atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
Before discussing the animal origins of HCoVs, it will serve us well to discuss the definitions and characteristics of evolutionary, natural, reservoir, intermediate and amplifying hosts of HCoVs.
Kau bayan kǝla HCoV futu tiyi dabbawa yen tuwandinye diyendǝro, andeya zauro banajin bayan kǝla ma'ana so, ada au halla dabbawa do HCoV tiyinzan tuwandinye.
An animal serves as the evolutionary host of an HCoV if it harbours a closely related ancestor sharing high homology at the level of nucleotide sequence.
Dabba shima awo shiro 'evolutionary host' gulzayin dǝ ro waljin HCoV ro sa sha kamanzǝ laa sha samunna awo siro 'homology' gulzayin dǝ tilojiya.
The ancestral virus is usually well adapted and non-pathogenic in this host.
Kuli kwasabe kaa ram yayya ram shima dǝ ngai dǝn zauro sǝlin ye kuru kam dondizǝyimba.
Likewise, a reservoir host harbours HCoV continuously and for long term.
Adǝgaima, guwom au tankǝ kuli kwasabe rojin dǝ loktu kuru ro kuru datǝ ba ro HCoV rojin.
In both cases, the hosts are naturally infected and are the natural hosts of HCoV or its parental virus.
Kessa indi son, dabba au kam dǝ alamen sha kwasa dǝye sǝtayin kuru HCoV au kuli sha sambǝna dǝ'a sandima tiyinzan sotozayin.
In contrast, if the HCoV is newly introduced to an intermediate host right before or around its introduction to humans, it is not well adapted to the new host and is often pathogenic.
Adǝ ro gadezǝna, HCoV dǝ bǝlin ro tiyi sototǝmaye ro kau tiyi adammanabe ro tǝkkin ro karaa maa, sototǝma bǝlin dǝ'a ngǝla ro sǝlinyi kuru ngǝwu so ro kam dondizǝyin.
This intermediate host can serve as the zoonotic source of human infection and play the role of an amplifying host by allowing the virus to replicate transiently and then transmitting it to humans to amplify the scale of human infection.
Sototǝma dawube adǝ shima naptǝ guwom do shi men adammana'a kuli dǝye suwandǝ zamjin wo kuru katap sototǝma kuraye gowotcin kuli kwasabe dǝ'a kolzǝ ngǝwutǝ men daji kuru adammana so ro faltǝyin, ngal do ammo faltǝyin dǝ allan kurajin.
An HCoV can undergo a dead-end infection if it cannot sustain its transmission within the intermediate host.
HCoV ye mowonzǝ kammo faltǝgǝ do fuwu ro kotǝ baa ma ro gayin sa tiyi sototǝma dawube dǝn tartǝgǝ ngǝla suwandǝnyi maa.
On the contrary, HCoVs can also adapt to the intermediate host and even establish long-term endemicity.
Adǝ ro gadezǝna, HCoV so dǝ raksa tiyi sototǝma dawube dǝ salin kuru har tiyi dǝn caman kasharu yedei ro loktu kuruwu ro napsayin.
In this case, the intermediate host becomes a natural reservoir host.
Jili lamar adǝ lan, sototǝma dawube dǝ guwom au tanki sototǝma ro waljin.
Epidemiological data revealed retrospectively that the index case of SARS had a contact history with game animals.
Sapsapno bayan na cizǝnaye dǝye fǝlezǝna lamar au kes SARSye buro salakye dǝ tarihi dabbawa karaabeya letanabe mbeji.
Subsequent seroprevalence investigations indicated that animal traders had a higher prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV IgG compared with that of the general population.
Kulashi ndu kuli dǝ tiyinzǝn mbejiye ngawo dǝn tǝdǝna ye fǝlezǝna am sawur au kasuwu dabbawa ye sadin dǝ tiyinzan anti-SARS-CoV IgG ngǝwu mbeji, tiyi jami gade gabsǝnaye ro wungǝmmiya.
Masked palm civets (Paguma larvata) and a racoon dog in live animal markets were first identified to carry SARS-CoV-like viruses that are almost identical to SARS-CoV.
Dabba do shiro 'masked palm civet' sayin dǝ-a 'racoon dog' sayin dǝ-a kasuwu dabbawa ro'abe lan tuwandin dǝ sandima buro salakyen tiyinzan kuliwa kwasabe SARS-CoV'a samun mbeji ro fodutǝna wo.
This was indirectly supported by the fact that no further SARS was reported after killing all civets in the markets.
Mana adǝ duno cuwando sa ngawo dabba 'civet' sayin kasuwu dǝye samma cetǝnaye lan gadero rifot SARSye tuwandǝnyi
However, it has been reported that masked palm civets from the wild or farms without exposure to the live animal markets were largely negative for SARS-CoV, suggesting that masked palm civets might only serve as the intermediate amplifying host but not the natural reservoir of SARS-CoV.
Adǝgaima, rifot tuwandǝna 'masked palm civet' karaaye au kulo lan rotǝna do dabbawa ro'a kasuwuye dǝ'a letanyi dǝ ngǝwu so tiyinzan SARS-CoV ba wo, adǝye fǝlejin dabba shima dǝ sototǝma dawubeye naptǝn kara amma shi gǝnyi guwwom au tanki SARS-CoVye wo.
Notably, since 80% of the different animals in the markets in Guangzhou have anti-SARS-CoV antibodies, the possibilities that multiple species of small mammals might also serve as intermediate amplifying hosts of SARS-CoV cannot be excluded.
Dabbawa kasuwu Guanzhou ye dǝ ci 80% so tiyinzan awo kwasa kǝriutǝye shiro 'anti-SARS-CoV antibodies' gulzayin dǝ mbeji daa, mowontǝ do jili dabbawa sǝnanaye gade gade kada raksa sototǝma dawube SARS-CoVye ro walzayin dǝ cistǝgǝ baa ro mowonjimba.
All of these appear to be dead-end hosts of SARS-CoV.
Anyi samma so alama sandi sototǝwu darebe SARS-CoVye fǝlezǝna.
Subsequent search for the natural animal host of SARS-CoV unveiled a closely related bat CoV, termed SARS-related Rhinolophus bat CoV HKU3 (SARSr-Rh-BatCoV HKU3), which exists in Chinese horseshoe bats.
Dabba do SARS-CoV sotojin alameye baratǝye batata CoVye zauro karungu ro leyata fǝlezǝna, kuli kwasaye dǝ ro 'SARS-related Rhinolophus bat CoV HKU3 (SARSr-Rh-BatCoV HKU3) gulzayin, shi doni tiyi batata 'horseshoe' sayin dǝyen tuwandin dǝ
These bats are positive for anti-SARS-CoV antibodies and genome sequence of SARSr-Rh-BatCoV HKU3.
Batata'a anyi awo shiro 'anti-SARS-CoV antibodies' gulzayin dǝ tiyinzan mbeji kuru awo shiro 'genome sequence' SARSr-Rh-BatCoV HKUǝ3ye gulzayin dǝye tiyinzan mbeji.
This and other bat CoVs share 88-92% nucleotide sequence homology with SARS-CoV.
Shi adǝ-a CoV batataye gadeso-a dǝ ci 88 - 92% ro kude awo shiro 'nucleotide sequence homology' gulzayinye dǝ sandi sammaye so jilinzǝ fal.
These studies have laid the foundation for the new concept that bats host emerging human pathogens.
Kǝra'a anyiye mana do batata so dǝ sandima kuliwa adammana ro kwasa sawudin sotozayin ye dǝ ro furtǝ sadǝ.
