atepeq/tico19 huggingface dataset:
More specifically, the binding of the spike S1 protein of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 to the enzymatic domain of ACE2 on the surface of cells results in endocytosis and translocation of both the virus and the enzyme into endosomes located within cells.
mussaman kamar dai hadewar protein spike s1 na sars-cov da sars-cov2 do hadewa majinyacin a ACE2 a sansanin kwayar halitta wanda sakakmakon haka na haifar da endocytosis da translocation na cutar da ma kwayar hallitar a cikin endosome wanda ce a cikin cells.
This entry process also requires priming of the S protein by the host serine protease TMPRSS2, the inhibition of which is under current investigation as a potential therapeutic.This has led some to hypothesize that decreasing the levels of ACE2, in cells, might help in fighting the infection.
mashigar na tar-tare da dukkan kaidojin priming na S protein na daga maajin serine protease TMPRSS2, da samuwar wanda ake bincikawa a yanzua matsayin babban thrapeutic. wanan ya jagoranci saukar kintaci a matakin na ACE2, a cikin cells, wada ka iya taimakawa wajen kokawa da cutar.
However, multiple professional societies and regulatory bodies have recommended continuing standard ACE inhibitor and ARB therapy.
ko da kuwa ya yawan su alummar kwarraru dama sun bukaci cigaba da tsarin ACE inhibitor dama ARB therapyh.
A systematic review and meta-analysis published on July 11, 2012, found that "use of ACE inhibitors was associated with a significant 34% reduction in risk of pneumonia compared with controls."
wane sake duba aka wallalfa a yuly 11 na 2012 wanda ya gano ACE inhibitiors nada alaka da kaso 34% na ragin sanyi in ka kwatanta da maaunan.
Moreover, "the risk of pneumonia was also reduced in patients treated with ACE inhibitors who were at higher risk of pneumonia, in particular those with stroke and heart failure.
kura hadarin sanyi aka bawa majinyatan ACE inhibitors wanda ka daf da kamuwa da sanyoi. ko mutuwar jiki ko zuciya.
Use of ACE inhibitors was also associated with a reduction in pneumonia related mortality, although the results were less robust than for overall risk of pneumonia."
Amfani da masu hana kwayoyin cuta na ACE shima yana da alaƙa da rage yawan mace-macen huhu, kodayake sakamakon da aka samu ba shi da ƙima baya ga haɗarin cutar huhu.
Recombinant human ACE2 (rhACE2) is surmised to be a novel therapy for acute lung injury, and appeared to improve pulmonary hemodynamics and oxygen saturation in piglets with a lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Haduwar tantanin halita mutum wato Recombination human ACE2 (rhACE2) ana zaton zaman jinyar tsanani ciwon huhu, ya bayyana zuwa ingantawar aikin huhun da isashen iska a cikin kananan aledu da jawowar cututtukar lipopolysaccharide wanda ke haifar alamun tsananin gajiyar hanyar numfashi.
The half-life of rhACE2 in human beings is about 10 hours and the onset of action is 30 minutes in addition to the course of effect (duration) of 24 hours.
rabin ran RHACE2 a mutane na da sa’a 10 da aikin dakika 30 ciki harda karin aikin sa’a 24.
Several findings suggest that rhACE2 may be a promising drug for those with intolerance to classic renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RAS inhibitors) or in diseases where circulating angiotensin II is elevated.Infused rhACE2 has been evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Yawancin binciken da aka samu sun nuna cewa rhACE2 na iya zama magani wadanda basa jureyar renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RAS inhibitors) ko a cututtuka in da kewayewar anglotensin II na ɗaukaka. An kimanta rhACE2 wanda aka cika a gwajin asibiti domin jinyar alamun tsananin gajiyar hanyar numfashi.
b'Bat SARS-like coronavirus WIV1 (Bat SL-CoV-WIV1), also sometimes called SARS-like coronavirus WIV1, is a strain of Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV) isolated from Chinese rufous horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus sinicus).
b'Bat SARS-kamar coronavirus WIV1 (Batir SL-CoV-WIV1), wanda ake kira kamanin-SARS coronavirus WIV1, wata damuwa ce cutar hanyoyin numfashi mai tsanani mai dangantakar cutar coronavirus (SARSr-CoV) an ware daga jemagen rufous horseshoe Sinawa (Rhinolophus sinicus).
Like all coronaviruses, virions consist of single-stranded positive-sense RNA enclosed within an envelope.
Kamar kowane coronaviruses, budurwai sun ƙunshi kadara-guda tabataccen-hankali RNA wanda aka sanya a cikin ambulaf.
The discovery confirms that bats are the natural reservoir of SARS-CoV.
Binciken ya tabbatar da cewa jemagu sune tafkin dabi'a na SARS-CoV.
Phylogenetic analysis shows the possibility of direct transmission of SARS from bats to humans without the intermediary Chinese civets, as previously believed.
Nazarin ilimin halittar dabbobi wato Phylogenetic analysis ya nuna yiwuwar watsa kwayar cutar SARS kai tsaye daga jemagu ga mutane ba tare da civets na kasar Sin ba, kamar yadda aka yi imani a baya.
b'COVID-19 apps are mobile software applications designed to aid contact tracing in response to the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic, i.e. the process of identifying persons ("contacts") who may have been in contact with an infected individual.
b'COVID-19 sune aikace-aikacen software na wayar hannu waɗanda aka tsara don taimaka wajan tuntuɓar ganowa don mayar da martani ga cutar ta coronavirus ta 2019-20, watau aiwatar da gano mutane ("lambobin sadarwa") waɗanda wataƙila sun kasance suna hulɗa da mutumin da ya kamu.
Numerous applications were developed or proposed, with official government support in some territories and jurisdictions.
neman shiga da dama aka kero ko samo, amman da tallafin gwamnati a wasu yankunan da mazaunan bayannane.
Several frameworks for building contact tracing apps have been developed.
tsari da dama dan gano wanda aka yi alaka dasu aka bijiro.
Privacy concerns have been raised, especially about systems that are based on tracking the geographical location of app users.
An tayar da damuwar sirri, musamman game da tsarin da ya danganta ga bin wuraren kasashen masu amfani da manahaja.
