atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
It is used to confirm very recent or active infections.
Ana amfani dashi wajen tabbatar da ciwo wanda aka gano ko kuma yake ayanzu.
Detection of antibodies (serology) can be used both for diagnosis and population surveillance.
Gano garkuwar jikin (serology) akan yi amfani dashi ta wajen gwaji da sa ido kan jama’a.
Antibody tests show how many people have had the disease, including those whose symptoms were too minor to report or who were asymptomatic.
Gwajin garkuwan jiki na nuna mutane nawane suka kamu da cutar, har da wadanda alamomin su kadan ne wanda aka sanar.
An accurate mortality rate of the disease and the level of herd immunity in the population can be determined from the results of this test.
Samun adadin mace-macen da ciwon keyi da yanayin garkuwa a cikin mutane na iya samuwa a gwajin da akayi.
Due to limited testing, as of March 2020 no countries had reliable data on the prevalence of the virus in their population.
Saboda karancin gwaji, a watan Maris 2020 babu wata kasar da bayanan dogaro domin mamayewar kwayar cutan cikin yawan jama’ar su.
By 23 March, no country had tested more than 3% of their population, and there are massive variations in how much testing has been done across countries.
A ranar 23 ga watan Maris, Babu wata kasa da ta yi gwajin kashi 3% na yawan jama’ar kasa, kuma akwai bambanci sosai a yawan gwajin da aka yi a dukan kasashe.
This variability is also likely to be significantly affecting reported case fatality rates, which are likely to be significantly over-estimated in some countries.
Wannan saɓani kuma yana iya shafar mahimmancin rahoton yawan tsananin masun kamuwa da cutan, wanda yakan yuwuwar akan iya ƙimanta su fiye da ha a wasu ƙasashe.
Using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) the test can be done on respiratory samples obtained by various methods, including nasopharyngeal swab or sputum sample.
Yin amfani da juyi na ainihin-lokacin haduwar plymerase chain (rRT-PCR) ana iya gwajin hanyoyin numfashi wanda an samo shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban, hade da juyin nasopharyngeal ko samfurin sputum.
Results are generally available within a few hours to 2 days.
akan samu sakamakon cikin sa’oi kadan zuwa kwana 2.
The RT-PCR test performed with throat swabs is only reliable in the first week of the disease.
Gwajin RT-PCR anayin sane da swab din makogwaro amma yana yiwuwane kadai a farkon makon da aka kamu da ciwon.
Later on the virus can disappear in the throat while it continues to multiply in the lungs.
daga bisani kuma kwayar cutar sai ya bance a makoshi lokacin da ya cigaba da hayayyafa a huhu.
For infected people tested in the second week, alternatively sample material can then be taken from the deep airways by suction catheter or coughing up material (sputum) can be used.
Ga wadanda suka kamu da cutar kuma an gwada su a mako ta biyu, banda haka za a iya daukan samfuri daga cikin wurin numfanshi ta wurin amfani da catheter ko zubar da tari (sputum).
One of the early PCR tests was developed at Charité in Berlin in January 2020 using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), and formed the basis of 250,000 kits for distribution by the World Health Organization (WHO).
An haɓaka daya daga cikin gwajin PCR a Charite cikin Berlin a watan Janairu 2020 ta yin amfani da real-time transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), da tsara tushen kaya 250,000 don rabawa daga Hukumar Lafiya ta duniya. (WHO).
The United Kingdom had also developed a test by 23 January 2020.The South Korean company Kogenebiotech developed a clinical grade, PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection kit (PowerChek Coronavirus) on 28 January 2020.
Nahiyar turai sun hada wani gwaji a 23 Janairu 2020. Kamfanin Koriya ta arewa Kogenebiotech ta samo sabon tsari, PCR-based SAR-CoV-2 abun gwaji (Powercheck Corona virus) a ranar 28 Janairu 2020.
It looks for the "E" gene shared by all beta coronaviruses, and the RdRp gene specific to SARS-CoV-2.In China, BGI Group was one of the first companies to receive emergency use approval from China's National Medical Products Administration for a PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection kit.In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is distributing its 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel to public health labs through the International Reagent Resource. 
Yana neman "E" wanda aka raba ta duk beta coronaviruses, da kuma RdRp takamaiman kwayar halita ga SARS-CoV-2. A kasar Sin, kungiyar BGI ta kasance daya daga cikin kamfanoni na farko da suka samu amincewar amfani da gaggawa daga Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasar don PCS-CoV-2 gano kayan kitse-A Amurka, Cibiyar Kula da Cututtukan (CDC) tana rarraba kan ta sabuwar Coronavirus-2019 (2019-nCoV) Lokaci-Kai Tsaye RT-PCR Binciken Cibiyoyin lafiya ga wurin gwajin lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar International Reagent Resource.
One of three genetic tests in older versions of the test kits caused inconclusive results due to faulty reagents, and a bottleneck of testing at the CDC in Atlanta; this resulted in an average of fewer than 100 samples a day being successfully processed throughout the whole of February 2020.
Daya daga cikin kwayoyin gwajin na da wanda ya zama ba cikakkeba saboda matsala mahadi kuma a bakin kwalbar gwajin ta CDD a Atlanta; wannan ya kawo kusan samfuri 100 wanda sukai daidai a cikin watan Febrairu 2020.
Tests using two components were not determined to be reliable until 28 February 2020, and it was not until then that state and local laboratories were permitted to begin testing.
Amfani da abun gwaji biyu bai nuna inganci ba har 28 Febrairu 2020, kuma har sai sanda aka ba jihohi da dakin gwaji damar yin gwaji.
The test was approved by the Food and Drug Administration under an Emergency Use Authorization.US commercial labs began testing in early March 2020.
An samu yarda gwajin ne da ga hukumar abinci da magunguna karkashin bangaren gudanarwa ta gaggawa. dakin gwaji na kudin a US sun fara gwajin a farko Maris 2020.
As of 5 March 2020 LabCorp announced nationwide availability of COVID-19 testing based on RT-PCR.
A ranar 5 ga watan Maris 2020 LabCorp ta bada sanarwar samun gwaji daga cutar COVID-19 a kasa gaba daya wanda ya danganta ga RT-PCR.
Quest Diagnostics similarly made nationwide COVID-19 testing available as of 9 March 2020.
