikyukakyuka okusinziira ku kiba kizuuliddwa ku bulwadde okusinziira ku binnyonnyola (theory) TCM.
Most of the effective components remain unknown or are vague as it is difficult to extract and verify such components or their optimal combinations.
Ebirungo ebikola ebisinga tebimanyiddwa oba tebitegeerekeka bulungi olw’okuba nga kizibu okukenenulamu ebirungo ebyo ne bikakasibwa oba ebibikola.
Currently, due to the lack of effective and specific therapy for COVID-19, TCM has become one of the major alternative treatments for patients with light to moderate symptoms or for those who have recovered from severe stages.
Mu kiseera kino, olw’okuba nga tewali ddagala limanyiddwa kujjanjaba COVID-19, TCM lye limu ku ddagala erisinga okukozesebwa mu kujjanjaba abalwadde abalina obubonero obutonotono oba abo abawonye emitendera emingiko.
For example, Shu Feng Jie Du capsules and Lian Hua Qing Wen capsules were found to be effective for COVID-19 treatment.
Okugeza, kapiso za Shu Feng Jie Du n’eza Lian Hua Qing Wen zaazuulibwa nga zikola bulungi ku kujjanjaba COVID-19.
Top cure rates in the treatment of COVID-19 patients were observed in several provinces in China that used TCM in 87% of their patients, including Gansu (63.7%), Ningxia (50%), and Hunan (50%), whereas Hubei province, which used TCM in only approximately 30% of its COVID-19 patients, had the lowest cure rate (13%).
Abalwadde bangi baawona COVID-19 province eziwerako mu China nga bajjanjabwa ne TCM mu bitundu 87% eby’abalwadde, omuli Gansu (63.7%), Ningxia (50%), ne Hunan (50%), so nga mu Hubei province, eyakozesa TCM mu bitundu nga 30% byokka eby’abalwadde bwa COVID-19, okuwona gye kwasinga okubeera wansi (13%).
However, this is quite a rough comparison as many other impact factors such as the number and severity of the patients should be included in the evaluation.
Wabula, okugeraageranya kuno si kwa bwenkanya olw’okuba nga waliwo ensonga endala nnyingi ng’omuwendo n’embeera y’abalwadde ezirina okussibwa mu kwekaliriza.
On February 18, 2020, Boli Zhang and coworkers published a study to compare western medicine (WM) treatment alone with combined treatment of WM and TCM.
Mu Gwokubiri nga 18, 2020, Boli Zhang ne bakozi banne baafulumya ebyava mu kunoonyereza nga bageraageranya okujjanjabisa eddagala ly’ekizungu (western medicine) lyokka n’obujjanjabi obugattiddwa nga mulimu eddagala ly’ekizingu ne TCM.
They found that the times needed for body temperature recovery, symptom disappearance, and hospitalization were remarkably shorter in the WM+TCM group than in the WM only group.
Baakizuula nti ebiseera ebyetaagisa ebbugumu ly’omubiri okuddawo, obubonero okubula, n’okubeera ku kitanda byali bimpi nnyo mu kibinja eky’eddagala ly’ekizungu+TCM okusinga mu kibinja eky’eddagala ly’ekizungu lyokka.
Most impressively, the rate for symptomatic worsening (from light to severe) was remarkably lower for the WM+TCM group than for the WM only group (7.4% versus 46.2%) and the mortality was lower in the WM+TCM group than WM only group (8.8% versus 39%).
Ekisinga okusanyusa, okusajjuka kw’obubonero (okuva ku kubeera obutonotono okufuuka obw’amaanyi ennyo) kwali kutono nnyo mu kibinja ky’eddagala ly’ekizungu+TCM okusinga mu kibinja ky’eddagala ly’ekizungu lyokka (7.4% bw’ogeraageranya ne 46.2%) ate era okufa kwali kutono mu kibinja ky’eddagala ly’ekizungu+TCM okusinga mu kibinja ky’eddagala ly’ekizungu lyokka (8.8% bw’ogeraageranya ne 39%).
Nevertheless, the efficacy and safety of TCM still await more well-controlled trials at larger scales and in more centers.
Weewaawo guli bwegutyo, obukozi n’obulungi bwa TCM bukyetaaga okugezesa okulimu ensonga endala nga kukolebwa ku balwadde abasingako ne mu bifo ebisingako.
It would also be intriguing to characterize the mechanism of actions and clarify the effective components of TCM treatments or their combinations if possible.
Era kyandinyumye nnyo okunnyonnyola ebikolebwa n’okutangaaza ku bikolo bya TCM ebijjanjaba oba ebibikola bwe kiba nga kisoboka.
Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 mostly experience great fear of the highly contagious and even fatal disease, and quarantined people also experience boredom, loneliness, and anger.