Less intrusive alternatives include the use of Bluetooth signals to log a user's proximity to other cellphones.
karamin wani KAFAR na amfani da iska don shiga sansanin yanar wassu wayoyin.
On 10 April 2020, Google and Apple jointly announced that they would integrate functionality to support such Bluetooth-based apps directly into their Android and iOS operating systems.
A ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2020, Google da Apple sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su haɗu da ayyuka don tallafa wa irin waɗannan aikace-aikacen da ke cikin Bluetooth kai tsaye a cikin tsarin aikinsu na Android da iOS.
In China, the Chinese government, in conjunction with Alipay, has deployed an app that allows citizens to check if they have been in contact with people that have COVID-19.
A cikin China, gwamnatin kasar, tare da hadin gwiwar Alipay, ta tura wani manahaja wanda barin 'yan ƙasa damar bincika idan sun kasance suna hulɗa da mutanen da ke da cutar COVID-19.
It is in use across more than 200 Chinese cities.In Singapore, an app called TraceTogether is being used.
Ana amfani da shi sama da biranen China fiye da 200. A Singapore, ana amfani da wani app da ake kira TraceTogether.
The app was developed by local IT community, released as open source and will be handed over to the government.North Macedonia launched "StopKorona!", a Bluetooth-based app to trace exposure with potentially infected persons and provide a fast response to healthcare authorities.
Al'umar gida na IT ne suka kirkiro manahanjar, an sake shi a matsayin budade ne kuma za a mika shi ga gwamnati. Arewacin Makidoniya ta ƙaddamar da "StopKorona!", Wata manahanja ce ta Bluetooth don gano haɗarin daga mutanen da ke kamuwa da kwaya cutar kuma suna ba da amsa ga hukumomin lafiya.
The app was developed by the Ministry of Communication and Technology and Ministry of Health.
Ma'aikatar Sadarwa da Fasaha da Ma'aikatar Kiwon lafiya ne suka kirkiri app din.
As of 14 April 2020, the app was awaiting approval by the Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Tun daga ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu 2020, app ɗin yana jiran amincewa daga Google Play Store da Apple App Store.
On 12 April, the government stated that the contact tracing app was in an advanced stage of development, and would be available for deployment within weeks.A similar app is planned in Ireland, and in France ("StopCovid").
ranar 12 ga watan afrilu gwamnatin tace bibiyar muammal ta manhaja na ciki zanon jigaba kuma an kusa sakin shi cikin makwanin makamanciyar wannan manhaja ake kir kira a ireland da mma faransa stopcovid.
Both Australia and New Zealand are considering apps based on Singapore's TraceTogether app and BlueTrace protocol.Russia intends to introduce a geofencing app for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 living in Moscow, designed to ensure they do not leave home.
Dukansu Ostiraliya da New Zealand suna la'akari da aikace-aikacen da aka yi amfani da su dangane da TraceTogether app na Singapore da yarjejeniya ta BlueTrace. Rasha ta yi niyyar gabatar da wani babban juzu'i na kayan aiki ga marasa lafiya da aka gano tare da COVID-19 da ke zaune a Moscow, wanda aka tsara don tabbatar da cewa ba su bar gida ba.
Ross Anderson, professor of security engineering at Cambridge University, listed a number of potential practical problems with app-based systems, including false positives and the potential lack of effectiveness if takeup of the app is limited to only a small fraction of the population.
Ross Anderson, farfesa a fannin injiniya na tsaro a Jami'ar Cambridge, ya lissafa wasu matsaloli masu yuwuwar aiwatar da tsare-tsaren aikace-aikacen na yanar gizo, gami da karairayi na karya da kuma yiwuwar rashin inganci idan shan kayan aikin zai iyakance ne ga karancin al'umma.
Addressing concerns about the spread of misleading or harmful "coronavirus" apps, Apple set limits on which types of organizations could add coronavirus-related apps to its App Store, limiting them to only "official" or otherwise reputable organizations.
Magance damuwa game da yaudarar yaduwar ko cutarwar manhajar “coronavirus”, Apple ta seta iyaka a bisan irin na’uin da kungiya za su iya sa wanda ke da alaka da coronavirus a cikin shagon manhaja, iyakance su kawai “jami’oi” ko wasu kungiya da ke sananne.
Google and Amazon have implemented similar restrictions.
Google da amazon sun aiwatar da ƙuntatawa iri daya.
Privacy campaigners voiced their concern regarding the implications of mass surveillance using coronavirus apps, in particular about whether surveillance infrastructure created to deal with the coronavirus pandemic will be dismantled once the threat has passed.
Masu tallata bayanan sirri sun bayyana damuwar su game da tasirin sa ido tsakanin jama'a ta amfani da kayan aikin coronavirus, musamman game da ko kayayyakin aikin sa ido da aka kirkira don magance cutar ta Coronavirus za a watsar da zarar barazanar ta wuce.
Amnesty International and over 100 other organizations issued a statement calling for limits on this kind of surveillance.
Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Amnesty International da wasu kungiyoyi sama da 100 sun fitar da sanarwa suna kiran a takaita wannan nau'in sa ido.
The organisations declared eight conditions on governmental projects:
Kungiyoyin sun bayana yanayi takwas a kan ayyukan gwamnati:
surveillance would have to be "lawful, necessary and proportionate";
Dole ne ayyukan sa ido su kasance “bisa doka, sannan ya zama ana bukatar sa, kuma daidai gwargwado”.
extensions of monitoring and surveillance would have to have sunset clauses;
buda ko kula da bibini na iya samun yammacin.
the use of data would have to be limited to COVID-19 purposes;
yin amfani da bayanai ya zama dole ne a taƙaice ga dalilai na COVID-19;
data security and anonymity would have to be protected and shown to be protected based on evidence;
Dole ne a kiyaye bayanan sirri da kuma ba da ma'amala kuma a nuna a kiyaye shi bisa dalilai;
digital surveillance would have to avoid exacerbating discrimination and marginalisation;
Saka ido kan marasa lafiya ta hanyar na’uran dijital dole ne a guje wariaya da raban kai.
any sharing of data with third parties would have to be defined in law;
duk wani musayar bayanai tare da wasu dole ne a ayyana shi a cikin doka;
there would have to be safeguards against abuse and the rights of citizens to respond to abuses;
Akwai kiyayewa daga zagi da kuma hakkin 'yan kasa don mayar da martani ga cin zarafin;
meaningful participation by all "relevant stakeholders" would be required, including that of public health experts and marginalised groups.The German Chaos Computer Club (CCC) and Reporters Without Borders (Reporter ohne Grenzen) (RSF) also issued checklists.