Quest Diagnostics wanda aka yi iri daya a duk fadin kasa akwai gwajin COVID-19 daga ranar 9 ga watan Maris 2020
No quantity limitations were announced; specimen collection and processing must be performed according to CDC requirements.
Ba a sanar da babu iyakar yawan ba, samfurin da aka dauka kuma an yi aiki da su dole ne a yi shi ta hanyar yadda CDC suke bukata
In Russia, the COVID-19 test was developed and produced by the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR.
A kasar Rasha an haɓaka gwajin COVID-19 kuma Binciken Jihar ne wato State Research na Virology da Biotechnolgy VECTOR suka sarrafa.
On 11 February 2020 the test was registered by the Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare.On 12 March 2020, Mayo Clinic was reported to have developed a test to detect COVID-19 infection.On 13 March 2020, Roche Diagnostics received FDA approval for a test which could be performed within 3.5 hours in high volume, thus allowing one machine to do approximately 4,128 tests in a 24-hour period.
A ranar 11 ga watan Febrairu 2020 gwajin da aka shigar daga Federal Service for Surveilance a bangaren kiwon lafiya. A ranar 12 ga watan Maris 2020, Asibitin Mayo sun ruwaito cewa akwai tsarin gwajin ciwon COVID-19. A ranar 13 ga watan Maris 2020, Roche Diagnostics sun samu yardar FDA don yin gwajin da za’a yi cikin awanni 3.5 mafi yawa, duk da cewa zasu bar na’ura tayi gwajin kusan 4,128 a cikin sa’a 24
On 19 March 2020, the FDA issued emergency use authorization (EUA) to Abbott Laboratories for a test on Abbott's m2000 system; the FDA had previously issued similar authorization to Hologic, LabCorp, and Thermo Fisher Scientific.
A ranar 19 Maris 2020, FDA ta ba da izini na amfani da gaggawa (EUA) ga Abbott Laboratories don gwaji akan tsarin m2000 na Abbott; FDA ta ba da izini iri ɗaya ga Hologic, LabCorp, da kuma Thermo Fisher Scientific.
On 21 March 2020, Cepheid similarly received EUA from the FDA for a test that takes about 45 minutes.
A ranar 21 ga watan Maris 2020, Cepheid ya karɓi EUA daga FDA don gwaji da zai dauki mintuna 45.
The FDA has approved a test that uses isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology instead of PCR.
FDA ta amince da wani gwajin da ke amfani da fasahar fadadarwa ruwan yacid isothermal nucleic a maimakon PCR.
Since this does not require a series of alternating temperature cycles this method can deliver positive results in as little as five minutes and negative results in 13 minutes.
Tunda wannan baya bukatar wani tsarin yanayi to hanyar ka iya haifar da sakamon tabbarwa mai yan mintuna biyar kuma sakamakon rashin tabbas cikin mintuna 13.
There are currently about 18,000 of these machines in the U.S. and Abbott expects to ramp up manufacturing to deliver 50,000 tests per day.A test which uses a monoclonal antibody which specifically binds to the nucleocapsid protein (N protein) of the novel coronavirus is being developed in Taiwan, with the hope that it can provide results in 15 to 20 minutes just like a rapid influenza test.
Ayanzu haka akwai kimanin 18,000 na nairan nan a US kuma Abbott na saran cewa za’a kara samar da gwajin 50,000 a rana. Gwajin da ke dauke da garkuwan jiki na monoclonal wanda ke gusar da nucleacapsid protein (N Protein) na cibiyar korona virus ana hadashi a Taiwan, tare da tsammanin cewa ai iya bada sakamako cikin mintuna15 zuwa 20 kamar ciwon mura mai hauhawa.
A March 2020 literature review concluded that "chest radiographs are of little diagnostic value in early stages, whereas CT [computed tomography] findings may be present even before symptom onset." 
Wani bita da aka yi game da wallafe-wallafen Maris na 2020 ya kammala cewa "hotunan rediyo na kirji ba su da ƙima sosai game da ganewar asali a farkon matakai, alhali CT [ƙididdigar tomography] binciken na iya kasancewa har ma kafin bayyanar cututtuka. "
Typical features on CT include bilateral multilobar ground-glass opacificities with a peripheral, asymmetric and posterior distribution.
Sanene Sifofin CT sun hada da bilateral multilobar ground-glass opacificities da periheral, asymmetric da rarrabawar posterior.
Subpleural dominance, crazy paving and consolidation develop as the disease evolves.
yada cutar ke fitowa an haɓaka mamayewar Subpleural, tsagewar fata wato crazy paving da karfafawa.
A study comparing PCR to CT in Wuhan at the point of origin of the current pandemic has suggested that CT is significantly more sensitive than PCR, though less specific, with many of its imaging features overlapping with other pneumonias and disease processes.
Binciken gwajin PCR zuwa CT cikin Wuhan a matsayin asalin annoban ta yanzu ya nuna cewa CT ya fi kamuwa fiye da PCR, kodayake ba shi da takamaiman bayani, da yawancin fasahar hoto wanda ke hade da wasu cututtukan huhu da tafiyar matakai na cuta.
As of March 2020, the American College of Radiology recommends that "CT should not be used to screen for or as a first-line test to diagnose COVID-19".As of March 2020, the CDC recommends PCR for initial screening. 
A watan Maris shekarar 2020. Kolejin Daukar Hoton Jiki na Amurka wato American college of Radiology ta bada shawaran cewa ayi kada a yi amfani da CT wajen gwajin farkon COVID-19". A watan Maris 2020, CDC ta bada shawarar yin amfani da PCR domin gwajin farko.
Part of the immune response to infection is the production of antibodies including IgM and IgG.
Bangaren garkuwan jiki dake kariya daga cutar shine a habakar da garkuwar jiki wanda suka hada da Igm da IgG.
These can be used to detect infection in individuals starting 7 days or so after the onset of symptoms, to determine immunity, and in population surveillance.Assays can be performed in central laboratories (CLT) or by point-of-care testing (PoCT).
Za a iya amfani da su domin gano mutanen da suka kamu da cutar wanda ya fara daga kwana 7 ko haka bayan farin alamar cutan, domin gano da kariya, da kuma kiyaye da yawan jama’a. Za a iya amfani da Assays cikin dakin gwaji (CLT) ko ta gwajin point-of-care (PoCT).
The high-throughput automated systems in many clinical laboratories will be able to perform these assays but their availability will depend on the rate of production for each system.