Abalwadde abateeberezebwa oba abakakasiddwa okuba ne COVID-19 batera okuba n’okutya okungi okw’obulwadde buno obusiigibwa ennyo era obw’obulabe, n’abantu abateereddwa mu kalantiini nabo bafuna ekiwuubaalo, ettuulawamu, n’obusungu.
Furthermore, symptoms of the infection such as fever, hypoxia, and cough as well as adverse effects of the treatments such as insomnia caused by corticosteroids can lead to more anxiety and mental distress.
Okwongereza ku ekyo, obubonero bw’obulwadde okugeza omusujja, okubulwa omukka mu mubiri, n’okukolola awamu n’obuzibu obw’amaanyi obuva ku ddagala ng’okubulwa otulo ebireetebwa corticosteroids bisobola okwongera ku kweraliikirira n’okutabuka omutwe.
In the early phase of the SARS outbreak, a range of psychiatric morbidities including persistent depression, anxiety, panic attacks, psychomotor excitement, psychotic symptoms, delirium, and even suicidality were reported.
Mu biseera ebyasooka nga SARS yaakabalukawo, waaliwo endwadde nnyingi ezeekuusa ku mutwe omuli okwennyika ebirowoozo okutatadde, okweraliikirira, okutya ennyo, okupakunkana, okulowooza ebitaliiyo, obutassaayo mwoyo, n’okwetta.
Mandatory contact tracing and quarantine, as a part of the public health responses to the COVID-19 outbreak, can make people more anxious and guilty about the effects of the contagion, quarantine, and stigma on their families and friends.
Okunoonya abantu ababaddeko n’omulwadde n’okubassa mu kalantiini okw’obuwaze, ng’ekimu ku bikolebwa mu kulwanyisa COVID-19, kisobola okuleetera abantu okweyongera okweraliikirira n’okuwulira ng’abalina omusango olw’ebiva mu bulwadde buno obusiigibwa, kalantiini, n’okusosolwa kw’ab’omu maka gaabwe ne mikwano gyabwe.
Thus, mental health care should be provided to COVID-19 patients, suspected individuals, and people in contact with them as well as the general public who are in need.
Noolwekyo, obulabirizi mu mbeera z’emitwe busaanye okuweebwa abalwadde ba COVID-19, abateeberezebwa okuba naye, n’abantu ababeera nabo awamu n’abantu bonna ababwetaaga.
The psychological support should include the establishment of multidisciplinary mental health teams, clear communications with regular and accurate updates about the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and treatment plans and the use of professional electronic devices and applications to avoid close contact with each other.
Obuyambi mu by’ebirowoozo bulina okubaamu okuteekawo tiimu z’abasawo mu bintu eby’enjawulo ebikwata ku mitwe, okutegeeza abantu mu budde era mu ngeri etegeerekeka ku bikwata ku SARS-CoV-2 n’enteekateeka z’okujjanjaba n’okukozesa ebyuma bikalimagezi okwewala okusembereragana.
Effective vaccines are essential for interrupting the chain of transmission from animal reservoirs and infected humans to susceptible hosts and are often complementary to antiviral treatment in the control of epidemics caused by emerging viruses.
Eddagala erigema lya mugaso mu kutaataaganya entambula y’akawuka okuva mu nsolo mwe kabeera ne mu bantu abalwadde okudda mu bintu ebiyinza okukatambuza era litera okukolera awamu n’eddagala erijjanjaba obuwuka mu kulwanyisa obulwadde obuleetebwa obuwuka obuba bubaluseewo.
Efforts have been made to develop S protein-based vaccines to generate long-term and potent neutralizing antibodies and/or protective immunity against SARS-CoV.
Waliwo kaweefube akoleddwa okukulaakulanya eddagala erigema eryesigamiziddwa ku S protein okukola antibody empangaazi era ez’amaanyi ezisannyalaza ne/oba obusibage obulwanyisa SARS-CoV.
Live-attenuated vaccines have been evaluated in animal models for SARS.
Eddagala erigema erikolebwa mu buwuka bwennyini lyekalirizibwa mu nsolo ku SARS.
However, the in vivo efficacy of these vaccine candidates in elderly individuals and lethal-challenge models and their protection against zoonotic virus infection have yet to be determined before a clinical study is initiated.
Wabula, enkola y’eddagala erigema lino mu bantu abakadde ne mu lethal-challenge models n’enkola yaalyo mu kutangira obuwuka mu nsolo erina okumala okukakasibwa nga terinnakolwako kunoonyereza kwa kisawo.
This is probably because SARS died down 17 years ago and no new case has been reported since.
Kino kirabika okuba nga kiri bwekityo kubanga SARS yafa emyaka 17 egiyise era tewali yali azzeemu kumufuna okuva olwo.