Shiga tataunawar da ma’ana ga dukkan masu fada aji ake bukata, dama na ma’aikatan kiwon lafiya da kungiyoyi gammayayar kungiyanr na’urar jamus CCC da ma yan jarida marasa iyaka (Reporter ohne Grenzen) RSF suma sun fidda sunayen dubawa.
The proposed Google/Apple plan intends to address the problem of persistent surveillance by removing the tracing mechanism from their device operating systems once it is no longer needed.
Tsarin Google / Apple da aka gabatar ya yi niyya don magance matsalar ci gaba da sa ido ta hanyar cire hanyar ganowa daga cikin tsarin aikin na’urar su muddin ba a bukatar hakan.
Some countries used network-based location tracking instead of apps, eliminating both the need to download an app and the ability to avoid tracking.
wasu kasashen sun yi amfani da bibiyar inda ake a maimakon manhajojin wanda ke fitar da amfanin sauke manhajar da kuma kare bibiyar in da ake.
In Israel, network-based tracking was approved.
A cikin Isra’ila, an amince da bincika hanyoyin sadarwa.
Network-based solutions that have access to raw location data have significant potential privacy problems.
Mafita hanyoyin sadarwa waɗanda ke da damar yin amfani da bayanan albarkatun wuri suna da mahimmancin nuna matsalolin sirri.
However, not all systems with central servers need to have access to personal location data; a number of privacy-preserving systems have been created that use central servers only for intercommunication (see section below).
Koyaya, ba duk tsarin da sabobin tsakiya ke buƙatar samun damar zuwa wurin bayanan sirri ba; da yawa tsarin tsare sirri na sirri wadanda aka kirkira wadanda suke amfani da sabobin tsakiya kawai don sadarwa (duba sashin da ke ƙasa).
In South Korea, a non-app-based system was used to perform contact tracing.
A Korea ta Kudu wata kafa ce ba manhaja ba akayi amfani da ita wajen gano muammala.
Instead of using a dedicated app, the system gathered tracking information from a variety of sources including mobile device tracking data and card transaction data, and combined these to generate notices via text messages to potentially-infected individuals.
Maimakon yin amfani da tsararren manahaja (app), tsarin ya tattara bayanan bin diddigin abubuwa daga kafofin da yawa haɗe da bayanan waya da bayanan ma'amala na katin, da haɗa waɗannan don haifar da sanarwa ta hanyar saƙonnin rubutu ga mutane masu kamuwa da cuta.
In addition to using this information to alert potential contacts, the government has also made the location information publicly available, something permitted because of far-reaching changes to information privacy laws after the MERS outbreak in that country.
Baya ga yin amfani da wannan bayanin don faɗakar da abokan hulɗa, gwamnatin ta kuma sanya bayanan wurin a bayyane, wani abin da aka ba da izini saboda canje-canje masu yawa ga dokokin sirri bayan fashewar MERS a waccan ƙasar.
This information is available to the public via a number of apps and websites.Countries including Germany considered using both centralized and privacy-preserving systems.
Ana amfani da wannan bayanin ga jama'a ta hanyar wasu aikace-aikace da shafukan yanar gizo. Asusun da ya haɗa da Jamus an yi amfani da su ta amfani da tsarin tsarke da tsare sirri.
As of 6 April 2020, the details had not yet been released.
a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu 2020, ba bayanin da aka saki tukkunna.
Privacy-preserving contact tracing is a well-established concept, with a substantial body of research literature dating back to at least 2013.As of 7 April 2020, over a dozen expert groups were working on privacy-friendly solutions, such as using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) to log a user's proximity to other cellphones.
Tsare bayanan sirri na tuntuɓar ganowa ingantaccen tsari ne, tare da ingantaccen jikin littafin binciken waɗanda suka fara komawa aƙalla shekarar 2013. Tun daga 7 Afrilu 2020, sama da gwanayen kwararru goma sha biyu suna aiki akan mafita na sirri, kamar amfani da Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) don rattaba kusanci ga mai amfani da sauran wayoyin salula.
However, PEPP-PT is a co-ordination effort which contains both centralised and decentralised approaches, and is not a single protocol.Decentralised protocols include Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (DP-PPT/DP-3T), Temporary Contact Numbers (TCN, fka Contact Event Numbers, CEN), Privacy Sensitive Protocols and Mechanisms for Mobile Contact Tracing (PACT) and others.
Duk da haka, PEPP-PT ƙoƙari ne na haɗin gwiwar wanda ya ƙunshi duka hanyoyin tsakiya da kuma hanyoyin sassauƙa, ba yarjejeniya ɗaya ba. Ka'idojin da aka ba da sun hada da Kan Sirri na Shaida (DP-PPT / DP-3T), Lambobin Gida na Lokaci (TCN, fka ayyukar lambobin haduwa, CEN), Tsarin Sirrin da Tsarin Hanyoyi don Binciken Sadarwar Waya (PACT) da sauran su.
In these protocols, identifiable personal data never leaves the device, and all matching happens on-device.
a wannan tsarin kamnceceniya akan bayanan ba a bari akan na’urar amman duk hadan akan na’urar ke faruwa.
The Privacy Group at MIT Media Lab has been developing SafePaths, a platform for using privacy-preserving techniques when collecting and using location or path intersection data to track the spread of COVID-19.
gammayar rashin shiga hadi na dakin gwajin MIT suna ta kirkiro da hanyoyi wanda ke da kariya a kafar ta hanyar laakari da rashin shiga hadi wajen bibiya da ma amfani da wajen ko gurbin dake a ware na bayanan sirri don bibiya yaduwar covid-19.