Several SARS-like CoVs (SL-CoVs) have also been identified from bats, but none except for one designated WIV1 can be isolated as live virus.
CoVwa SARS'a samun (SL-CoVs) so yedei kada tiyi batata so yen fodutǝna, amma sandi samma son fal shiro WIV1 sayin dǝ shima ronzǝ'a tutuluyin tiyi batata dǝyen.
Human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is known to be the receptor of SARS-CoV.
Tiyi adammanayen awo shiro 'angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)' sayindǝ shima kuli kwasaye SARs-CoV dǝ'a sǝmoyin.
WIV1 derived from fecal sample of bats was demonstrated to use bat, civet and human ACE2 as receptor for cell entry.
Kuli kwasabe WIV1 bǝli batatayen tuwandin dǝ shi lan faidatǝ ACE2 batataye-a, civetye-a, adammanabe-a dǝ shi men tiyi ro gayin ro fǝleyetǝ.
Intriguingly, sera of convalescent SARS patients were capable of neutralizing WIV1.
Awoye ajabba dǝ, bu am SARSye sǝtana ngatǝ sadin ye dǝ raksǝ WIV1 cejin.
Thus far, WIV1 represents the most closely related ancestor of SARS-CoV in bats, sharing 95% nucleotide sequence homology.
WIV1 dǝ shima durra SARS-CoV'a zauro karungu so dǝ'a wakkiljin tiyi batata soyen, awo 'nucleotide sequence homology' gulzayin dǝ ci 95% nga samun wo.
Albeit the high homology between these two viruses, it is generally believed that WIV1 is not the immediate parental virus of SARS-CoV and bats are not the immediate reservoir host of SARS-CoV.
Nǝm samun ndikate kuliwa kwasabe anyi samma son, WIV1 dǝ shi gǝnyi SARS-CoV sambo kuru batata so dǝ sandigǝnyi guwom au tanki sototǝma buro salakye wo.
Phylogenetic analysis clusters MERS-CoV to the same group as bat CoV-HKU4 and bat CoV-HKU5.
Tarihi alaanza ye MERS-CoV-a kuli kwasaye batatabe sandiro CoV-HKU4-a CoV-HKU5 gulzayin dǝ-a jam'u fallan gǝna'ano.
Bat CoV-HKU4 and MERS-CoV utilize the same host receptor, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), for virus entry.
Kuli kwasabe tiyi batataye CoV-HKU4-a MERS-CoV-a ndiso sototǝma au 'host receptor' shiro dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) fal faidatayin naptǝ gaworamye ro.
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase sequences of MERS-CoV are phylogenetically closer to counterparts in bat beta-CoVs identified from Europe and Africa.
MERS-CoVye awonzǝ shiro 'RNA-ddependent RNA polymerase sequence' gulzayin dǝ yanza'anawa beta-CoVs batataye lardǝwa Europeye-a Africaye-a zauro karungu nasha tarihinza yen.
Up to now, no live MERS-CoV can be found in wild bats.
Kuwayaye, MERS-CoV roa batata karaaye lan tuwandimba.
MERS-CoV and its closest relative bat CoV-HKU25 share only 87% nucleotide sequence homology.
MERS-CoV-a durnzǝ shin karungu kuli kwasaye batataye bat CoV-HKU25-a dǝ ci 87% ' nucleotide sequence homology' ye ndikatenzan tilo.
Thus, bats might not be the immediate reservoir host of MERS-CoV.
Adǝye fǝlezǝna batata so dǝ sandi gǝnyi guwom au tanki sototǝma MERS-CoVye buro salakye wo.
On the other hand, studies in Middle East have shown that dromedary camels are seropositive for MERS-CoV-specific neutralizing antibodies, same as camels of Middle East origin in multiple African countries.
Mukko fal dǝn, kulashi ilmuye Lardǝ`a Gǝdi dawuben tǝdǝnaye fǝlezǝna kalimowa so dǝ tiyinzan awowa do taganas ro MERS-CoV cenin ma mbeji, kalimowa lardvwa Africaye do Gǝdi dawube furtunza wo'a samma fal.
Live MERS-CoV identical to the virus found in humans was isolated from the nasal swabs of dromedary camels, further indicating that camels serve as the bona fide reservoir host of MERS-CoV.
MERS-CoV ro'a do kuli kwasabe tiyi adammana soyen tuwandin dǝ kǝnza kalimowabe lan firratǝ, adǝye fǝlejin kalimo so dǝ sandima guwom au tanki sototǝma MERS-Covye kura wo.
It is also noteworthy that generally mild symptoms but massive virus shedding were observed in camels experimentally infected with MERS-CoV.
Hangal gǝnatǝ sǝdǝna, alamawa nǝm dondibe sǝnana amma kuli kwasaye fita ngǝwu kalimowa do dalil ilmuye nankaro sandi ro MERS-CoV tǝkkǝna lan turuna.
Notably, infected camels shed viruses not only through respiratory route but also through fecal-oral route, which is also the main route for virus shedding from bats.
Notǝnadǝ yeyi, Kalimowa zamtǝna dǝ kuli kwasabe diwal yintǝbe bas lan gǝnyi fizayin amma diwal najasa-cime yen fizayin, adǝ kurun shima diwal kurama do kuli kwasabe batata so lan fitin au tartǝyin.
However, questions still remain since many confirmed cases of MERS have no contact history with camels prior to symptom onset, plausibly ascribed to human-to-human transmission or unknown transmission routes involving unrecognized animal species that harbour MERS-CoV.
Son yaye, korowa kuwayaye mbeji dalilnzǝ dǝ lamarra MERSye tawattǝgǝna kada awo sandiya kalimo'a lezǝna ma ba kau alamawa nǝm dondibe baditin ro, faltǝgǝ ndi kate kamma kammaye ro kǝrtǝyin dalilla ro au diwalla faltǝgǝye notǝnyi dabba notǝnyi laa men shi doni MERS-CoV tiyinzǝn mbeji ma.
SARS-CoV-2 shares 96.2% nucleotide homology with a bat CoV RaTG13 isolated from Rhinolophus affinis bats.
SARS-CoV-2 dǝ ci 96.2% 'nucleotide homology'nzǝye 'bat CoV RaTG13' tiyi batatawa sandiro Rhinolophus affinis gulzayin dǝ'a tilo.
As in the cases of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, the sequence divergence between SARS-CoV-2 and RaTG13 is too great to assign parental relationship.
Lamar SARS-CoV-a MERS-CoV-a yedei, nǝm gade gade futu sandibe fuwun gawonno issanadǝye yi SARS-CoV-2-a RaTG13ye-a dǝ zauro kura sandi ro nǝm ya/awa gǝnatǝgǝ ro.
That is to say, bats might not be the immediate reservoir host(s) of SARS-CoV-2 unless almost identical bat CoVs are found in future.
Adǝ ma’ananzǝ, batata so gǝnyi guwom au tanki sototǝma SARS-CoV-2YE buro salakye wo ro walzayin, wande karaa lan CoV batataye zauro samun kǝnngatayin tuwangatǝ gǝnyi'a.
Presumably, the intermediate animal hosts of SARS-CoV-2 should be among the wildlife species sold and killed at the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, with which many of the initial cases of COVID-19 were associated, indicative of a probable animal-to-human transmission event.
Dabba sototǝma dawube SARS-CoV-2ye dǝ suro dabbawa karaaye kasuwu Huananye lan tǝladin dǝ ro zantǝgǝna, shi doni kessa COVID-19ye ngǝwu so'a leyata ma dǝ, daji adǝye fǝlejin faltǝgǝ au tartǝgǝ ndi kate dabba-a adammana-ayen.