Na’urar sanya aiki da kai wato high-throughput cikin dakin gwajin asibitoci da yawa can iya aikata wadanan gwaje-gwajen amma samun su zai danganta ga nawa ake samarwa ga ko wace na’ura.
For CLT a single specimen of peripheral blood is commonly used, although serial specimens can be used to follow the immune response.
Don CLT samfurin guda ɗaya na jini na gefe wanda aka saba amfani dashi, kodayake za'a iya amfani da samfuran na yauda kullun don bibiyar maganin rigakafi.
For PoCT a single specimen of blood is usually obtained by skin puncture.
PoCT samfurin jini daya na jini akan debane ta hanyar huda fata.
Unlike PCR methods an extraction step is not needed before assay.On March 26, 2020, the FDA named 29 entities that provided notification to the agency as required and are now therefore able to distribute their antibody tests.
Ba kamar da hanyoyin PCR ba a buƙatar matakin haɓaka kafin assay ba. A ranar 26 ga watan Maris, 2020, FDA ta bawa mutane 29 damar bada sanarwa ga hukuma kamar yadda ake buƙata kuma a yanzu suna da ikon rarraba gwajin garkuwar jikin su.
As of April 7, 2020, only a single test has been approved by the FDA under an emergency use authorization.In late March 2020, Euroimmun Medical Laboratory Diagnostics and Epitope Diagnostics received European approvals for their test kits, which can detect IgG and IgA antibodies against the virus in blood samples.
FDA sun amince gwaji a watan Aprilu 7 2020, a karkashin amfanin gaggawar izini a karshen watan Maris 2020. Euriommum Medical Laboratory Diagnostics da Epitope Diagnostics sun samu Yardar European domin kayan gajin su wanda zai iya gano IgG da igAna garkuwan jiki akan kwayar cutar a samfurin jini.
The testing capacity is several hundred samples within hours and therefore much faster than the conventional PCR assay of viral RNA.
Yanayin girman gwajin yana da yawan darukan samfuri cikin awanni kuma na da sauri sosai fiye da PCR assay na viral RNA wanda aka saba.
The antibodies are usually detectable 14 days after the onset of the infection.In early April, the UK found none of the antibody test kits it purchased were sufficiently good to use.
Ana iya gano garkuwan jikin kwana 14 bayan farawar cutan. A farkon watan Afrilu, kasar UK ba ta sami wani abun gwajin garkuwan jikin da aka saya da amfani ba.
Hong Kong has set up a scheme where suspected patients can stay home, "emergency department will give a specimen tube to the patient", they spit into it, send it back and get a test result a while after.The British NHS has announced that it is piloting a scheme to test suspected cases at home, which removes the risk of a patient infecting others if they come to a hospital or having to disinfect an ambulance if one is used.In drive-through testing for COVID-19 for suspected cases, a healthcare professional takes sample using appropriate precautions. 
Hong Kong ta tsara wata makirci inda wadanda ake gani suna da cutar kan zauna a gida, "sashen gaggawa za su bada bututun samfuri wa marasa lafiyan", za su tofa miyau ciki, tura shi wurin su kuma a sami sakamakon gwajin nan gaba. NHS na Birtaniya sun sanar da makirci gwajin farko domin gwajin wadanda ake ganin suna da cutan a gida, wanda ya cire hadarin yaduwar cutan daga marasa lafiyan zuwa wasu idan suka zo asibitin ko ta wurin wankewar kwayar cutan daga motar daukan gawa wato ambulance idan an yi amfani da ita. A ta wuring gwajin COVID-19 na kowa ga wadanda ake zaton sun kamu da cutar, kwarare ma’aikatar kiwon lafiya zai dauke samfurin ta wuring yin amfani da ko wande irin matakan kariya.
Drive-through centers have helped South Korea do some of the fastest, most-extensive testing of any country.In Germany, the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians said on 2 March, that it had a capacity for about 12,000 tests per day in the ambulatory setting and 10.700 had been tested in the prior week.
Wuraren gwajin da suke kusa sun taimaka ma Kasar Korea ta Kudu yin gwaji mai sauri da tsada a kowace kasa. A Jamus, likitoci a National Association of Statutory Health Insurance sun ce a rana 2 ga watan Maris, cewa suna da damar yin gwaji guda 12,000 a rana a tsarin kuma 10.700 aka gada a makon da ya gabata.
Costs are borne by the health insurance when the test is ordered by a physician.
Farashin wajen Ma’aikatan inshora lokacinda likita ya odar yin gwajin.
According to the president of the Robert Koch Institute, Germany has an overall capacity for 160,000 tests per week.
Bisa ga shugaban makarantar Robert Koch, Jamaus yana da karfin iya gwajin 160,000 a mako guda.
As of 19 March drive in tests were offered in several large cities.
Daga ranar 19 ga watan Mari anyi gwajin mai yawa a manyan birane.
As of 26 March 2020 the total number of tests performed in Germany was unknown, because only positive results are reported.
A ranar 26 ga watan Mari 2020 an samu adadin lambar gwajin da aka yi a Jamus ba’a san su ba, sai dai kawi wanda aka sani sun kamu da cutar.
A first lab survey revealed that as of calendar week 12/2020 a total of at least 483,295 samples were tested up to and including week 12/2020 and 33,491 samples (6.9%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.In Israel, researchers at Technion and Rambam Hospital developed and tested a method for testing samples from 64 patients simultaneously, by pooling the samples and only testing further if the combined sample is found to be positive.In Wuhan a makeshift 2000-sq-meter emergency detection laboratory named "Huo-Yan" (Chinese: 火眼, or "Fire Eye" in English) was opened on 5 February 2020 by BGI, which can process over 10,000 samples a day. 
Binciken farko na dakin gwaji sun tabbatar da cewa a makon 12/2020 an gwada samfuri kimanin 483,295 har zuwa hade da makon 12/2020 da kuma samfuri 33.491 (kashi 6.9 bisa dari) wanda ya nuna akwai SARS-COV-2. A Isra’ila, masu bincike a Technion da Asibitin Rambam sun habaka da kuma yin wani salon gwajin don gwajin samfuri daga masu jinya 64 atare, ta hanyar gwajin samfurin da tabbatar da cewa hadadden samfurin ne kawai ya tabbata. A Wuhan an samu kimanin 2000-sq-meter a dakin gwaji na gaggawa wanda ake kira ‘’Huo-Yan’’ (da China: 火眼, ko "Fire Eye" a turance) wanda BGI suka budeshi a ranar 5 February 2020, wanda zai iya yin gwajin samfuri kimanin 10.000 a rana.