It is based on research from the whitepaper "Apps Gone Rogue: Maintaining Personal Privacy in an Epidemic" released in March 2020.Another similar effort is the SafeTrace platform by Enigma MPC, a company developing privacy technologies that was also originally founded at the MIT Media Lab.
yanada alaka da bincike na farar takardar Apps gone rogue bada tazara ta mussaman na hana shiga haddi a annoba wanda aka saki a watan maris 2020 a wani makamancin kokari na kafar safe trace na enigma mpc wani kamfani mai kirkrirar kimmiya wanda ya samo tushe dagss dakin gwaji na MIT.
SafeTrace utilizes secure hardware technologies to allow users to share sensitive location and health data with other users and officials, without compromising the privacy of that data.
safe trace na amfani da kimiyya wajen barin masu amfani da kafar ta hanyar bayanar da waje mai jan hankali da bayanan kiwon lafiya da ma’aikata ba tare da sun shiga haddin su ba.
On 5 April 2020, the global TCN Coalition was founded by groups that had coalesced around what was essentially the same approach and largely overlapping protocols, with the goal to reduce fragmentation, and enable global interoperability of tracing and alerting apps, a key aspect of achieving widespread adoption.
Ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu 2020, kungiyoyin TCN na duniya suka kafa ƙungiyoyin da suka haɗa kan abin da ainihi hanya ɗaya suke bi kuma yawancin karɓar ladabi, tare da burin rage rarrabuwar kawuna, da kuma ba da damar ci gaba da ma'amala na duniya gaba ɗaya ta hanyar ganowa da faɗakarwa kantunan aikace-aikace, mahimmin ɓangaren cimma burin yaduwar.
On 9 April 2020, the Singaporean government announced that it had open-sourced the BlueTrace protocol used by its official government app.
A ranar 9 ga watan afrilu 2020, gwamnatin singapore ta sanar da bude tushen gano sanadin alaka ta manhajar ta na gwamnatin kasa.
On 10 April 2020, Google and Apple, the companies that control the Android and iOS mobile platforms, announced an initiative for contact tracing, which they claimed would preserve privacy, based on a combination of Bluetooth Low Energy technology and privacy-preserving cryptography.
A ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2020, Google da Apple, kamfanonin da ke sarrafa dandamali na wayar salula na Android da iOS, sun ba da sanarwar wani shiri don ganowa, wanda suka ce za su adana sirrin, wanda ya danganta da haɗin fasahar Bluetooth Low Energy da kuma tsare sirrin sirri.
They also published specifications of the core technologies used in the system.
sun kuma wallafa tsari na ainahin kimiyyar da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin kafar.
According to Apple and Google, the system is intended to be rolled out in three stages:
Dangane da Apple da Google, tsarin yana da niyyar yin birgima a matakai uku:
rollout of tools to enable governments to create official privacy-preserving coronavirus tracing apps
fitar da kayan aiki don bawa gwamnati dama kirkiro mahaja ma bibiya da kuma hana shiga hadin mutane.
integration of this functionality directly into iOS and AndroidGoogle and Apple plan to address the take-up and persistent surveillance problems by first distributing the system through operating system updates, and later removing it in the same way once the threat has passed.
haɗa wadanan hanyoyin aikin kai tsaye cikin iOS da Android Google da Apple shirin don magance matsalolin kulawa da ci gaba ta hanyar rarraba tsarin ta hanyar sabunta tsarin aiki, kuma daga baya cire shi a cikin hanyar da zarar barazanar ta wuce.
b'COVID-19 drug development is the research process to develop a preventative vaccine or therapeutic prescription drug that would alleviate the severity of 2019-20 coronavirus disease (COVID-19).
b'COVID-19 haɓaka magunguna shine aiwatar da bincike don haɓaka rigakafin rigakafi ko magani na warkewa wanda zai iya rage zafin cutar coronavirus a shekara 2019-20 (COVID-19).
The International Clinical Trials Registry Platform of the WHO recorded 536 clinical studies to develop post-infection therapies for COVID-19 infections, with numerous established antiviral compounds for treating other infections under clinical research to be repurposed.
Dandalin Rikodin Gwajin Magungunan Asibiti ta Duniya wato International Clinical Trials Registry Platform na WHO sun rikodin biciken asibiti guda 536 haɓaka hanyoyin jinya ta kwantar da hankali bayan kamuwa da cuta COVID-19, tare da tarin ƙwayoyin rigakafin ƙwayar cuta don magance wasu cututtuka a ƙarƙashin binciken asibiti don sake aiki da su.
In March, the WHO initiated the "SOLIDARITY Trial" in 10 countries, enrolling thousands of people infected with COVID-19 to assess treatment effects of four existing antiviral compounds with the most promise of efficacy.
A watan Maris, WHO ta ƙaddamar da "Gwajin HADIN KAI" a cikin ƙasashe 10, rajista dubban mutane da suka kamu da COVID-19 don samun tasirin jinyan ƙariya daga kwayan cuta guda huɗu da ke samuwa tare da alkawarin ingantacen aiki.
A dynamic, systematic review was established in April 2020 to track the progress of registered clinical trials for COVID-19 vaccine and therapeutic drug candidates.Vaccine and drug development is a multistep process, typically requiring more than five years to assure safety and efficacy of the new compound.
An kafa tsarin kwalliya, tsari mai zurfi a cikin Afrilu 2020 don bin diddigin ci gaban gwajin asibiti don rajistar maganin COVID-19 da kuma 'yan takarar maganin warkewa. Alurar rigakafi da haɓaka magunguna tsari ne da yawa, galibi yana buƙatar fiye da shekaru biyar don tabbatar da lafiya da kuma ingancin sabon mahadi.
Drug development is the process of bringing a new infectious disease vaccine or therapeutic drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery.
Haɓaka magunguna shine aiwatar da sabon rigakafin cutar cututtukan ƙwayar cuta ko magani na warkewa zuwa kasuwa da zarar an gano tushen gubar ta hanyar gano magunguna.
It includes laboratory research on microorganisms and animals, filing for regulatory status, such as via the FDA, for an investigational new drug to initiate clinical trials on humans, and may include the step of obtaining regulatory approval with a new drug application to market the drug.
yana hade ha gwajin dakin bincike akan kananan kwayoyin da dabo bi domin cike gurbin kamar ta FDA don binciken sabon maganin dan gwajin kiwon lafiya akan mutane zai iya dauka matakai na samun yardar hukumomi da sabon neman izi ni na savboon maGAni.