Several recent studies based on metagenomic sequencing have suggested that a group of endangered small mammals known as pangolins (Manis javanica) could also harbour ancestral beta-CoVs related to SARS-CoV-2.
Kǝra'a au kulashi ilmuye kada karungu ro kǝla "metagenomic sequencing"yen tǝdǝnaye fǝlejin, jam'u dabbawa sǝnanaye sandiro pangolin sayin dǝye kuliwa kwasabe beta-CoV do SARS-CoV-2-a samun dǝ tiyinzan mbeji.
These novel pangolin CoV genomes share 85-92% nucleotide sequence homology with SARS-CoV-2.
'CoV genome'Dabba pangolinye dǝ ci 85 - 92% 'nucleotide sequence homology'nzaye SARS-COV-a tilo wo.
However, they are equally closely related to RaTG13 with about 90% identity at the level of nucleotide sequence.
Kuru adǝgai ma, sandi dǝ zauro saiyya RaTG13 zauro karungu, ci 90% karunga daraja nǝm samunye "nucleotide sequence" ye.
They cluster into two sub-lineages of SARS-CoV-2-like viruses in the phylogenetic tree, one of which share a more similar receptor binding domain (RBD) with SARS-CoV-2, with 97.4% amino acid sequence identity.
Jam'u sǝnana ndi kuliwa kwasaye SARS-CoV-2 a samun ro yektayin suro kǝska "phylogeny"ye lan, falnza dǝ SARS-CoV-2 -a awo shiro 'receptor binding domain" sayin dǝ jili tilo karunga faidatayin, ci 'amin acid sequencing identiy' 97.4%- a.
In stark contrast, the RBDs of SARS-CoV-2 and RaTG13 are more divergent, albeit a higher degree of sequence homology genome-wide.
RBD SARS-CoV-2 ye-a RaTG13 ye-a dǝ gade gade, daraja "sequence homolgy"ye dǝ kura yaye.
An earlier study on diseased pangolins also reported the detection of viral contigs from lung samples, which turn out to be similarly related to SARS-CoV-2.
Kǝra au kulashi buron kǝla 'pangolin'yen tǝdǝna dǝye sǝkkǝ awo shiro 'viral contigs' sayin dǝ samfǝr fufube lan turuna, shi doni SARS-CoV'a zauro samun ro walzǝna ma dǝ.
This study adopted different assembly methods and manual curation to generate a partial genome sequence comprising about 86.3% of the full-length viral genome.
Kǝradǝye duluwuwa na fallo saptaaye-a mukko lan saptaye-a kaanzǝzǝgǝ 'genome sequence' gana laa tuwandǝna, shi do suro dǝn ci 86.3% datǝ kaamil 'viral genomeye'a ma.
We cannot exclude the possibility that pangolin is one of the intermediate animal hosts of SARS-CoV-2.
Mowontǝ do dabba pangolin dǝ shima dabba daudawube sototǝmma SARS-CoV-2ye dǝ rangye tuluye kollemba.
However, currently there is no evidence in support of a direct pangolin origin of SARS-CoV-2 due to the sequence divergence between SARS-CoV-2 and pangolin SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs.
Ammana, kǝmaa dǝ ro dalil/shada do SARS-CoV-2 pangolinyen katambo fǝlejin ma ba dalil nǝm gade gade ndikate SARS-CoV-2ye-a beta-CoVwa SARS-CoV-2 pangolin-a ye dǝye sǝkkǝ.
In addition, the distance between SARS-CoV-2 and RaTG13 is even shorter than that between SARS-CoV-2 and pangolin SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs.
Adǝ ro kǝltǝyin, nǝm cintu ndikate SARS-CoV-2-a RaTG13-aye dǝ nǝm cintu ndikate SARS-CoV-2-a beta-CoVwa pangolin SARS-CoV-2ye-a ma ro koriwo.
The evolutionary pathway of SARS-CoV-2 in bats, pangolins and other mammals remains to be established.
Diwal tarihi fǝlamtǝye SARS-CoV-2 tiyi batatabe-a, pangolinbe-a, dabbawa gadeye-a dǝ fuwun do gultin.
Whereas the highest sequence homology has been found in the RBDs between SARS-CoV-2 and pangolin, SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs, SARS-CoV-2 and RaTG13 share the highest genome-wide sequence homology.
Nǝm samun halaktǝnzabe gana gana zauro turuna suro RBDwa ndikate SARS-CoV-2-a, pangolin-a, beta CoVwa batataye SARS-CoV-2-a leyata tuwandǝna dǝn, beta CoVwa SARS-CoV-2 batataye-a leyata-a, SARS-CoV-2-a, RaTG13-a dǝ "genome-wide sequence homology" kuruwu shiyeyi ba ma dǝ sandiye kaanza fal.
It is highly speculative that the high degree of similarity between the RBDs of pangolin SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs and SARS-CoV-2 is driven by selectivity-mediated convergent evolution.
Nǝm samun ndikate RBDwa beta-CoV SARS-CoV-2-a leyata pangolinbe-a SARS-CoV-2 -a ye dǝ awo shiro "selectivity-mediated convergent evolution" sayin dǝ sǝkkǝ ro zauro tǝmatǝgǝna.
A counter-proposal is in favour of a recombination between a pangolin SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoV and RaTG13 in the third wild animal species.
Shawari kulashi waltǝm diobe dǝ, beta-CoVwa SARS-CoV-2'a leyata pangolinbe-a RaTG13-a waltǝm tiyi dabba kǝn yakkǝme dǝyen kǝltǝ ro majin.
As a driving force in evolution, recombination is widespread among beta-CoVs.
Duno fǝlamtǝ fuwuro zuzǝyin ye naptǝn, waltǝm kǝltǝ dǝ dawu beta-CoVwa yelan zauro ngǝwu.
The jury is still out on the immediate zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2.
Sharawa (jury) kuwa yaye na SARS-CoV-2 dabba lan cizǝ dabba gade ro faltǝyin dǝ mazayin
Besides the highly pathogenic HCoVs, the zoonotic origin of HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 have also been studied.
HCoVwa zauro nǝm dondi gǝrzayindǝn guron, na buro salakye HCoV-229E-a, HCoV-OC43-a, HCoV-NL63-a, HCoV-HKU1-a ciza faltayin dǝ kulastǝ notǝna.
Phylogenetic evidence indicated that both HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E might have originated from bat CoVs, while the parental viruses of HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 have been found in rodents.
Dalilla do fuwutǝ au fafaltǝ dabbaye bayanjin dǝye fǝlezǝna HCoV-NL63-a HCoV-229E-a dǝ CoVwa batatayen ciyada, kuru kuliwa kwasabe HCoV-OC43-a HCoV-HKU1-a dǝ tiyi dabba jili julwa soyen ciyada.
It has been reported that a bat CoV termed ARCoV.2 (Appalachian Ridge CoV) detected in North American tricolored bat displayed close relationship with HCoV-NL63.
Rifot tǝdǝna CoV batataye shiro ARCoV.2 gulzayin dǝ. Shi doni tiyi batata North Americaye kala yakkǝ'a ma dǝyen turuna dǝ, alaka karunguye ndi kate sha HCoV-NL63-a fǝlezǝna.
On the other hand, HCoV-229E was genetically related to another bat CoV, termed Hipposideros/GhanaKwam/19/2008, which was detected in Ghana, while camelids have also been suspected as its intermediate host.
Mukko fallan, HCoV-229E dǝ sha CoV batataye gade sunzǝ Hipposideros/GhanaKwam/19/2008 dǝ-a zauro karungu wo, shi doni lardǝ Ghanaye lan fodutǝna dǝ, kuru kalimo sandima sototǝma ndikate wo ro tǝmatǝna.
