Cap'n Proto and its Rust implementation vulnerable to out-of-bounds read due to logic error handling list-of-list
Advisory: GHSA-qqff-4vw4-f6hx
Aliases: CVE-2022-46149
Published: 2022-12-05T17:58:16Z
Severity: type: CVSS_V3
score: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:L

The Cap'n Proto library and capnp Rust package are vulnerable to out-of-bounds read due to logic error handling list-of-list. If a message consumer expects data of type "list of pointers", and if the consumer performs certain specific actions on such data, then a message producer can cause the consumer to read out-of-bounds memory. This could trigger a process crash in the consumer, or in some cases could allow exfiltration of private in-memory data.

Impact
======

- Remotely segfault a peer by sending it a malicious message, if the victim performs certain actions on a list-of-pointer type.
- Possible exfiltration of memory, if the victim performs additional certain actions on a list-of-pointer type.
- To be vulnerable, an application must perform a specific sequence of actions, described below. At present, **we are not aware of any vulnerable application**, but we advise updating regardless.

Fixed in
========

Unfortunately, the bug is present in inlined code, therefore the fix will require rebuilding dependent applications.

C++ fix:

- git commit [25d34c67863fd960af34fc4f82a7ca3362ee74b9][0]
- release 0.11 (future)
- release 0.10.3:
  - Unix: https://capnproto.org/capnproto-c++-0.10.3.tar.gz
  - Windows: https://capnproto.org/capnproto-c++-win32-0.10.3.zip
- release 0.9.2:
  - Unix: https://capnproto.org/capnproto-c++-0.9.2.tar.gz
  - Windows: https://capnproto.org/capnproto-c++-win32-0.9.2.zip
- release 0.8.1:
  - Unix: https://capnproto.org/capnproto-c++-0.8.1.tar.gz
  - Windows: https://capnproto.org/capnproto-c++-win32-0.8.1.zip
- release 0.7.1:
  - Unix: https://capnproto.org/capnproto-c++-0.7.1.tar.gz
  - Windows: https://capnproto.org/capnproto-c++-win32-0.7.1.zip
- release 0.5.4:
  - Unix: https://capnproto.org/capnproto-c++-0.5.4.tar.gz
  - Windows: https://capnproto.org/capnproto-c++-win32-0.5.4.zip

Rust fix:

- `capnp` crate version `0.15.2`, `0.14.11`, or `0.13.7`

[0]: https://github.com/capnproto/capnproto/commit/25d34c67863fd960af34fc4f82a7ca3362ee74b9

Details
=======

A specially-crafted pointer could escape bounds checking by exploiting inconsistent handling of pointers when a list-of-structs is downgraded to a list-of-pointers.

For an in-depth explanation of how this bug works, see [David Renshaw's blog post](https://dwrensha.github.io/capnproto-rust/2022/11/30/out_of_bounds_memory_access_bug.html). This details below focus only on determining whether an application is vulnerable.

In order to be vulnerable, an application must have certain properties.

First, the application must accept messages with a schema in which a field has list-of-pointer type. This includes `List(Text)`, `List(Data)`, `List(List(T))`, or `List(C)` where `C` is an interface type. In the following discussion, we will assume this field is named `foo`.

Second, the application must accept a message of this schema from a malicious source, where the attacker can maliciously encode the pointer representing the field `foo`.

Third, the application must call `getFoo()` to obtain a `List<T>::Reader` for the field, and then use it in one of the following two ways:

1. Pass it as the parameter to another message's `setFoo()`, thus copying the field into a new message. Note that copying the parent struct as a whole will *not* trigger the bug; the bug only occurs if the specific field `foo` is get/set on its own.

2. Convert it into `AnyList::Reader`, and then attempt to access it through that. This is much less likely; very few apps use the `AnyList` API.

The dynamic API equivalents of these actions (`capnp/dynamic.h`) are also affected.

If the application does these steps, the attacker may be able to cause the Cap'n Proto implementation to read beyond the end of the message. This could induce a segmentation fault. Or, worse, data that happened to be in memory immediately after the message might be returned as if it were part of the message. In the latter case, if the application then forwards that data back to the attacker or sends it to another third party, this could result in exfiltration of secrets.

Any exfiltration of data would have the following limitations:

* The attacker could exfiltrate no more than 512 KiB of memory immediately following the message buffer.
  * The attacker chooses in advance how far past the end of the message to read.
  * The attacker's message itself must be larger than the exfiltrated data. Note that a sufficiently large message buffer will likely be allocated using mmap() in which case the attack will likely segfault.
* The attack can only work if the 8 bytes immediately following the exfiltrated data contains a valid in-bounds Cap'n Proto pointer. The easiest way to achieve this is if the pointer is null, i.e. 8 bytes of zero.
  * The attacker must specify exactly how much data to exfiltrate, so must guess exactly where such a valid pointer will exist.
  * If the exfiltrated data is not followed by a valid pointer, the attack will throw an exception. If an application has chosen to ignore exceptions (e.g. by compiling with `-fno-exceptions` and not registering an alternative exception callback) then the attack may be able to proceed anyway.