Development of a COVID-19 vaccine or therapeutic antiviral drug begins with matching a chemical concept to the potential prophylactic mechanism of the future vaccine or antiviral activity in vivo.
Samar da maganin covid -19 ko da na waraka ne akan fara shi fa samar da sinadari da gaskiyar prophylacti mechanism ko da maganin a gaba ko aikin antiviral a vivo.
New chemical entities (NCEs, also known as new molecular entities or NMEs) are compounds that emerge from the process of drug discovery to specify a vaccine or antiviral candidate.
Sabbin abubuwan kimiyyar sunadarai (NCEs, wanda kuma aka sani da sabbin kwayoyin halitta ko NMEs) sune mahadi waɗanda ke fitowa daga hanyar gano magunguna don tantance maganin alurar rigakafi ko ɗan takarar rigakafi.
These have promising activity against a biological target related to COVID-19 disease.
Waɗannan suna da aiki mai banƙyama ga wata manufa ta rayuwa game da cutar COVID-19.
At the beginning of vaccine or drug development, little is known about the safety, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of the NCE in humans.
A farkon maganin alurar rigakafi ko haɓaka magunguna, ba a san ƙarami game da aminci, yawan guba, pharmacokinetics, da metabolism na NCE a cikin mutane.
It is the function and obligation of drug development to assess all of these parameters prior to human clinical trials to prove safety and efficacy.
Aiki ne da wajibin ci gaban magunguna don tantance duk waɗannan sigogi kafin gwajin asibiti na ɗan adam don tabbatar da amincin da kuma inganci.
A further major objective of drug development is to recommend the dose and schedule for the first use in a human clinical trial ("first-in-human" [FIH] or First Human Dose [FHD], previously also known as "first-in-man" [FIM]).
a wani cigaban samar da maganin shi ne shawarar shan maganin da ma lokacin shan maganin do gwaji farko na kiwon lafiya (shan farko a jikin mutum FHD ko wanda akafi sani da shan farko a jikin mutum.FIH ko ma farkon mutum FIM).
In addition, drug development must establish the physicochemical properties of the NCE: its chemical makeup, stability, and solubility.
Kari akan haka hada magani sai ya samar da properties physciochemical na NCE da mahadi sinadarin daidaito dana narkewa.
Manufacturers must optimize the process they use to make the chemical so they can scale up from a medicinal chemist producing milligrams, to manufacturing on the kilogram and ton scale.
Masu masana'antu dole ne su inganta tsarin da suke amfani da shi don yin sinadaran ta yadda zasu iya haɓaka daga ƙungiyar chemist ɗin da ke samar da milligram, zuwa masana'anta akan kilogram da tan.
They further examine the product for suitability to package as capsules, tablets, aerosol, intramuscular injectable, subcutaneous injectable, or intravenous formulations.
ana kuma cigaba da duba ayan don gyara mazubin a matsayin kwaya, aerosol, allurar jiki, aluuran subcutaneous ko mahadin intravenous.
Together, these processes are known in preclinical and clinical development as chemistry, manufacturing, and control (CMC).Many aspects of drug development focus on satisfying the regulatory requirements of drug licensing authorities.
Tare, waɗannan sanannun hanyoyin an san su a cikin daidaituwa da haɓaka na asibiti kamar sunadarai, masana'antu, da sarrafawa (CMC) .Daukacin fannoni na haɓaka magunguna suna mayar da hankali kan biyan bukatun ka'idoji na hukumomin lasisi na miyagun ƙwayoyi.
These generally constitute tests designed to determine the major toxicities of a novel compound prior to first use in humans.
Wannan duka ya kunshi gwaji da zai gano mafi yawan cikowar ta kwayar halitar kafin farkon amfani da shi akan mutane.
The Canadian government announced CA$275 million in funding for 96 research projects on medical countermeasures against COVID-19, including numerous vaccine candidates at Canadian universities, with plans to establish a "vaccine bank" of new vaccines for implementation if another coronavirus outbreak occurs.
Gwamnatin Kanada ta ba da sanarwar dala $ 275 miliyan a cikin kudade don ayyukan bincike 96 a kan magunguna game da COVID-19, gami da masu neman rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa a jami'o'in Kanada, tare da shirye-shiryen kafa “bankin rigakafi” na sababbin allurar rigakafin aiwatarwa idan wata cuta ta bulla ta ɓoye.
Clinical trial programs involve three, multiple-year stages toward product approval, and a fourth, post-approval stage for ongoing safety monitoring of the vaccine or drug therapy:
Shirye-shiryen gwaji na asibiti ya ƙunshi matakai uku, matakai na shekaru don amincewa da samfurin, kuma na huɗu, mataki na amincewa bayan ci gaba na kiyaye lafiyar maganin ko maganin ƙwayar cuta:
Phase I trials, usually in healthy volunteers, determine safety and dosing.
Fuska I na gwaji, yawanci lokaci a cikin masu sa kai da ke aikin lafiya, da allura.
Phase II trials are used to establish an initial reading of efficacy and further explore safety in small numbers of people having the disease targeted by the NCE.
Mataki I na gwajin ana amfani da su wajen samar da ganewar muhimancin da sake duba lafiya cikin kalilan mutane masu samun cutar daga NCE.
Phase III trials are large, pivotal trials to determine safety and efficacy in sufficiently large numbers of people with the COVID-19 infection.
gwajin zagaye na III manya ne, gwajin gabobi don tabbatar da kariya da ma gudananrwa ga mafi yawan mutane masu dake da covid-19.
If safety and efficacy are adequately proved, clinical testing may stop at this step and the NCE advances to the new drug application (NDA) stage to begin marketing.
Idan an tabbatar da aminci da inganci sosai, gwajin asibiti zai iya tsayawa a wannan matakin kuma NCE ta ci gaba zuwa sabon matakin aikace-aikacen miyagun ƙwayoyi (NDA) don fara tallan.
Phase IV trials are post-approval trials that may be a condition attached by the FDA, also called post-market surveillance studies.
Shashi na IV na neman yadda da magani za a saka kaida ta FDA wanda akre kira duba na karatun bayan kasuwa.