For clarity, the current knowledge on animal origins of known HCoVs is summarized in Figure ​1 and Table 2.
Ngǝla ro asutǝ nanka ro, ilmu kǝrmaa ro kǝla dabbawa do HCoVwa sandi men tuwandǝnaye dǝ fig. 1-a tewur 2 lan kasartǝna.
Phylogenetic analysis has provided evidence for interspecies transmission events of HCoVs in the history.
Kulashi kǝla fǝlamtǝ au fafaltǝ yen tǝdǝnaye dalil tartǝgǝ HCoVwa ye ndi kate dabbawa gade gadeyen suro tarihiyen wakajin fǝlezǝna.
When HCoV-OC43 crossed species to infect humans from domestic livestock around 1890, a pandemic of respiratory infection was recorded.
Sa HCoV-OC43 dabbawa fatoyen fartǝ adammana so sǝtana dǝ saa 1890 lan, wawa kwasa yintǝbe turuna.
The interspecies transmission history of HCoV-229E is less clear.
Tarihi HCoV-229Eye jili dabbaye fallen cine jili gade ro dǝ kone ngǝla ro asutǝnyi.
Bat alpha-CoVs closely related to HCoV-229E have been found.
Alpha CoVwa batataye so dǝ sandiya HCoV-229Eya zauro karungu.
Between them there is an alpaca alpha-CoV.
Ndikatenzan kuli kwasabe shiro 'alpaca alpha-CoV' sayin dǝ mbeji.
Several lines of evidence support the transmission of virus from bats to humans directly.
Shadawa kadaye kuli kwasabe batata lan cizǝ adammana ro faltǝgǝye ngawo satana.
First, humans but not alpacas might have contact with bats in a shared ecological niche.
Buro salakyen, adammana so sandima batata so'a leta alpaca so gǝnyi, sau kor kǝnǝnganzaye fal nanka dǝ ro.
Instead, humans have close contact with alpacas.
Susu dǝ ro, adammana so sandima alpaca'a leta.
Second, HCoV-229E-related bat alpha-CoVs are diverse and non-pathogenic in bats, whereas alpaca alpha-CoV caused an outbreak of respiratory disease in infected animals.
Kǝn indimi, HCoV-229E alpha-CoV batataye'a leyata dǝ sandi jilinza ngǝwu kuru tiyi batata soyen kwasa suwudimba, amma alpha-CoV alpacaye dǝye kwasa yintǝbe dabbawa zamtǝna lan sǝkkǝ fǝlangzǝna.
Finally, alpaca alpha-CoV has not been found in feral animals.
Dare dajiram lan, alpha-CoV alpacaye dǝ tiyi dabbawa ca faton rotǝna do karaa ro waltanayen tuwandǝnyi.
Thus, the possibility cannot be excluded that alpacas obtain the HCoV-229E-related alpha-CoV from humans.
Adǝgai lan, mowontǝ doni alpaca soye HCoV-229E alpha-CoV'a leyata dǝ na adammana soyen cuwanda dǝ rangnye tuluyemba wo.
In fact, bats are the direct source of human pathogenic viruses including rabies virus, Ebola virus, Nipah virus and Hendra virus.
Mana dǝye yanzǝ dǝ, batata so dǝ kuliya kwasabe adammana soye ngǝwu so sandi lan tuwandin, jili kuli kwasa rebisye so, kuli kwasa Ebolaye so, kuli kwasa Nipahye so-a kuli kwasa Hendrabe'a.
It is therefore not too surprising that bats might transmit HCoV-229E to humans directly.
Adǝ nanka dǝ ro, batata soye adammana so ro HCoV-229E daata ro falzayin dǝ awo ajabye gǝnyi.
Alternatively, whereas bat alpha-CoVs serve as the gene pool of HCoV-229E, alpacas and dromedary camels might serve as intermediate hosts that transmit viruses to humans, exactly as in the case of MERS-CoV.
Na alpha CoV batataye sodǝ naptǝ sandi lan HCoV-229E tuwandǝnayen kasharu yaye, alpaca so-a kalimowa so-a dǝ naptǝ sototǝma dawube do kuli kwasabe dǝ'a adammana so ro falzayin yen kasharu, jili lamar MERS-CoV yedei hak biya.
MERS-CoV serves as an excellent example of interspecies transmission from bats to dromedary camels and from dromedary camels to humans.
MERS-CoV dǝ misal zauro ngǝlama faltǝgǝ ndi kate dabbawa gade gadeyen, batata lan kalimo ro kuru kalimo lan adammana so ro.
The evolutionary origin of MERS-CoV from bats is known at its initial identification and has also been strengthened by subsequent findings.
Tarihi baditǝ au fǝlamtǝ MERS-CoVye tiyi batata soyen dǝ shima sha notǝram buroye wo kuru awowa darebe tuwandǝnaye adǝ ro duno cina.
It is obvious that bats provide a rich pool of virus species for interspecies exchange of genetic fragments and interspecies transmission.
Batata so dǝ nowata kuli kwasabe ngǝwuwa sawudin, ndikate dabbawa gade gadeyen awo 'genetic fragment' gulzayin dǝ yeyektǝ ro kuru ndi kate dabbawa gade gadeyen kuli kwasabe tartǝgǝ ro.
Longevity, densely packed colonies, close social interaction and strong ability to fly are all favourable conditions for bats to be an ideal 'virus spreader'.
Kawu kuruwu-a, jami ngǝwu na fallo sapkata-a, mu'amala zauro karinguye suro jamiyen-a kuru raktǝ fartǝbe dunowa-a anyi samma kǝndawa do batata ro kǝjima kuli kwasabe tartǝgǝma shiyeyi ba ro waltǝ ro.
On the other hand, MERS-CoV has been introduced to dromedary camels for decades.
Mukko fallan, MERS-CoV dǝ kalimowa ro yita gattǝgǝna dǝ saa kada.
It is well adapted to these camels that have turned from an intermediate host to a stable and natural reservoir host.
Kalimowa anyiya zauro sǝli kaanzǝzǝgǝna hatta sototǝma dawube lan cizǝ guwom sototǝma alameye ro wallono.
MERS-CoV causes very mild disease and maintains a relatively low mutation rate in these animals.
MERS-CoV dǝ kwasa sǝnana suwudin kuru futu faltǝ jili gade ro waljinye zauro idiyazǝna tiyi dabbawa anyiye lan.
Its sporadic transmission to humans is an accident and humans remain a dead-end host of MERS-CoV as its transmission cannot be sustained.
Adammana so ro faltǝgǝnzǝ dǝ tajirwa men waka'ano kuru adammana so dǝ sandi ma sototǝma MERS-CoVye datǝrambe wo, saunzǝ faltǝgǝnzǝ loktu ngǝwu ro dǝgayimba.
In contrast to the role of camels in the transmission of MERS-CoV, the role of pangolins, if there is any, in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is different.
Katap kalimowabe MERS-CoV tartǝgǝ lan gowotsayin dǝ ro gadezǝna lan, katap pangolinye, katap laa gowotcin ma mbeji maa, nasha SARS-CoV-2 tartǝgǝye ye dǝn dǝ gadezǝna.
Particularly, pangolin beta-CoVs are highly pathogenic in pangolins.
Taganasma ro, beta-CoVwa pangolinbe dǝ zauro dabba pangolin sayin dǝ ro kwasa au nǝm dondi suwudin.
They might be a dead-end host for SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs, similar to civets in the case of SARS-CoV.