With the construction overseen by BGI-founder Wang Jian and taking 5-days, modelling has show cases in Hubei would have been 47% higher and the corresponding cost of the tackling the quarantine would have doubled if this testing capacity hadn't come on line.
Tare da mai lura da ginin wato mai kafa BGI Wang Jian wanda ya dauka kwanaki 5, gwajin ta nuna akwai mai kamu da cutar a Hubei da zai fi kashi 47% da kuma daidai kudin da za a kashe domin kebewa da zai ninka kudin sau biyu inda yawan gwajin bai za kan layi ba.
The Wuhan Laboratory has been promptly followed by Huo-Yan labs in Shenzhen, Tianjin, Beijing, and Shanghai, in a total of 12 cities across China.
Dakin gwajin Wuhan wanda dakin gwajin Hou-Yan ke bi a Shenzhen, Tianjin, Beijin, da Shanghai a cikin dukan birane 12 a kewayar kasar Sin.
By 4 March 2020 the daily throughput totals were 50,000 tests per day.Open source, multiplexed designs released by Origami Assays have been released that can test as many as 1122 patient samples for COVID19 using only 93 assays . These balanced designs can be run in small laboratories without the need for robotic liquid handlers.
A ranar 4 a watan Maris 2020 dukan gwajin ko wace rana sun kai 50,000. Origami Assays sun zana kuma sun saki Tushen budewa wato Open Source, Multilexed an saki su domin gwajin samfurin wadanda suka kamu da COVID19 dayawa kamar guda 1122 ta yin amfani da assays 93 ba tare da bukatar ruwan robotic handlers ba.
By March, shortages and insufficient amounts of reagent has become a bottleneck for mass testing in the EU and UK and the US.
A watan Maris, karanci da rashin mahadin gwaji (reagent) ya hana yin gawji da yawa a kasashen turai (EU) da kuma UK da kasar Amurka.
This has led some authors to explore sample preparation protocols that involve heating samples at 98 °C (208 °F) for 5 minutes to release RNA genomes for further testing.On 31 March it was announced United Arab Emirates was now testing more of its population for Coronavirus per head than any other country, and was on track to scale up the level of testing to reach the bulk of the population.
Wannan ya sanya wasu marubuta su karanci shiryawar samfurin tsarin aikin wanda ya hada da dumawar samfuri a 98 °C (208 °F) na mintuna 5 don fitar da RNA genomes don karin gwajin. A ranar 31 ga watan Maris aka sanar cewa hadaddiyar daular larabawa sun fara gwajin coronavirus a cikin yawan jama’ar ta fiye da kowace kasa, kuma suna kan kokari domin kara yawan gwajin domin kai ga dukan yawan jama’a.
This was through a combination of drive-through capability, and purchasing a population-scale mass-throughput laboratory from Group 42 and BGI (based on their "Huo-Yan" emergency detection laboratories in China). 
Wannan ya kasance ta hanyar haɗuwar karfin gwajin shiga wato drive-through, sayan na’uran gwajin population-scale mass-throughput daga kungiya 42 da BGI (bisa ga “Huo-Yan” dakunan gwajin ganowar gaggwa cikin kasar Sin).
Constructed in 14 days, the lab is capable of conducting tens of thousands RT-PCR tests per day and is the first in the world of this scale to be operational outside of China.
An gina shi a kwana 14, dakin gwajin zai iya gudanar da gwaji dubu goma Na RT-PCR a rana kuma shine na farko da yake aiki a wajen kasar sin.
Different testing recipes targeting different parts of the coronavirus genetic profile were developed in China, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, and the United States.
Kayayyakin gwaji daban-daban na sasan kwayoyin halitar coronavirus an haɓaka su a kasar Sin, Faransa, Jamus, Hon Kon, Japan, da kasar U.S.
The World Health Organization adopted the German recipe for manufacturing kits sent to low-income countries without the resources to develop their own.
Hukumar lafiya ta dunia ta dauki tsarin kasar Jamus na sarrafa abin gwaji wanda aka tura ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi wanda ba su da albarkun kasa domin sarrafa nasu.
The German recipe was published on 17 January 2020; the protocol developed by the United States Centers for Disease Control was not available until 28 January, delaying available tests in the U.S.China and the United States had problems with the reliability of test kits early in the outbreak, and these countries and Australia were unable to supply enough kits to satisfy demand and recommendations for testing by health experts.
An buga girke-girke na Jamusanci a ranar 17 Janairu 2020; ba a samu yarjejeniya da Cibiyar Kula da Cututtukan Amurka ba har zuwa 28 ga Janairu, jinkirta samar da gwaje-gwaje a cikin U.S.China da Amurka suna da matsaloli game da amincin kayan gwaji a farkon fashewar, kuma waɗannan ƙasashe da Ostiraliya sun kasa samar da isassun kayan sawa don gamsar da buƙatun da shawarwari na ƙwararrun masana kiwon lafiya.
In contrast, experts say South Korea's broad availability of testing helped reduce the spread of the novel coronavirus.
Banda haka, masana sun ce taimakon yawan gwajin da akwai a Koriya ta Kudu ya taimaka wajen rage yaduwar cutar coronavirus.
Testing capacity, largely in private sector labs, was built up over several years by the South Korean government.
Yanayin gwajin, yawanci dakin gwaji masu zaman kansu an gina su shekaru da yawa daga Gwamnatin Koiya ta Kudu.
On 16 March, the World Health Organization called for ramping up the testing programmes as the best way to slow the advance of COVID-19 pandemic.High demand for testing due to wide spread of the virus caused backlogs of hundreds of thousands of tests at private U.S. labs, and supplies of swabs and chemical reagents became strained.
Ranar 16 ga watan Maris, Hukumar Lafiya ta duniya tace yin gwaji shine hanya mafi kyau da inganci na wannan annobar COVID-19. Akwai bukatar gwai sosai don cutar yana yaduwa hakan ya kawo koma baya wajen gwajin a dakin gwajin U.S. da kuma bada samfurin da kuma sinadarin gwaji na da illa.
In March 2020 China reported problems with accuracy in their test kits.
A watan Maris 2020 Kasar Sin ta rawaito matslolin wanda ya shafi kyawun kayan aiki.