In contrast, sporadic cases and clusters of MERS continue to occur in the Middle East and spread to other regions owing to the persistence of zoonotic sources in endemic areas.
Okwawukanako n’ekyo, waliwo abantu abatera okufuna MERS mu Middle East era n’asaasaanira ebitundu ebirala olw’ensolo z’abeeramu ezibeera mu bitundu ebyo.
Vaccination strategies have been developed for MERS by using inactivated virus, DNA plasmids, viral vectors, nanoparticles, virus-like particles and recombinant protein subunits and some have been evaluated in animal models.
Eddagala erigema MERS lyakolebwa nga bakozesa akawuka akanafuyiziddwa, DNA plasmids, viral vectors, nanoparticles, obutaffaali obwefaanaanyiriza akawuka ne recombinant protein subunits era lyagezesebwa mu nsolo.
The development of a safe and effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 for non-immune individuals is an urgent and critical task for controlling the ongoing epidemic.
Okukulaakulanya eddagala erigema SARS-CoV-2 mu bantu ab’obusibage obutono kyetaagibwa nnyo era mu bwangu okusobola okulwanyisa ekizibu ekiriwo.
However, it is challenging to overcome the difficulty because of the long period of time (averaged 18 months) needed for vaccine development and the dynamic variations of CoVs.
Wabula, kisoomooza okuvvuunuka obuzibu buno olw’ekiseera ekinene (emyezi nga 18) ekyetaagisa okulikulaakulanya n’okukyukakyuka kwa CoVs.
As a novel disease, COVID-19 has just started to manifest its full clinical course throughout thousands of patients.
Olw’okubeera obulwadde obupya, enneeyisa ya COVID-19 enzijuvu yaakatandika okweyoleka mu nkumi z’abalwadde.
In most cases, patients can recover gradually without sequelae.
Mu mbeera ezisinga, abalwadde basobola okuwona empolampola awatali kusigala na bubonero.
However, similar to SARS and MERS, COVID-19 is also associated with high morbidity and mortality in patients with severe cases.
Wabula, nga bweguli ku SARS ne MERS, abalwadde ba COVID-19 batera okulwala ennyo n’okufa.
Therefore, building a prognosis model for the disease is essential for health-care agencies to prioritize their services, especially in resource-constrained areas.
Noolwekyo, okuteebereza obuzibu obuyinza okuleetebwa obulwadde kikulu eri ebitongole byobujjanjabi okuteekateeka obuweereza bwabwe, naddala mu bifo ebitatuukamu bulungi buweereza.
Based on clinical studies reported thus far, the following factors may affect or be associated with the prognosis of COVID-19 patients (Table ​(Table33):
Nga twesigama ku kunoonyereza kw’ekisawo okwakakolebwa, ensonga zino ziyinza okuba nga zeekuusa ku buzibu obuyinza okutuuka ku balwadde ba COVID-19 (Omweso ​(Omweso33):
Age: Age was the most important factor for the prognosis of SARS, which is also true for COVID-19.
Obukulu: Obukulu ye nsonga eyasinga obukulu mu kuteebereza obuzibu obuyinza okutuuka ku balwadde ba SARS, era nga kino kituufu ne ku COVID-19.
COVID-19 mainly happened at the age of 30-65 with 47.7% of those patients being over 50 in a study of 8,866 cases as described above.
COVID-19 yasinga kukwata bantu ba myaka 30-65 ng’ebitundu 47.7% eby’abalwadde abo basussa emyaka 50 mu kunoonyereza ku bantu 8,866 nga bwe kiragiddwa waggulu.
Patients who required intensive care were more likely to have underlying comorbidities and complications and were significantly older than those who did not (at the median age of 66 versus 51), suggesting age as a prognostic factor for the outcome of COVID-19 patients.
Abalwadde abaali beetaaga obujjanjabi obw’amaanyi okusinga baalina endwadde endala ze baasangibwa nazo era baali bakulu nnyo okusinga abo abataalina (ku myaka nga 66 bw’ogeraageranya ne 51), nga kitegeeza nti obukulu nsonga nkulu mu kuteebereza obuzibu obuyinza okutuuka ku balwadde ba COVID-19.
Sex: SARS-CoV-2 has infected more men than women (0.31/100,000 versus 0.27/100,000), as described above.
Ekikula: SARS-CoV-2 akutte abasajja bangi okusinga abakazi (0.31/100,000 bw’ogeraageranya ne 0.27/100,000), nga bwe kiragiddwa waggulu.
Comorbidities and complications: Patients with COVID-19 who require intensive care are more likely to suffer from acute cardiac injury and arrhythmia.
Endwadde n’obuzibu obulala: Abalwadde ba COVID-19 abeetaaga obujjanjabi obw’amaanyi baba n’emikisa mingi egy’okufuna obuvune ku mutima (acute cardiac injury) ne arrhythmia.