Sandi dǝ wajiya sototǝma darebe beta-CoVwa SARS-CoV-2'a leyata maye, civet so'a samun suro lamar SARS-CoVye lan.
Several possibilities for interspecies transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from animals to humans have to be ruled in or ruled out in future studies.
Mowontǝwa kada kǝla tartǝgǝ SARS-CoV-2 ye ndi kate alauwwa au dabbawa gade gade yen, dabba lan adammana ro faltǝgǝye gotin au koltin kulashiya ilmube fuwu lan tǝdinyen.
First, bats could be the reservoir host of a SARS-CoV-2-related virus almost identical to SARS-CoV-2.
Kǝn tilomi, batata so dǝ sandima guwom au tanki sototǝma kuli kwasabe SARS-CoV-2'a samunye wo, SARS-CoV-2'a jilinza tilo yedei.
Humans might share the ecological niche with bats through butchering or coal mining.
Adammana so dǝ batata so'a kor kǝnǝngaye fal faidatayin ro waljin nǝm sunuri men (dabba duwatǝ) au cidi lanǝm kǝlimi shiro 'coal' gulzayin dǝ tulo men.
Second, pangolins could be one of intermediate amplifying host to which a SARS-CoV-2-related virus had been newly introduced.
Kǝn indime, pangolin so dǝ sototǝma dawube ro walzayin shi doni belin ro kuli kwasabe SARS-CoV-2'a samun shiro tǝkkǝna ma.
Humans contract the virus through butchering and consumption of game meat.
Adammana so dǝ kuli kwasabe dǝ dabbawa karaabe yezo-a danza gǝro-a men gozayin.
It is possible that many mammals including domestic animals are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2.
Dabbawa kada dauwnzan dabbawa fatobe`a so sandiya mowonzǝ SARS-CoV-2 ye sǝtayin.
A survey of domestic and wild animals for antibodies is warranted.
Sofiyo dabbawa fatobe-a karaabe-a tǝdǝ awo tiyinzabe 'antibody' sayin kwasa kǝriujin ma dǝ kulastaye dǝ amartǝna.
Third, as mentioned above, recombination and adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 might have occurred in a third species that has contact with both bats and pangolins.
Kǝn yakkǝme, futu buron gultǝna yedei, waltǝm SARS-CoV-2'a kǝltǝ-a kuru na dǝ kaanzǝtǝgǝ-a dǝ jili dabbaye gade kǝn yakkǝme do batata-a pangolin-a ndiso'a letana lan wakawono.
The search for the animal origins of SARS-CoV-2 is still on.
Kulashi badiyaram SARS-CoV-2 ye tiyi dabbawa yen dǝ kuwayaye tǝdinna kara.
Apart from different types of the animal hosts, three major factors on the viral side are also important in facilitating CoVs to cross species barriers.
Sototǝma dabbaye gade gade so dǝn kasǝn, awowa yakkǝ muhimmi nasha kuli kwasabeye dǝ sandiye zauro faidazayin nasha CoV so banatǝ dabba gade gade ro faltǝgǝ men.
First of all, their relatively high mutation rates in RNA replication.
Buro salakyen, zauro faltǝ ngewu sadin suro "RNA replication" ye lan.
In comparison to other single-stranded RNA viruses, the estimated mutation rates of CoVs could be regarded as “moderate” to “high” with an average substitution rate being ~10-4 substitution per year per site 2, depending on the phase of CoV adaptation to novel hosts.
Kuliwa kwasabe RNAbe je falla gade so'a gǝrenǝmiya, nǝm ngǝwu faltǝ CoVwa ye dǝ mowonzǝ daraja ganaye lan tai ngǝwu ro yadeye gultin, fafaltǝ saa lan gana yaye ~10-4 yedei ro faltin.
CoVs have a proof-reading exoribonuclease, deletion of which results in exceedingly high mutability and attenuation or even inviability.
CoV so dǝ tiyinzan awo shiro “proof-reading exoribonuclease" gulzayin dǝ mbeji, sha cintǝ dǝ fafaltǝ naa kozǝna-a, duno gana-a, au hatta faidajimba ro waltǝ suwudin.
Interestingly, the nucleotide analogue Remdesivir is known to suppress CoV replication through inhibition of this exoribonuclease and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
Awo hangal gǝrjin dǝ, awo shiro "nucleotide analogue Remdesivir" sayin dǝ ngǝwutǝ CoVye ratsǝ rojin ro noata, diwal 'exoribonuclease dǝ-a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase dǝ-a daptǝ men.
Remdesivir is one of most promising anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents to be tested in clinical trials.
Remdesivir dǝ shima kurun SARS-CoV-2ye zauro faidajin ro tǝmatǝna do litarin jarabtǝna ma wo.
Nevertheless, mutation rates of CoVs are about a million times higher than those of their hosts.
Adǝn yaye, faltǝ CoV sobe dǝ nǝm ngǝwu lan faltǝ sototǝmanzabe'a ci niliyon fal yedei lan kozana.
In addition, mutation rate is often high when CoVs are not well adapted to the host.
Adǝ ro kǝllǝgǝ ne, faltǝ dǝ sa CoV so dǝ sototǝmanza'a salinyi maa shima zauro ngǝwujinno.
Compared to SARS-CoV with a high mutation rate, the mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2 is apparently lower, suggestive of a higher level of adaptation to humans.
SARS-CoV do fafaltǝ ngǝwu'a dǝ'a kǝllǝmiya, fafaltǝ SARS-CoV-2ye dǝ shima gana wo, adǝye fǝlejin tiyi adammana soye kǝlo cetto.
Presumably, it has already been adapted to another host close to humans.
Sototǝma gade adammana so'a karungu gade ro napsǝgǝna ro tǝmatǝna.
In addition to SARS-CoV-2, this also applies to MERS-CoV, which is well adapted to dromedary camels.
SARS-CoV-2 ro kǝllǝgǝmiya, adǝgai dǝ MERS-CoV yen waajin, shi doni zauro kalimowa sǝlina au kaanzǝzǝgǝna.
Theoretically, it is unlikely that genetic drift would render vaccines and antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 ineffective quickly.
Mana ngai me dǝn maa, gǝrtǝgǝ awo shiro 'genes' sayin ye dǝye kalimi so kurunna SARS-CoV-2 kǝriutǝbe'a faidajimba sǝdin ro tǝmatǝnyi.
Second, the large RNA genome in CoVs exerts extra plasticity in genome modification for mutations and recombination, thereby increasing the probability for interspecies co-evolution, which is advantageous for the emergence of novel CoVs when the conditions become appropriate.
Kǝn indimi, 'RNA genome' kura suro CoV soye dǝ banazǝgǝ faltǝ-a waltǝm kǝltǝ-a wakajin, daji adǝgai men mowontǝ fǝlamtǝ ndikate dabbawaye fuwuzǝyin, shi doni luwo CoV wa soye ro zauro kǝji sa kǝndawa so kalkal jiya.
This is supported by the copious unique open reading frames and protein functions encoded towards the 3′ end of the genome.
Ngawo adǝye awo do shiro "copious unique open reading frame" sayin dǝ-a "protein functions encoded towards 3' end of the genome" ye-a ye satana.
Third, CoVs randomly and frequently switch templates during RNA replication through a unique “copy-choice” mechanism.
Kǝn yakkǝme, CoV so dǝ fasal ba'a ro kuru ngǝwu ngǝwu ro 'template' falzayin sa RNA ngǝwu ro sadin ma nzundu "copy-choice" be shi yeyi ba men.
In a host that serves as the mixing vessel, strand switching occurs frequently during CoV RNA transcription.