In the United States, the test kits developed by the CDC had "flaws;" the government then removed the bureaucratic barriers that had prevented private testing.Spain purchased test kits from Chinese firm Shenzhen Bioeasy Biotechnology Co Ltd, but found that results were inaccurate. 
A kasar Amurka, abin gwaji da ka dabakar daga CDC yana da matsaloli sai gwamnati ta cire bangaranci wanda ke hana dakin gwaji masu zamna kasu suyi aiki. Kasar Spain ta sayi abin gwaji daga kasar sin wato Shenzhen Bioeasy Biotechnology co ltd sai ta samu cewa sakamakon bai da inganci.
The firm explained that the incorrect results may be a result of a failure to collect samples or use the kits correctly.
Kamfanin ya bayyana cewa ba daidai ba sakamakon na iya zama sakamakon gazawar tattara samfurori ko amfani da kaya daidai.
The Spanish ministry said it will withdraw the kits that returned incorrect results, and would replace them with a different testing kit provided by Shenzhen Bioeasy.80% of test kits the Czech Republic purchased from China gave wrong results.Slovakia purchased 1.2 million test kits from China which were found to be inaccurate.
Hukumar Spanish sunce zasu jany kayan gwanjin da bai da sakamako mai kyau, kuma zau sauya da wasu nau’in daban wan Shnghen Bioeasy 80% na abin gwajin na Czech Republic suka saya a kasar sin sun samu sakamako ba daidai ba. Slovakia sun say kusan abin gwaji miliyan 1.2 a kasar sin wan suka samu baiyi daidai ba.
Prime Minister Matovič suggested these be dumped into the Danube.Ateş Kara of the Turkish Health Ministry said the test kits Turkey purchased from China had a "high error rate" and did not "put them into use."The UK purchased 3.5 million test kits from China but in early April 2020 announced these were not usable. 
Firayin Minista Matovic ya bada shawarar a aje shi cikin Danube Ates Kara na ma’aikatan kiwon lafiyar kasar Turkiyya yace abin gwajin da Kasar Turkiyya ta saya daga kasar Sin yana da kurakurai sosai kuma basa amfani dashi. Kasar UK ta sayi abin gwajin na kimanin miliyn 3.5 daga kasar Sin amma a farkon watan Aprilu 2020 sun ce wannan ba za’a iya amfani da su ba.
Testing, followed with quarantine of those who tested positive and tracing of those with whom the SARS-CoV-2 positive people had had contact, resulted in positive outcomes.
Gwadawa, da bin bayan kebewa wadanda aka same su da cutan da neman wadanda suka hadu da wadanda suka kamu da cutar SaRS-CoV-2 wadanda suka kamu da cutar suna da huldawa mara kyau wanda ke haifar kamuwa da cutan.
Researchers working in the Italian town of Vò, the site of the first COVID-19 death in Italy, conducted two rounds of testing on the entire population of about 3,400 people, about ten days apart.
Masu bincike wadanda suke aiki a kasar Italy na VO a wurin da aka gano farin mutuwa ga CoVID-19 cikin Italy, sun gudanar da wasu gwaji kan dukan yawan jama’a guda 3,400, kusan kwanaki goma a rabe.
About half the people testing positive had no symptoms, and all discovered cases were quarantined.
Kusan rabin masu dauke da cutar basa nuna alamomin ciwon kuma an kebe dukan wadanda aka same su da cutar.
With travel to the commune restricted, this eliminated new infections completely.
Akan tsarin hana zirga-zirga, hakan sai ya kashe wasu ciwukan gaba daya.
With aggressive contact tracing, inbound travel restrictions, testing, and quarantining, the 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Singapore has proceeded much more slowly than in other developed countries, but without extreme restrictions like forced closure of restaurants and retail establishments.
Da bibiyan wanda suka hadu da marasa lafiya, tafiye-tafiye na cikin gida, gwaji da kebewa, cutar coronavirus na 2020 a Singapore na tafiya kadan-kadan fiye da wasu cikin kasashen da kasashen da suka yi girma, amma babu wata kuntatawa ba kamar rufewar dakin cin abinci da wuraren tsayar da kayayyaki.
Many events have been cancelled, and Singapore did start advising residents to stay at home on 28 March, but schools reopened on time after holiday break on 23 March.
An dakatar da duk wasu al’amuran, da kasar Singapore tayi ta sanar iyan gida cewa su zauna a gidan su ranar 28 ga watan Maris, amma an sake bude makarantu a ranar 23 ga watan Maris.
Several other countries have also managed the pandemic with aggressive contact tracing, inbound travel restrictions, testing, and quarantining, but with less aggressive lock-downs, such as Iceland and South Korea.
Kasashe da dama sun hana yaduwar annoban ta hanyar nemo wandanda sun cudanya da masu cutan, hana tafiye-tafiye, gwaje-gwaje da kuma tafiye-tafiyen masu cutar tare da kebancewar su amma banda hana mutane yawo kamar kasar Iceland da Koriya ta Kudu.
A statistical study has found that countries that have tested more, relative to the number of deaths, have much lower case fatality rates, probably because these countries are better able to detect those with only mild or no symptoms.
Binciken kididdiga ya nuna cewa kasashe wadanda suka yi gwaji sosai, abin da ya shafi adadin mutuwa, suna da karancin wanda suka jikata, watakila domin wadannan ƙasashen sun fi iya gano waɗanda ke da karami ko babu alamun kamu da cutan.
WHO recommends that countries that do not have testing capacity and national laboratories with limited experience on COVID-19 send their first five positives and the first ten negative COVID-19 samples to one of the 16 WHO reference laboratories for confirmatory testing.
WHO ta ba da shawarar cewa ƙasashen da ba su da ƙarfin gwaji da dakunan gwaje-gwaje na ƙasa ba da ƙarancin kwarewa kan COVID-19 su aika farkon tabbatattun gwaji guda biyar da samfurin wadanda ba a tabatar ba duda goma COVID-19 samfurin daya daga cikin 16 na shaidar dakin gwajin WHO tabbatarwar gwajin.
Out of the 16 reference laboratories, 7 are in Asia, 5 in Europe, 2 in Africa, 1 in North America and 1 in Australia.
Daga cikin shaidar dakin gwaji 16, 7 suna Asia, 5 a nahiyar turai, 2 a Afirka, 1 a Amurka ta arewada, 1 a Nahiyar Australia.
In the following chart, the column “Positive as % of tests” is influenced by the country's testing policy.