In addition to the tests required to move a novel vaccine or antiviral drug into the clinic for the first time, manufacturers must ensure that any long-term or chronic toxicities are well-defined, including effects on systems not previously monitored (fertility, reproduction, immune system, among others).
bacin da bukatar gwaji don samo cikkaken magani ma wannan cuta a dakin gwaji kafron farko masu kamfanoni sai sun kula da dogon zango ko tsananin karfin na da wannan nasaba har ma da illa a jikin mutum ciki ma harda alamun da ba a kula dasu ba juna biyu, haihuwa, garkuwan jiki, dama sauran su.
In the United States, this process is called a "new drug application" or NDA.
A U.S, ana kiran wannan tsari "sabon sanyawar magani" ko NDA.
A clinical trial design in progress may be modified as an "adaptive design" if accumulating data in the trial provide early insights about positive or negative efficacy of the treatment.
Tsarin gwajin asibiti na cin gaba ana iya canza shi azaman "Tsarin daidaitawa" wato “adptive design” idan tarin bayanai a cikin gwajin na samar da wayewar kai game da inganci ko rashin ingancin maganin.
The global Solidarity and European Discovery trials of hospitalized people with severe COVID-19 infection apply adaptive design to rapidly alter trial parameters as results from the four experimental therapeutic strategies emerge.
Hadin gwiwar duniya da gwaji na Turai na mutanen da ke asibiti tare da mummunar kamuwa da COVID-19 suna amfani da ƙirar canji don daidaita sigogi na hanzari yayin da sakamakon dabarun gwaji na gwaji ya bayyana.
Adaptive designs within ongoing Phase II-III clinical trials on candidate therapeutics may shorten trial durations and use fewer subjects, possibly expediting decisions for early termination or success, and coordinating design changes for a specific trial across its international locations.
Tsarin daidaitawa tsakanin gwajin asibiti wanda ake kai yi na Matakai II-III akan jinyar magwajin na iya rage lokacin gwaji da kuma amfani da karamar take, da yiwuwar yanke hukuncin ko ci nasara, da daidaita canje-canjen ƙira don takamaiman gwaji a duk faɗin ƙasashen duniya.
Most novel drug candidates (NCEs) fail during drug development, either because they have unacceptable toxicity or because they simply do not prove efficacy on the targeted disease, as shown in Phase II-III clinical trials.
Yawancin 'yan takarar novel (NCEs) sun gaza yayin haɓaka magunguna, ko dai saboda suna da guba da ba a yarda da ita ba ko kuma saboda kawai ba su tabbatar da inganci kan cutar da aka yi niyya ba, kamar yadda aka nuna a gwajin asibiti na Phase II-III.
The high failure rates associated with pharmaceutical development are referred to as an "attrition rate", requiring decisions during the early stages of drug development to "kill" projects early to avoid costly failures.
rashin samun nasara dakunan magani ana danganta shi ne da yawan attrition an bukaci zabin farko na karon farko a yayin kirkirowar ke kashe aikin danye don gudun bata harka da faduwa.
One 2010 study assessed both capitalized and out-of-pocket costs for bringing a single new drug to market as about US$1.8 billion and $870 million, respectively.
Wani bincike na shekarar 2010 ya kimanta farashin daloli biyu na aljihu don kawo sabon magani a kasuwa kamar dala biliyan 1.8 da dala miliyan 870, bi da bi.
A median cost estimate of 2015-16 trials for development of 10 anti-cancer drugs was $648 million.
Kaso na tsakiya a takaice kimanin 2015-16 na samuwar magunguna 10 na daji yakai miliyan $648.
In a 2016 review of 106 drug candidates assessed through clinical trials, the total capital expenditure for a manufacturer having a drug approved through successful Phase III trials was $2.6 billion (in 2013 dollars), an amount increasing at an annual rate of 8.5%.
A cikin bita na 2016 na 'yan takarar miyagun ƙwayoyi 106 da aka tantance ta hanyar gwaji na asibiti, jimlar kuɗin babban injin na masana'antun da ke da maganin da aka amince da su ta hanyar cin nasarar gwaje-gwaje na Phase III ya kasance dala biliyan 2.6 (a cikin dala 2013), adadin yana ƙaruwa a kimanin shekara 8.5%.
Seven trials were evaluating repurposed drugs already approved to treat malaria, including four studies on hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine phosphate.
Gwaje-gwaje guda bakwai suna kimanta magungunan da aka sake dawo dasu don maganin zazzabin cizon sauro, gami da karatuttuka guda hudu akan hydroxychloroquine ko chloroquine phosphate.
Repurposed antiviral drugs make up most of the Chinese research, with 9 Phase III trials on remdesivir across several countries due to report by the end of April.
Magungunan rigakafin da aka sake dawowa sune yawancin binciken kasar Sin, tare da gwaje-gwaje 9 na Tsari na III a kan remdesivir a manyan ƙasashe bayan sakamakon rahoton na ƙarshen watan Afrilu.
Led by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation with partners investing US$125 million and coordinating with the World Health Organization, the COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator began in March, facilitating drug development researchers to rapidly identify, assess, develop, and scale up potential treatments.
Da jagorancin kungiyar Bill da Melinda gates da ma abokan harkar na zuba jarin miliyan $125 don taimakwa hukumar lafiya ta duniya, yawan yaduwar cutar covid -19 in a watan maris ya faru wanda hakan yasa fara bijiro da magunguna da bincike da ma damar dabbakar warkar da cutar.
The COVID-19 Clinical Research Coalition formed to coordinate and expedite results from international clinical trials on the most promising post-infection treatments.
Kungiyar Binciken Asibiti na COVID-19 wanda aka kirkira don daidaitawa da fadada sakamako daga gwajin asibiti na kasa da kasa game da mafi kyawun jiyya bayan kamuwa da cuta.
In early 2020, numerous established antiviral compounds for treating other infections were being repurposed or developed in new clinical research efforts to alleviate the illness of COVID-19.
A farkon 2020, da yawa an kafa ƙwayoyin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta don magance wasu cututtukan da aka sake dawo dasu ko haɓakawa a cikin sabon binciken bincike na asibiti don rage cutar COVID-19.
For an already-approved drug (such as hydroxychloroquine for malaria), Phase III-IV trials determine in hundreds to thousands of COVID-19-infected people the possible extended use of an already-approved drug for treating COVID-19 infection.