Tiyi sototǝma do naptǝ awo suro dǝn tuskatinye lan dǝgana dǝ, je faltǝ ngǝwu ngǝwu ro wakajin sa CoV RNA kǝratin lan.
Highly homologous full-length and subgenomic RNAs could recombine to generate new CoVs.
RNAwa sandiro "highly homologous full length and subgenomic" sayin dǝ raksa walta kǝlta CoVwa bǝlin satandin.
Phylogenetic evidence of natural recombination has been found in both HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43, as well as animal CoVs such as bat SL-CoV and batCoV-HKU9.
Shada waltǝm kǝltǝ alamen wakajinye tuwandǝna suro HCoV-HKU1 be-a HCoV-OC43 be-a ndi son, kuru adǝgaima CoVwa jili SL-CoV batataye-a kuru bat-CoV-HKU9-a.
Virus-host interaction in relation to transmission
Mu'amala ndi kate kuli kwasabe-a sototǝmabe-a faltǝgǝ au tartǝgǝ ro wungǝmmiya.
Besides three viral factors stated above, viral interaction with host receptor is another key factor influential on interspecies transmission.
Awowa kuli kwasabe wuzǝna yakkǝ somtǝna anyi dawun ba ro, mu'amala kuli kwasabe-a sototǝma kuli kwasaye sǝmoyinnaye ndikate dǝ zauro faidajin nasha faltǝgǝ au tartǝgǝ ndikate dabbawabe lan.
Herein, recombination of SARS-CoV is taken as a typical example, which also showed evidence of positive selection during interspecies transmission events.
Na allan, waltǝm kǝltǝ SARS-CoVye dǝ shima misal ro gotin, shi doni kartǝ ngǝla fǝlezǝna sa faltǝgǝ bayna dabbawa gade gadeyen wakajin maa.
Based on the comparative analysis between isolates of human and civet SARS-CoVs, SARS-CoV is thought to undergo rapid adaptation in different hosts, particularly with mutations at the RBD of the S protein.
Kulastǝ gǝretabe do SARS-CoVwa tiyi adammanabe-a civet-a yen tǝdǝna dǝ ro wungǝmmiya, SARS-CoV dǝ tini sototǝma so sǝlin, taganas ma ro sa faltǝ RBDye wakajiya.
Generally, the RBD in the S protein of a CoV interacts with the cellular receptor and is intensely selected by the host antibody response.
RBD suro 'S protein' CoVye dǝ mowoma suro tiyibe dǝ fantayin au mu'amala sadin kuru awowa kwasa kǝriutǝbe tiyi sototǝmaye dǝye tini sandiya karjin.
In SARS-CoV, the RBD is in the 318th to 510th amino acids on the S1 fragment, which binds to the human ACE2 as well as its coreceptors for viral entry.
SARS-CoV lan, RBD shima 'amino acid' kǝn 318 sǝta 510 ro saadǝna dǝ kǝla 'S1 fragment'ye lan, shi doni ACE2 adammanabe ro kǝrtǝyin gawo kuli kwasabe ye nankaro.
The RBD of SARS-CoV is capable of recognizing the ACE2 receptors of various animals, including bat, civet, mouse and raccoon dog, allowing interspecies transmission of the virus.
RBD SARS-CoVye dǝ raksǝ mowoma ACE2 dabbawa jili gade gadeye asujin, dawu dǝn batata-a, 'civet'-a kuru' racoon dog'-a mbeji, faltǝgǝ ndikate jiliwa dabbaye gade gade kolzǝ wakajin.
In fact, only 6 amino acid residues were observed to be different from human and civet viral isolates in the RBD and 4 of them locate in the receptor-binding motif for interaction with the ACE2 receptor.
Manaye yanzǝ dǝ, 'amino acid'wa arakkǝ njong kwasa kuli suwudin tiyi adammanbe-a civetye-a lan firtǝna suro RBDyen gade gade ro asutǝ kuru diyeu 4 dǝ na shiro 'receptor binding motif gulayin dǝn kara, mowoma ACE2'a mu'amala dio nanka ro.
Civet SARS-CoV has K479N and S487T mutations in its RBD, which might increase the affinity of the interaction of spike protein with human ACE2 receptor.
SARS-CoV civetye dǝ RBDnzǝn faltǝ shiro K479N-a S487T gulzayin dǝ mbeji, shi doni mu'amala "spike protein" be-a mowoma ACE2 adammanabe-a ndikaten mu'amala dio suwudin dǝ.
In other words, these two amino acid substitutions might be critical to viral adaption to humans.
Ma'ana, 'amino acid'wa ndi anyi sandiya faltǝ dǝ zauro faida'a kuli kwasabe adammana liyo ro.
It is noteworthy that SARS-CoV-2 shares the same cellular receptor with SARS-CoV.
SARS-CoV-2 dǝ sha SARS-CoV'a mowomanza tilo.
A 30% difference between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in the S1 unit of the S protein implicates that the binding affinity of its S protein with human ACE2 might have altered.
Nǝm gade ci 30% ndikate SARS-CoV-2-a SARS-Cov-a suro 'S1 unit protein"ye dǝye fǝlejin 'S proteinye ACE2 adammanabe'a kǝltǝ dǝ gana bannatǝna.
Indeed, a cryo-EM study indicates a 10- to 20-fold higher affinity of this binding than that between human ACE2 and SARS-CoV S protein.
Tawadǝ ro, kǝra cryo-EMye kǝltǝ adǝye wakatǝnzǝ ci 10 - 20 lan kǝltǝ ACE2 adammanabe-a SARS-CoV S protein be-a kozǝna fǝlezǝna.
It will also be of interest to determine whether any other coreceptor might be required for SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
Mowoma gǝdima gade faltǝgǝ SARS-CoVye ro mǝradǝtǝna la mǝradǝtǝnyi ro notǝ dǝ tǝraana.
Intriguingly, HCoV-NL63 also binds to ACE2 but with a different part of S.
Awo ajabba dǝ, HCoV-NL63 ye ACE2 ro nasha Sye gade men kǝltǝyin.
There exist many other HCoV receptors, such as aminopeptidase N for HCoV-229E, and 9-O-acetylated sialic acid for HCoV-OC43.
Mowoma HCoVye gade kada mbeji, misallo "aminopeptidase N" HCoV-229E ro, kuru "9-O-acetylated sialic acid" HCoV-OC43 ro.
They might also account for successful adaptation of these CoVs in humans after interspecies transmission from their animal hosts.
Sandi anyi raksa futu CoVwa anyiye adammana so kǝlon kǝnasartana dǝ guljin, ngawo faltǝgǝ ndikate dabbawa gade gadeyen sǝkkǝ tiyi dabbawanzayen gozana.
In addition to cellular receptors, the outcome of interspecies transmission of HCoVs is also governed by other host dependency and restriction factors.
Mowoma 'cellular'ye ro kǝllǝgǝmiya, tamoram faltǝgǝ HCoVwabe ndikate dabbawa jii gade gadeye dǝ sototǝma gade ro tǝngatǝgǝ-a awowa gade faltǝgǝ dapcin-a kǝla dǝn huwom sǝdin.
The divergence of these host proteins between humans and natural reservoir hosts of HCoVs such as bats, dromedary camels and rodents might constitute a barrier to interspecies transmission.
Nǝm gade gade "protein"wa sototǝma anyiye ndi kate adammana so-a guwom sototǝma alamen waajin HCoVwaye jili batata so, kalimo so, kuru dabbawa sǝnana julwa yedei so-a yedǝ, kalangai ro walzayin dabba falyen gade ro faltǝgǝ ro.
HCoVs have to usurp host dependency factors and subvert host restriction factors for a successful interspecies transmission.