A wadanan ginshiƙi, al’amudi “tabbaci kamar % na gwaji” yana tasiri ta hanyar tsarin gwajin kasa.
A country that only tests people admitted to hospitals will have a higher positive as % of tests than a country that tests all citizens, whether or not they are showing symptoms, other things being equal.
Kasar da ke gwajin mutane kawai aka shigar da su a asibitoci za su sami inganci sosai a matsayin kashi % na gwaje-gwajen dukan ‘yan kasa, ko sun nuna alamun cutar ko babu, idan sauran abubuwa sun zama daidai.
Hand washing (or handwashing), also known as hand hygiene, is the act of cleaning one's hands for the purpose of removing soil, grease, microorganisms, or other unwanted substances.
Wanke hannu wadda aka sani da tsaftan hannu, hanya ce ta wanke hannye domin cire kasa, man shafawa, kananan halittu, ko kuma wasu abubuwa da ba a bukata.
Hand washing with soap consistently at certain "critical moments" during the day prevents the spread of many diseases, for example diarrhoea and cholera, which are transmitted through fecal–oral route. 
Wanke hannu da sabulu akai-akai "Lokaci mai mahimmanci" da rana yana hana yaduwar cututtuka da yawa, misali zawo da kwalara wanda ake yaɗa ta hanyar kashi-baki.
People can also become infected with respiratory diseases such as influenza or the common cold, for example, if they do not wash their hands before touching their eyes, nose, or mouth (i.e., mucous membranes).
Hakanan mutane na iya kamuwa da cutar ta huhu ko kuma mura na yau da kullum, misali idan basu wanke hannayensu ba kafin su taɓa idanunsu, hanci da bakinsu.
The five critical moments during the day where washing hands with soap is important include: before and after defecation, after cleaning a child's bottom or changing nappies, before feeding a child, before eating and before and after preparing food or handling raw meat, fish, or poultry.
Lokaci biyar da suke da mahimmaci a rana sune ayayin da wanke hannu da sabulu yanada mahimmanci hadi da:kafin da bayan fitowa daga bayan gida, bayan yiwa yaro tsarki kokuma canza wa yaro napkin, kafin bawa yaro abinci, kafin cin abinci, kafin da kuma bayan dafa abinci, dakuma bayan ta'ammali da danyen name, kifi ko gidan gona.
If water and soap are not available, hands can be cleaned with ash.The World Health Organization recommends washing hands:
Idan ba'a samu ruwa da sabulu ba za'a iya wanke hannun da toka, WHO ta bada shawarar wanke hannu:
Before, during, and after preparing food.
Kafin, lokacin, da bayan dafa abinci.
Before and after caring for a sick person.
kafin ko kuma bayan lura da mara lafiya.
After changing the diapers or cleaning up a child who has used the toilet.
Bayan canza wa yaro zanin diapers ko tsaftace yaron da ya yi amfani da wurin bayan gida.
After blowing your nose, coughing or sneezing.
Bayan hura hanci, tari ko atishawa.
After touching animal, animal feed, or animal waste.
Bayan taɓa dabba, abincin dabbobi da kashin dabbobi.
Medical hand hygiene refers to hygiene practices related to medical procedures.
Tsabtace hannu na tsarin likita yana nufin tsabtace aikin da ya shafi aikin likita.
Hand washing before administering medicine or medical care can prevent or minimize the spread of disease.
Wanke hannu kafin bayar da magani ko jiyya kan iya hana ko ya rage yaduwan cutan.
The main medical purpose of washing hands is to cleanse the hands of pathogens (bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms that can cause disease) and chemicals which can cause harm or diseases.
Asalin dalilin lafiya na wanke hannaye shi ne domin cire wasu kananan halittu daga hannu (pathogens kamar bacteria, viruses, ko sauran kananan kwayoyin halitta masu kawo cuta) da sinadarai dake iya jawo illa ko cutuka.
This is especially important for people who handle food or work in the medical field, but also an important practice for the general public.
Wannan yana da muhimmanci musamman ga mutane wadanda suke aikin abinci ko suna aiki a fannin lafiya, kuma yana da muhimmanci wa dukan al’umma.
Hand washing has many health benefits, including minimizing the spread of influenza, coronavirus, and other infectious diseases; preventing infectious causes of diarrhea; decreasing respiratory infections;
Wanke hannaye nada anfani sosai game da ragewar cutar mura, cutar corona da sauran cututtukan da wani yakan shafawa wani, hana la'anar kamuwa da zawo da raguwar cutar lumfashi.
and reducing infant mortality rate at home birth deliveries.
Da kuma rage mutuwar jarirai a haihuwar gida.
A 2013 study showed that improved hand washing practices may lead to small improvements in the length growth in children under five years of age.
Wani bincike na 2013 ya nuna cewa ingantattun ayyukan wanke hannu na iya haifar da ƙananan ci gaba a cikin tsayi da girma a yara kasa da shekaru biyar.
In developing countries, childhood mortality rates related to respiratory and diarrheal diseases can be reduced by introducing simple behavioral changes, such as hand washing with soap.
A cikin kasashe masu tasowa, Ana iya rage yawan mace-macen kananan yara da suka danganci cutar numfashi da zawo ta hanyar gabatar da sauye sauyen halaye kamar wanke hannaye da sabulu.
This simple action can reduce the rate of mortality from these diseases by almost 50%.
Wannan matakin mai sauqi na iya rage yawan mace-mace daga wadannan cututtukan da kusan kashi 50%.
Interventions that promote hand washing can reduce diarrhoea episodes by about a third, and this is comparable to providing clean water in low income areas.
Kariya wanda ke kara matsayin wanken hannu na iya rage yawan zawo har kimanin kashi daya cikin uku, kuma za a iya kwatanta wannan da samar da ruwa mai tsabta a cikin matalauta.
48% of reductions in diarrhoea episodes can be associated with hand washing with soap.Hand washing with soap is the single most effective and inexpensive way to prevent diarrhea and acute respiratory infections (ARI), as automatic behavior performed in homes, schools, and communities worldwide.
48% na raguwar cututtukan zawo na iya haɗuwa da wanke hannu da sabulu. Wanke hannu da sabulu ita ce hanya mafi inganci kuma mai sauki don hana cutar gudawa da kamuwa da cutar huhu kamar yadda aka a cikin makarantu, gida da al'umma a duk duniya.