Don magani da aka riga aka amince da shi (kamar su hydroxychloroquine don zazzabin cizon sauro), gwaji na Matakai III-IV na ƙayyade a cikin daruruwan zuwa dubban mutanen masu kamuwa da cutar COVID-19 da yiwuwar amfani da magani wanda aka riga aka amince da shi don magance cutar ta COVID-19.
As of early April 2020, 103 candidate therapeutics were in preclinical or a stage of Phase I-IV development, with trial results for 29 drug candidates expected during April.
Tun daga farkon Afrilu 2020, magwajin cututtuka guda 103 sun kasance cikin farin gwajin habbakawar Mataki I-IV, da wancan sakamakon maganin gwaji guda 29 wanda ake bukata watan Afrilu.
In March, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the coordinated "Solidarity trial" in 10 countries to rapidly assess in thousands of COVID-19 infected people the potential efficacy of existing antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents not yet evaluated specifically for COVID-19 illness.
A watan Maris, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ƙaddamar da "gwajin Hadin Kai" a cikin ƙasashe 10 don yin hanzari tantance a cikin dubban mutanen da suka kamu da cutar ta COVID-19 yiwuwar ingancin maganin kariya daga ƙwayoyin cuta da kumburi ba a kimanta su ba musamman don rashin lafiya daga COVID-19.
Do any of the drugs reduce mortality?
Shin akwai wasu magungunan da ke rage mutuwa?
Do any of the drugs reduce the time a patient is hospitalized?
Shin akwai wasu magunguna suna rage lokacin da aka kwantar da majinyata asibiti?
Do the treatments affect the need for people with COVID-19-induced pneumonia to be ventilated or maintained in intensive care?
Shin jinyan tana shafar buƙatan mutane masu CVID-19-da ke haifar da nimoniya don shan iska ko kula dashi cikin kulawa mai zurfi?
Could such drugs be used to minimize the illness of COVID-19 infection in healthcare staff and people at high risk of developing severe illness?Enrolling people with COVID-19 infection is simplified by using data entries, including informed consent, on a WHO website.
Shin za a iya amfani da irin waɗannan magungunan don rage rashin lafiyar COVID-19 a cikin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar rashin ƙarfi? Rijistar mutane masu kamuwa da COVID-19 yana sauƙaƙe ta amfani da shigarwar bayanai, gami da yarda da sanarwa, akan wani gidan yanar gizo na WHO.
After the trial staff determines the drugs available at the hospital, the WHO website randomizes the hospitalized subject to one of the trial drugs or to the hospital standard of care for treating COVID-19.
Bayan gwajin ma'aikata sun tantance magungunan da ake samu a asibiti, gidan yanar gizon WHO ya ba da damar wanda aka kama gado a asibiti domin wannan maganin da ake gwajin ko kuma matsayin kulawar asibiti don kula da jinyar COVID-19.
The trial physician records and submits follow-up information about the subject status and treatment, completing data input via the WHO Solidarity website.
shi likitan gwajin na rubutawa tare da tura bayanan dun a bibiye su akan tsarin warkarwa, tare da cike bayanan sirrin ta WHO shafin hadaka.
A global safety monitoring board of WHO physicians examine interim results to assist decisions on safety and effectiveness of the trial drugs, and alter the trial design or recommend an effective therapy.
Kwamitin sa ido kan lafiyar duniya na likitocin WHO sun bincika sakamakon wucin gadi don taimakon shawara kan lafiya da tasirin gwaji magunguna, da canza fasalin gwaji ko bayar da shawara mai tasirin jinyan.
A similar web-based study to Solidarity, called "Discovery", was initiated in March across seven countries by INSERM (Paris, France).During March, funding for the Solidarity trial reached US$108 million from 203,000 individuals, organizations and governments, with 45 countries involved in financing or trial management.
An gudanar da wani binciken mai kama da yanar gizo ga Solidarity, wanda ake kira "Gano", a cikin watan Maris a fadin kasashe bakwai ta INSERM (Paris, Faransa) .Daga watan Maris, kudade don jarrabawar Solidarity ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 108 daga mutane 203,000, kungiyoyi da gwamnatoci, tare da kasashe 45 da ke da hannu a harkar ba da tallafi ko gudanar da gwaji.
Numerous candidate drugs under study as "supportive" treatments to relieve discomfort during illness, such as NSAIDs or bronchodilators, are not included in the table below.
Yawancin magungunan gwaji wanda ake kan bincika “Supportive” jinya don sauƙaƙe rashin jin daɗi lokacin rashin lafiya, irin su NSAIDs ko bronchodilators, ba a cikin surorin da ke ƙasa.
Others in early-stage Phase II trials or numerous treatment candidates in Phase I trials, are also excluded.
Wasu kuma a farkon-dakali gwajin Matakan II yawan maganin gwaji a Mataki I, an cire su.
Drug candidates in Phase I-II trials have a low rate of success (under 12%) to pass through all trial phases to gain eventual approval.
masu gwajin magani shashe na I-II ba su da nasar kar kashi 12% bisa dari sai sun bi dukkan shahse kafi sammun yadda ta gaske.
Hydroxychloroquine is more commonly available than chloroquine in the United States.
Hydroxychloroquine ya fi yawan chloroquine a Amurka.
Although several countries use chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for treatment of persons hospitalized with COVID-19, as of March 2020 the drug has not been formally approved through clinical trials in the United States.
duk da cewa kasashe da dama na amfani da chloroquine ko hydroxychloroaquine wajen warkar da majinyantan masu cutar covid 19 a watan maris 2020 ba a samu magani ba tukkuna ta hanyar gwajin kiwon lafiya a kasar amurka.
Chloroquine has been recommended by Chinese, South Korean and Italian health authorities for the treatment of COVID-19, although these agencies and the US CDC noted contraindications for people with heart disease or diabetes.
Sinawa sun shawarta amfani da Chloroquine, Koriya ta Kudu da hukumar lafiya ta Italiya don Jinyar COVID-19, amman wadannan hukumomi da US CDC sun tayar da bambance-bambance ga mutanen da ke da ciwon zuciya ko sukari.