HCoV so dǝ lamarra do sǝkkǝ sototǝma ro tǝngatayin dǝ ba ro sadǝ kuru lamarra do sǝkkǝ sototǝmaye sandiya dapcin dǝ wurzayin, kǝnasar faltǝgǝ ye ndikate dabbawa gade gadeyen fando nankaro.
In this regard, molecular determinants in this important area of virus-host interaction remain to be identified and characterized.
Adǝ ro wungǝmmiya, molekyulla do nasha mu'amala kuli kwasabe-a sototǝma-aye asuzayin dǝ zauro sandiya asutǝ faidajin.
An unbiased genome-wide screening of host dependency and restriction factors for SARS-CoV-2 using the state-of-the-art technology of CRISPR might be fruitful.
Skǝrinin ngǝla kǝla sototǝma ro tǝngatǝgǝyen-a kuru lamarra faltǝgǝ dapcin-a SARS-CoV-2ye tǝdǝna ma ngǝlawo, nzundu zamanye CRISPR dǝ faidatǝ dio dǝ zauro faidajin.
Emergence of novel HCoVs: back to ground zero
Luwo HCoVwa bǝlinye: badiyaram ro waltǝ.
The diversity of bat CoVs provides ample opportunities for the emergence of novel HCoVs.
Nǝm gade gade CoVwa batataye dǝ duluwuwa luwobe HCoVwa bǝlin ro cina.
In this sense, bat CoVs serve as the gene pool of HCoVs.
Mana adǝ ro wungǝmmiya, CoVwa batataye dǝ sandima HCoVwa bǝlin so dǝ'a sasambǝ.
In addition, rapid mutation and genetic recombination also drive HCoV evolution and serve as two important steps in this process.
Adǝ ro yira, fafaltǝ duwa duwabe-a 'genetic recombination'-a dǝ sandima fǝlamtǝ HCoVye fuwuro zuzayin kuru naptǝ katapwa faida'a indiye sadin duluwu adǝ lan.
For example, the acquisition or loss of novel protein-coding genes has the potential to drastically modify viral phenotypes.
Misallo, awo shiro "novel protein-coding genes" sayin dǝ fando au fattǝgǝ dǝ raksǝ 'viral phenotypes' saashin.
Among SARS-CoV accessory proteins, ORF8 has been thought to be important in adaptation to humans, as SARS-CoV-related bat viruses were isolated but found to encode divergent ORF8 proteins.
Dawu protinna faida'a SARS-CoV ye dǝn, ORF8 dǝ zauro nasha tiyi adammana liyo be dǝn faida'a ro fantin dǝ, dalilnzǝ dǝ kuliwa kwasaye batataye do SARS-Cov'a leyata dǝ firtǝ tutuluwuna amma sandiye protin ORF8 gade gade nozana.
A 29-nucleotide deletion characteristic of SARS-CoVs has been found in strains isolated at the beginning of the human epidemic.
Hal SARS-CoVye niukǝliyotayid 29 cintǝbe dǝ suro jili do tiyi adammanaben firtǝna dǝn mbeji badiyaram wawa adammanabe dǝn.
This deletion splits ORF8 into ORF8a and ORF8b and is thought to be an adaptive mutation that promotes the switch of hosts.
Cintǝ dǝye ORF8'a ORF8a-a ORF8b-a ro yekcin, kuru adǝ faltǝ liyo be do sototǝma faltǝ fuwuzǝyin ma ro turin.
Besides, SARS-CoV has a possible recombination history with lineages of alpha- and gamma-CoVs, where a large number of smaller recombinant regions were identified in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
Adǝ dawun ba man, SARS-CoV dǝ tarihinzǝ waltǝm CoVwa alfa-a gama-a kǝltaye mbeji, na do nasha sǝnana waltǝm kǝltabe kada fodutǝna tiyi "RNA polymerase" do RNA ro tǝngatǝgǝ na yen.
Recombination locations were also identified in the nsp9, most of nsp10, and parts of nsp14.
Nasha'a waltǝm kǝltabbe na'a shiro nsp9 gulzayin dǝ-a, nsp10-a, kuru na'a laa nsp14be-a dǝ fodutǝna.
Likewise, it has been shown that the epidemic MERS-CoV experienced recombination events between different lineages, which occurred in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia.
Adǝgaima, wawa MERS-CoVye turuna dǝ kǝlele waltǝm laiyya gade gaden kǝlta ro fǝletǝna, shi doni tiyi kalimowa Saudi Arabia yen wakazǝna dǝ.
Besides SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, recombination events have also been observed in other HCoVs, in which the HCoVs recombine with other animal CoVs in their non-structural genes.
SARS-CoV'a MERS-CoV'a guron, kǝlelewa waltǝm kǝltabe dǝ HCoVwa gade lan turuna, suro dǝn HCoVwa dǝ CoVwa dabba'a gadebe'a kǝltayin.
It should also be cautioned that artificial selection can contribute to unintended changes in viral genomes, most likely resulting from relieving viruses from selection pressures exerted, such as by the host immune system.
Kuru adǝgaima sumo'a gǝrtǝ kartǝ ngai kamma dǝ fafaltǝ nyiyatǝnyi suro "viral genome" ye dǝn suwudin dǝ ro, adǝye awo suwudin dǝ kuliwa kwasabe dǝ'a kazǝyi kartǝbe ro sǝtkayin, misallo askǝrra tiyi sototǝmaye dǝ.
An example of these effects is the loss of a full-length ORF4 in the HCoV-229E prototype strain, owing to a two-nucleotide deletion.
Misal tamoramwa anyi be dǝ shima fattǝgǝ datǝ kaamil ORF4ye tiyi HCoV-229E ye lan, adǝ sawunzǝ niukliotide indi cinta.
While intact ORF4 could be observed in bat and camel viruses related to HCoV-229E, the alpaca alpha-CoV displays a single nucleotide insertion, resulting in a frameshift.
ORF4 letǝnyi dǝ tiyi batata-a kalimo-a ye lan turin yaye, "alpha-CoV" alpaca ye dǝ ikkoram niukliotayid ye fal dǝ ma fǝlejin, adǝye gǝrtǝgǝ 'frame'ye suwudin.
Last but not least, the evolution of novel HCoVs is also driven by the selection pressure in their reservoir hosts.
Dare datǝram lan, fǝlamtǝ (evolution) HCoVwa be dǝ kazǝyi karnobe suro guwom au tiyi sototǝmaye dǝ sha fuwuzǝyin.
Asymptomatic or only mild symptoms were detected when bats were infected with CoVs, indicating the mutual adaptation between CoVs and bats.
Alama nǝm dondiye baa au alama nǝm dondiye gana laa turuna sa batata so CoV soye sandiya sǝtaiyya, adǝye kǝlo ndi kate CoV so-a batata soye-a dǝ fǝlejin.
It appeared that bats are well adapted to CoVs anatomically and physiologically.
Batata so dǝ zauro CoV so-a talina nasha futu tiyinzaye tǝnandǝna-a cidajin-a so yen.
For example, defects in the activation of pro-inflammatory response in bats efficiently reduce the pathology triggered by CoVs.
Misallo, illawa jawawu kau kwasa dǝ cijin ro tiyi batata soye sango dǝ tai dazǝ nǝm dondi CoV soye saudin dǝ fulujin.
Besides, the natural killer cell activity in bats is suppressed due to upregulation of inhibitory natural killer cell receptor NKG2/CD94 and low expression level of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules.