Pneumonia, a major ARI, is the number one cause of mortality among children under five years old, taking the lives of an estimated 1.8 million children per year.
Kwayar cutar huhu, babbar cutar ARI, ita ce ta farko da ke haifar da mace-mace a tsakanin yara ‘yan kasa da shekara biyar, da ke ɗaukar kimanin yara miliyan 1.8 a shekara.
Diarrhea and pneumonia together account for almost 3.5 million child deaths annually.
Cutar gudawa da na nimoniya suna kawo mutuwar yara kussan milliyan 3.5 a kowace shekara.
According to UNICEF, turning hand washing with soap before eating and after using the toilet into an ingrained habit can save more lives than any single vaccine or medical intervention, cutting deaths from diarrhea by almost half and deaths from acute respiratory infections by one-quarter.
A cewar UNICEF wanke hannun da sabulu kafin cin abinci da bayan amfani da bayan gida yazama al'ada hakan zai ita ceton rai fiye da kowane allurar riga kafi kokuma magani, Yanke mace daga gudawa da kusan rabin kuma mutuwa daga kamuwa da cutar rashin iya lumfashi quater daya.
Hand washing is usually integrated together with other sanitation interventions as part of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programmes.
Wanke hannu koyaushe ana hade tare da sauran hanyoyin tsabtace ruwa a matsayin ɓangare na ruwa, tsabta da kuma tsabta (WASH).
Hand washing also protects against impetigo which is transmitted through direct physical contact.
Wanke hannu ma yakan kare daga impetigo (cutar fata) wadda ake samu ta wajen haduwa ta zahiri.
A small detrimental effect of hand washing is that frequent hand washing can lead to skin damage due to drying of the skin.
Karamin matsalar wanke hannu shine yawan wanke hannu na iya jawo lalacewar fatan jiki saboda bushewar fatan.
A 2012 Danish study found that excessive hand washing can lead to an itchy, flaky skin condition known as hand eczema or hand dermatitis, which is especially common among health-care workers.
A wata binciken skarar 2012, an gano cewa yawan wanke hannu na iya jawo kaikayi, laushin hannu wanda ya fi yawa a cikin ma’aikatan lafiya.
Too frequent hand washing is also seen as one of the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Wanke hannu akai-akai shi ma ana ganinsa a matsayin daya daga cikin alamun yawan tunani mara fasali wato obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
There are five critical times during the day where washing hands with soap is important to reduce fecal-oral transmission of disease: after using the bathroom (urination, defecation), after cleaning a child's bottom (changing nappies), before feeding a child, before eating and before/after preparing food or handling raw meat, fish, or poultry.
Akwai lokuta guda biyar duk rana da wanke hannu da sabulu ke da muhimmanci domin rage yaduwar cutan ta fuska da baki: bayan amfani da gidan wanka (fisari, ba haya), bayan gyara ma yaro ko yarinya duwawu (canza nafkin), kafin ciyar da yaro ko yarinya, kafin cin abinci da kuma kafin/bayan sarafa abinci ko rike danyen nama, kifi, ko kaza.
Other occasions when correct handwashing technique should be practiced in order to prevent the transmission of disease include before and after treating a cut or wound; after sneezing, coughing, or blowing your nose; after touching animal waste or handling animals; and after touching garbage.
Sauran lokuta da ya kamata a dauki matakan wanke hannu da kyau domin guje wa yaduwar cutan ya hada da kafin ko kuma bayan jiyyan yanka ko rauni; bayan taba kashin daba ko rike dabbobi; da bayan taba datti.
In many countries, there is a low rate of hand washing with soap.
A cikin ƙasashe da yawa akwai ƙarancin wanke hannuwa da sabulu.
A study of hand washing in 54 countries in 2015 found that on average, 38.7% of households practiced hand washing with soap.A 2014 study showed that Saudi Arabia had the highest rate of 97 percent; the United States near the middle with 77 percent; and China with the lowest rate of 23 percent.Several behaviour change methodologies now exist to increase uptake of the behaviour of hand washing with soap at the critical times.Group hand washing for school children at set times of the day is one option in developing countries to engrain hand washing in children's behaviors.
Binciken wanke hannu a cikin kasashe 54 a shekarar 2015 ya gano cewa a matsakaici kashi 38.7% na mutanan gida suna wanke hannu da sabulu. Wani bincike na shekarar 2014 ya nuna cewa Saudiyya tana da mafi girman kaso na kashi 97% na jihar sai kasar amerika da ke kusa da tsakiya tare da kashi 77% sai china mai mafi karancin kashi 23%. Da yawa daga canjin yanayin canji yana karuwa da matakan wanke hannu da sabulu a lokaci mai mahimmanci Kungiyar wanke hannu na eh yara na makaranta a lokutan rana shine zaɓi ɗaya a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa don sanyawa yara kudurin wanke hannu a cikin halayensu.
The "Essential Health Care Program" implemented by the Department of Education in the Philippines is an example of at scale action to promote children's health and education. 
"""Shirin Tubalin Lafiya"" (“Essential Health Program”) wanda Hukumar Ilimi a Philippines ta aiwatar misali ne kan daukan matakin inganta lafiyar yara da iliminsu."
Deworming twice a year, supplemented with washing hands daily with soap, brushing teeth daily with fluoride, is at the core of this national program.
Ragewa sau biyu a shekara, wanda yake taimakawa da wanke hannu kullun tare da sabulu, goge baki yau da kullun tare da Fluoride, shine ainihin wannan shirin na ƙasa.
It has also been successfully implemented in Indonesia.
Hakanan an sami nasarar aiwatar da shi a Indonesia.
Removal of microorganisms from skin is enhanced by the addition of soaps or detergents to water.
Cire kananan halittu da ido ba zai iya gani ba daga fata na kara ingantuwa idan aka hada da sabulu ko garin sabulu a ruwa.
The main action of soaps and detergents is to reduce barriers to solution, and increase solubility.
Asalin mataki na sabulai da garin sabulu ana yi ne domin rage shinge ga nasara da karin narkewa.
Water alone is an inefficient skin cleanser because fats and proteins, which are components of organic soil, are not readily dissolved in water.
Ruwa kadai muhimin abu ne na wanke fata ba domin mai da furotin, wadanda suna asali daga cikin kasa, wadda ba su narkewa cikin ruwa.
Cleansing is, however, aided by a reasonable flow of water..