Both drugs have extensive interactions with prescription drugs, affecting the therapeutic dose and disease mitigation.
duk magungunan guda biyun na da alaka da yawan shan shi da ma juya launin cutar.
Some people have allergic reactions to these drugs.On 12 April, a preliminary clinical trial conducted at a hospital in Brazil was stopped when several people given high doses of chloroquine for COVID-19 infection developed irregular heart rates, causing 11 deaths.
Wasu mutane suna da rashin lafiyan halayen waɗannan magunguna. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, gwaji na farko na asibiti da aka yi a wani asibiti a Brazil ya tsaya lokacin da mutane da yawa suka ba da babban adadin chloroquine don kamuwa da COVID-19 sun haɓaka bugun zuciya ba bisa ka’ida ba, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutum 11.
Chinese clinical trials in Wuhan and Shenzhen claimed to show that favipiravir was "clearly effective".
Gwajin asibiti na kasar China a Wuhan da Shenzhen sun yi kirarin nuna cewa favipiravir yana "da inganci".
Of 35 patients in Shenzhen tested negative in a median of 4 days, while the length of illness was 11 days in the 45 patients who did not receive it.
Daga cikin marasa lafiya guda 35 a Shenzhen gwajin su a tsakanin kwanaki 4 ya nuna ba su da cuta, yayin da tsawon rashin lafiya ya kasance kwanaki 11 a cikin marasa lafiya guda 45 waɗanda ba su karɓe shi ba.
In a study conducted in Wuhan on 240 patients with pneumonia half were given favipiravir and half received umifenovir.
A cikin wani binciken da aka yi a Wuhan a kan mutane 240 da ke da cutar huhu da rabi an ba su fulopiravir kuma rabi sun karɓi umifenovir.
The term "preclinical research" is defined by laboratory studies in vitro and in vivo, indicating a beginning stage for development of a vaccine, antiviral or monoclonal antibody therapy, such as experiments to determine effective doses and toxicity, before a candidate compound is advanced for safety and efficacy evaluation in humans.
Kalmar “binciken fari na asibiti” binciken ilimin gwaji sun fasara shi cikin kwalban gwaji da cikin jikin gwaji, na nunin cigaban maganin rigakafi, kariya daga kwayar cuta ko jinyar monoclonal na garkuwar jiki, kamar gwaji don gano yawan magani da guba, kafin a ci gaba da shi domin lafiya da ingancin kimantawa cikin mutum.
Some antibiotics may be repurposed as COVID-19 treatments:
wasu magungunan na iay warkar da covid-19.
In March 2020, the main protease of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was identified as a target for post-infection drugs.
A watan Maris 2020, an gano babban protease na SARS-CoV-2 a matsayin maganin da za a yi amfani da shi bayan kamuwa da cutan.
This enzyme is essential to the host cell to reproduce the ribonucleic acid of the virus.
Wannan enzyme yana da mahimmanci ga sel mai masaukin don ƙirƙirar ribonucleic acid na ƙwayar cuta.
To find the enzyme, scientists used the genome published by Chinese researchers in January 2020 to isolate the main protease.
Don neman enzyme, masu fasaha sun yi amfani da wallafawar kwayoyin halitu wato genomes wanda Sinawa suka yi a junairu 2020 don warewar ainahin protese.
As a potential combination therapy, they are used together in two Phase III arms of the 2020 global Solidarity project on COVID-19.
A matsayin haduwar jinya, ana amfani dasu tare a Matakai III na ayyukan shekarar 2020 na ayyukan hadin kan duniya akan cutar COVID-19.
A preliminary study in China of combined lopinavir and ritonavir found no effect in people hospitalized for COVID-19.
Wani Bincike fari A China na hadawar lopinavir da ritovavir ba a same su da tasiri ba a mutanen da aka ba su gado a asibiti domin COVID-19.
b'Drug repositioning (also known as drug repurposing, re-profiling, re-tasking or therapeutic switching) is the repurposing of an approved drug for the treatment of a different disease or medical condition than that for which it was originally developed.
sake zaman b’Drug wanda aka fi sani da sake neman, sake tsarin, sake aikin, ko chanjin kulawar shine sanu tsarin yardajen magani don warkar da cututuka daban-daban ko tsarin magani wanda ba dan haka aka kirkiro shi ba.
This is one line of scientific research which is currently being pursued to develop safe and effective COVID-19 treatments.
wannan binciken layi daya ne na ilimin fasaha wanda aka fara don samun ingantaccen maganin covid-19.
Other research directions include the development of a COVID-19 vaccine and convalescent plasma transfusion.SARS-CoV-2 has about 66 druggable proteins, each of which has multiple ligand binding sites.
Sauran hanyoyin nazarce-nazarcen sun hada da haɓakar allurar rigakafin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta ta COVID-19 da ƙwayar cutar plasma ta convalescent.SARS-CoV-2 yana da kimanin sunadarai 66 na magani, kowannensu yana da shafuka masu ɗaukar nauyin ligand.
Analyzing those binding sites provide the reasonable project of developing effective antiviral drug against COVID-19 proteins.
awun wannan shafuka na bada daman fito da aiki mai inganci dan cigaba da samar da magani covid-19 proteins.
Of the most important SARS-CoV-2 target proteins are papain-like protease, RNA dependent RNA polymerase, helicase, S protein, and ADP ribophosphatase.
Daya daga cikin muhimman SARS CoV2 kamun proteins sune Papain like proteins RNA dogaro RNA polymerse. helicase, s Protein da ADP ribophosphatase.
Hussein A A, et al studied several candidate compounds which then optimized and analyzed for their skeleton similarity with the highest similar approved drugs in order to accelerate a potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug development in his preclinical study to be recommended in a clinical study design.
Hussein AA, da ma wasu sun karanci kowani kwayar halitar sannan suka auna tare da gwada kamanceceniyar kwarangwal da magunguna wanda suka fi karbuwa don gaggauta samar da maganin SARS Cov-2 a yayin gwajin kiwon lafiya dln shawarta a tsarin binciken kiwon lafiya.
Chloroquine is an anti-malarial medication that is also used against some auto-immune diseases.
Chloroquine magani ne na zazzabin cizon sauro wanda kuma ana amfani dashi akan wasu cututtuka na garkuwa.