Adǝn kasǝn, cidawa sel yezobe tiyi batata soye dǝ rattǝna dalil na'a awowa sel cejin mowobe NKG2/CD94 dǝ kaltǝgǝyen kuru daraja awo shiro "major histocompatibility complex class I molecules" gulzayin dǝ gana ro fǝletayen.
Moreover, the high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from high metabolic activity of bats could both suppress CoV replication and affects proofreading by exoribonuclease, thus providing the selection pressure for the generation of virus strains highly pathogenic when introduced into a new host.
Ngǝwutǝ "reactive oxygen species (ROS)" be do cidatǝ ngǝwu tiyi batatasoye suwudin dǝye raksǝ ngǝwutǝ CoVye ratsǝ rojin kuru "exoribonuclease"ye gam yasa ye lejin, adǝgai lan kazǝyi kartabe suwudin jili kuli kwasabe zauro nǝm dondi gǝrzǝyin fando ro sa tiyi sototǝmaye ro tǝkkiya.
More pathogenic CoV strains might also evolve by recombination, leading to the acquisition of novel proteins or protein features for host adaptation.
Jiliwa CoVye zauro nǝm dondi sawudin gade so waltǝm kǝltǝmen fǝlamzana ro waljin, adǝye "novel protein" fando suwudin au alamawa "protein"be fando suwudin yiyi sototǝmaye kǝlo nankaro.
Thus, it is not by chance that three novel HCoVs have emerged in the past two decades.
Adǝ ye fǝlejin, luwo au bayantǝ HCoVwa yakkǝye suro saa findi kozǝnaye dǝn dǝ wawa men wakawono ro.
CoVs are non-pathogenic or cause mild symptoms in their reservoir hosts such as bats and camels.
CoV so dǝ tiyi guwom au tanki sandiya sototǝma jili batata so kalimo soyen nǝm dondi saudimba au saudiyaye gana.
They replicate robustly without eliciting a strong host immune response.
Sandi dǝ taidazana ngǝwuzayin, tiyi sototǝmanzaye sandiya luwalajimba ro.
Herein lie the secrets of why asymptomatic carriers are seen and what causes the severe cases in human infection.
Na adǝ lan ashir am alama nǝm dondiye tiyinzan ba asutinn-a kuru awo do tiyi adammanasoyen nǝm dondi zauro zau suwudin dǝ kara.
The severe symptoms are mainly due to the hyperactivation of immune response and the cytokine storm wherein the stronger the immune response, the more severe the lung damage.
Alamawa nǝm dondibe zauro zau dǝ ngǝwuso ro dalil cidatǝ ngǝwu askǝrra tiyibe-a kuru awo shiro "cytokine response" sayin do cidatǝ askǝrraye dǝ duno'a jin wo son, banna fufube dǝye tǝrayin.
In contrast, in asymptomatic carriers, the immune response has been de-coupled from CoV replication.
Adǝ ro gadezǝna, tiyi gotǝwu alama nǝm dondibe fǝlezzanyi soyen, cidatǝ au katap gotǝ askǝrra tiyibe dǝ ngǝwu tǝ CoVye'a yektǝna.
The same strategy of delinking the immune response might have beneficial effects in anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapy.
Fasal cidatǝ au katap gotǝ tiyibe yektǝbe dǝ tamoramwanzǝ faidajin waniye mbeji nasha kurun dio anti-SARS-CoV-2 be lan.
The interferon response is particularly strong in bats.
Jawawu "interferon"be dǝ taganas ro dunowa tiyi batata soyen.
Thus, administration of type I interferon at least in the early phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans should be beneficial.
Adǝye fǝlezǝna, "type I interferon" badiyaram sa kamma SARS-CoV-2ye sǝtana dǝn ikko dǝ adammana so ro faidajin.
In addition, NLRP3 inflammasome activation in bats is defective.
Adǝ ro nzǝra lan, waltǝm sango "NLRP3 inflammasome" tiyi batatsoye dǝ batti/cidajimba/faidajimba.
By this reasoning, inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome with MCC950 might be useful in the treatment of COVID-19.
Dalil adǝ futa men, MCC950 lan "NLRP3 inflammasome" daptǝ dǝ waniye kurun COVID-19ye dio ro faidajin.
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 follows the general theme by which SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV arose.
Fǝlangtǝ au luwo SARS-CoV-2be dǝ duluwu fal do SARS-CoV-a MERS-Cov-a cizana dǝ zǝgayin.
Whereas a bat beta-CoV sharing 95% nucleotide homology with SARS-CoV has been found, there also exists a bat-CoV sharing 96% nucleotide homology with SARS-CoV-2.
Beta-CoV batatabe dǝ ci 95% "nucleotide homology"nzabe SARS-CoV'a jili fal faidatayin, kuru adgaima CoV-batatabe do ci 96% "nucleotide homology"nzabe SARS-CoV-2'a tilo.
Whereas civets and other animals in the markets have been found to harbour viruses identical to SARS-CoV, immediate intermediate hosts for SARS-CoV-2 have not been identified.
Dabba shiro 'civet' sayin dǝ-a dabbawa gade so'a suro kasuwube dǝn sandiya tuwandǝna kuliwa kwasabe SARS-CoV'a samun tiyinzan mbeji gozana fomzain, sototǝma dawube tinibe SARS-CoV-2 be dǝ kǝrmaaro fodutǝnyi.
Pangolin beta-CoVs strikingly homologous to SARS-CoV-2 have been found, indicating that pangolins might serve as one of intermediate hosts or pangolin beta-CoVs could contribute gene fragments to the final version of SARS-CoV-2.
Beta-CoVwa 'pangolin'be zauro SARS-CoV-2'a "homologous" tuwandǝna, daji adǝye fǝlejin 'pangolin' dǝ naptǝ sosotǝma dawube ro waljin au beta-CoVwa 'pangolin'be dǝ raksǝ waniye awo shiro "gene fragments" sayin dǝ kaanzǝwu cin jili SARS-CoV-2ye darebe dǝ ro.
Although questions remain, there is no evidence that SARS-CoV-2 is man-made either deliberately or accidentally.
Korowa kuwa yaye mbeji yaye, shada do SARS-CoV-2 dǝ adammana sǝtandǝbe dǝ ba wo, walau nadibe ro au tajirwa men.
CoVs have returned to the limelight due to the recent outbreak of SARS-CoV-2.
CoVwa so dǝ ba isa noata ro walzana dalil fǝlangtǝ SARS-CoV-2 karungube dǝ ro.
The study of CoVs in bats and other animals has drastically changed our perception of the importance of zoonotic origins and animal reservoirs of HCoVs in human transmission.
Kǝra au kulashi kǝla CoVwa batatabe-a dabbawa gadebe-a tǝdǝna dǝye notǝnde kǝla faidawa badiyaram kwasawa tartǝyin au faltǝyinbe-a kuru guwom au tankiwa HCoVwa be-a tiyi adammana soyen tartǝgǝnzǝ falzǝna.
Pervasive evidence has shown that SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 have a bat origin and are transmitted to humans via intermediate hosts.
Dalilla dunowabeye fǝlezana SARS-CoV-a, MERS-CoV-a, SARS-CoV-2-a samma so badiyaramnza batatabe mbeji kuru adammana ro falzayin sototǝma dawube men.
Given that SARS-CoV infection originates from the contact between humans and civets in the markets, closing wet markets and killing civets therein could have effectively ended the SARS epidemic.
Nǝm dondi au kwasa SARS-CoVye dǝ kǝltǝ ndikate adammanbe-a civetwa kasuwubeye soye men ciyono daa, kasuwuwa dabbawabe dǝ zaktǝ-a civetwa ronza ro yezo-a dǝ wawa SARSbe dǝ tamozǝyin.