Ana tsarkakewa da taimakon ruwa mai gudu.
Solid soap, because of its reusable nature, may hold bacteria acquired from previous uses.
Sabulu na ruwa saboda shi za'a iya sake anfani dashi a kowane lokaci, zai iya riƙe kwayoyin cuta da aka samu daga amfanin da suka gabata.
A small number of studies which have looked at the bacterial transfer from contaminated solid soap have concluded transfer is unlikely as the bacteria are rinsed off with the foam.
ƙaramin nazarin karatu sun nuna canja wurin ƙwayoyin cuta daga gurbataccen sabulu an kammala canja wuri ba kamar yadda kwayoyin cuta suka tafi tare da kumfa.
The CDC still states "liquid soap with hands-free controls for dispensing is preferable". 
CDC tana kan bayyana cewa “sabulun ruwa da hanyan zuba ruwa domin fitarwa ya fi kyau”.
Antibacterial soaps have been heavily promoted to a health-conscious public.
Ana gargadin al’umma da su yi amfani da sabulu mai kashe kwayoyin cuta.
To date, there is no evidence that using recommended antiseptics or disinfectants selects for antibiotic-resistant organisms in nature.
Zuwa yau, babu wata hujja da ke nuna amfani da ita don maganin rigakafin ƙwayar cuta ko kuma kwayoyin halittun da suke jure kwayoyin cuta a yanayi.
However, antibacterial soaps contain common antibacterial agents such as triclosan, which has an extensive list of resistant strains of organisms.
Duk da haka, Sabulun kariya daga kwayoyin cuta suna dauke da wakilai na kashe kwayar cuta irinsu triclosan, wanda yake dauke jerin abubuwa masu yawa na tsarin kwayoyin.
So, even if antibiotic resistant strains aren't selected for by antibacterial soaps, they might not be as effective as they are marketed to be.
Don haka koda ba'a zabi kwayoyin juriyar garkuwan jiki ba don sabulun kariya daga kwayoyin cuta, yiwuwa ba za su zama da inganci yadda ake tallata su ba.
Besides the surfactant and skin-protecting agent, the sophisticated formulations may contain acids (acetic acid, ascorbic acid, lactic acid) as pH regulator, antimicrobially active benzoic acid and further skin conditioners (aloe vera, vitamins, menthol, plant extracts).A comprehensive analysis from the University of Oregon School of Public Health indicated that plain soaps are as effective as consumer-grade anti-bacterial soaps containing triclosan in preventing illness and removing bacteria from the hands.
Bayan surfactant da fata mai wakilin kariya, Tsarin sararin samaniya yana iya ƙunsar ruwan yacid(acetic acid, ascorbic acid lactic acid) A matsayin mai tsara PH, antimicrobial active benzoic acid da kara yanayin fata (aleo vera, vitamin, menthol, plant extract) Takaitaccen bincike daga Jami'ar Orogon makarantar kula da lafiyar yanuna cewa sabulu a bayyane yake kamar sabulu masu kashe kwayoyin cuta mai kushe da triclosan don kariya daga rashin lafiya dakuma kashe kwayoyin cuta daka hannu.
Hot water that is comfortable for washing hands is not hot enough to kill bacteria.
Ruwan zafi da yake da dadin wanke hannu ba shi da zafin da zai iya kashe kwayoyin cutan.
Bacteria grow much faster at body temperature (37 °C).
Kwayoyin cuta sun fi girma idan jiki na da zafi wato a yanayin (37 °C).
However, warm, soapy water is more effective than cold, soapy water at removing natural oils which hold soils and bacteria.
Ko da shike, ruwan dumi, ruwan sabulu ya fi na sanyi aiki, ruwan sabulu ya fi cire mai da ke kasa, da kananan hallitu da ido ba zai iya gani ba.
Contrary to popular belief however, scientific studies have shown that using warm water has no effect on reducing the microbial load on hands.
Akasin abin da mutane suka gaskanta, bincike na kimiya ta nuna cewa amfani da ruwan dumi ba shi da wani amfani wajen rage yawan kananan halittu a hannaye.
A hand sanitizer or hand antiseptic is a non-water-based hand hygiene agent.
Mai tsabtace hannu ko man kariya daga kwayar cuta wanda asalin wakilin tsaftar hannu mara ruwa.
In the late 1990s and early part of the 21st century, alcohol rub non-water-based hand hygiene agents (also known as alcohol-based hand rubs, antiseptic hand rubs, or hand sanitizers) began to gain popularity.
A karshen sheakarun 1990 da farkon karni na 21, abubuwan tsaftace hannu masu sinadarin alcohol kuma wadanda ba ruwa a cikinsu (kuma akan kira su da man hannu mai sinadarin alcohol, man hannu na magani, ko man tsaftace hannu) sun samu shahara.
Most are based on isopropyl alcohol or ethanol formulated together with a thickening agent such as Carbomer (polymer of acrylic acid) into a gel, or a humectant such as glycerin into a liquid, or foam for ease of use and to decrease the drying effect of the alcohol.
Yawancinsu sun dogara kan sinadarin isopropyl alcohol ko ethanol da aka hada tare da sinadarin sa abu ya yi kauri kamar Carbomer (polymer na acrylic acid) a cikin wani mai, ko hemectant kamar glycerin a cikin ruwa, ko kumfa don saukin amfani sannan don rage tasirin bushewa na sinadarin alcohol.
Adding diluted hydrogen-peroxide increases further the antimicrobial activity.Hand sanitizers containing a minimum of 60 to 95% alcohol are efficient germ killers.
Dingara ƙara da aka samar da hydrogen-peroxide,, don ci gaba da ake dasu da ayyukan, sinadarin tsabtace hannu waɗanda ke ɗauke da mafi ƙarancin kashi 60-95% sune sukafi tasiri a kashe ƙwayoyin cuta.
Alcohol rub sanitizers kill bacteria, multi-drug resistant bacteria (MRSA and VRE), tuberculosis, and some viruses (including HIV, herpes, RSV, rhinovirus, vaccinia, influenza, and hepatitis) and fungi.
Man shafawa a hannu maisinadarin kashe kwayoyin cuta, mai maganin juriya, Magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta masu guba da yawa(MRSA and VRE) cutar tarin fuka da wasu ƙwayoyin cuta (Ciki harda cutar HIV, cutar dabbobi, RSV, rhinovirus, vaccinia, mura da hepatitis) da fungi.