Cardiac events were also the main reason for death in SARS patients.
Obuzibu ku mutima era ye yali ensonga enkulu eyaviirangako okufa mu balwadde ba SARS.
It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 can also bind to ACE2-positive cholangiocytes, which might lead to liver dysfunctions in COVID-19 patients.
Kyazuulibwa nti SARS-CoV-2 era asobola okwekwata ku ACE2-positive cholangiocytes, ekiyinza okuleetera ekibumba obutakola bulungi mu balwadde ba COVID-19.
It is worth noting that age and underlying disease are strongly correlated and might interfere with each other.
Kikulu okumanya nti obukulu n’endwadde endala bikwatagana nnyo era buli kimu kiyinza okubaako engeri gye kikosa ekirala.
Abnormal laboratory findings: The C-reactive protein (CRP) level in blood reflects the severity of inflammation or tissue injury and has been proposed to be a potential prognostic factor for disease, response to therapy, and ultimate recovery.
Ebizuulibwa mu mageserezo ebitali bya bulijjo: Omuwendo gwa C-reactive protein (CRP) mu musaayi gulaga obunyiinyiitivu bw’okuzimba oba okukosebwa kw’ennyama era eragiddwa ng’obuzibu obuyinza okutuuka ku balwadde, ekibaawo ng’eddagala likola, n’okuwonera ddala.
The correlation of CRP level to the severity and prognosis of COVID-19 has also been proposed.
Akakwate wakati w’omuwendo gwa CRP n’obunyiinyiitivu n’obuzibu obuyinza okutuuka ku balwadde ba COVID-19 nako koogeddwako.
In addition, elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and creatine kinase (CK) may also help predict the outcome.
Ekirala, okweyongera kwa lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), ne creatine kinase (CK) nabyo biyinza okuyamba mu kuteebereza ebiyinza okuvaamu.
These enzymes are expressed extensively in multiple organs, especially in the heart and liver, and are released during tissue damage.
Enzyme zino zeeyolekera mu bungi mu bitundu eby’enjawulo, naddala mu mutima n’ekibumba, era zifulumizibwa nga waliwo ekikoseddwa.
Thus, they are traditional markers for heart or liver dysfunctions.
Noolwekyo, ze zitera okulaga obuzibu obuba butuuse ku mutima oba ekibumba.
Major clinical symptoms: Chest radiography and temporal progression of clinical symptoms should be considered together with the other issues for the prediction of outcomes and complications of COVID-19.
Obubonero bw’ekisawo obukulu: Okukuba ekifaananyi mu kifuba n’okulondoola obubonero okumala ekiseera bisaana okukolebwa awamu n’ensonga endala okusobola okuteebereza obuzibu obunaaleetebwa COVID-19.
Use of steroids: As described above, steroids are immunosuppressant commonly used as an adjunctive therapy for infectious diseases to reduce the severity of inflammatory damage.
Okukozesa steroids: Nga bwe kyannyonnyoddwa waggulu, steroids zikkakkanya ku busibage era zikozesebwa nnyo mu kuyamba ku kujjanjaba obulwadde obusiigibwa okukendeeza ku bunyiinyiitivu bw’obuvune bw’okuzimba.
Since a high dosage of corticosteroids was widely used in severe SARS patients, many survivors suffered from avascular osteonecrosis with life-long disability and poor life quality.
Olw’okuba nga doozi ennene eya corticosteroids yakozesebwa nnyo mu balwadde ba SARS abayi, abalwadde abaawona bangi baafuna okusannyalala kw’amagumba (avascular osteonecrosis) ne basigala n’obulemu okumala ekiseera ekiwanvu n’omutindo gw’obulamu omubi.
Thus, if needed, steroids should be used at low dosage and for a short time in COVID-19 patients.
Noolwekyo, bwe kiba kyetaagisizza, steroids zisaanye okukozesebwa mu doozi entono era okumala ekiseera kitono mu balwadde ba COVID-19.
Mental stress: As described above, during the COVID-19 outbreak many patients have suffered from extraordinary stress as they often endured long periods of quarantine and extreme uncertainty and witnessed the death of close family members and fellow patients.
Obuzibu bw’obwongo: Nga kinnyonnyoddwa waggulu, mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kwa COVID-19 abalwadde bangi banyigiriziddwa nnyo mu bwongo olw’okumala ebiseera bingi mu kalantiini n’okuba nga tebamanyi kiddirira era balabye ab’eŋŋanda zaabwe ne balwadde bannaabwe nga bafa.
It is imperative to provide psychological counseling and long-term support to help these patients recover from the stress and return to normal life.
Abalwadde bano bateekwa okubudaabudibwa n’okuwagirwa okumala ekiseera okubayamba okuwona okunyigirizibwa kuno n’okudda mu bulamu obwa bulijjo.